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Budge Budge Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T05:24:08Z

Imteenu: put up initial entry v1

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Budge Budge
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Budge Budge.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Budge Budge Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Ashok Kumar Deb]]
| party = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}+
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency|Diamond Harbour]]
| constituency_no = 156
| established = 1951
| electors = 255,986
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Budge Budge Assembly constituency''' is a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|State]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Delimitation of constituencies]] in the [[West Bengal]], Budge Budge Assembly constituency is composed of the following:<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 25 October 2010|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India }}</ref>
* [[Budge Budge]] municipality
* [[Pujali]] municipality
* [[Budge Budge I]] community development block
* Dongaria Raipur, Kasipur Alampur, North Bawali and South Bawali gram panchayats of [[Budge Budge II]] community development block

Budge Budge Assembly constituency is a part of No. 21 [[Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2| Party
|-
| [[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Bankim Mukherjee]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Harolal Halder
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="7" | Kshitij Bhusan Roy Barman
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=8|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| Dipak Mukherjee
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Ashok Kumar Deb]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
| [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Budge Budge}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ashok Kumar Deb]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Tarun Kumar Adak
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kajal Dutta
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mujibar Rahaman Kayal
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Budge Budge}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Ashok Kumar Deb]]
|votes = 1,22,357
|percentage = 56.41
|change = {{up}}12.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Tarun Kumar Adak
|votes = 77,643
|percentage = 35.8
|change = {{up}}24.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sheikh Mujibar Rahaman
|votes = 10,809
|percentage = 4.98
|change = {{down}}35.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 2,735
|percentage = 1.26
|change = {{down}}0.24
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 44,714
|percentage = 20.61
|change = {{up}}16.85
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,16,892
|percentage = 84.68
|change = {{up}}1.45
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Budge Budge}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Ashok Kumar Deb]]
|votes = 84,058
|percentage = 44.13
|change = {{down}}15.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sheikh Mujibar Rahaman
|votes = 76,899
|percentage = 40.37
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Uma Shankar Ghosh Dastidar
|votes = 20,778
|percentage = 10.91
|change = {{up}}7.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 2,859
|percentage = 1.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 7,159
|percentage = 3.76
|change = {{down}}24.17
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,90,494
|percentage = 83.23
|change = {{down}}0.07
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Budge Budge<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=156| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513171358/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=156| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 13 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Budge Budge| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 30 April 2011}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Ashok Kumar Deb]]
|votes = 99,915
|percentage = 60.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Hrisikesh Poddar
|votes = 53,426
|percentage = 32.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ariful Islam
|votes = 6,256
|percentage = 3.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Shyama Prasad Santra
|votes = 2,658
|percentage = 1.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = IUC
|candidate = Sheikh Bashir Ali
|votes = 1,707
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mukunda Patla
|votes = 1,302
|percentage = 0.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Maloy Santra
|votes = 1,143
|percentage = 0.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 46,489
|percentage = 27.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,66,407
|percentage = 83.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Legislative Assembly Elections 1977-2006===
In 2006 and 2001, Ashok Kumar Deb of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] & in 1996, from [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won the Budge Budge Assembly constituency defeating his nearest rivals Ratan Bagchi of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] in 2006,<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Kali Bhandari of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] in 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and Dipak Mukherjee of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] in 1996.<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Dipak Mukherjee of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeated Ashok Kumar Deb of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1991.<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Kshitibhusan Roy Barman of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeated Lal Bahadur Singh of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Nimai Chand Kanra of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and Bipulananda of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp116.htm |title =116 - Budge Budge Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 October 2010}}</ref>

===Legislative Assembly Elections 1952-1972===
Kshitibhusan Roy Barman of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won in 1972,<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> 1971,<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Hiralal Halder of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won in 1962.<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Bankim Mukherjee of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in 1957<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and 1952.<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref>

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Dalim Chandra Roy

2026-05-05T15:44:18Z

Imteenu: put up basic bio basic info

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dalim Chandra Roy
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 4 May 2026
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Maynaguri Assembly constituency|Maynaguri]]
| predecessor = [[Kaushik Roy (politician)|Kaushik Roy]]
| successor =
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician, Businessman
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dalim Chandra Roy''' is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He won in the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] from Maynaguri, as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|title= DALIM CHANDRA ROY MAYNAGURI (SC) (JALPAIGURI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/WestBengal2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=657|access-date=2026-05-04|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Maynaguri Assembly Constituency Result 2026|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S2516.htm|access-date=2026-05-04|website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Maynaguri election result LIVE: Dalim Chandra Roy of BJP wins|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/maynaguri-west-bengal-assembly-2026-winner-live-updates-highlights-exaxt-en-liveblog-10071708.html|date=2026-05-04|access-date=2026-05-04|publisher=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Maynaguri Election Result 2026 Live: BJP retains Maynaguri seat, Dalim Chandra Roy wins with 147403 votes|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/maynaguri-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-west-bengal-vote-counting-seat-constituency-candidates-leading-trailing-wbaelb-2905609-2026-05-04|date=2026-05-04|access-date=2026-05-04|publisher=India Today}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Dalim Chandra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]

Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Lucknow

2026-05-03T14:53:34Z

Imteenu: put up initial post w/ sources

{{Short description|Art school affiliated with the University of Lucknow}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Lucknow
|native_name =
|latin_name =
|image_name =
|image_size = 300px
|motto =
|mottoeng =
|established = 1911
|type = Public
|endowment =
|staff =
|faculty = 22
|president =
|principal =
|head_label =
|head =
|students = 626 (2012)
|undergrad = 264
|postgrad = 78
|doctoral =
|city = [[Lucknow]]
|state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|country = [[India]]
|campus = Urban
|coor = {{coord|26.8626145|80.9329208|display=inline,title}}
|mascot =
|nickname = Arts College
|affiliation = [[University of Lucknow]]
|website = [https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/en/page/faculty-of-fine-arts]
}}
'''Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Lucknow''', also known as the '''Lucknow College of Arts and Crafts''' ('''LCAC''') or '''Government College of Arts and Crafts''' ('''GCAC''') or simply the '''College of Arts and Crafts''' ('''CAC'''), was founded in 1911. It is part of [[University of Lucknow]]. Sri
Ratan Kumar is principal of the college.<ref>[http://www.lkouniv.ac.in/fac_fin_arts.htm Faculty of Fine Arts] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126075926/http://lkouniv.ac.in/fac_fin_arts.htm |date=26 November 2010 }}</ref>

==History==

The school was established as the School of Industrial Design on 1 November 1892. Initially located at Wingfield Manzil, it moved to Aminabad and later to Baans Mandi. A purpose-built structure was started in 1909 and inaugurated in 1911. Nathanial Herd was the first principal. The school was renamed as Government College School of Arts and Crafts in 1917.

[[Asit Kumar Haldar]] was the first Indian to be appointed as a principle of the Lucknow College of Arts and Crafts. He occupied his position until he was superannuated at 55 in 1945.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-05 |title=Asit Kumar Haldar |url=https://lucknowobserver.com/asit-kumar-haldar/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=The Lucknow Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> Prof. Sukhvir Sanghal, an eminent artist, was also the principal and professor at his alma mater, Lucknow School of Arts, Lucknow. He devotedly served the school throughout his career.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sukhvir Sanghal {{!}} Indian artist {{!}} Godfather of Wash paintings |url=https://www.sukhvirsanghal.com/about/sukhvir-sanghal |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.sukhvirsanghal.com}}</ref>

The Indian school of painting was brought to the curriculum in 1925, and graphic arts courses were introduced in 1963.<ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=165927 ..graphic arts is being taught..]{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} [[Indian Express]], 18 January 2006.</ref> Former principal Jai Kishan Agarwal received the International Print Biannale Florence Italy award in 1974.<ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=170405 College of Arts and Crafts (CAC)..] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060226073439/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=170405 |date=26 February 2006 }} [[Indian Express]], 19 February 2006.</ref> In 1975 the college merged with the [[University of Lucknow]] as a constituent college and its three National diploma courses were converted into degree courses.

==Departments==

The college has following departments:
*Department of Fine Art,
*Department of Commercial Art,
*Department of Sculpture
*Department of Art Master’s Training

==Courses offered ==

===Undergraduate programmes ===

* Bachelor of Visual Art: Painting, Applied Art, or Sculpture
* BFA in Textile Design
* BFA in Indian Traditional Sculpture

===Postgraduate programmes ===

* Master in Visual Art (Painting) with specialisation in creative, portrait, landscape painting, printmaking, ceramics and mural.
* Master in Visual Art (Applied Art) with specialisation in visualisation, photography and illustration.
* Master in Visual Art (Sculpture) with specialisation in terracota/ceramic, portrait and life, bronze casting, stone carving.

===Diploma programmes ===

* Diploma in Art Masters Training
* Diploma in Home Art and Home Craft
* Diploma in Furniture Design and Interior Decoration
* Diploma in Iron and Heavy Metal Work
* Diploma in Wood Work

==Museum of College of Arts And Crafts==

The College is home to an arts and crafts museum, founded in 1911.<ref>[http://globalsources.co.in/museums-worldwide/india.htm Worldwide Museums Directory: Museums - India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504010923/http://www.globalsources.co.in/museums-worldwide/india.htm |date=4 May 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Museum-of-College-of-Arts-And-Crafts-27685.htm |title=Museum of College of Arts And Crafts |access-date=23 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606065158/http://www.india9.com/i9show/Museum-of-College-of-Arts-And-Crafts-27685.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Notable alumni==


*[[Bhimsain]]
*[[Sukumar Bose]]
*[[Juhi Chaturvedi]]<ref name=media>{{cite web| title = Juhi Chaturvedi joins Leo Burnett Mumbai as ECD | url = http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2013/07/juhi-chaturvedi-joins-leo-burnett-mumbai-as-ecd/|date=26 July 2013| access-date = 23 August 2013 |publisher=Media Info}}</ref>
*[[Iftekhar]]
*[[Surendra Pal Joshi]], an artist known for paintings, sculptures, and murals
*[[Ragini Upadhyaya]]
*[[Lalit Mohan Sen]]
*[[Sanat Kumar Chatterjee]]

==See also==
*[[Bhartendu Academy of Dramatic Arts]]
*[[Bhatkhande Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120522192832/http://lkouniv.ac.in/arts_college.htm College of Arts and Crafts] at [[University of Lucknow]], [[Lucknow]]
* [http://www.indianexpress.com/news/centenary-twins/656781/0 Centenary Twins: Arts College, Lucknow Designing Future], EXPRESS FEATURES SERVICE, Posted: Fri 6 August 2010, 02:54 hrs

{{Education in Lucknow}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Art schools in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1911]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Lucknow]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow]]
[[Category:1911 establishments in India]]

Anishma Anilkumar

2026-05-02T23:28:43Z

Imteenu: Started Biography

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{COI|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anishma Anilkumar
| image = Anishma_Anilkumar.jpg
| caption = Anishma in 2026
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|6|27}}
| birth_place = Kattakkada, [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2023–present
| notable_works = {{ubl|''[[Poovan]]''|''[[I Am Kathalan]]''|''[[Maranamass]]''|''[[Sirai (2025 film)|Sirai]]''|''[[Youth (2026 film)|Youth]]''}}
}}

'''Anishma Anilkumar''' (born 27 June 1999) is an Indian actress who works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films. She made her film debut with ''[[Poovan]]'' (2023) and latter appeared in ''[[I Am Kathalan]]'' (2024), ''[[Maranamass]]'' (2025). She made her Tamil debut with ''[[Sirai (2025 film)|Sirai]]'' (2025).

== Early life and education ==
Anishma Anilkumar was born on 27 June 1999 in [[Kattakada|Kattakkada]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], to Anilkumar and Sumadevi.<ref name="Vishu is about hope for a better year ahead: Anishma Anilkumar">{{cite news |title=Vishu is about hope for a better year ahead: Anishma Anilkumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vishu-is-about-hope-for-a-better-year-ahead-anishma-anilkumar/articleshow/130292478.cms |access-date=21 April 2026 |publisher=The Times of India |date=16 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260421045648/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vishu-is-about-hope-for-a-better-year-ahead-anishma-anilkumar/articleshow/130292478.cms |archive-date=21 April 2026}}</ref> She completed her B.Tech from Lourdes Matha College of Science and Technology, [[Thiruvananthapuram]], in 2021.

==Career==
She made her film debut in ''[[Poovan]]'' (2023).<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=I did a re-audition to land my first role – Anishma Anilkumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/i-did-a-re-audition-to-land-my-first-role-anishma-anilkumar/amp_articleshow/113874101.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=12 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260212000331/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/i-did-a-re-audition-to-land-my-first-role-anishma-anilkumar/articleshow/113874101.cms |archive-date=12 February 2026 }}</ref>
She is known for her performances in [[Naslen]]'s ''[[I Am Kathalan]]'' (2024)<ref>{{cite web |title=NASLens: 'I am Kathalan' gets lost in a web of director Girish ADS’ previous tropes |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/amp/story/flix/naslens-i-am-kathalan-gets-lost-in-a-web-of-director-girish-ads-previous-tropes-2 |website=The News Minute |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref> and [[Basil Joseph|Basil]]'s ''[[Maranamass]]'' (2025).<ref>{{cite web |title=Maranamass movie review: A few doses of ingenuity and a mix of idiosyncratic characters drive this film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maranamass-movie-review-a-few-doses-of-ingenuity-and-a-mix-of-idiosyncratic-characters-drive-this-film/article69446213.ece/amp/ |website=The Hindu |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref> She made her [[Tamil cinema|Tamil debut]] in [[Vikram Prabhu]]'s ''[[Sirai (2025 film)|Sirai]]'' (2025).<ref>{{cite web |title=Ameer about Sirai: The film excels with a new world, new faces, new dimensions |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/tamil/news/2025/Dec/29/ameer-about-sirai-the-film-excels-with-a-new-world-new-faces-new-dimensions |website=Cinema Express |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref>
She also appeared in the TV series ''Secret Stories: Roslin''.<ref name="MM">{{cite web |title='പോയത് ഓഡിഷനാണെന്ന് അച്ഛനറിഞ്ഞില്ല, അന്ന് ഞാന്‍ സ്വയം പറഞ്ഞു നീ മരണമാസാടാ' {{!}} Anishma Anilkumar|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/videos/interviews/maranamass-actress-anishma-anilkumar-interview-b72ff89b |website=Mathrubhumi |access-date=12 February 2026|language=ml}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
! class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
|2023
|''[[Poovan]]''
|Sini
| rowspan="4" |[[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]
|
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Thekku Vadakku]]''
|Devukutty
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-02 |title=Suraj Venjaramoodu and Vinayakan’s ‘Thekku Vadakku’ gets a release date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/suraj-venjaramoodu-and-vinayakans-thekku-vadakku-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/113862357.cms |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[I Am Kathalan]]''
|Shilpa
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=NASLens: 'I am Kathalan' gets lost in a web of director Girish ADS’ previous tropes |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/amp/story/flix/naslens-i-am-kathalan-gets-lost-in-a-web-of-director-girish-ads-previous-tropes-2 |access-date=12 February 2026 |website=The News Minute}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Maranamass]]''
|Jessy
|
|<ref name="I finally feel like I am an actress: Anishma Anilkumar">{{cite news |title=I finally feel like I am an actress: Anishma Anilkumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/i-finally-feel-like-i-am-an-actress-anishma-anilkumar/articleshow/122244832.cms |access-date=21 April 2026 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260421045204/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/i-finally-feel-like-i-am-an-actress-anishma-anilkumar/articleshow/122244832.cms |archive-date=21 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sirai (2025 film)|Sirai]]''
|Kalaiyarasi
| rowspan="3" |[[Tamil cinema|Tamil]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Sirai review: Vikram Prabhu’s cop secures a neat, engaging thriller drama|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sirai-review-vikram-prabhu-tamizh-taanakkaran-suresh-rajakumari-anishma-anilkumar/article70434686.ece/amp/ |access-date=12 February 2026 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
|''[[Youth (2026 film)|Youth]]''
|Kanakavalli
|
|<ref name="Youth star Anishma Anilkumar: 'Happy seeing you win, Ken'">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Youth star Anishma Anilkumar: 'Happy seeing you win, Ken' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Mar/21/youth-star-anishma-anilkumar-happy-seeing-you-win-ken |access-date=21 April 2026 |publisher=Cinema Express |date=21 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260421045115/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Mar/21/youth-star-anishma-anilkumar-happy-seeing-you-win-ken |archive-date=21 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|Modha Rathiri}}
|{{TableTBA}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-02 |title=Rishikanth, Anishma Anilkumar join hands for Modha Rathiri; Lokesh Kanagaraj unveils poster |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/May/02/rishikanth-anishma-anilkumar-join-hands-for-modha-rathiri-lokesh-kanagaraj-unveils-poster|access-date=2026-05-02|website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-02 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj unveils title ‘Modha Rathiri’ for Rishikanth–Anishma film, IBW News: English News, Breaking News in English, ताज़ा हिदी समाचार |url=https://www.indianbroadcastingworld.com/lokesh-kanagaraj-unveils-modha/ |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=Indian Broadcasting World |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Platform
! class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
|2026
|''Secret Stories: Roslin''
| Adithi
|Malayalam
|[[JioHotstar]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-10 |title=Roslin OTT release date details: Where and when to watch the Malayalam mystery thriller series online |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/roslin-ott-release-date-details-where-and-when-to-watch-the-malayalam-mystery-thriller-series-online/articleshow/128158528.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Film
|-
| 2026
| JFW Movie Awards
|Best Actress Debutante (Tamil)
|[[Sirai (2025 film)|Sirai]]
|}
== See also==
*[[I Am Kathalan]]

*[[Maranamass]]
*[[Sirai (2025 film)|Sirai]]
*[[Youth (2026 film)|Youth]]

==References==
<references />

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Anilkumar, Anishma}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Ramesh Chandra Panda

2026-04-24T13:52:33Z

Imteenu:

{{Short description| Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly
(1935–2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Shri]]
| name = Ramesh Chandra Panda
| honorific_suffix = [[Shri|ଶ୍ରୀ]]
| image = Ramesh Chandra Panda (Ramesh Panda).png
| caption = Ramesh Chandra Panda in 1985
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1935|11|24}}
| birth_place = [[Mayurjhalia]], [[Raj-Ranpur]], [[Nayagarh]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| native_name = ରମେଶ ଚନ୍ଦ୍ର ପଣ୍ଡା ([[Odia language|ଓଡ଼ିଆ]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2003|12|18|1935|11|24}}
| death_place = [[Mayurjhalia]], [[Raj-Ranpur]], [[Nayagarh]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Politician]], [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[Social work]] [[Political Activist]], [[Independent politician]],
| parents = Madan Sundar Panda (father)<ref name="naveenpatnaik.com">{{Cite web |title=MLA Ramesh Chandra Panda Profile {{!}} RANPUR Constituency |url=https://naveenpatnaik.com/MLA-Ramesh-Chandra-Panda-of-RANPUR-constituency-681.html |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=naveenpatnaik.com }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| education = [[Ravenshaw College]] [[Cuttack]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Krishna Kumari Panda|1956|2003}}
| children = [[Sabyasachi Panda]] (Younger Son), '''Siddharth Panda''' (Elder Son)
| party = [[Indian National Congress (I)]],[[Biju Janata Dal]]
| constituency1 =
| term_start = 1971
| term_end = 1974
| term_end1 = 1980
| term_start1 = 1977
| constituency = [[Ranpur Assembly constituency]]
| office = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| office1 = [[Ranpur Assembly constituency]]
| successor = Ramakanta Mishra
| predecessor = Brajendra Chandra Bir. Baj. Narendra Mohapatra Singh Deo
}}
'''Ramesh Chandra Panda''', also known as '''Ramesh Panda''', ({{IPA|or|ରମେଶ ଚନ୍ଦ୍ର ପଣ୍ଡା|IPA|Ramesh Chandra Panda.ogg}};24 November 1935 – 18 December 2003) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Social activist]] and a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) for the [[Ranpur Assembly constituency]] in the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Mayurjhalia]] village in tehsil of [[Raj-Ranpur|Ranpur]], in [[Nayagarh]] [[district]] state of [[Odisha]]. He was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He had been a member of the [[Communist Party of India]]. He served as a member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] for three terms and was elected to the 5th, 6th and 7th [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Ranpur Assembly constituency]] in the [[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]], [[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]] and [[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]], [[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]'s respectively.<ref name="Ramesh Chandra Panda">{{cite web|url=https://odishaassembly.nic.in/memberprofile.aspx?img=681 |title=Shri Ramesh Chandra Panda |website=odishaassembly.nic.in|publisher=Odisha Assembly|accessdate=20 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="naveenpatnaik.com">{{Cite web |title=MLA Ramesh Chandra Panda Profile {{!}} RANPUR Constituency |url=https://naveenpatnaik.com/MLA-Ramesh-Chandra-Panda-of-RANPUR-constituency-681.html |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=naveenpatnaik.com }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakrabarty |first=Bidyut |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oEtRBAAAQBAJ |title=Communism in India: Events, Processes and Ideologies |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-997489-4 |pages=282 |language=en}}</ref> He has credited with the establishment of '''Arjuna Rout Memorial College''' ('''A.R.M. College''') in '''1992''', located in [[Mayurjhalia]], in the college located area of [[Borabarjhar]], tehsil of [[Raj-Ranpur|Ranpur]] in the [[Nayagarh district]] of [[Odisha]], following his death in '''2003''', his family and supporters established a charitable foundation in his name, a statue of '''Ramesh Panda''' was erected on the campus of '''Arjuna Rout Memorial College''' to commemorate his role as the institution's founder and his lifelong service to the [[Raj-Ranpur|Ranpur]] region.

== Early life==
Ramesh Chandra Panda, was born on November 24, 1935, in Mayurjhalia, [[Raj-Ranpur]], [[Nayagarh]], [[Odisha]].<ref name="Ramesh Chandra Panda"/> His parents married in 1931. His father's name is Madan Sundar Panda, was a freedom fighter who participated in the '''Ranpur Praja rebellion'''. <ref name="Ramesh Chandra Panda"/> and there is no mention of the mother's name in official files.<ref name="Ramesh Chandra Panda"/> Ramesh Panda married Krishna Kumari Panda<ref name="Ramesh Chandra Panda"/> on September 11, 1956. They had three daughters and two sons.<ref name="Ramesh Chandra Panda"/> His son [[Sabyasachi Panda]], also known as [[Sabyasachi Panda|Babu Panda]], is a [[politician]] and a [[Maoist|Naxalite-Maoist]] leader. [[Sabyasachi Panda|Sabyasachi]] was born on July 19, 1972, in the same village as his father. He has been involved in violent revolutionary activities and was arrested once in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sambadenglish.com/sabyasachi-panda/|title= Who is Sabyasachi Panda ?|publisher=Sambad English|date=18 July 2014|access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref> His daughter-in-law, Subhashree Panda, also known as Mili Panda, is also a [[politician]] and [[lawyer]] has gained recognition as [[Sabyasachi Panda]]'s spouse.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subhashree Panda (Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- RANPUR(NAYAGARH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/odisha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=5319 |access-date=2025-03-22|website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/wife-of-maoist-leader-hits-trail-of-democracy/article5838774.ece|title= Wife of Maoist leader hits trail of democracy|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 November 2021|access-date= 4 February 2025}}</ref>

===Education and political life===
Ramesh Chandra Panda started his [[political]] career when he was a student in [[Ravenshaw College]] [[Cuttack]]. He joined the Student's Federation, a front of the undivided [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) and later became a fulltime CPI activist. In 1964 after the split in the CPI, Ramesh joined the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)). He operated out of his base in [[Raj-Ranpur|Ranpur]] block in the undivided [[Puri]] district and was elected the chairman of Ranpur block in 1967. He was elected to the [[Odisha]] assembly from [[Ranpur Assembly constituency|Ranpur Assembly Constituency]] the same year.<ref name="naveenpatnaik.com"/> Panda was a three-time representative of Ranpur Assembly constituency, initially elected on a CPI(M) ticket. He later joined the [[Biju Janata Dal|Biju Janata Dal (BJD)]] before his passing.<ref name="naveenpatnaik.com"/>

===Younger daughter-in-law===
'''Subhashree Panda''', also known as '''Mili Panda''', is the daughter-in-law of Ramesh Chandra, linked through her marriage to [[Sabyasachi Panda]].<ref name="Ramesh Chandra Panda"/> This family connection places both individuals in the public eye, particularly given the controversial nature of [[Sabyasachi Panda]]'s<ref name="Ramesh Chandra Panda"/> [[Maoist]] leadership, which has shaped Mili's political challenges and Ramesh's legacy.

===Elder sons===
Sidhharth Panda,<ref name="Ramesh Chandra Panda"/> also commonly known by his alias Tukuna Panda,<ref name="Ramesh Chandra Panda"/> is also an Indian politician. He graduated Mayurjhalia Nodal High School and studied in [[Prananath College|Prashanth Autonomous College Khordha]]. He studied Law and English Literature at [[Utkal University]].

===Madan Sundar Panda's father===
'''Madan Sundar Panda''' was a freedom fighter who played a role in the '''Ranpur Praja rebellion''', was born on August 7, 1873 in a village [[Mayurjhalia]] in the [[Raj-Ranpur|Ranpur]] region of [[Nayagarh]] district, [[Odisha]]. He is best remembered for his active role in the historic '''Ranpur Praja''' rebellion, a significant local uprising against princely rule during the [[British Raj]], following the '''Ranpur Praja Rebellion''', '''Madan Sundar Panda''' was arrested by the British authorities and
tried for his role in the uprising, including his involvement in the death of a top British official. He was
convicted and sentenced to a lengthy term of imprisonment — serving a full 12 years behind bars for
his leadership in the rebellion.

== Death ==

Ramesh Chandra Panda died on December 18, 2003, at the age of 68, in his native village of [[Mayurjhalia]], [[Raj-Ranpur]], [[Nayagarh]], [[Odisha]]. At the time of his before [[death]] his was a [[politician]] from [[Odisha]], [[India]], and served as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) three times Ramesh Chandra Panda's was also a Member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and played a significant role in [[Odisha]]'s [[politic]]'s.<ref name="Ramesh Chandra Panda"/>

== Gallery ==

{{Gallery
|width=160 | height=250
|align=left
|Ramesh Chandra Panda, Statues, A R M College Mayurajhalia In College in Borabarjhar, Odisha.jpg|Ramesh Chandra Panda, [[Statues]], A R M [[College]] Mayurajhalia In [[College]] in Borabarjhar, [[Odisha]]
||Ramesh Chandra Panda (1985)
|Arjuna Rout Memorial College (Established by Late Ramesh Chandra Panda Foundation) (statue).jpg| Late Ramesh Chandra Panda Foundation-Arjuna Rout Memorial College (Statue —2025) Mayurajhalia In [[College]] in Borabarjhar, [[Odisha]]
|Late, Ramesh Chandra Panda, Foundation - Arjuna Rout Memorial College.jpg|Late Ramesh Chandra Panda Foundation-Arjuna Rout Memorial College (Statue—2025) In Mayurajhalia In [[College]] in Borabarjhar, [[Odisha]]
|Ramesh Chandra Panda (Statue).jpg| Late Ramesh Chandra Panda Foundation-Arjuna Rout Memorial College (Statue —2025) Mayurajhalia In [[College]] in Borabarjhar, [[Odisha]]
}}
{{clear left}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panda, Ramesh Chandra}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1971–1973]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1974–1977]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Nayagarh district]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Mayurajhalia]]

Raj Kumar Rinwa

2026-04-20T09:10:44Z

Imteenu: starting a bio

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Raj Kumar Rinwa
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1953|06|24}}
| birth_place = [[Ratangarh, Churu|Ratangarh]], [[Rajasthan]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Ratangarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ratangarh]]
| term_start1 = 2003
| predecessor1 = Jaidev Prasad Indoria
| term_end1 = 2018
| successor1 = [[Abhinesh Maharshi]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Leela devi|1970}}
| party = [[Bhartiya janta party]]
| other_party =
}}
'''Raj Kumar Rinwa''' (born 24 June 1953) is an Indian politician of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Churu, Rajasthan|Churu]] district in [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajkumar Rinwa(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- RATANGARH(CHURU ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/rajasthan2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=231 |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> He was a Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Ratangarh Assembly constituency|Ratangarh constituency]] in 2003, 2008 and 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raj Kumar Rinwa Wins Ratangarh Seat of Churu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2013/dec/08/raj-kumar-rinwa-wins-ratangarh-seat-of-churu-547608.html |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-21 |title=Rajasthan bribery racket: Mines Minister Rinwa signed two files on mining leases sent by secy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/rajasthan-bribery-racket-mines-minister-rinwa-signed-two-files-on-mining-leases-sent-by-secy/ |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-28 |title=हरिशंकर भाभड़ा को भी हरा चुके हैं राजकुमार रिणवा {{!}} Rajkumar Rinwa has also defeated Harishankar Bhabhada |url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/rajkumar-rinwa-has-also-defeated-harishankar-bhabhada-7892317/ |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Raj Kumar Rinwa was born on 24 June 1953 at [[Ratangarh, Churu|Ratangarh]] in [[Churu district]]. His father's name is Prahlad Rai Rinwa and mother's name is Sajna Devi. He has studied B.com and LLB. In 2003, he became MLA for the first time by contesting as an independent from [[Ratangarh Assembly constituency|Ratangarh assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-18 |title=लोकसभा चुनाव से पहले ये दिग्गज नेता कुछ ही देर में होने जा रहे हैं कांग्रेस में शामिल, वसुंधरा सरकार में भी रह चुके हैं मंत्री {{!}} Lok Sabha Chunav 2019 : Rajkumar Rinwa Biography in Hindi |url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/lok-sabha-chunav-2019-rajkumar-rinwa-biography-in-hindi-4443240/ |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Rinwa has won the assembly elections thrice. In 2003, he contested as an independent and defeated BJP's veteran leader Harishankar Bhabhada and Congress's Pt. Jai Devprasad Indoriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-28 |title=हरिशंकर भाभड़ा को भी हरा चुके हैं राजकुमार रिणवा {{!}} Rajkumar Rinwa has also defeated Harishankar Bhabhada |url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/rajkumar-rinwa-has-also-defeated-harishankar-bhabhada-7892317/ |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref> He became the MLA of Ratangarh for two consecutive terms in 2008 and 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rajkumar rinwa return in bhajapa |work=Live hindustan |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/rajasthan/story-rajasthan-former-minister-rajkumar-rinwa-returns-home-joins-bjp-7407362.html}}</ref> In 2013, he was also a minister in [[Vasundhara Raje]]'s government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-21 |title=Rajasthan bribery racket: Mines Minister Rinwa signed two files on mining leases sent by secy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/rajasthan-bribery-racket-mines-minister-rinwa-signed-two-files-on-mining-leases-sent-by-secy/ |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-19 |title=Vasundhara Raje's former minister joins Congress |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/rajasthan/news/rajes-former-minister-joins-cong/articleshow/68947237.cms |access-date=2023-03-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rinwa, Raj kumar}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:People from Churu district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2013–2018]]

D. Damodar Rao

2026-04-19T03:50:18Z

Imteenu: put up a bio and citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Divakonda Damodar Rao
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Telangana|Telangana]]
| term_start = 22 June 2022
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Divakonda Damodar Rao''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], upper house of the Parliament of India from [[Telangana]] as a member of the [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/rajya-sabha-polls-2022-full-list-of-mps-elected-unopposed-to-upper-house-article-91986789 | title=Rajya Sabha Polls 2022: Full list of candidates elected unopposed to Upper House | publisher=Times Now | date=3 June 2022 | accessdate=3 June 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Damodar Rao, D.}}
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Telangana]]

{{Telangana-TRS-politician-stub}}

Shoshit Seva Sangh

2026-04-18T16:13:41Z

Imteenu: starting basic data more to come.

{{Infobox organization
| name = Shoshit Seva Sangh
| logo =
| type = Not for Profit - Registered Trust
| founded = 16 July 2004
| location = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], India
| origins =
| key_people = J. K. Sinha
| focus = [[Musahar]] community of Bihar
| method = Education
| revenue =
| endowment =
| num_volunteers =
| num_employees =
| num_members =
| owner =
| website = https://www.sssfoundation.org/
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Shoshit Seva Sangh''' (SSS Foundation) is a not-for-profit [[non-governmental organization]] based in [[Patna]] created to fund charitable projects which deal with:
* relief from poverty and distress;
* education;
* medical relief; and
* the advancement of any other object of general public utility in the interest of social welfare and for the benefit of the public in general.
Its charter states that the Shoshit Seva Sangh aims to assist the underprivileged irrespective of their religion, race, caste, creed or gender, and seeks to establish, support and maintain institutions towards this end.<ref name="SSS Foundation">{{cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Shoshit Seva Sangh|url=http://www.sssfoundation.org|publisher=SSS Foundation|access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref>

== History ==

The Shoshit Seva Sangh was founded by J. K. Sinha, a retired [[Indian Police Service]] officer and chartered on 16 July 2004 as a not-for-profit organization created to fund the economic, educational, social and cultural uplift of underprivileged sections of society,<ref name="SSS Foundation"/> is based out of Patna, the capital of the state of [[Bihar]]. Bihar itself is one of the poorest and most backward states of [[India]],<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/2007/08/05/india-amartya-sen-oped-cx_ams_0813amartyasen.html India At 60 - Forbes.com]</ref> where an estimated 50% of the population lives below the poverty line<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4458976.stm BBC NEWS | South Asia | Analysis: A turning point for Bihar?]</ref> (as against the national Indian average of 20% to 25%).<ref>[http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/chap14.htm Government of India Union Budget 2003-2004, Economic Survey 2002-2003, Finance]</ref>

==Focus on the Musahar community==

Among the vast poverty-ridden population of Bihar, one of the most exploited and deprived sections is the [[Musahar]] community.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} The Musahar are landless laborers, living in grinding poverty and sub-human condition for centuries in ghettoes called 'Musaharis' or 'Musahar Tolis' which are found on the outskirts of villages in Bihar.

Culturally, the population features large extended families requiring greater financial resources to sustain themselves. The unemployment rate is overwhelming, and much of this can be traced to the lack of employable skills or a mismatch between the skills of the residents and those required by regional industries. Government initiatives in relation to poverty alleviation programs, housing, nutrition, education, and skill development are mostly on paper and there is little or no positive impact of state intervention on the Musahar. Deprived of both capital and skill, Musahar have remained trapped in a cycle of poverty for centuries.
Since the Musahar are one of the most underprivileged sections of Indian society, the Shoshit Seva Sangh's efforts are targeted at this community.

SSS Foundation runs a [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE affiliated]] school for the children of the Musahar community, and provides quality education until class 12 as well as board and lodging, uniforms, toiletries, books and access to computers absolutely free of charge.<ref name="SSS Foundation"/><ref name="BI">{{cite web |last= Raja|first= Vidya|date= 2 January 2019|title=Meet The Padma Shri Ex-RAW Officer Who Transformed An Entire Community in Bihar|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/170769/ips-hero-bihar-padma-shri-jyoti-sinha-musahar/|publisher=Better India|access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref>

== References ==

<references/>

[[Category:Organizations established in 2004]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]

Parasia Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:00:40Z

Imteenu: starting a details.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Parasia
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 127
| map_image = 127-Parasia.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chhindwara Lok Sabha constituency|Chhindwara]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Sohanlal Valmik]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Tarachand Bawaria
}}
'''Parasia''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] (Vidhan Sabha) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhan sabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

It is part of [[Chhindwara district]].

== Demography ==
As of 2011 [[Census]] Parasia, the biggest division and tehsil of Chhindwara district in Madhya Pradesh, had a population of 37,876. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Dongar Parasia has an average literacy rate of 71%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 78% and female literacy is 64%. In Dongar Parasia, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Phulbhansa
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Shanti Swaroop Kartaram
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=2|Barikrao Amrutrao
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan=2|Damu Patil
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan=2|Ramji Mastkar
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Harinarayan Dehariya
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| Leeladhar Puria
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| rowspan=2|Tarachand Bawaria
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan=3|[[Sohanlal Valmik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parasia (SC)<ref name="election2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-polls-2023/story/madhya-pradesh-election-bjp-second-candidate-list-shivraj-singh-chouhan-2440421-2023-09-25|title=3 Union ministers feature in BJP's second list for Madhya Pradesh polls|work=India Today|accessdate=25 September 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sohanlal Valmik]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:88227}}
|percentage = 47.75
|change = -0.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jyoti Daheriya
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:86059}}
|percentage = 46.57
|change = +5.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Santoshi Dehariya
|votes = {{formatnum:1706}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change = -0.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3049}}
|percentage = 1.65
|change = -0.29
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2168}}
|percentage = 1.18
|change = -6.56
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:184776}}
|percentage = 84.53
|change = +3.31
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parasia<ref name="election2018"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sohanlal Valmik]]
|votes = {{formatnum:79553}}
|percentage = 48.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Tarachand Bawaria
|votes = {{formatnum:66819}}
|percentage = 40.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Satish Nagwanshi
|votes = {{formatnum:4717}}
|percentage = 2.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Durga Bai Amrawanshi
|votes = {{formatnum:2232}}
|percentage = 1.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Tulsidas Mahalgavaiya
|votes = {{formatnum:2187}}
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Govind Prasad Barkhania
|votes = {{formatnum:2135}}
|percentage = 1.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Santosh Dehariya
|votes = {{formatnum:1714}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3186}}
|percentage = 1.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12734}}
|percentage = 7.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:164578}}
|percentage = 81.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parasia (SC)<ref name="election2013"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Sohanlal Valmik]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 72,235
|percentage = 47.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Tarachand Bavariya
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 50,156
|percentage = 42.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Vishnu Dehariya
|party = ABGP
|votes = 4,924
|percentage = 3.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Devlal Dehariya
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2073
|percentage = 1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Devraj Bavariya
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1600
|percentage = 1.04
|change = N/A
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Rajesh Mohabiya
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1023
|percentage = 0.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Dilip Kumar Gajbhiye
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 742
|percentage = 0.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Jitendra Chouhan
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 616
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 4627
|percentage = 3.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,53,213
|percentage = 81.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
==See also==
* [[Parasia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|22.19|78.76|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chhindwara district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Sakshi Rana

2026-04-13T03:44:02Z

Imteenu: starting some data initial version

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Sakshi Rana
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2007|08|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sonipat]], [[Haryana]], India
| height =
| weight =
| position = Forward/Midfielder
| years1 =
| clubs1 = Hockey Haryana
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2025–
| clubs2 = [[Odisha Warriors]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| nationalyears1 = 2023–2024
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-21 field hockey team|India U21]]
| nationalcaps1 = 16
| nationalgoals1 = 4
| nationalyears2 = 2025–
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 12
| nationalgoals2 = 2
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|Junior Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2024 Women's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2024 Oman]]|}}
}}
'''Sakshi Rana''' (born 31 August 2007)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sakshi Rana - Hockey India |url=https://hockeyindia.org/players/sakshi-rana-profile-9725 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=hockeyindia.org}}</ref> is an Indian hockey player from [[Haryana]]. She plays for the [[India women's national field hockey team]] as a forward or a midfielder. She is registered with Hockey Haryana and plays for the state unit in the domestic tournaments. She played for [[Odisha Warriors|Vedanta Odisha Warriors]] in the inaugural [[Hockey India League|Women's Hockey India League 2025]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sakshi Rana - Hockey India League - Hockey India |url=https://hockeyindialeague.com/players/sakshi-rana-profile-9725 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=hockeyindialeague.com}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Rana is from [[Sonipat]], Haryana. She was trained by former India captain and coach [[Pritam Rani Siwach]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2025-02-23 |title=Hockey: In Kukuda's Sunelita Toppo and Sonepat's Sakshi Rana, two teenage hopes for India's future |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/hockey-sunelita-toppo-sakshi-rana-india-future-fih-9850613/ |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2025 |title=Target was to score on my first game: Sakshi Rana on her dream senior team debut |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/news/target-was-to-score-on-my-first-game-sakshi-rana-on-her-dream-senior-team-debut#:~:text=Sakshi%20was%20an%20integral%20part,in%20Chile%20later%20this%20year. |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=www.hockeyindia.org}}</ref>

== Career ==
In December 2023, Rana represented India in the [[Women's FIH Junior World Cup]] 2023 held at [[Santiago]], Chile, where India finished ninth.<ref name=":0" /> Earlier in August 2023, she took part in the under-21, 4–Nation's Junior Women's Invitational Tournament at [[Düsseldorf]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Rana Sakshi {{!}} India hockey player |url=https://www.fih.hockey/events/junior-world-cup/women/2023-fih-junior-world-cup-w-1508/player/rana-sakshi-30682 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=International Hockey Federation |language=en}}</ref>

Rana represented India in the [[women's FIH Junior World Cup]] 2023 held at [[Santiago]], Chile, where India finished ninth.<ref name=":1" /> In February 2025, she made her senior India debut at [[Kalinga Stadium]], Bhubaneswar, against [[Spain women's national field hockey team|Spain]] in the [[FIH Pro League]] and also scored her first goal for India.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Tejasvi |date=2025-03-07 |title=Sakshi Rana dream debut in FIH Hockey Pro League 2024/25 THE NEW INDIAN |url=https://www.newindian.in/sakshi-rana-dream-debut-in-fih-hockey-pro-league-2024-25/ |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=THE NEW INDIAN |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

In May 2024, she was chosen as the vice–captain of the 22-member Indian Junior Women's team that was announced for the tour of Europe from 21 to 20 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jyoti set to lead as HI announces 22-member Indian Junior Women's Hockey team for Europe tour |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/hockey/jyoti-set-to-lead-as-hi-announces-22-member-indian-junior-womens-hockey-team-for-europe-tour20240506150733/ |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=ANI News |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506094618/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/hockey/jyoti-set-to-lead-as-hi-announces-22-member-indian-junior-womens-hockey-team-for-europe-tour20240506150733/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-06 |title=Jyoti Singh to lead Indian junior women's hockey team for Europe tour |url=https://thebridge.in/hockey/jyoti-singh-to-lead-indian-junior-team-at-europe-tour-47188 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-05-06 |title=Jyoti to lead Indian junior women's hockey team for Europe tour |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/jyoti-lead-indian-junior-womens-hockey-22-member-squad-europe-tour-sakshi-rana-deputy-news/article68144822.ece |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, she was also part of the Indian Junior Women's team that won gold at the [[Women's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|Women's Junior Asia Cup]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2025 |title=Target was to score on my first game: Sakshi Rana on her dream senior team debut |url=http://www.uniindia.com/target-was-to-score-on-my-first-game-sakshi-rana-on-her-dream-senior-team-debut/sports/news/3407593.html |access-date=8 March 2025 |website=United News of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=మన ఆటలో వేగం పెరగాలి {{!}} Indian women's hockey rising star Sakshi Rana comments {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/sports/indian-womens-hockey-rising-star-sakshi-rana-comments-2388690 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rana, Sakshi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2007 births]]
[[Category:Indian women's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Haryana]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Sonipat]]
[[Category:Women's field hockey midfielders]]
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Valley of Flowers National Park

2026-04-12T08:12:40Z

Imteenu:

{{Short description|Park in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{About|the national park in Uttarakhand| the "Valley of Flowers" sanctuary in Sikkim|Yumthang Valley of Flowers|the 2006 film|Valley of Flowers (film)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image = Valley of flowers national park, Uttarakhand, India 03 (edit).jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption = View of the Valley of Flowers
| location = [[Chamoli District]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| part_of = [[Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks]]
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(vii), (x)}}(vii), (x)
| ID = 335-002
| coordinates = {{coord|30|43|48|N|79|37|03|E|region:IN_dim:10000|display=inline,title}}
| year = 1988
| extension = 2005
| area = {{cvt|8,750|ha|sqmi}}

| locmapin = India Uttarakhand#India#World
| map_caption =
|WHS=|Criteria=}}
'''Valley of Flowers National Park''' is an Indian [[National parks of India|national park]] which was established in 1982. It is located in [[Chamoli]] in the state of [[Uttarakhand]] and is known for its [[meadow]]s of [[Endemism|endemic]] alpine flowers and the variety of flora. This richly diverse area is also home to rare and endangered animals, including the [[Asiatic black bear]],<ref name=bhatt/> [[snow leopard]],<ref name=bhatt/> [[musk deer]],<ref name=bhatt/> [[brown bear]], [[red fox]]<ref name=bhatt/> and [[Bharal|blue sheep]]. Birds found in the park include [[Himalayan monal]] pheasant and other high-altitude birds.<ref name=butler/>

At 3,352 to 3,658 meters above sea level, the gentle landscape of the Valley of Flowers National Park complements the rugged mountain wilderness of [[Nanda Devi National Park]] to the east.<ref name=valley1>{{cite web |last=N. Ulysses and Tabish |first=Thingnam Girija |title=Trek to Valley of Flowers |url=http://www.flowersofindia.net/vof-trek/ |publisher=Flowers of India |access-date=5 June 2013}}</ref> Together, they encompass a unique transition zone between the mountain ranges of the [[Zanskar Range|Zanskar]] and [[Great Himalayas]]. The park stretches over 87.50 km2 and is about 8 km long and 2 km wide.<ref name=butler/> It lies completely in the temperate alpine zone. Both parks are encompassed in the [[Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve]] (223,674 ha) which is further surrounded by a buffer zone (5,148.57 km2).<ref name="wcmc">{{Cite web |url=http://www.wcmc.org.uk/protected_areas/data/wh/nandadev.html |title=World Conservation Monitoring Centre |access-date=20 July 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/19970710090911/http://www.wcmc.org.uk/protected_areas/data/wh/nandadev.html |archive-date=10 July 1997 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Nanda Devi National Park [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Asia and the Pacific#India|Reserve]] is in the UNESCO [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves]].

The park is open only during summer from June to October and is covered by heavy snow for the rest of the year.<ref name=bhatt/>

==History==

[[Image:Margaretc.jpg|thumb|right|240px|[[Lady Joan Margaret Legge]]'s memorial grave.]]

===Documented explorers ===

The place was little known to the outside world due to its inaccessibility. In 1931, [[Frank Smythe|Frank S. Smythe]], [[Eric Shipton]] and [[R. L. Holdsworth]], all British mountaineers, lost their way while returning from a successful expedition to Mt. [[Kamet]] and happened upon the valley, which was full of flowers. They were attracted to the beauty of the area and named it the "Valley of Flowers." Smythe later authored a book of the same name.<ref>[http://www.zipworld.com.au/~lnbdds/home/smythefrank.htm Colonel Frank Smythe – Francis Sydney Smythe] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530230035/http://www.zipworld.com.au/~lnbdds/home/smythefrank.htm |date=30 May 2013 }}, 1900–1949</ref>

In 1939, [[Lady Joan Margaret Legge]], (21 February 1885 – 4 July 1939) a botanist deputed by the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]],<ref name=butler>{{cite book |editor1= Richard W. Butler |editor2= Douglas G. Pearce |title=Tourism Development. |year=1999 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=9780203380307 |page=205 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oQmGzEJoJKUC&q=Joan+Margaret+Legge+botanist&pg=PA205}}</ref> arrived at the valley to study flowers and while traversing some rocky slopes to collect flowers, she slipped and died.<ref name=joan>{{cite web |title=Valley of Flowers |url=http://www.sikhnet.com/oldsikhnet/HemkuntSahib/valley.htm |publisher=sikhnet.com |access-date=5 June 2013}}</ref> Her sister later visited the valley and erected a memorial near the spot.<ref name=valley1/>

Prof. [[Chandra Prakash Kala]], a botanist deputed by the Wildlife Institute of India, carried out a research study on the [[floristics]] and [[Conservation (ethic)|conservation]] of the valley for a decade, beginning in 1993.<ref name=FNP>{{cite news |title=How Valley of Flowers got World Heritage Site tag |url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/how-valley-flowers-got-world-heritage-site-tag |author=Chandra Prakash Kala |access-date=17 October 2012 |newspaper=Down to Earth |archive-date=22 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922190821/http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/how-valley-flowers-got-world-heritage-site-tag |url-status=dead }}</ref> He made an inventory of 520 alpine plants exclusively growing in this national park and authored two books – "The Valley of Flowers – Myth and Reality" and "Ecology and Conservation of the Valley of Flowers National Park, Garhwal Himalaya".<ref name=FNP/><ref name=FP>{{cite news |title=Paradise under fire |url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/node/14692 |author=Chandra Prakash Kala |access-date=15 June 2002 |newspaper=Down to Earth}}</ref>

===Timeline===

1862: The Pushpawati River Valley was discovered by Col. Edmund Smyth;

1931: The valley visited by the climber [[Frank Smythe|Frank S. Smythe]] who wrote a book publicizing the "Valley of Flowers";

1934: The upper [[Nanda Devi Sanctuary]] was reached and described by mountaineers [[Eric Shipton]] & [[Bill Tilman]];

1936: Mountaineers Bill Tilman & Noel Odell [[Shipton–Tilman Nanda Devi expeditions|climbed Nanda Devi]];

1939: The basin established as the Nanda Devi Game Sanctuary by Government Order 1493/XIV- 28 of 7/01;

1962: Border disputes closed the area to traffic, altering the local economy;

1974–82: The sanctuary was opened to mountaineering, but the ensuing degradation led to its closure to all users;

1980: The park was established as Sanjay Gandhi National Park by Notification 3912/ XIV 3-35-80; grazing and mountaineering stopped;

1980: The Valley of Flowers was declared a national park by Government Order 4278/XIV-3-66-80 under the provisions of the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, for the conservation of its flora;

1982: The park was renamed Nanda Devi National Park;

1988: The Nanda Devi National Biosphere Reserve established (223,674 ha) with the national park as core zone (62,462 ha) and a 514,857 ha buffer area surrounding both sites; restrictions were imposed on the rights of nearby villagers. Inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage site;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/335/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref>

2000: The Biosphere Reserve extended by the government to 586,069 ha and the Valley of Flowers National Park was added as the second core zone (62,462 ha+ 8,750 ha, totalling core areas of 71,212 ha);

2004: The two core zones and buffer zone designated a UNESCO MAB reserve.

==Geoclimatic ==

{{Empty section|date=October 2024}}

==Location ==
{{multiple image
|perrow=2
|total_width=350
|image1= Vof13082010.jpg
|caption1= Trail visible on the left
|image2= Vof1 28.jpg
|caption2=One of the streams that cut the trail
}}
[[File: (A) Valley of flowers, Garhwal Uttarakhand India.jpg |thumb|Valley of flowers with the snow capped Himalayas in the background]]

Getting to the Valley of Flowers requires a trek of about 17 km (10.5 mi). The nearest major town is [[Joshimath]]<ref name=bhatt/><ref name=":0">Valley of Flowers, Article by Asif N Khan in Hornbill April–June 2015 P.p. 10-15, Bombay Natural History Society.</ref> in [[Garhwal Division|Garhwal]], which has convenient road connections from [[Haridwar]] and [[Dehradun]], both about 270 km (168 mi) south of [[Joshimath]]. From [[Delhi]], one can take the train to [[Haridwar]] and then travel by bus to [[Govindghat]] via [[Rishikesh]].<ref name=sancuatry>{{cite web |title=Valley of Flowers National Park |url=http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/travel/wildlife-destinations/uttarakhand/valley-of-flowers-national-park.html |publisher=Sanctuary Asia Magazine |access-date=8 June 2013 |archive-date=24 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624084048/http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/travel/wildlife-destinations/uttarakhand/valley-of-flowers-national-park.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Govindghat]] is approximately 24 km before another important destination of [[Badrinath]]. It is also possible to drive from [[Delhi]] to [[Govindghat]], a distance of about 500 km.

[[Govindghat]] is a small place close to [[Joshimath]] (around one hour driving distance), where the trek begins. From Govindghat, shared taxis up to 4 km and then a trek of less than 11 km (8.6 mi) brings trekkers to [[Ghangaria]], a small settlement located about 3 km (about 2 mi) from the valley. One can also hire a porter, mule or helicopter to reach Ghangaria. The trek from Govindghat to Ghangaria is common to the [[Gurudwara Shri Hemkund Sahib]] [[Sikh]] Temple at [[Hemkund]] and a trekker is likely to find many Sikh pilgrims on the route. As one nears Ghangaria, one is greeted by fields of perfumed wild flowers, wild rose bushes and wild strawberries by the sides of the path. Visitors to the Valley of Flowers need to get a permit from the Forest Department, at [[Ghangaria]]. The permit is valid for three days. Only visiting and trekking are allowed during the day time.<ref name=bhatt/>

Visitors are not allowed to stay inside the National park and accommodation can be obtained at [[Ghangaria|Ghangaria.]]<ref name=bhatt/><ref name="five">{{cite news |date=22 July 2012 |title=ET Recommendations: 5 best places to enjoy monsoon, movie to watch, gadget to buy |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-22/india-business/32787748_1_monsoon-magic-cherrapunjee-tea-plantation |url-status=dead |access-date=5 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221020257/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-22/india-business/32787748_1_monsoon-magic-cherrapunjee-tea-plantation |archive-date=21 February 2013}}</ref> The best time to visit is between July and early September, when the valley is full of flowers, just after the outbreak of monsoon.<ref name=bhatt/>

===Geography===

The Valley of Flowers is nestled in the [[Pushpawati River|Pushpawati river valley]] which is in the upper expanses of [[Lakshman Ganga|Bhyundar Ganga]] river near Joshimath in Garhwal region. The lower reaches of Bhyundar Ganga near [[Gobindghat]] are known as Bhyundar Valley. The Valley of Flowers, which lies between 30° 41' to 30° 48'N and 79° 33' to 79° 46'E, in the Pushpawati valley is 20 km northwest of [[Nanda Devi National Park]] across the wide valley of the Bhyundar Ganga. It is one of two [[hanging valley]]s lying at the head of the Bhyundar valley,<ref name=bhatt/> the other being the shorter [[Hemkund]] valley which runs parallel to Valley of Flowers some 10 km south. Valley of Flowers runs east–west approximately 15 km in length with average width of 6 km. A small tributary of Pushpawati river originates from [[List of glaciers of India|Tipra glacier]] from Gauri Parbat in the east and flows through the Valley of Flowers.

The area lies on the [[Zanskar]] range of the Himalayas with the highest point in the national park being [[Gauri parbat]] at 6,719 m above sea level.

===Climate===
[[Image:valley of flowers.JPG|thumb|right|240px|A scene from Valley of Flowers, ''Impatiens sulcata'', This flower paints the Valley of Flowers in pink in the first week of August.]]

Being an inner Himalayan valley, the Nanda Devi Basin has a distinctive micro-climate. Conditions are generally dry with low annual precipitation, but there is heavy monsoon rainfall from late June to early September. Prevailing mist and low cloud during the monsoon keeps the soil moist, hence the vegetation is lusher than is usual in the drier inner Himalayan valleys. From mid April to June temperatures are moderate to cool (19 °C maximum). The Valley of Flowers also has the micro-climate of an enclosed inner Himalayan valley, and is shielded from the full impact of the southwest summer monsoon by the Greater Himalaya range to its south. There is often dense fog and rain especially during the late summer monsoon. Both Basin and Valley are usually snow-bound for six to seven months between late October and late March, the snow accumulating deeper and at lower altitudes on the shadowed southern than on the northern side of the valleys.<ref>Lamba, B. 1987. Status survey report of fauna: Nanda Devi National Park. Records of the Zoological. Survey of India Occasional Paper No. 103. 50 pp</ref>

==Ecology ==

===Biodiversity ===

The Valley of Flowers is a high-altitude Himalayan valley that has long been acknowledged by renowned mountaineers, botanists, and in literature. It has been recognized internationally for over a century and is referenced in the [[Hindu religion]]. Local people have visited the valley since ancient times.<ref name=valley1/> Indian [[yogi]]s are known to have visited the valley for meditation.<ref name=swami>{{cite book |last=Tigunait |first=Rajmani |title=At the eleventh hour : the biography of Swami Rama |year=2001 |publisher=Himalayan Institute |location=Honesdale, Pa. |isbn=9780893892128 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ateleventhhourth00tigu/page/88 88] |url=https://archive.org/details/ateleventhhourth00tigu |url-access=registration |quote=valley of flowers.}}</ref> The Valley of Flowers has many different colorful flowers, taking on various shades of colors as time progressed.<ref name=valley1/>

The Valley of Flowers has gained importance as a region containing a diversity of alpine flora, representative of the [[Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows]] [[ecoregion]]. The rich diversity of species reflects the valley's location within a transition zone between the [[Zanskar]] and [[Great Himalayas]] ranges to the north and south, respectively, and between the [[Eastern Himalaya]] and Western Himalaya flora. A number of plant species are considered [[threatened]]. Several have not been recorded outside of Uttarakhand. Two have not been recorded in Nanda Devi National Park. The diversity of threatened species of medicinal plants is higher than has been recorded in other Indian Himalayan protected areas. The entire [[Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve]] lies within the Western Himalayas Endemic Bird Area (EBA). The Valley of Flowers National Park is the second core zone of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve. Seven restricted-range bird species are endemic to this part of the EBA.
<gallery>
File:National Park, Flower Valley.jpg|Flowers blossomed in the valley
File:Valley of flowers pic.jpg|{{center|A Flower in Valley of Flowers (VoF)}}.
File:"Flowers Blossom at Valley of Flowers Chamoli, India" 61.jpg| Another Flower in Valley of Flowers (VoF)
File:"Flowers Blossom At valley of flowers Chamoli, India" 40.jpg|Flower snapshot in VoF
File:"Flowers Blossom At valley of flowers Chamoli, India" 38.jpg|Flower blossoming
File:"Flowers Blossom at Valley of Flowers Chamoli, India" 52.jpg|Beautiful purple flowers in VoF
File:Valley of Flowers,Uttarakhand 02.jpg|Beautiful flower snapshot
</gallery>

===Flora ===

====Three types of sub-alpine zones ====
{{see also|Montane ecosystems}}
[[File:Pushpawati vof2.jpg|thumb|right|240px|[[Pushpawati River]] rushing out of the Valley of Flowers.]]

The valley has three types of [[Montane ecosystems#Subalpine zone|sub-alpine zones]] as follows: foothills alpine between 3,200 m and 3,500 m which is the upper height limit for trees, lower alpine between 3,500 m and 3,700 m, and higher alpine above 3,700 m. The habitats include valley bottom, river bed, small forests, meadows, eroded, scrubby and stable slopes, moraine, plateau, bogs, stone desert and caves. The lower surrounding hills in the buffer zone are thickly forested. The Forest Research Institute in 1992 recorded 600 species of angiosperms and 30 pteridophytes in the valley and surroundings, discovering 58 new records for the valley of which 4 were new for Himalayan state. Of these plants, 5 out of 6 species globally threatened are not found in [[Nanda Devi National Park]] or elsewhere in [[Uttarakhand]]: ''[[Aconitum falconeri]]'', ''[[Aconitum|A. balfouri]]'', Himalayan maple (''[[Acer caesium]]''), the blue Himalayan poppy (''[[Meconopsis aculeata]]'') and ''[[Saussurea atkinsoni]]''. 31 species of rare and endangered categories were observed within the national park in 1998.<ref>Kala, CP 1998. Ecology and Conservation of Alpine Meadows in the Valley of Flowers National Park, Garhwal Himalaya. Forest Research Institute, Dehradun</ref> Further his studies report that the dominant family in Valley of Flowers is Asteraceae with 62 species.<ref name="iisc.ernet.in">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/sep252005/919.pdf |title=Valley of Flowers: World Heritage Site |access-date=21 January 2013 |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017190453/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/sep252005/919.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> 45 medicinal plants are used by local villagers and several species, such as ''[[Saussurea obvallata]]'' (brahmakamal) are collected as religious offerings to goddesses [[Nanda Devi]] and [[Sunanda Devi]].<ref>Kala, C.P. 2004. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FB%3ABIOC.0000014459.26932.69 Pastoralism, plant conservation, and conflicts on proliferation of Himalayan knotweed in high altitude protected areas of the Western Himalaya], India. ''Biodiversity and Conservation'', 13 (5): 985–995.</ref> The site is designated a Centre of Plant Diversity.<ref name="iisc.ernet.in"/>

Characteristic of the sub-alpine zone are high altitude forests which help to retain moisture and snow and support a large number of floral and faunal communities. It is dominated by the uncommon Himalayan maple ''Acer caesium'' (VU), west Himalayan fir ''[[Abies pindrow]]'', Himalayan white birch ''[[Betula utilis]]'', and ''[[Rhododendron campanulatum]]'' with Himalayan yew ''[[Taxus wallichiana]]'', ''[[Syringa emodi]]'' and ''[[Sorbus lanata]]''. Some of the common herbs are ''[[Arisaema jacquemontii]]'', ''[[Boschniakia himalaica]]'', ''[[Corydalis cashmeriana]]'', ''[[Polemonium caerulium]]'', ''[[Impatiens sulcata]]'', ''[[Geranium wallichianum]]'', ''[[Galium aparine]]'', ''[[Morina longifolia]]'', ''[[Inula grandiflora]]'', ''[[Nomochoris oxypetala]]'', ''[[nemone rivularis]]'', ''[[Pedicularis pectinata]]'', ''[[Pedicularis bicornuta|P. bicornuta]]'', ''[[Primula denticulate]]'' and ''[[Trillidium govanianum]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kala, C.P. |year=2005 |title=A multifaceted review on the biodiversity conservation of the Valley of Flowers National Park, India |journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science and Management |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=25–32 |doi=10.1080/17451590509618077 |s2cid=84896241|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>Kala, C.P. (2005) [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00602.x/abstract Indigenous uses, population density, and conservation of threatened medicinal plants in protected areas of the Indian Himalayas.] Conservation Biology, 19 (2): 368–378.</ref> In trampled areas where past livestock congregated, Himalayan knotweed ''[[Polygonum polystachium]]'' is a rampant weed.

====Flowers====

The flowers were surveyed and inventoried in 1987 by the [[Botanical Survey of India]], in 1992 by the [[Forest Research Institute (India)|Forest Research Institute]] and in 1997 by the [[Wildlife Institute of India]] which found five species new to science.

Flowers mostly [[orchids]], [[Poppy|poppies]], primulas, [[Calendula|marigold]], [[Asteraceae|daisies]] and anemones carpet the ground.<ref name=":0" /> [[Sub-alpine]] forests of [[birch]] and [[rhododendron]] cover parts of the park's area. A decade long study by [[C.P. Kala]] from 1993 onward concludes that the Valley of Flowers is endowed with 520 species of higher plants ([[angiosperm]]s, [[gymnosperm]]s and [[pteridophyte]]s), of these 498 are [[flowering plant]]s. The park has many species of medicinal plants including ''[[Dactylorhiza hatagirea]]'', ''[[Picrorhiza kurrooa]]'', ''[[Aconitum violaceum]]'', ''[[Polygonatum multiflorum]]'', ''[[Fritillaria roylei]]'' and ''[[Podophyllum hexandrum]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kala, C.P. |year=2005 |title=The Valley of Flowers; A newly declared World Heritage Site |url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/sep252005/919.pdf |journal=Current Science |volume=89 |issue=6 |pages=919–920 |access-date=21 January 2013 |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017190453/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/sep252005/919.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Kala, C.P. 2004. The Valley of Flowers; Myth and Reality. International Book Distributors, Dehradun, India</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:ValleyOfFlowers purpleflower.JPG|Himalayan bell flower, ''[[Campanula latifolia]]''
File:ValleyOfFlowers MorningDew.JPG|Morning dew on a pink flower, ''[[Geranium]]'' sp
File:ValleyOfFlowers MultistoryFlower.JPG|Multi storied flowers, ''[[Morina longifolia]]''
File:Meadow Geranium (Geranium pratense).jpg|alt=Meadow Geranium or Geranium pratense), Valley of Flowers Trek|Meadow Geranium ([[Geranium pratense]]) in the heart of Valley of Flowers
</gallery>

===Fauna ===

====Species diversity ====

The density of wild animals in the valley is not high, but all the animals found are rare or endangered. Prior to 2004, a total 13 species of mammals were recorded in the park by C P Kala <ref name="Kala, C.P. 2004"> Kala, C.P. (2004) Distribution pattern and conservation status of mammals and birds in the Valley of Flowers National Park and its vicinity, Uttaranchal. Himalayan Biosphere Reserves, 6: 91–102</ref> and its vicinity although only 9 species were directly sighted by him:
* [[northern plains gray langur]] ''Semnopithecus entellus'',
* [[flying squirrel|red giant flying squirrel]] ''Petaurista petaurista'',
* [[Himalayan black bear]] ''Ursus thibetanus (VU)'',
* [[red fox]] ''Vulpes vulpes'',
* [[Himalayan weasel]] ''Mustela sibirica'',
* Himalayan [[yellow-throated marten]] ''Martes flavigula'',
* [[Himalayan goral]] ''Naemorhedus goral'',
* [[Himalayan musk deer]] ''Moschus leucogaster'',
* [[Indian spotted chevrotain]] ''Moschiola indica'',
* [[bharal]] or [[blue sheep]] ''Pseudois nayaur'',
* [[Himalayan tahr]] ''Hemitragus jemlahicus (VU)'' and
* [[serow]] ''Capricornis sumatraensis (VU)''.
The tahr is common; the serow, goral, musk deer and bharal are rare.<ref name="Kala, C.P. 2004"/>
[[File:Uncia uncia.jpg|thumb|right|240px|[[Snow leopard]].]]

====Leopards and bears ====

An October 2004 faunal survey established the presence of [[snow leopard]] ''Panthera uncia'' (EN) in the national park. The common [[leopard]] ''Panthera pardus'' is reported from lower parts of the valley closer to the villages. Local people have also reported sightings of [[brown bear]] ''Ursus arctos''.

====Reptiles ====

The most often seen reptiles are:
* the high altitude lizard ''[[Agama tuberculata]]'',
* Himalayan ground skink ''[[Leiolopisma himalayana]]'' and
* Himalayan pit viper ''[[Gloydius himalayanus]]''.

====Bees and Butterflies ====

Along with the flowers are wild bees and many species of butterfly which need to be more researched. A few of the more evident species are:
* lime butterfly ''[[Papilio demoleus]] demoleus'',
* common yellow swallowtail ''[[Papilio machaon]]'',
* common Mormon ''[[Papilio polytes]] romulus'',
* spangle ''[[Papilio protenor]] protenor'' and
* common blue apollo ''[[Parnassius]] hardwickei''.

====Birds ====

The area is within the West Himalayan Endemic Bird Area but there have been no surveys specific to the Valley. 114 species were seen in 1993 in Nanda Devi Park. Species frequently seen in the valley include:
* lammergeier [[Gypaetus barbatus]],
* Himalayan vulture ''[[Gyps himalayensis]]'',
* [[Yellow-billed chough|Yellow-billed]] [[chough]] ''Pyrrhocorax graculus'',
* [[Red-billed chough]] ''P. pyrrhocorax'',
* [[koklass pheasant]] ''[[Pucrasia macrolopha]]'',
* [[Himalayan monal]] pheasant ''Lophophorus impejanus'',
* [[scaly-bellied woodpecker]] ''Picus squamatus'',
* [[Greater Yellownape|yellownape woodpeckers]] ''P. flavinucha'',
* [[great barbet|great]] ''Megalaima virens'',
* [[blue-throated barbet]] ''M. asiatica'',
* [[snow pigeon]] ''Columba leuconota'' and
* [[spotted dove]] ''Stigmatopelia chinensis''.

== Conservation==

===Conservation management===

The park is administered by the Uttarakhand State Forestry Department, the national Ministry of Environment and Forests, India. There is no settlement in the national park and grazing in the area has been banned since 1983. The park is open only for 4 to 5 months during summer from June to October.<ref name=bhatt>{{cite book |editor1=Gopal K. Bhargava |editor2=S.C. Bhatt |title=Uttaranchal |year=2006 |publisher=Kalpaz publ. |location=Delhi |isbn=9788178353838 |pages=208, 209 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rALsAIC82YQC&q=valley+of+flowers&pg=PA209}}</ref>

===Research nursery and seed bank ===

A research nursery and seed/rhizome/tuber bank for propagating rare plants and valuable medicinal herbs has been created at Musadhar near the entrance of the site. Rare and valuable medicinal plants are the subject of special programs. These include ''Aconitum heterophyllum'', ''A. falconeri'', ''Arnebia benthamii'', ''Dactylorhiza hatagirea'', ''Gymnadenia orchides'', ''Megacarpaea polyandra'', ''Picrorhiza kurrooa'', ''Podophyllum hexandrum'' and ''Taxus wallichiana''. Research plots have been set up to determine the best way to control the spread of the tall Himalayan knotweed ''Polygonum polystachium'' without damaging other plants or the surface of the soil. A first annual survey was conducted in 2004 and will be repeated annually.

==See also==
*[[Silent Valley National Park]]
*[[Yumthang Valley|Yumthang Valley of Flowers]] in [[Sikkim]]
*[[Lakshman Ganga]] River
*[[Pushpawati]] River

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* K. R. Keshava Murthy, 2011. ''Floral Gallery of Himalayan Valley of Flowers and Adjacent Areas'', published by the author, {{ISBN|9788184654387}}
*[[Gurudwara Shri Hemkund Sahib]]
* K R Keshava Murthy, 2020. Second edition- (Revised and enlarged) ''Floral Gallery of Himalayan Valley of Flowers and Adjacent Areas'', published by Walkin the woods. Dehradun.

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

* [https://valleyofflower.uk.gov.in/ Official valley-of-flowers website]
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/335 Official UNESCO website entry]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130218182501/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/medialibrary/2011/06/13/dc2ca0ec/Nanda%20Devi%20Valley%20of%20Flowers.pdf United Nations Environment Programme]

{{World Heritage Sites in India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Valley of Flowers National Park}}
[[Category:Valleys of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:National parks in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Himalayas]]
[[Category:Geography of Chamoli district]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:1939 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1939]]
[[Category:1980 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1980]]
[[Category:Hiking trails in Uttarakhand]]

Narsing Rao Nandikonda

2026-04-11T10:22:10Z

Imteenu: Started biography

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1969)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Narsing Rao Nandikonda
| honorific_prefix = Honourable Sri Justice
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1969|05|03}}
| birth_place = Secunderabad, Hyderabad, India
| occupation = Judge
| office = Additional Judge of the High Court for the State of Telangana
| term_start = 25 January 2025
| spouse = Neeraja
| children = 2
}}

'''Narsing Rao Nandikonda''' (born 3 May 1969) is an Indian judge currently serving as an additional judge at the [[Telangana High Court]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Profile of Hon'ble Sri Justice Narsing Rao Nandikonda |url=https://tshc.gov.in/showJudgeProfile?id=385 |website=High Court for the State of Telangana |access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Justice Narsing Rao Nandikonda was born on 3 May 1969 in [[Secunderabad]], [[Hyderabad]], to late Smt. Nandikonda Maneamma and late Sri Nandikonda Pentaiah.<ref name=":0" /> He completed his schooling at St. Mary's High School, Hyderabad.<ref name=":0" /> He obtained his law degree from PMR Law College, L.B. Nagar, Hyderabad, in 1994.<ref name=":0" />

== Legal career ==
Justice Nandikonda enrolled as an advocate in 1995 and practiced in civil, criminal, and other branches of law, appearing before various courts in Hyderabad and [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy Districts]].<ref name=":0" /> He was a life member of the Bar Associations of the High Court, City Civil Court, and Ranga Reddy District Court until his selection as District and Sessions Judge in 2011.<ref name=":0" />

In October 2022, Justice Nandikonda was elected as the President of the Telangana State Judges Association, which consists of 411 judges.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=Narsing Rao is president of Telangana State Judges Association |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/311022/narsing-rao-is-president-of-telangana-state-judges-association.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=31 October 2022 |access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref> He won the election by a margin of 87 votes, with the results announced on 30 October 2022.<ref name=":1" />

== Personal life ==
Justice Nandikonda is married to Neeraja, and they have two sons.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://tshc.gov.in/showJudgeProfile?id=385 Official profile on the High Court for the State of Telangana website]
* [https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/311022/narsing-rao-is-president-of-telangana-state-judges-association.html Deccan Chronicle – Narsing Rao elected President of Telangana State Judges Association]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nandikonda, Narsing Rao}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the Telangana High Court]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad, India]]

Lalnghinglova Hmar

2026-04-10T08:52:23Z

Imteenu: Started new entry

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1977)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Lalnghinglova Hmar
| image = Lalnghinglova Hmar (cropped).jpg
| caption = Lalnghinglova in 2025
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1977|10|09|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Lalduhoma ministry|Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Labour, Employment, Skill Development and Entrepreneurship]]
| term_start = 8 December 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Lalchhandama Ralte]]
| successor =
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Lalduhoma]]
| office1 = [[Lalduhoma ministry|Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Sports and Youth Services]]
| term_start1 = 8 December 2023
| term_end1 =
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Lalduhoma]]
| constituency1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Robert Romawia Royte]]
| successor1 =
| office2 = [[Lalduhoma ministry|Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Excise and Narcotics]]
| term_start2 = 8 December 2023
| term_end2 =
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Lalduhoma]]
| predecessor2 = [[Lalrinawma]]
| office4 = Member of [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = 8 December 2023
| term_end4 =
| predecessor4 = Lalruatkima
| successor4 =
| constituency4 = [[Aizawl West 2 Assembly constituency|Aizawl West 2]]
| party = [[Zoram People's Movement]] (since 2017)
| spouse = Lalsangzeli
| children = 2 daughters
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| occupation = [[Journalism]]
| nickname = Tetea Hmar
| education = M.A. in history
| alma_mater = [[North Eastern Hill University]]
}}
'''Lalnghinglova Hmar''' (popularly known as '''Tetea Hmar''', born on 9 October 1977) is the current Minister of State for Labour, Employment, Skill Development & Entrepreneurship Department, Sport & Youth Services Department and Excise & Narcotics Department.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mizoram ministers list 2023: Full list of ministers and their portfolios in Lalduhoma cabinet |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/mizoram-ministers-list-2023-full-list-of-ministers-and-their-portfolios-in-lalduhoma-cabinet/3333266/ |website=financialexpress.com |access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref> He is also currently the MLA for [[Aizawl West 2 Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Aizawl West-II Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: ZPM's Lalnghinglova Hmar with 10398 defeats MNF's Lalruatkima |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/aizawl-west-ii-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2471376-2023-12-04 |website=indiatoday.in |access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref>

Through his journalism and sports activities, he has been credited with the revolution of football in Mizoram.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Ramani |first=Srinivasan |date=2018-05-04 |title=Kicking above their weight: on the rise of football in Mizoram |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kicking-above-their-weight/article23776958.ece |access-date=2022-06-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He helped to establish the [[Mizoram Premier League]], for which he is recognised as the father of Mizo football.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azad |first=Imtiaz |date=2019-04-08 |title=Father of Mizo football Tetea Hmar hopes to bring a new revolution in Mizoram through Lok Sabha polls |url=https://thebridge.in/featured/father-mizo-football-tetea-hmar-bring-new-revolution-in-mizoram-through-lok-sabha-polls/ |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=The Bridge |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web |last=Zothansanga |first=John |date=2019-03-14 |title=Mizoram's football icon set to contest state's lone Lok Sabha seat |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/mizorams-football-icon-set-to-contest-states-lone-lok-sabha-seat-5626847/ |access-date=15 March 2019 |website=Indian Express}}</ref>

Hmar contested at the 2019 [[Lok Sabha]] election from Mizoram constituency as an independent candidate but lost to [[C. Lalrosanga]] of the [[Mizo National Front|Mizo National Front party]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sentinel Digital |date=2019-05-24 |title=Mizo National Front candidate C Lalrosanga wins Mizoram's lone Lok Sabha seat |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/mizoram-news/mizo-national-front-candidate-c-lalrosanga-wins-mizorams-lone-lok-sabha-seat/ |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=Sentinel |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Hmar was born to H. Lalchhuanliana, a [[Mizoram Police]] Service officer, and Biakṭhuami. He is the second of four siblings, with two brothers and a sister. He studied at St. Paul's High School and then at [[Pachhunga University College]], both in Aizawl, Mizoram. He completed his bachelor's degree ifrom [[St. Edmund's College, Shillong]]<ref>{{cite web |title=History Grad Played An Important Role Behind Mizoram's Phenomenal Rise in Indian Football |url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/laughingcolours+english-epaper-laughcole/history+grad+played+an+important+role+behind+mizoram+s+phenomenal+rise+in+indian+football-newsid-93040865 |website=dailyhunt |access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref> and earned his master's degree in history from the [[North Eastern Hill University]], Shillong.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=ToMZ |date=2019-03-18 |title=Lalnghinglova Hmar Biography |url=https://www.timesofmizoram.com/2019/03/lalnghinglova-hmar-biography.html |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=Times of Mizoram}}</ref>

==Career==
After qualifying the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]'s [[National Eligibility Test]], Hmar taught history at Pachhunga University College for two years. In 2001, he entered journalism and became the joint editor of the daily newspaper ''Vanglaini'' and the ''Revival Evangelical Weekly''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Zate |first=H. |date=2019-03-28 |title=MP Candidate LALNGHINGLOVA HMAR i belchiang ang |trans-title=A brief biography of MP candidate Lalnghinglova |url=https://www.exploremizoram.com/2019/03/lalnghinglova-hmar-chanchin-tlangpui.html |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=Explore Mizoram}}</ref> He also serves as Joint Secretary of the Mizoram Olympic Association, and member of the Confederation of Indian Industry National Committee on Sports.<ref name=":0" /> He is also currently the honorary secretary of the [[Mizoram Football Association]], executive committee member of the [[All India Football Federation]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/former-goalkeeper-kalyan-chaubey-appointed-new-aiff-president|title=Former goalkeeper Kalyan Chaubey appointed new AIFF President|archive-date=4 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904100011/https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/former-goalkeeper-kalyan-chaubey-appointed-new-aiff-president|first=FPJ|last=Sports Desk|website=www.freepressjournal.com|publisher=The Free Press Journal|date=2 September 2022|access-date=4 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-aiff-executive-committee-members-coopted-eminent-former-players-list|title=List of AIFF executive committee members & co-opted eminent players|date=2 September 2022|access-date=2 September 2022|archive-date=4 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904100030/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-aiff-executive-committee-members-coopted-eminent-former-players-list|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=AIFF Executive Committee appoints Shaji Prabhakaran as new Secretary General|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-executive-committee-appoints-shaji-prabhakaran-as-new-secretary-general|website=www.the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|first=AIFF|last=Media Team|language=en|date=3 September 2022|access-date=4 September 2022|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904095136/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-executive-committee-appoints-shaji-prabhakaran-as-new-secretary-general|archive-date=4 September 2022}}</ref> and chairman of the AIFF League Committee.<ref name=":7" />

=== Football ===
Hmar was elected as the honorary secretary of [[Mizoram Football Association]] uncontested in 2011,<ref name=":2" /> the position he continues to hold as of 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mizoram Football Association |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/association/512 |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mizoram Football Association |url=https://sportscouncil.mizoram.gov.in/page/mizoram-football-association |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=sportscouncil.mizoram.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> Hmar had declared that creating professional league was one of his major goals.<ref name=":4" /> He played a key role in establishing the [[Mizoram Premier League]], the first regional domestic league within India, in 2012.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Zothansanga |first=John |date=2018-07-15 |title=Tetea Hmar: Meet the man who revolutionised football in Mizoram |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/mizoram/tetea-hmar-meet-the-man-who-revolutionised-football-in-mizoram-5260239/ |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> MFA had no fund on its own or sponsor for the MPL, Hmar persuaded the local TV provider Zonet to join in the management. Zonet agreed a five-year deal as the sponsor with INR 2.5 million each year.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Wangchuk |first=Rinchen Norbu |date=2018-07-23 |title=Meet the History Grad Behind Mizoram's Phenomenal Rise in Indian Football! |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/152103/mizoram-football-tetea-hmar-jeje-revolution/ |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=The Better India |language=en}}</ref> MPL inspired the growth of [[Aizawl FC]], the 2016-17 [[I-League]] champion.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Amitabha |title=Lalnghinglova Hmar: Striking the right note |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/striking-the-right-note/article18414133.ece |access-date=15 March 2019 |website=sportstar}}</ref> It was a national success as the Mizoram team under MFA won the national championship [[Santosh Trophy]] for the first time in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=2014-03-16 |title=Mizoram's Santosh Trophy triumph a big push for northeast football |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/mizoram-s-santosh-trophy-triumph-a-big-push-for-northeast-football-114031600354_1.html |access-date=2022-06-25}}</ref> MFA had produced the highest level licensed coaches including on A level, three B level, and 20 C level within five years of Hmar's leadership.<ref name=":4" /> He was elected unopposed as the President of the Mizoram Football Association, during its Annual General Body Meeting at Aizawl on 23 May 2024.<ref>https://www.vanglaini.org/infiamna/116620?date=2024-05-24</ref>

Hmar created official liaison with [[FIFA]], which supported the All India Football Federation to organise Grassroots Football Project in Mizoram in 2012 for the first time in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |title=FIFA to start grassroots football school in Mizoram |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/fifa-to-start-grassroots-football-school-in-mizoram-2 |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref> He also arranged with the [[German Football Federation]] the same year for football training in Mizoram from German coaches.<ref name=":0" /> He was also instrumental in starting Mizoram Futsal League, the first in India,<ref name=":5" /> with live telecast of Matches by Zonet TV.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wangchuk |first1=Rinchen |title=Meet the History Grad Behind Mizoram's Phenomenal Rise in Indian Football! |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/152103/mizoram-football-tetea-hmar-jeje-revolution/ |access-date=15 March 2019 |website=thebetterindia}}</ref>

In April 2023, Hmar was appointed member of the Social Responsibility Committee of the [[Asian Football Confederation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-15 |title=AFC Standing Committee Member-ah Lalnghinglova Hmar |trans-title=Lalnghinglova Hmar appointed AFC Standing Committee Member |url=https://vanglaini.org/infiamna/92267 |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=Vanglaini |language=Mizo}}</ref>

==== Role in AIFF ====
Hmar has been an executive committee member of the All India Football Federation since 2012. He also served as Deputy Chairman of the League Committee under AIFF.<ref name=":0" /> AIFF had been seen as highly politicised with majority of the officers elected from political arena, and the leadership taken up by political influences.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bose |first=Shuvaditya |date=2022-09-02 |title=Name a Federation Where Politicians Aren't Involved: New AIFF President Chaubey |url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/aiff-president-kalyan-chaubey-name-one-federation-politicians-are-not-involved |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-17 |title=Indian football has a deep-rooted governance problem. It won't be solved by a FIFA suspension |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/indian-football-governance-problem-solved-fifa-suspension-aiff-8094269/ |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> As the situation worsened, on 16 August 2022, the [[FIFA]] announced that it officially suspended AIFF "due to undue influence from third parties, which constitutes a serious violation of the FIFA Statutes."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-16 |title=FIFA suspends All India Football Federation |url=https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/associations/media-releases/origin1904-p.cxm.fifa.comfifa-suspends-all-india-football-federation |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=www.fifa.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2022-08-21 |title=Why did FIFA ban AIFF? What has happened so far? Supreme Court to hear the case today |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/fifa-bans-aiff-supreme-court-hearing-coa-mandate-sc-case-indian-football-latest-news/article65794198.ece |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>

Immediately, the [[Supreme Court of India]] constituted the Committee of Administrators for AIFF. Led by former judge A.R. Dave, the committee consisted of seven members with Hmar among them. The committee was assigned to review and remake the AIFF constitutions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-22 |title=State Bodies Form Panel to Suggest CoA for Necessary Changes in AIFF's Constitution |url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/state-bodies-form-panel-to-suggest-coa-for-necessary-changes-in-aiffs-constitution-5223727.html |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> In response, the FIFA revoked its suspension on 26 August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-26 |title=FIFA lifts suspension of All India Football Federation |url=https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/associations/media-releases/origin1904-p.cxm.fifa.comfifa-lifts-suspension-of-all-india-football-federation |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=www.fifa.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-26 |title=FIFA lifts suspension of Indian football federation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/fifa-lifts-suspension-of-indian-football-federation-8114149/ |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On 20 September 2022, Hmar was appointed chairman of the AIFF League Committee,<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-09-21 |title=Mizoram's Lalnghinglova Hmar becomes AIFF League chairman |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/lalnghinglova-hmar-becomes-aiff-league-chairman-mizoram-state-unit-secretary-shaji-prabhakaran-football/article65919344.ece |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=2022-09-21 |title=Mizoram's Lalnghinglova Hmar becomes AIFF League chairman |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/mizorams-lalnghinglova-hmar-becomes-aiff-league-chairman/articleshow/94357870.cms |access-date=2023-04-15 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and took up the duty from 27 September.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-27 |title=Lalnghinglova Hmar chairs AIFF League Committee meet |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/lalnghinglova-hmar-chairs-aiff-league-committee-meet |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Release |first=Press |date=2022-09-27 |title=Indian Football: Lalnghinglova Hmar chairs AIFF League Committee meet - Check Out |url=https://www.insidesport.in/indian-football-major-changes-in-domestic-football-51-foreigners-allowed-in-i-league-no-foreigners-in-second-division-league-check-out/ |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=www.insidesport.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

As a first major step under his leadership, Hmar approved the introduction of the [[Indian Women's League]] (IWL) in the AIFF League Committee meeting on 27 March 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-27 |title=Indian Women's League to start from April 25, confirms AIFF |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/indian-womens-league-to-start-from-april-25-confirms-aiff/articleshow/99041717.cms |access-date=2023-04-15 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> IWL was scheduled to start from 25 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 April 2023 |title=Indian Women's League To Begin From April 25: AIFF |work=Outlook |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/indian-women-s-league-to-begin-from-april-25-aiff-news-273821 |access-date=15 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-27 |title=IWL to begin from April 25: AIFF |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/iwl-to-begin-from-april-25-aiff-8522429/ |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Politics ===
At the Indian parliamentary election for the [[17th Lok Sabha]] in 2019, to contest for the sole seat from Mizoram constituency, [[Mizoram Pradesh Congress Committee]] (representative of the [[Indian National Congress]]), and [[Zoram People's Movement]] parties formed a coalition to compete C. Lalrosanga, a candidate of the state-ruling party [[Mizo National Front]].<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2019-03-23 |title=Sports journalist takes the field in Mizoram |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/sports-journalist-takes-the-field-in-mizoram/article26620866.ece |access-date=2022-06-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> MPCC and ZPM chose Hmar to be their jointly-supported candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khojol |first=Henry L. |date=2019-03-15 |title=ZPM-Congress name poll candidates |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/zpm-congress-name-poll-candidates/cid/1686886 |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> Hmar contested as an independent candidate,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-10 |title=Lok Sabha election 2019: Mizoram to vote on April 11; MNF, Congress and BJP fight for the lone seat |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/lok-sabha-elections-2019-mizoram-to-vote-on-april-11-mnfcongress-and-bjp-fight-for-the-lone-seat-182727-2019-04-10 |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> and he was popularised with the campaign slogan as "Mipui Candidate"<ref>{{Cite web |last=ToMZ |date=2019-03-15 |title=Mipui Candidate Lalnghinglova Hmar (Tetea Hmar) |url=https://www.timesofmizoram.com/2019/03/mipui-candidate-lalnghinglova-hmar.html |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Times of Mizoram}}</ref> or the "People's Candidate."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khojol |first=Henry L. |date=2019-03-15 |title=ZPM-Cong combine announces names of candidates for Mizoram polls |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/news/2019/03/15/zpm-cong-combine-announces-names-of-candidates-for-mizoram-polls/ |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref> Hmar's major objective was to [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|fight against the Citizenship Amendment Act]] that was introduced by [[National Democratic Alliance]], which was supported by MNF.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-15 |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2019: Man behind bustling Mizoram football scene to be joint oppn candidate in LS polls |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-man-behind-bustling-mizoram-football-scene-to-be-joint-oppn-candidate-in-ls-polls/story-f9UtnUo2bGO0VsNFmlzOqL.html |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Hmar lost to Lalrosanga by 8140 votes.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2019-05-24 |title=Lotus blooms in Northeast, anti-Citizenship Bill sentiments a distant memory {{!}} Guwahati News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/lotus-blooms-in-northeast-anti-citizenship-bill-sentiments-a-distant-memory/articleshow/69479878.cms |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Hmar is a Christian, and Presbyterian by denomination.<ref name=":0" /> He married Lalsangzeli with whom he has two daughters, Zosangi Hmar (born 2013) and Zochhuani Hmar (born 2015).<ref name=":1" />

==See also==
*[[Hmar people]]
*[[Mizoram Football Association]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Council of Ministers of Mizoram|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hmar, Lalnghinglova}}
[[Category:Politicians from Aizawl]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:North-Eastern Hill University alumni]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Indian football executives]]
[[Category:Indian sports executives and administrators]]
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Zoram People's Movement politicians]]

C. M. Bhandari

2026-04-07T09:38:37Z

Imteenu: put up first info w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian diplomat}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office = [[Indian people|Indian]] [[ambassador]] to [[United Arab Emirates]]
| term_start = 25/06/2005
| term_end = 01/07/2007
| predecessor = [[Sudhir Vyas]]
| successor = [[Talmiz Ahmad]]
| office1 =
| prime_minister1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| prime_minister2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Civil servant]] [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| children =
| party =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| sibling =
| website =
}}
'''C.M. Bhandari''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Civil servant]] and was the [[Indian people|Indian]] [[ambassador]] to [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/cat-okays-govt-s-move-to-impose-penalty-on-former-envoy-to-uae/292695/ | title=CAT okays Govt's move to impose penalty on former envoy to UAE | work=indianexpress.com | accessdate=12 June 2016}}</ref>

==Positions held==
*Ambassador to [[Poland]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/2569/Shri+CM+Bhandari+to+be+next+Ambassador+to+Poland | title=C.M. Bhandari to be next Ambassador to Poland | work=mea.gov.in | accessdate=12 June 2016}}</ref>
*Ambassador to [[Lithuania]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/2639/Shri+CM+Bhandari+to+be+concurrently+accredited+to+the+Republic+of+Lithuania | title=C.M. Bhandari to be concurrently accredited to the Republic of Lithuania | work=mea.gov.in | accessdate=12 June 2016}}</ref>

==Indian Foreign Service==
He is a 1974 batch officer of the [[Indian Foreign Service]].

==Indian Ambassadors to United Arab Emirates==
'''{{Main|Indian Ambassadors to the United Arab Emirates}}'''

==External links==
* [https://www.indembassyuae.org/previous-ambassadors Ambassadors of India to UAE]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhandari, C.M.}}
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Lithuania]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Poland]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Administrative divisions of India

2026-04-01T16:09:50Z

Imteenu:

{{short description|none}} 
{{Redirect|Regions of India|ecological regions|List of ecoregions in India|climatic regions|Climate of India#Regions}}
{{Original research|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
[[File:States and Union Territories of India marked.png|thumb|Map of India, states are depicted in yellow, while union territories in orange.]]
{{Politics of India}}

The '''administrative divisions of India''' are subnational administrative units of [[India]]; they are composed of a nested hierarchy of [[administrative division]]s. India consists of [[States and union territories of India|28 States and 8 Union Territories]]. These are divided into districts (some states group a set of districts as a division), followed by subdistricts (known in different local names like [[Tehsil|tehsils]] and [[talukas]]), which are divided into [[Revenue block|blocks]], which consist of [[Revenue Village|villages]].

Indian states and territories frequently use different local titles for the same level of subdivision (e.g., the ''[[mandal (country subdivision)|mandals]]'' of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] correspond to ''[[tehsil]]s'' of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and other [[Hindi Belt|Hindi-speaking states]] but to ''[[taluka]]s'' or ''[[taluk]]s'' of [[Gujarat]], [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Maharashtra]], and [[Tamil Nadu]]).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.socialjustice.nic.in/pdf/tab11.pdf |title=Archived copy - Table 1.1 - India at a Glance - Administrative Division - 2001 |agency= Office of the Registrar General of India, New Delhi |access-date= 18 August 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924103233/http://www.socialjustice.nic.in/pdf/tab11.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>

The smaller subdivisions (villages and [[community development block|development blocks]]) exist only in rural areas. In urban areas, [[municipal governance in India|urban local bodies]] exist instead of these rural subdivisions.
[[File:Administrative divisions of India.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Visual representation of India’s administrative hierarchy from state to village level.]]

==Tiers of India==
{{Main|State governments of India|Union Territory of India|Local government in India}}

The diagram below outlines the six tiers of administrative divisions:

{{Tree chart/start}}
{{Tree chart|}}
{{Tree chart| | | FED | FED='''[[List of sovereign states|Country]]''' ([[India]])}}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | PRO | PRO=[[States and union territories of India|'''State''']] (e.g. [[West Bengal|West Bengal State]])}}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | DIV | DIV=[[List of divisions in India|'''Division''']] (e.g. [[Medinipur Division]])}}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | DIS | DIS=[[List of districts in India|'''District''']] (e.g. [[Bankura District]])}}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | SUB | SUB=[[Subdivision in India|'''Sub-division''']] (Revenue Subdivision) (e.g. [[Bankura Sadar subdivision]])}}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | SUB | SUB=[[List of subdistricts in India|'''Sub-district''']] (Tehsil/Taluka, Circle, Sub-division) (e.g. [[Bavla taluka|Bavla (Tehsil)]])}}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | |Block|Block=[[Community development block|'''Block''']] (e.g. [[Bankura II|Bankura II Block]])}}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | |VIL | VIL= '''[[Revenue village|Village]]''' (e.g. [[Bikna]] village)}}
{{Tree chart|}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
'''Notes:'''
* '''Divisions under State:''' In some states, divisions do not exist, and the administrative units are split directly into districts. In these states, the division concept is either absent or only for administrative purposes.
* Within a district, there are multiple subdivisions such as Subdivisions, Tehsils/Taluks, and Villages, primarily concerned with [[Land tax|land revenue]] administration.
* Separately, the [[Community development block|Block]], also known as the Community Development Block, is a subdivision of the district used exclusively for rural development purposes. It falls under the Rural Development Department and is not related to revenue administration.
* '''Nomenclature Differences:'''
** The term "Division" is often used as "Revenue Division" or "Region" in some states.
** In many states, '''Districts''' are officially known as '''Revenue Districts'''.
** In some states, a division under a district may be referred to as a '''Revenue Division''', which is equivalent to a '''sub-division''' in other states.
** The terminology for administrative units like '''Taluk''' or '''Tehsil''' or Sub-district varies widely; for example, '''Tehsil''' in '''[[Uttar Pradesh]]''' is referred to as '''Taluk''' in [[Tamil Nadu]], and '''Circle''' in some northeastern states and mandal in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]].
===Tiers of Government===
The diagram below outlines the three tiers of government : union, state and local government.
{{Tree chart/start}}
{{Tree chart|}}
{{Tree chart| | | FED | FED='''[[List of sovereign states|Union Government]]''' ([[Government of India]])}}
{{Tree chart| | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Tree chart| | | PRO | PRO=[[States and union territories of India|'''State Government''']] (e.g. [[Government of Kerala]])}}
{{Tree chart| |,|-|^|-|.| }}
{{Tree chart| Urban | | Rural | | |Urban='''Urban''' ([[Municipal governance in India|Urban Local Bodies]])|Rural='''Rural''' {{Small|([[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayati Raj Institutions]])}}}}

{{Tree chart| |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | }}
{{Tree chart|District| |Block| |Village|District='''[[District Panchayat]]''' {{Small|Zilla Parishad}} (e.g. [[Raigad District Council]])|Block='''[[Block Panchayat]]''' (Panchayat Samiti)|Village='''[[Village Panchayat]]''' {{Small|Gram Panchayat}} (e.g. [[Binodpur Gram Panchayat]])|}}
{{Tree chart/end}}

{{Tree chart/start}}
{{Tree chart|}}
{{Tree chart| | | FED | FED='''Urban''' {{Small|([[Municipal governance in India|Urban Local Bodies]])}}}}
{{Tree chart|,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| || }}
{{Tree chart|Municipal corporation| Municipal council|Town Panchayat|Municipal corporation='''[[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]''' (e.g. [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]])|Municipal council='''[[Municipality#India|Municipality]]''' (e.g. [[Darjeeling Municipality]])|Town Panchayat='''[[Town Panchayat]]'''
(e.g [[Bhatgaon, Surajpur|Bhatgaon]])|}}
{{Tree chart|}}
{{Tree chart/end}}

==Sub-national zones ==

===Administrative zones===
[[File:Zonal divisions of Republic of India.jpg|thumb|The six zones of India]]
The states of India have been grouped into six zones having an Advisory Council "to develop the habit of cooperative working" among these States. [[Zonal Council]]s were set up vide Part-III of the [[States Reorganisation Act]], 1956. The North Eastern States' special problems are addressed by another statutory body - The North Eastern Council, created by the North Eastern Council Act, 1971.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://necouncil.nic.in/ |title=NEC -- North Eastern Council |access-date=25 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415001111/http://necouncil.nic.in/ |archive-date=15 April 2012 }}</ref> The present composition of each of these Zonal Councils is as under:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://interstatecouncil.nic.in/zonal.htm |title=Zonal Council |access-date=7 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508170915/http://interstatecouncil.nic.in/zonal.htm |archive-date= 8 May 2012 }}</ref>

*[[Northern Zonal Council]], comprising [[Chandigarh]], [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], and [[Rajasthan]];
*[[North Eastern Council]], comprising [[Assam]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]] and [[Tripura]]; The State of [[Sikkim]] has also been included in the North Eastern Council vide North Eastern Council (Amendment) Act, 2002 notified on 23 December 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/zonal_council|title=Zonal Council {{!}}|website=mha.nic.in|access-date=26 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512022826/http://mha.nic.in/zonal_council|archive-date=12 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Central Zonal Council]], comprising the States of [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]];
*[[Eastern Zonal Council]], comprising [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], and [[West Bengal]];
*[[Western Zonal Council]], comprising [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], [[Goa]], [[Gujarat]], and [[Maharashtra]];
*[[Southern Zonal Council]], comprising [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Tamil Nadu]], and [[Telangana]].
*[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] and [[Lakshadweep]] are not members of any of the Zonal Councils.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://interstatecouncil.nic.in/iscs/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/states_reorganisation_act.pdf|title=The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 (Act No.37 Of 1956) Part – Iii Zones And Zonal Councils|website=Interstatecouncil.nic.in|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref> However, they are presently special invitees to the [[Southern Zonal Council]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://interstatecouncil.nic.in/iscs/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/COMPOSITION-OF-SOUTHERN-ZONAL-COUNCIL.pdf |title=Present Composition Of The Southern Zonal Council |website=Interstatecouncil.nic.in |access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref>

===Cultural zones===
Each zone has a zonal headquarters where a zonal cultural center has been established.<ref name="szccsite">{{Citation | title=South Zone Culture Center: Other Zones | publisher=South Zone Culture Centre | accessdate=15 December 2010 | url=http://www.szcc.tn.nic.in/ | quote=''... North East Zone Cultural Centre – Nagaland – Assam, Tripura, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland & Meghalaya ...'' | archive-date=3 March 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303015522/http://www.szcc.tn.nic.in/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Several [[States of India|states]] have membership in multiple zones, but no state subdivisions are utilised in the zonal divisions. In addition to promoting the culture of the zones they are responsible for, each zonal center also works to cross-promote and create exposure to other cultural zones of India by organising functions and inviting artistes from other zones.

{{Location map many | India
| caption = Location of the headquarters of each cultural zone
| label1 = [[Nagpur]]
| pos1 = right
| coordinates1 = {{coord|21.15|79.08}}
| label2 = [[Patiala]]
| pos2 = right
| coordinates2 = {{coord|30.33|76.39}}
| label3 = [[Prayagraj]]
| pos3 = right
| coordinates3 = {{coord|25.44|81.83}}
| label4 = [[Kolkata]]
| pos4 = right
| coordinates4 = {{coord|22.58|88.41}}
| label5 = [[Dimapur]]
| pos5 = right
| coordinates5 = {{coord|25.90|93.74}}
| label6 = [[Udaipur]]
| pos6 = right
| coordinates6 = {{coord|24.58|73.71}}
| label7 = [[Thanjavur]]
| pos7 = right
| coordinates7 = {{coord|10.78|79.14}}

}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Zone
! Zonal Centre
! Extent
|-
|South Culture Zone
|[[South Zone Cultural Centre]], '''[[Thanjavur]]''', [[Tamil Nadu]]
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Lakshadweep]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Telangana]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Inauguration of SĀDHANĀ |url=https://szccindia.org/ |website=szccindia.org |access-date=22 November 2021 |language=en-gb}}</ref>
|-
|South Central Culture Zone
|[[South-Central Zone Cultural Centre]], '''[[Nagpur]]''', [[Maharashtra]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Telangana]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Application for solo exhibition at Raja Ravi Verma Art gallery, Nagpur|url=http://sczcc.gov.in/Documents/Application%20Form%20-%20Art%20gallery%20for%20Exhibition.docx|publisher=South Central Zone Cultural Center|accessdate=25 May 2017|page=4|format=docx}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|North Culture Zone
|[[North Zone Cultural Centre]], '''[[Patiala]]''', [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| [[Chandigarh]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttarakhand]]<ref>{{cite web |title=North Zone Cultural Centre |url=https://www.culturenorthindia.com/ |website=culturenorthindia |access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
|North Central Culture Zone
|[[North Central Zone Cultural Centre]], '''[[Prayagraj]]''', [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Bihar]], [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]]<ref>{{cite web |title=NCZCC – North Central Zone Cultural Centre, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh |url=https://nczcc.in/ |website=nczcc |access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
|East Culture Zone
|[[East Zone Cultural Centre]], '''[[Kolkata]]''', [[West Bengal]]
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Manipur]], [[Odisha]], [[Sikkim]], [[Tripura]], [[West Bengal]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre |url=https://www.ezcc-india.org/# |website=www.ezcc-india.org |access-date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115220456/https://www.ezcc-india.org/ |archive-date=15 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|North East Culture Zone
|[[North East Zone Cultural Centre]], '''[[Dimapur]]''', [[Nagaland]]
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], [[Sikkim]], [[Tripura]]<ref>{{cite web |title=North East Zonal Cultural Centre |url=http://www.nezccindia.org.in/Home/AboutNezcc |website=www.nezccindia.org.in |access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
|West Culture Zone
|[[West Zone Cultural Centre]], '''[[Udaipur]]''', [[Rajasthan]]
|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], [[Goa]], [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Rajasthan]]<ref>{{cite web |title=About West Zone Cultural Center – WZCC – West Zone Cultural Centre |url=https://wzccindia.com/about-west-zone-cultural-center-wzcc/ |website=wzccindia.com |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>
|}

== States and union territories within zones ==
{{Main|States and union territories of India}}

India is composed of 28 states and eight union territories (including a national capital territory).<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile {{!}} National Portal of India |url=https://www.india.gov.in/india-glance/profile |website=www.india.gov.in |access-date=31 March 2020}}</ref>

{{transcluded section|source=States and union territories of India}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:States and union territories of India|States and Union territories}}}}

==Divisions within states and UT==

Divisions exist within the respective states and union territories, and are of two types, namely the "Administrative Divisions" (directly under the control of the state government) and the "Autonomous Administrative Divisions" (relatively with the higher degree of autonomy governed by the directly elected council).

===Autonomous administrative divisions===
{{main|Autonomous administrative divisions of India}}

[[File:Autonomous divisions of India.svg|300x300px|right|thumb|Autonomous councils in India]]

The Sixth Schedule of the [[Constitution of India]] allows for the formation of autonomous administrative divisions which have been given autonomy within their respective [[States and union territories of India|states and union territories]].<ref name=COIS6>{{cite web| url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/pdf1/S6.pdf| title=Sixth Schedule of The Constitution of India}}</ref>

Presently, 10 Autonomous Councils in Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Tripura are formed by virtue of the Sixth Schedule<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/union-cabinet-approves-amendment-in-sixth-schedule-to-strengthen-10-north-east-autonomous-councils-5951561.html|title = Union Cabinet approves amendment in Sixth Schedule to strengthen 10 North East autonomous councils|date = 24 January 2019}}</ref> with the rest being formed as a result of other legislation.

{{transcluded section|source=Autonomous administrative divisions of India}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Autonomous administrative divisions of India|Constitutional autonomous councils}}}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Autonomous administrative divisions of India|Statutory autonomous councils}}}}

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{main|List of divisions in India}}

Many of the Indian states are subdivided into divisions, which have official administrative governmental status, and each division is headed by a senior IAS officer called [[Divisional Commissioner (India)|Divisional Commissioner]].

States like [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Goa]], etc. don't have separate divisions or regions. Instead, they're directly split into districts for administrative purposes.

As of September 2022, divisions exist in 18 of the 28 states and 3 of the 8 union territories. As of September 2022, there are a total of 102 divisions in India.

{{transcluded section|source=List of divisions in India}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:List of divisions in India|Overview}}}}

== Districts within divisions==
{{main|List of districts in India}}

States and union territories of India are subdivided into [[List of districts in India|districts]] (zilla), numbering 797 as of November 2023. A district, formally designated a revenue district, serves as the primary administrative unit of a state or union territory.

Each district is headed by a civil servant, usually from the [[Indian Administrative Service]], known variously as the [[District magistrate|District Collector]], [[District magistrate|District Magistrate]], or [[District magistrate|Deputy Commissioner]], depending on the state. The office combines land revenue administration with magisterial and general executive responsibilities. Although created as a revenue unit, district boundaries are widely adopted by other departments—such as police, education, health, and rural development—for administrative efficiency, making the district a multipurpose jurisdiction.

Police administration within a district is under the [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] (SP), typically an officer of the [[Indian Police Service]]. Police districts are generally coterminous with revenue districts, though in some states a single revenue district may contain more than one police district, or a police district may cover only a subdivision of a revenue district. A [[forest division]] is different from a revenue district. Its boundaries vary from state to state and may encompass multiple revenue districts or only a portion of one. Management of forests and wildlife resources within the [[forest division]] rests with the Divisional Forest Officer (DFO), an officer of the [[Indian Forest Service]].

Sectoral development functions are carried out by district-level officers of various line departments of the state government, including Public Works, Health, Education, Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Social Justice, Urban Development, Panchayati Raj, and Rural Development. These officials usually belong to the respective state civil services.

{{transcluded section|source=List of districts in India}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:List of districts in India|Overview}}}}

=== Subdivisions ===
{{Transcluded section|source=Subdivision in India|part=}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Subdivision in India}}}}

===Subdistricts===
A [[tehsil]] (also known as '''''taluk''''', '''''taluka''''', or '''''mandal''''') is a sub-district unit in India, functioning mainly for land and revenue administration. It is headed by a [[tehsildar]], who oversees land records, revenue collection, and related functions.

In some cases, tehsils overlap with [[Community development block|community development blocks]]. Tehsils fall under the revenue department, while blocks come under the rural development department and are headed by a Block Development Officer (BDO), serving different administrative purposes over similar areas.
{{main|List of subdistricts in India}}

{{transcluded section|source=List of subdistricts in India}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:List of subdistricts in India|Statewise subdistricts}}}}
Each tehsil is divided into revenue circles or directly into [[Revenue Village|revenue villages]]. A [[Revenue block|revenue circle]], headed by a circle officer or revenue inspector, oversees revenue collection and land records, and consists of multiple [[Revenue Village|revenue villages]], the lowest unit in the land revenue system.

=== Development Blocks ===
Each district is divided into [[Block (district subdivision)|Blocks]], also known as '''''Community Development Blocks''' (CD Block)'', purely for the purpose of rural development administration. Each Block comprises several rural subdivisions ([[Gram panchayat|Panchayats]]) and is headed by a [[Block Development Officer]] (BDO), who is an officer of the state civil service.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BLOCK DEVELOPMENT OFFICE (BDO) {{!}} Champhai District, Government of Mizoram {{!}} India |url=https://champhai.nic.in/bdo/ |access-date=15 October 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Local government==
{{see | Local government in India }}

===Urban level===
{{Main article|Municipal governance in India|List of towns in India by population}}

{{trim|{{#section-h:List of towns in India by population|Categorization}}}}

====Urban agglomerations ====

{{see also|List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|l1=Urban agglomerations in India}}

Urban agglomerations are two or more separate administrative cities contiguous to each other, some of which may or may not have the formal recognition in the form of a legal body to manage the agglomerations, the examples of such legal bodies are [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi NCR]].

====Metropolitan area====
{{Main|List of metropolitan areas in India|List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India}}

[[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) classifies the cities in India from Tier-I (largest) to Tier-IV (smallest) for the administrative efficiency, economic assessment, urban planning and infrastructure, investment considerations, business environment, and purchasing power of cities based on the criteria entailing the population, economic Development (GDP, etc), infrastructure, educational Institutions and healthcare Facilities, and administrative Importance. Tier-I and tier-II also called the metropolitan cities. The examples of Tier-I metropolitan cities of are: [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Pune]]. Example of Tier-II city are [[Faridabad]] and [[Gurugram]] in Delhi NCR, [[Chandigarh]], [[Jaipur]], [[Surat]], [[Raipur]], etc; Tier-III cities are [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], [[Bhiwani]], and Tier-IV is [[Hansi]].<ref>[https://invest.up.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/decoding_270623.pdf Decoding Indian Cities Classifications In Tier I, II, III, IV], up.gov.in, accessed 24 May 2025.</ref>

====Statutory towns====

All areas under statutory urban administrative units like [[Municipal Corporation]], [[Municipal council (India)|Municipal council]], [[Cantonment Board]], Notified Town Area Committee, [[Town Panchayat]], etc., are known as Statutory Towns.

====Census towns====
{{See also|Census town#India}}

Census towns are areas in India that have urban characteristics but are not defined as towns by state governments. They are governed by rural local bodies like gram panchayats, unlike statutory towns.

===Rural level===
{{Main|Panchayati raj}}

==== Blocks ====

{{Main|Community development block}}

The [[Block (country subdivision)|Community Development Block]] also known as CD Block or just block, is often the next level of administrative division (for development purposes, whereas tehsil is next to the district for revenue purposes).

Blocks are district sub-divisions primarily for the purpose of Rural Development departments and [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayati Raj institutions]]. Cities have similar arrangements under the Urban Development department. [[Tehsil|Tehsils]] (also called Taluks) are common across urban and rural areas for the administration of land and revenue departments, primarily to track land ownership and levy land tax.

{{transcluded section|source=Community development block}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Community development block|Blocks statewise}}}}

==== Villages ====
Villages are often the lowest level of subdivisions in India. The governmental bodies at the village level are called [[Gram Panchayat]], of which there were an estimated 256,000 in 2002.
Each Gram Panchayat covers a large village or a cluster of smaller villages with a combined population exceeding 500 [[Gram Sabha]]. Clusters of villages are also sometimes called [[Hobli]] or Patti.

==== Habitations ====

Certain governmental functions and activities - including clean water availability, rural development, and education - are tracked at a sub-village level.<ref>[http://ddws.nic.in/habquery/main_menu.asp Indian Department of Drinking Water Supply] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165126/http://ddws.nic.in/habquery/main_menu.asp |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref> These [[hamlet (settlement)|hamlets]] are termed "habitations". India is composed of 1,714,556 habitations <ref>{{Cite web | url=http://ddws.nic.in/habquery/rep_stwisencpcfc.asp |title = National Habitation Survey 2003|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165147/http://ddws.nic.in/habquery/rep_stwisencpcfc.asp|archive-date = 21 July 2011}}</ref> In some states, most villages have a single habitation; in others (notably [[Kerala]] and [[Tripura]]) there is a high ratio of habitations to villages.<ref>[http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/z/H7/0ZH70F01.htm Indian Department of Education] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165716/http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/z/H7/0ZH70F01.htm |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>

==Others==
[[File:India_climatic_zone_map_en.svg|thumb|[[Climate of India|Climatic zones of India]].]]
[[File:India_Natural_vegetation.svg|thumb|Vegetation zones of India.]]

=== India ===

* [[Akhand Bharat]]
* [[Greater India]]
* [[Indosphere]]
* [[Mandala (political model)]]
* [[Names of India]]

===India outside India===

* [[Indian Antarctic Programme|Indian Antarctica]]
* [[Overseas military bases of India]]
* [[Little India (disambiguation)]]

=== Historical administrative divisions ===

Listed from higher to lower:

* [[Timeline of Indian history|Historic India]]
** [[Meluhha]]

* Province or state level
** [[Subah]],

* Division level
** [[Chakla (administrative division)|Chakla]], a large division, often comprising several Parganas, and sometimes serving as a replacement or intermediate unit between a Sarkar and Pargana, particularly in regions like Bengal and Awadh.

* District level
** [[Sarkar (administrative division)|Sarkar]] or [[Pargana|Taraf]]

* Sub-district
** [[Pargana]] or [[Mahallah|Mahal]]

* Village level
** [[Mauza]] or Gram

=== Present day habitation terms===

* [[Chak (village)|Chak]], village in [[Punjab Canal Colonies]]

* [[Dhani (settlement type)|Dhani]], hamlet

===Land forms===

Sometimes unofficial and sometimes official classification by the land form:

** [[Bagar tract]]
** [[Doab#Khadir, bangar, barani, nali and bagar|Barani, Nehri and Nalli]]
** [[Doab]]
** [[Khadir and Bangar]]

== See also ==

* [[Asia#Main_regions|Regions of Asia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.citymayors.com/government/india_government.html#Anchor-Municipal-49575 CityMayors.com]

{{India topics}}
{{Geography of India}}
{{Asia topic|Administrative divisions of}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Administrative Divisions Of India}}
[[Category:Administrative divisions of India| ]]

Baahubali 2: The Conclusion

2026-03-27T09:29:32Z

Imteenu:

{{short description|2017 Indian film by S. S. Rajamouli}}
{{Redirect|BB2|other uses|BB2 (disambiguation)}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Baahubali 2: The Conclusion
| image = Baahubali 2 The Conclusion poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster in Telugu
| director = [[S. S. Rajamouli]]
| producer = [[Shobu Yarlagadda and Prasad Devineni|Shobu Yarlagadda Prasad Devineni]]
| screenplay = S. S. Rajamouli
| story = [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |C. H. Vijay Kumar}}
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Prabhas]]
* [[Rana Daggubati]]
* [[Anushka Shetty]]
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
* [[Ramya Krishna]]
* [[Sathyaraj]]
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
* [[Subbaraju]]}}
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cinematography = [[K. K. Senthil Kumar]]
| editing = {{Plainlist|
* [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
* Tammiraju
}}
| studio = [[Arka Media Works]]
| distributor = [[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion#Distribution|see below]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|04|28|ref1=<ref name="HT release date">{{Cite web |date=5 August 2016 |title=It's official! Baahubali 2 to hit the screens on April 28, 2017 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/it-s-official-baahubali-2-to-hit-the-screens-on-april-28-2017/story-3YrX7ISLpZpio9YpPQH35N.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812065810/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/it-s-official-baahubali-2-to-hit-the-screens-on-april-28-2017/story-3YrX7ISLpZpio9YpPQH35N.html |archive-date=12 August 2016 |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 171 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2017 |title=''Baahubali 2: The Conclusion'' [Telugu version] (U/A) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KL6T_HrcMfo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709042339/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KL6T_HrcMfo |archive-date=9 July 2022 |access-date=23 April 2017 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR}}250 crore<ref name="budget">{{Cite web |date=8 April 2017 |title=Investments covered, Baahubali 2 is a gold mine even before release: Experts |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/investments-already-covered-baahubali-2-is-a-goldmine-even-before-its-release-experts/story-gmnuMjMv6lMvzxWbuyQVpN.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410045143/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/investments-already-covered-baahubali-2-is-a-goldmine-even-before-its-release-experts/story-gmnuMjMv6lMvzxWbuyQVpN.html |archive-date=10 April 2017 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|1810.60 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Worldwide Figures - All Formats And Hindi |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4396 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Baahubali 2: The Conclusion |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt4849438/?ref_=bo_se_r_1 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref><ref name="numbers" />
}}

'''''Baahubali 2: The Conclusion'''''{{efn|Styled in official material as '''''bāhubaLi'''''; {{translation|'The One with Strong Arms'}}}} is a 2017 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Epic film|epic]] [[action drama film]] directed by [[S. S. Rajamouli]], who co-wrote the script with [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]]. It was produced by [[Shobu Yarlagadda and Prasad Devineni]] under the banner [[Arka Media Works]]. The cast includes [[Prabhas]] in a dual and titular role, alongside [[Rana Daggubati]], [[Anushka Shetty]], [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], [[Ramya Krishnan|Ramya Krishna]], [[Sathyaraj]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] and [[Subbaraju]]. It is both the sequel and the prequel to ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'', as well as the final installment in the'' [[Baahubali (franchise)|Baahubali]]'' film duology. The film is set in fictional [[medieval India]] and centers on the rivalry between siblings [[Amarendra Baahubali]] and [[Bhallaladeva]]. Bhallaladeva conspires against Amarendra, leading to his death at the hands of Kattappa. Years later, Amarendra's son (Mahendra or Sivudu) seeks to avenge his father's demise.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=28 April 2018 |title=One year since the release of Prabhas, Rana Daggubati, Anushka Shetty and Tamannaah starrer 'Baahubali 2': 8 lesser known facts about the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/one-year-since-the-release-of-prabhas-rana-daggubati-anushka-shetty-and-tamannaah-starrer-baahubali-2-8-lesser-known-facts-about-the-film/articleshow/63949285.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319051342/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/one-year-since-the-release-of-prabhas-rana-daggubati-anushka-shetty-and-tamannaah-starrer-baahubali-2-8-lesser-known-facts-about-the-film/articleshow/63949285.cms |archive-date=19 March 2022 |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=Times News Network}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-09 |title=SS Rajamouli's Baahubali follows Telugu cinema's long tradition of mythological films |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ss-rajamoulis-baahubali-2-the-conclusion-bahubali-2-follows-telugu-cinemas-long-tradition-of-mythological-films-3432532.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226073305/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ss-rajamoulis-baahubali-2-the-conclusion-bahubali-2-follows-telugu-cinemas-long-tradition-of-mythological-films-3432532.html |archive-date=26 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was primarily shot in Telugu, with a limited number of close-up scenes also filmed in Tamil for select actors.

The film was produced on an estimated budget of ₹250 crore, making it the [[List of most expensive Indian films#Historical timeline|most expensive Indian film]] at the time of its release. Production began on 17 December 2015 at [[Ramoji Film City]] in Hyderabad. The cinematography was handled by [[K. K. Senthil Kumar]], with editing by [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]], and Tammiraju. The production design was created by [[Sabu Cyril]], while the action sequences were choreographed by [[King Solomon (stunt coordinator)|King Solomon]], Lee Whittaker, and Kecha Khamphakdee.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaushik |first=L M |date=14 April 2018 |title=Baahubali 2, Ghazi Producers On Their National Award Expectations, Wins And Upsets |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/baahubali-2-ghazi-national-awards-a-r-rahman-s-s-rajamouli |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=Film Companion}}</ref> Visual effects were designed by [[Makuta VFX]], with contributions from Adel Adili and Pete Draper. The music and background score were composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]]. The film was released on 28 April 2017 in Telugu, Tamil, [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]] and [[Malayalam]], and later dubbed in [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[Chinese language|Chinese]]. It was available in conventional 2D and [[IMAX]] formats and was the first Telugu film to release in [[4K resolution|4K]] High Definition format.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2017 |title=Baahubali 2: Has SS Rajamouli's film already made Rs 500 crore before release? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/baahubali-2-has-ss-rajamouli-s-film-already-made-rs-500-crore-before-release/story-wMTs2y7ZfVXDFe39wjt3XM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730133158/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/baahubali-2-has-ss-rajamouli-s-film-already-made-rs-500-crore-before-release/story-wMTs2y7ZfVXDFe39wjt3XM.html |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

''Baahubali 2'' was one of the most anticipated films of 2017, primarily due to the massive [[cliffhanger]] ending of its predecessor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2017 |title=Why did Katappa kill Baahubali? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/why-did-katappa-kill-baahubali/article61790881.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730133158/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/why-did-katappa-kill-baahubali/article61790881.ece |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=30 July 2023 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=Baahubali 2 premiere: Queen Elizabeth II will watch it before anybody else in India? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-2-premiere-queen-elizabeth-ii-will-watch-it-before-anybody-else-in-india-4548315/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012203809/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-2-premiere-queen-elizabeth-ii-will-watch-it-before-anybody-else-in-india-4548315/ |archive-date=12 October 2020 |access-date=30 July 2023}}</ref> The film premiered on over 9,000 screens worldwide, with 6,500 screens in India, setting a record for the widest release of an Indian film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=First film to have the widest release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/records-shattered-by-baahubali-2-the-conclusion/first-film-to-have-the-widest-release/photostory/58472955.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811062251/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/records-shattered-by-baahubali-2-the-conclusion/first-film-to-have-the-widest-release/photostory/58472955.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=11 August 2023 |access-date=9 August 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2017 |title=Baahubali 2: Gargantuan release for SS Rajamouli's film in 9000 screens worldwide |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/baahubali-2-gargantuan-release-for-ss-rajamouli-s-film-in-9000-screens-worldwide/story-B6cC2rL94EcCGnoPkqiG4K.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730133158/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/baahubali-2-gargantuan-release-for-ss-rajamouli-s-film-in-9000-screens-worldwide/story-B6cC2rL94EcCGnoPkqiG4K.html |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=30 July 2023 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Upon its release, ''Baahubali 2'' like its predecessor, received widespread acclaim for its direction, storytelling, cinematography, themes, visual effects, music, action sequences, and performances.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baahubali 2: The Conclusion |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/baahubali-2-the-conclusion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324171421/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/baahubali-2-the-conclusion |archive-date=24 March 2023 |access-date=9 September 2022 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> The film grossed over ₹1810.60 [[crore]] worldwide, briefly becoming the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest grossing Indian film of all time]], surpassing ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'' (2014). It collected approximately ₹792 crore worldwide within the first six days and became the first Indian film to gross over [[1000 Crore Club|₹1,000 crore]]. Within India, it set numerous records, becoming the highest-grossing film in Hindi, as well as in its original Telugu language. As of 2025, ''Baahubali 2'' remains the highest-grossing film in India. It is currently the [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films|highest grossing Telugu film]], the [[List of highest-grossing South Indian films|highest grossing South Indian film]], and the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|second highest-grossing Indian film worldwide]].<ref name="Top">{{Cite web |date=2 November 2018 |title=Top Worldwide Figures - All Formats And Hindi |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4396}}</ref> The film sold over 10 crore tickets during its box office run, marking the highest estimated admissions for any film in India since ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975).<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2017 |title=Bahubali 2 Is The Biggest Hindi Blockbuster This Century |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2988 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824133203/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2988 |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=31 October 2017 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Acharya |first=Sandeep |date=10 July 2017 |title=Baahubali 2 is the first Indian film with over 10 crore footfalls |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/baahubali-2-is-the-first-indian-film-with-over-10-crore-footfalls/story-EdFN8PUyaTeaWW5I8PuwiJ.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824072825/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/baahubali-2-is-the-first-indian-film-with-over-10-crore-footfalls/story-EdFN8PUyaTeaWW5I8PuwiJ.html |archive-date=24 August 2022 |access-date=3 July 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> It also ranks among the [[List of highest-grossing non-English films|top 50 highest-grossing non-English films globally]].

''Baahubali 2'', along with its predecessor, is regarded as one of the most influential films in [[Indian cinema]].<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=10 July 2020 |title=Baahubali turns 5: How SS Rajamouli's film changed Indian cinema forever |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-ss-rajamouli-changed-indian-cinema-forever-6498173/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017184956/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-ss-rajamouli-changed-indian-cinema-forever-6498173/ |archive-date=17 October 2021 |access-date=26 February 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=10 July 2021 |title=6 years for Baahubali-The Beginning: 5 reasons why audience and critics loved the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/6-years-for-baahubali-the-beginning-5-reasons-why-audience-and-critics-loved-the-film/photostory/84269012.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202032218/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/6-years-for-baahubali-the-beginning-5-reasons-why-audience-and-critics-loved-the-film/photostory/84269012.cms |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=26 February 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It set new standards in large-scale filmmaking with its high budget, expansive action sequences, and [[Film franchise|franchise]]-building approach.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Bamzai |first=Kaveree |date=1 April 2022 |title=Cinema's Biggest Mythmaker |url=https://openthemagazine.com/cover-stories/ss-rajamouli-cinemas-biggest-mythmaker/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626102823/https://openthemagazine.com/cover-stories/ss-rajamouli-cinemas-biggest-mythmaker/ |archive-date=26 June 2022 |access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=26 June 2022 |title="The original Pan India filmmaker" |url=https://www.ormaxmedia.com/insights/stories/the-original-pan-india-filmmaker.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523195352/https://www.ormaxmedia.com/insights/stories/the-original-pan-india-filmmaker.html |archive-date=23 May 2022 |access-date=10 March 2024}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2022 |title=Inside the mind of SS Rajamouli: Decoding how the RRR director lends scale to his storytelling |work=Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/inside-the-mind-of-ss-rajamouli-decoding-how-the-rrr-director-lends-scale-to-his-storytelling-10501081.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818144603/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/inside-the-mind-of-ss-rajamouli-decoding-how-the-rrr-director-lends-scale-to-his-storytelling-10501081.html |archive-date=18 August 2022 |access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-10 |title=Baahubali Turns 9: How Prabhas Film Changed Indian Cinema For Us, FOREVER! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/baahubali-turns-9-how-prabhas-film-changed-indian-cinema-for-us-forever-article-111624999/amp |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-10 |title='Baahubali: The Beginning' turns 9; the movie that changed Indian filmmaking |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/baahubali-the-beginning-turns-9-the-movie-that-changed-indian-filmmaking/photostory/111631603.cms |access-date=2024-10-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film won the [[Saturn Award for Best International Film]] and three [[National Film Awards]], including [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]], [[National Film Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]], and [[Stunt performer|Best Stunt Choreographer]]. It also fetched the state Gaddar Award for Best Feature Film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2025 |title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards: Adivi Sesh Thanks Telangana Government For Honouring Major, Expresses Gratitude To Mahesh Babu |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-adivi-sesh-thanks-telangana-government-for-honouring-major-expresses-gratitude-to-mahesh-babu-article-151755732 |website=Times Now}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards: Here's who won big in Telangana |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/ampstories/entertainment/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-heres-who-won-big-in-telangana-3564452 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> The ''Baahubali'' franchise also pioneered the [[pan-Indian film]] movement of dubbing the same film in multiple languages instead of remaking it.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Manoj |last2=Kumar |first2=Gabbeta Ranjith |date=11 July 2020 |title=Baahubali turns 5: How SS Rajamouli's film changed Indian cinema forever |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-ss-rajamouli-changed-indian-cinema-forever-6498173/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017184956/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-ss-rajamouli-changed-indian-cinema-forever-6498173/ |archive-date=17 October 2021 |access-date=17 October 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> A combined recut version of ''The Beginning'' and ''The Conclusion'', titled ''[[Baahubali: The Epic]]'', was theatrically released worldwide on 31 October 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=10 July 2025 |title=SS Rajamouli announces Baahubali The Epic on 10th anniversary of Prabhas starrer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/story/baahubali-the-epic-release-date-announced-rajamouli-prabhas-anushka-shetty-rana-daggubati-2753717-2025-07-10 |work=India Today |date=10 July 2025 }}</ref>

== Plot ==

{{Hatnote|The plot of the film connects with the predecessor. For more information on the predecessor's plot, see [[Baahubali: The Beginning#Plot|Baahubali: The Beginning]].}}

Kattappa continues Amarendra Baahubali's tale. After his victory over the Kalakeyas, Baahubali is declared heir apparent with Bhallaladeva as his commander. Sivagami sends him on a tour of the kingdom in disguise with Kattappa, while she selects a suitable queen for him. During the journey, Baahubali witnesses Princess Devasena of Kunthala bravely repelling attackers, leading to an admiration for her. In disguise, he approaches her and is accepted into the royal palace of Kunthala as a guard.

Bhallaladeva views Devasena's portrait and Sivagami assures their marriage, sending an emissary to Kunthala. Devasena rejects the proposal, and Bijjaladeva tricks Sivagami into ordering Baahubali to capture Devasena. In Kunthala, Baahubali and Kattappa defend the palace from an attack alongside Devasena and her cousin Kumara Varma. Kattappa then reveals Baahubali as the future King of Mahishmati, and Baahubali proposes Devasena for marriage, who agrees. As the misunderstanding is brought to light, Sivagami orders Baahubali to choose between the crown and Devasena, who then chooses Devasena. As a result, Bhallaladeva is crowned King, with Baahubali as his commander, though Baahubali retains his fame with the people.

When Devasena is pregnant, Bhallaladeva removes Baahubali from his position and appoints Sethupathi, a court official. Devasena disagrees publicly with the decision and asks Baahubali to ascend the throne as a gift to her. Baahubali and Devasena are later banished, when Baahubali kills Sethupathi for offending Devasena.

Threatened by Baahubali's unwavering popularity, Bhallaladeva and Bijjaladeva conspire to turn Sivagami against him. Bijjaladeva convinces Kumara Varma that Baahubali, Devasena and their child's lives are in danger, who then unsuccessfully tries to assassinate Bhallaladeva after he manages to kill Bhallaladeva's men, and only to be killed by Bijjaladeva after Bijjaladeva scars Bhallaladeva's face to make it look like Kumara Varma tried to assassinate him and reveals to Kumara Varma that he lured him in order to have Sivagami order Baahubali's death. Sivagami, believing that the assassin Kumara Varma was sent by Baahubali, secretly orders Kattappa to kill him. Kattappa lures Baahubali into a secluded place and assassinates him and seeks forgiveness from the dying Baahubali who forgives him and asks him to take care of his mother Sivagami and screams "Jai Mahishmati" before he bleeds out. Bhallaladeva exposes himself as the mastermind behind the plot, and Kattappa conveys this to Sivagami, to her regret. As Devasena arrives with her newborn son, Sivagami declares Baahubali's son Mahendra as the new King. Bhallaladeva however turns the guards against her and she is forced to flee with Mahendra. Bhallaladeva rules for the next twenty-five years as a tyrannical King, and imprisons Devasena who starts to build a funeral pyre for him.

When Kattappa finishes the tale, Sivudu (Mahendra) decides to declare war on Bhallaladeva, assembling the tribals, the resistance and Mahishmati's slave army led by Kattappa. The army lays siege to Mahishmati, while Mahendra breaches the city walls with Kattappa after Bhallaladeva kills Jaya Varma and forcefully takes Devasena with him. He engages Bhallaladeva in a brawl as the army continues the assault, and pins him on Devasena's funeral pyre with chains. Devasena burns Bhallaladeva alive as he pleads to Devasena to die with him and screams in pain as he is dying, ending his reign as Mahendra, Kattappa, Avanthika, the remaining soldiers, and a helpless Bijjaladeva watch. Mahendra is crowned the new King of Mahishmati with Avantika as his queen, and pledges to uphold peace and justice. The movies ends with Mahendra saying, "Idi naa maata. Naa maate shasanam (This is my word. My word is the law.) and Bhallaladeva's statue head is dumped into the water."

== Cast ==
{{Main|List of Baahubali characters}}

{{cast listing|
* [[Prabhas]] in a [[dual role]] as
** Amarendra Baahubali
** Mahendra Baahubali "Sivudu", Amarendra's son
* [[Rana Daggubati]] as [[Bhallaladeva]]
* [[Anushka Shetty]] as Devasena (Voiced by [[Sowmya Sharma]])
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] as Avanthika
* [[Ramya Krishna]] as Sivagami Devi
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Bijjaladeva
* [[Sathyaraj]] as Karikala Kattappa (Voiced by [[P. Ravi Shankar]])
* [[Subbaraju]] as Kumara Varma, Devasena's Brother's Brother-in-law
* [[Prudhvi Raj]] as the Prime Minister of the Kunthala kingdom
* [[Rohini Molleti]] as Sanga, Mahendra's adoptive mother.
* Meka Ramakrishna as Jaya Varma, Devasena's brother and the former king of Kunthala.
* Rakesh Varre as Sethupathi, a friend of Bhallaladeva who takes the role of army commander after Baahubali is resigned.
* [[Ashok Kumar (Telugu actor)|Ashok Kumar]]
* IMAX Venkat as Sivudu's foster father
* [[Mahadevan (actor)|Ramaraju]]
* Danny Kuttappa
* Kosaraju Adithya
* CVB Subrahmanyam
* Madhu Prakash
* Lavi Pajni
* [[Shatru (actor)|Shatru]] as the leader of the Pindari tribe. They lay siege to Kunthala and Amarendra kills the leader and drowns the rest of the army.
* Bharani Shankar
* [[Charandeep]] as the Kalakeya King's brother, who takes role of the chief of the Kalakeyas. He is killed by Baahubali.
* [[Abhinaya Krishna]] as Kumara Varma's assistant
* Pramila Rani
* [[Kalpa Latha]] as an inhabitant of Mahishmathi
* [[Sri Simha Koduri]] as Kunthala rebel
* Rayala Harishchandra as an inhabitant of Mahishmathi
* [[Ajay Ghosh]] as a dacoit (Deleted Scenes)
* [[Ayyappa P. Sharma]] as Royal Priest
}}

== Production ==

{{Main|Baahubali (franchise)#Production}}

''Baahubali 2: The Conclusion'' was produced in the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film industry]].{{Refn|Attributed to multiple sources<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adam |first=Sherwin |date=2015-07-24 |title=Why Bollywood's hold over the Indian film industry is under threat |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/baahubali-the-beginning-how-the-recordbreaking-film-is-helping-tollywood-challenge-bollywood-s-dominance-over-the-indian-film-industry-10402812.html |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[The Independent]] |language=en |quote=But now a '''Telugu'''-language battle epic from southern India’s rival “Tollywood” has broken the country’s box office records and shaken Mumbai’s traditional big screen dominance.}}</ref><ref name="tollymovie2">{{Cite news |date=3 May 2017 |title=Bahubali 2: South Indian epic film sees fans troll Bollywood |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-39777539 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504205126/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-39777539 |archive-date=4 May 2017 |access-date=9 May 2017 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2017 |title=Hyderabad: The city behind India's most successful film franchise, Baahubali |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/asia/hyderabad-baahubali-the-conclusion-tollywood-shobu-yarlagadda-a7729191.html |access-date=26 February 2023 |website=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kamineni |first1=Rajeev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qOrkDwAAQBAJ&dq=baahubali+telugu+cinema&pg=PT61 |title=Indian Movie Entrepreneurship: Not just song and dance |last2=Rentschler |first2=Ruth |date=2020-05-13 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-68612-2 |language=en |quote=With the success of Baahubali, it is clear that the '''Telugu''' movie industry has well and truly evolved, cutting the umbilical cord from Madras and becoming the leading commercial powerhouse for South Indian cinema.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2018 |title=How Baahubali changed the face of Telugu cinema worldwide |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/baahubali-telugu-cinema-abroad-1210757-2018-04-12 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-09 |title=SS Rajamouli's Baahubali follows Telugu cinema's long tradition of mythological films |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ss-rajamoulis-baahubali-2-the-conclusion-bahubali-2-follows-telugu-cinemas-long-tradition-of-mythological-films-3432532.html |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shackleton |first=Liz |date=2022-11-29 |title='Baahubali' Star Rana Daggubati On Telugu Films Going Global, Pan-Indian Cinema & Working On First Netflix Series 'Rana Naidu' |url=https://deadline.com/2022/11/baahubali-rana-daggubati-telugu-cinema-netflix-series-1235183530/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-12 |title=Baahubali to RRR, How Telugu Cinema Became a Force to Reckon With |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/baahubali-to-rrr-how-telugu-cinema-became-a-force-to-reckon-with-4970245.html |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>|name=Industry}} Unlike the [[Baahubali: The Beginning|first film]], ''Baahubali 2'' was shot primarily in Telugu; however, only certain close-up shots and dialogue scenes—mainly those involving Ramya Krishna, Nassar, and Sathyaraj—were additionally filmed in Tamil to improve lip-sync for the Tamil release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/tollywood/comments/1o6d5gs/im_shobu_yarlagadda_here_for_an_ama_on_rtollywood/|title=I'm Shobu Yarlagadda, here for an AMA on r/tollywood! Ask me anything about producing Baahubali - from its decade-long journey and the making of India's grandest cinematic saga to the upcoming release of Baahubali: The Epic on October 31st.|via=Reddit|author-link=Shobu Yarlagadda and Prasad Devineni|first=Shobu|last=Yarlagadda|date=2025|access-date=22 November 2025|quote=Yes, close shots were shot twice. Once in Telugu and then in Tamil.}}</ref><ref name="N" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=20 May 2018 |title=Bilingual films: The big, bilingual scam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/may/20/bilingual-films-the-big-bilingual-scam-1817232.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014023155/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/may/20/bilingual-films-the-big-bilingual-scam-1817232.html |archive-date=14 October 2020 |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |quote=Many, many films, including Baahubali [...] have been following a worrying formula: Cast an actor each from across regions to appeal to the respective audiences, get them speaking that language, but by and large, shoot the film with the characters speaking one dominant language. In the case of Baahubali of course, this was Telugu}}</ref>{{efn|The [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] certificate of the Tamil version ''Baahubali 2: The Conclusion'' indicates that it is not a dubbed version.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Baahubali 2: The Conclusion |date=2017 |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[Arka Media Works]] |place=India |time=0:00:01}}</ref>}} {{As of|2015|07}}, the film series was considered the [[List of most expensive Indian films#Back-to-back film productions|most expensive]] in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 July 2015 |title=India's 'most expensive' film Baahubali hits cinemas |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33460642 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527025125/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33460642 |archive-date=27 May 2017 |access-date=11 May 2017 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="tollymovie2">{{Cite news |date=3 May 2017 |title=Bahubali 2: South Indian epic film sees fans troll Bollywood |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-39777539 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504205126/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-39777539 |archive-date=4 May 2017 |access-date=9 May 2017 |work=BBC News}}</ref>

Rajamouli's father [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]] who wrote stories for most of his films once again gave the story for ''[[Baahubali (franchise)|Baahubali]]''. The series was produced by [[Shobu Yarlagadda and Prasad Devineni]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suresh |first=Sunayana |title=Baahubali – a pan-Indian film with a pan-Indian team |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/baahubali-a-pan-indian-film-with-a-pan-indian-team/articleshow/58361217.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508203156/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/baahubali-a-pan-indian-film-with-a-pan-indian-team/articleshow/58361217.cms |archive-date=8 May 2017 |access-date=11 December 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> R. C. Kamalakannan was chosen as [[visual effects]] supervisor and [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]] was the editor. PM Satheesh was the sound designer and stunt sequences were coordinated by [[King Solomon (stunt coordinator)|King Solomon]], Lee Whittaker, and Kecha Khamphakdee. The film's costume designers are Rama Rajamouli and Prasanthi Tripuraneni. The line producer was M.M Srivalli. The film shooting started on 17 December 2015<ref>{{Cite web |title=Breaking the box-office {{!}} filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/breaking-the-boxoffice-21282.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611171147/http://www.filmfare.com/features/breaking-the-boxoffice-21282.html |archive-date=11 June 2017 |access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref> at Ramoji Film City in Hyderabad with Prabhas and Ramya Krishna. The film featuring actors [[Prabhas]] and [[Rana Daggubati]] in the lead roles became the biggest ever movie in India in terms of scale of production and making {{as of|2017|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 April 2017 |title=Baahubali 2: The Conclusion: All you want to know about the Prabhas, Rana Daggubati starrer's humongous numbers |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-collection-and-earnings-prabhas-rana-daggubati-starrer-by-the-humongous-numbers-all-you-want-to-know/646348/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429050603/http://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-collection-and-earnings-prabhas-rana-daggubati-starrer-by-the-humongous-numbers-all-you-want-to-know/646348/ |archive-date=29 April 2017 |access-date=30 April 2017 |work=The Financial Express |language=en-US}}</ref> The film is also known by the abbreviation ''BB2''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2017 |title=BB2 China release stalled? |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-08-23/BB2-China-release-stalled/321215 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823092126/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-08-23/BB2-China-release-stalled/321215 |archive-date=23 August 2017 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2017 |title=A key player in BB2's hindi success |url=http://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/040517/a-key-player-in-bb2s-hindi-success.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225111551/http://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/040517/a-key-player-in-bb2s-hindi-success.html |archive-date=25 December 2017 |access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2017 |title=Time for 'Bahubali' to rule {{!}} New Straits Times {{!}} Malaysia General Business Sports and Lifestyle News |url=https://www.nst.com.my/opinion/columnists/2017/06/247436/time-bahubali-rule |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219191921/https://www.nst.com.my/opinion/columnists/2017/06/247436/time-bahubali-rule |archive-date=19 December 2017 |access-date=11 December 2017}}</ref> [[Sabu Cyril]] was the production designer<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2017 |title=Baahubali 2: Production designer Sabu Cyril talks about working on SS Rajamouli's epic |work=Firstpost |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-production-designer-sabu-cyril-talks-about-working-on-ss-rajamoulis-epic-3368976.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610100720/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-production-designer-sabu-cyril-talks-about-working-on-ss-rajamoulis-epic-3368976.html |archive-date=10 June 2017 |access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref> and [[Peter Hein]] was the choreographer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2017 |title=Peter Hein: The dangerous life of the man who plays body-double for all top Tamil, Telugu stars {{!}} regional movies {{!}} Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/peter-hein-the-dangerous-life-of-the-man-who-plays-body-double-for-all-top-tamil-telugu-stars/story-AVw8oCyL2UBIc5xiFnLgdK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117224324/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/peter-hein-the-dangerous-life-of-the-man-who-plays-body-double-for-all-top-tamil-telugu-stars/story-AVw8oCyL2UBIc5xiFnLgdK.html |archive-date=17 November 2017 |access-date=19 December 2017 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> R. C. Kamalakannan was the VFX supervisor<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=4 May 2017 |title=R C Kamalakannan, visual effects supervisor for 'Baahubali 2', discusses working with 35 VFX studios and highlights the best segments – The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/r-c-kamalakannan-visual-effects-supervisor-for-baahubali-2-discusses-working-with-35-vfx-studios-and-highlights-the-best-segments/article18383360.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504125442/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/r-c-kamalakannan-visual-effects-supervisor-for-baahubali-2-discusses-working-with-35-vfx-studios-and-highlights-the-best-segments/article18383360.ece |archive-date=4 May 2017 |access-date=19 December 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> and was assisted by Pete Draper and Adel Adili, co-founder of Makuta VFX.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2017 |title=Baahubali 2: The Conclusion's visual effects are miles ahead of the first part; here's why |work=Firstpost |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusions-visual-effects-are-miles-ahead-of-the-first-part-heres-why-3375582.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611163334/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusions-visual-effects-are-miles-ahead-of-the-first-part-heres-why-3375582.html |archive-date=11 June 2017 |access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref> In order for the lip sync to not be noticeable when dubbed in various languages, the film featured less dialogues and more action scenes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=kavirayani |first=suresh |date=12 May 2017 |title=Less talk and more action in Baahubali 2 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/120517/less-talk-and-more-action-in-baahubali-2.html |access-date=3 September 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Prabhas was cast as main lead of the film. [[Anushka Shetty]] was cast as the lead actress of the film as she was also a part of ''[[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |date=17 November 2013 |title=In the realm of love |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/in-the-realm-of-love/article5359045.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225213134/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/in-the-realm-of-love/article5359045.ece |archive-date=25 December 2013 |access-date=24 December 2013 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> She coincidentally became the first heroine Rajamouli repeated in his films and thus made her schedules full for 2013 and 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2013 |title=A busy summer for Anushka |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/A-busy-summer-for-Anushka/articleshow/19259286.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225205025/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-30/news-interviews/38144682_1_anushka-shetty-singam-2-baahubali |archive-date=25 December 2013 |access-date=24 December 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Rana Daggubati]] was cast as the antagonist of the film and coincidentally he was also a part of ''[[Rudhramadevi (film)|Rudhramadevi]]''.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

Actor [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] was selected to play a supporting role.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} [[Charandeep]] was selected to play the brother of the film's chief villain.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2015 |title=Charandeep likes playing powerful villainous roles |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/charandeep-likes-playing-powerful-villainous-roles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511151028/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/charandeep-likes-playing-powerful-villainous-roles/ |archive-date=11 May 2016 |access-date=23 October 2016}}</ref> On 20 December 2013 a press release stated that [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] will be starring in the film playing the role of "Avanthika".{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} Meka Ramakrishna was picked for the head of the Kuntala guerillas.

=== Characters and looks ===
Rana Daggubati was said to be playing the role of Prabhas' brother and he too underwent a lot of physical transformation satisfying the role he was assigned to play in the film.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} He also underwent training in martial arts under the supervision of a Vietnamese trainer, Tuan.<ref>https://www.india.com/lifestyle/prabhas-and-rana-daggubati-in-baahubali-2-10-times-lead-actors-of-baahubali-gave-us-major-fitness-goals-1930009/</ref> Sathyaraj has a [[tonsure]]d look for his role in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2013 |title=SS Rajamouli signs Sathyaraj |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ss-rajamouli-signs-sathyaraj-news-tamil-nezr1abdhij.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428003117/http://www.sify.com/movies/ss-rajamouli-signs-sathyaraj-news-tamil-nezr1abdhij.html |archive-date=28 April 2013 |access-date=25 April 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In the end of October 2013, Rana appeared at a fashion show with a beefed up body which, according to him, was a part of his look in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2013 |title=Rana Daggubati is all beefed up for 'Baahubali' |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131029/entertainment-tollywood/article/rana-daggubati-all-beefed-baahubali |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129062547/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131029/entertainment-tollywood/article/rana-daggubati-all-beefed-baahubali |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> In mid-May 2014, reports emerged that Anushka would play a pregnant woman for a few sequences in the second part of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2014 |title=Anushka will be shown as pregnant in baahubali |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140519/entertainment-tollywood/article/anushka-will-be-shown-pregnant-baahubali |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523060335/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140519/entertainment-tollywood/article/anushka-will-be-shown-pregnant-baahubali |archive-date=23 May 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

At the same time, Prabhas posted on his Facebook page that he underwent minor shoulder surgery and would join the film's sets in a span of a month.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2014 |title=Actor Prabhas clears the mystery over secret surgery |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140519/entertainment-tollywood/article/actor-prabhas-clears-mystery-over-secret-surgery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719205811/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140519/entertainment-tollywood/article/actor-prabhas-clears-mystery-over-secret-surgery |archive-date=19 July 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> On 1 June 2014, [[Prabhas]] and Rana's trainer Lakshman Reddy, said that Prabhas started his training 8 months before the commencement of shooting and after two years, both of them weighed nearly 100 kilos each. He also added that Prabhas has two attires with a heavy, bulky body for Baahubali's role and a lean physique for the second role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2014 |title=Prabhas and Rana hit century on weighing scale |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140601/entertainment-tollywood/article/prabhas-and-rana-hit-century-weighing-scale |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605055129/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140601/entertainment-tollywood/article/prabhas-and-rana-hit-century-weighing-scale |archive-date=5 June 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> For his look, Prabhas met [[WWE]] superstars like [[The Undertaker]] in February 2014 and interacted with them about their daily regimen and workouts.<ref name="Prabhas USA" />

[[Prabhas]] had equipment costing ₹1.5 crore shipped to his home, where he built a personal gym. His breakfast included 40 half-boiled egg whites blended and added with protein powder.<ref name="Prabhas USA">{{Cite web |date=20 February 2014 |title=The secret behind Prabhas' look in Baahubali |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/The-secret-behind-Prabhas-look-in-Baahubali/articleshow/30735215.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302181103/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/The-secret-behind-Prabhas-look-in-Baahubali/articleshow/30735215.cms |archive-date=2 March 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In mid-June 2014, [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] regarding her role in the film, said that she would be playing the role of a warrior princess named Avanthika and her appearance in the film is completely different when compared to her past films.<ref name="Tamannaah Bhatia S H BHB TOI">{{Cite web |date=20 December 2013 |title=Tamannaah to romance Prabhas in Baahubali |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tamannaah-to-romance-Prabhas-in-Baahubali/articleshow/27679761.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223110356/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-20/news-interviews/45416728_1_tamannaah-baahubali-prabhas |archive-date=23 December 2013 |access-date=21 December 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Udasi |first=Harshikaa |date=21 June 2014 |title=Straddling three worlds |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/straddling-three-worlds/article6136685.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704162350/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/straddling-three-worlds/article6136685.ece |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Before joining the film's shoot, Bhatia did costume trials for the film which she confirmed in her micro-blogging page stating "I am very excited to get on to the set of Baahubali. I did some dress trials today and my look in this movie will be totally new. I have never been seen in such sort of a look till now. It will be a new role for me".<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2014 |title=Tamannaah to join the sets of Baahubali |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Tamannaah-to-join-the-sets-of-Baahubali/articleshow/37076825.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629052749/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Tamannaah-to-join-the-sets-of-Baahubali/articleshow/37076825.cms |archive-date=29 June 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Rajamouli called Bhatia and her characterisation as a "value addition" to the movie.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 July 2014 |title=All praise for Tamannaah |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/all-praise-for-tamannaah/article6171513.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129183407/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/all-praise-for-tamannaah/article6171513.ece |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> She stated that she plays Avanthika, and had a special training and diet regime.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2014 |title=Tamannaah shed 6 kilos for Baahubali |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tamannaah-shed-6-kilos-for-Baahubali/articleshow/45594099.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516022359/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tamannaah-shed-6-kilos-for-Baahubali/articleshow/45594099.cms |archive-date=16 May 2015 |access-date=24 December 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film introduced a new language called [[Kiliki language|Kiliki]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2015 |title=Baahubali does a Lord of the Rings! The film introduces a new language called Kilikili |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/baahubali-does-a-lord-of-the-rings-the-movie-introduces-new-language-called-kilikili-2339430.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715223440/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/baahubali-does-a-lord-of-the-rings-the-movie-introduces-new-language-called-kilikili-2339430.html |archive-date=15 July 2015 |website=Firstpost}}</ref>

=== Piracy ===
On 22 November 2016, a two-minute war sequence from the film was leaked and posted on Facebook and Twitter. The following day, the police arrested a video editor for stealing and uploading the scenes. The ''Deccan Chronicle'', noticing the lack of punishment, felt the leak was a publicity stunt. Following this, a nine-minute war sequence supposedly from the climax was leaked. The video lacked VFX.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baahubali-2 video leak : Culprit arrested |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/baahubali-2-video-leak-culprit-arrested-news-tamil-qlxkdJiahbjdj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123153326/http://www.sify.com/movies/baahubali-2-video-leak-culprit-arrested-news-tamil-qlxkdJiahbjdj.html |archive-date=23 November 2016 |access-date=15 December 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2016 |title=Baahubali leak just a publicity stunt? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/241116/baahubali-leak-just-a-publicity-stunt.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203055458/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/241116/baahubali-leak-just-a-publicity-stunt.html |archive-date=3 February 2017 |access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref>

== Themes and influences ==
[[File:Kurukshetra.jpg|thumb|right|Manuscript illustration of the Battle of [[Kurukshetra]]]]
Director [[S. S. Rajamouli]] revealed that Baahubali is inspired by the epic [[Mahabharata]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2015 |title=For Baahubali, I turned to Mahabharata for inspiration: SS Rajamouli |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/for-baahubali-i-turned-to-mahabharata-for-inspiration-ss-rajamouli/story-cPGAZLuXvGmFG7po31cjTJ.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629132916/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/for-baahubali-i-turned-to-mahabharata-for-inspiration-ss-rajamouli/story-cPGAZLuXvGmFG7po31cjTJ.html |archive-date=29 June 2020 |access-date=4 May 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]], the screenwriter and Rajamouli's father who wrote stories for most of Rajamouli's films, once again penned the story for [[Baahubali (franchise)|''Baahubali'']]. Vijayendra Prasad revealed that Sivagami has shades of both [[Kunti]] and [[Kaikeyi]] while Devasena is a warrior like [[Sita]]. He further added that he sees Baahubali as the story of Sivagami and Devasena.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2018 |title=Why did Katappa Kill Baahubali? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/vijayendra-prasad-why-did-katappa-kill-baahubali-5100373/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210131034/https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/vijayendra-prasad-why-did-katappa-kill-baahubali-5100373/ |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=7 July 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He was also inspired by tales of [[Chandamama]] and [[Amar Chitra Katha]] comics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TS |first=Sudhir |date=21 July 2015 |title=Baahubali and Bajrangi Bhaijaan writer reveals his secrets |url=https://www.dailyo.in/arts/bajrangi-bhaijaan-baahubali-vijayendra-prasad-100-crore/story/1/5107.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108102035/https://www.dailyo.in/arts/bajrangi-bhaijaan-baahubali-vijayendra-prasad-100-crore/story/1/5107.html |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=DailyO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Devarsi |date=20 April 2017 |title=Writers, artists and dreamers: Meet Baahubali's unsung heroes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/baahubali-2-full-coverage/story/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-vijayendra-prasad-sabu-cyril-peter-hein-972566-2017-04-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125174847/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/baahubali-2-full-coverage/story/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-vijayendra-prasad-sabu-cyril-peter-hein-972566-2017-04-20 |archive-date=25 November 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Baahubali Writer KV Vijayendra Prasad Interview {{!}} HMTV |date=28 April 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afeamjHrlC4&t=112s |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125174837/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afeamjHrlC4&t=112s |archive-date=25 November 2022 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2017, Rajamouli said in an interview that "Why Kattappa killed Baahubali" is the theme of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2016 |title=Why did Kattappa kill Baahubali? Here's the answer you've been waiting for |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/why-did-kattappa-kill-baahubali-heres-the-answer-youve-been-waiting-for-315697-2016-03-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823130909/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/why-did-kattappa-kill-baahubali-heres-the-answer-youve-been-waiting-for-315697-2016-03-31 |archive-date=23 August 2024 |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=India Today}}</ref> The tagline "The boy he raised, the man he killed" was billed in a poster featuring Kattappa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2017 |title=Baahubali 2: The boy he raised. The man he killed, reveals in the new poster featuring Kattappa |url=http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/baahubali-2-the-boy-he-raised-the-man-he-killed-reveals-in-the-new-poster-featuring-kattappa-54248.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503073242/http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/baahubali-2-the-boy-he-raised-the-man-he-killed-reveals-in-the-new-poster-featuring-kattappa-54248.html |archive-date=3 May 2017 |access-date=8 December 2017 |website=Catch News}}</ref> Rajamouli had stated that the Mahabharata was a source of inspiration for the film.<ref name="mirror1">{{Cite web |title=This 'Baahubali' thing – Bangalore Mirror - |url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/views/this-baahubali-thing/articleshow/58689048.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225111551/http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/views/this-baahubali-thing/articleshow/58689048.cms |archive-date=25 December 2017 |access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref> According to [[K. K. Senthil Kumar]], the colour palette used was based on the "mood and feel".<ref name="senthil">{{Cite web |title=Framed Each Shot of Baahubali 2 for Cinemascope and IMAX Format: Senthil |url=https://pandolin.com/framed-each-shot-of-baahubali-2-for-cinemascope-and-imax-format-senthil/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219191921/https://pandolin.com/framed-each-shot-of-baahubali-2-for-cinemascope-and-imax-format-senthil/ |archive-date=19 December 2017 |access-date=8 December 2017 |website=Pandolin}}</ref> He contrasts different tones used within the film: warm colours for Mahishmati, cool colours for Kunthala, desaturated colours for the frame in which Baahubali is expelled.<ref name="senthil" />

According to Chandan Gowda, a professor at the [[Azim Premji University]], "the social order [in the film] appears to be a varna order: Brahmins, Kshatriyas and Vaishyas are named with the Shudras staying an unnamed presence," also noting that "Muslims are also part of the Mahishmati kingdom".<ref name="mirror1" /> [[Kathi Mahesh]] felt that the modules and imagery were borrowed from Indian epics like Mahabharata and called Prabhas' character "a mix of the Pandavas put together,"<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2017 |title=Is Baahubali 2 a Hindu film? Dissecting religion, folklore, mythology in Rajamouli's epic saga |work=Firstpost |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/is-baahubali-2-a-hindu-film-bahubali-2-religion-rajamouli-3416228.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502032704/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/is-baahubali-2-a-hindu-film-bahubali-2-religion-rajamouli-3416228.html |archive-date=2 May 2017}}</ref> while Gowda writes that the influence is "at best rough," stating that the film cannot match the "moral depth or complexity" of ''Mahabharata''.<ref name="mirror1" /> He further contrasts the themes of both, writing, "the heroes have failings and the villains redeeming virtues, making us morally ambivalent towards them both, Baahubali goes for black and white: its heroes are wholly good and the villains pure evil".<ref name="mirror1" /> According to Gowda, the palace scenes resemble those in ''Ben Hur'' (1959) and ''Troy'' (2004) while the fight sequences are similar to the Chinese films ''Crouching Tiger'', ''Hidden Dragon'' (2000).<ref name="mirror1" />

Critics noticed similarities between ''Baahubali 2'' and ''[[The Lion King]]'', an adaptation of [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Hamlet]]'' (1599–1602).<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2017 |title=Notice the uncanny resemblance between Baahubali and the Lion King ? |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/noticed-the-uncanny-resemblance-between-baahubali-the-lion-king-the-internet-did-289439.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605082956/http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/noticed-the-uncanny-resemblance-between-baahubali-the-lion-king-the-internet-did-289439.html |archive-date=5 June 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> This similarity was also felt by fans, who created memes of the comparison.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2017 |title=Baahubali Vanquishes Evil Uncle, Then Clobbers Bollywood: Foreign Media |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/baahubali-vanquishes-evil-uncle-then-clobbers-bollywood-foreign-media-1704164?site=full |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603061738/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/baahubali-vanquishes-evil-uncle-then-clobbers-bollywood-foreign-media-1704164?site=full |archive-date=3 June 2017 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' makes a comparison, stating that both films are a tale of two brothers, where inhabitants suffer under a cruel ruler, who is the brother of a kind ruler. The son of the kind ruler grows in remote lands, unaware of his lineage, guided to his home by his love interest. The spouse of the kind ruler is treated badly by the cruel ruler. The son also has an advisor, who helps him realize his identity.<ref name="lionking1">{{Cite web |date=7 May 2017 |title=Baahubali 2 bears striking similarities with 1994 Disney classic The Lion King |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/baahubali-2-bears-striking-similarities-with-1994-disney-classic-the-lion-king-see-pics-4644916/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613184137/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/baahubali-2-bears-striking-similarities-with-1994-disney-classic-the-lion-king-see-pics-4644916/ |archive-date=13 June 2017 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> They further note that the kind ruler and his son look similar in both films.<ref name="lionking1" /> ''Firstpost'' notes that both Bhallaladeva and [[Scar (The Lion King)|Scar]] share a scar on one eye, and both Simba and Mahendra are introduced similarly into the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2017 |title=How Baahubali 2 might have been inspired by the Disney classic The Lion King |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/how-baahubali-might-have-been-inspired-by-the-disney-classic-the-lion-king-3428284.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908180932/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/how-baahubali-might-have-been-inspired-by-the-disney-classic-the-lion-king-3428284.html |archive-date=8 September 2017 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (soundtrack)}}

Rajamouli's cousin [[M. M. Keeravani]] composed the music and background for the film. ''The Conclusion''{{'s}} Telugu soundtrack was released on 26 March 2017 at the pre-release event of the film at YMCA grounds.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 April 2017 |title=Baahubali 2 music released |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/baahubali-2-music-released/article17899693.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219191921/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/baahubali-2-music-released/article17899693.ece |archive-date=19 December 2017 |access-date=8 December 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The album of the film's Hindi version was released on 5 April 2017,<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2017 |title=Baahubali 2 Hindi jukebox out: An extraordinary film gets an average album {{!}} The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/baahubali-2-hindi-jukebox-out-baahubali-the-conclusion-prabhas-ss-rajamouli-4600729/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720210137/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/baahubali-2-hindi-jukebox-out-baahubali-the-conclusion-prabhas-ss-rajamouli-4600729/ |archive-date=20 July 2017 |access-date=18 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=[[MM Keeravani]] |date=5 April 2017 |title=Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (Hindi) [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LwGhXZegSOY |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601022728/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LwGhXZegSOY |archive-date=1 June 2017 |via=YouTube}}</ref> while the Tamil version was released on 9 April.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[MM Keeravani]] |date=8 April 2017 |title=Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (Tamil) [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cVUiFEprn-M |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611042347/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cVUiFEprn-M |archive-date=11 June 2017 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2017 |title=Baahubali 2 director SS Rajamouli: Don't compare me to Shankar {{!}} The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/baahubali-2-director-ss-rajamouli-dont-compare-me-to-shankar-4607512/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415122055/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/baahubali-2-director-ss-rajamouli-dont-compare-me-to-shankar-4607512/ |archive-date=15 April 2017 |access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref> The Malayalam version was released on 24 April 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[MM Keeravani]] |date=24 April 2017 |title=Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (Malayalam) [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NgojDzPJ_Ps |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812163149/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NgojDzPJ_Ps |archive-date=12 August 2017 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

Baahubali The Beginning is first non-English film to be screened at [[Royal Albert Hall]] in London, receives a standing ovation. The show, saw the score performed live while the epic action movie unfolded on the big screen, a special Q&A took place on stage. ''Baahubali'' franchise director S.S Rajamouli and composer M.M. Keeravani as well as stars Prabhas, Anushka Shetty and Rana Daggubati, sat down with [[Rachel Dwyer]] for a chat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2019 |title=Baahubali The Beginning is first non-English film to be screened at Royal Albert Hall in London, receives a standing ovation. See pics, videos |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/baahubali-the-beginning-is-first-non-english-film-to-be-screened-at-royal-albert-hall-in-london-receives-a-standing-ovation-see-pics-videos/story-hlJXYUMtGgc3P8SQBGjhwJ.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323031346/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/baahubali-the-beginning-is-first-non-english-film-to-be-screened-at-royal-albert-hall-in-london-receives-a-standing-ovation-see-pics-videos/story-hlJXYUMtGgc3P8SQBGjhwJ.html |archive-date=23 March 2024 |access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2019 |title=Exclusive photos: The world premiere of Baahubali - The Beginning Live and the long-awaited Royal Reunion |url=https://www.royalalberthall.com/about-the-hall/news/2019/october/exclusive-photos-the-world-premiere-of-baahubali-the-beginning-live-and-the-long-awaited-royal-reunion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726171903/https://www.royalalberthall.com/about-the-hall/news/2019/october/exclusive-photos-the-world-premiere-of-baahubali-the-beginning-live-and-the-long-awaited-royal-reunion/ |archive-date=26 July 2024 |access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref>

== Release ==
Initially scheduled for release in the summer of 2016, the release date of ''Baahubali 2'' was postponed to November 2016 due to preparations for the international release of ''The Beginning'' in various locations.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Baahubali 2' release date pushed to November 2016? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/baahubali-2-release-date-pushed-to-november-2016-news-malayalam-pkgkBDcebfabc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219191921/http://www.sify.com/movies/baahubali-2-release-date-pushed-to-november-2016-news-malayalam-pkgkBDcebfabc.html |archive-date=19 December 2017 |access-date=13 December 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> This was further pushed to 28 April 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Baahubali 2' to release on April 28, 2017 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/baahubali-2-to-release-on-april-28-2017-news-tamil-qifqicggeahjd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909030923/http://www.sify.com/movies/baahubali-2-to-release-on-april-28-2017-news-tamil-qifqicggeahjd.html |archive-date=9 September 2016 |access-date=13 December 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> At first, the joint budget of both ''The Beginning'' and ''The Conclusion'' was speculated to be around ₹2.5 [[Indian numbering system|billion]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=indiatvnews |date=10 July 2015 |title=Bahubali: Is Rs 250 Crore Budget Film Inspired From Hollywood'IndiaTV News Mobile Site |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/bahubali-inspired-from-hollywood-22533.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206073925/http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/bahubali-inspired-from-hollywood-22533.html |archive-date=6 December 2015 |website=India TV News}}</ref> This was later confirmed by Rajamouli in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2015 |title='Baahubali' set to become India's most expensive film – Entertainment |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/baahubali-set-to-become-indias-most-expensive-film/16329167 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922020957/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/baahubali-set-to-become-indias-most-expensive-film/16329167 |archive-date=22 September 2015 |access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref> However, the joint budget of the series was increased to ₹4.3 billion, of which ₹1.8 billion was the budget for ''The Beginning'' and ₹2.5 billion for ''The Conclusion''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2017 |title=Baahubali 2: Not Prabhas, this man was the highest paid. Here's a break-up of the fees of its cast and it will shock you {{!}} The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-2-prabhas-ss-rajamouli-among-highest-paid-money-cast-remuneration-4649489/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513104233/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-2-prabhas-ss-rajamouli-among-highest-paid-money-cast-remuneration-4649489/ |archive-date=13 May 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="budget" /> The climax of ''The Conclusion'' alone cost ₹30 crore, almost double the amount of ''The Beginning''{{'s}} climax.<ref name="bus" />

=== Screenings and statistics ===
[[File:First look launch of Baahubali 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|440x440px|From left to right: [[Prabhas]], [[Anushka Shetty]], [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], [[S. S. Rajamouli]] at the film's first look launch in 2016|alt=]]
An initial limited release of ''Baahubali 2'' took place in most [[Persian Gulf|Gulf]] countries, including the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], on 27 April 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Manjusha |date=26 April 2017 |title='Baahubali 2: The Conclusion' stars promise a wild ride |url=http://gulfnews.com/leisure/movies/features/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-stars-promise-a-wild-ride-1.2017500 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618185543/http://gulfnews.com/leisure/movies/features/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-stars-promise-a-wild-ride-1.2017500 |archive-date=18 June 2017 |access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref> In India, the film was released on 28 April.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Baahubali 2 Collection 1500-crore: 'Bahubali 2: The Conclusion' worldwide box-office collection: SS Rajamouli's film zooms past 1500-crore mark |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-worldwide-box-office-collection-ss-rajamoulis-film-zooms-past-1500-crore-mark/articleshow/58837852.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705175616/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-worldwide-box-office-collection-ss-rajamoulis-film-zooms-past-1500-crore-mark/articleshow/58837852.cms |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=17 December 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
The film was screened at the [[British Film Institute]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2017 |title=Bahubali-2 To Be Screened At British Film Institute |url=http://www.primepost.in/bahubali-2-to-be-screened-at-british-film-institute/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225111551/http://www.primepost.in/bahubali-2-to-be-screened-at-british-film-institute/ |archive-date=25 December 2017 |access-date=9 May 2017}}</ref> It was also premiered at the 39th [[Moscow International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baahubali 2 honoured again, to open Moscow International Film Festival |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/baahubali-2-honoured-again-to-open-moscow-international-film-festival/ar-BBD1eZl |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110054813/http://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/baahubali-2-honoured-again-to-open-moscow-international-film-festival/ar-BBD1eZl |archive-date=10 January 2018 |access-date=20 February 2020 |publisher=MSN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=Baahubali 2 premiere: Queen Elizabeth II will watch it before anybody else in India? |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-2-premiere-queen-elizabeth-ii-will-watch-it-before-anybody-else-in-india-4548315/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225011053/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-2-premiere-queen-elizabeth-ii-will-watch-it-before-anybody-else-in-india-4548315/ |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=9 May 2017}}</ref> The film was also showcased at the 49th [[International Film Festival of India]] in the "Indian Panorama" section.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2017 |title=Indian Panorama 2017 |url=http://iffigoa.org/2017-indian-panorama/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115141415/http://iffigoa.org/2017-indian-panorama/ |archive-date=15 November 2017 |access-date=15 November 2017}}</ref>
According to Umair Sandhu, a member of the UAE censor board, ''Baahubali 2'' received a standing ovation from the board during its review.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Baahubali 2 Review: 'Baahubali 2' first ever review is out from UAE and reportedly the movie gets a standing ovation from the UAE censor board! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/baahubali-2-first-ever-review-is-out-from-uae-and-reportedly-the-movie-gets-a-standing-ovation-from-the-uae-censor-board/articleshow/58394847.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714214435/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/baahubali-2-first-ever-review-is-out-from-uae-and-reportedly-the-movie-gets-a-standing-ovation-from-the-uae-censor-board/articleshow/58394847.cms |archive-date=14 July 2017 |access-date=17 December 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 22 April, the Telugu version of ''Baahubali 2'' was reviewed by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] and given an U/A rating with minor cuts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2017 |title=BREAKING: 'Baahubali: The Conclusion' Telugu version passed with 'UA' certificate by CBFC! {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-breaking-baahubali-the-conclusion-telugu-version-passed-with-ua-certificate-by-cbfc-2411864 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527021716/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-breaking-baahubali-the-conclusion-telugu-version-passed-with-ua-certificate-by-cbfc-2411864 |archive-date=27 May 2017 |access-date=17 December 2017}}</ref> The [[Censorship in Japan|Japanese Censor Board]] gave a rating of G with no cuts.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paul |first=Papri |title='Baahubali: The Conclusion' gets a 'G' in Japan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/baahubali-the-conclusion-gets-a-g-in-japan/articleshow/62025440.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225111551/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/baahubali-the-conclusion-gets-a-g-in-japan/articleshow/62025440.cms |archive-date=25 December 2017 |access-date=21 December 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The [[Central Board of Film Censors]], Pakistan, cleared the film with an "all clear" status and zero cuts.<ref name="pak" /> In Singapore, the film received an 'A' (adult) certificate, which an ''Indiatimes'' report attributes to the portrayal of violent scenes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2017 |title=Riding High On Success In India, Baahubali 2 Gets 'Adult' Certification In Singapore! |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/riding-high-on-success-in-india-baahubali-2-gets-adult-certification-in-singapore-321715.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920211511/http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/riding-high-on-success-in-india-baahubali-2-gets-adult-certification-in-singapore-321715.html |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=17 December 2017}}</ref>

''Baahubali 2'' was released across more than 9,000 plus screens worldwide- 6500 screens in India alone, breaking the record for the widest Indian film release. It released in conventional 2D as well as in [[IMAX]] format.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nancy Tartaglione |date=16 March 2017 |title='Baahubali 2' Sets IMAX Release; Sequel To 2015 Smash Debuts April 28 |url=https://deadline.com/2017/03/baahubali-2-imax-release-trailer-video-1202044497/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417001135/http://deadline.com/2017/03/baahubali-2-imax-release-trailer-video-1202044497/ |archive-date=17 April 2017 |access-date=16 March 2017 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2017 |title=Bahubali 2: The Conclusion – All you need to know about its story, box office, pre-release business |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bahubali-2-the-conclusion-all-you-need-to-know-about-its-story-box-office-pre-release-business-3407772.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428090319/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bahubali-2-the-conclusion-all-you-need-to-know-about-its-story-box-office-pre-release-business-3407772.html |archive-date=28 April 2017 |access-date=28 April 2017 |publisher=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Bahubali 2 Release: 'Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion' to release in 9000 screens |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-to-release-in-9000-screens/articleshow/58377606.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508203311/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-to-release-in-9000-screens/articleshow/58377606.cms |archive-date=8 May 2017 |access-date=10 December 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivatsan |date=25 April 2017 |title=SS Rajamouli's Baahubali 2 to release across 9000 screens worldwide |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ss-rajamoulis-baahubali-2-to-release-across-8000-screens-973383-2017-04-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429053548/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ss-rajamoulis-baahubali-2-to-release-across-8000-screens/1/937504.html |archive-date=29 April 2017 |access-date=10 May 2017 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> This made ''Baahubali 2'' the third Indian film to release in IMAX, following ''Dhoom 3'' and ''Bang Bang!''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Laghate |first=Gaurav |date=19 April 2017 |title='Baahubali 2' to be third Indian film to release in IMAX print |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/-baahubali-2-to-be-third-indian-film-to-release-in-imax-print/articleshow/57673018.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614060922/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/-baahubali-2-to-be-third-indian-film-to-release-in-imax-print/articleshow/57673018.cms |archive-date=14 June 2017 |access-date=21 December 2017 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> It was released in Telugu and Tamil along with dubbed versions in Hindi and Malayalam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2017 |title=Baahubali's success story couldn't be written if it weren't for these dubbing artists. It's time we take note of these voices {{!}} The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/baahubali-success-story-hindi-dubbing-artists-voice-over-sharad-kelkar-ss-rajamouli-prabhas-see-photos-4653747/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624192820/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/baahubali-success-story-hindi-dubbing-artists-voice-over-sharad-kelkar-ss-rajamouli-prabhas-see-photos-4653747/ |archive-date=24 June 2017 |access-date=11 December 2017}}</ref>{{efn|Despite being made in Tamil, the Tamil version was considered as a dubbed film in trade circuits.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=21 January 2017 |title=Mind your language |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Mind-your-language/article17074029.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708135245/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Mind-your-language/article17074029.ece |archive-date=8 July 2023 |access-date=3 September 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |quote=Though producers claim it is a bi-lingual in Telugu and Tamil, the trade is treating it as an OLF [Other Language Film].}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2017 |title=How Rajinikanth's 2.0, Baahubali 2 are changing the rules in Tamil cinema |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/prabhas-baahubali2-rajinikanth-2-0-satellite-rights-tamil-films-4571960/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523001705/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/prabhas-baahubali2-rajinikanth-2-0-satellite-rights-tamil-films-4571960/ |archive-date=23 May 2018 |access-date=3 September 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>}} In Kerala, the film was released across 395 screens.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala receives good response to 'Baahubali 2'; No release of Tamil version in TN |date=28 April 2017 |url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/kerala-receives-good-response-to-baahubali-2-no-release-of-tamil-version-in-tn-1.1901422 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603013024/http://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/kerala-receives-good-response-to-baahubali-2-no-release-of-tamil-version-in-tn-1.1901422 |archive-date=3 June 2017 |access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref> The film was released in 1,100 screens in the United States, and 150 screens in Canada.<ref name="hans">{{Cite web |date=26 April 2017 |title=Baahubali 2 breaks another record with 9,000 screen count |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-04-26/Baahubali-2-breaks-another-record-with-9000-screen-count-/295943 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821225508/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-04-26/Baahubali-2-breaks-another-record-with-9000-screen-count-/295943 |archive-date=21 August 2017 |access-date=17 December 2017}}</ref> The Hindi version was released in New Zealand, Australia and Fiji Islands, while the Tamil version was released in Malaysia.<ref name="hans" /> In Pakistan, the Hindi version was released in over 100 screens.<ref name="pak">{{Cite web |date=18 May 2017 |title=Baahubali 2 takes Pakistan by storm |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/180517/baahubali-2-takes-pakistan-by-storm.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524142506/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/180517/baahubali-2-takes-pakistan-by-storm.html |archive-date=24 May 2017 |access-date=8 June 2017}}</ref> The first Telugu film to be released in 4K high definition format, close to 200 screens were upgraded to 4K projectors before the release date of the film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=IndianExpress.com Cinema theatres gear up for Baahubali-2 with 4K projectors |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2017/jan/21/cinema-theatres-gear-up-for-baahubali-2-with-4k-projectors-1561946.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507122011/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2017/jan/21/cinema-theatres-gear-up-for-baahubali-2-with-4k-projectors-1561946.html |archive-date=7 May 2017 |access-date=19 March 2017}}</ref> In Japan, the film was later dubbed into Japanese and was released on 29 December.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MK |first=Surendhar |date=12 April 2018 |title=Baahubali 2: The Conclusion completes 100 days in Japan, becomes third highest grosser in the country |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-completes-100-days-in-japan-becomes-third-highest-grosser-in-the-country-4428335.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427190729/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-completes-100-days-in-japan-becomes-third-highest-grosser-in-the-country-4428335.html |archive-date=27 April 2018 |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> Despite the various measures taken, pirated versions of ''Baahubali 2'' were available on the Internet within hours of the film's release.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Misra |first=Tishya |date=7 May 2017 |title=''Baahubali 2'': Tamil Film Producers Council Seeks Action Against Piracy |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-tamil-film-producers-council-seeks-action-against-piracy-1690618 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726171904/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-tamil-film-producers-council-seeks-action-against-piracy-1690618 |archive-date=26 July 2024 |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref> The film was dubbed in Russian and released in Russia and neighboring territories on 11 January 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=kiran |first=sai |date=26 December 2017 |title=Baahubali 2 Will Release In Russia on Jan 11th, 2018; Watch Baahubali 2 Russian Trailer – Press News Release |url=http://pressks.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-will-release-russia-jan-11th-2018-watch-baahubali-2-russian-trailer/53344/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229040937/http://pressks.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-will-release-russia-jan-11th-2018-watch-baahubali-2-russian-trailer/53344/ |archive-date=29 December 2017 |access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref> It was censored for release in China in March 2018 and was released in Chinese on 4 May 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2018 |title='Baahubali: the Conclusion' censored for release in China |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/baahubali-conclusion-censored-release-china-78346 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127172854/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/baahubali-conclusion-censored-release-china-78346 |archive-date=27 January 2019 |access-date=20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2018 |title=Baahubali 2: The Conclusion will be screened in China on May 4 – Free Press Journal |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-will-be-screened-in-china-on-may-4/1261319 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420064846/http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-will-be-screened-in-china-on-may-4/1261319 |archive-date=20 April 2018 |access-date=20 April 2018}}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Distributor
! Languages
! Territories
|-
| Great India Films
| All
| USA and Canada
|-
| Sarigama Cinema
| All
| Europe and Ireland
|-
| MSK Film Production
| Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam
| Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka
|-
| A. A. Films Pvt. Ltd.
| Hindi
| Entire World except USA, Canada
|-
| Hasini Entertainment
| Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam
| UK, Ireland
|-
| Phars Films Co LLC
| Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam
| Middle East
|-
| Southern Star International
| Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam
| Australia and New Zealand
|-
|Gopi Krishna Movies
| Hindi
| Nepal
|}

== Marketing ==
A 25-member marketing team at Arka was responsible for marketing ''Baahubali 2''.<ref name="market">{{Cite web |date=2 May 2017 |title=Baahubali 2: The Conclusion — How relentless marketing kept the buzz alive for four years |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-how-relentless-marketing-kept-the-buzz-alive-for-four-years-3418408.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822130423/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-how-relentless-marketing-kept-the-buzz-alive-for-four-years-3418408.html |archive-date=22 August 2017 |access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref> On 30 September 2016, the logo of Baahubali 2 was revealed along with the tagline 'Why Kattappa Killed Baahubali'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2016 |title=SS Rajamouli Unveils Baahubali 2 Logo – News18 |url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/ss-rajamouli-unveils-baahubali-2-logo-1297446.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004154819/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/ss-rajamouli-unveils-baahubali-2-logo-1297446.html |archive-date=4 October 2016 |access-date=24 December 2017}}</ref> On 22 October 2016, the first look poster of the film was released on the birthday of Prabhas.<ref name="pp">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2016 |title=Baahubali 2 First Look: Prabhas' Chiseled Body Steals The Thunder – News18 |url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/baahubali-2-first-look-prabhas-chiseled-body-steals-the-thunder-1304122.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401225100/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/baahubali-2-first-look-prabhas-chiseled-body-steals-the-thunder-1304122.html |archive-date=1 April 2017 |access-date=24 December 2017}}</ref> The poster, according to ''CNN-News18'', features Prabhas flexing his muscles, holding a two edged sword and a chain in either of his hands,<ref name="pp" /> while The Hindu notices the presence of Amarendra Baahubali in the background.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2016 |title=Baahubali 2 first look revealed – The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Baahubali-2-first-look-revealed/article16078784.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209022156/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Baahubali-2-first-look-revealed/article16078784.ece |archive-date=9 December 2016 |access-date=24 December 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Rana Daggubati's first look as Bhallaladeva was further revealed on his birthday.<ref name="rp">{{Cite web |date=16 December 2016 |title=Baahubali 2: Rana Daggubati's first look as Bhallaladeva is out and he looks vicious, see pic {{!}} The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-2-rana-dagubattis-first-look-as-bhalladeva-is-out-and-he-looks-vicious-see-pic-4426517/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815101314/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-2-rana-dagubattis-first-look-as-bhalladeva-is-out-and-he-looks-vicious-see-pic-4426517/ |archive-date=15 August 2017 |access-date=24 December 2017}}</ref> According to ''The Indian Express'', the poster features Rana Daggubati as Bhallaladeva with "a vicious glare, salt-and-pepper hair with a [[bun (hairstyle)|bun]], cladding a bullish armour and holding a humongous retractable mace".<ref name="rp" /> A virtual reality teaser was also released.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2016 |title=Baahubali 2 teaser out: No clues on why Kattappa killed Baahubali but other surprises in store |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2016/oct/24/baahubali-2-teaser-out-no-clues-on-why-kattappa-killed-baahubali-but-other-surprises-in-store-1531099.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230257/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2016/oct/24/baahubali-2-teaser-out-no-clues-on-why-kattappa-killed-baahubali-but-other-surprises-in-store-1531099.html |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=9 August 2023 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> On 26 January 2017, the first look poster of Anushka Shetty as Devasena was released.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2017 |title=Baahubali 2 New Poster: First Look of Devasena is Out! – News18 |url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/baahubali-2-new-poster-first-look-of-devasena-is-out-1341040.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128190724/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/baahubali-2-new-poster-first-look-of-devasena-is-out-1341040.html |archive-date=28 January 2017 |access-date=24 December 2017}}</ref> The trailer of the film was released on 17 March 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The trailer of 'Baahubali 2 – The Conclusion' will leave you in sheer awe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-trailer-of-baahubali-2-the-conclusion-will-leave-you-in-sheer-awe/articleshow/57663110.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205170743/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-trailer-of-baahubali-2-the-conclusion-will-leave-you-in-sheer-awe/articleshow/57663110.cms |archive-date=5 February 2018 |access-date=25 December 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

''Baahubali 2'' was also promoted extensively on social media platforms including Facebook, Twitter and [[Instagram]].<ref name="market" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganguly |first=Nivedita |date=2 May 2017 |title=Baahubali proves power of digital marketing |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/baahubali-proves-power-of-digital-marketing/article18350526.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225111551/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/baahubali-proves-power-of-digital-marketing/article18350526.ece |archive-date=25 December 2017 |access-date=21 December 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Upon being asked about the film's marketing, Yarlagadda said, "The idea was to engage with different demographics, who are interested in different things. If you are into technology, then Baahubali VR becomes a driving factor for you to watch the film; if you are into graphic novels and gaming, we had plans to address those needs too".<ref name="market" /> A graphic novel titled ''Baahubali {{ndash}} The Battle of the Bold'' was released digitally on 28 February 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=Baahubali's Graphic novel launched! |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/books-education/baahubali-s-graphic-novel-baahubali-the-battle-of-the-bold-launched-1488289144.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006121408/https://www.thestatesman.com/books-education/baahubali-s-graphic-novel-baahubali-the-battle-of-the-bold-launched-1488289144.html |archive-date=6 October 2022 |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=The Statesman}}</ref> Rajamouli approached Anand Neelakantan to write a series subtitled ''Before the Beginning''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Varma |first=Nikhil |date=4 April 2017 |title=Before the beginning |url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/before-the-beginning/article17810132.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027162631/https://www.thehindu.com/books/before-the-beginning/article17810132.ece |archive-date=27 October 2021 |access-date=21 December 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The first novel in the series, titled ''[[The Rise of Sivagami]]'', was released on 7 March 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |date=24 April 2017 |title='You can't weigh a frog' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/novelist-anand-neelakantan-on-storytelling-traditions/article18199686.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027164215/https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/novelist-anand-neelakantan-on-storytelling-traditions/article18199686.ece |archive-date=27 October 2021 |access-date=21 December 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2017 |title=The Rise of Sivagami: First Book in Baahubali Series Unveiled Amidst Fanfare |url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/the-rise-of-sivagami-first-book-in-baahubali-series-unveiled-amidst-fanfare-1366900.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514184616/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/the-rise-of-sivagami-first-book-in-baahubali-series-unveiled-amidst-fanfare-1366900.html |archive-date=14 May 2017 |access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref> A clothing line based on the film was revealed on 7 April at a fashion show, with the cast including Rana Daggubati and Tamanaah attending it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2017 |title=Baahubali 2: The Conclusion inspired clothing line to be unveiled by Rana Daggubati, Tamannaah |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-inspired-clothing-line-to-be-unveiled-by-rana-daggubati-tamannaah-3360318.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128134136/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-inspired-clothing-line-to-be-unveiled-by-rana-daggubati-tamannaah-3360318.html |archive-date=28 January 2018 |access-date=25 December 2017}}</ref> The makers further collaborated with Moonfrog Labs to create an online multiplayer game titled ''Baahubali {{ndash}} The Game'', which published on 28 April 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=27 April 2017 |title=The game is on |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-game-is-on/article18236802.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225111551/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-game-is-on/article18236802.ece |archive-date=25 December 2017 |access-date=21 December 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> In a review for the game, Srivathsan Nadadhur of ''The Hindu'' writes, "while it seems a little familiar, it is good fun as long as it lasts".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=1 May 2017 |title=Familiar but good fun! |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/baahubali-the-game-review/article18347431.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022716/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/baahubali-the-game-review/article18347431.ece |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=21 December 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The cast arrived in Dubai to inaugurate the film's release in a promotional event on 25 April 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Report |first1=Web |title=Meet the Bahubali 2 cast in Dubai this week – Khaleej Times |work=Khaleej Times |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/dubai/bahubali-2-cast-and-crew-coming-to-dubai- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714220401/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/dubai/bahubali-2-cast-and-crew-coming-to-dubai- |archive-date=14 July 2017 |access-date=14 December 2017}}</ref>

=== Rights and sales ===
Cinestaan AA Distributors distributed the Hindi version in US, Britain, Australia and New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2017 |title='Baahubali 2' makers lock distributor for overseas market |url=http://zeenews.india.com/regional/baahubali-2-makers-lock-distributor-for-overseas-market-1995447.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424092813/http://zeenews.india.com/regional/baahubali-2-makers-lock-distributor-for-overseas-market-1995447.html |archive-date=24 April 2017 |access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref> Srinivasan of Says S Pictures distributed the film in [[North Arcot]] and [[South Arcot District (Madras Presidency)|South Arcot]] in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2017 |title=Baahubali 2 day one box office collections highest-ever for an Indian film? |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-bahubali-2-day-one-box-office-collections-highest-ever-for-an-indian-film-3413720.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816050817/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-bahubali-2-day-one-box-office-collections-highest-ever-for-an-indian-film-3413720.html |archive-date=16 August 2017 |access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref> The Hindi version was distributed in North India by Anil Thadani's AA Films and presented by Karan Johar's Dharma Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2016 |title=Baahubali: The Conclusion to release on April 28, 2017 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/050816/baahubali-the-conclusion-to-release-on-april-28-2017.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409112439/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/050816/baahubali-the-conclusion-to-release-on-april-28-2017.html |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> In Malaysia, the film was distributed by MSK Film Production and Antenna Entertainments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2017 |title='Baahubali 2' fan frenzy hits local cinemas – Nation – The Star Online |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/05/21/baahubali-2-fan-frenzy-hits-local-cinemas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526070623/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/05/21/baahubali-2-fan-frenzy-hits-local-cinemas/ |archive-date=26 May 2017 |access-date=21 December 2017 |website=The Star |location=Malaysia}}</ref> Amjad Rasheed distributed the film in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Manishaa |date=18 May 2017 |title=Baahubali 2 takes Pakistan by storm |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/180517/baahubali-2-takes-pakistan-by-storm.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422012502/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/180517/baahubali-2-takes-pakistan-by-storm.html |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Telugu, Tamil and Malayalam broadcasting rights were brought by Star India for ₹28 crore.<ref name="all">{{Cite web |date=27 April 2017 |title=Bahubali 2: The Conclusion – All you need to know about its story, box office, pre-release business |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bahubali-2-the-conclusion-all-you-need-to-know-about-its-story-box-office-pre-release-business-3407772.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428090319/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bahubali-2-the-conclusion-all-you-need-to-know-about-its-story-box-office-pre-release-business-3407772.html |archive-date=28 April 2017 |access-date=13 May 2017}}</ref> Sony acquired the satellite rights for the Hindi version for ₹50 crore.<ref name="all" /> ''Baahubali 2'' set a record collection of ₹5 billion before the release of the film through satellite and theatrical rights.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2017 |title=Baahubali – 2 made 500 crores before release |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/baahubali-2-has-ss-rajamouli-s-film-already-made-rs-500-crore-before-release/story-wMTs2y7ZfVXDFe39wjt3XM.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212060818/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/baahubali-2-has-ss-rajamouli-s-film-already-made-rs-500-crore-before-release/story-wMTs2y7ZfVXDFe39wjt3XM.html |archive-date=12 February 2017 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="IE B2 500 prerelease">{{Cite web |date=1 February 2017 |title=Baahubali – 2 film earns 500 crores before release |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-2-film-earns-rs-500-crore-before-release-here-are-records-it-has-already-broken-4501875/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203150142/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-2-film-earns-rs-500-crore-before-release-here-are-records-it-has-already-broken-4501875/ |archive-date=3 February 2017 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> The Telugu version of the film was insured against financial loss by [[Future Generali India Insurance|Future Generali]] for {{INR}}2 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2017 |title=Baahubali-2 insurer Future Generali explains risks, rewards in film insurance business in India |url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/baahubali-2-insurer-future-generali-explains-risks-rewards-in-film-insurance-business-in-india-3425758.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506052410/http://www.firstpost.com/business/baahubali-2-insurer-future-generali-explains-risks-rewards-in-film-insurance-business-in-india-3425758.html |archive-date=6 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Groves |first=Don |title=Records Tumble As 'Baahubali 2' Conquers India And Wows The U.S., U.K., Australia And More |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dongroves/2017/04/30/records-tumble-as-baahubali-2-conquers-india-and-wows-the-u-s-u-k-australia-and-more/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621174731/https://www.forbes.com/sites/dongroves/2017/04/30/records-tumble-as-baahubali-2-conquers-india-and-wows-the-u-s-u-k-australia-and-more/ |archive-date=21 June 2017 |access-date=21 December 2017 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> ''[[Netflix]]'' brought the rights of ''Baahubali 2'' for ₹25.5 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A masterstroke by Netflix, ropes in Baahubali for Rs 25.5 crores |url=http://zoom.timesnownews.com/entertainment/article/a-masterstroke-by-netflix-ropes-in-baahubali-rights-for-rs-25-crores/71336 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908092805/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/article/a-masterstroke-by-netflix-ropes-in-baahubali-rights-for-rs-25-crores/71336 |archive-date=8 September 2018}}</ref>

About 10 lakh tickets were sold within 24 hours of the advance booking.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bahubali 2 Ticket Booking: Baahubali 2: One million tickets sold in just 24 hours, breaking 'Dangal' record |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/baahubali-2-one-million-online-tickets-sold-in-just-24-hours-breaking-dangal-record/articleshow/58392975.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508203307/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/baahubali-2-one-million-online-tickets-sold-in-just-24-hours-breaking-dangal-record/articleshow/58392975.cms |archive-date=8 May 2017 |access-date=15 December 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Tickets were sold out until 2 May.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2017 |title=Baahubali 2 all booked for weekend as ticket prices surge, film breaks advance sale ticket records {{!}} The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/baahubali-2-all-booked-for-weekend-as-ticket-prices-surge-film-breaks-advance-sale-ticket-records-see-pics-videos-4628914/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621143254/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/baahubali-2-all-booked-for-weekend-as-ticket-prices-surge-film-breaks-advance-sale-ticket-records-see-pics-videos-4628914/ |archive-date=21 June 2017 |access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref> Later, tickets for the first week were sold out.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2017 |title=Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion' tickets sold out for first weekend |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-tickets-sold-out-for-first-weekend/articleshow/58361536.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704134331/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-tickets-sold-out-for-first-weekend/articleshow/58361536.cms |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The sale rate was the highest ever in India, beating the record held by Dangal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=27 April 2017 |title='Baahubali 2' clocks highest ever advance booking – Livemint |url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/95cTYbANLXKbTJg6dOdTfL/Baahubali-2-clocks-highest-ever-advance-booking.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517212048/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/95cTYbANLXKbTJg6dOdTfL/Baahubali-2-clocks-highest-ever-advance-booking.html |archive-date=17 May 2017 |access-date=15 December 2017 |website=mint}}</ref> Booking sites of multiplex players crashed down due to high traffic.<ref name="bookfirst">{{Cite web |date=26 April 2017 |title=Baahubali 2 sees phenomenal advance booking in Tamil Nadu; shows sold out till 2 May |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-sees-phenomenal-advance-booking-in-tamil-nadu-shows-sold-out-till-2-may-3405270.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503174202/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-sees-phenomenal-advance-booking-in-tamil-nadu-shows-sold-out-till-2-may-3405270.html |archive-date=3 May 2017 |access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref> In UAE, the film sold more one lakh tickets before release, the highest ever for an Indian film, breaking the record held by ''Fast and Furious'' bookings.<ref name="bookfirst" /> BookMyShow and PayTM offered discounts on ''Baahubali 2'' tickets.<ref name="bus">{{Cite web |date=26 April 2017 |title=Bookmyshow, Paytm offer discounts on Baahubali 2 tickets: Here's how you can avail it |url=http://www.businesstoday.in/buzztop/buzztop-feature/bookmyshow-paytm-offer-discounts-on-baahubali-2-tickets-heres-how-you-can-avail-it/story/250853.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504093332/http://www.businesstoday.in/buzztop/buzztop-feature/bookmyshow-paytm-offer-discounts-on-baahubali-2-tickets-heres-how-you-can-avail-it/story/250853.html |archive-date=4 May 2017 |access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref> At the end of its theatrical run in India ''Baahubali 2'' had sold an estimated 10{{nbsp}} crore tickets, the highest estimated footfall for any film in India in decades;<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2017 |title=Baahubali 2 is the first Indian film with over 10 crore footfalls |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/baahubali-2-is-the-first-indian-film-with-over-10-crore-footfalls/story-EdFN8PUyaTeaWW5I8PuwiJ.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107012539/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/baahubali-2-is-the-first-indian-film-with-over-10-crore-footfalls/story-EdFN8PUyaTeaWW5I8PuwiJ.html |archive-date=7 November 2017 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> [[Box Office India]] notes that the estimated footfalls of ''[[Mother India]]'' (1957), ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' (1960) and ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975) could be more than that of ''Baahubali 2''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2017 |title=Bahubali 2 Is The Biggest Hindi Blockbuster This Century |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2988 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171211160648/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2988 |archive-date=11 December 2017 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>

=== Complications ===
The morning shows of ''Baahubali 2'' in several cinema theatres across Tamil Nadu were halted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2017 |title=Here's Why Baahubali 2's release got delayed in Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/here-why-baahubali-2-release-got-delayed-tamil-nadu-61120 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527100508/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/here-why-baahubali-2-release-got-delayed-tamil-nadu-61120 |archive-date=27 May 2017 |access-date=2 June 2017 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> Arka Media Works had to intervene to resolve the financial issues and had to bear the full cost for the smooth release of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2017 |title=Baahubali 2: Prabhas-starrer to release in Tamil Nadu as producers resolve financial issues |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/baahubali-2-prabhas-starrer-to-release-in-tamil-nadu-as-producers-resolve-financial-issues-4627976/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501212708/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/baahubali-2-prabhas-starrer-to-release-in-tamil-nadu-as-producers-resolve-financial-issues-4627976/lite/ |archive-date=1 May 2017 |access-date=2 June 2017 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Scenes from ''Baahubali 2'' were released online 2 days before the film's release.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Baahubali 2' leaked? Scenes of movie go viral {{!}} baahubali 2 {{!}} baahubali {{!}} leak {{!}} online {{!}} piracy {{!}} screening {{!}} censor board |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2017/04/26/baahubali-2-movie-scenes-leak-clipping-viral.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721075727/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2017/04/26/baahubali-2-movie-scenes-leak-clipping-viral.html |archive-date=21 July 2017 |access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref> Activists in Karnataka threatened to stall the film's release in their state due to a statement made by Sathyaraj concerning the Cauvery river, unless the actor apologized. Sathyaraj later apologized for hurting the sentiments of the activists.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sathyaraj apologises; but warns filmmakers! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sathyaraj-apologises-but-warns-filmmakers/articleshow/58294979.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821185700/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sathyaraj-apologises-but-warns-filmmakers/articleshow/58294979.cms |archive-date=21 August 2017 |access-date=21 December 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The entertainment tax to be paid on each ticket was not paid, due to the sale of unaccounted tickets.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bahubali dents entertainment tax revenue? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Bahubali-dents-entertainment-tax-revenue/articleshow/48165971.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729165018/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Movies/News/Bahubali-dents-entertainment-tax-revenue/articleshow/48165971.cms |archive-date=29 July 2015 |access-date=21 December 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|88|7.6|26|ref=yes|access-date=26 July 2024}}

=== India ===
Rachit Gupta from ''[[Filmfare]]'' gave the film a rating of 4.5/5, stating, "SS Rajamouli's much-awaited sequel is the kind of movie Indian cinema should make regularly. Its the kind of sweeping magnum opus that Indian mythos and culture deserve. Its the biggest film we have ever made and barring a few minor glitches in CGI, this film is possibly the greatest spectacle you'll see on a big screen, in your life".<ref name="Filmf">{{Cite web |last=Rachit Gupta |date=28 April 2017 |title=Movie Review: Baahubali 2: The Conclusion |url=http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-baahubali-2-the-conclusion-20290.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509101345/http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-baahubali-2-the-conclusion-20290.html |archive-date=9 May 2017 |access-date=12 May 2017 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo from ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated, "For the most part, ''The Conclusion'' doesn't let us take our eyes off the screen. Its designed to be a cinematic celebration, one that deserves to be watched on the largest screen possible".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sangeetha Devi Dundoo |date=28 April 2017 |title=Baahubali 2: a befitting conclusion |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/baahubali-review-a-befitting-conclusion/article18268254.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605091735/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/baahubali-review-a-befitting-conclusion/article18268254.ece |archive-date=5 June 2020 |access-date=9 May 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Anupama Subramanian of the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave the film a 3.5/5, praising the acting of the stars while complaining about "the lack of a solid plot' and called the ending "predictable".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=28 April 2017 |title=Baahubali 2 movie review: Prabhas steals the show with his awe-inspiring persona |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/280417/baahubali-2-movie-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504190025/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/280417/baahubali-2-movie-review.html |archive-date=4 May 2017 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

Vishnuprasad Pillai of ''[[Asianet News]]'' gave a negative review, writing that the film "offers nothing new... The writing from KV Vijayendra Prasad fails inspire or to do justice to an epic of such scale," adding that "the dialogues at times are downright corny and plot developments cringe-worthy".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sound and fury: Why Baahubali 2 was a disappointment |url=http://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-review-prabhas-rajamouli-rana-star-rating |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126183735/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-review-prabhas-rajamouli-rana-star-rating |archive-date=26 November 2020 |access-date=23 December 2017 |publisher=Asianet Newsable}}</ref> Dipanjan Sinha of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the film a rating of 3/5 stars, praising the film's cinematography and special effects, but found faults with some of the female characters. Sinha stated, "Devasena ... starts off as an ace warrior only to be tamed into someone who has to be protected".<ref name="HT B2 review">{{Cite web |date=28 April 2017 |title=Baahubali 2 – The Conclusion movie review: Fantastic visuals power Rajamouli's film |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-movie-review-prabhas-anushka-shetty-impress-in-ss-rajamouli-s-film/story-FQ6O18Syd5uGcABCIUjf9L.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428075938/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-movie-review-prabhas-anushka-shetty-impress-in-ss-rajamouli-s-film/story-FQ6O18Syd5uGcABCIUjf9L.html |archive-date=28 April 2017 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 2/5 stars, noting problems with pacing and sound, writing, "The background music is relentless, and the pitch at which the declamatory dialogues are delivered is deafening: there were times I felt like closing my ears".<ref name="IE B2 review">{{Cite web |date=28 April 2017 |title=Baahubali 2 movie review: Only if Kattappa had killed Baahubali earlier |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/baahubali-2-movie-review-ss-rajamouli-prabhas-rana-daggubati-star-rating-4630710/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428153121/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/baahubali-2-movie-review-ss-rajamouli-prabhas-rana-daggubati-star-rating-4630710/ |archive-date=28 April 2017 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Taran Adarsh of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rates the film 4.5 out of 5 and praises the performance of the cast, writing, "Its a feast for moviegoers and has the trappings to make all generations its fan".<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2017 |title=Baahubali 2: The Conclusion Review by Taran Adarsh |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bahubali-theconclusion/critic-review/bahubali-theconclusion-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428235519/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bahubali-theconclusion/critic-review/ |archive-date=28 April 2017 |access-date=3 July 2017 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

Meena Iyer from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated it 4/5, writing: "Just savor it. It is a visual extravaganza that India must feast on ... Prabhas is terrific as father and son. Of course, it is CGI and VFX that grab you in your seat".<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2017 |title=Baahubali 2 Review {4/5}: Don't judge Bahubali. Just savor it. It is a visual extravaganza that India must feast on |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/baahubali-2-the-conclusion/movie-review/58400767.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429001251/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/baahubali-2-the-conclusion/movie-review/58400767.cms |archive-date=29 April 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Hemanth Kumar from ''[[Firstpost]]'' called it "Rajamouli's epic drama" and rated it 4/5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2017 |title=Baahubali 2 Movie Review: SS Rajamouli's epic drama will be hard to forget anytime soon |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-movie-review-ss-rajamouli-bahubali-2-is-unforgettable-3409542.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428093328/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-movie-review-ss-rajamouli-bahubali-2-is-unforgettable-3409542.html |archive-date=28 April 2017 |website=Firstpost.com}}</ref> Sukanya Verma from [[Rediff.com|''Rediff'']] rated the film 3.5/5, writing the film, "continues its tradition of grandiloquence and magnitude... high drama, more than spectacle, is what lends its riveting tale of revenge and glory all its wallop and wizardry".<ref name="redf">{{Cite web |last=Sukanya Verma |date=28 April 2017 |title=Review: Baahubali continues its love for grandiloquence and magnitude |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-baahubali-continues-its-love-for-grandiloquence-and-magnitude/20170428.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509085712/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-baahubali-continues-its-love-for-grandiloquence-and-magnitude/20170428.htm |archive-date=9 May 2017 |access-date=12 May 2017 |website=[[Rediff]]}}</ref> She also praised the film's cast and director stating, "Equipped with a cast that's not only in tune with Rajamouli's vision but knows exactly where to hold back and when to give their all adds to Baahubali's might".<ref name="redf" /> Sudhir Suryawanshi of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "''Baahubali 2: The Conclusion'' is deserving of high praise if only for the visceral experience it is".<ref name="N">{{Cite web |last=Suryawanshi |first=Sudhir |date=28 April 2017 |title='Baahubali 2' Review: A glorious spectacle well worth the wait |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/Apr/28/baahubali-2-review-a-glorious-spectacle-well-worth-the-wait-1598795.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017135542/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/apr/28/baahubali-2-review-a-glorious-spectacle-well-worth-the-wait-1598795.html |archive-date=17 October 2023 |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |quote=You hear “Azhaithu vaarungal”, but you see the mouth say, “Theesko randi” ({{Translation|Bring it and come}}). You hear “Naan”, but see the mouth say, “Nenu” ({{Translation|Me}}).}}</ref>

=== International ===
It was further featured in Rotten Tomatoes' list of Best Off the Radar Films of 2017, in which Tim Ryan writes, "''Baahubali 2: The Conclusion'' plays like a shotgun wedding between ''Ben Hur'' and ''Kung Fu Hustle'', seasoned with bits of Shakespeare, Kurosawa, and Buster Keaton," opining, "it's a blockbuster that's both gigantic and lighter than air".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Movies Off the Radar 2017 |url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/best-movies-off-the-radar-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102212411/https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/best-movies-off-the-radar-2017/ |archive-date=2 January 2018 |access-date=5 January 2018}}</ref> Mike McCahill of [[The Guardian]] gave a 4/5 rating and called it "a jaw-dropping blockbuster that combines nimble action with genuine heart". He also stated, "This production's triumph is the room it's granted Rajamouli to head into the fields and dream up endlessly expressive ways to frame bodies in motion. Of the many sequences here primed to cut through jadedness, perhaps the most wondrous is that which finds Baahu guiding Deva mid-battle to shoot three arrows simultaneously – a set piece that speaks both to a love of action, and love in action. The budget's big, the muscle considerable, but they're nothing compared with ''Baahubali''{{'}}s heart".<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2017 |title=Baahubali 2: The Conclusion review – joyous action epic soars |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/apr/28/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-review-anushka-shetty-subba-raju |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504033149/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/apr/28/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-review-anushka-shetty-subba-raju |archive-date=4 May 2017 |website=The Guardian}}</ref>

Manjusha Radhakrishnan of ''[[Gulf News]]'' rates the film 3.5 out of 5 and writes, "This is a sweeping visual spectacle filled with epic battle scenes, clashes between warring troops from Indian mythology and elephants on a rampage," but further added, "There were times in the second half where you felt the computer-generated graphics took over the story. But all this is new and exotic for Indian cinema".<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2017 |title=Baahubali 2: Here's our hot-off-the-screen review |url=http://gulfnews.com/leisure/movies/baahubali-2-here-s-our-hot-off-the-screen-review-1.2018485 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704220908/http://gulfnews.com/leisure/movies/baahubali-2-here-s-our-hot-off-the-screen-review-1.2018485 |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=23 December 2017 |website=Gulf News}}</ref> Shilpa Jamkhandikar of ''[[Reuters]]'' writes, "It may not up the ante from the last film, but it doesn't let up on the pace either. For an Indian film, that is no mean feat".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jamkhandikar |first=Shilpa |date=28 April 2017 |title=Movie Review – Baahubali 2: The Conclusion |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/movie-review-baahubali-conclusion/movie-review-baahubali-2-the-conclusion-idUSKBN17U18P |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527014908/https://www.reuters.com/article/movie-review-baahubali-conclusion/movie-review-baahubali-2-the-conclusion-idUSKBN17U18P |archive-date=27 May 2018 |access-date=25 December 2017 |work=Reuters}}</ref> J Hurtado of ''[[Screen Anarchy]]'' writes, "It's a bit daunting because it does begin in media res immediately following the complex actions of the first film, but astute viewers will put together the pieces soon enough".<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2017 |title=Review: SS Rajamouli's BAAHUBALI 2: THE CONCLUSION Shows A Director on the Verge of International Stardom |url=http://screenanarchy.com/2017/04/review-baahubali-2-the-conclusion.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211051850/http://screenanarchy.com/2017/04/review-baahubali-2-the-conclusion.html |archive-date=11 December 2017 |access-date=25 December 2017}}</ref>

Simon Abrams of [[RogerEbert.com]] gave the film a 4/4 rating and writes the film "is everything I want but rarely get from superhero and big-budget fantasy movie" adding "the fight scenes... are so creative that they make even the most frequently abused creative shortcuts seem novel, everything from computer-generated imagery (CGI) to speed-ramping... You care what happens to the cast as they, aided by wires, hurl volleys of arrows at disposable minions and CGI animals".<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2017 |title=Baahubali 2: The Conclusion Movie Review (2017) |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505153916/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-2017 |archive-date=5 May 2017 |website=Roger Ebert}}</ref> Anita Iyer from ''[[Khaleej Times]]'' rates the film 3.5 out of 5 and writes, "What stands out in the film is the powerful star cast. Enough has been said already about the acting prowess of Prabhas but he has an equally supportive cast to hold the film. Ramya Krishna as Sivagami, is known for her impressive acting talent and proves her mettle here. Another veteran, Sathyaraj as Katappa excels and you develop a camaraderie with him. Rana Daggubati is aptly spiteful in his portrayal of the villain... Nassar, as his father, is busy spewing venom but his role could have been meatier".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iyer |first=Anita |title=Bahubali 2: An epic end to the blockbuster |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/movie-reviews/bahubali-2--a-must-watch-blockbuster |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606050702/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/movie-reviews/bahubali-2--a-must-watch-blockbuster |archive-date=6 June 2017 |access-date=24 December 2017 |website=Khaleej Times}}</ref>

== Box office ==
''Baahubali 2'' grossed ₹2.17 billion on its opening day and ₹5.10 billion in its opening weekend worldwide.<ref name="weekend" /> It became the highest-grossing Indian film worldwide with a gross of ₹7.92 billion in six days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2017 |title='Baahubali 2: The Conclusion' worldwide box office collection Day 6: Film creates history by amassing Rs 792 crore |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-6-film-creates-history-by-amassing-rs-792-crore/articleshow/58512266.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504220821/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-6-film-creates-history-by-amassing-rs-792-crore/articleshow/58512266.cms |archive-date=4 May 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="r1">{{Cite web |date=5 May 2017 |title=The Worldwide Crown To Bahubali 2 Also |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2904 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815002833/http://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2904 |archive-date=15 August 2017 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref> The film was the first Indian film to enter the [[1000 Crore Club]], grossing over ₹10 billion in all languages in India,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Steinberg |first=Don |date=8 May 2017 |title=How an Indian Superhero Film Beat Hollywood Competitors |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-an-indian-superhero-film-beat-hollywood-competitors-at-the-box-office-1494260710 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509080604/https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-an-indian-superhero-film-beat-hollywood-competitors-at-the-box-office-1494260710 |archive-date=9 May 2017 |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2017 |title=Baahubali 2's Rs 1000 crore collection: How SS Rajamouli's film achieved its box office numbers |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2s-rs-1000-crore-collections-how-ss-rajamoulis-film-achieved-its-box-office-numbers-3430298.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517111904/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2s-rs-1000-crore-collections-how-ss-rajamoulis-film-achieved-its-box-office-numbers-3430298.html |archive-date=17 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=30 April 2017 |title=Baahubali 2 Creates History, Becomes First Indian Movie Ever To Collect Rs 1,000 Crore |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/baahubali-2-creates-history-becomes-first-indian-movie-ever-to-collect-rs-1000-crore-1690506 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520065536/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/baahubali-2-creates-history-becomes-first-indian-movie-ever-to-collect-rs-1000-crore-1690506 |archive-date=20 May 2017 |website=Ndtv.com}}</ref> and it further grossed over ₹12.5 billion in all languages by the end of two weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2017 |title=Baahubali 2 box office collection Day 14: SS Rajamouli film creates Rs 400 crore club in Bollywood |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/baahubali-2-box-office-collection-day-14-it-is-the-first-hindi-film-to-earn-rs-400-crore-4652097/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512072731/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/baahubali-2-box-office-collection-day-14-it-is-the-first-hindi-film-to-earn-rs-400-crore-4652097/ |archive-date=12 May 2017}}</ref> The film grossed over ₹1,429.83 crore in India and over ₹380.77 crore overseas, for a total estimated worldwide gross of ₹1,810.60 during its theatrical run.{{efn|name="bb2"|1,810.60 crore (''[[Bollywood Hungama]]''<ref name="boc2">{{Cite web |date=30 January 2023 |title=Bahubali 2 To Sarkaru Vaari Paata, 10 Highest-Grossing Telugu Movies |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bahubali-2-to-sarkaru-vaari-paata-10-highest-grossing-telugu-movies-6952471.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201001836/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bahubali-2-to-sarkaru-vaari-paata-10-highest-grossing-telugu-movies-6952471.html |archive-date=1 February 2023 |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=News18}}</ref> and ''[[Box Office India]]''<ref name="boc1">{{Cite news |date=2 November 2018 |title=Top Worldwide Figures – All Formats And Hindi |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4396 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091327/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4396 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=9 November 2018 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>)}}

{|class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:45%; text-align:center;"
|-
! Territories
! Gross revenue
|-
| United States
| {{USD|20,186,659}}<ref name="mojo">{{Cite web |date=11 February 2018 |title=Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (2017) – International Box Office Results |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=baahubali2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720233522/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=baahubali2.htm |archive-date=20 July 2018 |access-date=18 February 2020 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |language=en}}</ref> ({{INR|129.76 crore}}{{efn|name="erd17"|Calculated using an approximate average exchange rate of 65.11 INR per USD in 2017<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2017 |title=Yearly Average Rate |url=https://www.ofx.com/en-gb/forex-news/historical-exchange-rates/yearly-average-rates/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713183556/https://www.ofx.com/en-gb/forex-news/historical-exchange-rates/yearly-average-rates/ |archive-date=13 July 2017 |access-date=4 May 2018 |website=[[OFX (company)|OFX]]}}</ref>}})
|-
|Canada
|
|-
| [[Gulf Cooperation Council|Arab Gulf States (GCC)]]
| {{USD|11,101,366}}<ref name="gcc" /> ({{INR|72.28 crore}}{{efn|name="erd17"}})
|-
|United Kingdom
|$971,117<ref name="numbers">{{Cite web |title=Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (2017) - Financial Information |url=https://m.the-numbers.com/movie/Baahubali-2-The-Conclusion-(India)#tab=international |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=The Numbers}}</ref>
|-
|Spain
|$45,022<ref name="numbers" />
|-
|Australia
|$2,688,319<ref name="numbers" />
|-
|New Zealand
|
|-
| [[List of highest-grossing films in China|China]]
| {{USD|11,951,545}}<ref name="mojo" /> ({{INR|80.15 crore}}{{efn|name="erd18"|Calculated using an approximate average exchange rate of 67.06 INR per USD in 2018<ref>{{Cite web |last=PELE |first=Laurent |title=Historical exchange rates from 1953 with graph and charts |url=http://fxtop.com/en/historical-exchange-rates.php?A=1&C1=USD&C2=INR&YA=1&DD1=04&MM1=05&YYYY1=2018&B=1&P=&I=1&DD2=04&MM2=06&YYYY2=2018&btnOK=Go! |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718203048/http://fxtop.com/en/historical-exchange-rates.php?A=1&C1=USD&C2=INR&YA=1&DD1=04&MM1=05&YYYY1=2018&B=1&P=&I=1&DD2=04&MM2=06&YYYY2=2018&btnOK=Go! |archive-date=18 July 2018 |access-date=14 August 2018 |website=fxtop.com}}</ref>}})
|-
| Japan
| {{JPY|250 million|link=yes}}<ref name="japan" /> ({{INR|15 crore}}{{efn|name="ery"|Calculated using an approximate average exchange rate of .6 INR per JPY in 2018}})
|-
| Russia
| {{RUB|5,218,946|link=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia – CIS Box Office, February 8–11, 2018 |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/cis/?yr=2018&wk=6&currency=local |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111062948/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/by-year/2018/?area=XR2 |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=4 May 2018 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |language=en}}</ref> ({{INR|62.63 lakh}}{{efn|name="ery2"|Calculated using an approximate average exchange rate of 2.2 INR per RUB in 2018}})
|-
|Rest of the world
|
|-
! [[List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets|Overseas]]
! {{INR|380.77 crore}}<ref name="boi-formats" />
|-
![[List of highest-grossing films in India|India]]
!{{INR|1,429.83 crore}}<ref name="boi-formats">{{Cite web |title=Top Grossers All Formats Worldwide Gross |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/all_format_worldwide_gross.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109234559/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/all_format_worldwide_gross.php |archive-date=9 November 2018 |access-date=8 November 2018 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
|-
! [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|Worldwide]]
! {{INR|1,810.60 crore}}{{efn|name="bb2"}}
|}

=== Domestic ===
''Baahubali 2'' grossed ₹152 crore in India on its first day of release. Within three days, the film grossed ₹382 crore, setting the record for the highest opening weekend gross in India.<ref name="weekend">{{Cite web |date=2 May 2017 |title=Baahubali 2 box-office collection day 5: Prabhas-Rana's film crosses Rs 500 crore |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-box-office-collection-day-5-974668-2017-05-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721193543/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-box-office-collection-day-5-974668-2017-05-02 |archive-date=21 July 2018 |access-date=21 July 2018 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> In five days, it became the highest-grossing film in India with a total gross of ₹558 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2017 |title='Baahubali 2: The Conclusion' box-office collection Day 5: Film becomes highest ever domestic grosser |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-box-office-collection-day-5-film-becomes-highest-ever-domestic-grosser/articleshow/58496603.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503225601/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-box-office-collection-day-5-film-becomes-highest-ever-domestic-grosser/articleshow/58496603.cms |archive-date=3 May 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film crossed the ₹1000 crore net mark in India across all languages within 30 days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bahubali 2 - 1000 Cr NETT In 30 Days |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2961 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222173113/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2961 |archive-date=22 December 2018 |access-date=22 December 2018 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>

Regionally, ''Baahubali 2'' grossed ₹327.9 crore in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, ₹152.6 crore in Tamil Nadu, ₹129 crore in Karnataka, and ₹75 crore in Kerala. In the rest of India, it grossed approximately ₹732 crore, bringing the film's total gross in India to ₹1417 crore, the highest for any film in the country.<ref name="2.0six">{{Cite web |title=2.0 All India Day Six Business |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4494 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230710/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4494 |archive-date=20 December 2018 |access-date=5 December 2018 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>

=== Overseas ===
''Baahubali 2'' grossed ₹65 crore overseas on the first day of its release, the highest opening for an Indian film, surpassing ''[[Kabali]]''. In 3 days, the film collected ₹128 crore from the overseas market, with ₹67.05 crore coming from the US alone, setting a record for 3-day collections.<ref name="weekend" /> The film grossed $79.35 million during the opening weekend, ranking third on the global box office list, and earned $10.43 million in the United States alone, the highest-ever opening for an Indian film in the US.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2017 |title=Bahubali 2: Third Place at Global BoxOffice with $81 Million Debut |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/asia/india-baahubali-2-third-place-at-global-box-office-81-million-debut-1202404515/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807151330/http://variety.com/2017/film/asia/india-baahubali-2-third-place-at-global-box-office-81-million-debut-1202404515/ |archive-date=7 August 2017 |access-date=22 December 2017 |website=Variety}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Baahubali 2 debuts at third position at American box office, earns $10.1 million |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/010517/baahubali-2-debuts-at-third-position-at-american-box-office-earns-101-million.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501223537/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/010517/baahubali-2-debuts-at-third-position-at-american-box-office-earns-101-million.html |archive-date=1 May 2017 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> On 3 May 2017, Baahubali 2 became the highest-grossing Indian film at the US box office with $12.5 million, surpassing ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]''{{'}}s gross of $12.3 million.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 May 2017 |title=Bahubali 2 Crushes Dangal In Six Days In USA |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2905 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511032530/http://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2905 |archive-date=11 May 2017 |work=Box Office India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 April 2017 |title=$12.6 million and counting: Baahubali 2 beats Dangal at the US box-office |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/12-6-million-and-counting-baahubali-2-beats-dangal-at-the-us-box-office-117050400275_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504103146/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/12-6-million-and-counting-baahubali-2-beats-dangal-at-the-us-box-office-117050400275_1.html |archive-date=4 May 2017 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> The film had grossed US$20 million in the United States.<ref name="mojo" />

''Baahubali 2'' became the first Indian film to exceed $11.1 million in takings in the Middle East-GCC-Gulf region, surpassing ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]''.<ref name="gcc">{{Cite web |title=Bahubali 2 – First Film To Cross 10 Million In UAE |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2933 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520205413/http://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2933 |archive-date=20 May 2017}}</ref> In China, it made a number-three debut at the box office (behind domestic [[Cinema of China|Chinese films]] ''[[Us and Them (film)|Us and Them]]'' and ''A or B'') with an opening-day gross of $2.41 million,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily Box Office > China (05/04/2018) |url=http://english.entgroup.cn/boxoffice/cn/daily/?date=05%20/04%20/2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016023545/http://english.entgroup.cn/boxoffice/cn/daily/?date=05%20/04%20/2018 |archive-date=16 October 2021 |access-date=5 May 2018 |website=EntGroup}}</ref> surpassing the lifetime gross of ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' ($1.8 million).<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2018 |title=Baahubali 2 surpasses Baahubali's lifetime China collection on first day itself |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/baahubali-2-surpasses-baahubali-s-lifetime-china-collection-on-first-day-itself/story-vGfVpdkeM4ep2NalFT2gGO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504222723/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/baahubali-2-surpasses-baahubali-s-lifetime-china-collection-on-first-day-itself/story-vGfVpdkeM4ep2NalFT2gGO.html |archive-date=4 May 2018 |access-date=5 May 2018 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> The film grossed $7.67 million in its opening weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily box office > China (05/06/2018) |url=http://english.entgroup.cn/boxoffice/cn/daily/?date=05%20/06%20/2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016024231/http://english.entgroup.cn/boxoffice/cn/daily/?date=05%20/06%20/2018 |archive-date=16 October 2021 |access-date=7 May 2018 |website=EntGroup}}</ref> In Japan, the film grossed $1.3 million by April 2018, ranking as the third highest-grossing Indian film in the country, behind [[Rajinikanth]]{{'}}s Tamil film ''[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]'' (1995) and [[Aamir Khan]]{{'}}s Hindi film ''[[3 Idiots]]'' (2009).<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2018 |title=Baahubali 2: The Conclusion completes 100 days in Japan, becomes third highest grosser in the country |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-completes-100-days-in-japan-becomes-third-highest-grosser-in-the-country-4428335.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427190729/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-completes-100-days-in-japan-becomes-third-highest-grosser-in-the-country-4428335.html |archive-date=27 April 2018 |access-date=4 May 2018 |publisher=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> By May 2018, the film had earned ¥150 million, and its total gross reached ¥250 million by September 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 May 2018 |title=アニメ版も発売…インド映画『バーフバリ』、なぜヒットした？買い付け担当者に聞く |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.jp/2018/05/30/baahubali-twin_a_23446544/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601103932/https://www.huffingtonpost.jp/2018/05/30/baahubali-twin_a_23446544/ |archive-date=1 June 2018 |access-date=12 July 2018 |work=[[HuffPost]] |language=ja-JP}}</ref><ref name="japan">{{Cite news |date=7 September 2018 |title=『バーフバリ』ヴォーカル＆サントラCDのアニメイト特典絵柄公開 |url=https://www.animatetimes.com/news/details.php?id=1536294159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907110352/https://www.animatetimes.com/news/details.php?id=1536294159 |archive-date=7 September 2018 |access-date=27 December 2018 |work=[[:ja:アニメイトタイムズ|Animate Times]] |language=ja}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{{Main|List of accolades received by Baahubali 2: The Conclusion}}

''Baahubali 2'' won the Telstra People's Choice Award at the [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]], sharing the prize with ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]''. [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] and K.V. Vijayendra Prasad won the Global Indian Impact Icon Award for ''Baahubali 2'' at NRI of the Year Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2017 |title=Tamannaah Bhatia talks about 'Baahubali 2' felicitated at NRI Of The Year Awards 2017! |url=http://www.timesnownews.com/zoom/bollywood-news/videos/video/tamannaah-bhatia-talks-about-baahubali-2-felicitated-at-nri-of-the-year-awards-2017/35953 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111062950/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/video/tamannaah-bhatia-talks-about-baahubali-2-felicitated-at-nri-of-the-year-awards/165477 |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=2 December 2017 |website=zoomtv.com}}</ref> The [[CNN-News18 Indian of the Year|CNN-IBN Indian of the Year]] Awards (2017) for Outstanding Achievement in Entertainment was given to Team Baahubali.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2017 |title=Virat Kohli named CNN-NEWS18 Indian of the Year; says, 'Would love for cricket to be Olympic sport' LIVE News, Latest Updates, Live blog, Highlights and Live coverage – Firstpost |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/cnn-news18-indian-of-the-year-live-team-baahubali-pv-sindhu-activist-afroze-shah-among-nominees-4235653.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040045/http://www.firstpost.com/india/cnn-news18-indian-of-the-year-live-team-baahubali-pv-sindhu-activist-afroze-shah-among-nominees-4235653.html |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref> Prabhas, Shetty, Keeravani, Rajamouli were nominated for Favorite Hero Of The Year, Favorite Heroine of the Year, Favorite Music Director and Favourite Director respectively, while [[Saahore Baahubali]] and the film were nominated for Favourite Song and Favourite Film at the [[Zee Telugu]] Golden Awards. ''Baahubali 2'' won the [[Saturn Award for Best International Film]] at the [[44th Saturn Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=15 March 2018 |title='Black Panther,' 'Walking Dead' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/saturn-awards-nominations-2018-black-panther-walking-dead-1202727752/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316023438/http://variety.com/2018/film/news/saturn-awards-nominations-2018-black-panther-walking-dead-1202727752/ |archive-date=16 March 2018 |access-date=15 March 2018 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> At the [[65th National Film Awards]], it won in three categories: Best Stunt Choreography, [[National Film Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]] and [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2018 |title=National Film Awards 2018 sees Baahubali 2 bagging three trophies |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/baahubali-2-wins-three-national-awards-1211272-2018-04-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014130157/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/baahubali-2-wins-three-national-awards-1211272-2018-04-13 |archive-date=14 October 2018 |access-date=13 April 2018 |website=India Today}}</ref> ''Baahubali 2'' also received nominations in every category (except [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]]) at the [[65th Filmfare Awards South]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830181056/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652.html |archive-date=30 August 2020 |access-date=9 August 2023 |website=filmfare.com}}</ref> It also won in all categories, except for Best Actor, Best Actress and Best Playback Singer – Female. It got two nominations at the [[10th Mirchi Music Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations – Mirchi Music Awards 2017 |url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325084119/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/ |archive-date=25 March 2019 |access-date=13 March 2018 |website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards}}</ref>

== Legacy and impact ==
[[File:IMG-20200607-WA0000.jpg|thumb|[[Bhallaladeva]] statue in [[Ramoji Film City]] for tourism]]

''Baahubali 2'' along with [[Baahubali: The Beginning|its predecessor]] is widely regarded as one of the most influential films in [[Indian Cinema]].<ref name="auto3" /><ref name="auto" /> It made a lasting impact on Indian [[filmmaking|filmmaking process]]. The success of ''Baahubali '' cleared the way for more grand-scale preparations and has set modern measures for narrating, visual impacts, cinematic aspiration, humongous [[budget]], high-end [[action film|action sequences]], a massive [[canvas]] and [[film franchise]] phenomenon in Indian movies.<ref name="auto2" /><ref name="auto1" /><ref name=":1" /> The film inspired directors like [[Prashant Neel]] and [[Ayan Mukerji]] for making big budget action films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2022 |title=Rajamouli is an inspiration for all of us: Prashanth Neel |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2022/apr/13/rajamouli-isan-inspiration-for-all-of-us-prashanth-neel-2441303.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705190801/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2022/apr/13/rajamouli-isan-inspiration-for-all-of-us-prashanth-neel-2441303.html |archive-date=5 July 2022 |access-date=4 July 2022 |website=The New Indian Express |quote=With his films, he brought immense recognition to [[Cinema of South India|South cinema]] and he is a big source of inspiration to all of us.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nivedita |date=8 September 2022 |title=SS Rajamouli, James Cameron Were Ayan Mukerji's Ideals For Making Brahmastra |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ss-rajamouli-james-cameron-were-ayan-mukerjis-ideals-for-making-brahmastra/e12d657115717 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012181742/https://www.ottplay.com/news/ss-rajamouli-james-cameron-were-ayan-mukerjis-ideals-for-making-brahmastra/e12d657115717 |archive-date=12 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref>

The duology of ''Baahubali franchise'' started a new film movement, [[pan-Indian film]], that is, rather than remaking the same film in various languages, they are dubbing the same film in various languages.<ref name="indianexpress.com" /> Srivatsan S of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that Telugu cinema has excelled in marketing Pan-Indian films. It primarily employed two strategies – promoting the film outside their home territory and collaborating with other regional stars for more visibility.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=7 January 2022 |title=The 'pan-Indian' strategy of Telugu cinema |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-pan-indian-strategy-of-telugu-cinema/article38163523.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110140529/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-pan-indian-strategy-of-telugu-cinema/article38163523.ece |archive-date=10 January 2022 |access-date=10 January 2022 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

The film received appreciation from members of the Indian film industry. [[Rajinikanth]] praised ''Baahubali 2'', calling Rajamouli "god's own child" and equating the film to "Indian cinema's pride". [[Chiranjeevi]] praised the film and stated that Rajamouli "deserved all accolades" for making the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2017 |title=Chiranjeevi on Baahubali 2: SS Rajamouli deserves all accolades |url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/chiranjeevi-on-baahubali-2-rajamouli-prabhas-rana-anushka/1/942174.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906200721/http://m.indiatoday.in/story/chiranjeevi-on-baahubali-2-rajamouli-prabhas-rana-anushka/1/942174.html |archive-date=6 September 2017 |access-date=15 December 2017 |website=India Today}}</ref> [[Mahesh Bhatt]] called it "a game changer" that "redefines everything you thought you knew and understood about Indian movies".<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2017 |title=Baahubali 2 Is a Game Changer For Indian Cinema: Mahesh Bhatt |url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/baahubali-2-is-a-game-changer-for-indian-cinema-mahesh-bhatt-1387571.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609024255/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/baahubali-2-is-a-game-changer-for-indian-cinema-mahesh-bhatt-1387571.html |archive-date=9 June 2017 |access-date=15 December 2017 |website=News18}}</ref> His daughter [[Alia Bhatt]] called the film a "rock buster".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Alia Bhatt calls Baahubali 2: The Conclusion a "rockbuster" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-times-when-the-s-s-rajamouli-epic-made-headlines/alia-bhatt-calls-baahubali-2-the-conclusion-a-rock-buster/photostory/58730865.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613190143/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Baahubali-2-The-Conclusion-Times-when-the-S-S-Rajamouli-epic-made-headlines/Alia-Bhatt-calls-Baahubali-2-The-Conclusion-a-rock-buster/photostory/58730865.cms |archive-date=13 June 2017 |access-date=15 December 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Mahesh Babu]] stated the film "exceed expectations," while [[Shekhar Kapur]] congratulated Rajamouli.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2017 |title=Baahubali 2: Shekhar Kapur, Mahesh Babu laud SS Rajamouli's film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/baahubali-2-shekhar-kapur-mahesh-babu-laud-rajamouli-film-974247-2017-04-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505202543/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/baahubali-2-shekhar-kapur-mahesh-babu-laud-rajamouli-film/1/941460.html |archive-date=5 May 2017 |access-date=15 December 2017 |website=India Today}}</ref> [[Shah Rukh Khan]], despite not watching the film, praised it and said, "But if you want to create that big cinema and that big dream to sell to a big number of people, you have to have guts to take that storytelling on and say it in the biggest, nicest, boldest way possible. ''Baahubali'' stands for that".<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2017 |title=Shah Rukh Khan on Baahubali 2's success: There is no glory without guts, Baahubali stands for vision and risk |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-on-baahubali-2-success-there-is-no-glory-without-guts-baahubali-stands-for-vision-and-risk-4658328/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609041306/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-on-baahubali-2-success-there-is-no-glory-without-guts-baahubali-stands-for-vision-and-risk-4658328/ |archive-date=9 June 2017 |access-date=15 December 2017 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

Prasad had confirmed that a third cinematic part will not occur in the franchise.<ref name="legacy1">{{Cite web |date=7 May 2017 |title=Confirmed: Baahubali 3 will not happen, says KV Vijayendra Prasad |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/baahubali-3-ss-rajamouli-vijayendra-prasad-prabhas-rana-975731-2017-05-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521161941/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/baahubali-3-ss-rajamouli-vijayendra-prasad-prabhas-rana/1/947989.html |archive-date=21 May 2017 |access-date=15 December 2017 |website=India Today}}</ref> However, Yarlagadda said, "We have an animated series that is premiering on Amazon. Then we have graphic and regular novels that will tell us the backstory of the Mahishmati kingdom. We want to make the story of Sivagami – how she became a power centre into a TV series in a grand way. There is also a virtual reality experience. We have many more plans where fans can engage in the world of ''Bahubali''".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dani |first=Arti |title=Meet the driving force behind Bahubali: The Conclusion |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/20170426/8026/no-title |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629173518/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/20170426/8026/no-title |archive-date=29 June 2017 |access-date=15 December 2017 |website=Khaleej Times}}</ref> This was also confirmed by Prabhas, who said, "We are done with the story of ''Baahubali'', there cannot be a third part. But the world and the legacy of ''Baahubali'' will live on through a comic series and a TV series".<ref name="legacy1" />

''Baahubali 2'' was the most talked about film in India on Twitter in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=B. Pradeep |date=5 December 2017 |title='Mersal', 'Baahubali 2' were talk of Twitter in 2017 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/mersal-baahubali-2-were-talk-of-twitter-in-2017/article21261488.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109024619/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/mersal-baahubali-2-were-talk-of-twitter-in-2017/article21261488.ece |archive-date=9 November 2020 |access-date=21 December 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> On Google, the film was the most searched topic and most searched film in India for the year 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2017 |title=Google's Year in Search 2017: Bahubali 2 was India's top trend |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tech/google-s-year-in-search-2017-bahubali-2-was-india-s-top-trend/story-qnmxy0oiZDnsvaaFMAqjWI.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216012115/http://www.hindustantimes.com/tech/google-s-year-in-search-2017-bahubali-2-was-india-s-top-trend/story-qnmxy0oiZDnsvaaFMAqjWI.html |archive-date=16 December 2017 |access-date=13 December 2017 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Worldwide, it was the 7th most searched film in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2017 |title=Bahubali, 7th most searched film in 2017 |url=http://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/article/baahubali-2-baahubali-the-conclusion-ss-rajamouli-prabhas-anushka-shetty/167134 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215022804/http://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/article/baahubali-2-baahubali-the-conclusion-ss-rajamouli-prabhas-anushka-shetty/167134 |archive-date=15 December 2017 |access-date=14 December 2017 |website=Times Now News}}</ref> The song "[[Saahore Baahubali]]" topped the list of most searched for songs in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2017 |title=Saahore Baahubali becomes the most streamed Indian song of 2017 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/saahore-baahubali-becomes-the-most-streamed-indian-song-of-2017/story-uqZ7UnXzfg37XEVJF3dSWI.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213181354/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/saahore-baahubali-becomes-the-most-streamed-indian-song-of-2017/story-uqZ7UnXzfg37XEVJF3dSWI.html |archive-date=13 December 2017 |access-date=15 December 2017 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Owing to the success of the film, the set of the film at the Ramoji Film City was opened for tourism.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2017 |title=Baahubali fans can now visit Mahishmati as sets of the film are being preserved by Ramoji Film City |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-sets-tourism-ramoji-film-city-4920923/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103130310/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-sets-tourism-ramoji-film-city-4920923/ |archive-date=3 November 2017 |access-date=15 December 2017 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> According to Firstpost, the only phenomenon comparable to the "Baahubali mania" was Rajinikanth fandom.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2017 |title=Baahubali 2 mania has only one comparable phenomenon — Rajinikanth fandom |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-bahubali-2-mania-has-only-one-comparable-phenomenon-rajinikanth-fandom-3411154.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526115227/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-bahubali-2-mania-has-only-one-comparable-phenomenon-rajinikanth-fandom-3411154.html |archive-date=26 May 2017 |access-date=15 December 2017 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> The Wikipedia article on ''Baahubali 2'' became the most read film article on the encyclopedia in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2018 |title='Baahubali 2: The Conclusion' was 2017's most-read movie page worldwide on Wikipedia |url=https://scroll.in/reel/863894/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-was-2017s-most-read-movie-page-worldwide-on-wikipedia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126080800/https://scroll.in/reel/863894/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-was-2017s-most-read-movie-page-worldwide-on-wikipedia |archive-date=26 January 2018 |access-date=14 May 2018 |publisher=Scroll.in}}</ref> The ''Baahubali 2'' trailer was the second most viewed in the year of 2017 on YouTube with more than 29 million views behind the ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]'' trailer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2017 |title=Tiger Zinda Hai, Padmavati and Baahubali are among YouTube most watched trailers of 2017, but Marvel rules them all |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/tiger-zinda-hai-padmavati-and-baahubali-are-among-youtube-most-watched-trailers-of-2017-but-marvel-rules-them-all/story-TAqRUPFG62ttlr3mxXNGQM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111122045/http://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/tiger-zinda-hai-padmavati-and-baahubali-are-among-youtube-most-watched-trailers-of-2017-but-marvel-rules-them-all/story-TAqRUPFG62ttlr3mxXNGQM.html |archive-date=11 January 2018 |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist|30em}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|4849438}}
* {{mojo title|baahubali2|Baahubali 2: The Conclusion}}
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bahubali-theconclusion/ ''Baahubali 2: The Conclusion''] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{Baahubali}}
{{S. S. Rajamouli}}
{{Dharma Productions}}
{{AA Films}}
{{Saturn Award for Best International Film}}
{{National Film Award Wholesome Entertainment}}
{{Filmfare Best Telugu Film}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Film – Telugu}}
{{National Film Award Best Special Effects|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Baahubali (franchise)]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:2017 action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:AA Films films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Fiction about regicide]]
[[Category:Fiction about fratricide]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kannur]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:2017 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in ancient India]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. S. Rajamouli]]
[[Category:Telstra People's Choice Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian IMAX films]]
[[Category:Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Special Effects National Film Award]]
[[Category:2017 masala films]]
[[Category:Films about siblicide]]
[[Category:Indian prequel films]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Stunt Choreography National Film Award–winning choreography]]
[[Category:Interquel films]]
[[Category:Saturn Award–winning films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language action films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

Mohammed Zubair (journalist)

2026-03-26T01:16:19Z

Imteenu: improve article also and corrected details for accuracy

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{short description|Indian journalist and fact-checker}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mohammed Zubair
| image = Zoo bear 2023.jpg
| caption = Zubair in 2023
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|12|29|df=yes}}<ref name="Hindu"/>
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| alma_mater = [[Ramaiah Institute of Technology|MSRIT]]
| title = Co-founder of [[Alt News]]
| occupation = Journalist
| organization = [[Alt News]]
| website =
}}

'''Mohammed Zubair''' (born 1983) is an Indian journalist, fact-checker and the co-founder of [[Alt News]], an Indian non-profit [[fact-checking]] website.

In 2022, Zubair was arrested by [[Delhi Police]] over a 2018 tweet for allegedly "insulting Hindu religious beliefs"<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 July 2022 |title=Mohammed Zubair: Supreme Court grants bail to Indian fact-checker |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62093974 |access-date=30 October 2023}}</ref> and incarcerated for a month.<ref name="BBC 20 July 2022" /> His detention raised further concerns about the state of India's press freedom under [[Narendra Modi]]'s premiership and was widely criticised by journalistic bodies, human rights organisations and the political opposition who allege that the arrest was an act of revenge against his role in Alt News's work of combating disinformation.<ref name="summary" />

==Early life==
Zubair was born into a [[Muslim]] family on 29 December 1983 in [[Bangalore]], the capital of [[Karnataka]], India. He graduated from the [[Ramaiah Institute of Technology|M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology]],<ref name="aljazeera-22jun">{{Cite news |last=Kuchay |first=Bilal |date=22 June 2022 |title=Who is Mohammed Zubair, Indian journalist arrested by Modi gov't? |publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/6/28/who-is-mohammed-zubair-indian-journalist-arrested-by-modi-govt |url-status=live |access-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714233053/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/6/28/who-is-mohammed-zubair-indian-journalist-arrested-by-modi-govt |archive-date=14 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=31 July 2022 |last=Jafri |first=Alishan |url=https://thewire.in/media/mohammad-zubair-interiew-journalism-muslim |url-status=live |access-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220731151321/https://thewire.in/media/mohammad-zubair-interiew-journalism-muslim |archive-date=31 July 2022 |title=Zubair: 'A Muslim Man Asking For Accountability and Working as a Journalist Is Not a Crime' |quote=I pulled up my socks and passed out of school with a decent score and then got into M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, a reputed engineering college. |publisher=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |language=en-IN }}</ref> and spent over ten years working as a software engineer for [[Nokia]].<ref name="Hindu" />

== Journalism career ==

=== Alt News ===
In 2017, Zubair and fellow former software engineer Pratik Sinha founded [[Alt News]],<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite news|last=Langa|first=Mahesh|title=Mohammed Zubair {{!}} The man who chased facts|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mohammed-zubair-the-man-who-chased-facts/article65590897.ece|date=2 July 2022|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 July 2022|archive-date=15 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715023756/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mohammed-zubair-the-man-who-chased-facts/article65590897.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> a non-profit organisation.<ref>{{cite book |title=Digital First: Entrepreneurial Journalism in India |first1=Surbhi |last1=Dahiya |date=2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198879657.003.0008 |chapter=8 Alt News: The Fake News Debunker }}</ref> Zubair only assisted Sinha in running the site for about a year while continuing to work for Nokia. He finally left Nokia in September 2018 to become a full-time employee of Alt News. On 16 December 2019, he was appointed to the board of directors of the Pravda Media Foundation, which operates Alt News.<ref name="aljazeera-22jun" />

=== Targeted by right wing ===
In 2020, Pratik Sinha alleged that Zubair is being targeted by right wing government for his work after a number of [[first information report]]s (FIR) were lodged against him.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Khanum Sherwani|first=Arfa|title=Mohammed Zubair Is Being Targeted for the Work Alt News Does: Pratik Sinha|url=https://thewire.in/media/alt-news-pratik-sinha-zubair-fir|date=8 September 2020|publisher=[[The Wire (India)]]|access-date=24 July 2022|archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917101126/https://thewire.in/media/alt-news-pratik-sinha-zubair-fir|url-status=live}}</ref> On 10 June 2021, Zubair received a notice from Twitter alerting him that Twitter had been approached by Indian law officials regarding a tweet Zubair had tweeted in March 2021, which Indian authorities claimed breached Indian laws.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Alt News co-founder Mohammed Zubair receives Twitter notice for tweet from March|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/alt-news-co-founder-mohammed-zubair-receives-twitter-notice-tweet-march-150524|date=11 June 2021|publisher=[[The News Minute]]|access-date=24 July 2022|archive-date=24 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724022541/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/alt-news-co-founder-mohammed-zubair-receives-twitter-notice-tweet-march-150524|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Nobel Peace Prize ===
{{See also|List of Indian Nobel laureates}}
According to Time magazine, Zubair and his Alt News co-founder, Pratik Sinha, were among the favourites to win the Nobel Peace Prize in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nobel-peace-prize-2022-altnews-cofounders-pratik-sinha-mohammed-zubair-among-favourites/article65974697.ece|title=Nobel Peace Prize 2022 AltNews cofounders Pratik Sinha, Mohammed Zubair among favourites|website=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref>

===2022 Muhammad remarks controversy===
The [[2022 Muhammad remarks controversy]] began on 27 May 2022, when [[Nupur Sharma (politician)|Nupur Sharma]], a spokeswoman of India's ruling party, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), made controversial remarks about the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]], on a [[Times Now]] television channel debate on the [[Gyanvapi Mosque]] dispute.<ref name="wapo13">{{Cite news |last=Saaliq |first=Sheikh |date=6 June 2022 |title=Muslim nations slam India over insulting remarks about Islam |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/muslim-nations-slam-india-over-insulting-remarks-about-islam/2022/06/06/ddad5700-e56c-11ec-a422-11bbb91db30b_story.html |url-status=dead |access-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608002629/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/muslim-nations-slam-india-over-insulting-remarks-about-islam/2022/06/06/ddad5700-e56c-11ec-a422-11bbb91db30b_story.html |archive-date=8 June 2022 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> The comments were in reference to Muhammad and the alleged [[Aisha#Age at time of marriage|age of his third wife, Aisha]], at the time of their marriage and the consummation of the marriage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jamil |first=Nabeela |title=Why the debate around the age of Aisha, the Prophet's wife, is irrelevant |url=https://scroll.in/article/1025536/why-the-debate-around-the-age-of-aisha-the-prophets-wife-is-irrelevant |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US |archive-date=7 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607050241/https://scroll.in/article/1025536/why-the-debate-around-the-age-of-aisha-the-prophets-wife-is-irrelevant |url-status=live }}</ref>

A day later, the video clip of her comments was shared by Zubair on social media.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammed Zubair's Tweet |url=https://twitter.com/zoo_bear/status/1530066557191131142 |access-date=7 June 2022 |website=Twitter |language=en |archive-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606051355/https://twitter.com/zoo_bear/status/1530066557191131142 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sharma later alleged that it was a "heavily edited and selected video", which was denied by Pratik Sinha, who stated that it was unedited and also shared a longer clip which allegedly showed the same remarks.<ref name="Scroll 29 May">{{citation |title=FIR filed against BJP spokesperson Nupur Sharma for comments about Prophet Mohammad |date=29 May 2022 |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1024989/fir-filed-against-bjp-spokesperson-nupur-sharma-for-comments-about-prophet-mohammad |newspaper=Scroll.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605210931/https://scroll.in/latest/1024989/fir-filed-against-bjp-spokesperson-nupur-sharma-for-comments-about-prophet-mohammad |access-date=5 June 2022 |archive-date=5 June 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Wire 1 June">{{cite news |date=1 June 2022 |title='Remarks on Prophet': After Thane, Hyderabad Police Files FIR Against BJP's Nupur Sharma |work=The Wire |url=https://thewire.in/government/remarks-on-prophet-after-thane-hyderabad-police-files-fir-against-bjps-nupur-sharma |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605210931/https://thewire.in/government/remarks-on-prophet-after-thane-hyderabad-police-files-fir-against-bjps-nupur-sharma |url-status=live }}</ref> Times Now deleted the video of the programme from its [[YouTube]] channel the next day.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 May 2022 |title=Times Now deletes video of Navika Kuamr's debate, issues clarification amidst controversy over derogatory comments on Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) |work=Janta Ka Reporter 2.0 |url=https://www.jantakareporter.com/entertainment/times-now-deletes-video-navika-kuamrs-debate-issues-clarification-amidst-controversy-over-derogatory-comments-on-prophet-muhammad-pbuh/397937/ |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531033957/https://www.jantakareporter.com/entertainment/times-now-deletes-video-navika-kuamrs-debate-issues-clarification-amidst-controversy-over-derogatory-comments-on-prophet-muhammad-pbuh/397937/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Nonetheless, Sharma defended her comments and accused Zubair of "heavily [editing]" the clip; she further claimed to have been receiving rape and death threats as a result. Alt News denied any responsibility for the reaction from the viewers after watching the video clip.<ref name="Scroll 29 May" /><ref name="Wire 1 June" /><ref name="twitter thread">Pratik Sinha, [https://twitter.com/free_thinker/status/1530474189835993088 twitter thread] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605210931/https://twitter.com/free_thinker/status/1530474189835993088 |date=5 June 2022 }}, 28 May 2022.</ref><ref name="bbc1">{{cite news |first=Vikas |last=Pandey |title=Nupur Sharma: India's diplomatic woes over Prophet Muhammad row deepen |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-61701908 |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=7 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607203318/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-61701908 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bbc-8july">{{Cite news |last=Pandey |first=Geeta |date=8 July 2022 |title=Mohammed Zubair: The Indian fact-checker arrested for a tweet |publisher=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62093974 |access-date=15 July 2022 |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714102607/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62093974 |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[Deutsche Welle]]'' reported that Zubair had helped bring international attention to the controversial remarks. A few days later, he was arrested in other cases.<ref name="DW release">{{cite news |date=21 July 2022 |title=India: Muslim journalist Mohammed Zubair to be released on bail {{!}} DW {{!}} 20 July 2022 |work=Deutsche Welle |url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-muslim-journalist-mohammed-zubair-to-be-released-on-bail/a-62541604 |access-date=21 July 2022 |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720180145/https://www.dw.com/en/india-muslim-journalist-mohammed-zubair-to-be-released-on-bail/a-62541604 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Legal issues ==
===Hindutva extremist tweet case===
On 27 May 2022, Zubair published a series of tweets slamming prime-time debates on Indian television channels during the ongoing controversy regarding the [[Gyanvapi mosque]]. Zubair said that these debates "have become a platform to encourage hate mongers to speak ill about other religions".<ref name="Court Refuses" /> He added that the Indian TV anchors were doing a better job of speaking against a religion than the hatemongers Yati Narasinghanand Saraswati or Mahant Bajrang Muni or Anand Swaroop.<ref name="wire 1 June">{{Cite news|title=FIR Against Mohammed Zubair for Calling Militant Hindutva Leaders 'Hatemongers'|url=https://thewire.in/government/fir-against-mohammed-zubair-for-calling-militant-hindutva-leaders-hatemongers|date=1 June 2022|publisher=[[The Wire (India)]]|access-date=15 July 2022|archive-date=16 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716114342/https://thewire.in/government/fir-against-mohammed-zubair-for-calling-militant-hindutva-leaders-hatemongers|url-status=live}}</ref>

The extremist Hindutva leaders—Mahant Bajrang Muni 'Udasin,' [[Haridwar hate speeches|Yati Narsinghanand]], and Anand Swarup—had been recorded on camera using hate speech, instigating violence against Muslims, and making [[rape threats]] against Muslim women.<ref name="bbc-8july"/><ref name="wire 1 June" /><ref name="Extremist">{{cite news |last1=Sodhi |first1=Tanishka |title=Zubair insulted 'respected religious leader' Bajrang Muni's followers: UP police argue in Supreme Court |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/07/08/zubair-insulted-respected-religious-leader-bajrang-munis-followers-up-police-argue-in-supreme-court |access-date=21 July 2022 |work=Newslaundry |archive-date=21 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721152644/https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/07/08/zubair-insulted-respected-religious-leader-bajrang-munis-followers-up-police-argue-in-supreme-court |url-status=live }}</ref>

An FIR was filed in [[Khairabad, Sitapur|Khairabad]], Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh in early June in response to a complaint by a Sitapur leader of a Hindu group. The complainant accused Zubair of "outraging religious feelings" of three seers by labelling them "hatemongers" on Twitter.<ref name="wire 1 June" />

In mid-June, Zubair posted e-mails from the Twitter service informing him that one of his tweets criticising the comments by Yati Narsinghanand Giri the leader of a Hindu group were being 'withheld' in India under the country's IT laws at the request of law enforcement authorities. 'Withholding' a tweet meant that it would no longer be visible in India. Twitter said this was done "in order to comply with Twitter's obligations under India's local laws". Later two more of Zubair's tweets were withheld, they were about the provocative comments made by a Hindu priest Mahant Bajrang Muni threatening to kidnap and rape Muslim women.<ref name="BBC 28 June 2022" /><ref name="wire 1 June" />

On 14 June, Zubair challenged the FIR and pleaded in the Lucknow Bench of the [[Allahabad High Court]] that his tweet did not insult or attempt to insult religious beliefs and the case against him had been lodged to 'harass' him. After hearing a plea on the case, the High Court refused to quash the FIR and said that the case needed investigation and adjudication by a trial court.<ref name="Court Refuses">{{Cite news |date=14 June 2022 |title=Court Refuses to Quash FIR Against Mohammed Zubair for Calling Hindutva Leaders 'Hatemongers' |work=The Wire |url=https://thewire.in/law/court-refuses-to-quash-fir-against-mohammed-zubair-for-calling-hindutva-leaders-hatemongers |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720185424/https://thewire.in/law/court-refuses-to-quash-fir-against-mohammed-zubair-for-calling-hindutva-leaders-hatemongers |url-status=live }}</ref>

In mid-July, Zubair challenged the order of Allahabad High Court in the [[Supreme Court of India]]. Solicitor General [[Tushar Mehta]] argued against the plea and admitted "We accept that the speeches made by Yati Narsinghanand were hate speech for which he was arrested and put in jail".<ref name="Ritika">{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Ritika |title=Supreme Court Grants Interim Bail to Mohammed Zubair, Bar on Tweeting {{!}} BOOM |url=https://www.boomlive.in/law/supreme-court-alt-news-fact-checker-mohammed-zubair-hate-speech-18451 |access-date=20 July 2022 |work=boomlive.in |date=8 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720200134/https://www.boomlive.in/law/supreme-court-alt-news-fact-checker-mohammed-zubair-hate-speech-18451 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 7th October 2024, Udita Tyagi, a temple associate of Yati Narsinghanand filed an FIR against Zubair for “inciting" muslims to "attack" the temple after he tweeted about [[Yati Narsinghanand]] ’s derogatory remarks against the Prophet Muhammad. The UP police invoked section 152 of BNS which is about an “act endangering unity, sovereignty and integrity of India” in the FIR against Zubair. A petition to quash the FIR and interim relief was filed in the Allahabad High court. <ref>{{cite web | title=‘I’m Used To It But ‘Endangering Sovereignty’ Is Too Much’: Fact Checker Mohd Zubair Faces Gravest Criminal Case Yet | website=Article 14 | url=https://article-14.com/post/-i-m-used-to-it-but-endangering-sovereignty-is-too-much-fact-checker-mohd-zubair-faces-gravest-criminal-case-yet--674d39ead4fec | access-date=2024-12-04}}</ref>

=== June 2022 arrest ===
In 2018, Zubair shared a satirical tweet with a screenshot from the 1983 Indian comedy film ''[[Kissi Se Na Kehna]]'' by [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]].<ref name="Wire 1983 Film">{{cite news |title=Kissi Se Na Kehna! Mohammed Zubair Arrested for Tweeting Photo from 1983 Hindi Film |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/kissi-se-na-kehna-mohammed-zubair-arrested-for-tweeting-photo-from-1983-hindi-film |access-date=8 July 2022 |work=The Wire |date=28 June 2022 |archive-date=8 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708040253/https://thewire.in/communalism/kissi-se-na-kehna-mohammed-zubair-arrested-for-tweeting-photo-from-1983-hindi-film |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Alt News Co-founder Mohammed Zubair Moves SC For Bail, Claims Threat To His Life |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/alt-news-co-founder-mohammad-zubair-moves-sc-for-bail-news-207390 |access-date=8 July 2022 |work=outlookindia.com/ |date=7 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=8 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708023600/https://www.outlookindia.com/national/alt-news-co-founder-mohammad-zubair-moves-sc-for-bail-news-207390 |url-status=live }}</ref> The screenshot{{efn|The tweets can be seen at: {{citation |url=https://twitter.com/Memeghnad/status/1541492085773062144 |date=27 June 2022 |title=Here's what Delhi police is acting on |publisher=[[Twitter]] |author=meghnad (Nerds ka Parivaar) }}}} from the film showed a signboard with the name "Honeymoon Hotel" repainted to "[[Hanuman]] Hotel".<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Jafri|first1=Alishan|last2=Barton|first2=Naomi|title=Kissi Se Na Kehna! Mohammed Zubair Arrested for Tweeting Photo from 1983 Hindi Film|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/kissi-se-na-kehna-mohammed-zubair-arrested-for-tweeting-photo-from-1983-hindi-film|date=28 June 2022|publisher=[[The Wire (India)]]|access-date=15 July 2022|archive-date=15 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715120949/https://thewire.in/communalism/kissi-se-na-kehna-mohammed-zubair-arrested-for-tweeting-photo-from-1983-hindi-film|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Scroll SC judge" />

On 19 June 2022, an anonymous Twitter user named "Hanuman Bhakt @balajikijaiin" quoted Zubair's tweet from four years earlier, and asked Delhi Police to take action against him, calling it a "direct insult" to Hindus.<ref name="BBC 28 June 2022" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Explained: Why Alt News co-founder Mohammed Zubair has been arrested|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/explained-why-alt-news-co-founder-mohammed-zubair-has-been-arrested-1122121.html|date=28 June 2022|publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=15 July 2022|archive-date=16 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716114338/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/explained-why-alt-news-co-founder-mohammed-zubair-has-been-arrested-1122121.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 27 June, Zubair was arrested by Delhi Police after being accused of "hurting religious sentiments".<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2022 |title=Alt News co-founder Mohammed Zubair arrested for 'hurting religious sentiments' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/alt-news-co-founder-mohammad-zubair-arrested-for-hurting-religious-sentiments-101656340785690.html |access-date=2 July 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=21 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721104915/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/alt-news-co-founder-mohammad-zubair-arrested-for-hurting-religious-sentiments-101656340785690.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The charges under [[Section 295A of the Indian Penal Code]] and section 67 of the IT Act were pressed against Zubair. He was then brought before a magistrate, who granted the police one day custody. [[Vrinda Grover]], Zubair's lawyer, asserted that while many social media users tweeted the same message, only Zubair was targeted by police. Grover also alleged that Zubair was a target of police because of his Muslim faith, name, and profession.<ref name="barandbench 15 July">{{Cite news|title=Patiala House court grants bail to Alt News co-founder Mohammed Zubair in Delhi Police FIR|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/patiala-house-court-grants-bail-alt-news-co-founder-mohammed-zubair-delhi-police-fir|date=15 July 2022|publisher=Bar and Bench|access-date=15 July 2022|url-access=subscription}}</ref> On 28 June, Zubair was placed in four days of police custody for interrogation.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lakshman|first=Abhinay|title=Alt News co-founder Mohammed Zubair's police custody extended by four days|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mohammed-zubair-sent-to-four-day-custodial-interrogation/article65576199.ece|date=28 June 2022|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 July 2022|archive-date=16 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716114343/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mohammed-zubair-sent-to-four-day-custodial-interrogation/article65576199.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The police seized his electronic devices.<ref name="Scroll SC judge"/>

==== Reactions to the arrest ====
Journalist bodies, human rights organisations, and the political opposition perceived the arrest as a revenge against Zubair's role in reporting on the 2022 Muhammad controversy and Alt News's work of fighting disinformation and noted the case as exemplary of diminishing press freedom in India under Modi.<ref name="summary">See links below
*{{Cite news |last=Yasir |first=Sameer |date=28 June 2022 |title=Arrest of Journalist in India Adds to Press Freedom Concerns |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/28/world/asia/indian-journalist-arrested-modi.html |access-date=29 June 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715050655/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/28/world/asia/indian-journalist-arrested-modi.html |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite web |last=Welle (www.dw.com) |first=Deutsche |title=India: Arrest of Muslim fact-checker raises concerns over press freedom |date=28 June 2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-arrest-of-muslim-fact-checker-raises-concerns-over-press-freedom/a-62283556 |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725121631/https://www.dw.com/en/india-arrest-of-muslim-fact-checker-raises-concerns-over-press-freedom/a-62283556 |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite web |date=28 June 2022 |title=Delhi police arrest Muslim journalist Mohammed Zubair over tweet from 2018 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/28/delhi-police-arrest-muslim-journalist-mohammed-zubair-india-bjp |access-date=28 June 2022 |website=the Guardian |language=en |archive-date=21 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721042203/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/28/delhi-police-arrest-muslim-journalist-mohammed-zubair-india-bjp |url-status=live }}
*{{cite web |last1=Saaliq |first1=Sheikh |title=Arrest of Indian Muslim journalist sparks widespread outrage |url=https://apnews.com/article/religion-india-arrests-social-media-9cde446dcc5cf3044e4c4f3b4519d5fc |website=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=8 July 2025 |language=en |date=28 June 2022}}
*{{Cite news |date=28 June 2022 |title=Indian journalist arrested over Twitter post |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/f2c729b7-c98c-4c1e-9f5e-37b8c81ad393 |access-date=29 June 2022 |archive-date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717215447/https://www.ft.com/content/f2c729b7-c98c-4c1e-9f5e-37b8c81ad393 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Retired Indian Supreme Court judge, [[Deepak Gupta (judge)|Justice Deepak Gupta]] noted that in 40 years since the release of the comedy film, nobody had raised objections to the photo, tweeted by Zubair, for which he was arrested. Gupta compared Nupur Sharma who had not been arrested yet for her statement with arrest of Zubair questioning the fairness of police. Gupta expressed surprise at the quick investigation by the police on a complaint by an anonymous account when lodging complaints was difficult. He said that police or a magistrate cannot authorise a 'fishing inquiry' where questions that are not connected to the subject matter of a case are asked.<ref name="Scroll SC judge">{{cite news |author=Scroll Staff |title=Questions arise when police arrest Mohammed Zubair, but not Nupur Sharma, says retired SC judge |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1027652/questions-arise-when-police-arrest-mohammed-zubair-but-not-nupur-sharma-says-retired-sc-judge |access-date=20 July 2022 |work=Scroll.in |date=5 July 2022 |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720162912/https://scroll.in/latest/1027652/questions-arise-when-police-arrest-mohammed-zubair-but-not-nupur-sharma-says-retired-sc-judge |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Editors Guild of India]] issued a statement demanding immediate release of Zubair and cited PM [[Narendra Modi]]'s commitment at G7 meeting in Germany "to ensure a resilient democracy by protecting online and offline content". Guild noted that Alt News's "alert vigilance" was resented by "those who use disinformation as a tool to polarise the society and rake nationalist sentiments".<ref>{{cite news |title=Editor's Guild condemns Alt-News co-founder Zubair's arrest, demands immediate release |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/editors-guild-condemns-alt-news-co-founder-zubairs-arrest-demands-immediate-release/ |access-date=20 July 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=28 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720174734/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/editors-guild-condemns-alt-news-co-founder-zubairs-arrest-demands-immediate-release/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="DIGIPUB"/> DIGIPUB, a body of digital news media organisations had condemned Zubair's arrest and demanded the Delhi Police immediately withdraw the case against him. It stated, "In a democracy, where every individual possesses the right to exercise the freedom of speech and expression, it is unjustifiable that such stringent laws are being used as tools against journalists, who have been accorded the role of playing watchdog against the misuse of institutions of the state".<ref name="DIGIPUB">{{cite news |title="Release Mohammed Zubair": Editors Guild Invokes PM's "Commitment" At G7 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/extremely-disturbing-editors-guild-demands-fact-checker-mohammed-zubairs-release-3107000 |access-date=20 July 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=28 June 2022 |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720174726/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/extremely-disturbing-editors-guild-demands-fact-checker-mohammed-zubairs-release-3107000 |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' published an investigation report on the targeting of Zubair by "years-long campaign by a network of anonymous and inauthentic accounts linked to Vikash Ahir, state president of the Hindu Yuva Vahini (HYV) and co-convenor of the [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]] (BJYM) in Gujarat". It noted the simultaneous court proceedings in the two cases and said that Zubair was being targeted by Hindutva brigade as Zubair had been vocal against the communal issues spread by the Hindu fundamentalist groups under the patronage of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).<ref name="Smear Campaign">{{cite news |title=Watch: How Mohammed Zubair Became Target of a Smear Campaign by Hindutva Outfits |url=https://thewire.in/video/watch-how-mohammed-zubair-became-target-of-a-smear-campaign-by-hindutva-outfits |access-date=20 July 2022 |work=The Wire |date=5 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713234546/https://thewire.in/video/watch-how-mohammed-zubair-became-target-of-a-smear-campaign-by-hindutva-outfits |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="TekFog">{{cite news |title=Anonymous Complainant Targeting Zubair Tweet Linked to Tek Fog App, BJYM Leader in Gujarat |url=https://thewire.in/tekfog/altnews.html |access-date=20 July 2022 |work=The Wire |date=2 July 2022 |archive-date=16 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716114351/https://thewire.in/tekfog/altnews.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Zubair's detention sparked worries about the state of India's press freedoms, which are deteriorating.<ref name="dw-7july" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mogul |first1=Rhea |last2=Mitra |first2=Esha |title=Indian police arrest Muslim journalist accused of insulting Hindus |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/06/28/india/mohammed-zubair-india-arrest-journalist-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=20 July 2022 |work=CNN |date=29 June 2022 |archive-date=21 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721031023/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/06/28/india/mohammed-zubair-india-arrest-journalist-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BBC 28 June 2022">{{cite news |title=Mohammed Zubair: Indian police arrest journalist over tweets |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-61956108 |access-date=20 July 2022 |work=BBC News |date=28 June 2022 |archive-date=11 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711204653/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-61956108 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== International reactions ====
[[Stéphane Dujarric]], the spokesperson for UN chief Antonio Guterres, while responding to a question at the daily news briefing in the United States, talked about Zubair's arrest and said, that, "In any place around the world, it is very important that people be allowed to express themselves freely, journalists be allowed to express themselves freely and without the threat of any harassment…Journalists should not be jailed for what they write, what they tweet and what they say. And that goes for anywhere in the world, including in this room."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Scribes Shouldn't Be Jailed for What They Write, Tweet: UN Chief's Spokesperson on Zubair's Arrest|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/media/zubair-arrest-united-nations-antonio-guterres/amp|date=29 June 2022|publisher=[[The Wire (India)]]|access-date=16 July 2022|archive-date=16 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716114338/https://m.thewire.in/article/media/zubair-arrest-united-nations-antonio-guterres/amp|url-status=live}}</ref>

Germany has expressed worry over the detention of Mohammed Zubair and stated that it has been in touch with other EU members over the detention's continuation. In response to a query regarding Zubair's arrest, the spokeswoman for the German Foreign Office had stated on 6 July 2022: "Journalists should not be persecuted and imprisoned for what they say and write," "We are indeed aware of this specific case and our [[Germany–India relations#History|embassy in New Delhi]] is monitoring it very closely. We are also in contact on this with our EU partners on the ground. The EU has a human rights dialogue with India, and freedom of expression and freedom of the press are a focus of those discussions with India. India describes itself as the world's largest democracy. So one can expect democratic values like freedom of expression and freedom of the press to be given the necessary space there."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Joshua|first=Anita|title=Zubair arrest: Germany expresses concern, India sends rebuttal|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/india/zubair-arrest-germany-expresses-concern/cid/1873726|date=8 July 2022|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|access-date=16 July 2022|archive-date=16 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716120953/https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/india/zubair-arrest-germany-expresses-concern/cid/1873726|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dw-7july">{{cite news |last1=Welle |first1=Deutsche |title=Germany expresses concern over India's detention of Muslim journalist {{!}} DW {{!}} 7 July 2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-expresses-concern-over-indias-detention-of-muslim-journalist/a-62401182 |access-date=8 July 2022 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=7 July 2022 |archive-date=8 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708032214/https://www.dw.com/en/germany-expresses-concern-over-indias-detention-of-muslim-journalist/a-62401182 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Sudarshan TV fact checking case===
On 9 July, Zubair was in jail under judicial custody when he was granted bail in the case filed in Sitapur. The same day a warrant was issued against him in an old case filed in Uttar Pradesh's [[Lakhimpur Kheri]]. This case was filed in September 2021 by an employee of TV channel [[Sudarshan News]], objecting to a tweet by Zubair fact checking a video published by Sudarshan News. Zubair had noted that Sudarshan News used images of [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi]] from [[Madina]] and superimposed it on an old picture from Ghaza, with graphics of missiles bombing the mosque, during a broadcast. Zubair questioned if this was reporting or inciting violence.<ref name="NL 11 July 2022" />

Following the complaint by Sudarshan News, a Police case was filed arguing that Zubair's tweet could promote enmity between religious groups. A warrant was issued, and he was summoned by the Lakhimpur Kheri court on 11 July. Following his arrest in the Lakhimpur Kheri case, Zubair was sent to 14 days in judicial custody.<ref name="NL 11 July 2022">{{cite news |last1=Team |first1=N. L. |title=In case filed by Sudarshan News staffer, UP court sends Zubair to judicial custody for 14 days |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/07/11/in-case-filed-by-sudarshan-news-staffer-up-court-sends-zubair-to-judicial-custody-for-14-days |access-date=20 July 2022 |work=Newslaundry |date=11 July 2022 |archive-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715215510/https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/07/11/in-case-filed-by-sudarshan-news-staffer-up-court-sends-zubair-to-judicial-custody-for-14-days |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sudarshan case">{{cite news |last1=Bench |first1=Bar & |title=Lakhimpur Kheri Court refuses bail to Mohammed Zubair in 2021 Sudarshan TV fact-check case |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/lakhimpur-kheri-court-refuses-bail-to-mohammed-zubair-in-2021-sudarshan-tv-fact-check-case |access-date=20 July 2022 |work=Bar and Bench – Indian Legal news |date=18 July 2022 |language=en }}</ref>

On 16 July 2022, a court in Uttar Pradesh rejected Zubair's petition for bail in connection to a FIR that was filed against him in 2021 for allegedly inciting animosity. After the court sentenced Zubair to a 14-day judicial detention in the case, the bail application was brought before Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate Mohamaddi on 11 July.<ref>{{Cite news|title=UP court denies bail to Alt News co-founder Mohammad Zubair in 2021 case|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/up-court-denies-bail-alt-news-mohammad-zubair-8033611/|date=16 July 2022|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=16 July 2022|archive-date=16 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716132232/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/up-court-denies-bail-alt-news-mohammad-zubair-8033611/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Bail ===
Every time Zubair applied for bail, fresh cases were filed against him, and his detention was extended. The Supreme Court (SC) called this a "vicious cycle" of interim bail in one case and arrest in another case. On 20 July 2022, the Supreme Court granted him bail in all the seven cases filed against him. The bail would also apply if new cases on the same incident are filed.<ref name="Vicious Cycle" /> SC transferred all the cases filed in Uttar Pradesh to Delhi and disbanded the [[Special Investigation Team (India)|Special Investigation Team]] formed by the [[Uttar Pradesh government]] to investigate cases against Zubair.<ref name="Not Punitive Tool" />

SC said, Zubair was "trapped in a vicious cycle of criminal process where the process itself has become the punishment," and warned that arrest "cannot be used as a punitive tool". The detailed judgment in the case had a series of extremely strong remarks. "Arrest is not meant to be and must not be used as a punitive tool because it results in one of the gravest possible consequences emanating from criminal law: the loss of personal liberty." and added "Individuals must not be punished solely on the basis of allegations, and without a fair trial... When the power to arrest is exercised without application of mind and without due regard to the law, it amounts to an abuse of power".<ref name="Not Punitive Tool">{{cite news |title="Arrest Not Punitive Tool": Supreme Court On Fact-Checker M Zubair's Case |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/arrest-not-punitive-tool-supreme-court-on-fact-checker-m-zubairs-case-3192971 |access-date=25 July 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=25 July 2022 |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725165509/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/arrest-not-punitive-tool-supreme-court-on-fact-checker-m-zubairs-case-3192971 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Uttar Pradesh government had asked the court that Mohammed Zubair be "stopped from putting out tweets". The court refused to place any such order for restrictions against Zubair and said, "The imposition of such a condition would tantamount to a gag order... (which) have a chilling effect on the freedom of speech".<ref name="Vicious Cycle">{{cite news |title=Fact-Checker Mohammed Zubair To Leave Jail, Court Ends "Vicious Cycle" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mohammed-zubair-gets-bail-in-all-cases-filed-against-him-3176103 |access-date=20 July 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412114900/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mohammed-zubair-gets-bail-in-all-cases-filed-against-him-3176103 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BBC 20 July 2022">{{cite news |title=Mohammed Zubair: Supreme Court grants bail to Indian fact-checker |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62093974 |access-date=20 July 2022 |work=BBC News |date=20 July 2022 |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720115957/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62093974 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Muzaffarnagar school incident ===
On 28 August 2023, Muzaffarnagar police registered a case against Mohammed Zubair for posting a video on social media of the incident of a Muslim boy who was slapped by his classmates on the instructions of a school teacher.<ref name="Scroll Staff">{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=28 August 2023 |title=FIR against Mohammed Zubair for allegedly disclosing identity of Muslim boy assaulted in classroom |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1055003/fir-against-mohammed-zubair-for-allegedly-disclosing-identity-of-muslim-boy-assaulted-in-classroom |access-date=29 August 2023 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> He later deleted it, under Section 74 of the Juvenile Justice Act.<ref name="Scroll Staff"/><ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=28 August 2023 |title=Muzaffarnagar school incident: FIR filed against Alt News's Md Zubair for disclosing minor's identity |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/alt-news-founder-mohammed-zubair-fir-allegedly-leaking-details-minor-involved-in-khubbapur-incident-8913023/ |access-date=29 August 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Zubair told [[The Indian Express|''Indianexpress'']], "... Why was only my name put there? There were several media outlets who posted the video before and after me. I later removed the video after I was told that I was disclosing the minor’s identity. I was targeted…This shows police can target anyone."<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>

However, he has not been contacted by police on the matter.<ref name="Scroll Staff"/>

== Awards ==

* On 26 January 2024, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] conferred Zubair with the Kottai Ameer Communal Harmony Award,<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 January 2024 |title=TN govt. honours Alt News' Mohammed Zubair with award for communal harmony |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-govt-honours-alt-news-mohammed-zubair-with-award-for-communal-harmony/article67779184.ece |access-date=26 January 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> on the occasion of the [[Republic Day (India)|Indian Republic Day]] celebrations.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{commons category}}
* {{cite news |title=Anonymous Complainant Targeting Zubair Tweet Linked to Tek Fog App, BJYM Leader in Gujarat |url=https://thewire.in/tekfog/altnews.html |work=The Wire |date=2 July 2022}}
* {{cite news |title=Watch: How Mohammed Zubair Became Target of a Smear Campaign by Hindutva Outfits |url=https://thewire.in/video/watch-how-mohammed-zubair-became-target-of-a-smear-campaign-by-hindutva-outfits |work=The Wire |date=5 July 2022}}
* {{cite news |title=Mohammed Zubair: Indian police arrest journalist over tweets |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-61956108 |work=BBC News |date=28 June 2022}}
* {{cite news |last1=Pande |first1=Manisha |title=NL Interview with Zubair: 'India is a poor country, why would anyone donate to you for fact-checking' |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/07/26/nl-interview-with-zubair-india-is-a-poor-country-why-would-anyone-donate-to-you-for-fact-checking |work=Newslaundry}}
* {{cite news |title=Zubair: 'A Muslim Man Asking For Accountability and Working as a Journalist Is Not a Crime' |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/media/mohammad-zubair-interiew-journalism-muslim |work=thewire.in |date=31 July 2022 |language=en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zubair, Mohammed}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:People from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]

History of chess

2026-03-22T11:54:13Z

Imteenu: minor add details after review additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|none}}
{{For|the book by H. J. R. Murray|A History of Chess{{!}}''A History of Chess''}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Outdated as of|2021}}
[[File:NMSLewisChessmen29.jpg|300px|thumb|The 12th-century [[Lewis chessmen]] in the collection of the [[National Museum of Scotland]]]]
The '''history of chess''' can be traced back nearly 1,500 years to its earliest known predecessor, called [[chaturanga]], in [[History of India|India]]; its prehistory is the subject of speculation. From India it spread to [[Sassanian Empire|Persia]], where it was modified in terms of shapes and rules and developed into [[shatranj]]. Following the [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Arab invasion and conquest of Persia]], [[chess]] was taken up by the [[Muslim world]] and subsequently spread to Europe via Spain ([[Al Andalus]]) and Italy ([[Emirate of Sicily]]). The game evolved roughly into its current form by about 1500 CE.

"[[Romantic chess]]" was the predominant playing style from the late 18th century to the 1880s.<ref name="Shenk, 2007">{{cite book |author=David Shenk |title=The Immortal Game: A History of Chess |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780385510103 |url-access=registration |year=2007 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780385510103/page/99 99]|isbn=9780385510103 }}</ref> [[Chess]] games of this period emphasized quick, tactical maneuvers rather than long-term strategic planning.<ref name="Shenk, 2007"/> The Romantic era of play was followed by the Scientific, [[Hypermodernism (chess)|Hypermodern]], and New Dynamism eras.<ref name="Shenk, 2007"/> In the second half of the 19th century, modern [[chess tournament]] play began, and the first official [[World Chess Championship]] was held in 1886. The 20th century saw great leaps forward in [[chess theory]] and the establishment of the [[FIDE|World Chess Federation]]. In 1997, an [[IBM]] supercomputer beat [[Garry Kasparov]], the then world chess champion, in the famous [[Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov]] match, ushering the game into an [[Computer chess|era of computer domination]]. Since then, computer analysis – which originated in the 1970s with the first [[Chess engine|programmed chess games]] on the market – has contributed to much of the development in chess theory and has become an important part of preparation in professional human chess. Later developments in the 21st century made the use of computer analysis far surpassing the ability of any human player accessible to the public. [[Online chess]], which first appeared in the mid-1990s, also became popular in the 21st century.

== Origin ==
{{Chaturanga diagram
| tright
|
|rd|nd|bd|kd|qd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
|[[Chaturanga]] starting position.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.chess.free.fr//origins-structure.htm|title=The History Of Chess|publisher=ChessZone|access-date=29 March 2011|archive-date=14 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514231111/http://history.chess.free.fr/origins-structure.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The kings do not face each other; the white king starts on e1 and the black king on d8.
}}
{{AN chess|pos=example}}

Precursors to [[chess]] originated in [[History of India|India]].<ref>{{harv|Murray|1913|loc=[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.9538/page/n21/mode/2up?view=theater pp. 26–27]}}{{harv|Murray|1913|loc=[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.9538/page/n47/mode/2up?view=theater pp. 51–52]}}</ref> There, its early form in the 7th century CE was known as {{Transliteration|sa|[[chaturanga|chaturaṅga]]}} ({{Langx|sa|चतुरङ्ग}}), which translates to "four divisions (of the military)": [[infantry]], [[cavalry]], [[War elephant|elephantry]], and [[chariot]]ry. These forms are represented by the pieces that would evolve into the modern [[Pawn (chess)|pawn]], [[Knight (chess)|knight]], [[Bishop (chess)|bishop]], and [[Rook (chess)|rook]], respectively.{{efn|Murray, Davidson, Hooper & Whyld, and Golombek all give this correspondence, with the bishop corresponding to the elephant and the rook corresponding to a chariot. Bird (pp. 4, 46) exchanges the bishop and rook.}}

Chess was introduced to [[History of Iran|Persia]] from India and became a part of the princely or courtly education of Persian nobility.<ref name="Meri" /> Around 600 CE in [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanid Persia]], the name for the game became {{Transliteration|fa|chatrang}} ({{langx|fa|چترنگ}}), which subsequently evolved to {{Transliteration|ar|[[shatranj]]}} ({{langx|ar|شطرنج}}; {{langx|fa|شترنج}}) after the [[Muslim conquest of Persia|conquest of Persia]] by the [[Rashidun Caliphate]], due to the lack of native "ch" and "ng" sounds in the Arabic language.<ref name="Shenk, David 2006">Shenk, David. ''The Immortal Game''. Doubleday, 2006.</ref> The rules were developed further during this time; players started calling "Shāh!" (Persian for "King!") when attacking the opponent's king, and "Shāh Māt!" (Persian for "the king is helpless" – see [[checkmate]]) when the king was attacked and could not escape from attack. These exclamations persisted in chess as it traveled to other lands.

The game was taken up by the [[Muslim world]] after the early [[Arab Muslims]] conquered the Sassanid Empire, with the pieces largely keeping their Persian names. The [[Moors]] of [[North Africa]] rendered the Persian term "shatranj" as ''shaṭerej'', which gave rise to the Spanish ''{{lang|es|acedrex}}'', ''{{lang|es|axedrez}}'' and ''{{lang|es|ajedrez}}''; in Portuguese it became {{lang|pt|xadrez}}, and in Greek ''zatrikion'' ({{lang|grc|ζατρίκιον}}), but in the rest of Europe it was replaced by versions of the Persian ''shāh'' ("king"). Thus, the game came to be called {{lang|la|lūdus scacc(h)ōrum}} or {{lang|la|scacc(h)ī}} in [[Latin]], {{lang|it|scacchi}} in Italian, {{lang|ca|escacs}} in [[Catalan language|Catalan]], {{lang|fr|échecs}} in French ([[Old French]] {{lang|fro|eschecs}}), {{lang|nl|schaken}} in Dutch, {{lang|de|Schach}} in German, {{lang|pl|szachy}} in Polish, {{lang|lv|šahs}} in [[Latvian language|Latvian]], {{lang|da|skak}} in Danish, {{lang|no|sjakk}} in Norwegian, {{lang|sv|schack}} in Swedish, {{lang|fi|šakki}} in Finnish, {{lang|zls|šah}} in [[South Slavic languages]], {{lang|hu|sakk}} in Hungarian and {{lang|ro|şah}} in Romanian; there are two theories about why this change happened:
# From the exclamation "check" or "checkmate" as it was pronounced in various languages.
# From the first chessmen known of in Western Europe (except [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]] and Greece) being ornamental chess kings brought in as curios by Muslim traders.

[[File:A treatise on chess 2.jpg|thumb|An illustration from a Persian manuscript "A treatise on chess". The Ambassadors from India present the Chatrang to Khosrow I Anushirwan, "Immortal Soul", King of Persia.]]

The [[Mongols]] call the game ''shatar'', and in Ethiopia it is called senterej, both evidently derived from shatranj.

Chess spread directly from the [[Middle East]] to Russia, where chess became known as {{lang|ru|шахматы}} ({{Transliteration|ru|shakhmaty}}, literally "checkmates", a [[plurale tantum]]).

The game reached Western Europe and Russia by at least three routes, the earliest being in the 9th century. By the year 1000 it had spread throughout Europe.<ref name="tacspx">Hooper and Whyld, 144–145 (1st ed.)</ref> Introduced into the [[Iberian Peninsula]] by the [[Moors]] in the 10th century, it was described in a famous 13th-century Spanish manuscript covering shatranj, [[backgammon]] and [[dice]] named the ''[[Libro de los juegos]]'', which is the earliest European treatise on chess as well as being the oldest document on European [[tables games]].

Chess spread throughout the world and many variants of the game soon began taking shape.<ref>Gollon, John. ''Chess Variations, Ancient, Regional, and Modern''. Charles E. Tuttle Co.: Publishers, Rutland, Vermont and Tokyo, Japan, 1968. Sec. One, Sec. Two</ref> [[Buddhist]] pilgrims, [[Silk Road]] traders and others carried it to the [[Far East]] where it was transformed and assimilated into a game often played on the intersection of the lines of the board rather than within the squares.<ref>{{harv|Murray|1913|loc=[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.9538/page/n119/mode/2up?view=theater pp. 119ff]}}</ref><ref>Remus, Horst, [http://www.silk-road.com/newsletter/volumeonenumberone/origin.html "The Origin of Chess and the Silk Road"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516182926/http://www.silk-road.com/newsletter/volumeonenumberone/origin.html |date=2011-05-16 }}, ''The Silk Road'' journal, The Silkroad Foundation, v.1(1), January 15, 2003.</ref> Chaturanga reached Europe through Persia, the [[Byzantine Empire]] and the expanding [[Caliphate|Arabian Empire]].<ref name=ChessEurope/> [[Muslims]] carried chess to [[North Africa]], [[Sicily]], and [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]] by the 10th century.<ref>{{harv|Murray|1913|loc=[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.9538/page/n407/mode/2up?view=theater p. 402]}}</ref>

The game was developed extensively in Europe. By the late 15th century, it had survived a series of prohibitions and [[Christian Church]] sanctions to almost take the shape of the modern game.<ref name=Riddler/> [[Modern history]] saw reliable reference works,<ref name=Britannica02a/> competitive chess tournaments,<ref name=Britannica02b/> and many new [[Chess variant|variants]]. These factors added to the game's popularity,<ref name=Britannica02b/> further bolstered by reliable timing mechanisms (first introduced in 1861), effective rules,<ref name=Britannica02b/> and charismatic players.<ref>Lasker, Edward. ''The Adventure of Chess''. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1949, 1950, 1959. pp. 87–117</ref>

== India ==
{{main|Chaturanga}}
The earliest precursor of modern chess is a game called [[chaturanga]], which flourished in India by the 6th century, and is the earliest known game to have two essential features found in all later chess variations—different pieces having different powers (which was not the case with [[checkers]] and [[Go (board game)|Go]]), and victory depending on the fate of one piece, the king of modern chess.<ref>Lasker, Edward. ''The Adventure of Chess''. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, New York, 1949, 1950, 1959. pp. 3–4</ref> A common theory is that India's development of the board, and chess, was likely due to India's mathematical enlightenment involving the creation of the [[0|number zero]].<ref name="Shenk, David 2006"/> Other game pieces (speculatively called "chess pieces") uncovered in [[archaeological]] findings are considered as coming from other, distantly related board games, which may have had boards of 100 squares or more.<ref name=Britannica02>"Chess: Ancient precursors and related games" (''Encyclopædia Britannica'' 2002)</ref>{{tertiary source inline|date=October 2021}}

[[File:Radha-Krishna chess.jpg|thumb|right|[[Krishna]] and [[Radha]] playing [[chaturanga]] on an 8×8 ashtāpada]]

Chess was designed for an ''[[ashtapada|ashtāpada]]'' ([[Sanskrit]] for "having eight feet", i.e. an 8×8 squared board), which may have been used earlier for a [[backgammon]]-type race game (perhaps related to a dice-driven race game still played in south India where the track starts at the middle of a side and spirals into the center).<ref>{{harv|Murray|1913|loc=[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.9538/page/n35/mode/2up?view=theater p. 40]}}</ref> Ashtāpada, the uncheckered 8×8 board served as the main board for playing [[chaturanga]].<ref name=Wilkins2>Wilkins 2002: 46</ref> Other Indian boards included the 10×10 ''Dasapada'' and the 9×9 ''Saturankam''.<ref name=Wilkins2/> Traditional Indian chessboards often have X markings on some or all of squares a1 a4 a5 a8 d1 d4 d5 d8 e1 e4 e5 e8 h1 h4 h5 h8: these may have been "safe squares" where capturing was not allowed in a dice-driven backgammon-type race game played on the [[ashtapada|ashtāpada]] before chess was invented.<ref name="Murray 1913, p. 42">{{harv|Murray|1913|loc=[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.9538/page/n37/mode/2up?view=theater p. 42]}}</ref>

The [[Cox–Forbes theory]], proposed in the late 18th century by [[Hiram Cox]], and later developed by [[Duncan Forbes (linguist)|Duncan Forbes]], asserted that the four-handed game [[chaturaji]] was the original form of chaturanga.<ref>Bell (1979) Vol. I, pp. 52–57</ref> The theory is no longer considered tenable.<ref name=Whyld>Hooper 1992: 74</ref>

In [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]], the word ''chaturaṅga'' literally means "having four limbs (or parts)" and in [[epic poetry]] often means "army" (the four parts are elephants, chariots, horsemen, foot soldiers).<ref name=Meri>Meri 2005: 148</ref> The name came from a battle formation mentioned in the Indian epic [[Mahabharata]].<ref name="Murray 1913, p. 42"/> The game chaturanga was a battle-simulation game<ref name=Meri/> that rendered Indian military strategy of the time.<ref name=Kulke>Kulke 2004: 9</ref>

Some people formerly played chess using a [[dice|die]] to decide which piece to move. There was an unproven theory that chess started as this dice-chess and that the gambling and dice aspects of the game were removed because of [[Hindu]] religious objections.<ref name=Wilkins1>Wilkins 2002: 48</ref>

Scholars in areas to which the game subsequently spread, for example the Arab [[Abu al-Hasan 'Alī al-Mas'ūdī]], detailed the Indian use of chess as a tool for [[military strategy]], [[mathematics]], [[gambling]] and even its vague association with [[astronomy]].<ref name=Wilkinson>Wilkinson 1943</ref> Mas'ūdī notes that [[ivory]] in India was chiefly used for the production of chess and [[backgammon]] pieces, and asserts that the game was introduced to Persia from India, along with the book ''[[Kalila wa dimna|Kelileh va Demneh]]'', during the reign of emperor [[Khosrow I|Nushirwan]].<ref name=Wilkinson/>

In some variants, a win was by checkmate, or by [[stalemate]], or by "bare king" (taking all of an opponent's pieces except the king).

In some parts of India the pieces in the places of the rook, knight and bishop were renamed by words meaning (in this order) Boat, Horse, and Elephant, or Elephant, Horse, and Camel, but keeping the same moves.<ref>{{harv|Murray|1913|loc=[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.9538/page/n23/mode/2up?view=theater p. 27]}}</ref>
In early chess the moves of the pieces were:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Original name!!Modern name!!Version||Original move
|-
|king||king||{{em|all}}||as now
|-
|adviser||queen||{{em|all}}||one square diagonally, only
|-
|rowspan="3"|elephant||rowspan="3"|bishop||Persia and west||two squares diagonally (no more or less), but could jump over a piece between
|-
|an old Indian version||two squares sideways or front-and-back (no more or less), but could jump over a piece between
|-
|southeast and east Asia||one square diagonally, or one square forwards, like four legs and trunk of elephant
|-
|horse||knight||{{em|all}}||as now
|-
|[[chariot]]||rook||{{em|all}}||as now
|-
|foot-soldier||pawn||{{em|all}}||one square forwards (not two squares from initial position), capturing one square diagonally forward; promoted to queen only
|}

Two Arab travelers each recorded a severe Indian chess rule against [[stalemate]]:<ref>''[[A History of Chess]]''</ref>
*A stalemated player thereby at once wins.
*A stalemated king can take one of the enemy pieces that would check the king if the king moves.

== Iran (Persia) ==
{{main|Shatranj}}
<gallery widths="216" heights="162" perrow="3">
File:Chessmen from Samarkhand.jpg|These seven ivory chess pieces are the oldest known, dating to about 700 CE. The ivory came from India.<ref name="Silk Roads (2024), pp. 151–152">''Silk Roads'' (2024), pp. 151–152</ref> They were excavated in 1977 by archaeologist Yuriy Buryakov, at [[Afrasiyab (Samarkand)|Afrasiyab]] in [[Samarkand]], [[Uzbekistan]].<ref name="Die Schachfiguren">Die Schachfiguren aus Afrasiab: Fragen an die Wissenschaft zur Deutung, Zeitstellung und Ikonographie by Manfred Eder, Antike Welt Vol. 25, No. 1 (1994)</ref> They are housed today at the Samarkand State Museum. Photographed during a loan of the pieces to the Silk Roads Exhibition at the British Museum.
File:Chess Set MET DP170393.jpg|[[Iran]]ian [[shatranj]] set, glazed [[fritware]], 12th century, [[New York Metropolitan Museum of Art]]<ref>See [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nish/ho_1971.193a-ff.htm the chess set's page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301050951/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nish/ho_1971.193a-ff.htm |date=2021-03-01 }} on the museum's website.</ref>
File:Persianmss14thCambassadorfromIndiabroughtchesstoPersianCourt.jpg|[[Persia]]n manuscript from the 14th century describing how an ambassador from India brought chess to the Persian court
File:Shams ud-Din Tabriz 1502-1504 BNF Paris.jpg|[[Shams Tabrizi|Shams-i Tabrīzī]] as portrayed in a 1500 painting in a page of a copy of [[Rumi]]'s poem dedicated to Shams
File:The Chess Game.jpg|Chess game between [[Tha'ālibī]] and Bākhazarī, 1896 painting by [[Ludwig Deutsch]]
File:Golestan Palace Album No. 108-7.jpg|Iranian courtiers of the [[Qajar dynasty]] playing chess in [[Mazandaran province|Mazandaran]]
</gallery>

The [[Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan|Karnamak-i Ardeshir-i Papakan]], a [[Middle Persian|Pahlavi]] epical treatise about the founder of the [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanid]] [[Persian Empire]], mentions the game of [[Shatranj|chatrang]] as one of the accomplishments of the legendary hero, [[Ardashir I]], founder of the Empire.<ref name=Bell1>Bell 1979: 57</ref> The oldest recorded game in chess history is a 10th-century game played between a historian from [[Baghdad]] and a pupil.<ref name=ChessEurope>Chess: Introduction to Europe (Encyclopædia Britannica 2007)</ref>{{tertiary source inline|date=October 2021}}

A manuscript explaining the rules of the game, called "Matikan-i-chatrang" (the book of chess) in [[Middle Persian]] or Pahlavi, still exists.<ref>[[Peshotan Behramjee Sanjana]], [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009035158 "Ganjeshāyagān, Andarze ātrepāt mārāspandān, Mādigāne chatrang, and Andarze khusroe kavātān : the original Pehlvi text, the same translated into the Gujarati and English languages, a commentary and a glossary of select words"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614094309/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009035158 |date=2018-06-14 }}</ref>
In the 11th-century ''[[Shahnameh]]'', [[Ferdowsi]] describes a [[Raja]] visiting from India who re-enacts the past battles on the chessboard.<ref name=Wilkinson/> A translation in English, based on the manuscripts in the [[British Museum]], is given below:<ref name=Bell1/>

{{poemquote|One day an ambassador from the king of [[India|Hind]] arrived at the Persian court of [[Khusrau I|Chosroes]], and after an oriental exchange of courtesies, the ambassador produced rich presents from his sovereign and amongst them was an elaborate board with curiously carved pieces of ebony and ivory. He then issued a challenge:
"Oh great king, fetch your wise men and let them solve the mysteries of this game. If they succeed my master the king of Hind will pay tribute as an overlord, but if they fail it will be proof that the Persians are of lower intellect and we shall demand tribute from Iran."
The courtiers were shown the board, and after a day and a night in deep thought one of them, [[Bozorgmehr]], solved the mystery and was richly rewarded by his delighted sovereign.{{Efn|[[Robert Charles Bell|R. C. Bell]], commenting on the objective impossibility of divining the rules of the game by scrutinizing the equipment, suggested in ''Board and Table Games from Many Civilizations'' (Vol. I, p. 57) that Bozorgmehr likely found the rules by bribing the Indian ambassador.}}}}

The ''Shahnameh'' goes on to offer an apocryphal account of the origins of the game of chess in the story of Talhand and Gav, two half-brothers who vie for the throne of Hind (India). They meet in battle and Talhand dies on his elephant without a wound. Believing that Gav had killed Talhand, their mother is distraught. Gav tells his mother that Talhand did not die by the hands of him or his men, but she does not understand how this could be. So the sages of the court invent the game of chess, detailing the pieces and how they move, to show the mother of the princes how the battle unfolded and how Talhand died of fatigue when surrounded by his enemies.<ref>Warner & Warner 2008, pp. 394–402.</ref> The poem uses the Persian term "Shāh māt" (check mate) to describe the fate of Talhand.<ref>Yalom 2004, p. 5.</ref>

The philosopher and theologian [[Al-Ghazali]] mentions chess in ''[[Kimiya-yi sa'ādat|The Alchemy of Happiness]]'' (c. 1100). He uses it as a specific example of a habit that may cloud a person's [[virtue|good disposition]]:<ref>Al-Ghazali, ''The Alchemy of Happiness'', Mohammad Nur Abdus Salam, pp. 27–28</ref>

{{blockquote|Indeed, a person who has become habituated to gaming with pigeons, playing chess, or gambling, so that it becomes second-nature to him, will give all the comforts of the world and all that he has for those (pursuits) and cannot keep away from them.}}

The appearance of the [[chess pieces]] had altered greatly since the times of chaturanga, with ornate pieces and chess pieces depicting animals giving way to abstract shapes. This is because of a Muslim ban on the game's lifelike pieces, as they were said to have been too like idols.<ref name="Shenk, David 2006"/> The [[Islamic]] sets of later centuries followed a pattern which assigned names and abstract shapes to the chess pieces, as [[Islam]] forbids depiction of animals and human beings in art.{{sfn|Eales|1985|p=37}} These pieces were usually made of simple clay and carved stone.

== East Asia ==

===China===
As a strategy board game played in China, chess is believed to have been derived from the Indian chaturanga.<ref>Gollon, John. ''Chess Variations, Ancient, Regional, and Modern''. Charles E. Tuttle Co.: Publishers, Rutland, Vermont and Tokyo, Japan, 1968. p. 139</ref> Chaturanga was transformed into the game [[xiangqi]] where the pieces are placed on the intersection of the lines of the board rather than within the squares.<ref name="Bell 1979, V.I p.66">Bell 1979, V.I p. 66</ref> The object of the Chinese variation is similar to chaturanga, i.e. to render helpless the opponent's king, known as "general" on one side and "governor" on the other.<ref>{{harv|Murray|1913|loc=[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.9538/page/n127/mode/2up?view=theater p.126]}}</ref> Chinese chess also borrows elements from the game of [[Go (board game)|Go]], which was played in China since at least the 6th century BC. Owing to the influence of Go, Chinese chess is played on the intersections of the lines on the board, rather than in the squares. The game of Xiangqi is also unique in that the middle rank represents a river, and is not divided into squares.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.chess.free.fr/|title=The History Of Chess|publisher=ChessZone|access-date=11 December 2012|archive-date=14 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514203017/http://history.chess.free.fr/|url-status=live}}</ref> Chinese chess pieces are usually flat and resemble those used in [[checkers]], with pieces differentiated by writing their names on the flat surface.<ref name="Bell 1979, V.I p.66"/>

An alternative origin theory contends that chess arose from [[xiangqi]] or a predecessor thereof, existing in China since the 3rd century BC.<ref name="li">Li 1998</ref> [[David H. Li]], a translator of ancient Chinese texts, hypothesizes that general [[Han Xin]] drew on the earlier game of [[liubo]] to develop an early form of Chinese chess in the winter of 204–203 BC.<ref name="li"/> The German chess historian Peter Banaschak, however, points out that Li's main hypothesis "is based on virtually nothing." He notes that the "Xuanguai lu", authored by the [[Tang dynasty]] minister [[Niu Sengru]] (779–847), remains the first real source on the Chinese chess variant xiangqi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.banaschak.net/schach/ligenealogyofchess.htm |title=Banaschak: A story well told is not necessarily true – being a critical assessment of David H. Li's 'The Genealogy of Chess' |access-date=1 October 2013 |archive-date=19 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619073907/http://www.banaschak.net/schach/ligenealogyofchess.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Japan ===
{{Main|History of shogi}}

A prominent variant of chess in East Asia is the game of [[shogi]], transmitted from India to China and Korea before finally reaching Japan.<ref>{{harv|Murray|1913|loc=[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.9538/page/n139/mode/2up?view=theater p. 138]}}</ref> The three distinguishing features of today's shogi are:
# The captured pieces may be reused ("dropped") by the captor and played as a part of the captor's forces.
# Pawns capture as they move, one square straight ahead.<ref>Gollon, John. ''Chess Variations, Ancient, Regional, and Modern''. Charles E. Tuttle Co.: Publishers, Rutland, Vermont and Tokyo, Japan, 1968. p. 167</ref>
# The board is 9×9, with a second gold general on the other side of the king.

Drops were not originally part of shogi. In the 13th century, shogi underwent an expansion, creating the game of [[dai shogi]], played on a 15×15 board with many new pieces, including the independently invented rook, bishop and queen of modern Western chess, the drunk elephant that promotes to a second king, and also the even more powerful lion, which among other idiosyncrasies has the power to move or capture twice per turn. Around the 14th or 15th centuries, the popularity of dai shogi then waned in favour of the smaller [[chu shogi]], played on a smaller 12×12 board which removed the weakest pieces from dai shogi, similarly to the development of [[Courier chess]] in the West. In the meantime, the original 9×9 shogi, now termed [[sho shogi]], continued to be played, but was regarded as less prestigious than chu shogi and dai shogi. Chu shogi was very popular in Japan, and the rook, bishop, and drunk elephant from it were added to sho shogi, where the first two remain today.

In the 15th and 16th centuries, yet more [[shogi variant]]s were described, on large boards and with many more pieces. The 1694 book ''[[Shōgi Zushiki]]'' details [[tenjiku shogi]] (16×16), [[dai dai shogi]] (17×17), [[maka dai dai shogi]] (19×19), and [[tai shogi]] (25×25); it also mentions [[wa shogi]] (11×11), [[ko shogi]] (19×19), and [[taikyoku shogi]] (36×36). It is not thought that these games were played very much.

Chu shogi declined in popularity after the addition of drops to sho shogi and the removal of the drunk elephant in the 16th century, becoming moribund around the late 20th century. These changes to sho shogi created what is essentially the modern game of shogi.

===Thailand===
{{Main|Makruk}}
The Thai variant of chess, [[makruk]] is a close living relative to chaturanga, retaining the vizier, non-checkered board, limited promotion, offset kings, and elephant-like bishop move.<ref>Gollon, John. ''Chess Variations, Ancient, Regional, and Modern''. Charles E. Tuttle Co.: Publishers, Rutland, Vermont and Tokyo, Japan, 1968. pp.197–198</ref>

=== Mongolia ===
Chess is recorded from [[Mongols|Mongolian]]-inhabited areas, where the pieces are now called:
* '''King''': Noyon – Ноён – [[lord]]
* '''Queen''': Bers / Nohoi – Бэрс / Нохой – dog (to guard the livestock)
* '''Bishop''': Temē – Тэмээ – [[camel]]
* '''Knight''': Morĭ – Морь – [[horse]]
* '''Rook''': Tereg – Тэрэг – [[cart]]
* '''Pawn''': Hū – Хүү – boy (the piece often showed a [[puppy]])

Names recorded from the 1880s by Russian sources, quoted in Murray,<ref name=soyot>{{harv|Murray|1913|loc=[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.9538/page/n369/mode/2up?view=theater p. 367]}}</ref><ref name=soyot1>{{harv|Murray|1913|loc=[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.9538/page/n375/mode/2up?view=theater p. 372]}}</ref> among the [[Soyot]] people (who at the time spoke the [[Soyot-Tsaatan language|Soyot]] [[Turkic language]]) include: ''merzé'' (dog), ''täbä'' (camel), ''ot'' (horse), ''ōl'' (child) and Mongolian names for the other pieces. This game is called [[shatar]]; a large 10×10 variant called [[hiashatar]] was also played.

The change with the queen is likely due to the Arabic word [[fers|''firzān'']] or Persian word ''farzīn'' (= "[[vizier]]") being confused with Turkic or Mongolian native words (''merzé'' = "mastiff", ''bar'' or ''bars'' = "tiger", ''arslan'' = "lion").<ref name=soyot/><ref name=soyot1/>

Western chess is now the prevalent form of the game in Mongolia.

=== East Siberia ===
Chess was also recorded from the [[Yakuts]], [[Evenks|Tunguses]], and [[Yukaghir]]s; but only as a children's game among the [[Chukchi people|Chukchi]]. Chessmen have been collected from the [[Tlingit people|Yakutat]] people in [[Alaska]], having no resemblance to European chessmen, and thus likely part of a chess tradition coming from [[Siberia]].<ref>{{harv|Murray|1913|loc=[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.9538/page/n375/mode/2up?view=theater pp. 373–374]}}</ref>

== Arab world ==
{{main|Shatranj}}
Chess passed from Persia to the Arab world, where its name changed to Arabic [[shatranj]]. From there it passed to Western Europe, probably via Spain.
[[File:Moors from Andalusia playing chess.jpg|thumb|[[Moors]] from Andalusia playing chess, ''Book of Games'' by [[Alfonso X of Castile|King Alfonso X]], 1283]]
Over the centuries, features of European chess (e.g. the modern moves of queen and bishop, and castling) found their way via trade into Islamic areas. Murray's sources found the old moves of queen and bishop still current in Ethiopia.<ref>{{harv|Murray|1913|loc=[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.9538/page/n367/mode/2up?view=theater p. 364]}}</ref> The game became so popular it was used in writing at that time, played by nobility and regular people. The poet al-Katib once said, "The skilled player places his pieces in such a way as to discover consequences that the ignorant man never sees... thus, he serves the Sultan's interests, by showing how to foresee disaster."<ref name="Shenk, David 2006"/>

== Russia ==
Chess has 1000 years of history in Russia. Chess was probably brought to [[Rus' (region)|Old Russia]] in the 9th century via the [[Volga trade route|Volga-Caspian]] trade route. From the 10th century cultural connections with the [[Byzantine Empire]] and the [[Vikings]] also influenced the history of chess in Russia. The vocabulary in Russian chess has various foreign-language elements and testifies to different influences in the evolution of chess in Russia. Chess is mentioned in folk poems as a popular game and is documented in the Old Russian ''[[Bylina|byliny]]''. Numerous archeological finds of the chess game have already been found in the regions of Old Russia. From 1262 on chess was called in Russia ''shakhmaty''. Various foreign travellers commented that in the 16th century, chess was popular among all classes in Russia. [[Ivan the Terrible|Ivan IV the Terrible]], who ruled Russia from 1530 to 1584, is said to have died while playing chess.<ref>Waliszewski, Kazimierz; Mary Loyd (1904). ''Ivan the Terrible''. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott. pp. 377–378.</ref> In 1791 the popular chess book ''Morals of Chess'' by [[Benjamin Franklin]] was translated into Russian and published in the country. Chess enjoys a very high status in Russia and was gradually introduced as a school subject in all primary schools since 2017.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Richards|title=The Vocabulary of the Russian Chessboard|journal=New Zealand Slavonic Journal|volume=2|pages=63–72}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://history.chess.free.fr/first-russian.htm|title=First Russian chessmen|website=history.chess.free.fr|access-date=2019-10-13|archive-date=2019-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025070115/http://history.chess.free.fr/first-russian.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kp.ru/online/news/3562079/|title=Шахматы стали обязательным школьным предметом|last=правды»|first=Никита КЛЮЧЕНКОВ {{!}} Сайт «Комсомольской|date=2019-08-05|website=KP.RU – сайт «Комсомольской правды»|language=ru|access-date=2019-10-13|archive-date=2019-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815040923/https://www.kp.ru/online/news/3562079/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Europe ==

=== Early history ===
{{confusing|paragraph|date=May 2013}}

[[Shatranj]] made its way via the expanding [[Islam]]ic [[Arabian]] empire to Europe.<ref name=ChessEurope/> It also spread to the [[Byzantine Empire]], where it was called {{transliteration|grc|zatrikion}}. Chess appeared in [[Southern Europe]] during the end of the first millennium, often introduced to new lands by conquering armies, such as the [[Norman Conquest of England]].<ref name=Riddler>Riddler 1998</ref> Previously little known, chess became popular in Northern Europe when figure pieces were introduced.<ref name=Riddler/>

In the 14th century, [[Timur]] played an enlarged variation of the game which is commonly referred to as [[Tamerlane chess]]. This complex game involved each pawn having its own mode of promotion, as well as additional pieces.<ref name="ReferenceA">Rudolph, Jess. ''The History and Variants in West Asia.'' Case Western Reserve University.</ref>

The sides are conventionally called White and Black. But, in earlier European chess writings, the sides were often called Red and Black because those were the commonly available colours of ink when handwriting drawing a chess game layout. In such layouts, each piece was represented by its name, often abbreviated (e.g. "ch'r" for French "chevalier" = "[[knight]]").

Europeans took to referring to the piece that had been called the "vizier" in the Islamic world the "queen" piece.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nelson |first=Janet |title=Women in Medieval Western European Culture |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |isbn=978-1138987265 |editor-last=Mitchell |editor-first=Linda |language=English |chapter=Medieval Queenship}}</ref> Historian Stephanie Coontz argues this reflects the power that medieval queens held in court.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Coontz |first=Stephanie |title=Marriage, a History: How Love Conquered Marriage |date=2006 |publisher=Penguin Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-14-303667-8 |location=East Rutherford}}</ref>

The social value attached to the game – seen as a prestigious pastime associated with nobility and high culture – is clear from the expensive and exquisitely made chessboards of the medieval era.<ref name=Vale1a/> The popularity of chess in the Western courtly society peaked between the 12th and the 15th centuries.<ref name=Gamer1>Gamer 1954</ref> The game found mention in the [[vernacular]] and [[Latin]] language literature throughout Europe, and many works were written on or about chess between the 12th and the 15th centuries.<ref name=Gamer1/> [[H. J. R. Murray]] divides the works into three distinct parts: the [[didactic]] works e.g. [[Alexander of Neckham]]'s ''De scaccis'' (c. 1180); works of morality like ''Liber de moribus hominum et officiis nobilium sive super ludo scacchorum'' (Book of the customs of men and the duties of nobles or the Book of Chess), written by [[Jacobus de Cessolis]]; and the works related to various chess problems, written largely after 1205.<ref name=Gamer1/> Chess terms, like ''check'', were used by authors as a metaphor for various situations.<ref name=Vale2b>Vale 2001: 177</ref>
Chess was soon incorporated into the knightly style of life in Europe.<ref name=Vale1b/> [[Peter Alfonsi]], in his work ''Disciplina Clericalis,'' listed chess among the seven skills that a good [[knight]] must acquire.<ref name=Vale1b>Vale 2001: 171</ref> Chess also became a subject of art during this period, with caskets and pendants decorated in various chess forms.<ref>Vale 2001: 152</ref> [[Margaret of Anjou|Queen Margaret of England]] had green and red [[chess piece|chess sets]] made of jasper and crystal.<ref name=Vale2b/> Kings [[Henry I of England|Henry I]], [[Henry II of England|Henry II]] and [[Richard I]] of England were chess patrons.<ref name=Britannica02/>{{tertiary source inline|date=October 2021}} King [[Alfonso X]] of [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] and Tsar [[Ivan IV of Russia]] gained a similar status.<ref name=Britannica02/>{{tertiary source inline|date=October 2021}}

[[Saint Peter Damian]] denounced the bishop of Florence in 1061 for playing chess even when aware of its evil effects on the society.<ref name=Riddler/> The bishop of Florence defended himself by declaring that chess involved skill and was therefore "unlike other games," and similar arguments followed in the coming centuries.<ref name=Riddler/> Two incidents in 13th-century London, in which men of [[Essex]] resorted to violence resulting in death as an outcome of playing chess, caused further sensation and alarm.<ref name=Riddler/> The growing popularity of the game – now associated with revelry and violence – alarmed the Church.<ref name=Riddler/>

The practice of playing chess for money became so widespread during the 13th century that [[Louis IX of France]] issued an ordinance against gambling in 1254.<ref name=Vale1a>Vale 2001: 172</ref> This ordinance turned out to be unenforceable and was largely neglected by the common public, and even the courtly society, which continued to enjoy the now-prohibited chess tournaments uninterrupted.<ref name=Vale1a/>

<gallery widths="216px" heights="162px" perrow="3">
Image:KnightsTemplarPlayingChess1283.jpg|[[Knights Templar]] playing chess, ''[[Libro de los juegos]]'', 1283
Image:Moorish women playing chess, European woman playing lute.jpg|[[Moorish]] women playing chess, European woman playing [[lute]]. From [[Alfonso X]]'s ''Libro del axedrez dados et tablas'' ("Book of chess, dices and tables"), c. 1283.
Image:Meister der Manessischen Liederhandschrift 004.jpg|[[Otto IV of Brandenburg]] playing chess with a woman, 1305 to 1340
Image:Chess playing Louvre OA117.jpg|A couple playing chess, ivory mirror case c. 1300
</gallery>

===Shapes of pieces===

The pieces, which had been nonrepresentational in Islamic countries (see [[Shatranj#Piece values|piece values in shatranj]]), changed shape in Christian cultures. Carved images of men and animals reappeared. The shape of the rook, originally a rectangular block with a V-shaped cut in the top, changed; the two top parts separated by the split tended to get long and hang over, and in some old pictures look like horses' heads. The split top of the piece now called the bishop was interpreted as a bishop's mitre or a fool's cap.

By the mid-12th century, the pieces of the chess set were depicted as kings, queens, bishops, knights and [[Man-at-arms|men at arms]].<ref name=Vale2a>Vale 2001: 173</ref> Chessmen made of ivory began to appear in [[North-West Europe]], and ornate pieces of traditional knight warriors were used as early as the mid 13th century.<ref>Vale 2001: 151</ref> The initially nondescript pawn had now found association with the ''pedes'', ''pedinus,'' or the [[footman]], which symbolized both infantry and loyal domestic service.<ref name=Vale2a/>

===Names of pieces===
The following table provides a glimpse of the changes in names and character of chess pieces as they crossed from India through Persia to Europe:<ref>Vale 2001: 174</ref><ref>{{harv|Murray|1913}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align:center"
|+ '''A comparison of the terms for chessmen in Sanskrit, Bengali, Persian, Arabic, Turkish, Latin, English, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, French, Catalan and Romanian'''
! Sanskrit || Bengali || Persian || Arabic || Turkish || Latin || English || Spanish || Portuguese || Italian || French || Catalan
!Romanian
|-
| [[Raja]] (King) || [[Raja]] (King) || [[Shah]] || [[Malik]] || Şah || Rex || King || Rey || Rei || Re || Roi || Rei
|Rege
|-
| [[Mantri]] (Minister)|| [[Mantri]] (Minister)|| Vazīr ([[Vizir]]) || Wazīr Firz || Vezir || Regina || Queen || Reina Dama || Rainha Dama || Regina || Dame || Dama Reina
|Regină
|-
| [[Gaja]]h (war elephant)|| [[Hati (chess piece)|Hati]]|| Pil || Al-Fīl || Fil || Episcopus [[Comes]] Calvus||[[Bishop]] [[Count]] [[Councillor]] || Alfil Obispo || Bispo || Alfiere || Fou || Alfil
|Nebun
|-
| [[Ashva]] (horse) || Ghora (horse) || Asp || Fars Hisan || At || Miles [[Eques (ancient Rome)|Eques]] || [[Knight]] || Caballo || Cavalo || Cavallo || Cavalier || Cavall
|Cal
|-
| [[Ratha]] (chariot) || Nowka || Rokh || Qal`a Rukhkh || Kale || Rochus Marchio || [[Rook (chess)|Rook]] [[Margrave]] Castle || [[Torre (disambiguation)|Torre]] Roque || Torre|| Torre Rocco || Tour || Torre
|Turn/Tură
|-
| Padati (footman footsoldier) || Shoinnya || Piadeh || Baidaq Jondi || Piyon || Pedes Pedinus || [[Pawn (chess)|Pawn]] || Peón || Peão|| Pedone Pedina || Pion || Peó
|Pion
|}

The game, as played during the early Middle Ages, was slow, with many games lasting days.<ref name=Riddler/> Some variations in rules began to change the shape of the game by the year 1300. A notable, but initially unpopular, change was the ability of the pawn to move two places in the first move instead of one.<ref>Bell (1979), pp. 62–64</ref>

In Europe some of the pieces gradually received new names:
* [[Queen (chess)|Fers]]: "queen", because it starts beside the king.
* [[Aufin]]: "bishop", because its two points looked like a bishop's [[mitre]]. Its Latin name {{lang|la|alfinus}} was reinterpreted many ways.

===Early changes to the rules===
{{Chess diagram small
| tright
| Check by pinned piece
|__|__|kd|__|__|__|__|__
|__|__|__|__|kl|__|__|__
|__|pd|__|__|__|__|__|__
|__|__|bd|__|__|__|__|__
|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__
|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__
|__|__|__|__|__|__|__|__
|__|__|rl|__|__|__|__|__
|If the black bishop captured the white king, the white rook could capture the black king in response.<ref>{{harv|Murray|1913|loc=[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.9538/page/508/mode/2up?view=theater p. 509]}}</ref>}}
{{AN chess|pos=example}}

Attempts to make the start of the game run faster to get the opposing pieces in contact sooner included:
* Pawn moving two squares in its first move. This led to the ''[[en passant]]'' rule: a pawn placed so that it could have captured the enemy pawn if it had moved one square forward was allowed to capture it on the passed square. In Italy, the contrary rule (''passar battaglia'' = "to pass battle") applied: a pawn that moved two squares forward had passed the danger of attack on the intermediate square. It was sometimes not allowed to do this to cover check.<ref name="murray">{{Cite book |last=Murray |first=H.J.R. |author-link=H. J. R. Murray |title=A History of Board-Games Other than Chess |publisher=Hacker Art Books |year=1978 |edition=Reissued |orig-date=First pub. 1952 by [[Oxford University Press]] |chapter=6: Race-Games |isbn=0-87817-211-4 }}</ref>
* King jumping once, to make it quicker to put the king safe in a corner. (This eventually led to [[castling]].)
* Queen on its first move moving two squares straight or diagonally to a same-coloured square, with jump. (This rule sometimes also applied to a queen made by [[promotion (chess)|promoting]] a pawn.)
* The [[short assize]]. ("assize" = "sitting") Here the pawns started on the third rank; the queens started on d3 and d6 along with the queens' pawns; the players arranged their other pieces as they wished behind their pawns at the start of the game. This idea did not endure.<ref>{{harv|Murray|1913|loc=[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.9538/page/476/mode/2up?view=theater pp. 476–478]}}</ref>

Other sporadic variations in the rules of chess included:
* Ignoring check from a piece that was blocking an opposing check, as capturing the king would cost the attacker their own king (see diagram).

===Introduction of new rules===
{{See also|Chess in Spain}}
[[File:The Chess Players by Henry Fox Talbot (2).jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|The Chess Players by [[Henry Fox Talbot]], 1847]]
The queen and bishop remained relatively weak until between 1475 AD and 1500 AD, in Spain (in the [[Kingdom of Valencia]]), the queen's and bishop's modern moves started and spread, making chess close to its modern form.<ref name=Riddler/> The first document showing the Queen (or Dama) moving this way is the allegorical poem [[Scachs d'amor]], written in [[Catalan language|Catalan]] in [[Valencia]] in 1475.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1259987|title=Francesco di Castellvi vs Narciso Vinyoles (1475) 'Old in Chess'|website=www.chessgames.com|access-date=2021-11-07|archive-date=2021-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128214712/https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1259987|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-09-13|title=Valencia and the origin of modern chess|url=http://www.chessvibes.com/columns/valencia-and-the-origin-of-modern-chess/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926184645/http://www.chessvibes.com/columns/valencia-and-the-origin-of-modern-chess/|archive-date=2009-09-26|access-date=2021-10-31|website=Chess Vibes}}</ref> This form of chess got such names as "Queen's Chess" or "Mad Queen Chess" (Italian ''alla rabiosa'' = "with the madwoman").<ref name=Murray1913>{{harv|Murray|1913|loc=[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.9538/page/n785/mode/2up?view=theater p. 777]}}</ref> This led to much more value being attached to the previously minor tactic of [[pawn promotion]].<ref name=Murray1913/> [[Checkmate]] became easier and games could now be won in fewer moves.<ref>Lasker, Edward. The Adventure of Chess. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, New York, 1949, 1950, 1959. p. 37</ref><ref>Davidson (1981), pp. 13–17</ref> These new rules quickly spread in Spain and throughout the rest of Western Europe,<ref name="nauiua">Calvo, Ricardo. [http://www.goddesschess.com/chessays/ricardovalencia.html Valencia Spain: The Cradle of European Chess] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108122325/http://www.goddesschess.com//chessays/ricardovalencia.html |date=2009-01-08 }}. Retrieved 10 December 2006</ref><ref>An analysis from the feminist perspective: {{cite book | author=Weissberger, Barbara F.| title=Isabel Rules: constructing queenship, wielding power |publisher=University of Minnesota Press| year=2004 | isbn=0-8166-4164-1 | oclc=217447754|pages=152ff}}</ref> with the exception of the rules about stalemate, which were finalized in the early 19th century.<ref>See [[Stalemate#History of the stalemate rule|History of the stalemate rule]].</ref> The modern move of the queen may have started as an extension of its older ability to once move two squares with jump, diagonally or straight. [[Marilyn Yalom]] says that the new move of the queen started in Spain: see [[Queen (chess)#History|history of the queen]].

In some areas (e.g. Russia), the queen could also move like a knight.

A poem ''[[Caïssa]]'' published in 1527 led to the chess rook being often renamed as "castle", and the modern shape of the rook chess piece; see [[Caïssa#Vida's poem|Vida's poem]] for more information.

An Italian player, [[Gioacchino Greco]], regarded as one of the first true professionals of the game, authored an analysis of a number of composed games that illustrated two differing approaches to chess.<ref name=Britannica02a/>{{tertiary source inline|date=October 2021}} His work was influential in popularizing chess, and demonstrated many theories regarding game play and tactics.<ref name=Britannica02a>Chess: Development of Theory (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002)</ref>{{tertiary source inline|date=October 2021}}

The first full work dealing with the various winning combinations was written by [[François-André Danican Philidor]] of France, regarded as the best chess player in the world for nearly 50 years, and published in the 18th century.<ref name=Britannica02a/>{{tertiary source inline|date=October 2021}} He wrote and published ''L'Analyse des échecs'' (The Analysis of Chess), an influential work which appeared in more than 100 editions.<ref name=Britannica02a/>{{tertiary source inline|date=October 2021}}
<gallery>
Image:EnxadrismoGravuras.003.jpg|A [[woodcut]] drawn from [[William Caxton|Caxton]]'s chess book printed in England in 1474
Image:Lucena1497.jpg|A tactical puzzle from [[Luis Ramirez Lucena|Lucena's]] 1497 book
File:Clevelandart 1953.284.jpg|A [[games table desk|gaming table]] with chessboard (Germany, 1735)
File:Chess, walrus ivory (18th c., Russia, GIM).jpg|A Russian set made of [[walrus ivory]], 1750s
Image:André Philidor.jpg|Portrait of François-André Danican Philidor from ''L'analyse des échecs''. London, second edition, 1777
Image:JaquesCookStaunton.jpg|Original [[Staunton chess set|Staunton chess pieces]] by [[Nathaniel Cooke]] from 1849
</gallery>

Writings on the [[chess theory|theory of how to play chess]] began to appear in the 15th century. The oldest surviving printed chess book, ''Repetición de Amores y Arte de Ajedrez'' (''Repetition of Love and the Art of Playing Chess'') by [[Spanish people|Spanish]] churchman [[Luis Ramirez de Lucena]] was published in [[Salamanca]] in 1497.<ref name = "nauiua"/> Lucena and later masters like [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Pedro Damiano]], [[Italians]] [[Giovanni Leonardo Di Bona]], [[Giulio Cesare Polerio]] and [[Gioachino Greco]] or Spanish bishop [[Ruy López de Segura]] developed elements of [[Chess opening|opening]]s and started to analyze simple [[Chess endgame|endgames]].
In the 18th century the center of European chess life moved from the Southern European countries to France. The two most important French masters were [[François-André Danican Philidor]], a musician by profession, who discovered the importance of pawns for chess strategy, and later [[Louis-Charles Mahé de La Bourdonnais]] who won a famous series of matches with the [[Ireland|Irish]] master [[Alexander McDonnell (chess player)|Alexander McDonnell]] in 1834.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=31596 |title=Louis Charles Mahe De La Bourdonnai |website=[[Chessgames.com]] |access-date=30 November 2006 |archive-date=18 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918033557/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=31596 |url-status=live }}</ref> Centers of chess life in this period were [[coffee house]]s in big European cities like ''[[Café de la Régence]]'' in Paris.<ref>{{cite book | author=Metzner, Paul| title=Crescendo of the Virtuoso: Spectacle, Skill, and Self-Promotion in Paris during the Age of Revolution |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press| year=1998 | isbn=0-520-20684-3 | oclc=185289629}} [http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft438nb2b6/ Online version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512053011/http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft438nb2b6/ |date=2008-05-12 }}</ref> and ''[[Simpson's-in-the-Strand|Simpson's Divan]]'' in London.<ref>[[Henry Edward Bird|Bird, Henry Edward]]. [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4902 Chess History and Reminiscences] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109052923/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4902 |date=2020-11-09 }}. Retrieved 10 December 2006</ref>

As the 19th century progressed, chess organization developed quickly. Many [[chess club]]s, chess books and chess journals appeared. There were correspondence matches between cities; for example the London Chess Club played against the [[Edinburgh]] Chess Club in 1824.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=80740 |title=London Chess Club |website=[[Chessgames.com]] |access-date=30 November 2006 |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009050126/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=80740 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Chess problems]] became a regular part of 19th-century newspapers; [[Bernhard Horwitz]], [[Josef Kling]] and [[Samuel Loyd]] composed some of the most influential problems. In 1843, [[Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa|von der Lasa]] published his and [[Paul Rudolf von Bilguer|Bilguer's]] ''[[Handbuch des Schachspiels]]'' (''Handbook of Chess''), the first comprehensive manual of chess theory.

== Modern competitive chess ==
[[File:Luigi Mussini- Leonardo da Cutro e Ruy Lopez giocano a scacchi alla corte di Spagna.jpg|thumb|Final match of the 1575 tournament in El Escorial. Painting by Luigi Mussini.]]

The first recorded [[chess tournament]] took place in 1575 in [[El Escorial]], [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]. It was won by the Calabrese [[Giovanni Leonardo Di Bona|Leonardo di Bona]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Soltis |first=Andrew |title=The Art of the Game of Chess |publisher=CUA Press |year=2020 |isbn=9780813232812 |page=9}}</ref>

Competitive chess became visible in 1834 with the [[La Bourdonnais – McDonnell chess matches|La Bourdonnais-McDonnell matches]], and the [[1851 London Chess tournament]] raised concerns about the time taken by the players to deliberate their moves. On recording time it was found that players often took hours to analyze moves, and one player took as much as two hours and 20 minutes to think over a single move at the London tournament. The following years saw the development of speed chess, five-minute chess and the most popular variant, a version allowing a bank of time to each player in which to play a previously agreed number of moves, e.g. two hours for 30 moves. In the final variant, the player who made the predetermined number of moves in the agreed time received additional time budget for his next moves. Penalties for exceeding a time limit came in form of fines and forfeiture. Since fines were easy to bear for professional players, forfeiture became the only effective penalty; this added "lost on time" to the traditional means of losing such as [[checkmate]] and resigning.<ref name=Britannica02b>"Chess: The time element and competition" (''Encyclopædia Britannica'' 2002)</ref>{{tertiary source inline|date=October 2021}}

[[File:1991 CPA 6284.jpg|thumb|right|[[Postage stamp|Stamp]] of the [[USSR]] devoted to the accomplished [[Estonia]]n player and analyst [[Paul Keres]], 1991]]
In 1861 the first time limits, using sandglasses, were employed in a tournament match at [[Bristol]], England. The sandglasses were later replaced by pendulums. Modern clocks, consisting of two parallel timers with a small button for a player to press after completing a move, were later employed to aid the players. A tiny latch called a flag further helped settle arguments over players exceeding time limit at the turn of the 19th century.<ref name=Britannica02b/>{{tertiary source inline|date=October 2021}}

A Russian composer, Vladimir Korolkov, authored a work entitled "Excelsior" in 1958 in which the White side wins only by making six consecutive captures by a pawn.<ref name=Britannica02c>"Chess: Chess composition" (''Encyclopædia Britannica'' 2002)</ref>{{tertiary source inline|date=October 2021}} Position analysis became particularly popular in the 19th century.<ref name=Britannica02c/>{{tertiary source inline|date=October 2021}} Many leading players were also accomplished analysts, including [[Max Euwe]], [[Mikhail Botvinnik]], [[Vasily Smyslov]] and [[Jan Timman]].<ref name=Britannica02c/>{{tertiary source inline|date=October 2021}} Digital clocks appeared in the 1980s.<ref name=Britannica02b/>{{tertiary source inline|date=October 2021}}

Another problem that arose in competitive chess was when adjourning a game for a meal break or overnight. The player who moved last before adjournment would be at a disadvantage, as the other player would have a long period to analyze before having to make a reply when the game was resumed. Preventing access to a chess set to work out moves during the adjournment would not stop him from analyzing the position in his head. Various strange ideas were attempted, but the eventual solution was the "[[sealed move]]". The final move before adjournment is not made on the board but instead is written on a piece of paper which the referee seals in an envelope and keeps safe. When the game is continued after adjournment, the referee makes the sealed move and the players resume.

== Birth of a sport (1850–1945) ==
[[File:immortal game animation.gif|frame|right|Animation of the [[Immortal Game]], in which [[Adolf Anderssen]], playing White, beat [[Lionel Kieseritzky]] in June 1851]]
The first modern chess tournament was [[London 1851 chess tournament|held in London in 1851]] and won, surprisingly, by German [[Adolf Anderssen]], who was relatively unknown at the time. Anderssen was hailed as the leading chess master, and his brilliant, energetic attacking style became typical for the time, although it was retrospectively regarded as [[chess strategy|strategically]] shallow.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060101/http://worldchessnetwork.com/English/chessHistory/salute/matchesTournaments/london1851.php World Title Matches and Tournaments – Chess history.] ''worldchessnetwork.com''</ref><ref>{{cite book | author=Hartston, W. | title=The Kings of Chess | year=1985 | publisher=Pavilion Books Limited | page=[https://archive.org/details/kingsofchesshi00hart/page/36 36] | isbn=0-06-015358-X | url=https://archive.org/details/kingsofchesshi00hart/page/36 }}</ref> Sparkling games like Anderssen's [[Immortal game]] and [[Evergreen Game]] or [[Paul Morphy|Morphy's]] [[Opera game]] were regarded as the highest possible summit of the chess art.<ref>{{cite book | author1=Burgess, Graham | author2=Nunn, John | author3=Emms, John | title=The Mammoth Book of the World's Greatest Chess Games |publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers| year=1998 | isbn=0-7867-0587-6 | oclc=40209258}}, p. 14.</ref>

[[File:Steinitz, William-4 - DPLA - 9eeab9ac335135c24b69ab7e36fc5354 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Wilhelm Steinitz]], the first official World Chess Champion]]
Deeper insight into the nature of chess came with two younger players. [[United States|American]] [[Paul Morphy]], an extraordinary [[chess prodigy]], won against all important competitors, including Anderssen, during his short chess career between 1857 and 1863. Morphy's success stemmed from a combination of brilliant attacks and sound strategy; he intuitively knew how to prepare attacks.<ref>{{cite book | author=Shibut, Macon | title=Paul Morphy and the Evolution of Chess Theory |publisher=Courier Dover Publications| year=2004 | isbn=0-486-43574-1 | oclc=55639730}}</ref> [[Prague]]-born [[Wilhelm Steinitz]] later described how to avoid weaknesses in one's own position and how to create and exploit such weaknesses in the opponent's position.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Steinitz, William |author2=Landsberger, Kurt | title=The Steinitz Papers: Letters and Documents of the First World Chess Champion |publisher=McFarland & Company| year=2002 | isbn=0-7864-1193-7 | oclc=48550929}}</ref> In addition to his theoretical achievements, Steinitz founded an important tradition: his triumph over the leading Polish-German master [[Johannes Zukertort]] in 1886 is regarded as the first official [[World Chess Championship]]. Steinitz lost his crown in 1894 to a much younger German mathematician [[Emanuel Lasker]], who maintained this title for 27 years, the longest tenure of all World Champions.<ref>Kasparov (1983a)</ref>
[[File:Capablanca-Lasker 1925.jpg|thumb|World Champions [[José Raúl Capablanca]] (left) and [[Emanuel Lasker]] in 1925]]

It took a prodigy from Cuba, [[José Raúl Capablanca]] (World champion 1921–1927), who loved simple positions and endgames, to end the German-speaking dominance in chess; he was undefeated in tournament play for eight years until 1924. His successor was Russian-French [[Alexander Alekhine]], a strong attacking player, who died as the World champion in 1946, having briefly lost the title to [[Dutch people|Dutch]] player [[Max Euwe]] in 1935, regaining it two years later.<ref>Kasparov 1983b</ref>

Between the world wars, chess was revolutionized by the new theoretical school of so-called [[Hypermodernism (chess)|hypermodernists]] like [[Aron Nimzowitsch]] and [[Richard Réti]]. They advocated controlling the center of the board with distant pieces rather than with pawns, inviting opponents to occupy the center with pawns which become objects of attack.<ref>Fine (1952)</ref>

Since the end of 19th century, the number of annually held master tournaments and matches quickly grew. Some sources state that in 1914 the title of [[International Grandmaster|chess grandmaster]] was first formally conferred by Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] to Lasker, Capablanca, Alekhine, [[Siegbert Tarrasch|Tarrasch]] and [[Frank Marshall (chess player)|Marshall]], but this is a disputed claim.<ref>This is stated for example in ''The Encyclopaedia of Chess'' (1970, p. 223) by [[Anne Sunnucks]], but this is also disputed by [[Edward Winter (chess historian)]] in his [https://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter38.html Chess Notes 5144 and 5152] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612035631/http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter38.html |date=2016-06-12 }}.</ref> The tradition of awarding such titles was continued by the World Chess Federation ([[FIDE]]), founded in 1924 in Paris. In 1927, [[Women's World Chess Championship]] was established; the first to hold it was [[Czech people|Czech]]-[[English people|English]] master [[Vera Menchik]].<ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=13277 Menchik at ChessGames.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012083406/http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=13277 |date=2019-10-12 }}</ref>

During World War II, many prominent chess players died or were killed, including: [[Isaak Appel]], [[Zoltan Balla]], [[Sergey Belavenets]], [[Henryk Friedman]], [[Achilles Frydman]], [[Eduard Gerstenfeld]], [[Alexander Ilyin-Genevsky]], [[Mikhail Kogan]], [[Jakub Kolski]], [[Leon Kremer]], [[Arvid Kubbel]], [[Leonid Kubbel]], [[Salo Landau]], [[Moishe Lowtzky]], [[Vera Menchik]], [[Vladimirs Petrovs|Vladimir Petrov]], [[David Przepiorka]], [[Ilya Rabinovich]], [[Vsevolod Rauzer]], [[Nikolai Riumin]], [[Endre Steiner]], [[Mark Stolberg]], [[Abram Szpiro]], [[Karel Treybal]], [[Alexey Troitzky]], [[Samuil Vainshtein]], [[Heinrich Wolf]], and [[Lazar Zalkind]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chess.com/article/view/world-war-ii-and-chess |title=World War II and Chess |website=chess.com |date=2015-01-10 |access-date=2021-01-30 |archive-date=2021-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204141934/https://www.chess.com/amp/article/world-war-ii-and-chess |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Post-war era (1945 and later) ==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-76052-0335, Schacholympiade, Tal (UdSSR) gegen Fischer (USA).jpg|thumb|[[Bobby Fischer]] vs. [[Mikhail Tal]]]]
After the death of Alekhine, a new World Champion was sought in a tournament of elite players ruled by FIDE, who have controlled the title since then, with a sole interruption. The winner of the 1948 tournament, Russian [[Mikhail Botvinnik]], ushered in an era of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] dominance in the chess world. Until the end of the Soviet Union, there was only one non-Soviet champion, American [[Bobby Fischer]] (champion 1972–1975).<ref>Kasparov 2003b, 2004a, 2004b, 2006</ref>

In the previous informal system, the World Champion decided which challenger he would play for the title and the challenger was forced to seek sponsors for the match.<ref name="Chess History">{{cite web| title = Chess History| url = http://www.thechessplace.com/page/976499| access-date = 2008-01-07| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070430000134/http://www.thechessplace.com/page/976499| archive-date = 2007-04-30| url-status = dead}}</ref> FIDE set up a new system of qualifying tournaments and matches. The world's strongest players were seeded into "[[Interzonal]] tournaments", where they were joined by players who had qualified from "Zonal tournaments". The leading finishers in these Interzonals would go on the "Candidates" stage, which was initially a tournament, later a series of knock-out matches. The winner of the [[Candidates]] would then play the reigning champion for the title. A champion defeated in a match had a right to play a rematch a year later. This system worked on a three-year cycle.<ref name="Chess History"/>

Botvinnik participated in championship matches over a period of fifteen years. He won the world championship tournament in 1948 and retained the title in tied matches in 1951 and 1954. In 1957, he lost to [[Vasily Smyslov]], but regained the title in a rematch in 1958. In 1960, he lost the title to the [[Latvia]]n prodigy [[Mikhail Tal]], an accomplished tactician and attacking player. Botvinnik again regained the title in a rematch in 1961.

Following the 1961 event, FIDE abolished the automatic right of a deposed champion to a rematch, and the next champion, [[Armenia]]n [[Tigran Petrosian]], a genius of defense and strong positional player, was able to hold the title for two cycles, 1963–1969. His successor, [[Boris Spassky]] from Russia (1969–1972), was a player able to win in both positional and sharp tactical style.<ref>Kasparov 2003b, 2004a</ref>

[[File:Gukesh in 2024 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Current world champion [[Gukesh Dommaraju]]]]

The next championship saw the first non-Soviet challenger since [[World War II]], [[Bobby Fischer]], who defeated his Candidates opponents by unheard-of margins and won the world championship match.

== Kasparov–Karpov rivalry and chess computers (1975–2013) ==
In 1975, Fischer refused to defend his title against Soviet [[Anatoly Karpov]] when FIDE refused to meet his demands, and Karpov obtained the title by default. Karpov defended his title twice against [[Viktor Korchnoi]] and dominated the 1970s and early 1980s with a string of tournament successes.<ref>Kasparov 2003a, 2006</ref>

Karpov's reign finally ended in 1985 at the hands of another Russian player, [[Garry Kasparov]]. Kasparov and Karpov contested five world title matches between 1984 and 1990; Karpov never won his title back.<ref>{{cite book | author=Keene, Raymond | title=Gary Kasparov's Best Games |publisher=B.T. Batsford Ltd. | year=1993 | isbn=0-7134-7296-0 | oclc=29386838}}, p. 16.</ref>

In 1987, the computer database program [[ChessBase]] was launched with the support of Garry Kasparov.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-23 |title=Kasparov and the start of ChessBase |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/kasparov-and-the-start-of-chessbase |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=Chess News |language=en}}</ref> Kasparov was an early adopter of computer chess databases, and soon computers played an integral role in the training and preparation of the world's top players.

In 1993, Garry Kasparov and [[Nigel Short]] cut ties with FIDE to organize their own match for the title and formed a competing [[Professional Chess Association]] (PCA). From then until 2006, there were two simultaneous World Champions and World Championships: the PCA or Classical champion extending the Steinitzian tradition in which the current champion plays a challenger in a series of many games; the other following FIDE's new format of many players competing in a tournament to determine the champion. Kasparov lost his Classical title in 2000 to [[Vladimir Kramnik]] of Russia.

Earlier, in 1996, Kasparov played a pair of [[Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov|six-game exhibition matches]] against [[IBM]] supercomputer [[Deep Blue (chess computer)|Deep Blue]]. He won the first match 4–2 but lost the rematch 3½–2½.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHESSGAMES.COM * Chess game search engine |url=https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?pid=29912&pid2=15940 |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=www.chessgames.com}}</ref> This defeat symbolically heralded the arrival of chess engines playing at grandmaster strength. In 1999, Kasparov as the reigning world champion played a [[Kasparov versus the World|game online against the world team]] composed of more than 50,000 participants from more than 75 countries. The moves of the world team were decided by plurality vote, and after 62 moves played over four months Kasparov won the game.<ref name="harding">Harding, T. (2002). ''64 Great Chess Games'', Dublin: Chess Mail. {{ISBN|0-9538536-4-0}}.</ref> In 2006, Kramnik lost a match against [[Fritz (chess)|Deep Fritz]], effectively ending the era of human-computer chess competition.

The [[FIDE World Chess Championship 2006]] reunified the titles, when Kramnik beat the FIDE World Champion [[Veselin Topalov]] and became the undisputed World Chess Champion.<ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=12295 Kramnik at ChessGames.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518085742/https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=12295 |date=2020-05-18 }}. Retrieved 13 December 2006</ref> In September 2007, [[Viswanathan Anand]] from India became the next champion by winning a championship tournament.<ref>{{cite news | title=Viswanathan Anand regains world chess title | date=2007-09-30 | publisher=[[Reuters]] | url=http://in.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idINIndia-29785520070930 | access-date=2007-12-13 | archive-date=2009-03-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318160443/http://in.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idINIndia-29785520070930 | url-status=dead }}</ref> In October 2008, Anand retained his title, decisively winning the rematch against Kramnik.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/anand-draws-11th-game-wins-world-chess-title/77005-5.html?from=rssfeed|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229210701/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/anand-draws-11th-game-wins-world-chess-title/77005-5.html?from=rssfeed|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 29, 2008|title=Anand draws 11th game, wins world chess title|date=October 29, 2008|publisher=IBN Live|access-date=2008-12-17}}</ref>

== Carlsen and the online chess boom (2013–present) ==
Anand retained his title until 2013, when he lost it to [[Magnus Carlsen]] from Norway. Carlsen defended his title four times, reaching an all-time record [[Elo rating system|FIDE rating]] of 2882 in May 2014. Carlsen was the first player to hold the World Classical, [[World Rapid Chess Championship|Rapid]], and [[World Blitz Chess Championship|Blitz]] chess championship titles simultaneously. However, he declined to defend his title in 2023, and thus relinquished it to [[Candidates Tournament 2022|2022 Candidates Tournament]] runner-up [[Ding Liren]], who won the title in [[World Chess Championship 2023|a match]] against Candidates winner Ian Nepomniachtchi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mather |first=Victor |date=2022-07-20 |title=Lacking Motivation, Magnus Carlsen Will Give Up World Chess Title |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/20/sports/chess-magnus-carlsen-world-championship.html |access-date=2022-09-07 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2022-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721011423/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/20/sports/chess-magnus-carlsen-world-championship.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Graham |first=Bryan Armen |date=2023-04-30 |title=Ding Liren succeeds Carlsen as world chess champion with gutsy playoff win |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/apr/30/ding-liren-world-chess-champion-ian-nepomniachtchi |access-date=2023-04-30 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=2023-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510160719/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2023/apr/30/ding-liren-world-chess-champion-ian-nepomniachtchi |url-status=live }}</ref> Nevertheless, Carlsen remains a dominant player, retaining the world's highest rating and winning the FIDE World Cup in 2023.

In recent years, [[online chess]] through the use of [[internet chess server]]s have exploded in popularity. Internet chess servers have existed since 1992 with the creation of the [[Subscription business model|subscription service]] Internet Chess Club,<ref>{{Cite web |title=FICS – Free Internet Chess Server – Internet Chess Anniversary |url=https://www.freechess.org/Events/Anniversary/ |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=www.freechess.org}}</ref> but today the majority of top-level players have moved to [[freemium]] websites like [[Chess.com]] (founded in 2007) and, to a lesser extent, free website [[Lichess]] (launched in 2010). These websites feature quick pairing systems and site-specific ratings for bullet, blitz, rapid, and/or classical time controls. They also include additional features such as puzzles, engine analysis, databases, user-created libraries, community blogs and forums, news and articles, video lessons, and more. They also host tournaments where top grandmasters compete for prizes, creating an around-the-clock chess media ecosystem.

In 2020, online chess experienced a spike in popularity due to interest in the Netflix miniseries ''[[The Queen's Gambit (miniseries)|The Queen's Gambit]]'' released amidst the [[COVID-19 pandemic|2020 Covid Pandemic]]. In 2023, an even larger spike occurred, driven in large part by viral chess engine Mittens, a playable bot on chess.com.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team (CHESScom) |first=Chess com |date=2023-01-23 |title=Chess Is Booming! And Our Servers Are Struggling. |url=https://www.chess.com/blog/CHESScom/chess-is-booming-and-our-servers-are-struggling |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=Chess.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Chess has become an [[Esports|esport]], with many top players such as Magnus Carlsen and American Grandmaster [[Hikaru Nakamura]] streaming their games live.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pappalardo |first=Charlie |date=2023-04-05 |title=Streaming, strategy and the sudden resurgence of chess |url=http://www.michigandaily.com/statement/streaming-strategy-and-the-sudden-resurgence-of-chess/ |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=The Michigan Daily |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719095645/https://www.michigandaily.com/statement/streaming-strategy-and-the-sudden-resurgence-of-chess/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Browning |first=Kellen |date=2020-09-07 |title=Chess (Yes, Chess) Is Now a Streaming Obsession |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/07/technology/chess-new-streaming-obsession-twitch.html |access-date=2023-07-19 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2020-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920075204/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/07/technology/chess-new-streaming-obsession-twitch.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Other popular chess content creators include [[International Master]] [[Levy Rozman]] (Gothamchess) and [[Agadmator|Antonio Radić]] (Agadmator).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Copeland (SamCopeland) |first=Sam |date=2021-09-18 |title=The Top YouTube Chess Channels {{!}} Congrats To GothamChess On #1!!! |url=https://www.chess.com/blog/SamCopeland/the-top-youtube-chess-channels-congrats-to-gothamchess-on-1 |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=Chess.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Chess engine]]s have also radically transformed, incorporating new technologies into their move search and evaluation functions. Previously, dominant computers such as [[Rybka]] (released in 2005), [[Stockfish (chess)|Stockfish]] (2008), Houdini (2010), and [[Komodo (chess)|Komodo]] (2010) used a hand-crafted evaluation using variables such as space and piece mobility. In 2017, chess engine [[AlphaZero]] won a controversial match<ref>{{Cite web |last=Doggers (PeterDoggers) |first=Peter |date=2017-12-08 |title=AlphaZero Chess: Reactions From Top GMs, Stockfish Author |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/alphazero-reactions-from-top-gms-stockfish-author |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=Chess.com |language=en-US}}</ref> against Stockfish using a relatively novel [[Neural network (machine learning)|neural network]] system. Since then, all of the top engines, including Stockfish, Komodo Dragon, [[Leela Chess Zero]] (2018), and Torch (2023), have incorporated [[efficiently updatable neural network]]s (NNUEs) into their evaluation functions.

==Rule changes==
{{further|Joke chess problem#Offbeat interpretations of the rules of chess|l1=Offbeat interpretations of the rules of chess}}
*[[Stalemate]] was originally considered an inferior form of victory; at various times it has been considered a win, a draw, or even a loss for the player delivering it. Since the 18th century, it has been considered a draw.
*The convention that White moves first was established in the 19th century; previously either White or Black could move first.
*[[Castling]] rules have varied, variations persisting in Italy until the late 19th century.
*Rules concerning [[Draw by repetition|draws by repetition]] and the [[fifty-move rule]] have been refined and now require a formal claim. [[Perpetual check]] is no longer included in the rules of chess.
*There have been no recent changes to the moves of the pieces, but the wording of some rules has been changed for the purposes of clarity.
*The [[London 1883 chess tournament]] introduced [[chess clocks]], creating a new rule for loss on time.
*In line with the rule against receiving outside assistance, if a player's [[mobile phone]] or other electronic device generates sound, the player is immediately forfeited.<ref name="FIDE">{{cite web|title=FIDE Laws of Chess – Article 12: The conduct of the players|url=http://www.fide.com/FIDE/handbook/LawsOfChess.pdf|website=www.fide.com/|publisher=World Chess Federation|access-date=July 22, 2017|archive-date=September 2, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902004619/http://www.fide.com/FIDE/handbook/LawsOfChess.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In amateur tournaments players are asked to hand their phones to the tournament director; in professional tournaments they may be required to go through a metal detector.

== See also ==
* {{section link|Outline of chess|History of chess}}
* [[Chess in the arts]]
* [[Computer chess]]
* [[History of chess engines]]
* [[List of chess historians]]
* [[List of chess variants]]
* [[List of games that Buddha would not play]]
* [[School of chess]]
* [[Timeline of chess]]
* [[Wheat and chessboard problem]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

'''''Encyclopædia Britannica'''''
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | year = 2002 | title = Chess: Ancient precursors and related games. }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | year = 2002 | title = Chess: Development of Theory }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | year = 2002 | title = Chess: The time element and competition }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | year = 2002 | title = Chess: Chess composition }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | year = 2002 | title = Chess (History): Standardization of rules }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | year = 2007 | title = Chess: Set design | url = https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-80432/chess | access-date = 2007-10-28 | archive-date = 2007-10-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071030060549/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-80432/chess | url-status = live }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | year = 2007 | title = Chess: Introduction to Europe | url = https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-80430/chess | access-date = 2007-10-28 | archive-date = 2007-10-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071030060539/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-80430/chess | url-status = live }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | year = 2007 | title = Chinese chess | url = https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9024151 | access-date = 2007-10-28 | archive-date = 2007-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071224153340/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9024151 | url-status = live }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | year = 2002 | title = Shogi }}
{{refend}}

'''WWW'''
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web |last=Banaschak |first=Peter |title=A story well told is not necessarily true : a critical assessment of David H. Li's ''The Genealogy of Chess'' |url=http://www.banaschak.net/schach/ligenealogyofchess.htm |access-date=2008-12-11 |archive-date=2017-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619073907/http://www.banaschak.net/schach/ligenealogyofchess.htm |url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

'''Books'''
{{refbegin|}}
* {{cite book |last=Bell |first=Robert Charles |author-link=Robert Charles Bell |title=Board and Table Games from Many Civilizations |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |year=1979 |isbn=0-486-23855-5}}
* [[Henry Bird (chess player)|Bird, Henry Edward]] (1893). ''Chess History and Reminiscences''. London. (Republished version by Forgotten Books). {{ISBN|1-60620-897-7|}}.
* {{cite book |last1=Cazaux |first1=Jean-Louis |last2=Knowlton |first2=Rick |year=2017 |title=A World of Chess. Its Development and Variations through Centuries and Civilizations |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-9427-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Davidson |first=Henry A. |orig-year=1949 |year=1981 |title=A Short History of Chess |publisher=McKay |isbn=0-679-14550-8 |oclc=17340178}}
* {{cite book |last=Eales |first=Richard |title=Chess, The History of a Game |year=1985 |publisher=Facts on File |isbn=978-0816011957}}
* [[Duncan Forbes (linguist)|Forbes, Duncan]] (1860). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Oa4UAAAAYAAJ ''The History of Chess: From the Time of the Early Invention of the Game in India Till the Period of Its Establishment in Western and Central Europe'']. London: W.H. Allen & Co.
* {{Cite book |last=Golombek |first=Harry |author-link=Harry Golombek |year=1977 |title=Golombek's Encyclopedia of Chess |publisher=Crown Publishing |isbn=0-517-53146-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Golombek |first=Harry |author-link=Harry Golombek |year=1976 |title=A History of Chess |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |isbn=0-7100-8266-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Harding |first=Tim |title=Better Chess for Average Players |year=2003 |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |isbn=0-486-29029-8 |oclc=33166445}}
* {{cite book |last=Hooper |first=David Vincent |author2=Whyld, Kenneth |author-link2=Ken Whyld |author-link=David Vincent Hooper |title=[[The Oxford Companion to Chess]] |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1992 |isbn=0-19-866164-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hooper |first1=David |last2=Whyld |first2=Kenneth  |title=The Oxford Companion to Chess, Second edition |publisher=Oxford University Press  |year=1992 |isbn=0-19-866164-9 |oclc=25508610 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000hoop}} Reprint: (1996) {{ISBN|0-19-280049-3|}}
* {{cite book |last=Kasparov |first=Garry |author-link=Garry Kasparov |title=[[My Great Predecessors]], part I |year=2003a |publisher=[[Everyman Chess]] |isbn=1-85744-330-6 |oclc=223602528}}
* {{cite book |last=Kasparov |first=Garry |title=My Great Predecessors, part II |year=2003b |publisher=Everyman Chess |isbn=1-85744-342-X |oclc=223906486}}
* {{cite book |last=Kasparov |first=Garry |title=My Great Predecessors, part III |year=2004a |publisher=Everyman Chess |isbn=1-85744-371-3 |oclc=52949851}}
* {{cite book |last=Kasparov |first=Garry |title=My Great Predecessors, part IV |year=2004b |publisher=Everyman Chess |isbn=1-85744-395-0 |oclc=52949851}}
* {{cite book |last=Kasparov |first=Garry |title=My Great Predecessors, part V |year=2006 |publisher=Everyman Chess |isbn=1-85744-404-3 |oclc=52949851}}
* {{cite book |last=Kulke |first=Hermann |author2=Dietmar Rothermund |title=A History of India |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=0-415-32920-5}}
* Leibs, Andrew (2004). ''Sports and Games of the Renaissance''. Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. {{ISBN|0-313-32772-6|}}
* {{cite book |author=Li, David H. |title=The Genealogy of Chess |publisher=Premier Pub. Co |year=1998 |isbn=0-9637852-2-2 |author-link=David H. Li}}
* {{cite book |last=Meri |first=Josef W. |title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=0-415-96690-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Murray |first=H. J. R. |author-link=H. J. R. Murray |title=A History of Chess |url=https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfChessHJRMurray/page/n33/mode/2up |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1913}}
* Musser Golladay, Sonja, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717133812/http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file%3A%2F%2F%2Fdata1%2Fpdf%2Fetd%2Fazu_etd_2444_1_m.pdf&type=application%2Fpdf "''Los Libros de acedrex dados e tablas'': Historical, Artistic and Metaphysical Dimensions of Alfonso X's ''Book of Games''"] (PhD diss., University of Arizona, 2007)
* {{cite web |last=Needham |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Needham |title=Thoughts on The Origin of Chess |url=http://www.goddesschess.com/chessays/needham1.html |year=1962 |access-date=2008-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205033107/http://www.goddesschess.com///chessays/needham1.html |archive-date=2008-12-05 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |last=Needham |first=Joseph |author2=Ronan, Colin A. |author-link2=Colin Ronan |title=The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 2 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1985 |isbn=978-0-521-31536-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Needham |first=Joseph |author2=Ronan, Colin A. |title=The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 3 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1986 |isbn=0-521-31560-3}}
* Saidy, Anthony. ''The battle of chess ideas'' (Batsford, 1972); scholarly history; ''The March of Chess Ideas: How the Century's Greatest Players Have Waged the War Over Chess Strategy'' (1994)
* {{cite book |author=Shenk, David |title=The Immortal Game: A History of Chess |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780385510103 |url-access=registration |year=2007 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780385510103/page/99 99] |isbn=9780385510103}}
* {{cite book |last=Vale |first=M. G. A. |title=The Princely Court: Medieval Courts and Culture in North-West Europe, 1270–1380 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=0-19-926993-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Wilkins |first=Sally |title=Sports and Games of Medieval Cultures |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-313-31711-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Yalom |first=Marilyn |title=Birth of the Chess Queen: a History |edition=Illustrated |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2004 |isbn=0-06-009064-2}}
* {{cite book |author=Firdausí |author-link=Ferdowsi |others=Trans. Warner, Arthur George & Warner, Edmond |title=The Sháhnámá of Firdausí |volume=VII |url=https://archive.org/stream/shahnama07firduoft#page/n7/mode/2up |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. |location=London |year=2000 |orig-year=1915 |isbn=0-415-24545-1}}
{{refend}}

'''Journals'''
{{refbegin}}
* [[Viswanathan Anand|Anand, Viswanathan]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20080620125545/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1815747_1815707_1815674,00.html "The Indian Defense"], [[Time (magazine)|Time]], Thursday, Jun. 19, 2008. An article on the history of chess by the 2007-10 chess world champion.
* {{cite journal |last=Gamer |first=Helena M. |title=The Earliest Evidence of Chess in Western Literature: The Einsiedeln Verses |journal=Speculum |volume=29 |issue=4 |date=October 1954 |pages=734–750 |doi=10.2307/2847098 |jstor=2847098 |publisher=Medieval Academy of America |s2cid=162079385}}
* {{cite journal |last=Gordon |first=Stewart |title=The Game of Kings |journal=[[Saudi Aramco World]] |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=18–23 |date=July–August 2009 |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200904/the.game.of.kings.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720035407/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200904/the.game.of.kings.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-07-20 |publisher=Aramco Services Company |location=Houston}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20121003051322/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/pdf/2000/200904.pdf PDF version])
* {{Cite journal |last1=Riddler |first1=Ian |last2=Denison |first2=Simon |title=When there is no end to a good game |journal=British Archaeology |issue=31 |publisher=Council for British Archaeology |location=United Kingdom |date=February 1998 |url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba31/ba31feat.html |issn=1357-4442 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915231531/http://archaeologyuk.org/ba/ba31/Ba31feat.html |archive-date=15 September 2016 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite journal |last=Wilkinson |first=Charles K |title=Chessmen and Chess |journal=The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin |volume=New Series 1 |issue=9 |date=May 1943 |pages=271–279 |url=http://www.goddesschess.com/chessays/chessmenandchess.html |doi=10.2307/3257111 |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |jstor=3257111 |access-date=2010-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924035457/http://goddesschess.com/chessays/chessmenandchess.html |archive-date=2010-09-24 |url-status=dead |url-access=subscription}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://history.chess.free.fr/ Origin and history of Chess, Xiangqi, Shogi and more]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219155918/http://www.mynetcologne.de/~nc-jostenge/ Initiative group Koenigstein]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081205035903/http://www.goddesschess.com//chessays/chessaystoc.html Goddess Chess Chessays]
* [http://www.mark-weeks.com/aboutcom/caa-hist.htm Chess for all ages]
*[http://knol.google.com/k/braulio-v%C3%A1zquez-campos/alfonso-x-y-el-ajedrez/1nt2tw69bo2xt/13?hl=en#/ Alfonso X y el ajedrez – Alfonso X and Chess]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/bearing-witness/chess.asp Chess in the Holocaust] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812192446/https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/bearing-witness/chess.asp |date=2023-08-12 }}, on [[Yad Vashem]] website
{{Chess}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Chess}}
[[Category:History of chess| ]]
[[Category:History of sports by sport|Chess]]

Rhinacanthus grandiflorus

2026-03-21T11:56:12Z

Imteenu: starting a entry.

{{Short description|Type of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = CR
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| genus = Rhinacanthus
| species = grandiflorus
| authority = [[Stephen Troyte Dunn|Dunn]]
}}

'''''Rhinacanthus grandiflorus''''' is a plant from the family [[Acanthaceae]], native to [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in Northeast India. It was first described by British botanist [[Stephen Troyte Dunn|Dunn]] in 1920.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goswami |first=Roopak |date=2025-11-20 |title=Rare Himalayan shrub rediscovered after 95 years in Arunachal |url=http://eastmojo.com/premium/2025/11/20/rare-himalayan-shrub-rediscovered-after-95-years-in-arunachal/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
The specimen was found and documented by Col. [[Isaac Henry Burkill]] during the Abor Expedition 1911-12 and later sent to the Calcutta Herbarium (now, Central National Herbarium, Howrah).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burkill |first=I. H. |date=1920 |title=Image - 137c8253-8689-462d-8274-c7b8f7fd2a00 |url=https://images.data.kew.org/image/details?imageId=137c8253-8689-462d-8274-c7b8f7fd2a00&_gl=1*1txayga*_ga*MTMxNjI5OTQ3OS4xNzQ4NDU5MTk4*_ga_ZVV2HHW7P6*czE3NjM5NTA2NTMkbzQkZzEkdDE3NjM5NTE4ODQkajQ3JGwwJGgw&lang=en-GB |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Royal Botanical Garden, Kew, Data Portal}}</ref> It was then described by British botanist [[Stephen Troyte Dunn|Dunn]] in 1920.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=1920 |title=Rhinacanthus grandiflorus |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/42077#page/139/mode/1up |journal=Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Royal Gardens, Kew |volume=4 |pages=135 |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rhinacanthus grandiflorus Dunn {{!}} Taxonomy |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:53550-1 |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref>

== Distribution and habitat ==
The plant specimen was first found in the [[Abor Hills]] in the [[Eastern Himalayas]] [[biodiversity hotspot]].<ref name=":0" /> It was then in the shade of the now extinct [[hopea shingkeng]] in the locality of Janakmukh and Ramidambang villages.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maity |first=Rohan |last2=Goswami |first2=Samrat |last3=Shenoy |first3=Akshath |last4=Dash |first4=Sudhansu Sekhar |date=2025 |title=Recollection of endemic Rhinacanthus grandiflorus (Acanthaceae) after almost a century |url=https://phytotaxa.mapress.com/pt/article/view/phytotaxa.730.1.8 |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=730 |issue=1 |pages=96–102 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.730.1.8 |issn=1179-3163|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
[[File:Preserved specimen of Rhinacanthus grandiflorus.jpg|thumb|357x357px|Specimen collected during the Abor Expedition 1911-12 by Col. Isaac Henry Burkill]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q17681360}}

[[Category:Flora of Assam (region)]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rhinacanthus|grandiflorus]]

{{Acanthaceae-stub}}

Sreenanda Shankar

2026-03-18T17:27:57Z

Imteenu: starting initial stub w/ refs.

{{Short description|Indian actress, model and dancer}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sreenanda Shankar
| honorific_suffix =
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| alma_mater = [[Alvin Ailey|The Ailey School]], [[Roshan Taneja]] School of Acting, [[Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute]]
| occupation = [[Actress]], [[Model (person)|Model]] & [[Dancer]]
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| mother = [[Tanusree Shankar]]
| father = [[Ananda Shankar]]
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'''Sreenanda Shankar''' (born 25 December 1980) is an Indian [[actress]], [[model (person)|model]] and [[dancer]].<ref name=TM>Ruman Ganguly,{{Cite web |title=Body shaming is so outdated & inappropriate: Sreenanda Shankar|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/body-shaming-is-so-outdated-inappropriate-sreenanda-shankar/articleshow/102467847.cms |date=6 August 2023|access-date=15 June 2024 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sreenanda was born in [[Kolkata]], [[India]] to [[Ananda Shankar]]; the Indian musician, and [[Tanusree Shankar]]; a dancer and [[choreographer]].<ref name="KOL">{{Cite web |title=Kolkata pays tribute to virtuoso Ananda Shankar; Tanusree Shankar announces Udayananda World Heritage Dance Tour |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/life-details/L/3346/kolkata-pays-tribute-to-virtuoso-ananda-shankar-tanusree-shankar-announces-udayananda-world-heritage-dance-tour.html|date=14 December 2017|access-date=15 June 2024 |website=indiablooms.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mum's the world: Kolkata's favourite celebrity mothers and daughters|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2018/may/13/moms-the-world-7353.html|access-date=15 June 2024|website=www.indulgexpress.com|date=12 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Her name is a [[portmanteau]] of the names of her parents. She is the granddaughter of Indian dancer and choreographer, [[Uday Shankar]] and his wife [[Amala Shankar]].<ref name="KOL"/> The Indian sitarist and composer, [[Ravi Shankar]] is her granduncle.<ref name="KOL"/> Sreenanda started acting and dancing at a very young age having accompanied her parents on music recordings, dance tours and performances.<ref name="TT">Priyanka Dasgupta,{{Cite web |title=As a daughter, I had to stand up for my mother, says Sreenan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/as-a-daughter-i-had-to-stand-up-for-my-mother-says-sreenanda-shankar/articleshow/57475819.cms|date=5 March 2017|access-date=15 June 2024 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>

Sreenanda was trained at the Tanusree Shankar Dance Academy <ref name="TT"/> and studied at [[Alvin Ailey|The Ailey School]], the American dance training Theatre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanusree Shankar Dances Down Memory Lane |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/tanusree-shankar-dances-down-memory-lane/cid/388762 |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> She also studied acting as a course at [[Roshan Taneja]] School of Acting in [[Mumbai]], India<ref>{{Cite web|title='Every performance is like a new exam'|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/every-performance-is-like-a-new-exam/cid/447605|date=12 February 2019|access-date=15 June 2024|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> and at the [[Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute]] in [[New York City|New York]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Moving to a new stage|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/moving-to-a-new-stage/cid/559469|date= 8 July 2020|access-date=15 June 2024|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sreenanda performed as a dancer on stage across [[India]], as well as in [[USA]], [[UK]], [[Spain]] and other nations.<ref>Rupsa Sengupta,{{Cite web |title=In pics: A glimpse of actress Sreenanda Shankar's dance performance in Mahalaya special show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/in-pics-a-glimpse-of-actress-sreenanda-shankars-dance-performance-in-mahalaya-special-show/photostory/86777663.cms |date=5 October 2021|access-date=15 June 2024 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref> She performed on television for multiple dance-dramas where she played the role of Goddess [[Durga]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ditipriya and Sreenanda stun viewers with their Devi avatars on Mahalaya |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/ditipriya-and-sreenanda-stun-viewers-with-their-devi-avatars-on-mahalaya/cid/1833781 |access-date=15 June 2024|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

As a model, Sreenanda has featured in TV/video commercials and ad campaigns on multiple occasions.<ref name=TM/> She has starred as an actress in movies directed by notable film directors such as [[Aparna Sen]], [[Suman Ghosh (director)|Suman Ghosh]] and [[Srijit Mukherji]].<ref name=TM/>

Sreenanda is the founder of ''Makeover Madness. It's about what suits You'', an online makeup platform for women.
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Go glamorous in minutes  |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/go-glamorous-nbsp-in-minutes-nbsp/cid/1508464 |date= 18 March 2022|access-date=15 June 2024|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> She is also the director at Tanusree Shankar Dance Company.<ref name="TT"/>

She has a youtube channel where she shows her makeup tutorials and daily lifestyle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sreenanda Shankar |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfMBvR7AzWiYuhcdK-JaVBw |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=YouTube |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sreenanda married her longtime boyfriend Gev Satarawalla in November 2009.They announced their separation in December 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-11-29 |title=Sreenanda Shankar's perfect match |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/regional/sreenanda-shankars-perfect-match/articleshow/5279649.cms |access-date=2025-06-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/C0JHlvXNfUf/ |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Feature films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Production
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Ek Je Chhilo Raja]]''<ref>Akriti Anand,{{Cite web |title=Srijit Mukherji’s Ek Je Chhilo Raja Is Official Selection At Heartland International Film Festival 2019|url=https://www.spotboye.com/bengali/bengali-news/srijit-mukherji-s-ek-je-chhilo-raja-is-official-selection-at-heartland-international-film-festival-2019/5d7f6087def098574f7b25fc|date= |access-date=15 June 2024|website=spotboye.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || '' [[Basu Poribar (2019 film)|Basu Poribar]]''<ref>Ruman Ganguly,{{Cite web |title=Sreenanda speaks of her character in Basu Poribar|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/sreenanda-speaks-of-her-character-in-basu-poribar/articleshow/68535836.cms|date= 23 March 2019|access-date=15 June 2024|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2019|| ''[[Ghawre Bairey Aaj]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghawre Bairey Aaj first look out, Aparna Sen remakes the classic Ghaire Baire|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ghawre-bairey-aaj-first-look-aparna-sen-remakes-classic-ghaire-baire-1502745603.html|date=15 April 2019|access-date=15 June 2024|website=thestatesman.com}}</ref>
|}

=== Short films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Production
|-
| 2015 || ''The Third Eye''
|-
| 2017 || ''Talking of Michelangelo''
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm9115864}}
* [https://sreenandashankar.com Official website]

{{Shankar family}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shankar, Sreenanda}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Indian dancers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian female models]]
[[Category:Shankar family|Sreenanda]]

Kannauj

2026-03-18T10:17:27Z

Imteenu: General improvements to article content

{{About|the municipality in Uttar Pradesh, India|its namesake district|Kannauj district}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kannauj
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Goddess Annapurna Temple ,tirwa town,stateUttar Pradesh.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Annapurna temple in Kannauj, [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| nickname = ''Perfume Capital of India''
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India#India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_relief = Yes
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|27.07|N|79.92|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kannauj district|Kannauj]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = METRIC
| leader_title = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha MP]]
| leader_name = [[Akhilesh Yadav]] ([[Samajwadi Party|SP]])
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 139
| population_total = 84,862
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = AUTO
| population_rank =
| population_demonym = Kannauji, Kannaujwale
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 209725
| registration_plate = UP-74
| website = {{URL|www.kannauj.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kannauji language|Kannauji]]
}}
'''Kannauj''' ([[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] pronunciation: {{IPA|hi|kənːɔːd͡ʒ|}}) is an ancient city, administrative headquarters and a [[municipal board]] or [[Nagar palika|Nagar Palika Parishad]] in [[Kannauj district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is located 113 km (71 mi) from [[Etawah]], 93 km (58 mi)
from [[Kanpur]], 129 km (81 mi) from [[Lucknow]].
The city's name is an evolved form of the classical name ''Kanyakubja''.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest|author=Rama Shankar Tripathi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ|year=1989|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA2|page=2|isbn=978-81-208-0404-3|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=8 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308060513/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> During the ancient [[Vedic period]], it was the capital city of the [[Pañcāla|Panchala Kingdom]] during the reign of king Vajrayudha.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-gJDAAAAYAAJ |title=Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Farrukhabad. 39. Ballia|page=29|date=1988|publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh}}</ref> In the medieval era, it formed the core of the Kingdom of Kannauj and was ruled by multiple successive royal families.

It was also known as ''Mahodaya'' during the time of [[Mihira Bhoja]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/sanjeev-singh-blog/why-gurjara-is-not-gujjar-a-historical-perspective/|title = Why Gurjara is not Gujjar: A historical perspective|website = [[The Times of India]]|date = 7 August 2021|access-date = 9 August 2021|archive-date = 9 August 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210809112734/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/sanjeev-singh-blog/why-gurjara-is-not-gujjar-a-historical-perspective/|url-status = live}}</ref> It is situated 104 kilometres west of the state capital,[[Lucknow]].

Kannauj is famous for distilling of scents and [[Perfume|perfumes]]. It is known as "India's perfume capital" and is famous for its traditional [[Kannauj Perfume]], a government protected entity. This industry is threatened by the rise of perfumes made from chemicals, rather than using attar, made from the petals of flowers grown in this area.<ref name=perfume>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2012/09/20/2003543194 |title=Life: India's perfume capital threatened by scent of modernity |date=20 September 2012 |newspaper=The Taipei Times |access-date=10 February 2016 |archive-date=17 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317085143/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2012/09/20/2003543194 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
{{see also|Kingdom of Kannauj}}

===Early history===
Archaeological discoveries show that Kannauj was inhabited by the [[Painted Grey Ware]] and [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] cultures,<ref>Dilip K. Chakrabarti (2007), ''Archaeological geography of the Ganga plain: the upper Ganga (Oudh, Rohilkhand, and the Doab)'', p.47</ref> {{Circa|1200}}–600 BCE and {{Circa|700}}–200 BCE, respectively. During the [[Vedic period]], it was the capital city of the [[Pañcāla|Panchala Kingdom]] during the reign of king Vajrayudha.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Gurcharn|last=Singh Sandhu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0yXcAAAAMAAJ |title=A Military History of Ancient India|page=164|date=2000|publisher=Vision Books}}</ref>

[[File:Varma - Vishvamitra Meditation.jpg|thumb|Illustration of [[Vishvamitra]], a legendary [[Rigveda|Rigvedic]] sage and ruler of Kanyakubja]]

Under the names of Kuśasthala and Kanyakubja, it is mentioned as a well-known town in the Hindu epics, the [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Ramayana]], and by the grammarian [[Mahābhāṣya|Patanjali]] ({{Circa|150 BCE}}).<ref>Rama S. Tripathi, ''History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest'' (Motilal Banarsidass, 1964), pp.2,15-16</ref> Also according to the Hindu epics, Kannauj or Kanyakubja was the capital of [[Amavasu dynasty|Amavasu]] the son of [[Pururavas]] and an ancestor of Rigvedic sage [[Vishwamitra]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UxFuAAAAMAAJ |title=Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Farrukhabad|pages=21, 22|date=1988|publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh}}</ref>

The [[Pali Canon|early Buddhist literature]] mentions Kannauj as Kannakujja, and refers to its location on the trade route from [[Mathura]] to [[Varanasi]] and [[Rajgir]].<ref>Moti Chandra (1977), ''Trade Routes in Ancient India'' pp.16-18</ref>

Kannauj may have been known to the Greco-Roman civilization under the name of Kanagoja or Kanogiza, which appears in ''Geography'' by [[Ptolemy]] ({{Circa|140 CE}}). It was also visited by the Chinese Buddhist travellers [[Faxian]] and [[Xuanzang]] in the fifth and seventh centuries CE, respectively.<ref>Tripathi, ''History of Kanauj'', pp. 17-19</ref>

[[File:Maukharis of Kanauj. Isanavarman. Circa AD 535-553.jpg|thumb|Coin of the [[Maukhari]]s of Kannauj under Maharaja Isanavarman, circa 535-553 CE]]
[[File:Harshavardhana Circa AD 606-647.jpg|thumb|Coin of [[Harsha|Emperor Harsha]] of the [[Vardhana dynasty]], circa 606–647 CE<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=261204|title=CNG: eAuction 329. INDIA, Post-Gupta (Ganges Valley). Vardhanas of Thanesar and Kanauj. Harshavardhana. Circa AD 606-647. AR Drachm (13mm, 2.28 g, 1h).|website=www.cngcoins.com|access-date=3 January 2019|archive-date=2 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502151716/https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=261204|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[File:Coinage of Yasovarman.jpg|thumb|Coinage of [[Varman dynasty (Kannauj)|Varman dynasty]] of Kannauj]]
[[File:Govindchandra.jpg|thumb|A [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]]-style 'seated goddess' coin of [[Gahadavala dynasty]] of Kannauj (r. c. 1114-1155 CE)]]

During the decline of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century, the [[Maukhari dynasty]] of Kannauj – who had served as vassal rulers under the Guptas - took advantage of the weakening of central authority, broke away and established control over large areas of northern India.<ref>Tripathi, ''History of Kanauj'', pp. 22-24</ref>

Under the Maukharis, Kannauj continued to grow in importance and prosperity. It became the greatest city of Northern India under Emperor [[Harsha]] (r. 606 to 647 CE) of the [[Vardhana dynasty]], who made it his capital.<ref>Tripathi, ''History of Kanauj'', p. 147</ref><ref>James Heitzman, ''The City in South Asia'' (Routledge, 2008), p.36</ref> Chinese pilgrim [[Xuanzang]] visited India during the reign of Harsha, and described Kannauj as a large, prosperous city with many Buddhist monasteries.<ref>Heizman, ''The City in South Asia'', pp.36-37</ref> Harsha died with no heir, resulting in a power vacuum until Maharaja [[Yashovarman]] seized power as the ruler of Kannauj.<ref name="Tripathi, p. 192"/>

===The Kannauj Triangle===
{{main|Tripartite Struggle}}
Kannauj became a focal point for three powerful dynasties, namely the [[Gurjara Pratihara]]s (r. 730-1036 CE), [[Pala Empire|Palas]] (r. 750-1162 CE) and [[Rashtrakuta]]s (r. 753-982 CE), between the 8th and 10th centuries. The conflict between the three dynasties has been referred to as the [[Tripartite struggle]] by many historians.<ref name="Kannauj">{{cite book|title=Pratiyogita Darpan|publisher=Upkar Prakashan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K7ZZzk8cXh8C&pg=PA9|page=9|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=8 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308060314/https://books.google.com/books?id=K7ZZzk8cXh8C&pg=PA9|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="R. C. Majumdar">{{cite book|title=Ancient India|author=R.C. Majumdar|author-link=R.C. Majumdar|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1994|pages=282–285|isbn=978-81-208-0436-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA282}}</ref>

[[File:Indian Kanauj triangle map.svg|thumb|left|The Kannauj was the focal point of three [[empire]]s: the [[Rashtrakuta]]s of [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], the Gurjara Pratiharas of [[Malwa]], and the [[Pala Empire|Palas]] of [[Bengal]].]]

There were initial struggles but ultimately the Gurjara Pratiharas succeeded in retaining the city.<ref name="Kannauj" /> The Gurjara-Pratiharas ruled [[Avanti (India)|Avanti]] (based at [[Ujjain]]), which was bounded to the South by the Rashtrakuta Empire, and the Pala Empire to the East. The Tripartite struggle began with the defeat of Indrayudh at the hands of Gurjara-Pratihara ruler [[Vatsraja|Vatsaraja]] (r. 780-800 CE).<ref name="Kannauj" /> The Pala ruler [[Dharmapala (emperor)|Dharampala]] (~770-821 CE) was also keen to establish his authority at Kannauj, giving rise to a struggle between Vatsaraja and Dharmapala, in which Dharmapala was defeated.<ref>{{cite book|title=Compendium General Knowledge|author=Kumar Sundram|publisher=Upkar Prakashan|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7XliTyOXI5kC&pg=PA195|page=195|isbn=978-81-7482-181-2|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=8 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308060348/https://books.google.com/books?id=7XliTyOXI5kC&pg=PA195|url-status=live}}</ref> Taking advantage of the chaos, the Rastrakuta ruler [[Dhruva Dharavarsha]] (r. 780–793 CE) surged northwards, defeated Vatsaraja, and took Kannauj for himself, completing the furthest northern expansion by a South Indian ruler.<ref name="R. C. Majumdar" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Pratiyogita Darpan|publisher=Upkar Prakashan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K7ZZzk8cXh8C&pg=PA7|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=8 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308060250/https://books.google.com/books?id=K7ZZzk8cXh8C&pg=PA7|url-status=live}}</ref>

When the Rashtrakuta ruler Dhruva Dharavarsha advanced back to the south, Dharampala was left in control of Kannauj for some time. The struggle between the two northern dynasties of Palas and Gurjara Pratiharas continued: the Pala's vassal [[Dharmapala (emperor)#Chakrayudha|Chakrayudha]] (Dharmapala's nominee for Ujjain) was defeated by the Pratihara [[Nagabhata II]] (r. 805–833 CE), and Kannauj was again occupied by the Gurjara Pratiharas. Dharmapala tried to take control of Kannauj but was defeated badly at [[Munger Fort#Etymology|Moongher]] by the Gurjara Pratiharas.<ref name="Kannauj" /> However, Nagabhata II was in turn soon defeated by the [[Rashtrakuta]] [[Govinda III]] (r. 793–814 CE), who had initiated a second northern surge. An inscription states that Chakrayudha and Dharmapala invited Govinda III to war against the Gurjara Pratiharas, but Dharmapala and Chakrayudh both submitted to the Govinda III, in order to win his sympathy. After this defeat, Pratihara power degenerated for some time. After the death of Dharampala, Nagabhata II regained hold over Kannuaj and made it the capital of the Gurjara Pratihara Empire. During this period, the Rashtrakutas were facing some internal conflicts, and so they, as well as the Pala Empire, did not contest this.<ref name="Kannauj" /> Thus Gurjara Pratiharas became the greatest power in Northern India after occupying Kannauj (9th century CE).<ref name="Kannauj" />

===Medieval times===
[[File:A panel depicting the Saptamatrikas , Kannauj,9th-10 century, Pratihara dynasty.jpg|thumb|A panel depicting the Saptamatrikas, Kannauj, 9th-10th century]]

In [[Golden Age of India|Classical India]], it served as the center of imperial Indian dynasties. The earliest of these was the [[Maukhari dynasty]], and later, Emperor [[Harsha]] of the [[Vardhana dynasty]].<ref name="Tripathi, p. 192">Tripathi, ''History of Kanauj'', p. 192</ref> The city later came under the [[Gahadavala|Gahadavala dynasty]], and under the rule of [[Govindachandra (Gahadavala dynasty)|Govindachandra]], the city reached "unprecedented glory". Kannauj was also the main place of war in the [[Tripartite struggle]] between the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]], the [[Pala Empire|Palas]] and the [[Rashtrakuta Empire|Rashtrakutas]].

[[File:Skanda, from Kannuaj.jpg|thumb|Sculpture of Skanda, The Hindu God of War, Kannauj, 8th century]]

Kannauj was clearly the wealthiest city in early Medieval India at large<ref>{{Cite book |last=wink|first=Andre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPXvDwAAQBAJ |title=The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, C.700-1800 CE|page=42|date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge university press|language=en}}</ref> and the country all around Kannauj was called [[Āryāvarta]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hussain jafri|first=Saiyid Zaheer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4SzQL1uds4C |title=Recording the Progress of Indian History|page=148|date=2016 |publisher=Primus Books|language=en}}</ref>
It seems likely that Kannauj and Middle country was the place of origin of majority of migrating Brahmins throughout the medieval centuries.<ref>{{Cite book |first=André|last=Wink|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPXvDwAAQBAJ |title=The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700-1800 CE|page=42|date=2020|publisher=E.J. Brill }}</ref>

[[File:019XZZ000004324U00012000(SVC2).jpg|thumb|Kannauj on the bank of the Ganges]]

In 1010 A.D., [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] saw Kannauj as a "City which raised its head to skies which in strength and structure might justly boast to have no equals".<ref>{{Cite book |first=Makkhan|last=Lal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTluAAAAMAAJ |title=Settlement History and Rise of Civilization in Ganga-Yamuna Doab, from 1500 B.C. to 300 A.D.|page=18|date=1984|publisher=B R Publishing Corporation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-gJDAAAAYAAJ |title=Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Farrukhabad. 39. Ballia|page=30|date=1988|publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh}}</ref>

Sultan [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] [[Ghaznavid invasion of Kannauj|captured Kanauj]] in 1018. [[Chandradeva]] founded the [[Gahadvala]] dynasty with its capital at Kannauj around 1090. His grandson [[Govindachandra (Gahadavala dynasty)|Govindachandra]] "raised Kannauj to unprecedented glory." [[Muhammad Ghori]] advanced against the city, and in the [[Battle of Chandwar]] of 1193 killed [[Jayachandra]].

[[Al-Biruni|Alberuni]] has referred to "Kannoj" as the key geographical point to explain marching distances to other Indian cities.<ref>(India, Vol 1, from p 199 onwards, Translated by Dr Edward C. Sachau, London 1910).</ref> The "glory of Imperial Kannauj" ended with [[Iltutmish]]'s conquest.<ref name="Sen">Sen, S.N., 2013, A Textbook of Medieval Indian History, Delhi: Primus Books, {{ISBN|9789380607344}}</ref>{{rp|21,32–33}}

[[Sher Shah Suri]] defeated [[Humayun]] at the [[Battle of Kannauj]] on 17 May 1540.

Famous Pir-e-Kamil, Hazrat Pir Shah Jewna Al-Naqvi Al-Bokhari was also born in Kannauj in 1493 in the reign of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] [[Sultan]] [[Sikandar Lodi]] (r. 1489-1517). He was a descendant of [[Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari]] and his father Syed Sadar-ud-din Shah Kabeer Naqvi Al Bukhari was a great saint and was also among the advisors of Sultan Sikandar Lodhi. [[Shah Jewna]] migrated to [[Shah Jeewna]] (a town named after him) now in Pakistan. Shah Jewna’s colonized towns in Kannauj :- Siray-e-Miran, Bibiyan Jalalpur, Makhdumpur, Lal Pur (associated with the name of Saint Sayyed Jalaluddin Haider Surkh Posh Bukhari or Lal Bukhari). His descendants still present in various parts of India and Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pir-e-Kamil Hazrat Pir Shah Jewna Al-Naqvi Al-Bokhari|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/469327-pir-e-kamil-hazrat-pir-shah-jewna-al-naqvi-al-bokhari|access-date=2021-01-01|website=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109111019/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/469327-pir-e-kamil-hazrat-pir-shah-jewna-al-naqvi-al-bokhari|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-05-09|title=Hazrat Pir Shah Jewna (RA)|url=https://nation.com.pk/10-May-2012/hazrat-pir-shah-jewna-ra|access-date=2021-01-01|website=The Nation|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902113011/https://nation.com.pk/10-May-2012/hazrat-pir-shah-jewna-ra|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Journal Of Archaeology|url=http://ijarch.org/CurrentIssue.aspx|access-date=2021-01-01|website=ijarch.org|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118035325/http://ijarch.org/CurrentIssue.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust|url=http://nazariapak.info/Sufism/Pir-Shah-Jewna.php|access-date=2021-01-01|website=nazariapak.info|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803082114/http://nazariapak.info/Sufism/Pir-Shah-Jewna.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Colonial period===
[[File:Ruins at Cannouge - British Library X432 3(7).jpg|thumb|''Ruins at Cannouge'', an engraving by [[Thomas Daniell]] from 1802]]

During early English rule in India, the city was spelled '''Cannodge''' by them.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/mrsmeerhassanali/letter_19.html |title=Observations on the Mussalmauns of India |author=Mrs. Meer Hassan Ali |chapter=Letter Nineteen |year=1832 |access-date=1 September 2022 |archive-date=21 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421155244/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/mrsmeerhassanali/letter_19.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.81794/page/n70/mode/1up/search/Hakim|Nawab Hakim Mehndi Ali Khan]] has been constantly associated with the development of city of Kannauj by the travellers and writers of the period. A ghat ([[iarchive:wanderingsofpilg02parluoft/page/16/mode/1up|Mehndighat]]), a Sarai (for the free stay of travellers and merchants) and various metalled roads were built by the Nawab which also bear his name.

Different spellings that are used to refer to Kannauj, apart from the official Kannauj, are '''Cannodge''', '''Kannauj''', '''Kannoj''', '''Kinnouge''', '''Qannauj''' and '''Qannawj'''. The British who visited Kannauj in the later part of 19th century mostly referred to it as '''Kanauj''' (notice the single "n"). [[George Forster (traveller)|George Forster]] spells it Kinnouge. [[Alexander Cunningham|Alexander Cunnigham]] wrote its spelling as Kanoj.

[[File:Annapurna Temple, Kannauj, Uttar Pradesh, 2018.jpg|thumb|Annapurna Temple, Tirwa, Kannauj]]

==Perfume and flowers==
Kannauj is famous for distilling of scents and perfumes. It is known as "India's perfume capital" and is famous for its traditional [[Kannauj Perfume]], a government protected entity.<ref name=perfume/>

Kannauj itself has more than 200 perfume distilleries and is a market center for perfume, tobacco and rose water.<ref name=perfume/> It has given its name to a distinct dialect of the [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] known as [[Kannauji language|Kannauji]], which has two different codes or registers.

Changes in when flower crops bloom due to climate change are affecting the industry of perfumes made from natural sources, like attar from roses. The unpredictable bloom times make it difficult to deliver the blooms and raises a concern that perfumes from these natural sources will be replaced by chemicals.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3ct6r60 |title=Losing Attar |work=BBC: The Documentary |first=Jigyasa |last=Mishra |date=20 June 2024 |access-date=20 June 2024 }}</ref>

Kannauj has been a centre of attar production for several centuries, especially since the Mughal era. Traditional attars are produced using the ancient deg and bhapka method, a hydro-distillation process using copper stills passed down through generations of artisans.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gangopadhyay |first=Uttara |date=2022-04-26 |title=Do you know why Kannauj is called the perfume capital of India? |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/travel/kannauj-is-the-perfume-capital-of-india-news-193263 |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

Thousands of residents of Kannauj are directly or indirectly involved in attar production. Popular attars include rose, jasmine, khus, kewra, and mogra. These perfumes are exported to the Middle East, Europe, and the United States.

Kannauj perfumes received a Geographical Indication (GI) tag in 2014, helping protect their authenticity and heritage.<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/kannauj-gets-gi-tag-for-perfumes/article5839344.ece</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Kannauj had a population of 84,862. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Kannauj has an average literacy rate of 72.70%: male literacy is 80.90%, and female literacy is 63.33%. In Kannauj, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.
{{Pie chart
|thumb = yes
|caption = Religion in Kannauj
|label1 = Hindu
|value1 = 62.53
|color1 = orange

|label2 = Muslim
|value2 = 36.60
|color2 = green

|label3 = Christian
|value3 = 0.09
|color3 = blue

|label4 = Jain
|value4 = 0.58
|color4 = yellow

|label5 = Sikh
|value5 = 0.07
|color5 = purple

|label6 = Buddhist
|value6 = 0.02
|color6 = brown

|label7 = Others
|value7 = 0.02
|color7 = grey

|label8 = No religion
|value8 = 0.10
|color8 = black
}}

==Colleges==
[[Government Medical College, Kannauj]] is a government medical college located in Tirwa of Kannauj, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is affiliated to [[King George's Medical University|King George's Medical University, Lucknow]].

[[Government Engineering College, Kannauj]] is a government [[engineering college]] located at Kannauj. It is a constituent college of [[Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University]] (formerly [[Uttar Pradesh Technical University]]) in [[Lucknow]]. The college is situated at Aher, Tirwa.

==Transportation==
The city is served by two major railway station [[Kannauj railway station]] and [[Kannauj City railway station]]. The nearest airport is [[Kanpur Airport]], about two hours drive from the town.

It is situated on GT road (Delhi to Kanpur). It has road transportation Kannauj Depo. under the Uttar Pradesh State Road Transportation Corporation (UPSRTC).

==Notable people==


*[[Ajamila]], famous Brahmin
*[[Āma]], King of Kannauj
*[[Malini Awasthi]], folk singer
*[[Mihira Bhoja]], king of North India
*[[Siddiq Hasan Khan]], nawab of Bhopal
*[[Sayyid Muhammad Qanauji]], Sufi
*[[Samyukta]], princess of Kannauj
*[[Yashovarman]], king of Kannauj

==See also==
*[[Kannauji language]]
*[[Kannauj Perfume]]
*[[Bishungarh, Uttar Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[[R. C. Majumdar|Majumdar, R. C.]], In Pusalker, A. D., In Majumdar, A. K., & [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] (1993). ''[https://archive.org/details/ageofimperialkan04bhar History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 04: The Age Of Imperial Kanauj]''.
*Kishori Lal, Munshi, [https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/guldasta-e-qannauj-munshi-kishori-lal-ebooks Guldasta e Qannauj] (1871)

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://kannauj.nic.in/ District Kannauj website]
* {{cite news | url=http://travel.cnn.com/mumbai/life/pictures-fading-fragrance-kannauj-indias-perfume-capital-974565 | title= In pictures: Fading fragrance of Kannauj, India's perfume capital | first=Divya | last=Dugar | publisher=CNN | date=7 August 2012 | access-date=1 January 2021 }}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA78 History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest By Rama Shankar Tripathi]

{{Kannauj district}}
{{Historical places of Rashtrakuta}}
{{Kanpur division topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kannauj| ]]
[[Category:Capitals of ancient kingdoms in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rashtrakuta dynasty]]
[[Category:Pratihara Empire]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian cities]]

Gurdwara Likhansar Sahib

2026-03-16T05:25:55Z

Imteenu: added information also and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}

{{Infobox building
|caption =
|name = Gurdwara Likhansar Sahib
|image = Gurdwara Likhansar Sahib Patshahi 10th.jpg
|image_size = 200px
|coordinates = {{coord|29.9876551|75.0793156|display=title,inline}}
|location = [[Talwandi Sabo]], [[Bathinda]]
|location_country = [[India]]
|architect =
|client =
|engineer =
|construction_start_date =
|completion_date = 18th Century
|structural_system =
|architectural_style = [[Sikh architecture]]
}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
[[File:Gurdwara Likhansar Sahib Patshahi 10th brief history.jpg|thumb|brief history]]
'''Gurdwara Likhansar Sahib''' is an historical Gurdwara situated in Talwandi Sabo (District Bhathinda) in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[India]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} This is adjacent to [[Takht Sri Damdama Sahib]].

== See also ==
* [[Damdami Taksal]]
* [[Gurdwara Dam Dama Sahib]]
* [[Balwant Singh Nandgarh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Sikh places]]
[[Category:Sikh architecture]]
[[Category:Gurdwaras in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Bathinda]]
[[Category:Religious tourism in India]]
[[Category:18th-century gurdwaras]]

{{Sikhism-stub}}

Savdhaan India

2026-03-15T08:40:23Z

Imteenu:

{{short description|Indian crime television series}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Savdhaan_India-serial.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name = ''Savdhan India – Darr Kar Nahi Datt Kar'' ''Crime Alert'' ''Criminal Decoded''
| genre = [[Crime]] [[fiction]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]]
| creator = Ajit Thakur, [[Anirban Bhattacharyya]]
| writer = Jay Verma Manish Shrivastava Amitava Mitra Anirban Bhattacharyya
| director = Ajay Veermal Anirban Bhattacharyya
| starring = {{ubl|
*[[Sushant Singh]]
*[[Gaurav Chopra]]
*[[Mohnish Behl]]
*[[Pooja Gaur]]
*[[Hiten Tejwani]]
*[[Nivaan Sen]]
*[[Sidharth Shukla]]
*[[Divya Dutta]]
*[[Saurabh Raj Jain]]
*[[Sakshi Tanwar]]
*[[Karmveer Choudhary]]
*[[Sanjay Gagnani]]
*[[Mohit Malik]]
*[[Sanjay Suri]]
*[[Ankit Bathla]]
*[[Prince Sharmaa]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 3,374
| company = {{Plainlist|
*RowdyRascal<ref name=PH/>
*[[Endemol India]]<ref name=PH/>
*Keylight Production<ref name=PH/>
*Saregama India Ltd<ref name=PH/>
*Franklin Pictures Pvt. Ltd<ref name=PH/>
*Keytalent<ref name=PH/>
*Baba Arts<ref name=PH/>
*Flying Turtle<ref name=PH/>
*[[Director's Kut Productions]]
*Sri Motion Pictures<ref name=PH>{{cite web| title = Savdhan India gets a new tagline; chops few production houses | url = http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/savdhan-india-gets-new-tagline-chops-few-production-housesread-more |date=15 November 2013| access-date = 8 May 2017| publisher = Tellychakkar}}</ref>
}}
| editor =
| runtime = 50 minutes
| network = [[Life OK]]
| network2 = [[Star Bharat]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2012|04|23}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2017|08|27}}
| first_aired2 = {{Start date|df=y|2017|08|28}}
| last_aired2 = {{End date|df=y|2024|05|25}}
}}

'''''Savdhaan India – India Fights Back''''' ({{translation}} ''Attention India! – India Fights Back'') is an Indian [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] crime show currently broadcasting on [[Star Bharat]]. It was created by Ajit Thakur, [[Anirban Bhattacharyya]]<ref>{{cite web | title = New book chronicles details of 2018 Jaipur Tinder murder case |publisher= [[The Print]] | url = https://theprint.in/softcover/new-book-chronicles-details-of-2018-jaipur-tinder-murder-case/2224780/ | access-date = 16 August 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> The series is hosted by [[Ashutosh Rana]], [[Tisca Chopra]], [[Sushant Singh]], [[Gaurav Chopra]], [[Mohnish Behl]], [[Pooja Gaur]], [[Saurabh Raj Jain]], [[Shivani Tomar]], [[Pratyusha Banerjee]], [[Hiten Tejwani]], [[Divya Dutta]], [[Sidharth Shukla]] and [[Mohit Malik]] across multiple seasons. It presents dramatized versions of real-life crimes in India and of the struggles of the victims to get justice for their sufferings.<ref>{{cite web| title = Rushad Rana & Falaq Naaz in Savdhaan India | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Rushad-Rana-Falaq-Naaz-in-Savdhaan-India/articleshow/19428248.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131126043207/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-07/tv/38345786_1_india-fights-savdhaan-india-savdhan-india | url-status = live | archive-date = 26 November 2013 |date=7 April 2013| work = [[The Times of India]] |access-date = 7 January 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Akhlaque Khan & Pooja Sharma in Savdhaan India!| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Akhlaque-Khan-Pooja-Sharma-in-Savdhaan-India/articleshow/24477596.cms? |date=21 October 2013| access-date = 7 January 2014| work = The Times of India|quote=Life OK's 'Savdhaan India-India Fights Back', never fails to impress the viewers with its gripping real life crime based stories.}}</ref>

Initially, the series aired as ''Crime Alert'' on Life OK.<ref>{{cite web | title = Savdhaan India – India Fights back |publisher= STAR Player | url = http://www.hotstar.com/tv/savdhaan-india/363| access-date = 16 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513001642/http://www.hotstar.com/tv/savdhaan-india/363|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> A rebooted version of the series called ''Savdhaan India – India Fights Back'' began broadcasting on [[Life OK]] on 23 July 2012. Versions of the program (focusing on a particular Indian state/city) have also aired as Savdhaan India – Maharashtra Fights Back, hosted by [[Shreyas Talpade]], ''Savdhaan India – Mumbai Fights Back'', hosted by [[Atul Kulkarni (actor born 1965)|Atul Kulkarni]],<ref>{{cite web | title = Atul Kulkarni is happy to be associated with 'Savdhaan India' | url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/atul-kulkarni-is-happy-to-be-associated-with-savdhaan-india/412455-44-124.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130812111649/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/atul-kulkarni-is-happy-to-be-associated-with-savdhaan-india/412455-44-124.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 12 August 2013 |publisher=CNN-IBN|date=7 August 2013| access-date = 7 January 2014 }}</ref> ''Savdhaan India – Punjab Fights Back hosted by saurabh raj jain'' and ''Savdhaan India – U.P Fights Back hosted by pooja gaur''. The show continued to air on replacement channel of Life OK which is [[STAR Bharat]] from 28 August.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://newsnexa.com/news/star-india-star-bharat-channel/|title=Star India to launch a new Star Bharat Channel on 28 August 2017|publisher=News Nexa|date=27 August 2017|archive-date=27 August 2017|access-date=28 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827212405/https://newsnexa.com/news/star-india-star-bharat-channel/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Series overview==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Series !!Episode !!Series premiere !!Series ending !! Channel !! Host(s)
|-
|''Savdhaan India – India Fights Back''/ ''Savdhaan India – Delhi Fights Back''/ ''Savdhaan India – Maharashtra Fights Back''/ ''Savdhaan India – Mumbai Fights Back''/ ''Savdhaan India – Punjab Fights Back''/ ''Savdhaan India – U.P Fights Back''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hotstar.com/tv/savdhaan-india/363|title=Watch Savdhaan India on hotstar.com|date=30 December 2017|access-date=17 November 2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513001642/http://www.hotstar.com/tv/savdhaan-india/363|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 2,354
| 23 April 2012
| 27 August 2017
| Life OK
|{{Nowrap |[[Sushant Singh]], [[Sakshi Tanwar]], [[Mohnish Behl]], [[Pooja Gor]], [[Gaurav Chopra]], [[Hiten Tejwani]], [[Sidharth Shukla]], [[Divya Dutta]], [[Mohit Malik]], [[Amar Upadhyay]]}}
|-
|''Savdhaan India: Darr Kar Nahin Dat Kar''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hotstar.com/tv/savdhaan-india-darr-kar-nahin-dat-kar/15034|title=Watch Savdhaan India Darr Kar Nahin Dat Kar on hotstar.com|date=30 December 2017|access-date=2 October 2017|archive-date=26 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426235438/http://www.hotstar.com/tv/savdhaan-india-darr-kar-nahin-dat-kar/15034|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.televisionpost.com/star-bharat-to-air-new-season-of-savdhaan-india-from-18-july/|title=Star Bharat to air new season of 'Savdhaan India' from 18 July - TelevisionPost|date=4 July 2018|access-date=20 December 2019|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713232620/https://www.televisionpost.com/star-bharat-to-air-new-season-of-savdhaan-india-from-18-july/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/star-bharat-bring-back-savdhaan-india-month/|title=Star Bharat to bring back 'Savdhaan India' this month|first=Raj|last=Baddhan|work=BizAsiaLive |date=4 July 2018|access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref>
| 742
| 28 August 2017
| 5 January 2021
| rowspan="5" | Star Bharat
| Sushant Singh
|-
| ''Saavdhan India – Special Crime Series''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Savdhaan India - Special Crime Series|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/savdhaan-india-special-crime-series/1260008666|access-date=13 July 2021|website=Disney+ Hotstar|language=en|archive-date=18 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118153541/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/savdhaan-india-special-crime-series/1260008666|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 35
|29 July 2019
|13 September 2019
|
|-
| ''Savdhaan India – F.I.R''
| 31
|6 January 2021
|17 February 2021
| Police Department Role
|-
|''Savdhaan India – Criminal Decoded''
|137
|26 September 2023
|2 March 2024
|[[Sushant Singh]]
|-
|''Savdhaan India - Apni Khaki''
|75
|4 March 2024
|25 May 2024
|
|}

==Cast==
*''Cast arranged according to alphabetical order''

{{div-col|gap=1em|colwidth=30em}}

===A===
*[[Ananya Agarwal]] as Ruchi Sharma (Episode 522)
* Abhishek Singh Rajput as Kartik (Episode 43)
* [[Anjali Abrol]] as Aditi Mishra (Episode 556) / Maya (Episode 736) / Piya (Episode 946) / Janvi (Episode 1127) / Keerti (Episode 1185) / Dr. Vasudha (Episode 1281) / Nivedita (Episode 1354) / Shikha Gagnani (Episode 1463)
*[[Amit Behl]] as Pandit Jamunadas (Episode 2357)
*[[Ahsaas Channa]] as Bela, School Student (Episode 534) / Suhana (Episode 749) / Deepti Agarwal, Journalism College Student (Episode 895) / Divya (Episode 1141) / Neena, Board Exam Candidate (Episode 1200)
* [[Aastha Chaudhary]] as Geeta Joshi (Episode 2) / Priya Ajay Mishra (Episode 169)
* Amita Choksi as Shalmali (Episode 1927)
*Amit Dua as Dhananjay Thakur, Rapist (Episode 534)
*[[Anil Dhawan]] as Omveer (Episode 1669)
* Ahmad Harhash as Asad Khan (Episode 3000)
* [[Aashka Goradia]] as Asma (Episode 1068)
* [[Additi Gupta]] as Razia (Episode 787)
* [[Amrapali Gupta]] as Jyoti (Episode 90)
* Amin Hajee as Munshiji (Episode 2121)
* [[Alihassan Turabi]] as Ravi (Episode 471) / Episode 882 / Pankaj (Episode 1128) / Dr. Deepak (Episode 1468) / Shreeram (Episode 1797)
* [[Adi Irani]] as Kishorilal (Episode No 231) / Surinder, Mental Patient (Episode 900) / Sukumar, Building Material Supplier (Episode 1103) / Mamaji (Episode 1163) / Ranvijay (Episode No 1293) / Sagar (Episode No 1629) / Mahesh (Dual Role) (Episode 1787)
*[[Amardeep Jha]] as Mrs. Briganza (Episode 218) / Bhagwatidevi Narayan (Episode 585) / Narayani (Episode 1111)
* [[Aalisha Panwar]] as Kriti
* [[Ajay Purkar]] as Police Inspector Sadanand Darekar (Episode 66)
*[[Ajay Trehan]] as Kantilal Vaid (Episode 1824)
* [[Aashish Kaul]] as Mani Bhushan (Episode 450) / Ramen Sharma (Episode 522) / Advocate Vinay Salaskar (Episode 616) / Varun Khanna (Episode 789) / Abhinav (Episode 841) / Aashish (Episode 1422) / Amit (Episode 1694) / Aashish (Episode 1742) / Lakshman Singh Shekhawat (Episode 1890) / Mr. Gupta (Episode 1983)
* [[Adaa Khan]] as Sneha Mulle / Pooja Saxena (Episode 425) / Malati Anmol Shah (Episode 1118)
* [[Alam Khan (actor)|Alam Khan]] as Bhulla, Dumb Child (Episode 707)
* [[Aleeza Khan]] as Meera (Episode 81) / Veena Sharma (Episode 175) / Rupa Sharma (Episode 588) / Divya (Episode 826) / Geetinder, Geet (Episode 877) / Meghna (Episode 1118) / Anisha (Episode 1237) / Poonam (Episode 1392) / Bharati (Episode 1521) / Ashima (Episode 2271) / Vinita (Episode 2150)
* [[Aanchal Khurana]] as Priya (Episode 742) / Supriya (Episode 1052) / Gayatri Anmol Shah (Episode 1118) / Rashi Prashant Pandey (Episode 1254) / Pragya (Episode 1319) / Minu (Episode 1336) / Kiran (Episode 1506) / Sanika (Episode 1619) / Rajjo (Episode 2393).
* Ahmed Khan Society Secretary (1871)
* [[Ankit Bathla]] as Shiva Agnihotri
* Ankit Mishra as Anurag (Episode 2025)
* [[Ankit Mohan]] as Rahul, Photographer (Episode 324) / Samar (Episode 366)
*[[Aarti Nagpal]] as Sunaina (Episode 239)
* Akshaya Naik as Niharika (Episode 2293)
* Lankesh Bhardwaj as Police Inspector
* [[Ankur Nayyar]] as Sikh Police Inspector (Episode 47) / Prince Adhiraj Singh (Episode 664) / Rana Rao (Episode 1278)
* [[Apurva Nemlekar]] as Sushma Deshmukh (Episode 2145) / Jyoti, Train Passenger (Episode 2199)
* [[Amrita Prakash]] as Naina (Episode 1236) / Anshi (Episode 2174)
*Aruna Sangal as (Episode 1907)
* [[Amit Sarin]] as Karan (Episode 504)
* [[Ankita Sharma]] as (Episode 460)
* [[Anurag Sharma (actor)]] as Vinod (Episode 603)
* [[Akshay Sethi]] as Prateek (Episode 36) / Rohan (Episode 65) / Nirmal (Episode 190) / Rohit (Episode 374) / Rohit (Episode 528) / Aryan Joshi (Episode 607) / Nikhil Chaddha (Episode 665) / Vikram (Episode 697) / Sandeep (Episode 729) / Deepak (Episode 806) / Episode 954 / Raman (Episode 1039) / Amol (Episode 1360) / Episode 1519 / Sanket (Episode 1667) / Dr. Brijesh (Episode 1734) / Episode 2324 / Amar (Episode 2693) / Episode 86 / Avdesh (Episode 195)
* Amit Singh as Pratap (Episode 61)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/savdhaan-india/363/a-curious-missing-person-case/1000006516|title=Savdhaan India - Watch Episode 61 - A Curious Missing Person Case on Disney+ Hotstar|website=Disney+ Hotstar}}</ref>
* Anshul Singh as / Ravi (Episode 617) / Rahul (Episode 650) / Deven (Episode 743) / Vikram Singh (Episode 886) / Tej (Episode 1217) / Pratham (Episode 1261) / Ankur (Episode 1875) / Ravi (Episode 2398)
* [[Anushka Singh]] as Amandeep Kaur (Episodes 65 and 66) / Uma Devi (Episode 41) / Archana Arvind Gupta (Episode 182) / Suman (Episode 763) / Shraddha Sharma (Episode 1352) / Manisha (Episode 1561) / Shilpi (Episode 1628) / Amit's wife (Episode 1694) / Dr. Madhu (Episode 1776)
* [[Amit Varma (actor)|Amit Varma]] as Manish Joglekar (Episode 353) / Dev (Episode No 1594)
* [[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]] as Inspector Rajendra Mishra (Episode 1065) / Mahesh (Episode 2162)
* [[Akanksha Sareen]] as Geet (Episode 1507) / Sheetal (Episode 2355)
* Abbas Ghaznavi as (Episode 1511) / Rahul (Episode 1945) / Shantanu (Episode 2228) / Arun (Episode 2320) / Sonu (Episode 2403)
* Anjali Rana as Shashi (Episode 491) / Meghna (Episode 709) / Neha (Episode 1006)
* [[Anuya Y Bhagwat]] as Ganga (Episode 207) / Uma (Episode 479) / Tina (Episode 1505) / Meet (Episode 2312)
* Amita Yadav as Neha (Episode 1492)
* Aashish Mehrotra as Manoj (Episode 10)
* [[Alefia Kapadia]] as Niyati (Episode 1067) / Divya (Episode 1245) / Rekha (Episode 1407) / Margi (Episode 1582) / Sarika (Episode 1677)
* Aman Sandhu as Sandhya (Episode 1810) / Sushma (Episode 2388)
* Asit Redij as Fauji Kaka (Episode 1810)

===B===
*[[Beena Banerjee]] as Mala Aunty (Episode 2084)
*[[Baby Farida]] as RajLaxmi, Mother-in-Law (Episode 1181) / Ratna Rastogi, Blind Old lady (Episode 2251)
* Birbal as Mukhiya (Sarpanch) (Episode 158) / (Episode 420)
* Bhumika Gurung as Kavita (Episode 3305)
* Brij Gopal as Daroga Joginder (Episode 1542)
* Bharti Kumeria as Mehak (Episode 1807)
* Bobby Pervez as Army Major Jaideep Singh (Episode 2326)
* Bhawna Barthwal as Shobha (Episode 275) / Amrit (Episode 1493)
* Bakul Thakkar as Phillip, Psychotic Father (Episode 188)
*[[Browney Prasher]] as 24 Karat Baba, Fraud Spiritual Guru (Episode 2026)

===C===
* [[Chaitanya Choudhury]] as Captain Vikram (Episode 804)
* [[Chetan Hansraj]] as ACP Abhijeet (Episode 1118)
*Chandan Madan as Satish (Episode 265) / Harvinder (Episode 521) / Shekhar (Episode 727)/ Sanjeev (Episode 759) / Amit (Episode 1618) / Harmeet (Episode 1707) / Ankit (Episode 2129)
*[[Chandrachur Singh]] as Akshay (Episode 477)
* Chandrika Saha as Meenakshi (Episode 1158) / Sonal (Episode 1444) / Sonia Pereira (Episode 1847)
* Chirag Dave as Dilip (Episode 226)

===D===
*Dishank Arora as Vikram Mehra (Episode 1558) / Manish Pandey (Episode 2039)
* [[Dalljiet Kaur]] as Shruti (Episode 31 - Episode 35)
* Dimple Kava as Kamala Bhabhi (Episode 329)
*[[Dinesh Kaushik]] as Nekichand Jain (Episode 1349) / OmPrakash Professor (Episode 1689) / Rastogi (Episode 1154) / Gupta (Episode 1898) / Episode 2287
*[[Dolly Minhas]] (Episode 784) / Damini Verma (Episode 1132) / (Episode 1657)
*[[Dolly Chawla]] (Episode 1629) Bakul
* Daljeet Soundh as Daadi, Thief (Episode 2390)
*[[Daya Shankar Pandey]] as Corrupt Politician Veer Singh (Episode 679)
*[[Dushyant Wagh]] as Bhaskar (Episode 783) / Sukesh, College Student (Episode 1134)
* Deepanshu Titoriya as Kartik (Episode 2372)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/model/deepanshu-titoriya|title=Deepanshu Titoriya|access-date=7 January 2021}}</ref>
* Dincy Vira as Lali (Episode 844) / Tiya (Episode 2561)
* Dolphin Dwivedi as Manju (Episode 128) / Aditi (Episode 497) / Padmini / Bina (Episode 1711)
* Dolly Chawla as Pratiksha (Episode 1531) / Bakul (Episode 1629) / Sheetal (Episode 2113)
* Dhruvi Haldankar as Rajni (Episode 185) / Deepali (Episode 742) / (Episode 2359) / Dolly (Episode 2643)
* Devika Sharma as Rahila (Episode 741) / Chahal (Episode 1006)

===E===
* Emir Shah as Gippy (Season 6 Episode 5) / Vicky (Season 7 Episode 4)
* Ekta Tiwari as Ratna (Episode 674)

===F===
*[[Falguni Rajani]] as Bhagyashree (Episode 1224)
* [[Falaq Naaz]] as Manisha (Episode 36) / Rehana Hussain<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Falaq-Naaz-in-Sunil-Agnihotris-Savdhaan-India/articleshow/18555126.cms |title=Falaq Naaz in Sunil Agnihotri's Savdhaan India|date=18 February 2013|website= Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref> (Episode 201) / Naina<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Rushad-Rana-Falaq-Naaz-in-Savdhaan-India/articleshow/19428248.cms|title=Rushad Rana & Falaq Naaz in Savdhaan India|date=7 April 2013|website= Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref> (Episode 251) / Gauri (Episode 297)

===G===
*[[Gajendra Chauhan]] as Baba Anand, Fraud Spiritual Guru (Episode 259)
*[[Girish Jain]] as Vilas Patil, Auto Driver (Episode 383) / Ratan Narayan (Episode 585) / Police Inspector Shivendra Duggal (Episode 835) / Kishore, Movers and Packers Delivery Man (Episode 912)/ (Episode 2010)
* [[Gunn Kansara]] as Geeta (Episode 1657) / Amrita Verma (Episode 1789)
* [[Geetanjali Mishra]] as Dr. Rohini (Episode 76) / Zeenat Baig (Episode 253) / Neetu (Episode 370) / Neeru Sharma (Episode 484) / Karuna (Episode 525) / Kavita (Episode 943) / Nakshatra Pandey (Episode 1001) / Drishti (Episode 1135) / Jyoti (Episode 1239) / Rajni (Episode 1497) / Lata (1831) / Sandhya (Episode 2318) / Zeenat (Episode 2658)
* Girish Pardesi as Gulabchand (Episode 617)
* Gargi Sharma as Sheetal Khanna (Episode 215) / Amita (Episode 797) / Pinky (Episode 840) / Ankita (Episode 900) / Kaajal (Episode 1841)
* Garima Goel as kavya (Episode 821) / Renuka (Episode 1041)
* Gazal Saini as Reema (Episode 1987) / Pooja (Episode 2379)

===H===
* [[Himanshu Rai (actor)|Himanshu Rai]] as Akhilesh (Episode S65 E45)
*[[Harsh Khurana]] as Jaiveer, Circus Owner (Episode 1223) / Doctor Pradhan (Episode 2287)
* [[Hrishikesh Pandey]] as Inspector Surendra (Episode 2028)
* Harsh Vashisht as Satyendra Singh (Episode 675) / Dr. Virat Agarwal (Episode 1765)
* Harpreet Chhabra
* Harsh Kumar

===I===
*[[Imran Khan (TV actor)]] as Ramji (Episode 2209)
* Indira Krishnan as Sulekha Vatsh (Episode 36)

===J===
* Jitendra Trehan as Police Inspector Bhosale (Episode 495) / (Episode 1734) / Avinash (Episode 2313)
*[[Jiten Lalwani]] as Police Inspector Shivkumar (Episode 2039)
*[[Jiya Shankar]] as Roshni
*[[Jyoti Gauba]] as Amrita (Episode 987) / Saroja (Episode 1141) / Saroj (Episode 1516)/ Mala (Episode 1617) Archana (Episode 1787)
* Jatin Bhatia as Raj (Episode 370)
*[[Jasveer Kaur]] as Janvi (Episode 837)

===K===
*[[Kapil Arya]] (Episode 2341)
*[[Ketaki Dave]] Rajni (Episode 1900)
*[[Karan Grover]] as Jeevan (Episode 632)
* Khyaati Khandke Keswani as Kavita (Episode 1174)
* Khushboo Kamal
* [[Kinshuk Mahajan]] as Ashok (Episode 1138) / Uday (Episode 1775)
* Kishore Mahabole as Kedarbhai (Episode 1406)
*[[Kishwer Merchant]] as Sharmila (Episode 528) / Roshni (Episode 580)
*[[Kanan Malhotra]] as Dr.Rahul (Episode 1308) / Arjun (Episode 2147)
* [[Khalid Siddiqui]] as Vinay (Episode 779)
* [[Kamlesh Oza]] as Nathuram (Episode 2403)
* [[Kunal Bakshi]] as Dr. Karan (Episode 821) / Karan (Episode 1397)
* [[Kunal Jaisingh]] as Arjun
* Khushboo Atre as Mamta (Episode 348) / Sakshi (Episode 481) / Bina (Episode 633)
* Kiran Khoje as Reshma (Episode 2541)
* [[Kanishka Soni]] as Maya (Episode 1346) / Sweety (Episode 1843)
* Khushi Khan as Nikita (Episode 841) / Chiriya (Episode 2344)
* Khushboo Tawde as Asha, Train Passenger (Episode 2038) / Sarika (Episode 2181)

===L===
* [[Lankesh Bhardwaj]] as Inspector

===M===
* [[Mahhi Vij]] as Dr. Anju<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mahhi-Vij-roped-in-for-Savdhan-India/articleshow/16254697.cms|title=Mahhi Vij roped in for Savdhan India|date=4 September 2012|website= Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref> (Episode 40) / Reha (Episodes 1–5)
*[[Mehul Buch]] as Doctor Vipul Seth (Episode No 1290) / Haribhai, Housing Society Secretary (Episode 2174)
*[[Maadhav Deochake]] as Doctor Shiv (Episode 259)
* Madhuri Dikshit as Dai Maa (Episode 514)
* [[Mamik Singh]] as Naveen Neelam (Episode 611) / Udaybhan Singh, Kakasaheb (Episode 664)
* [[Maninder Singh (actor)|Maninder Singh]] as Inspector (Episode 458)
* Mala Salariya as RJ Rohini (Episode 1269) / Reshma (Episode 2230)
* [[Manav Gohil]] as Danny<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/manav-gohil-turns-gangster-for-savdhaan-india/1140060/|title=Manav Gohil turns gangster for Savdhaan India|date=12 July 2013|website= Indian Express Dot Com|language=en|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref> (Episode 350)
* [[Manish Goel]] as Mohan Awasthi, Serial Killer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/manish-goels-new-look-confuses-his-daughter/amp_articleshow/56421518.cms|title=Manish Goel's new look confuses his daughter|date=10 January 2017|website= Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref> (Episode 2006)
* [[Megha Gupta]] as Seema (Episode 610) / Neelam Gaurav Rajput (Episode 635) / Episode 777 / Devika (Episode 883) / Simran (Episode 1168)
*[[Manish Khanna]] as Corrupt Police Inspector Mahesh Kamdaar (Episode 1361)
*[[Meghan Jadhav]] Sanish Shirke (Episode 120) / Sanjay (Episode 352) / Amit Srivastav (Episode 496) / Sunny Khurana (Episode 636)
* Muni Jhah as Narayan Bhai (Episode 2118)
*[[Mihir Mishra]] as Saahil (Episode 768)
*[[Manini Mishra]] as Radhika (Episode 768), Prabha, Bengali Mother-in-Law (Episode 1847)
*[[Muskaan Mihani]] as Sunanda, Housewife (Episode 702)
*[[Meet Mukhi]] as (Episode 747) / Rahul (Episode 1278) / Suraj Ranjit Singh (Episode 2373) / Rishabh (Episode 2249)
* Mihir Rajda as Bhavesh (Episode 1372)
*[[Mukesh Rawal]] as Sharma, wheel chair Handicapped patient (Episode 774)
* Mrinalini Tyagi as Sulochana (Episode 1193) / Smriti (Episode 1956)
* Mridul Das as Manu (Episode 2325) / Sampat (Episode 2656)
* Muskaan Bamne as Soni (Episode 1490)
* Mansi Nirmal Jain as Sheena (Episode 1690)
* Muskaan Uppal as Komal (Episode 1076)
*[[Monica Khanna]] as Sunanda (Episode 1118)
* Mukesh Solanki as Vineet (Episode 1216)

===N===
*[[Neil Bhatt]] as Arjun
*[[Neha Bam]] as Dadima (Episode 649) / Uma (Episode 1443) / Mrs.Singh (Episode 1567) / (Episode 2029)
* Nikhil Arya as Vinod (Episode 2287)
*[[Neena Cheema]] as Pushpa (Episode 360) / Rukminidevi (Episode 496) / Mrs. Deshpande (Episode 783) / Mrs. Bhatia (Episode 890) / Nimrat Kaur Singh (Episode 1035)
* Nasir Khan as Santram Chaudhary (Episode 1933)
* [[Nidhi Jha]] as Dimple (Episode 293) / Sona Bhushan (Episode 450) / Divya (Episode 580) / Niyati Patel (Episode 739) / Anokhi Chaudhari, Psycho Killer patient (Episode 843) / Sunita (Episode 892) / Riya Gupta (Episode 1134) / Ayesha (Episode 1244),
* Niyati Joshi as Priya (Episode 516) / Parmeet (Episode 639) / Mehak (Episode 1244) / Dipika (Episode 1311) / Esha (Episode 1451) / Mahika (Episode 1528) / Neeru (Episode 1664) / Ritu (Episode 2190)
*[[Navni Parihar]] as Rajashree (Episode 645)
* Neelima Parandekar as Suman (Episode No 829)
*[[Nandini Singh]] as Sonali Kulkarni (Episode 135) / Shanaya (Episode 651) / Kiran (Episode 751)/ Parminder, Pammi (Episode 877) / Rupa (Episode 996) / Vaishali (Episode 1290) / Vijaya, Bank Manager (Episode 1390) / CBI officer (Episode 2320) / Saloni (Episode 2541)
* [[Narayani Shastri]] as Saroja Arvind Khattar (Episode 962)
* [[Nausheen Ali Sardar]] as Chandni<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Nausheen-Ali-Sardaar-Anuj-Sharma-in-Savdhaan-India/articleshow/34483530.cms|title=Nausheen Ali Sardaar & Anuj Sharma in Savdhaan India|date=1 May 2014|website= Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref> (Episode 673)
* [[Neetha Shetty]] as Sheetal (Episode 220) / Veena Ghanshyam Chaurasia (Episode 358) / Bharti (Episode 467) / Rati (Episode 601) / Advocate Ketki Diwan / Madhu (Episode 664) / Rashi Pawar (Episode 692) / Sanjana (Episode 729) / Kkusum (Episode 851) / Jyoti Pandey (Episode 979) / Nirali (Episode 1271) / Devi, Bengali Housewife (Episode 2130)
*[[Naresh Suri]] as Anant Desai (Episode 961) / Sudhir Rao (Episode 1278) / Prakashchand Rawat (Episode 2387)
* Nabeel Ahmed as Rahul and Niketan
* [[Namrata Thapa]] as Maya Sameer Malhotra (Episode 704) / Neeta Verma (Episode 1132) / Mausami (Episode 1316)
* Neetu Pandey as Karuna (Episode 674) / Sapna (Episode 2404)
* Nishant Singh as Rohan (Episode 2351)

===O===
* [[Ojaswi Oberoi]] as Megha (Episode 1564) / Komal (Episode 1648) / Tanisha (Episode 46)

===P===
*[[Pankaj Berry]] as Police Inspector Yashwant Chauhan (Episode 532)
* [[Parul Chauhan]] as Roopa (Episode 47)
* Preetika Chauhan as Pallavi (Episode 42) / Madhuri (Episode 178) /Riya (Episode 1207) / Rajni (Episode 1443) / Manali (Episode 1619) / Anjali Rawat (Episode 2084) / Kalpana Fake Doctor(Episode 2394)
* Poonam Chandorkar as Police Inspector Aditi Sharma (Episode No 2060)
* Prince Sharma as cleaver Driver (episode 64)
*[[Pankaj Dheer]] as Gurubaksh (Episode No 732)
* Preeti Gandwani as Shweta (Episode 1308) / Kiran's sister-in-law (Episode 1506) / Sheetal (Episode 1623) / Amod's wife (Episode 1908)
*[[Priyal Gor]] as Priyanka, Press Reporter(Episode 434)
* [[Priya Marathe]] as Sapna / Reshma (Episodes 21–25)
*[[Payal Nair]] as Lisa (Episode 1210)
*[[Papiya Sengupta]] as Maya, Beauty parlour Owner (Episode 152), Advocate Lata Verma (Episode 229)
* Pradeep Shukla (Episode 1941)
* [[Prinal Oberoi]] as Mrs. Ajay Singh (Episode 1476) / Meena (Episode 2101) / (Episode 2165)
* Pooja Pihal as Dhwani (Episode 1219) / Ragini (Episode 1515) / Garima Akash Sharma (Episode 1576) / Kirti (Episode 1675) / Sangeeta (Episode 2192)
* [[Pubali Sanyal]] as Vasundhara, Widow of Martyred Indian Army Soldier (Episode 340)
* [[Prachi Thakker]] as Rukmani (Episode 1472) / Jignesh's wife (Episode 2272)
* Puneet Vashisht as Bittu (Episode 584) / Jatin Saxena, Politician (Episode 1104) / Amay (Episode 1773) / Vikas (Episode 2303)
* Pankaj Vishnu as Rakesh Shinde (Episode 511) / Anand (Episode 733) / Manik Bhai (Episode 921)
*[[Prithvi Zutshi]] as Charandas (Episode 356) / Narendra Shergill (Episode 785) / Prakash Trivedi (Episode 798) / Kamlesh (Episode 2405)
* Priya Shinde as Alka (Episode 925) / Shaila (Episode 1216) / Vaishali (Episode 1426) / Aditi (Episode 1558) / Meena (Episode 1590)
* Piyush Suhane as Ajay (Episode 165) / Yograj (Episode 223) / Suryavansh (Episode 673) / Bhuvan Singh (Episode 2403)
* Puneet Channa as Jagan (Episode 80) / Sunil (Episode 511) / Chirag (Episode 806) / Gaurav (Episode 872) / Harish (Episode 1612) / Vikram (Episode 2271) / Avinash (Episode 2383)
[https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/savdhaan-india-f-i-r/15034/living-with-danger/1000254434 '''Pushkar Priyadarshi'''] as Harsh (season 8 episode 17)
* Piyali Munshi as Smriti (Episode 1067) / Meena (Episode 1386) / Komal (Episode 2208)
* [[Prachi Vaishnav]] as Priya
(Season 9 episode 5)
* [[Poorti Arya]]

===R===
* Rohit Tailor various episodes in various roles
* Rayo Bakhirta as Arjun, Cricket Captain (Episode 1314)
*[[Rohit Bakshi (actor)|Rohit Bakshi]] as Police Inspector Vinay Barua (Episode 460)
* Ranveer Chahal as Lalu (Episode 15 SP19)
* Rasik Dave as Doctor Naik (Episode 1298)
*[[Ravi Gossain]] as Trilokchand (Episode 1819) / Amrish (Episode 2235) / Sangraam (Episode 2403)
* [[Rucha Gujarathi]] as Jayshree Shah (Episode 279)
*[[Ravi Jhankal]] as Shinde (Episode 959) / Krishnakant (Episode 1161) / Shakuntala, Transgender (Episode 1408) / Praveen (Episode 2176) / (Episode 2367)
*[[Raju Kher]] as Shyamlal Doshi (Episode 2242)
*[[Resha Konkar]] as Alka (Episode 191) / Riya Patil (Episode 251) / Chetna (Episode 835) / Ratna (Episode 972)
* Rajeev Kumar as Pramod Dhillon (Episode 462) / Dr Ramesh Kulkarni (Episode 2235)
* [[Raj Premi]] as Omprakash (Episode 565)
*[[Rajesh Puri]] as Mr.D'Souza (Episode 2070)
* [[Rajeev Paul]] as Sanjay (Episode 1581)
* Rupa Divetia as Jaya (Episode 1431)
*[[Rushad Rana]] as Rakesh Mishra (Episode 693) / Chetan (Episode 1041) / Rahul (Episode 1540) / Deepak (Episode 1715)
* [[Rishabh Shukla]] as Kishore (Episode 279)
*[[Rio Kapadia]] as Rajat Sinha (Episode 1574)
* Raj Singh Suryavanshi as Ramesh (Episode 347) / Zuber (Episode 472) / Gautam (Episode 929) / Angad Mehta (Episode 1001) / Sumit (Episode 1164) / Arjun Chhotey (Episode 1632) / Kuldeep Chaurasia (Episode 2359)
* Raj Singh Verma as Chetan (Episode 347) / Rajat Chaudhary (Episode No 2278)
* Rishi Khurana as Vikas (Episode 731)
* Rishi Saxena as Police Inspector Vikram (Episode 1177)
* Rose Khan as Tina (Episode 2145)
* Rakesh Kukreti as Jitesh (Episode 1445) / Chandrasekhar (Episode 2106) / Vikas (Episode 2304)
* Raquel Rebello as Arpita (Episode 408)/ Shruti (Episode 792) / Meenal (Episode 1076) / Arpita (Episode 1460) / Sapna (Episode 1744)
* Ritu Chauhan as Chitra (Episode 743) / Shraddha (Episode 1923)
* [[Richa Soni]] as Neha (Episode 1278) / Neelam (Episode 507)

===S===
*Shamik Abbas as Aniket (Episode 2249) / Babloo (Episode 2293)
* [[Sarwar Ahuja]] as (Episode 80)
* [[Salil Ankola]] as Kunal Singh (Episode 267)
* [[Shakti Anand]] as Bharat Gupta (Episode 936) / Surajpratap Singh (Episode 2158)<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/savdhaan-india-shakti-anand-wife-sai-deodhar-to-reunite-onscreen-after-10-years-834415|title=Savdhaan India: Shakti Anand & wife Sai Deodhar to REUNITE onscreen after 10 years!|date=3 July 2017|website= ABP Live Dot Com|language=en|access-date=24 January 2020}}</ref>
* [[Shubhangi Atre]] as Seema (Episode 779)
*[[Sulabha Arya]] as Sampada, Dadi Grandmother (Episode 946)
*[[Shruti Bapna]] as Nirmala (Episode 195)
* [[Sheena Bajaj]] as Ruchi (Episode 784)
* [[Sanjay Batra]] as Ajay (Episode 909)
* [[Shreya Bugade]] as Anjali Kumar, Dumb Girl (Episode 295)
* [[Swati Bajpai]] as Ritika (Episode 626) / Ria (Episode 896) / Shobha, Pregnant Housewife (Episode 1460) / Madhu (Episode 1115) / (2392)
* [[Sai Deodhar]] as Sunaina Surajpratap Singh<ref name="auto"/> (Episode 2158)
* [[Sumana Das]] as Pratima (Episode 22)
* [[Sanjay Gagnani]] as Varun (Episode 702) / Akash (Episode 872) / Dheeraj (Episode 977) / Anmol Shah (Episode 1118) / Chirag (Episode 1244) / Fake Police Inspector Varun Chauhan (Episode 1463) / Sandeep (Episode 1538)
* [[Sarita Joshi]] as (Episode 209)
* [[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara Khan]] as Savitri (Episode 766)
* Shahab Khan as Various
* Siraj Mustafa Khan as Raghav Pratap Purohit Pintu Bhaiya, Corrupt Politician (Episode 85) / AD, Circus Bike Stunter (Episode 1223) / Satish Shinde (Episode 1224)
* [[Smriti Khanna]] as Ishita (Episode 1806) / Lata (Episode 2102) / Soni (Episode 2161)
* [[Sachin Khurana]] as Rajat (Episode 483) / Vivek Sanghavi (Episode 1389)/ Arjun (Episode 1490)
* [[Shresth Kumar]] as Ravi (Episode 1162) / Prasad (Episode 1353) / Akshay (Episode 1854) / Rohit (Episode 1951)
* Sunila Karambelkar as Kaushalya (Episode 1246)
* Shubhangi Latkar as Dadima (Episode 2404)
* [[Sheetal Maulik]] as Ragini (Episode 1377) / Bhabhi (Episode 1943) / Ruchi (Episode 2275)
*[[Sangeeta Naik]] as Juhi Singh, Old mental depressed Lady (Episode 134)
* [[Shafaq Naaz]] as Naina Kamat (Episode 80) / Harpreet Sandhu (Episode 257)
* Samragyi Nema as Rati (Episode 829) / Manisha (Episode 960) / Nalini (Episode 1210)
* [[Sameer Rajda]] as (Episode 308)
* [[Sandeep Rajora]] as Ajay Jaiswal / Shashank Jaiswal (Episode 670) / Teacher (Episode 2308)
* [[Sheela Sharma]] as (Episode No 1477) / Pratima (Episode 1881)
* [[Shishir Sharma]] as Mahesh (Episode 824) / Prashant Jain (Episode 893)
* [[Shakti Singh (actor)|Shakti Singh]] as Subhedar Ratan Singh, Retd Army Officer (Episode 1122) / Mohan Sawant, Retd Police Officer (Episode 1919) / Ravi (Episode 1494)
* [[Sonia Singh]] as Aparna (Episode 1982)
* [[Sudeep Sarangi]] as Jitendra (Episode 121) / Chetan Pandey (Episode 979) / Mahendra Sharma (Episode 1030) / Gagan (Episode 1165) / Pramod, Courier man, Serial Killer (Episode No 1919) / (Episode 1327) / Diler (Episode 2322)
* [[Shital Thakkar]] as Rituu (Episode 486) / Rashmi (Episode 682) / Shweta (Episode 862)
* [[Sumona Chakravarti]] as Shruti (Episode 740)
* Sonakshi More as Roshni (Episode 174) / Archana (Episode 385) / Sundari (Episode 1447)
* Sushil Bonthiyal as Sewa Ram (Episode 462) / Sajjan (Episode 584) / Khurram (2524)
* Suman Patel as Gayatri (Episode 1807) / Sakshi (Episode 2170)
* Sarika Dhillon as Rohini (Episode 328) / Sonali (Episode 402) / Meghna (Episode 518) / Neha (Episode 747) / Kinjal (Episode 1073) / Seema (Episode 1571) / Ratna (Episode 1669)
* Sabina Jat as Vibha (Episode 73) / Kanchan (Episode 367) / Sejal (Episode 726) / Gauri (Episode 878) / Jhilmil (Episode 2359) / Ritu (Episode 2403)
* Sneha Jain as Farheen (Episode 2656)
* Shubha Saxena as Ekta (Episode 821)
* Sudeepta Singh as Zubaida (Episode 241)
* Saurabh Goyal as Akash (Episode 2300)
* Saheem Khan as Ajay (Episode 348) / Vicky (Episode 748) / Manohar (Episode 1118) / Pradeep (Episode 2388) / Abhay (Episode 2447)
*[[Shahnawaz Pradhan]] as Govind (Episode 1499)
* [[Sonal Parihar]] as Rajjo (Episode 462) / Sandhya (Episode 680)
* [[Shweta Tiwari]] as Sargam, Film Actress (Episode 744)
* Sheetal Pandya as Simmi (Episode 164)
* Shirin Sewani as Ganga (Episode 2186)
* Saurabh Agarwal as Mukul (Episode 507)
* Sonam arora as naini teacher (S68 E15 Hotstar)

===T===
*[[Tarakesh Chauhan]] as Jugal Kishore (Episode 585) / Guruji, Politician (Episode 1104) / Kailash Verma (Episode 1132)
* Tiya Gandwani as Professor Divya (Episode 774) / Neela's sister-in-law (Episode 1040) / Sharda (Episode 1336) / Darshana (Episode 1396) / Jyostna (Episode 1468) / Mukta (Episode 1767) / Jaya Hemant Sahni (Episode 54)
* [[Tarun Khanna (actor)|Tarun Khanna]] as Devraj Singh (Episode 664)
*[[Tejashri Pradhan]] as Jamuna (Episode 286)
* Tapasya Srivastava as Kusum (Episode 1355)
* [[Tanvi Thakkar]] as Janhavi (Episode 586) / Chhaya (Episode No 892) / Tarana (Episode 1349) / Aarti (Episode 2328)
* Tanu Vidyarthi as Kirti (Episode 1774)

===U===
* Usha Bachani as Damini (Episode 1327) / Sumitra (Episode 1894)
* [[Ulka Gupta]] as Megha Singh (Episode 267) / Alka, Sports Athlete (Episode 916)
*[[Ujjwal Rana]] as Varun (Episode 1278) / Ashwin Rudra (Episode 2039)
* [[Utkarsha Naik]] as Hema (Episode 1164) / Sunita (Episode 1618) / (Episode 2392)

===V===
* [[Varun Badola]] as Inspector Varun<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Varun-Badola-to-feature-in-Savdhaan-India/articleshow/21270634.cms|title=Varun Badola to feature in Savdhaan India|date=23 July 2013|website= Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref> (Episode 384)
* [[Vikram Singh Chauhan]] as Arun <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/savdhaan-india/363/a-shady-sisterinlaw/1000029878 |title=Vikram Singh Chauhan in A Shady Sister-in-law|date=11 August 2014|website= Hotstar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref>
* [[Vineet Raina]] as Daksh (Episode 328) / Avinash (Episode 552) / Rajat (Episode 655) / Dr. Sandeep Rane (Episode 925)
*[[Vikram Sahu]] as Dr. Gupta (Episode 1345)
* [[Vivana Singh]] as Savita (Episode 1668)
* [[Vaquar Shaikh]] as Inspector (Episodes 21–25) / Diwakar (Episode 1476)
* Vineet Sharma as RG, Sports Trainer/Sir (Episode 916)
*[[Vishal Thakkar]] as Deven (Episode 1158)
*[[Vinod Kapoor]] as Sangraam (Episode 367) / Gulzar (Episode 472) / (Episode 629) / Professor Satish Bhatnagar (Episode 1006) / Village School Master Jaydrath (Episode 1225) / (Episode 2315)
*[[Vinod Singh (actor)|Vinod Singh]] as Aniket (Episode 1519)
* [[Vikas Shrivastav]] as Avinash Raj Singh
*[[Vaishnavi Mahant]] as Meera, Psychotic Mother (Episode 2181)
* [[Vinita Mahesh]] as Aayushi Raheja (Episode 2303) / Shweta (Episode 2331)
* Vishal Nayak as Tarun (Episode 1067) / Rahul (Episode 1431)

===W===
*[[Wasim Mushtaq]] as Jai Sinha (Episode 2280)

===Y===
* [[Yash Pandit]] as Aaradhya Singh (Episode 134) / Ajay (Episode 829)/ Rajiv (Episode 2106) / Karan (Episode 2293) /Keshav Tomar, Traffic Police Constable (Episode 2330)

===Z===
* [[Zarina Wahab]] as Nirmala (Episode 519) / Rajjo (Episode 732)
* Zeeshan Ahmed Khan as Imran Pathan (Episode 1786)

{{div col end}}

==Hosts==
* [[Ajay Devgn]]
* [[Akshay Kumar]]
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
* [[Amar Upadhyay]]
* [[Ankit Bhardwaj]]
* [[Ashutosh Rana]]
* [[Atul Kulkarni]]
* [[Dayanand Shetty]]
* [[Divya Dutta]]
* [[Gaurav Chopra]]
* [[Gurmeet Choudhary]]
* [[Hiten Tejwani]]
* [[Karmveer Choudhary]]
* [[Kavita Kaushik]]
* [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]
* [[Mohit Malik]]
* [[Mohnish Behl]]
* [[Pooja Gaur]]
* [[Pratyusha Banerjee]]
* [[Ravi Kishan]]
* [[Sakshi Tanwar]]
* [[Sanjay Suri]]
* [[Saurabh Raj Jain]]
* [[Shreyas Talpade]]
* [[Sidharth Shukla]]
* [[Smriti Irani]]
* [[Sushant Singh]]
* [[Tisca Chopra]]
* [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]]
* [[John Abraham]]
* [[Manoj Bajpayee]]
* [[Vidya Balan]]
* [[R Madhavan]]
* [[Sonakshi Sinha]]
* [[Shefali Shah]]
* [[Pratyusha Banerjee]]
* [[Rajkummar Rao]]
* [[Raj Babbar]]
* [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]

==See also==
* [[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]
* [[India's Most Wanted (TV series)|India's Most Wanted]]
* [[List of programs broadcast by Life OK]]
* [[List of programs broadcast by Star Bharat]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.hotstar.com/#!/savdhaan-india---india-fights-back-363-s Official website] on [[Hotstar]]
* {{IMDb title|4525628}}

{{Star Bharat Programmes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Savdhaan India at 11}}
[[Category:Life OK original programming]]
[[Category:Star Bharat original programming]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Television series based on actual events]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]
[[Category:Domestic violence in television]]
[[Category:Television shows about rape]]
[[Category:Television series about serial killers]]
[[Category:True crime television series]]

John Shipp (British Army officer)

2026-03-15T04:11:45Z

Imteenu:

{{Short description|British soldier and author}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{Infobox person
| name = John Shipp
| image = John Shipp.png
| alt = A man (John Shipp) wielding a curved sword and with a pistol in his belt, wearing a large military hat and uniform of the early nineteenth century on a moonlight night.
| caption = John Shipp leading his troop into the fort of Huttrass in 1817
| birth_date = March 1784
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1834
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for = Gallantry, memoirs
| occupation = Soldier, author, playwright, inspector of police,
}}
'''John Shipp''' (March 1784 – 1834) was a British soldier and writer best known for his memoirs, which were popular and ran to at least four editions.{{sfn|Harrison|1876|page=122-143}} Shipp began his military career as a drummer boy at the age of ten and twice won commissions from the ranks due to his ability and conduct; he had to [[Purchase of commissions in the British Army|sell]] his first commission due to a lack of funds. He attained the rank of lieutenant in the [[87th Prince's own Irish fusiliers|87th Regiment]].

''[[The Times]]'' reviewed the third edition of Shipp's memoir in 1890 where the work was listed as one of the "Books of the Week". The reviewer states that "for a man of little more than 30 to have twice won his commission from the ranks was{{nbsp}}... an achievement unique in the annals of the British army".{{sfn|Times staff|1890|p=4}}

==Early life==
Shipp, younger son of Thomas Shipp, a marine, and his wife Lætitia, was born in [[Saxmundham]], and was enchanted by the military from an early age. His mother died in poor circumstances in 1789, his elder brother was lost at sea, and John became an inmate of the parish poorhouse; he was apprenticed by the overseers to a neighbouring farmer, who repeatedly beat him and from whom he was glad to escape by enlistment as a boy in the [[22nd (Cheshire) Regiment of Foot]], at Colchester, on 17 January 1797. {{sfn|Seccombe|1897|p=115}}

==Military career==
Through the kindness of his captain, he picked up some education, and, after service in the [[Channel Islands]] and the Cape, sailed for India, where, having risen to be a sergeant in the grenadier company, he served against the [[Mahrattas]] under [[Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake|Lord Lake]]. He was one of the stormers at the capture of [[Deig]] on 24 December 1804, and thrice led the forlorn hope of the storming column in the unsuccessful assaults on [[Bhurtpore]] (January–February 1805). He was severely wounded, but his daring was rewarded by Lord Lake with an ensigncy in the [[65th foot]]. On 10 March in the same year, he was gazetted lieutenant in the [[76th foot]].

Returning home after two and a half years' further service, he found himself constrained to sell out on 19 March 1808 in order to obtain a sum (about £250) to pay his debts. After a short interval he found himself in London without money, and decided to again enlist in the ranks. He returned to India as a private in the [[24th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons|24th Light Dragoons]], and rose by 1812 to the position of regimental sergeant-major. In May 1815, [[Francis Rawdon Hastings]], 1st Marquis of Hastings and 2nd Earl of Moira, reappointed him to an ensigncy in the [[87th Prince's own Irish fusiliers]], then recently arrived in India from Mauritius. Shipp had thus performed the unique feat of twice winning a commission from the ranks before he was thirty-two.{{sfn|Seccombe|1897|p=115}}

Shipp distinguished himself greatly by his bravery in the second campaign of the [[Ghoorka war|Ghorka war]], notably in a single combat with one of the enemy's [[sardar|sirdars]] near [[Muckwanpore]]. He was on the staff of the left division of the 'grand army' under the Marquis of Hastings in the [[Mahratta and Pindaree war]] (1817–18), and was promoted lieutenant on 5 July 1821.

He seems to have been highly popular in his regiment for his gallantry in the field; but during 1822, while quartered at Calcutta, he was inveigled into a series of bets on horse races which proved highly disastrous. Shipp was imprudent enough to reflect in writing upon the behaviour of a superior officer in regard to these transactions, and was discharged from the service by a court-martial held at [[Fort William (India)|Fort William]] on 14–27 July 1823. He was, however, recommended to mercy, 'in consideration of his past services and wounds, and the high character that he had borne as [[an officer and a gentleman]].’ On selling out, on 3 November 1825, the [[East India Company]] granted him a pension of £50, upon which he settled near [[Ealing]] in Middlesex.{{sfn|Seccombe|1897|p=115}}

==Later life==
Shipp now turned his hand to relating some of his experiences in his 1829 autobiography. Two years later, he issued ''Flogging and its Substitute: a Voice from the Ranks'', in the form of a letter to Sir [[Francis Burdett]], being a powerful indictment of the detestable barbarities of the [[Cat o' nine tails|cat]], which, as the author maintained, 'flogged one devil out and fifty devils in.' Burdett sent the writer a sum of £50, and most of his suggestions were adopted by the military authorities.

In 1830, Shipp was offered an inspectorship in the Stepney division of metropolitan police by Sir [[Charles Rowan]]; he was shortly afterwards appointed superintendent of the night watch at Liverpool, and in 1833 was elected master of the workhouse at Liverpool, where he was highly esteemed.

Shipp died at Liverpool, in easy circumstances, on 27 February 1834.{{sfn|Seccombe|1897|p=116}} He twice married, and left a widow with children.

His obituary is featured in ''The Annual Register, Or, A View of the History, Politics, and Literature of the Year 1834'':

<blockquote>
At Liverpool, of pleurisy, aged 50, lieut. John Shipp, author of Memoirs of his “ Extraordinary Military Career", published in 1829. From his first entrance into the army, at Colchester, as a drummer, at the age of nine, he wore the king’s uniform for thirty-two years; and received six match-lock ball wounds, one on the forehead, two on the top of the head, and in the right arm, one through the forefinger of his left hand, and one in his right leg; besides a flesh wound in his left shoulder, and others of minor consequence. He was the author of at least two plays, one entitled “ The Shepherdess of Arranville, or, Father and Daughter, a pathetic tale, in three acts", 1826; and the other, “ The Maniac of the Pyrenees, or the Heroic Soldier’s Wife, a melodrama, in two acts", 1829. These were printed at Brentford. In the spring of 1830, he was appointed an inspector of the new police; and, during the riots on lord mayor's day that year, he was knocked down, and severely hurt on the side. He was afterwards governor of the workhouse at Liverpool.
</blockquote>

==Writings==
Shipp's memoirs (''Memoirs of the extraordinary military career of John Shipp, late a lieut. in His Majesty's 87th regiment'') tell his life story from his youth, admiring the recruiting band, through his entire military career, and include extensive reflection as well as narrative. The volumes were reprinted several times over the succeeding century.{{sfn|Seccombe|1897|p=115}}

Shipp's memoirs were first published c. 1829, subsequent editions were revised<ref>{{harvnb|Seccombe|1897|p=116}}, Introduction to the 1890 edition</ref> by the addition of material relating to his court-martial, and in 1890 with an introduction by [[Henry Manners Chichester]], who also selected illustrations and corrected the text. The 1930 edition is without the introduction and illustrations.{{sfn|Seccombe|1897|p=116}}

Shipp also published:
* ''The Military Bijou, or the Contents of a Soldier's Knapsack'', 1831, duodecimo
* ''The Eastern Story Teller: a Collection of Indian Tales'', 1832, duodecimo
* ''The Soldier's Friend'', 1833, duodecimo{{sfn|Seccombe|1897|p=115}}

He was also the author of two melodramas, ''The Shepherdess of Aranville, or Father and Daughter'', and ''The Maniac of the Pyrenees'' (Brentford, 1826 and 1829).
{{sfn|Seccombe|1897|p=116}}

==Portrait==
A full-length portrait by [[Thomas Charles Wageman|Wageman]], representing him leading his troop into the fort of Huttrass in 1817, was engraved by Holl, and was reproduced for the 'Memoirs' (1890); (see above) another portrait was engraved by [[W. T. Fry]] after [[John Buchanan (British artist)|John Buchanan]].{{sfn|Seccombe|1897|p=116}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last=Harrison |first=William |year=1876 |title=Bibliotheca Monensis: A Bibliographical account of the works relating to the Isle of Man |edition=New, Revised, corrected and enlarged |location=Dougals, Isle of Man |publisher=Manx Society |pages=122–143 |url=http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/manxsoc/msvol24/p122.htm}}
*{{cite news |author=Times staff |title=Books of the Week |newspaper=The Times |date=28 August 1890 |page=4 |issue=33102 }}

;Attribution
*{{DNB|first=Thomas |last=Seccombe|wstitle=Shipp, John |volume=52 |pages=115–116}}; Endnotes:
**''[[Gentlemen's Magazine]]'' 1834, ii. 539–42
**Georgian Era, ii. 143
**Gorton's ''Biographical Dictionary''
**Picton's ''Memorials of Liverpool''
**''London Monthly Review'', cxviii. 283.

==Further reading==
*{{cite encyclopedia |first1=Thomas |last1=Seccombe |first2=James (reviewer) |last2=Lunt |title=Shipp, John (1785–1834)' |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/25415}}

==External links==
* [http://www.militaryheritage.com/sword_to_sword.htm The Extraordinary Life and Sword Play of Lieutenant John Shipp]
* {{Gutenberg author | id=35549| name=John Shipp}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=John Shipp |birth=1784 |death=1834}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shipp, John}}
[[Category:1784 births]]
[[Category:1834 deaths]]
[[Category:87th (Royal Irish Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot officers]]
[[Category:People from Saxmundham]]
[[Category:Cheshire Regiment soldiers]]
[[Category:76th Regiment of Foot officers]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Anglo-Nepalese War]]
[[Category:British East India Company Army officers]]
[[Category:British military writers]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Maratha War]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Suffolk]]
[[Category:18th-century British Army personnel]]

Mustafa Monwar

2026-03-15T02:40:25Z

Imteenu: revised

{{Short description|Bangladeshi artist (born 1935)}}
{{about|the Bangladeshi artist|the Bangladeshi actor, writer and screenwriter|Mostafa Monwar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{infobox person
| name = Mustafa Monwar
| image = File:Mustafa Monwar receives from Md Abdul Hamid presents crests at Daily Star 25th anniversary Dhaka 2016-02-05 (PID-0056008) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Monwar in 2016
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1935|09|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Magura District|Magura]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]], [[British India]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theindependentbd.com/post/58517|title=Mustafa Monwar's birthday to be celebrated Thursday |website= theindependentbd.com|access-date=2017-11-24|date=2016-09-01}}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[Government College of Art & Craft, Kolkata]]
| occupation = Painter, sculptor, artist
| spouse = {{marriage|Merry Monwar|1965}}
| parents = [[Golam Mostofa (poet)|Golam Mostofa]]
| awards = [[Ekushey Padak]]
| signature = Signature of Mustafa Monwar.jpg
| relatives = [[Nafees Bin Zafar]] (grand-nephew)
}}

'''Mustafa Monwar''' (born 1 September 1935)<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/news/many-happy-returns-mustafa-monwar-1793956|title=Many Happy Returns to Mustafa Monwar!|date=2019-09-01|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=2019-09-03}}</ref> is a Bangladeshi artist.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/event/celebrating-mustafa-monwar-artist-extraordinaire-1279603|title=Celebrating Mustafa Monwar, artist extraordinaire|date=2016-09-03|newspaper=The Daily Star|access-date=2017-11-24|language=en}}</ref> He is a painter, sculptor, radio performer and professor of fine arts. He was awarded [[Ekushey Padak]] in 2004 by the [[Government of Bangladesh]].<ref name=ekushey>{{cite news|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/02/17/d40217012222.htm|title=10 awarded Ekushey Padak|work=The Daily Star|date=2004-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123175127/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/02/17/d40217012222.htm|archive-date=2022-01-23|accessdate=2024-09-02}}</ref>

==Early life==
Monwar is the son of poet [[Golam Mostofa (poet)|Golam Mostofa]]. He passed his matriculation exam from [[Narayanganj High School|Narayanganj Government High School]]. He was also a student of [[Dhaka Collegiate School|Dhaka Collegiate school]].He was initially admitted to the [[Scottish Church College]] of the [[University of Calcutta]] where he studied science. Following the advice of the author [[Syed Mujtaba Ali]], he transferred to the [[Government College of Art & Craft, Kolkata]] from where he graduated obtaining best result in his class.<ref name=lifetime>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/star-lifetime-awardees-2016/mustafa-monwar-212635|title=Mustafa Monwar|date=2016-02-05|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2017-11-24|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Monwar started his career as a lecturer at the [[Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Dhaka|East Pakistan College of Arts and Crafts]]. Later, he joined the [[East Pakistan]] branch of [[Pakistan Television Corporation|PTV]] (now [[Bangladesh Television]]), as director general.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/a-family-affair-the-kings-crown-20427|title=A family affair & the king's crown|date=2014-04-19|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2017-11-24|language=en}}</ref> Later he became the director general of the [[Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2003/06/15/d30615140177.htm|title=The Genius of Mustafa Monowar : The mentor of a generation of budding artistes|newspaper=The Daily Star|date=2003-06-15|access-date=2017-11-24|author=Nashid Kamal}}</ref> and the National Media Institute. He also served as a managing director of the FDC.<ref name=guni>{{cite web|url=http://www.gunijan.org.bd/GjProfDetails_action.php?GjProfId=6|script-title=bn:মুস্তাফা মনোয়ার|language=bn|trans-title=Mustafa Monwar|publisher=Gunijan|access-date=2017-11-24}}</ref>

==Works==
During the [[liberation war of Bangladesh]] in 1971, he organized [[puppetry|puppet shows]] at the refugee camps in [[West Bengal]]. His created puppet plays like ''Agachha'' (Weed), ''Rakkhash'' (Monster) and ''A Brave Farmer''. He was known as the "Puppet Man of Bangladesh".<ref name=lifetime/> American documentary filmmaker Lear Levin visited Bangladesh to make a film on his puppets. These scenes were later added to [[Tareque Masud]]'s film ''[[Muktir Gaan]]'' (1995).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/cultural-activist-recalls-the-liberation-war|title=Cultural activist recalls the Liberation War|date=2013-12-11|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2017-11-24|language=en}}</ref>

Monwar's television puppet show ''Moner Kotha'' ran on BTV for 12 years. It tells the story of a little girl called Parul and her seven brothers named Champa who were cursed and turned into flowers. It is based on the folklore ''[[Saat Bhai Champa]]''.<ref name=geppetto>{{Cite news |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/07/29/d40729140199.htm|title=Mustafa Monwar: The modern day Geppetto : 'Painters and artistes never retire from their work'|newspaper=The Daily Star|date=29 July 2004|access-date=2017-11-24}}</ref> He runs Dhaka-based organization Educational Puppet Development Centre (EPDC).<ref name=geppetto/>

Monwar's teleplays include ''[[The Taming of the Shrew]]'' by [[William Shakespeare]] and ''Raktokorobi'' by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. He showcased his own interpretations of [[Hans Christian Andersen]]'s [[The Nightingale (fairy tale)|The Nightingale]], and [[The Ugly Duckling]]. He is the Bangladesh representative of the Denmark-based International Puppet Development Centre.<ref name=lifetime/>

==Personal life==
Monwar has been married to Merry Monwar since 1965. Together they have one daughter, Nandini Monwar and one son, Sadat Monwar.

==Awards==
* All India Fine Arts Competition Award (1957)<ref name=lifetime/>
* Zainul Abedin Gold Medal
* [[Ekushey Padak]] (2004)<ref name=ekushey />
* Anando Bichitra Award (2004)<ref name=geppetto/>
* The Daily Star and Standard Chartered Bank Lifetime Achievement Award Winner (2017)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/event/words-previous-celebrating-life-1482604|title=Words from Previous Celebrating Life|date=2017-10-28|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2017-11-24|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Artists of Bangladesh}}
{{Meril Prothom Alo Lifetime Achievement Award}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Monwar, Mustafa}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Notun Kuri]]
[[Category:People from Magura District]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi sculptors]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi puppeteers]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:Government College of Art & Craft alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Dhaka]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak in arts]]
[[Category:Honorary Fellows of Bangla Academy]]
[[Category:Meril-Prothom Alo Lifetime Achievement Award winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi male artists]]
[[Category:Dhaka Collegiate School alumni]]

Gafurbhai M. Bilakhia

2026-03-12T21:12:06Z

Imteenu: put up initial entry basic info

{{Short description|Indian industrialist and philanthropist}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gafurbhai M. Bilakhia
| birth_name = 
| occupation = Industrialist, philanthropist
| known_for = Founder of Bilakhia Group, [[Meril Life Sciences]], Maa Foundation
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2020)
}}

'''Gafurbhai M. Bilakhia''' is an Indian industrialist and philanthropist, known for his contributions to trade, industry, and social welfare. He is the founder of the Bilakhia Group, which operates in healthcare, education, and technology. In 2020, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], for his contributions to industry.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Padma Awards 2020: Check out the winners |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/archives/padma-awards-2020-check-out-the-winners-1048507-1558424#1 |access-date=2025-07-27 |newspaper=Deccan Herald | date=10 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2020-01-26 |title=Full list of 2020 Padma awardees |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/full-list-of-2020-padma-awardees/article30656841.ece |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Career ==
Bilakhia started his career in [[Vapi]], [[Gujarat]], managing a warehouse before identifying opportunities in the printing inks industry. He later founded Micro Inks, which became one of the largest ink manufacturers globally. Over time, the Bilakhia Group expanded into [[medical technology]], education, and philanthropy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2020-01-28 |title=Padma Shri Gafurbhai M. Bilakhia speaks about his journey |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/videos/bharat/padma-shri-gafurbhai-m-bilakhia-speaks-about-his-journey/na20200128231953458 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Four trustees inducted in Vidyapith |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/four-trustees-inducted-in-vidyapith/81849556.html |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
In 2020, Bilakhia received the [[Padma Shri]] for his contributions to trade and industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=85 વર્ષની ઉંમર સુધીમાં ગફૂર બિલખીયાએ જે સેવાકાર્ય કર્યું, તેના માટે પદ્મ પુરસ્કાર પણ ઓછો પડે... |url=https://zeenews.india.com/gujarati/photo-gallery/valsads-gafur-bilakhia-name-declared-for-padmashree-awards-know-his-career-and-life-81768 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=Zee News Gujarati}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajput |first=Kajal |date=2023-02-21 |title=Gujarat Minister Kanubhai Desai inaugurated Dr Agarwals first super specialty eye hospital in Vapi |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/news/health/hospital-diagnostics/gujarat-minister-kanubhai-desai-inaugurates-dr-agarwals-super-specialty-eye-hospital-in-vapi-107376 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=medicaldialogues.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Known as '''Bapuji''', Bilakhia's sons currently manage the Bilakhia Group, ensuring the continuation of his vision and leadership.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-02 |title=Four new trustees appointed at Gujarat Vidyapith |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/four-new-trustees-gujarat-vidyapith-8357401/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Meril Life Sciences]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.bilakhiaholdings.com/ Bilakhia Group Official Website]
* [https://www.merillife.com/ Meril Life Sciences]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bilakhia, Gafurbhai M.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in trade and industry]]
[[Category:People from Vapi]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

Panjabi MC

2026-03-12T09:50:48Z

Imteenu:

{{Short description|British-Indian rapper and producer (born 1973)}}
{{More footnotes|date=March 2015}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Panjabi MC
| background = solo_singer
| image = London Mela 2010, Panjabi MC crop.jpg
| caption = Panjabi MC performing at [[Boishakhi Mela|London Mela]] in August 2010
| birth_name = Rajinder Singh Rai
| birth_place = [[Coventry]], [[Warwickshire]], England
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1973|02|14}}
| genre = {{hlist|[[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]]|[[Asian Underground]]|[[Electronic music|electronic]]|[[alternative hip-hop]]|[[trip hop]]}}
| occupation = Musician
| years_active = 1993–present
| label = {{hlist|[[Nachural Records]]|Superstar Recordings (Germany)|[[Urban Records]]|PMC Records (UK)|[[Universal Music Group|Universal]] (India)|[[Ultra Records]]}}
| website = {{url|panjabi-mc.com}}
}}

'''Rajinder Singh Rai''' (born 14 February 1973), known professionally as '''Panjabi MC''', is a [[British Indians|British-Indian]] recording artist, rapper, record producer and DJ. He is best known for the worldwide [[Bhangra (music)|bhangra]] 2002 hit "[[Mundian To Bach Ke]]", which sold 10 million copies worldwide, making it [[List of best-selling singles|one of the best-selling singles of all time]]. Among other songs, he also gained acclaim with the 2003 release "[[Jogi (Panjabi MC song)|Jogi]]". [[AllMusic]] has called him "one of the most prominent names in bhangra".<ref>{{cite web|author=Andy Kellman |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/panjabi-mc-mn0000004623/biography |title=Panjabi MC | Biography & History |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |date=1973-02-14 |access-date=2016-02-28}}</ref>

== Biography ==
=== Career ===
Rajinder Singh Rai was born in [[Coventry]] to parents from [[Punjab, India]]. He adopted his stage name from the [[Punjabi language]] he uses in the music he plays and [[rapping|raps]].<ref>[http://www.pmcrecords.com/index.php?page=414901]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120190925/http://www.pmcrecords.com/index.php?page=414901|date=20 November 2007}}</ref> "One of [his] main goals is to fuse the two worlds [of [[Bhangra (music)|bhangra]] and [[Hip hop music|hip-hop]] music genres]".<ref name="VV">{{cite web|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0327,chadha,45230,1.html|title=Mix This Young South Asians' Love-Hate Relationship with Hip-Hop's New Bengali Beats|work=Village Voice|publisher=Villagevoice.com|access-date=2015-05-30|archive-date=8 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608151511/http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0327,chadha,45230,1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Nachural Records]] signed Panjabi MC following a [[remix]] he made of "Ghariah Milan De", a song by Indian Punjabi singer [[Kuldeep Manak]]; although the single was taken off the market, Panjabi MC continued making records. The first successful release, however, was "[[Mundian To Bach Ke]]" ("Beware of the Boys" in Punjabi): it first appeared on the 1998 album ''Legalised'', and samples the [[theme music]] of the television series ''[[Knight Rider (1982 TV series)|Knight Rider]]'' with Bhangra music. Originally, an underground hit on the [[internet]], it was picked up by the [[German people|German]] record label ''Superstar Recordings'', and became a mainstream [[hit song]] across Europe, including Germany and UK.

In 2003 was released a version of this single featuring American rapper [[Jay-Z]], whose title was "[[Beware of the Boys]]"; in the same year he released [[Yogi]], a song which had not the success of the previous single but also topped the charts. His work, particularly the early singles and the "Mundian To Bach Ke" version with Jay-Z, brought Bhangra to a global audience via the [[BBC]]; he later continued to produce and remix music.

In 2004, he recorded a song called "Mirza" and mixed it with "[[Isyankar]]", a song by [[Turkish people|Turkish]] singer [[Mustafa Sandal]], but they did not release the remixed version.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/nr6_britishasianmusic.pdf |title=Asian Allstars |access-date=28 December 2007 |last=Verma |first=Rahul |publisher=British Council |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817205455/http://www.britishcouncil.org/nr6_britishasianmusic.pdf |archive-date=17 August 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2008 was released Panjabi MC's album ''Indian Timing''; the "[[Snake Charmer (song)|Snake Charmer]]" music video was screened at Deejay Ra's music video night in [[Toronto]] at the FILMI festival, [[North America]]'s longest running South Asian film festival.

=== Remixes and samples made by Panjabi MC in his songs ===
Panjabi MC used "[[Planet Rock (song)|Planet Rock]]", a 1982 song by [[Afrika Bambaataa]], for his release "Pyar Wich (Planet Rock Remix)", before the latter could record "Indian Planet Rock"; this version by British-born Indian DJ's was included on the 1998 album ''Legalised''. On ''Indian Timing'', Panjabi MC used vocal samples from "[[Im Nin'alu]]", a 1984 song by Israeli singer [[Ofra Haza]]. On "Jatt Ho Giya Sharabee", a song released in 1998, Panjabi MC used the [[theme music]] from the television series ''[[Magnum, P.I.]]''. In "Mundian To Bach Ke", along with the subsequent remix version featuring [[Jay-Z]] "Beware of the Boys", the Dj used the bassline from the television series ''[[Knight Rider (1982 TV series)|Knight Rider]]''.<ref name="VV"/> Both the last two songs were on the album ''Legalised'', released in 1998.

=== Media use of Panjabi MC's songs ===
The 1998 single "Jatt Ho Giya Sharabee", included later on the 2003 album ''Beware'', was featured on the television show ''[[Heroes (American TV series)|Heroes]]'' (episode 2, ''[[Don't Look Back (Heroes)|Don't Look Back]]'', aired on October 2, 2006). The 2001 song "Yaaran Kollon Sikh Kuriye" was featured in the television show ''[[Wildboyz]]'' as a music video. In the same year, Panjabi MC made his [[Canada|Canadian]] premiere at the Payal Banquet Hall in [[Mississauga (Ontario)|Mississauga]], [[Ontario]]. Deejay Ra hosted a TV special covering the event entitled "The Bhangramentary", which aired on the [[Asian Television Network]] (ATN). The 1998/2002 single "Mundian To Bach Ke" was featured in an episode of ''[[Queer as Folk (2000 TV series)|Queer as Folk]]'' television series and in the 2002 movie ''[[Bend It Like Beckham]]''; it also was featured, in the remix version of "Mundian To Bach Ke" with Jay-Z, on the soundtrack of the 2021 BAFTA-nominated Netflix film ''[[The White Tiger (2021 film)|The White Tiger]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 27, 2021|title=The White Tiger - 2021 Netflix Movie Features Panjabi MC & JAY-Z|url=http://www.panjabi-mc.com/1/post/2021/01/the-white-tiger-2021-netflix-movie-features-panjabi-mc-jay-z.html|access-date=2021-06-06|website=Panjabi MC|language=en}}</ref> Panjabi MC has also appeared on ''[[Top of the Pops]]'', from which the "[[Mundian To Bach Ke]]" videoclip began to appear on music channels around the world in heavy rotation.

Together with [[Sukhwinder Singh]] and [[Sapna Awasthi]], Panjabi MC remixed the popular song "[[Chaiyya Chaiyya]]" from the 1998 [[Cinema of India|Bollywood film]], ''[[Dil Se..]]''. This version played during opening and final credits for the 2006 [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood movie]] ''[[Inside Man]]''. Their song "[[Land of Five Rivers (song)|Land of Five Rivers]]" (the exact translation of Punjab) was used as a theme song for the [[WWE]] wrestler [[The Great Khali]], and featured on ''[[Voices: WWE The Music, Vol. 9]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.desihits.com/blog/article/exclusive-interview-panjabi-mc-20081215|title=Desi Radio, Videos and MP3s, Bollywood Hindi Songs, Bhangra Music and Podcasts|publisher=Desihits.com|access-date=2015-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105090918/http://www.desihits.com/blog/article/exclusive-interview-panjabi-mc-20081215|archive-date=5 November 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Discography ==
=== Studio albums ===
* ''Souled Out'' (1993, [[Nachural Records]])
* ''Another Sell Out'' (1994, Nachural Records)
* ''100% Proof'' (1995, Nachural Records)
* ''Grass Roots'' (1996, Nachural Records)
* ''Magic Desi'' (1996)
* ''Legalised'' (1998, Nachural Records)
* ''Dhol Jageero Da'' (2001, Moviebox)
* ''Desi'' (2002, Moviebox)
* ''Indian Breaks'' (2003, [[Compagnia Nuove Indye]])
* ''[[Mundian To Bach Ke]]'' (2003, Compagnia Nuove Indye)
* ''The Album'' (German version: Superstar/[[Warner Music Group|Warner]]; Germany) (French version: [[Scorpio Music|Scorpio]]; France) (UK Version: [[Instant Karma (record label)|Instant Karma]]) (2003)
* ''Beware'' (American version of "The Album"; 2003, Sequence)
* ''Steel Bangle'' (2005, Moviebox)
* ''Indian Timing'' (2008, PMC Records)
* ''The Raj'' (2010, PMC Records)
* ''56 Districts'' (2019, PMC Records)

=== Compilation albums ===
* ''Sentello II'' (2004, Korsan Cd)
* ''Illegal'' (2006, Nupur Audio)

=== EPs ===
* ''Jatt Ho Gya Sharabi'' (1996, Nachural Records)
* ''Mirza Part Two'' (1997, Nachural Records)
* ''Switchin''' (2000, Moviebox)

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1"
|+ List of singles as lead artist, with selected chart positions and certifications, showing year released and album name
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:10em;"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year
! scope="col" colspan="13"| Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| [[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]]
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]] <ref name="US-singles">{{cite magazine | url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/panjabi-mc/chart-history/hsi/ | title=Panjabi MC – Chart History: Hot 100 | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=October 26, 2019}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"|[[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US R&B]] <ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/panjabi-mc/chart-history/bsi/ | title=Panjabi MC – Chart History: Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=October 26, 2019}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"|[[Dance/Electronic Singles Sales|US Dance]] <ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/panjabi-mc/chart-history/dsa/ | title=Panjabi MC – Chart History: Dance Single Sales | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=October 26, 2019}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.3em;font-size:90%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]] <ref name="AUS">Peaks in Australia:
*"Mundian To Bach Ke": {{cite web | url=http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Panjabi+MC | title=Discography Panjabi MC | work=australian-charts.com | publisher=Hung Medien | access-date=October 26, 2019}} Panjabi Mc toured Australia in August 2009 and had Australian born Sicilianbeats as his supporting act.
*"Jogi": {{cite Ryan|page=212}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.3em;font-size:90%;"|[[Ultratop|BEL]] <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/song/1531/Panjabi-MC-Mundian-to-bach-ke | title=Discography Panjabi MC | work=Ultratop | access-date=October 26, 2019 | archive-date=22 November 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122115311/https://www.ultratop.be/nl/song/1531/Panjabi-MC-Mundian-to-bach-ke | url-status=live }}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.3em;font-size:90%;"|[[Canadian Hot 100|CAN]]
! scope="col" style="width:2.3em;font-size:90%;"|[[Tracklisten|DEN]] <ref>{{cite web | url=https://danishcharts.dk/showperson.asp?name=Panjabi+MC | title=Discography Panjabi MC | work=DanishCharts| access-date=October 26, 2019}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.3em;font-size:90%;"|[[GfK Entertainment|GER]] <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche | title=Discography Punjabi MC | work=OfficialGermanCharts | access-date=October 26, 2019 | archive-date=2 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102071930/http://i.imgur.com/My5ZAxf.jpg | url-status=live }}
* "Mundian to bach ke": {{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-5425|title=Mundian to Bach Ke Chart History|work=OfficialGermanCharts|access-date=26 October 2019|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411192750/https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-5425|url-status=live}}
* "Jogi": {{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-5623|title=Jogi Chart History|work=OfficialGermanCharts|access-date=26 October 2019|archive-date=7 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407223351/https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-5623|url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.3em;font-size:90%;"|[[Irish Singles Chart|IRL]] <ref name="IRL">{{cite web|url=http://irishcharts.ie/search/placement|title=Discographie Panjabi MC|publisher=Irish Charts|format=search "Punjabi MC" in Artists search|access-date=October 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721125210/http://irishcharts.ie/search/placement|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
!style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%"|[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]] <ref name="FRA-singles">{{cite magazine | url=https://lescharts.com/search.asp?cat=s&artist=panjabi+mc&artist_search=starts&title=&title_search=starts | title=Panjabi MC – Chart History: France Singles | magazine=Billboard | access-date=October 26, 2019}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|ITA]] <ref name="ITA">{{cite web | url=http://italiancharts.com/search.asp?cat=s&search=panjabi+mc| title=Italian Song Chart| access-date=October 26, 2019 |publisher=italiancharts.com}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]] <ref name="SWI">{{cite web|url=http://www.swisscharts.com/artist/panjabi_mc|title=Discographie Panjabi MC|publisher=Swiss Charts Portal. Hung Medien|format=select "Charts" tab|access-date=October 26, 2019|archive-date=26 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026225045/http://www.swisscharts.com/artist/panjabi_mc|url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.3em;font-size:90%;"|[[UK Singles Chart|UK]] <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/261/panjabi-mc/ | title=Panjabi MC – Official Charts Company | work=OfficialCharts | access-date=October 26, 2019 | archive-date=3 January 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103045013/https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/261/panjabi-mc/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Ghariah Milan De"
|1995
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
| Non-album single
|-
! scope="row"|"[[Mundian To Bach Ke]]"
| rowspan="2" |1998
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
|''Legalised''
|-
! scope="row"|"Jatt Ho Giya Sharabee"
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
|''Jatt Ho Gya Sharabi''
|-
! scope="row"|"Yaaran Kollon Sikh Kuriye"
|2001
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
| ''The Album''
|-
! scope="row"|"[[Mundian To Bach Ke]]" (featuring [[Jay-Z]])
| rowspan="2" |2003
|33
|21
|3
|12
|3
|10
|5
|2
|14
|15
|1
|4
|5
|
* [[Belgian Entertainment Association|BEA]]: Gold
* [[Bundesverband Musikindustrie|BVMI]]: Gold
* [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry Greece|IFPI Greece]]: Gold
* [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]] SWI: Gold
|''Legalised''
|-
! scope="row"|"[[Jogi (Panjabi MC song)|Jogi]]"
|—
|—
|—
|92
|55
|—
|—
|12
|47
|75
|30
|8
|25
|
|''Jogi EP''
|-
! scope="row"|"[[Chaiyya Chaiyya]] (Bollywood Joint)"
|2006
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
| rowspan="4"| Non-album singles
|-
! scope="row"|"[[Snake Charmer (song)|Snake Charmer]]"
|2007
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
|-
! scope="row"|"[[Land of Five Rivers (song)|Land of Five Rivers]]"
|2009
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
|-
! scope="row"|"Moorni (Balle Balle)"
|2010
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|
|-
| colspan="17" |"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.
|}

==Awards==
*2003: [[MTV Europe Music Awards]] – Best Dance Act – "Panjabi MC"<ref name=2003MTVEMA>{{cite news|title=MTV Europe Music Awards 2003 Winner|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/music/newsid_3249000/3249431.stm|publisher=News.bbc.co.uk|access-date=7 November 2003|date=7 November 2003|archive-date=28 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128213200/http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/music/newsid_3249000/3249431.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2003: [[MOBO Awards]] – Best UK Act<ref name=MOBOAWARD>{{cite web|title= MOBO UK Act of the Year 2003 |url=http://www.rte.ie/ten/2003/0926/50cent.html|publisher=Rte.ie|date=26 September 2003|access-date=2015-05-30}}</ref>
*2003: [[UK Asian Music Awards]] – Best Single Bhangra – "[[Mundian To Bach Ke]]"<ref name=2005brlaunch>{{cite web|title=BRITISH ASIAN MUSIC AWARDS 2004 LAUNCHED |url=http://www.redhotcurry.com/entertainment/music/brama_launch.htm |publisher=Redhotcurry.com |access-date=24 August 2010 |date=7 October 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210200827/http://www.redhotcurry.com/entertainment/music/brama_launch.htm |archive-date=10 February 2010 }}</ref>
*2003: [[World Music Awards]] – World's Best Indian Artist<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/68677/2003-world-music-awards-winners|title = 2003 World Music Awards Winners| magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] }}</ref>
*2011: Punjabi Music Awards – Best Sound Recording – "Moorni"{{cn|date=September 2020}}
*2011: [[Brit Asia TV Music Awards]] – Best Single – "Moorni" and Best Asian Music Producer<ref name=BAMA2011>{{cite news |title=Brit Asia TV Music Awards 2011 "AND THE WINNERS ARE..." |url=https://punjab2000.com/brit-asia-tv-music-awards-2011-qand-the-winners-areq/ |access-date=3 September 2020 |work=Punjab2000.com |date=3 October 2011}}</ref>
*2018: Brit Asia TV Music Awards – Outstanding Achievement<ref name=BAMA2018>{{cite news |last1=Anusha |first1=Nava |title=BritAsia TV Music Awards 2018 Winners |url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/britasia-tv-music-awards-2018-winners |access-date=19 August 2020 |work=www.desiblitz.com |date=11 October 2018 |archive-date=29 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629091815/https://www.desiblitz.com/content/britasia-tv-music-awards-2018-winners |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist }}

==External links==
* {{official|https://www.panjabi-mc.com/}}
{{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Electronic}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panjabi MC}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:British people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:British rappers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:English people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Desi musicians]]
[[Category:British Asian musicians]]
[[Category:British hip-hop DJs]]
[[Category:English DJs]]
[[Category:English record producers]]
[[Category:Hip-hop record producers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Asian Underground musicians]]
[[Category:English Sikhs]]
[[Category:MTV Europe Music Award winners]]
[[Category:World Music Awards winners]]
[[Category:Musicians from Coventry]]
[[Category:Bhangra (music) musicians]]
[[Category:Electronica musicians]]
[[Category:Universal Music Group artists]]
[[Category:Ultra Records artists]]

Bengaluru International Film Festival

2026-03-09T16:13:12Z

Imteenu: Started New Entry

{{Short description|Film festival in Bengaluru, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox film festival
| name = Bengaluru International Film Festival
| logo = Bengaluru International Film Festival logo.jpg
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| number =
| location = [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]] India
| language = International
| website = https://biffes.org
}}

The '''Bengaluru International Film Festival''', is an annual [[film festival]] held in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], the capital of the [[India]]n [[States of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]], which previews films of all genres, including documentaries from around the world. Founded in 1996, Suchitra Bangalore International Film Festival, was held for a week from 22 to 28 December 2006 in collaboration with Suchitra Film Society.<ref name="biffes2006">[http://biffes.in/1st%20Suchitra%20Biffes%202006.html Suchitra Bangalore International Film Festival 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128011049/http://www.biffes.in/1st%20Suchitra%20Biffes%202006.html |date=28 November 2012 }} , Event Page</ref> More than 100 films were screened during festival.

The film festival is now being organized by [[Karnataka Chalanachitra Academy]] and is supported by [[Government of Karnataka]]. The 16th BIFFES was held in Bengaluru from 1 to 8 March 2025.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Bengaluru film fest to be held on march 1st to 8th 2025. |url=https://biffes.org/# }}</ref>

[[File:16th Bengaluru International Film Festival (2025) 05.jpg|thumb|right|Inauguration of 16th edition in [[Vidhana Soudha]] on 1 March 2025]]

==Events history==
* 1st Suchitra Bengaluru International Film Festival 2006 was held from 22 to 28 December 2006
* 2nd Suchitra Bengaluru International Film Festival 2008 was held from 3 to 10 January 2008
* 3rd Suchitra Bengaluru International Film Festival 2009 was held from December 2009
* 4th Bengaluru International Film Festival 2011 was held from 15 to 22 December 2011
* 5th Bengaluru International Film Festival 2012 was held from 20 to 27 December 2012
* [[6th Bengaluru International Film Festival 2013]] was held from 26 December 2013 to 2 January 2014
* [[7th Bengaluru International Film Festival 2014]] was held from 4 to 11 December 2014 <ref name="BIFFES 2013 launch">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/bangalore-film-festival-launch-today/article5501553.ece |title=Bangalore film festival launch today |access-date=26 December 2013 |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |first=Muralidhara |last=Khajane |date=26 December 2013}}</ref>
* 8th Bengaluru International Film Festival 2016 was held from 28 January 2016 to 5 February 2016.
* [[9th Bengaluru International Film Festival 2017]] was held from 2 to 9 February 2017
* 10th Bengaluru International Film Festival 2018 was held from 22 February 2018 to 1 March 2018
* 11th Bengaluru International Film Festival 2019 was held from 21 February 2019 to 28 February 2019
* 12th Bengaluru International Film Festival 2020 was held from 26 February 2020 to 4 March 2020<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/12th-edition-of-bengaluru-international-film-festival-from-feb-26-to-mar-4-802266.html |title=12th edition of Bengaluru International Film Festival from Feb 26 to Mar 4 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>
* 13th Bengaluru International Film Festival 2022 was held from 3 to 10 March 2022<ref name="2020fest">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/hybrid-bengaluru-international-film-festival-to-be-held-in-march/articleshow/89178459.cms?from=mdr |title=Hybrid Film Festival This time |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 January 2022 |last1=Suresh |first1=Sunayana}}</ref>
* 14th Bengaluru International Film Festival 2023 was held from 23 to 31 March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=Curtains down on 14th Bangalore International Film Festival |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/curtains-down-on-14th-bangalore-international-film-festival-1205147.html |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
* 15th Bengaluru International Film Festival 2024 was held from 29 February to 7 March 2024.<ref name=":0" />
* 16th Bengaluru International Film Festival 2025 was held from 1 to 8 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TheHindu |title=BIFFes 2025: Over 200 films from 60 countries to be screened; registrations open for delegates |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/biffes-2025-over-200-films-from-60-countries-to-be-screened-registrations-open-for-delegates/article69211456.ece |access-date=13 March 2025 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>
* 17th Bengaluru International Film Festival 2026 scheduled from 29 Jan to 6 Feb 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=2026-01-23 |title=BIFFes 2026 to offer eclectic line-up of films, master classes and workshops |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/biffes-2026-to-offer-eclectic-line-up-of-films-master-classes-and-workshops/article70524313.ece |access-date=2026-01-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Theme and Other details ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sl. No.
!BIFFes Edition
!Year
!Date
!Theme
!'''Ambassador'''
!KCA Chairpersoon
!Venues
|-
|1
|First
|2006
|22 to 28 December
|
|
|
|
|-
|2
|Second
|2008
|3 to 10 January
|
|
|
|
|-
|3
|Third
|2009
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|4
|Fourth
|2011
|15 to 22 December
|
|
|
|
|-
|5
|Fifth
|2012
|20 to 27 December
|
|
|
|
|-
|6
|Sixth
|2013
|26 Dec 2013 to 2 Jan 2014
|
|
|
|
|-
|7
|Seventh
|2014
|4 to 11 December
|
|
|
|
|-
|8
|Eighth
|2016
|28 Jan to 5 Feb
|
|
|
|
|-
|9
|Ninth
|2017
|2 to 9 February
|
|
|
|
|-
|10
|Tenth
|2018
|22 Feb to 1 Mar
|
|
|
|
|-
|11
|Eleventh
|2019
|21 to 28 Feb
|
|
|
|
|-
|12
|Twelfth
|2020
|26 Feb to 4 Mar
|
|
|
|
|-
|13
|Thirteenth
|2022
|3 to 10 March
|
|
|
|
|-
|14
|Fourteenth
|2023
|23 to 31 March
|
|
|
|
|-
|15
|Fifteenth
|2024
|29 Feb to 7 Mar
|
|
|
|
|-
|16
|Sixteenth
|2025
|1 to 8 March
|The Garden of All Communities (Sarva Janangada Shantiya Tota)
|[[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]]
|[[Sadhu Kokila]]
|[[Orion Mall|PVR Orian Mall]], Suchitra Film Society
|-
|17
|Seventeenth
|2026
|29 Jan to 6 Feb
|'''W'''oman: As She Is (Stree Andare Aste Saake)
|[[Prakash Raj]]
|[[Sadhu Kokila]]
|Cinepolis LuLu Mall, Suchitra Film Society
|}

==Movies screened during festival==
*[[List of Movies Screened in Bengaluru International Film Festival 2014|13th BIFFES 2022 Movies List]]<ref name="BIFFES 2022 Movies List">{{cite web |url=http://biffes.in/ |title=BIFFES 2022 Movies List |publisher=BIFFES |access-date=28 January 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123154307/http://biffes.in/ |archive-date=23 January 2013 }}</ref>

==Old Logo of the Film Festival==
[[File:Bangalore internation Film festival Logo.png|thumb|Logo used in 2016]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category}}

==External links==
* [https://biffes.org/ Official website]

{{Cinema of Karnataka}}

[[Category:Bengaluru International Film Festival| ]]
[[Category:Indian film festivals]]
[[Category:Film festivals established in 2006]]

Kohra (1964 film)

2026-03-04T03:55:40Z

Imteenu: adjust information also and updated info per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kohraa
| image = Kohraa.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Biren Nag]]
| producer =[[Hemant Kumar]]
| writer = [[Dhruva Chatterjee]]
| starring = [[Waheeda Rehman]] [[Biswajeet]] [[Lalita Pawar]]
| music = [[Hemant Kumar]]
| cinematography =Marshall Braganza
| editing =
| distributor =
|studio= [[Geetanjali Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1964}}
| runtime = 136 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/kohraa-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0yndi1mdc|title=Kohraa|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}
'''''Kohraa''''' ({{translation|Fog}}) is a 1964 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[horror film|horror]] [[thriller film]] directed by [[Biren Nag]], starring [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Biswajeet]] and [[Lalita Pawar]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Mahaan |first=Deepak |date=7 October 2010 |title=Blast from the past: Kohraa (1964) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Blast-from-the-past-mdash-Kohraa-1964/article15772001.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=11 August 2024 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811171157/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Blast-from-the-past-mdash-Kohraa-1964/article15772001.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was adapted from [[Daphne du Maurier]]'s 1938 novel ''[[Rebecca (novel)|Rebecca]]'', which was previously adapted by [[Alfred Hitchcock]] as ''[[Rebecca (1940 film)|Rebecca]]'' (1940), though some supernatural elements were added to it, including a few from the film ''[[Psycho (1960 film)|Psycho]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/rebecca-netflix-a-throwback-to-biren-nag-1964-adaptation-with-waheeda-rehman-and-biwajit-chatterjee |title=Before Netflix's Rebecca, A Throwback To Biren Nag's 1964 Adaptation With Waheeda Rehman And Biswajit Chatterjee |last=Sequeira |first=Gayle |date=20 October 2020 |website=[[Film Companion]] |access-date=12 August 2024 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227040547/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/rebecca-netflix-a-throwback-to-biren-nag-1964-adaptation-with-waheeda-rehman-and-biwajit-chatterjee |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/bollywood-borrowed-skilfully-from-alfred-hitchcock-richard-allen_10078831.html |title=Bollywood borrowed skilfully from Alfred Hitchcock: Richard Allen |work=Thaindian News |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |date=1 August 2008 |location=New Delhi |access-date=2 September 2018 |archive-date=26 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226103142/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/bollywood-borrowed-skilfully-from-alfred-hitchcock-richard-allen_10078831.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Plot==
Rajeshwari meets rich Amit Kumar Singh and they both fall in love and get married. Amit brings Rajeshwari to his home - A huge imposing mansion in middle of [[Moorland|Moors]]. Rajeshwari learns from servants about Amit's first wife Poonam who died in mysterious circumstances about a year ago. The housekeeper Dai Maa, who was also the nanny of Poonam is visibly disturbed by this and is cold towards Rajeshwari. Amit leaves on a business trip for a few weeks and Rajeshwari is left to herself. This is when she encounters supernatural phenomena in the mansion and is haunted by the memories and spirit of Poonam. Recovering from shock, Rajeshwari decides to do her own investigation of Poonam's mysterious death. One by one she uncovers shocking dark secrets about Poonam, Amit and various other people.

==Cast==
*[[Waheeda Rehman]] as Rajeshwari Singh
*[[Biswajeet]] as Raja Amit Kumar Singh<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/01/23/2146/index.html |title=The hero who was made up to look like a girl |date=23 January 2007 |publisher=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen Weekly]] |via=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date= |quote=11 August 2024 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923073100/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/01/23/2146/index.html |archive-date=23 September 2011}}</ref>
*[[Basanta Choudhury]] as Shekhar
*[[Lalita Pawar]] as Dai Maa
* Thelma as Poonam Devi
*[[Tarun Bose]] as Ramesh
*[[Madan Puri]] as Kamal Rai
*[[Manmohan Krishna]] as Kamal's Advocate
*[[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]] as Goverdhan
* Badri Prasad
* [[Abhi Bhattacharya]] as Advocate Bhattacharya
* [[Sujit Kumar]] as Ranjan
* [[Keshto Mukherjee]] as the gardener
* [[Shaukat Azmi]] as Rai Sahib's wife
* Thelma

==Productions==
The film was the second directorial venture of Biren Nag after the film ''[[Bees Saal Baad (1962 film)|Bees Saal Baad]]'' (1962).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-19 |title=Merchants of fear |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/merchants-of-fear/article9769779.ece |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=Frontline |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812195805/https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/merchants-of-fear/article9769779.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> He had been art director of Guru Dutt productions such as ''[[Chaudhvin Ka Chand]]'' (1960), ''[[Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam]]'' (1962) and ''[[C.I.D. (1956 film)|CID]]'' (1956).<ref name=toi>{{cite web | title = The mystery of 'Kohraa' | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/The-mystery-of-Kohraa/articleshow/42595841.cms | author = Roshmila Bhattacharya | date = 16 September 2014 | accessdate = 2014-09-22 | work = The Times of India | archive-date = 14 December 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141214183206/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/The-mystery-of-Kohraa/articleshow/42595841.cms | url-status = live }}</ref> The role of Poonam was played by Thelma, an Anglo-Indian actress, who did small roles in film.<ref name=toi/>

The scene of the first wife's room, an all white set was built at [[Rajkamal Kalamandir]] in Mumbai.<ref name=toi/> The song, "Raah bani khud manzil"
was filmed on winding road to [[Mahabaleshwar]], a hill station in Maharashtra.<ref name=toi/>

==Music==
Music: Hemant Kumar; Lyrics: Kaifi Azmi
*"Yeh Nayan Dare Dare" - Hemant Kumar
*"Rah Bani Khud Manzil" - Hemant Kumar ([[Pilu (raga)]])
*"O Beqarar Dil" - [[Lata Mangeshkar]] ([[Raga]] [[Bhimpalasi]])
*"Jhoom Jhoom Dhalti Raat" (version 1) - Lata Mangeshkar ([[Raga]] Kamod Kalyan)
*"Jhoom Jhoom Dhalti Raat" (version 2) - Lata Mangeshkar ([[Raga]] Kamod Kalyan)
*"Kahe Bajayi Tune Paani Bansuriya" - Mahendra Kapoor, Asha Bhosle

==Awards==
#[[Filmfare]] Nomination for Best Actress in a Supporting Role - [[Lalita Pawar]]{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}
#[[Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction]] for Black-and-White film category - G. L. Yadhav & T. K. Desai{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|kohra}}

{{Rebecca (novel)}}

[[Category:Works based on Rebecca (novel)]]
[[Category:1964 films]]
[[Category:1960s psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Daphne du Maurier]]
[[Category:Films based on British novels]]
[[Category:1964 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1964 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hemant Kumar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films set in country houses]]

{{1960s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Baba Baby O

2026-03-04T00:15:09Z

Imteenu: Started New Page - done

{{Short description|2022 Indian Bengali-language film by Aritra Mukherjee}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Baba Baby O
| image = Baba Baby O poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Aritra Mukherjee
| writer = Zinia Sen
| producer = {{Plain list|
* [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]]
* [[Nandita Roy]]
}}
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Jisshu Sengupta]]
* [[Solanki Roy]]
}}
| editing = Moloy Laha
| music = {{Plain list|
* [[Chamok Hasan]]
* Amit-Ishan
}}
| cinematography = Subhankar Bhar (ISC)
| studio = Windows Production
| distributor = Windows Production
| released = {{Film date|2022|01||Jaipur Film Festival|2022|02|04|India|df=y}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Baba Baby O''''' is a 2022 Indian Bengali-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by Aritra Mukherjee. The film is produced by [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]] and [[Nandita Roy]] under the banner of Windows Production. The film stars [[Jisshu Sengupta]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=COVER: Actor Jisshu Sengupta talks about Baba Baby O, surrogacy and his web and film projects |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2022/feb/04/cover-actor-jisshu-sengupta-talks-about-baba-baby-o-surrogacy-and-his-web-and-film-projects-38848.html |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=www.indulgexpress.com |date=4 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Solanki Roy]] in lead roles.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Aritra Mukherjee: 'Baba Baby O...' is an intense love story wrapped in humour - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/aritra-mukherjee-baba-baby-o-is-an-intense-love-story-wrapped-in-humour/articleshow/80005156.cms |access-date=2021-11-19 |website=The Times of India |date=29 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Jisshu Sengupta thrilled to return to Bengali cinema after a long gap |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/jisshu-thrilled-to-return-to-bengali-cinema-after-a-long-gap/articleshow/89087031.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=March 2022}}
40-something Megh decides to have babies through [[surrogacy]]. His life takes a u-turn when he meets Brishti. The film tries to highlight that love can happen anywhere, anytime.

The film begins with Megh becoming a father through surrogacy to two little boys (later referred to as Potol-Posto). Due to his constant denial and disinterest in marriage, his father comes to doubt if he is gay and in a relationship with his best friend. However he reveals that his disinterest is not only due to his age but also due to rejection he faced from his former girlfriend due to his love and desire for children.

Megh goes to a toy shop to buy toys for his boys, sees Brishti scolding a man for his indecent comments. Megh, as his caring nature suggests, rescues Brishti from the ruckus, also having developed a crush on her. Through numerous encounters henceforth, he helps Brishti in various ways. It is eventually revealed that Brishti has a sour relationship with her mother due to her second marriage as she believes her mother dumped her father, while it is the vice versa. It is also revealed that she hates kids as she believes they are irrational and impractical unlike adults which breaks Megh's heart. Enter Souvik, Brishti's boyfriend, who plans to shift to Sydney with Brishti and sell the house and toy shop that Brishti and her mother have inherited from the latter's second marriage. This makes Brishti's mother furious and Brishti leaves the house with Souvik. Brishti seeks help from Megh and he finds them an apartment beside his own flat for rent. A beautiful relationship develops between Megh's parents, Brishti and Megh's children, whom Brishti begins to accept.

We see the constant neglect that Souvik offers in the relationship to Brishti, not being there when she needs him the most, unlike Megh, who always open heartedly tries to hear Brishti out. Brishti finds a letter in her luggage which was written by her biological father to her mother before she got married for the second time, stating that he has happily settled again and Brishti must not know of how he has dumped her. Brishti regrets not accepting her adoptive father and her mother's marriage when her adoptive father was actually alive. She tries to contact Souvik who is out of the house, but not getting any support from him, calls Megh instead. Megh consoles her. Brishi reconciles with her mother.

Some days later, as Brishti is about to leave for Sydney with Souvik, her mother shows her a picture of Megh and approves him over Souvik, as he kept sending Brishti's pictures to her mother all the while that she was away. Brishti and Souvik have lunch at Megh's place and Brishti leaves for Sydney with a heavy heart. Megh realises how important Brishti is to him and goes to stop her when his parents motivate him, however in vain. He returns home only, to find Brishti waiting for him. She tells him that she was always confused if Megh was her father or her lover due to his fatherly nature, hinting of the void of the fatherly love that she had always craved for. Megh assures her that she is free to love him in whatever way. Brishti says she might not be a good mother to Potol Posto but can be a good friend to them. Megh tells her that every kind of love has an affection and she is free to mould their children in any way she wants. Megh and Brishti reconcile, a happy family scene is shown, hinting at their marriage and love filled life with a sense of freedom ahead. However, the moment Megh is back, another Megh is portrayed imagining the entire thing with all the other cast ignoring him, leaving it unclear if Brishti did return.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Jisshu Sengupta]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Suri|first=Ridhi|date=2021-04-22|title=Jisshu Sengupta to play single parent in upcoming project 'Baba Baby O'|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/jisshu-sengupta-to-play-single-parent-in-upcoming-project-baba-baby-o-699694|access-date=2021-11-20|website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref> as Megh Roddur Chatterjee
* [[Solanki Roy]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarkar|first=Roushni|title=Solanki Roy to make film debut in Jisshu Sengupta-starrer Baba Baby O|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/mar/25/29222|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120053518/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/mar/25/29222|url-status=live|archive-date=20 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-20|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> as Brishti Roy
* [[Bidipta Chakraborty]]
* [[Gourab Chatterjee]] as Souvik
* Rajat Ganguly as Mr. Chatterjee
* Reshmi Sen as Mrs. Chatterjee
* Mainak Banerjee as Raja
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Baba Baby O
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Chamok Hasan, Amit-Ishan
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 22 December 2021<ref name="jiosaavn">{{cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/baba-baby-o/nzlK9yC4nAg_|title=Baba Baby O – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack|date=22 December 2021 |publisher=Jiosaavn}}</ref>
| recorded = 2021
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 16:31
| language = Bengali
| label = Times Music Bangla
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The background score and the soundtracks are composed by [[Chamok Hasan]], Amit-Ishan and lyrics are penned by Chamok Hasan, Ritam Sen and Firoza Bonhi<ref name="jiosaavn">{{cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/baba-baby-o/nzlK9yC4nAg_|title=Baba Baby O – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack|date=22 December 2021 |publisher=Jiosaavn}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 16:31
| extra_column = Singer
| title1 = Ei Mayabi Chander Raate
| note1 =
| length1 = 3:22
| lyrics1 = Chamok Hasan Firoza Bonhi
| extra1 = Chamok Hasan Ikkshita Mukherjee Hemlata Chakraborty Barnomala
| music1 = Chamok Hasan
| title2 = RongMoshal
| note2 =
| length2 = 3:17
| music2 = Amit-Ishan
| lyrics2 = Ritam Sen
| extra2 = Ishan Mitra
| title3 = Baba Howa Eto Soja Noy
| note3 =
| length3 = 3:36
| music3 = Chamok Hasan
| lyrics3 = Chamok Hasan
| extra3 = [[Anindya Chatterjee]]
| title4 = Ei Mayabi Chander Raate(Reprise Version)
| note4 =
| length4 = 3:15
| lyrics4 = Chamok Hasan Firoza Bonhi
| extra4 = Chamok Hasan Ikkshita Mukherjee Hemlata Chakraborty Barnomala
| music4 = Chamok Hasan|
| title5 = Badhone Bandhibo
| length5 = 3:01
| lyrics5 = Amit Chatterjee
| music5 = Amit-Ishan
| extra5 = Sovan Ganguly Sanchari Sengupta
}}

==Release==
The film released on 4 February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-09|title=Baba O Baby: 'মায়াবী চাঁদের রাতে' মজে নেটপাড়া, মিলিয়নের উপর গানের ভিউ ১ সপ্তাহে|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/baba-o-baby-new-song-ei-mayabi-chander-raate-crossed-million-views-on-youtube-within-a-week-31641702957786.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2022-01-14|website=[[Hindustantimes]] Bangla|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109055318/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/baba-o-baby-new-song-ei-mayabi-chander-raate-crossed-million-views-on-youtube-within-a-week-31641702957786.html |archive-date=9 January 2022 }}</ref>

==Reception==
{{Empty section|date=June 2022}}

==Accolades==
* 14th [[Jaipur International Film Festival]] (nominated)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Baba Baby O: 'বাবা বেবি ও'-র মুকুটে নয়া পালক! মুক্তির আগেই JIFF 2022-তে মনোনীত ছবি|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/baba-baby-o-starring-jisshu-sengupta-solanki-roy-aritra-roy-gets-officially-selected-14th-jaipur-international-film-festival-jiff-2022-soc-312250-2021-11-09|access-date=2021-11-19|website=Aaj Tak বাংলা|language=bn}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt16118488}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2022 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian pregnancy films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language drama films]]

Rekha (1943 film)

2026-03-03T23:18:56Z

Imteenu: starting a article

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name =Rekha
| image =

| caption =
| director =
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1943}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Rekha''''' is a [[Bollywood]] [[film]]. It was released in [[Bollywood films of 1943|1943]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/|title=-|publisher=Gomolo.com|accessdate=23 August 2012|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302223934/http://www.gomolo.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|accessdate=23 August 2012|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0433037 |title=Rekha}}

[[Category:1943 films]]
[[Category:1943 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1943 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{1940s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Shruthi Seridaaga

2026-03-03T22:17:59Z

Imteenu: starting some info initial version.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shruthi Seridaaga
| image = Shruthi Seridaaga.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Chi. Dattaraj
| producer = [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]]
| starring = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]] [[K. S. Ashwath]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Paluku Paluku Olavu''|Kumuda}}
| screenplay = [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]] [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]
| music = [[T. G. Lingappa]]
| cinematography = V. K. Kannan
| studio = Nikhileshwari Cine Combines
| editing = P. Bhaktavatsalam
| released = {{Film date|1987}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Shruthi Seridaaga''''' is a 1987 Indian [[Kannada|Kannada-language]] film directed by Chi Dattaraj. The film was produced by [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]]. The film starred [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] and [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]. The music for the film was scored by [[T. G. Lingappa]] and the cinematography was by V. K. Kannan. The movie is based on the novel ''Paluku Paluku Olavu'' by Kumuda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/balcony-sandalwood-news/raj-festival-a-mirror-of-the-grooms-novel-films|title = ರಾಜ್‌ ಹಬ್ಬ: ವರನಟನ ಕಾದಂಬರಿ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳ ಕನ್ನಡಿ}}</ref><ref>[https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/2013/02/05/shruthi-seridaga-1987/ Shruthi Seridaga – ಶೃತಿಸೇರಿದಾಗ (1987/೧೯೮೭)]</ref> Director [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]] co-wrote the screenplay even though he didn't direct this movie.

==Plot==
[[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] plays Dr. Murthy, a [[surgeon]], who is also a singer by hobby. On a visit to [[Ernakulam]] for a medical conference, Murthy's father (K. S. Ashwath) advises him to stay at Retd. Major Subbanna's (Balakrishna) house, who is an old-friend. Due to a mishap by his assistant, Murthy has to act as compounder and his assistant has to act as Doctor. Subbanna organises kacheri, performance by the Doctor. Murthy fills voice from behind the screen, while his assistant (M. S. Umesh) simply mouths the song [[Purandara Dasa|Purandara Daasa]]'s "Bombeyaatavayya" hymn. Their mischief is caught by Radha (Madhavi). Murthy falls in love with Radha, Subbanna's daughter. Subbanna is angry that his daughter has fallen in love, not with the doctor, but a lowly assistant. Murthy's father turns up to clear the confusion. Both his father and Subbanna's family visit [[Dharmasthala]]. Murthy meets his school teacher & mentor and his daughter Kamala (Geetha).

Subbanna shifts to Bangalore, intending to settle down after marrying Radha to Murthy. Murthy's teacher dies and his daughter Kamala, who is now a mental patient comes to stay at Murthy. Murthy gets her treated by Dr Jeena Das (Doddanna). Subbanna's elder brother (Parvathavani), who is an astrologer checks Murthy's hand. He predicts Murthy has dwi-patni yoga, 2 marriages, meaning Murthy's first wife would have a short-life.

Subbanna breaks the marriage, fearing for his daughter's life. Dejected Murthy confronts Subbanna, who lies his daughter is to wed her dead mother's brother in America. Subbanna lies that he would settle down at USA. Murthy ties knot with Kamala, who is now cured of mental problem. Kamala learns about Murthy' s dwi-patni yoga. Subbanna, meanwhile awaits Kamala's death. Murthy and his father confront Subbanna, who is leading a secluded life in the adjacent house. Murthy quotes Purandara Daasa's "Sakala grahabala neene sarasijaaksha" poem, which advises Devotion to Lord alone would thwart all the planetary effects. Kamala hears this conversation.
Fearing she would die during child-birth, She drives to a far-off temple to pray to Goddess Parvati. Murthy, follows her, gets her delivery done in the village and returns with the kid. Radha is heartbroken and loses her mental balance after witnessing the happy couple with their newborn kid. Film ends with the conclusion that astrology has no relevance.

==Cast==
* [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] as Dr.G.N.Murthy
* [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] as Radha
* [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Kamala
* [[K. S. Ashwath]] as Nani, Murthy's father
* [[T. N. Balakrishna]] as Subbu, Radha's father
* Parvathavani as Subbu's Brother, An Astrologer
* [[Sadashiva Brahmavar]] as Ranganna (Kamala's father)
* [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]] as Murthy's brother
* [[M. S. Umesh]] as Murthy's P.A.
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Murthy's mother
* [[Doddanna]] as Psychiatrist Dr. Jeena Das
* [[M. S. Rajashekar]] Cameo role as director

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name =
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[T. G. Lingappa]]
| cover = Shruthi Seridaaga album cover.jpg
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = 1987
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:04
| label = Sangeetha Music
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

[[T. G. Lingappa]] composed the music for the soundtracks and lyrics were written by [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]. The album consists of six soundtracks which were hugely popular upon release.<ref>{{cite web |title= Shruthi Seridaga (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP |url= https://itunes.apple.com/de/album/shruthi-seridaga-original/id931225077?l=en |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141219214533/https://itunes.apple.com/de/album/shruthi-seridaga-original/id931225077?l=en |url-status= dead |archive-date= 19 December 2014 |publisher= iTunes |accessdate= 23 October 2014}}</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:04
| title1 = Nagalarade Alalarade
| extra1 = [[Dr. Rajkumar]]
| length1 = 4:06
| title2 = Shruthi Seride
| extra2 = Dr. Rajkumar, [[S. Janaki]]
| length2 = 4:28
| title3 = Bombeyatavayya
| extra3 = Dr. Rajkumar, [[Vani Jairam]]
| length3 = 5:58
| title4 = Raaga Jeevana Raaga
| extra4 = Dr. Rajkumar, Vani Jairam
| length4 = 4:16
| title5 = Kanasalli Bandavanare
| extra5 = S. Janaki
| length5 = 4:17
| title6 = Honnina Therinali
| extra6 = S. Janaki
| length6 = 1:59
}}

==Trivia==
* The entire film story revolves around the [[Hindu astrology]] and horoscope followed during typical Hindu Marriages.
* The movie is famous for the song ''''Bombeyatavayya'''' in which comedian role played by [[M. S. Umesh]] will be singing for the audience where in the actual singer be [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] singing behind the scenes.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1394373|Shruthi Seridaaga}}

[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:1987 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1987 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. G. Lingappa]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Chi. Udayashankar]]
[[Category:1987 drama films]]

Biskoth

2026-03-03T02:38:58Z

Imteenu: put up a article first draft

{{short description|2020 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Biskoth
| image = Biskoth poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[R. Kannan]]
| writer = R. Kannan
| based_on = [[Bedtime Stories (film)|Bedtime Stories]] by Matt Lopez and [[Tim Herlihy]]
| producer = R. Kannan
| starring = [[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]]
| cinematography = N. Shanmuga Sundaram
| editing = R. K. Selva
| music = [[Radhan]]
| studio = Masala Pix M.K.R.P. Productions
| distributor = Trident Arts
| released = {{Film date|2020|11|14|df=y|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2020 |title=Diwali releases to light up your screens |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/nov/12/diwali-releasesto-light-up-your-screens-2222587.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604051515/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/nov/12/diwali-releasesto-light-up-your-screens-2222587.html |archive-date=4 June 2021 |access-date=14 November 2020 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 104 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Biskoth''''' ({{translation|Biscuit}}) is a 2020 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[parody film]] based on the American comedy titled [[Bedtime Stories (film)|Bedtime Stories]]. Biskoth is written, produced and directed by [[R. Kannan]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Santhanam's Biskoth Trailer: A fun-filled ride through centuries |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhanams-biskoth-trailer-a-fun-filled-ride-through-centuries/articleshow/77330366.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208182900/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/santhanams-biskoth-trailer-a-fun-filled-ride-through-centuries/articleshow/77330366.cms |archive-date=8 December 2022 |access-date=2020-08-19 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> under the banner Masala Pix. The film stars [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] in a [[dual role|quadruple role]] alongside, [[Tara Alisha Berry|Tara Alisha]] while [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Anandaraj]], [[Rajendran|Motta Rajendran]] and [[Aadukalam Naren]] play supporting roles.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-08-04 |title=Biskoth trailer: Santhanam returns to Lollu Sabha |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/biskoth-trailer-santhanam-returns-to-lollu-sabha-6537425/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831230932/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/biskoth-trailer-santhanam-returns-to-lollu-sabha-6537425/ |archive-date=31 August 2020 |access-date=2020-08-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The music for the film was composed by [[Radhan]],<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=6 February 2020 |title=Santhanam-R Kannan film titled Biskoth |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/feb/06/santhanam-r-kannan-film-titled-biskoth-16919.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123220322/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/feb/06/santhanam-r-kannan-film-titled-biskoth-16919.html |archive-date=23 November 2020 |access-date=2020-08-19 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> while the cinematography and editing were handled by Shanmuga Sundaram and RK Selva, respectively. The plot was heavily inspired on 2008 American fantasy comedy film Bedtime Stories.

The film was released in theatres in India on 14 November 2020, The film received mixed reviews, who appreciated the performance of [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], and the humor, but were criticized for the narration and Kannan's direction and screenplay.

== Synopsis ==
Raja is the son of a small-time biscuit maker, Dharmarajan. Dharmarajan has a big-time dream to turn his business into a huge brand and make his son, Raja, the head of the company. Unfortunately, Dharmarajan passes away, leaving his friend Narasimhan to take over the reins of the business.

Later, Raja becomes a worker for the same company and becomes close to the new occupant, Janaki, in a nursing home. She has a habit of narrating stories. Raja realizes that the myths that she tells him are coming true in his real life. What happens to Raja's dream and how her tales affected his life form the rest of the story.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] in a [[dual role|quadruple role]] as
**Rajasimmha
**Raja
**Simmha
**Baabubali
* [[Tara Alisha Berry|Tara Alisha]] as Dr. Anitha
* Swathi Muppala as Laya
* [[Sowcar Janaki]] as Janaki Patti
* [[Anandaraj]] as Narasimhan
* [[Rajendran]] as Mottappa
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Dharmarajan
* [[Lollu Sabha Manohar]] as Manohar<ref name="auto1" />
* [[Bharath Reddy (actor)|Bharath Reddy]] as Ganesh
* Maha Gandhi as Rowdy
* [[K. Sivasankar|Sivasankar]] as Old man
* K. Bujji Babu as Old man
* [[Lollu Sabha Jeeva|Jeeva]] as David Billa
* [[Cool Suresh]] as Kidnapper
* Raja Elangovan
* [[Lollu Sabha Maaran|Maaran]] as Ambulance driver
* Easter
* V. V. Giri as Old man
* Elango
}}

==Production==
Principal photography of the film started in September 2019 coinciding special occasion of [[Ganesh Chaturthi]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sowcar Janaki in Santhanam's next with Kannan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sowcar-janaki-in-santhanams-next-with-kannan/articleshow/71682908.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301041647/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sowcar-janaki-in-santhanams-next-with-kannan/articleshow/71682908.cms |archive-date=1 March 2021 |access-date=2020-08-19 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The film was shot in Chennai and Hyderabad.<ref name=":0" /> The post production of the film was delayed due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and resumed after government announcement on 11 May 2020.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |title=Post-production work on Santhanam's 'Biskoth' currently underway, director R Kannan announces |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/post-production-work-on-santhanams-biskoth-currently-underway-director-r-kannan-announces/articleshow/75777687.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518233733/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/post-production-work-on-santhanams-biskoth-currently-underway-director-r-kannan-announces/articleshow/75777687.cms |archive-date=18 May 2020 |access-date=2020-08-19 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
This music is composed by [[Radhan]] and released by [[Think Music India]].
{{Infobox album
| name = Biskoth
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Radhan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2020
| recorded =
| venue = Chennai
| studio = Masala Pix
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 14:25
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Think Music India]]
| producer = [[Radhan]]
| prev_title = [[Varmaa]]
| prev_year = 2020
| next_title = [[Jathi Ratnalu]]
| next_year = 2021
}}
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Tamil Track-List
| title1 = Baby Song
| length1 = 3:56
| extra1 = Yogi Sekar

| title2 = Vettrimunai Vel Piditha
| length2 = 2:17
| extra2 = Bamba Bhagyaraj

| title3 = Chinna Pillai Poley (1950's Ride)
| length3 = 4:19
| extra3 = [[Poornima (singer)|Poornima]], Mujib Rahman

| title4 = Baby Song Redux Version
| length4 = 3:52
| extra4 = MC Chetan

| total length = 14.25
}}

== Release ==
As per the government guidelines during the Pandemic COVID-19 situation, on 14 November 2020, the film got released in the theatres. It was the first Tamil movie which was added in cinemas after long Pandemic COVID-19 in the country. After two weeks in cinemas, ''Biskoth'' movie was released on over the top (OTT) platforms. On Simply South app, it was released on 26 November 2020 while on ZEE Plex it was launched on 1st week in December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil film 'Biskoth' to release on Zee Plex after two weeks of theatrical release |url=https://www.letsott.com/tamil-film-biskoth-to-release-on-zee-plex-after-two-weeks-of-theatrical-release |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120161406/https://www.letsott.com/tamil-film-biskoth-to-release-on-zee-plex-after-two-weeks-of-theatrical-release/ |archive-date=20 November 2020 |access-date=2021-01-14 |website=Tamil film ‘Biskoth’ to release on Zee Plex after two weeks of theatrical release |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* ''[https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/biskoth/0-0-307544 Biskoth]'' on [[ZEE5]]
{{R. Kannan}}

[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2020 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2020 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Telangana]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:2020s parody films]]
[[Category:Indian parody films]]
[[Category:2020 comedy films]]
[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. Kannan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Radhan]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Saroj Kanta Barik

2026-03-02T07:00:09Z

Imteenu: starting the stub added tags.

{{Short description|Indian botanist and ecologist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Saroj Kanta Barik
| image = SKB Portrait photo.png
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Prof. Saroj Kanta Barik
| birth_date = 12 April 1965
| birth_place = [[Remuna]], [[Odisha]], India
| occupation = [[Botanist]], [[Ecologist]]
| employer = [[North-Eastern Hill University]]
| title = [[Dean_(education)|Dean]], School of Life Sciences Professor of Botany
| alma_mater = [[Utkal University]] [[Berhampur University]] [[North-Eastern Hill University]]
| known_for = [[Plant ecology]], [[Biodiversity conservation]], [[Bioprospection]]
| awards = Fellow, [[Indian National Science Academy]] (FNA) (2024) Fellow, [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (FASc) (2025) Fellow, [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] (FNASc) (2018) Fellow, [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]] (FNAAS) (2020)
}}
'''Saroj Kanta Barik''', also known as '''S. K. Barik''', is an Indian [[botanist]], [[ecologist]], and scientific and academic administrator specializing in [[plant ecology]], [[biodiversity conservation]], and [[bioprospection]]. He is a Professor of [[Botany]] and the current [[Dean_(education)|Dean]] of the School of Life Sciences at [[North-Eastern Hill University]] (NEHU), [[Shillong]].<ref name="Dean">{{cite web |title=School of Life Sciences: Faculty and Board |url=https://nehu.ac.in/school/3/School-of-Life-Sciences |publisher=North-Eastern Hill University |access-date=2025-12-30}}</ref> He previously served as the Director of the [[National Botanical Research Institute|CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute]] (CSIR-NBRI) from 2016 to 2022, and concurrently held the directorship of the [[Indian Institute of Toxicology Research|CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research]] (CSIR-IITR), [[Lucknow]] from 2020 to 2022.<ref name="TOI_NBRI">{{cite news |title=NBRI biodiversity park at Central Vista to showcase India's freedom struggle |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/nbri-biodiversity-park-at-central-vista-to-showcase-indias-freedom-struggle/articleshow/94312832.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2022-09-20 |access-date=2025-12-30}}</ref><ref name="PIB_IITR">{{cite press release |title=Curtain Raiser of IISF-2020 held at CSIR-IITR |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1676983&reg=3&lang=2 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=2020-11-29 |access-date=2026-01-04}}</ref><ref name="CSIR_SDG">{{cite web |title=Detailed Program with Abstract & Profile of the Speakers |url=https://www.csir.res.in/sites/default/files/2023-07/Detailed%20Program%20with%20Abstract%20%26%20Profile%20of%20the%20Speakers%20CSIR%20sessions%20at%20SSUNGA77.pdf |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |access-date=2026-01-04}}</ref><ref name="SSUNGA">{{cite web |title=CSIR, India: An Innovation Hub for Global Sustainable Development |url=https://ssunga77.sched.com/event/1AjCL/ref-22537-csir-india-an-innovation-hub-for-global-sustainable-development-day-1 |publisher=Science Summit at UN General Assembly 77 |access-date=2026-01-04}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Barik was born on 12 April 1965 in Gourpur, Remuna, in the [[Balasore district]] of [[Odisha]]. He completed his Bachelor of Science from [[Utkal University]] (1983) and his Master of Science in Life Sciences-Botany from [[Berhampur University]] (1985). He earned his Ph.D. from [[North-Eastern Hill University]] (NEHU) in 1993, where his doctoral research focused on the ecology of tree regeneration in the subtropical wet hill forests of [[Meghalaya]].<ref name="NAAS">{{cite web |title=Dr. Saroj Kanta Barik Fellow Profile |url=https://naas.org.in/detail.php?id=710 |publisher=National Academy of Agricultural Sciences |access-date=2025-12-30}}</ref>

== Career ==
Barik began his career as a scientist at the State Forest Research Institute, Government of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] (1995–1997). He joined NEHU as a lecturer in 1997, becoming a Professor in 2006. He served as the Head of the Department of Botany at NEHU from 2014 to 2016.<ref name="LEAD">{{cite web |title=Dr Saroj K Barik Fellow Profile |url=https://www.leadindia.org/fellow/dr_saroj_barik/ |publisher=LEAD India |access-date=2025-12-30}}</ref>

=== Administrative roles ===
In November 2016, Barik was appointed Director of the [[National Botanical Research Institute|CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute]]<ref name="HT_Departure">{{cite news |title=Prabodh Trivedi gets additional charge of NBRI |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/prabodh-trivedi-gets-additional-charge-of-nbri-101667417614598.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=2022-11-02 |access-date=2025-12-30}}</ref>. During his tenure, he was designated as an "Outstanding Professor" (Scientist H), a senior professor rank within the [[Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research]] (AcSIR).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Act, 2011 |url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_parliament/2011/the-academy-of-scientific-and-innovative-research-act,-2011.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India |date=2011-12-27 |access-date=2025-12-30}}</ref> Between 2020 and 2022, he concurrently held directorship of the [[Indian Institute of Toxicology Research|CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research]], Lucknow.<ref name="PIB_IITR"/><ref name="SSUNGA"/> He was also the Theme Director of CSIR ''Argiculture-Nutrition-Biotechnology'' theme from 2019 to 2022.<ref name="CSIR_SDG"/><ref name="CSIR_TD">{{cite web |title=CSIR Theme Directorates |url=https://www.csir.res.in/en/csir-theme-directorates |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |access-date=2026-01-04}}</ref>

Following his return to NEHU, Barik assumed charge as the [[Dean_(education)|Dean]] of School of Life Sciences at the university from 2025.<ref name="Dean"/>

== Research ==
Barik has authored research papers in peer-reviewed journals, book chapters, and books. His works have been published in journals such as ''[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]'', ''Current Forestry Reports'', and ''[[Journal of Applied Ecology]]''.

=== Taxonomic contributions ===
Barik and his research team have described several new plant species from the [[Himalayas]] and North-East India. These discoveries include:

* '''''Trisetopsis himalayensis''''' (2021), a new grass species (Poaceae, Aveninae) discovered from the Maitoli Glacier in the [[Western Himalaya]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Harsh |last2=Prasad |first2=Dileshwar |last3=Agnihotri |first3=Priyanka |last4=Barik |first4=S.K. |title=Trisetopsis himalayensis (Poaceae, Aveninae): a new species from Maitoli Glacier, Western Himalaya, India |journal=Nordic Journal of Botany |year=2021 |doi=10.1111/njb.03390}}</ref>
* '''''Anemone pindariensis''''' (2021), a new species from the [[Pindari Glacier|Pindari valley]] of the Western Himalaya.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Harsh |last2=Barik |first2=S.K. |title=Anemone pindariensis sp. nov., a new species from Pindari valley of the Western Himalaya, India |journal=[[Phytotaxa]] |volume=516 |issue=3 |pages=289–295 |year=2021}}</ref>
* A new species of '''''[[Aconitum]]''''' (2021) described from [[Sikkim]] in the Eastern Himalaya.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Harsh |last2=Pradhan |first2=Aditya |last3=Adhikari |first3=Dibyendu |last4=Chetrii |first4=Arun |last5=Barik |first5=Saroj Kanta |title=A new species of Aconitum (Ranunculaceae) from Indian Eastern Himalayan state of Sikkim |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=484 |issue=2 |pages=207-216 |year=2021}}</ref>
* '''''Aconitum haridasanii''''' (2020), a new species from [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tiwary |first1=Raghuvar |last2=Singh |first2=Harsh |last3=Adhikari |first3=Dibyendu |last4=Singh |first4=Prem Prakash |last5=Barik |first5=Saroj Kanta |title=Discovery of Aconitum haridasanii (Ranunculaceae), a new species from Arunachal Pradesh, India |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=440 |issue=3 |pages=232-238 |year=2020}}</ref>
* Another new species of '''''[[Aconitum]]''''' (2019) described from the Eastern Himalaya.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tiwary |first1=Raghuvar |last2=Singh |first2=Harsh |last3=Adhikari |first3=Dibyendu |last4=Singh |first4=Prem Prakash |last5=Barik |first5=Saroj Kanta |title=A new species of Aconitum (Ranunculaceae) from Eastern Himalaya |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=413 |pages=054-060 |year=2019}}</ref>
* A new fern species of '''''[[Christella]]''''' (2019) belonging to the family [[Thelypteridaceae]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Behera |first1=S.K. |last2=Kushwaha |first2=A.K. |last3=Khare |first3=P.B. |last4=Barik |first4=S.K. |title=A new fern species of Christella (Thelypteridaceae) from India |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=397 |pages=246-252 |year=2019}}</ref>
* A new species of '''''[[Pedicularis]]''''' (2018) in the series ''Curvipes'' ([[Orobanchaceae]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Agnihotri |first1=P. |last2=Husain |first2=D. |last3=Sahoo |first3=D. |last4=Barik |first4=S.K. |title=A new species and typification in Pedicularis series Curvipes (Orobanchaceae) |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=371 |pages=260-266 |year=2018}}</ref>

Additionally, Barik's team resolved the nomenclature and typification of '''''[[Swertia|Swertia angustifolia]]''''' and its infraspecific taxa in 2020.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Husain |first1=Danish |last2=Barik |first2=Saroj Kanta |last3=Srivastava |first3=Abhai K. |last4=Katiyar |first4=Pushpendra |last5=Sahoo |first5=Dinabandhu |last6=Husain |first6=Tariq |last7=Agnihotri |first7=Priyanka |title=Nomenclature and typification of Swertia angustifolia (Gentianaceae), its infraspecific taxa and synonyms |journal=Taxon |pages=1-7 |year=2020 |doi=10.1002/tax.12276}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
Barik has authored numerous research papers in peer-reviewed journals. Key publications include:

* {{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=A. |last2=Naseem |first2=M. |last3=Gupta |first3=E. |last4=Srivastava |first4=P.K. |last5=Barik |first5=S.K. |title=Metagenomic profiling of cyanide-degrading microbial communities in steel industry wastewater with an implication for bioremediation |journal=Engineering Environment |volume=19 |issue=10 |page=137 |year=2025}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Adhikari |first1=D. |last2=Singh |first2=P.P. |last3=Tiwary |first3=R. |last4=Barik |first4=S.K. |title=Forest carbon stock-based bioeconomy: mixed models improve accuracy of tree biomass estimates |journal=Biomass and Bioenergy |volume=183 |page=107142 |year=2024}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kharlyngdoh |first1=Evanylla |last2=Barik |first2=Saroj Kanta |title=Evaluating bioeconomic potential of ''Phyllostachys mannii'' Gamble, a monopodial bamboo and ''Chimonocalamus griffithianus'' (Munro) Hsueh & T.P. Yi, a sympodial bamboo from north-eastern India |journal=Biomass and Bioenergy |volume=182 |page=107076 |year=2024}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lien |first1=A. |last2=Banki |first2=O. |last3=Barik |first3=S.K. |display-authors=etal |title=Widespread Support for a Global Species List with a Formal Governance System |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=120 |issue=45 |pages=e2306899120 |year=2023}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Himes |first1=A. |last2=Bauhus |first2=J. |last3=Adhikari |first3=S. |last4=Barik |first4=S.K. |display-authors=etal |title=Forestry in the face of global change: Results of a global survey of professionals |journal=Current Forestry Reports |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=473-489 |year=2023}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=Niranjan |last2=Behera |first2=S.K. |last3=Barik |first3=S.K. |title=In vitro development of gametophytes and sporophytes of critically endangered fern ''Christella kendujharensis'' S.K. Behera & S.K. Barik (Thelypteridaceae) |journal=Feddes Repertorium |year=2023 |doi=10.1002/fedr.202200015}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Shelke |first1=Rahul G. |last2=Banerjee |first2=Rudra Prasad |last3=Joshi |first3=Babita |last4=Singh |first4=Prem Prakash |last5=Barik |first5=Saroj Kanta |display-authors=etal |title=Chloroplast genome of ''Lithocarpus dealbatus'' (Hook.f. & Thomson ex Miq.) Rehder establishes monophyletic origin of the species and reveals mutational hotspots with taxon delimitation potential |journal=Life |volume=12 |page=828 |year=2022}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Rayees |first1=Ahmad Lone |last2=Kunwar |first2=Sarvendra |last3=Singh |first3=Vinayak |last4=Barik |first4=Saroj Kanta |display-authors=etal |title=Adaptation of winged bean (''Psophocarpus tetragonolobus'' (L.) DC.) to drought stress is mediated by root-tuber heat-shock proteins and specific metabolites |journal=Current Plant Biology |volume=32 |page=100266 |year=2022}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Vivek K. |last2=Gupta |first2=Sateesh C. |last3=Singh |first3=Brahma N. |last4=Rao |first4=Chandana V. |last5=Barik |first5=Saroj K. |title=''Cinnamomum verum''-derived bioactives-functionalized gold nanoparticles for prevention of obesity through gut microbiota reshaping |journal=Materials Today Bio |volume=13 |page=100204 |year=2022}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Das |first1=Pulakesh |last2=Mudi |first2=Sujoy |last3=Behera |first3=Mukunda D. |last4=Barik |first4=Saroj K. |display-authors=etal |title=Automated Mapping for Long-Term Analysis of Shifting Cultivation in Northeast India |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=13 |page=1066 |year=2021 |doi=10.3390/rs13061066 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Adhikari |first1=Dibyendu |last2=Tiwary |first2=Raghuvar |last3=Singh |first3=Prem Prakash |last4=Barik |first4=Saroj Kanta |display-authors=etal |title=Ecological niche modeling as a cumulative environmental impact assessment tool for biodiversity assessment and conservation planning: A case study of critically endangered plant ''Lagerstroemia minuticarpa'' in the Indian Eastern Himalaya |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |volume=243 |pages=299–307 |year=2019}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Adhikari |first1=D. |last2=Tiwary |first2=R. |last3=Barik |first3=S.K. |title=Modelling hotspots for invasive alien plants in India |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=10 |issue=7 |article-number=e0134665 |year=2015 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0134665 |doi-access=free|pmc=4521859 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Adhikari |first1=D. |last2=Barik |first2=S.K. |last3=Upadhaya |first3=K. |title=Habitat distribution modelling for reintroduction of ''Ilex khasiana'' Purk., a critically endangered tree species of north-eastern India |journal=Ecological Engineering |volume=40 |pages=37-43 |year=2012}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Baishya |first1=R. |last2=Barik |first2=S.K. |title=Estimation of tree biomass, carbon pool and net primary production of an old-growth ''Pinus kesiya'' Royle ex.Gordon forest in north-eastern India |journal=Annals of Forest Science |volume=68 |pages=727-736 |year=2011}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Barik |first1=S.K. |last2=Tripathi |first2=R.S. |last3=Pandey |first3=H.N. |last4=Rao |first4=P. |title=Tree regeneration in a subtropical humid forest: effect of cultural disturbance on seed production, dispersal and germination |journal=Journal of Applied Ecology |volume=33 |pages=1551-1560 |year=1996}}

{{Botanist|Barik|inline=yes}}

== Professional associations ==
Barik has held advisory roles in national scientific bodies and government committees. He served as the President of the [[Indian Botanical Society]] in 2025, during which he organized the society's XLVIII All India Botanical Conference and International Symposium at NEHU.<ref>{{cite news |title=Monoculture leads to ecological imbalance, warns Meghalaya Governor |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/meghalaya/story/monoculture-leads-to-ecological-imbalance-warns-meghalaya-governor-1296978-2025-10-30 |work=India Today NE |date=2025-10-30 |access-date=2026-01-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Minutes of the AGM of the Indian Botanical Society |url=https://indianbotsoc.org/assets/upload/gallery/GB_minutes-29_12_2025_FF2.pdf |publisher=Indian Botanical Society |date=2025-12-29 |access-date=2026-01-04}}</ref>

Other significant roles include:
* '''Board Member''', [[Science and Engineering Research Board]] (SERB), Department of Science and Technology, Government of India<ref name="NASI_PDF">{{cite web |title=NASI Year Book 2021 |url=https://nasi.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Programme-WED-2022.pdf |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |page=6 |access-date=2025-12-30}}</ref>
* '''Vice-President''', [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] (NASI)
* '''President''', International Society for Environmental Botanists (ISEB)
* '''Member''', Governing Body, [[G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment]]
* '''Member''', Governing Body, [[National Institute of Plant Genome Research]] (NIPGR)

== Awards and recognition ==
=== Fellowships ===
Barik is a Fellow of the major Indian science academies:
* Fellow, [[Indian National Science Academy]] (FNA), 2024<ref name="IndiaTodayINSA">{{cite news |title=Meghalaya: NEHU scientists elected to prestigious national academies |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/meghalaya/story/meghalaya-nehu-scientists-elected-to-prestigious-national-academies-1109957-2024-10-23 |work=India Today NE |date=2024-10-23 |access-date=2025-12-30}}</ref>
* Fellow, [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (FASc), 2025<ref>{{cite web |title=Prof. Saroj Kanta Barik (FASc 2025) |url=https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL2025006 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=2025-12-30}}</ref>
* Fellow, [[The Linnean Society of London]] (FLS), 2020<ref>{{cite journal |journal=The Linnean |title=Newsletter and Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London |volume=37 |issue=2 |date=December 2021 |page=52 |url=https://ca1-tls.edcdn.com/Linnean_Vol-37_2_Dec-2021_web.pdf |publisher=The Linnean Society of London |access-date=2025-12-30}}</ref>
* Fellow, [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]] (FNAAS), 2020<ref name="NAAS"/>
* Fellow, [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] (FNASc), 2018<ref name="NASI">{{cite web |title=BARIK, Saroj Kanta Fellow Profile |url=https://nasi.ac.in/users_listing |publisher=National Academy of Sciences India |access-date=2025-12-30}}</ref>

=== Awards ===
* Samanta Chandra Sekhar Award (2020), conferred by the Government of Odisha for scientific excellence.<ref>{{cite news |title=Biju Patnaik Scientific Excellence Award for Dr Sudhakar Panda |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2023/May/11/biju-patnaik-scientific-excellence-award-for-dr-sudhakar-panda-2574432.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=2023-05-11 |access-date=2025-12-30 |quote=The academy also announced the Samanta Chandra Sekhar Award will be conferred on... Dr Saroj Kanta Barik}}</ref>
* Prof. R.N. Tandon Memorial Award (2020) from the National Academy of Sciences, India<ref name="NASI_PDF"/>
* Professor Birbal Sahni Medal (2019) from the [[Indian Botanical Society]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Awardees of Professor Birbal Sahni Medal |url=https://indianbotsoc.org/award_archivers |publisher=The Indian Botanical Society |access-date=2025-12-30}}</ref>
* Dr. Brandis Award (2009) from ''[[The Indian Forester]]''<ref name="NAAS"/>
* Dr. Mopuri Brahmam Memorial Award (2016) for biodiversity conservation<ref name="NAAS"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://nehu.ac.in/school/3/School-of-Life-Sciences Faculty Profile at NEHU]
* [https://naas.org.in/detail.php?id=710 Fellow Profile at NAAS]
* [https://www.ibsnehu2025.org/ Official website of the XLVIII All India Botanical Conference]
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Barik, Saroj Kanta}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian botanists]]
[[Category:Indian ecologists]]
[[Category:Academic administrators]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors by university in India]]

Ramthanmawia

2026-03-01T17:00:13Z

Imteenu:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}{{Infobox Indian politician|office =Member of the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]}}
'''Ramthanmawia''' (born 25 February 1957)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mizoram Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.mizoramassembly.in/members/details/43 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.mizoramassembly.in}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Mizoram]]. He is an MLA from [[East Tuipui Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Tribes community, in [[Champhai district|Champhai District]]. He won the [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Mizo National Front.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-04 |title=East Tuipui assembly election result 2023: MNF's Ramthanmawia defeats Dr.C.Lalrammawia of Zoram People’s Movement and Congress’s C.Lalnunthanga |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/east-tuipui-assembly-election-result-2023-mnfs-ramthanmawia-defeats-dr-c-lalrammawia-of-zoram-peoples-movement-and-congresss-c-lalnunthanga/articleshow/105724679.cms |access-date=2024-11-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ramthanmawia is from [[Aizawl]] District, Mizoram. He is the son of late Sena. He married Lalchawithangi and they have five children.<ref name=":0" /> He completed his Diploma in Radio Electronics Engineering in 1980 at B. R. C. Radio Institute, Rangoon, Burma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramthanmawia(MNF):Constituency- EAST TUIPUI (ST)(CHAMPHAI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Mizoram2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=135 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ramthanmawia won from East Tuipui Assembly constituency representing [[Mizo National Front]] in the 2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election. He polled 6,075 votes and defeated his nearest rival, C. Lalrammawia of [[Zoram People's Movement]], by a margin of 160 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=hindi |title=ramthanmawia mizoram east-tuipui candidate Profile,Candidates Net Worth, Education News {{!}} ABP News |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/ramthanmawia-mizoram-east-tuipui-candidate-profile.html |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]], defeating C. Lalthanpuia of Zoram People's Movement, by a margin of 587 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramthanmawia, MNF Candidate from East Tuipui Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/mizoram/ramthanmawia-assembly-candidate-s16aed2008a025e2023c002/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramthanmawia}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Mizo National Front politicians]]
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Champhai district]]
[[Category:Mizo people]]

Aryabhatta College

2026-02-24T19:44:07Z

Imteenu: small fix

{{Short description|College in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Aryabhatta College
| image = Aryabhatta College (DU).jpg
| caption = Kusumpur Block (RLA) of Aryabhatta College.
| motto = ज्ञानं विज्ञानं समुब्दोंधनम्
“Knowing, Comprehending and Awakening”
| type = [[Public college|Public]]
| established = 2014 ; 12 years ago
| chairperson = [[Vasu Trivedi]]
| principal = Prof. Manoj Sinha
| academic_staff = 124
| students = 2200
| city = [[Delhi]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| website = {{url|www.aryabhattacollege.ac.in}}
| coordinates = {{coord|28.5806472|77.1616156|type:College|display=Inline}}
| accreditation = NAAC (A+ Grade)
| affiliations = [[University of Delhi]]
| address = Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi-110021 (India)
}}

'''Aryabhatta College''' is a NAAC accredited A+ college fully maintained by [[University of Delhi]] and named after the ancient Indian mathematician [[Aryabhata|Aryabhatta]]. The college is located in South [[Delhi]] at Benito Juarez Marg, South Campus. It awards degrees under the University of Delhi and offers 15 courses at the undergraduate level in [[humanities]], [[commerce]] and [[science]] streams. There are around 2200 students on the rolls of the college.

== History ==
Aryabhatta College, formerly known as Ram Lal Anand College (Evening) became a full-fledged morning college from the academic session 2014–15. Ram Lal Anand College (Evening) was established in 1973 when the University of Delhi took over the college from the Trust that managed the Ram Lal Anand college. The Trust was set up in 1964 by a philanthropist and legal luminary Late Sh. Ram Lal Anand, a senior advocate in the Supreme Court of India, to impart education at the university level.

== Campus ==

The college has a lush green campus. It is adjacent to the South Campus of the University of Delhi in the surroundings of the South Delhi section of the [[Aravalli Range]]. The Campus consists of two blocks - Kusumpur [[Ram Lal Anand College|(RLA)]] and Taregana with classrooms, auditorium and a seminar room. And a new academic block is under-construction. The college does not have its own separate playground, it uses a playground of [[Ram Lal Anand College]] for sports. Various games like volleyball, cricket, football, kabaddi are organised under the supervision of the Director of Physical Education. The college has a well-equipped computer lab, [[National Cadet Corps (India)|NCC]] and [[National Service Scheme|NSS]] rooms, silent study hall, students' utility centre, girls common room and photocopier. The college also has a newly constructed canteen.

==Organisation and administration ==
=== Departments ===
* Department of [[Business Economics]]
* Department of [[Commerce]]
* Department of [[Computer Science]]
* Department of [[Economics]]
* Department of [[English language | English]]
* Department of [[Hindi]]
* Department of [[History]]
* Department of [[Mathematics]]
* Department of [[Political Science]]
* Department of [[Psychology]]
* Department of [[Management Studies]]

==Academics==
=== Undergraduate programmes ===
The college offers following courses:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aryabhattacollege.ac.in/ourcourses.aspx| title=Aryabhatta College - Our Courses}}</ref>
* B.A(H) Business Economics
* B.Com
* B.Com(H)
* B.A(H) Economics
* B.A(H) English
* B.A(H) Political Science
* B.A(H) Hindi
* B.A. Programme (Political Science)
* B.A. Programme (History)
* Bachelor in Management Studies(BMS)
* B.A (H) Psychology
* B.A (H) History
* B.Sc (H) Mathematics
* B.Sc (H) Computer Science

=== Library ===
The college has a library. The library is open to bonafide students of all classes. All important textbooks are kept in the reserve section to enable students to write their tutorials. It has more than one lakh books and 2000+ eJournals. There is a reading room, which subscribes to many dailies, weeklies, periodicals and journals on a variety of subjects. The college library also provides a facility of Book Bank to the economically weaker members of the college.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aryabhattacollege.ac.in/Library.aspx | title=Aryabhatta College }}</ref>

==Student life==
=== Hostel ===
At present, the college does not provide hostel accommodation to its students. However, many private accommodations are available in the vicinity of the college.

=== Student societies ===
Every department has its own society which is tasked with organising the department-specific co-curricular activities.

A number of student societies function in the college. There are 21 societies and cells active in the college.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://aryabhattacollege.ac.in/Socitiesandcells.aspx | title=Aryabhatta College }}</ref> The purpose of these societies is to provide opportunities to students for self-expression and training. They also help in all-around development lege also hosts and conducts seminars, debates, cultural programmes etc. to encourage creative activities among the students.

=== Departmental Societies ===
*Arahata, the B.A. Programme Society
* Business Economics Society
* Srijan, the Psychology Society
* Commerce Society
* English Society
* Hindi Society
* History Society
* Parisā, Political Science Society
* Mind Over Matter, Economics Society
* TechPioneers, Computer Science Society
* Mathematics Society
* Sankalp, the BMS society

=== Extra-curricular societies ===
* ZeroHour - The Debating Society
* Nibs and Brushes - The Art Society
* Rangmanch - The Theatre Society
* The Heritage Society and SPICMACAY
* Musafir - Adventure and Nature Society
* PICWIC - The Photography Society
* Wavetrix - The Western Dance Society
* Laasya - The Indian Dance Society
* Virtuoso - The Music Society
* Abhivyakti- Podcasting Society
*Techpioneers-Computer science society

=== Other societies ===

* Prashnottare, the Quiz Club
* Swavalamban, the Startup Club
* CDF Aryabhatta
* Enactus Aryabhatta
* Eartha Aryabhatta Chapter
* Finance and Investment Cell
* The Placement and Internship cell
* The Marketing Cell
* E-Cell: The Entrepreneurship Cell
* Ikshana - The Animal Care Society
* Environment Study Circle
* Gandhi Study Circle
* Film Appreciation Club
* National Cadet Corps ([[National Cadet Corps (India)|NCC]])
* National Service Scheme ([[National Service Scheme|NSS]])
* North-East Students' Society

==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in Delhi]]
*[[University of Delhi]]
*[[List of institutions of higher education in Delhi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150625212351/http://www.du.ac.in/du/index.php?page=aryabhatta-college 2. DU official website]
* http://www.du.ac.in/du/

== External links ==
*{{Official website|http://www.aryabhattacollege.ac.in/ }}
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Aryabhatta+College,University+Of+Delhi/@28.5806472,77.1616156,317m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x390d02ba9bcb0b23:0x17699e9de4def852!8m2!3d28.5808984!4d77.163369|title= Aryabhatta College}}

{{Portal bar|Education}}

{{University of Delhi}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi University]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1973]]

Bassi Pathana Assembly constituency

2026-02-22T05:05:32Z

Imteenu: Started Entry

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bassi Pathana
| map_image = 54-Bassi Pathana.svg
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Fatehgarh Sahib district|Fatehgarh Sahib]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehgarh Sahib]]
| reservation = SC
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 54
| mla = Rupinder Singh
| party = {{Party index link|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:149248}} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}
}}
'''Bassi Pathana''' is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Fatehgarh Sahib district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| Justice Nirmal Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| Gurpreet Singh
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Rupinder Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Bassi Pathana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Rupinder Singh Happy]]|votes=54,018|percentage=48.17|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Gurpreet Singh GP]]|votes=16,177|percentage=14.43|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Manohar Singh
|votes = 13,796
|percentage = 12.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Dharam Singh
|votes = 10,899
|percentage = 9.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shiv Kumar Kalyan
|votes = 7,859
|percentage = 7.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Punjab Lok Congress
|candidate = Deepak Jyoti
|votes = 1,647
|percentage = 1.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=792|percentage=0.71|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=37,841|percentage=33.74|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:149248 }}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Bassi Pathana<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gurpreet Singh (politician)
|votes = 47309
|percentage = 41.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Santokh Singh
|votes = 37273
|percentage = 32.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Darbara Sing Guru
|votes = 24852
|percentage = 21.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Dharam Singh
|votes = 1618
|percentage = 1.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohinder Singh
|votes = 819
|percentage = 0.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Gurdeep Singh
|votes = 456
|percentage = 0.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Harnek Singh Diwana
|votes = 310
|percentage = 0.27
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Samaj Adhikar Kalyan Party
|candidate = Samunder Singh
|votes = 265
|percentage = 0.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aapna Punjab Party
|candidate = Manjinder Singh
|votes = 241
|percentage = 0.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 728
|percentage = 0.64
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum: 142920}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2012 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2012]]: 54. Bassi Pathana<ref>{{cite web |title=Members |url=http://www.punjabassembly.gov.in/index.php/members/detail/121 |website=www.punjabassembly.gov.in |access-date=26 July 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Justice Nirmal Singh]]
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = 45692
|percentage = 45.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Harbans Kaur Dullo]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 34183
|percentage = 33.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mohinder Pal
|party = PPOP
|votes = 11344
|percentage = 11.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 101300
|percentage = 78.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:129234 }}
|ref=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Shiromani Akali Dal
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2012"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.69|76.4|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Fatehgarh Sahib district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]

St. Mary's Convent School, Dewas

2026-02-22T04:44:33Z

Imteenu: starting new data needs work.

{{Notability|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox school
| name = St. Mary's Convent S.S. School
| image = St. Mary's Convent Dewas Entrance.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Affiliated to CBSE Delhi No. 1030105 St. Mary's Convent Entrance Gate
| motto = ''Let Your Light Shine''
| location = Ujjain Road, Dewas, Madhya Pradesh
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.972184|76.045537|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| established = {{Start date|1968|07||df=y}}
| type = Private
| district = Dewas
| grades = K - 12
| superintendent =
| principal = Sr. Nisha
| enrollment = 500-700
| faculty = 61
| campus_type = Privately owned and operated
| campus_size = 5.1 acres
| mascot = Lotus with Lamp
| newspaper =
| colors =
| website = {{URL|stmarysdewas.org}}
| feeder_schools =
}}

'''St. Mary's Convent School''', [[Dewas]] ([[Madhya Pradesh|MP]]) is a [[co-ed]] [[day school]] providing public school education up to the [[secondary education|senior secondary]] level (Class 12). The institution is administered and run by the [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] Sisters of St. Mary of the Angels (FSMA), a religious charitable institute that has established several flourishing schools in the country.<ref name ="fsma">[http://www.fsmamhow.com/community1.htm#dewas Franciscan Sisters of St. Mary of the Angels - Schools]</ref>

==History==
The school reports had a lowly beginning back in July 1968 when it started in the out houses of the then-[[Maharaja]] of Dewas. Dewas was an insignificant village at that time and had not developed to its current status. The founders, Sr. Bernadette and Sr. Rosalia used to commute by bus from [[Ujjain]], walking the residual distance to the palace ground with all the teaching accessories. As the number of students on the roll kept growing it became imperative to put up a school building. Fr. Reckwordt SVD supervised the planning and construction of the new school building on the Ujjain–Dewas road to which the school was shifted in 1971. In the span of 49 years since its establishment, the institute has contrived to teach thousands of students. Since its inception the school has acquired a high reputation among others of the present city.<ref name="smh">[http://stmarysdewas.org/aboutus.html St. Mary's Convent - History]</ref>

==Overview==
The school is run by the Francisian Sisters of St. Mary of the Angels (FSMA), a religious charitable institute that has established several flourishing schools in the country.<ref name ="fsma" /> It is a co-ed school, recognized and affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]].
The school may be entered at [[Kindergarten]] or [[Nursery school|Nursery]] level.

==Facilities==
* Smart 'Technology Empowered Classrooms'
::The school has interactive computer-aided teaching through Smart Class using screens with a Smart Assessment System (SAS) in all the classes. SAS is a tool that allows teachers to assess and immediately evaluate their students' learning. The system is designed so that the students answer single and multiple-choice questions. The data are stored and the teacher can generate a wide range of reports with respect to each individual student. Through the Smart Class program teachers use digital resources such as animation, videos, diagrams, maps, graphs, and models, while teaching the chosen topic in the classroom.
* Seminar Hall/Auditorium
::The [[auditorium]] is equipped with presentation tools and is a venue for recurring seminars and conferences.

{{commons category|Schools in Dewas}}



==Notable alumni==
* [[Neha Hinge]], Femina Miss India International in 2010
* Sarthak Dubey, Co-founder, Mitigata <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/dubeysarthak/|title=Sarthak Dubey - Mitigata: Smart Cyber Insurance | LinkedIn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Mitigata - Mitigata | url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/mitigata/ | access-date=2025-12-15 | website=www.forbes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Mitigata raises $5.9 million to scale cyber resilience platform in India {{!}} Start Ups - Business Standard | url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/start-ups/mitigata-raises-5-9m-scale-cyber-resilience-platform-india-125080401576_1.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804194003/https://www.business-standard.com/companies/start-ups/mitigata-raises-5-9m-scale-cyber-resilience-platform-india-125080401576_1.html | access-date=2025-12-15 | archive-date=2025-08-04}}</ref>


==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:St. Mary's Convent Dewas Entrance.jpg|School Entrance Gate
File:St. Mary's Convent Dewas Entrance Area.jpg|Entrance Area
File:St. Mary's Convent Dewas Sports and Activities Facility.jpg|Sports and Activities Facility
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://stmarysdewas.org/ Official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Mary's Convent School, Dewas}}
[[Category:Franciscan high schools]]
[[Category:Primary schools in India]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Schools in Dewas]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1968]]
[[Category:1968 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

INS Kursura

2026-02-18T16:39:36Z

Imteenu: creating a info

{{Short description|Indian Kalvari-class submarine}}
{{good article}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image= INS Kursura (S20) underway.jpg
|image_caption= INS ''Kursura'' underway
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=[[India]]
|flag= {{shipboxflag|India|naval 1950}}
|name= INS ''Kursura''
|namesake=
|ordered=
|builder= Sudomekh, [[Admiralty Shipyard]], [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]], [[Soviet Union]]
|laid_down=
|launched=25 February 1969
|acquired=
|commissioned= 18 December 1969
|decommissioned= 27 February 2001
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|identification=S20
|fate= [[Museum ship]] at [[RK Beach]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
|status=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class= {{sclass|Kalvari|submarine (1967)|0}} [[submarine]]
|type=
|displacement=*{{convert|1950|t|LT|0|abbr=on}} surfaced
* {{convert|2475|t|LT|0|abbr=on}} submerged
|length= {{convert|91.3|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|beam= {{convert|7.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|draught= {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|propulsion=
|speed=*{{convert|16|kn|lk=in}} surfaced
* {{convert|15|kn}} submerged
|range=*{{convert|20000|mi|km|abbr=on}} at {{convert|8|kn|abbr=on}} surfaced
* {{convert|380|mi|km|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn|abbr=on}} submerged
|test_depth= {{convert|985|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|complement= 75 (incl 8 officers)
|sensors=
|EW=
|armament=*10 × {{convert|533|mm|in|abbr=on|0}} [[torpedo tube]]s with 22 Type 53 torpedoes
* 44 [[naval mine|mines]] in lieu of torpedoes
|armour=
|notes=
}}
}}

'''INS ''Kursura'' (S20)''' was a {{sclass|Kalvari|submarine (1967)|0}} (variant of the [[Foxtrot-class submarine|Foxtrot-class]]) diesel-electric [[submarine]] of the [[Indian Navy]]. It was India's fourth submarine. ''Kursura'' was commissioned on 18 December 1969 and was decommissioned on 27 February 2001 after 31 years of service. It participated in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], where it played a key role in patrol missions. It later participated in naval exercises with other nations and made many goodwill visits to other countries.

After decommissioning, It was dedicated to the Nation by the Chief minister [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] on 9 August 2002<ref>{{Cite web|title=Submarine Museum {{!}} Indian Navy|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/submarine-museum|access-date=2021-03-17|website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Region Development Authority-VMRDA|url=http://vmrda.gov.in/kursura.aspx|access-date=2021-03-17|website=vmrda.gov.in}}</ref> and was preserved as a museum for public access from 24 August 2002 making its final journey to [[Visakhapatnam]] on [[RK Beach]]. ''Kursura'' has the distinction of being one of the very few submarine museums to retain originality and has been called a "must-visit destination" of Visakhapatnam. Despite being a decommissioned submarine, she still receives the navy's "Dressing Ship" honour, which is usually awarded only to active ships.

==Description==
{{stack|[[File:INS Kursura (S20) torpedo tubes.jpg|thumbnail|200px|The six torpedo tubes of ''Kursura''. Two are loaded with torpedoes.]]}}
''Kursura'' has a length of {{convert|91.3|m|abbr=on}} [[Length overall|overall]], a [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|7.5|m|abbr=on}} and a [[Draft (ship)|draught]] of {{convert|6|m|abbr=on}}. She displaces {{convert|1950|t|LT|0|abbr=on}} surfaced, {{convert|2475|t|LT|0|abbr=on}} submerged and has a maximum diving depth of {{convert|985|ft|abbr=on}}. The complement is about 75, including 8 officers and 67 sailors.<ref name=globalsecurity>{{cite web|title=S 20 Kalvari Class|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/s-kursura.htm|publisher=Global Security|access-date=17 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201204505/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/s-kursura.htm|archive-date=1 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

[[File:INS Kursura (S20) telegraph dials.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|Telegraph dials aboard the submarine]]
The submarine has three shafts, each with a six-blade propeller. She is powered by three Kolomna 2D42M diesel engines, each with {{convert|2000|hp|lk=in}}. She also has three electric motors, two of them with {{convert|1350|hp|abbr=on}} and one with {{convert|2700|hp|abbr=on}}. She can achieve a maximum speed of {{convert|16|kn|km/h|lk=in}} when on surface, {{convert|15|kn|km/h}} when submerged and {{convert|9|kn|km/h}} while snorkelling. She has a range of {{convert|20000|mi|km|abbr=on}} at {{convert|8|kn|abbr=on}} when surfaced and {{convert|380|mi|km|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn|abbr=on}} when submerged. There are 10 torpedo tubes to carry 22 [[Type 53 torpedo]]es. She could lay 44 [[Naval mine|mines]] instead of torpedoes. She also had a snoop tray and I-Band radar for surface search.<ref name=globalsecurity/>

==Operational history==
''Kursura'' was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] on 18 December 1969 at [[Riga]], [[Soviet Union]]. She was India's fourth submarine.<ref name=thehindu5>{{cite news|title=Walk down the corridor of history|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-youngworld/walk-down-the-corridor-of-history/article1444584.ece|access-date=4 June 2014|work=The Hindu|date=19 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606223444/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-youngworld/walk-down-the-corridor-of-history/article1444584.ece|archive-date=6 June 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''Kursura'''s first [[commanding officer]] was Commander [[Arun Auditto]]. He
began her maiden voyage to India on 20 February 1970.<ref name=insubmarinemuseum>{{cite web|title=Submarine Museum|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/submarine-museum|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=17 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106212052/http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/submarine-museum|archive-date=6 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> During her homecoming voyage, which lasted from February to April 1970, she visited [[Gothenburg]], La Coruña, [[Takoradi]] and [[Mauritius]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hiranandani|first1=G.M.|title=Transition to Triumph: History of the Indian Navy, 1965–1975|date=2000|publisher=Lancer Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=1897829728|pages=375–377|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zFyMKROi46kC|access-date=4 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303201538/https://books.google.com/books?id=zFyMKROi46kC&dq=ISBN1897829728&source=gbs_navlinks_s|archive-date=3 March 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''Kursura'', along with [[sister ship|sister boat]] {{INS|Karanj|S21|6}}, were made operational under the Indian Navy's [[Western Naval Command]], and reported to the Flag officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command (FOCINCWEST). They were ordered to patrol approaches to Pakistan's [[Karachi]] harbour and [[Makran Coast]], for which they established waiting stations and submarine havens.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hiranandani|first1=G.M.|title=Transition to Triumph: History of the Indian Navy, 1965–1975|date=2000|publisher=Lancer Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=1897829728|page=211|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zFyMKROi46kC&q=Transition+To+Triumph+Indian+Navy+1965-75&pg=PP20|access-date=4 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303201538/https://books.google.com/books?id=zFyMKROi46kC&pg=PP20&lpg=PP20&dq=Transition+To+Triumph+Indian+Navy+1965-75&source=bl&ots=aUIwTbZ2_t&sig=Q71usXgW3HUPcR69q-mckuHb_pQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xamOU5DfMcjfkwWRlYCADA&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=Western%20Naval%20Command%20was%20allocated%20two%20submarines%20KURSURA%20and%20KARANJ&f=false|archive-date=3 March 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 1970, ''Karanj'' was badly damaged after a collision with the [[destroyer]] [[HMS Redoubt (H41)|''Ranjit'']] when she surfaced directly below the ship. As no drawings of the damaged portions of the boat were available with the Bombay Dockyard or the Indian Navy, it was decided to use ''Kursura'', which was already docked at Bombay, as the design template for the metal work, and ''Karanj'' was repaired within months, in time to join the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hiranandani|first1=G.M.|title=Transition to Eminence: The Indian Navy 1976–1990|date=2009|publisher=Lancer|location=Delhi|isbn=978-8170622666|page=152|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1WxI9TlAxIQC&q=Kursura|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702233650/https://books.google.com/books?id=1WxI9TlAxIQC&q=Kursura#v=snippet&q=Kursura&f=false|archive-date=2 July 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Indo-Pakistan War of 1971===
During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], ''Kursura'' operated in the Arabian Sea. She was given the patrol duties at two designated areas before the war started, but was ordered to operate under two restrictions: she was not to cross demarcated shipping corridors and she could attack a target only after positive identification. The aims of her patrol were to sink any Pakistani naval warships, to sink merchant shipping when specifically ordered, and to conduct general patrol and surveillance.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hiranandani|first1=G.M.|title=Transition to Triumph: History of the Indian Navy, 1965–1975|date=2000|publisher=Lancer Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=1897829728|page=211|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zFyMKROi46kC&q=Transition+To+Triumph+Indian+Navy+1965-75&pg=PP20|access-date=4 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303201538/https://books.google.com/books?id=zFyMKROi46kC&pg=PP20&lpg=PP20&dq=Transition+To+Triumph+Indian+Navy+1965-75&source=bl&ots=aUIwTbZ2_t&sig=Q71usXgW3HUPcR69q-mckuHb_pQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xamOU5DfMcjfkwWRlYCADA&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=Submarines%20were%20required%20to%20positively%20identify%20a%20target%20before%20attack&f=false|archive-date=3 March 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

She started from her home port on 13 November 1971 and reached her patrol location by 18 November. She remained there until 25 November when she was shifted to a new patrol location and remained there until 30 November. On 30 November, she rendezvoused with ''Karanj'' at sea to transfer instructions and subsequently then left for [[Bombay]] and reached there by 4 December 1971. During her patrols, she encountered fair weather and monitored a number of tankers and commercial aircraft flying on international routes.<ref name=transitiontotriumph>{{cite book|last=Vice Admiral GM Hiranandani|title=Transition to Triumph: History of the Indian Navy, 1965–1975|year=2000|publisher=Lancer Publishers|pages=211–212|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zFyMKROi46kC&q=INS+Kursura&pg=PA211|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303201538/https://books.google.com/books?id=zFyMKROi46kC&pg=PA211&dq=INS+Kursura&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cyDZUu7_DIO4rgf04IDQDQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=INS%20Kursura&f=false|archive-date=3 March 2018|df=dmy-all|isbn=978-1897829721}}</ref> She was originally intended to lay mines but the plan was later cancelled.<ref name=noeasyanswers>{{cite book|last=James Goldrick|title=No Easy Answers: The Development of the Navies of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, 1945–1996|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Lancer Publications|page=96|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XW7kKHQeQoC&q=INS+Kursura&pg=PA96|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925075116/https://books.google.com/books?id=6XW7kKHQeQoC&pg=PA96&dq=INS+Kursura&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WqPYUozDGYOzrgeqgYHQBA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=INS%20Kursura&f=false|archive-date=25 September 2017|df=dmy-all|isbn=978-1897829028}}</ref>

===Later service===
''Kursura'' was used for test firing the NSTL 58 torpedo in 1975. She was laid off for many years to be cannibalised for spare parts for other submarines, but underwent a refit in the Soviet Union between September 1980 and April 1982, and was made operational again in 1985.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hiranandani|first1=G.M.|title=Transition to Eminence: The Indian Navy 1976–1990|date=2009|publisher=Lancer|location=Delhi|isbn=978-8170622666|pages=116, 122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1WxI9TlAxIQC&q=Kursura|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702233650/https://books.google.com/books?id=1WxI9TlAxIQC&q=Kursura#v=snippet&q=Kursura&f=false|archive-date=2 July 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Along with {{INS|Taragiri|F41|6}}, she participated in the first [[anti-submarine warfare]](ASW) training exercise with the [[Victory-class corvette|RSS ''Victory'']] of Singapore off the coast of [[Port Blair]] between 21 and 24 February 1994. She participated in the second ASW exercise with Singapore along with {{INS|Dunagiri|F36|6}}, [[Victory-class corvette|RSS ''Valour'']] and [[Victory-class corvette|RSS ''Vigilance'']]. She visited Singapore and [[Jakarta]], Indonesia, in December 1994 on a good-will visit.<ref name=transitiontoguardianship>{{cite book|last=Vice Admiral GM Hiranandani|title=Transition to Guardianship: The Indian Navy 1991–2000|publisher=Lancer Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w2snz5Cfb0gC&q=INS+Kursura&pg=RA2-PT234|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303201538/https://books.google.com/books?id=w2snz5Cfb0gC&pg=RA2-PT234&dq=INS+Kursura&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cyDZUu7_DIO4rgf04IDQDQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=INS%20Kursura&f=false|archive-date=3 March 2018|df=dmy-all|isbn=978-1935501664}}</ref>

After a service of 31 years and traversing {{convert|73500|nmi|km mi}}, she was [[Ship decommissioning|decommissioned]] on 27 February 2001.<ref name=insubmarinemuseum/> Despite being a decommissioned submarine, she still receives the navy's "Dressing Ship" honour, which is usually only awarded to active ships.<ref name=thehindu6/>

==Museum ship (2002 – present)==
[[File:INS Kursura (S20).jpg|thumbnail|''Kursura'' as a museum ship in Visakhapatnam]]
[[File:INS Kursura (S20) undergoing repairs.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px|''Kursura'' undergoing repairs in 2013]]
After decommissioning, the ship was towed to [[RK Beach]] in [[Visakhapatnam]] and was established as a museum ship, which is the first submarine museum in South Asia. The idea of the boat's conversion to a museum is credited to Admiral V Pasricha.<ref name=thehindu1>{{cite news|title=INS Kursura museum celebrates 8th anniversary|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/ins-kursura-museum-celebrates-8th-anniversary/article560297.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=17 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202172358/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/ins-kursura-museum-celebrates-8th-anniversary/article560297.ece|archive-date=2 February 2014|df=dmy-all|date=9 August 2010|last1=Ganguly|first1=Nivedita}}</ref> Towing the submarine 600 metres to its final location took 18 months and cost {{INR}} 55 million. It was converted as a museum by [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] government launching from 9 August 2002, and it was open to the public from 24 August 2002.<ref name=insubmarinemuseum/><ref name=toi1>{{cite web|title=Feel life undersea on INS Kursura|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-02-14/india/27797257_1_submarine-museum-south-asia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201230952/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-02-14/india/27797257_1_submarine-museum-south-asia|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref><ref name=thehindu2/> Six retired naval personnel serve as guides and another one as the curator.<ref name=vuda/>

''Kursura'' has the distinction of being one of the very few submarine museums to retain originality.<ref name=thehindu6/> She has become a famous tourist attraction of the city and has been called a "must-visit destination" of Visakhapatnam by ''[[The Hindu]]''.<ref name=thehindu2/> Out of the {{INR}} 10 million revenue generated every year by the museum, {{INR}} 8 million is used for the submarine's maintenance. During the first four months of the museum's operation, it was visited by about 93,000 people.<ref name=thehindu2>{{cite news|last=B. Madhu Gopal|title='Kursura' saga continues|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/kursura-saga-continues/article3087526.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=17 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303201538/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/kursura-saga-continues/article3087526.ece|archive-date=3 March 2018|df=dmy-all|date=9 August 2006}}</ref> Daily visitors usually range between 500 and 600 and shoot up to 1,500 during the tourist season.<ref name=thehindu6>{{cite news|last1=Sumit Bhattacharjee|title=Kursura will be back at her shiny best|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/kursura-will-be-back-at-her-shiny-best/article1959147.ece|access-date=7 June 2014|work=The Hindu|date=1 December 2007}}</ref>

In September 2007, [[Vice Admiral]] [[Carol M. Pottenger]] of the United States Navy visited the submarine when she wrote in the guestbook "What a fantastic experience. The Indian Navy should be very proud of this awesome display". She said that the submarine was very well preserved and they did not have anything similar to it in the United States.<ref name=thehindu4>{{cite news|title=Kursura is fantastic, says US navy official|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/kursura-is-fantastic-says-us-navy-official/article1910197.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=17 January 2014|date=13 September 2007}}</ref> A major overhaul was done in December 2007 to repair her hull's corrosion. New steel plates were arranged at a cost of {{INR}} 1.5 million.<ref name=thehindu6/> As of August 2008, about 1.5 million people had visited the museum,<ref name=thehindu8>{{cite news|title=Kursura Submarine Museum turns six|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/kursura-submarine-museum-turns-six/article1311477.ece|access-date=7 June 2014|work=The Hindu|date=10 August 2008}}</ref> and in 2010, she was visited by 270,000 people.<ref name=vuda>{{cite web|title=Kurusura Submarine Museum|url=http://www.vuda.gov.in/kurusra_submarine_museum.html|publisher=Visakhapatnam Urbal Development Authority|access-date=7 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601002829/http://www.vuda.gov.in/kurusra_submarine_museum.html|archive-date=1 June 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Gallery==
{{commons category}}
<gallery widths=180>
File:INS Kursura (S20) stern view.jpg|Stern view of the submarine
File:INS Kursura (S20) officer cabin.jpg|An officer's cabin
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Submarines of the Indian Navy}}
{{coord|17|43|03|N|83|19|46|E|scale:10000|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kursura (S20)}}
[[Category:Kalvari-class submarines (1967)]]
[[Category:1969 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built at Admiralty Shipyard]]
[[Category:Museums in Visakhapatnam]]

Kankaria East metro station

2026-02-16T13:36:19Z

Imteenu:

{{short description|Metro station in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Kankaria East
| style = Ahmedabad Metro
| type = {{Ahmedabad Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue}}
| image =
| address =
| coordinates = {{coord|23.0151979|72.6044181|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]
| operator = [[Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]
| lines = {{rcb|Ahmedabad Metro|Blue|croute}}
| platforms = [[Island platform]] Platform-1 → [[Vastral Gam metro station|Vastral Gam]] Platform-2 → [[Thaltej metro station|Thaltej]]
| tracks = 2
| structure = Underground
| levels = 2
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status =
| opening = {{start date and age|df=yes|30 September 2022}}
| electrified = 750 V DC [[third rail]]
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Ahmedabad Metro|line=Blue|left=Kalupur Railway Station|to-left=Thaltej|right=Apparel Park|to-right=Vastral Gam}}
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_dot_label =
| route_map = {{Ahmedabad Metro East-West Corridor Route}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|Blue}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Kankaria East''' is an underground metro station on the East-West Corridor of the [[Blue Line (Ahmedabad Metro)|Blue Line]] of the [[Ahmedabad Metro]] in [[Ahmedabad]], India. This metro station consists of the main '''Kankaria Coach Depot''' under [[Indian Railways]] along with the [[Congregational mosque|Jama Masjid]] and the '''Rajpur Shri Chintamani [[Parshvanatha|Parshwanath]] [[Jain temple|Jain Temple]]'''. This metro station was inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 30 September 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=PM Modi inaugurates Ahmedabad Metro first phase, takes a ride |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/pm-modi-inaugurates-ahmedabad-metro-first-phase-takes-a-ride/articleshow/68258253.cms?from=mdr |access-date=3 January 2022 |website=Economic Times India Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETRealty.com |title=Prime minister inaugurates phase-1 of Ahmedabad Metro rail project - ET RealEstate |url=https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/infrastructure/prime-minister-inaugurates-phase-1-of-ahmedabad-metro-rail-project/94587622 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=ETRealty.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-02 |title=Huge demand on Day 1 of Ahmedabad Metro |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/huge-demand-on-day-1-of-ahmedabad-metro-8186528/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Prime Minister Modi inaugurates phase-1 of Ahmedabad Metro rail project |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/prime-minister-modi-inaugurates-phase-1-of-ahmedabad-metro-rail-project/articleshow/94554222.cms |access-date=2022-10-04}}</ref>
==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Kankaria East track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|Blue}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = HSTg\HSTf
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Kalupur Railway Station}}
*'''P2'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P1'''
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Apparel Park}}
HSTg\HSTf
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and one Island platform</div>
}}}}
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
| style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |'''G'''
| style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="100" valign="top" |Street level
| style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="510" valign="top" |Exit/ Entrance
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''M'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Mezzanine
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
| rowspan="3" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |'''P'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width="100" |'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width="510" |Towards → [[Vastral Gam metro station|Vastral Gam]] '''Next Station:''' [[Apparel Park metro station|Apparel Park]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Island platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the right </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="100" |'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="510" |Towards ← [[Thaltej metro station|Thaltej]] '''Next Station:''' [[Kalupur Railway Station metro station|Kalupur Railway Station]] 
|}

== See also ==
* [[Ahmedabad]]
* [[Gujarat]]
* [[List of Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid transit in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.gujaratmetrorail.com/passenger-information/time-table/|name=Ahmedabad Metro Official Website}}
* {{Official website|https://yometro.com/ahmedabad-metro-23|name=Ahmedabad Metro stations' details}}

{{Ahmedabad Metro navbox}}

[[Category:Ahmedabad Metro stations]]

Lal Vijay Shahdeo

2026-02-08T09:21:45Z

Imteenu: Started new data

{{short description|Indian film Director, Producer and Writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lal Vijay Shahdeo
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Hesapiri, [[Lohardaga district|Lohardaga]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]
| citizenship = Indian
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Film director, producer
| years_active = 1997–present
| spouse =
| awards = {{plainlist|
*Jharkhand Gaurav Sammaan (2019)}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.akritientertainment.com/}}
}}

'''Lal Vijay Shahdeo''' is an Indian writer, director and producer in the Indian film and television industry.<ref>{{cite news |website=Dailypioneer |title= Films of J'khand producer to be screened in Cannes|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/films-of-j---khand-producer-to-be-screened-in-cannes.html|date=15 May 2019|access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He was born in Hesapiri village in [[Kisko block]] of [[Lohardaga district|Lohardaga]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://m.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/lohardaga/story-lal-vijay-shahdeo-conferred-jharkhand-gaurav-samman-2682937.html|title=विजय शाहदेव को मिला झारखंड गौरव सम्मान|website=livehindustan|date=10 August 2019|access-date=6 September 2019}}</ref> Shahdeo has worked as a theatre director, actor, to his shift to television/film as casting director, writer, producer and finally a film writer, director and producer.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |website=Timesofindia |title=Jharkhandi actors should first learn to act: Lal Vijay Shahdeo |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/theatre/Jharkhandi-actors-should-first-learn-to-act-Lal-Vijay-Shahdeo/articleshow/38371468.cms |date=14 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website=timesofindia|title=Lal Vijay Shahdeo's journey from a Jharkhand village to Cannes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Lal-Vijay-Shahdeos-journey-from-a-Jharkhand-village-to-Cannes/articleshow/52165118.cms |date=8 May 2016}}</ref>

== Career ==
Shahdeo has worked with many companies such as UTV, Percept Picture Company, B.R. Films, Creative Eye, Miditech and Big Synergy. Shahdeo had the opportunity to work with television channels in India, including Star Plus, Star One, Sony, Zee TV and Hungama. He has worked as a casting director, senior executive producer, creative director, supervising producer, head of operations, project head, writer and director.<ref name="auto1"/>

He has directed short film, ''The Silent Statue'', which was accepted at Cannes Film Festival 2016 in Short Film Corner. Shahdeo directed feature films ''Lohardaga'' in Hindi, Nagpuri/Hindi debut ''[[Phulmania]]'' premiered in the [[Jharkhand International Film Festival Awards]] (JIFFA) in 2018 and 2019 respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ranchi/story-jharkhand-to-be-seen-in-lohardaga-1974433.html|title=फिल्म लोहरदगा में दिखेगा पूरा झारखंड|website=Livehindustan|access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/jiffa-2019-to-begin-from-today.html|title=JIFFA 2019 to begin from today|website=Dailypioneer|date=1 February 2019}}</ref> Films ''Lohardaga'' and ''Phulmania'' also premiered in the [[2019 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/nagpuri-flick-makes-it-big-at-cannes.html|title=Nagpuri flick makes it big at Cannes|website=Dailypioneer|date=6 July 2019|access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref> In 2022, he wrote and directed Bhojpuri/Hindi film ''Nach Baiju Nach'' which released on 23 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/bhojpuri/nirahua-new-film-nach-baiju-naach-trailer-release-watch-video-of-dinesh-lal-new-film/1269478|title=निरहुआ की नई फिल्म 'नाच बैजु नाच' का ट्रेलर रिलीज, देखें वीडियो|publisher=zeenews|language=Hindi|date=22 July 2022|access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bhojpuri-dinesh-lal-nirhua-starrer-film-nach-baiju-naac-ready-to-release-across-the-country-on-23-september-bhojpuri-mogi-4630443.html|title=दिनेश लाल निरहुआ की फिल्म 'नाच बैजू नाच' देशभर में रिलीज के लिए तैयार, लौंडा नाच करते दिखेंगे भोजपुरी स्टार|publisher=hindi.news18|language=Hindi|date=21 September 2022|access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref>
He has written directed & produced a feature Film "Mere Naina Tere Naina" released on 2 June 2023 in Hindi/Awadhi languages.

== Filmography ==
===Film and television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Project !! Role !! Company !! Channel
|-
| 2001–2004 || "Kehta Hai Dil, Shakalaka Boom Boom, Bhabhi, Family Business, Special Squad" || Casting Director || UTV || Star Plus & Star One
|-
|- 2004–2005 || "CID, CID Special Bureau, Aahat 2, Raat Hone Ko hai" || Casting Director || Fire Works || Sony & Sahara
|-
| 2006–2007 ||''Mann Mein Hai Vishwaas''|| Senior Executive Producer & Casting Director || Creative Eye Limited || Sony
|-
| 2007–2008 ||''[[Pari Hoon Main]]''|| Supervising Producer & Director || B. R. Films || Star One
|-
| 2008–2009 ||''[[Ninja Pandav]]''|| Supervising Producer || Miditech Pvt. Ltd. || Real TV
|-
| 2009–2010 ||''Hamaari Devrani''|| Head of Operations || Shobhna Desai Productions || Star Plus
|-
| 2010–2011 ||''[[Maayke Se Bandhi Dor]]''|| Project Head (Fiction) || UTV || Star Plus
|-
| 2012–2013 ||''[[Laakhon Mein Ek]]''|| Head of Operations || Big Synergy || Star Plus
|-
| 2014 ||''Ghanteshwar Prasad Ghantewaale''|| Producer & Director || Akriti Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. || Doordarshan
|-
| 2014–2015 ||''Ye Shaadi Hai Ya Sauda''|| Producer & Director<ref>{{cite web|website=Dailypioneer.com |title=Bhopal artistes are really hard working |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhopal/bhopal-artistes-are-really-hard-working.html |date=12 April 2014}}</ref>|| Akriti Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. || Doordarshan
|-
|2021
|''Black Suitcase'' (Hindi & English Film)
|Director / Producer
|Akriti Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.
|Under pre production
|-
|2016
|''The Silent Statue'' (Short Film)
|Director / Producer
|Akriti Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.
|Released on Youtube (Akriti Cinemas)
|-
|2021
|''[[Phulmania]]'' (Hindi Film)
|Director / Producer / Writer
|Akriti Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.
|World Digital Premiered on ShemarooMe, JioCinema
|-
|2019
|''[[Phulmania]]'' (Nagpuri Film)
|Director / Producer / Writer
|Akriti Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.
|Released
|-
|2019
|''Compensation'' (Short Film)
|Director / Writer
|Deepak Simhal Productions
|Released
|-
|2023
|''Lohardaga'' (Hindi Feature Film)
|Director / Writer
|Akriti Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.
|Released
|-
|2022
|''[[Naach Baiju Naach]]'' (Bhojpuri/Hindi Film)
|Writer / Director / Producer
|Akriti Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.
|Released
|-
|2023
|''[[Mere Naina Tere Naina]]'' (Hindi/Awadhi Film)
|Writer / Director / Producer
|Akriti Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.
|Released
|-
|2023
|''[[Kokh (film)|Kokh]]'' (Bhojpuri Film)
|Writer / Producer
|Akriti Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.
|Released
|-
|}

==Controversies==
In 2019, Shahdeo accused the organiser of second [[Jharkhand International Film Festival Awards]], of mismanagement and bribery.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-hungama-in-international-film-festival-18918069.html|title=हंगामे की भेंट चढ़ा जीफा का अवार्ड समारोह, आयोजकों पर बिफरे अरबाज खान|date=4 February 2019|website=jagran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/ranchi/news/charges-of-taking-a-reward-in-jifa-with-money-01484861.html|title=पैसे लेकर अवाॅर्ड बांटने का आरोप लगा, निर्देशक शाहदेव और अरबाज खान ने किया बॉयकॉट|website=Bhaskar|date=4 February 2019}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
*Jharkhand Gaurav Sammaan (2019)<ref name="auto"/>
*Birsa Munda Jyoti Samman (2021) for best film director.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ranchi/story-seven-people-of-jharkhand-received-birsa-munda-jyoti-award-3842768.html|title=seven people of jharkhand received birsa munda jyoti award|website=Livehindustan.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.akritientertainment.com/ Akriti Entertainment Pvt. Ltd., Official website]
* {{IMDb name|nm7812649}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shahdeo, Lal Vijay}}
[[Category:Film directors from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Film producers from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Lohardaga district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Nagpuria people]]

Jagga Jatt

2026-02-07T22:59:47Z

Imteenu: expanded structure per standard format and fixed typos to improve readability

{{Short description|20th century Sikh bandit}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Jagga Jatt
| other_names = Jagga Daku
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| birth_name = Jagat Singh
| birth_date = 1901/1902<ref name=pr/>
| birth_place = [[Burj Ran Singh]], [[Lahore District]], [[British India]] (now [[Kasur District]], [[Pakistan]])
| death_date = 1930/1931 (29 years old)
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| body_discovered =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| monuments =
| citizenship =
| education =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for = [[Wealth redistribution|Robbing from the rich and giving to the poor]]
| notable_works =
| criminal_charge = 
| criminal_penalty =
| criminal_status =
| spouse = Inder Kaur (d.1983)
| children = Gulab Kaur, later renamed to Resham Kaur
| parents = Makhan Singh and Bhagan
| relatives =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jagga Jatt''' (or '''Jagga Daku'''), originally named '''Jagat Singh''',<ref name=pr>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gb1jAAAAMAAJ&q=Jagga+Sidhu|title=Selected Short Stories|last=Balvant| first=Singh|year=1996|page=132|publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-7201-687-6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-tJjAAAAMAAJ&q=Sardar+Jagat+Singh+sidhu|title=Time out stories from punjab| year=2001|page=87|isbn=978-81-87075-90-5 |last1=Mansingh |first1=Jasjit |publisher=Srishti Publishers & Distributors }}</ref> was a notable [[social bandit]] in 20th-century [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]].<ref name=ad>{{cite book |title= The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature, Volume One (A To Devo)|last= Datta|first=Amaresh|year=2006|pages= 988}}</ref><ref name=ps>{{cite book |title= Insurrection to agitation: the Naxalite Movement inb|last= Judge|first=Paramjit S.|year=1992|pages=190 }}</ref><ref name=sa>{{cite book |title=Jagga Daku|last=Jaffri |first=Dr. Syed Akhtar|publisher=Ilmoirfan Publishers }}</ref> He is often remembered as the "Robin Hood of Punjab" due to his reputation for robbing from the rich and giving to the poor,<ref name=jw>{{cite web|url=http://www.jattworld.com/online/tale-jagat-singh-jagga-jatt-robinhood-punjab|title=The Tale of Jagat Singh Jagga (The Robin Hood of Punjab)|publisher=www.jattworld.com|access-date=2 Mar 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514113028/http://www.jattworld.com/online/tale-jagat-singh-jagga-jatt-robinhood-punjab|archive-date=14 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> much like the legendary [[Robin Hood]].

==Early life==
Jagga, born as Jagat Singh in 1901 or 1902, came from a [[Virk|Virk Jat]] family in Dasuwal, Punjab, then part of [[British India]].<ref name=pr/><ref name=js>{{cite web|url=http://www.jattsite.com/jatt/jattshkhsiatan/001jsh-jagga-harnek-ghrhuan-nov2005.html|title='ਜੱਗੇ ਜੱਟ' ਦੇ ਜੀਵਨ ਦਾ ਸੰਖੇਪ ਲੇਖ|author=ਘੜੂੰਆਂ, ਹਰਨੇਕ ਸਿੰਘ|work=Biographical article in Punjabi from Khalsa Fatehnama (Nov. 2005)|publisher=www.jattsite.com|access-date=3 Mar 2012}}</ref> Before Jagga was born, his parents, [[Sardar]] Makhan Singh Virk and Bhagan, had six children, but none of them survived.<ref name="unp">{{cite web|url=http://www.unp.me/f16/all-about-jagga-jatt-63388/|title=All about JAGGA JATT|date=16 Dec 2009|publisher=www.unp.me|access-date=12 Mar 2012}}</ref> Seeking help, Makhan went to a [[Sant (religion)|sant]] named Inder Singh in the nearby village of Sodhi Wala. Inder instructed him to purchase a male goat before the birth of the next child and to ensure that the newborn touched it. The saint also warned him not to give the baby a name starting with the letter "J".<ref name="mk">{{cite web|url=http://www.mediakukarpind.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12621&Itemid=69|title=ਜੱਗੇ ਜੱਟ ਨੂੰ ਯਾਦ ਕਰਦਿਆਂ|work=A journalist's interview with the subject's only daughter|publisher=www.mediakukarpind.com|access-date=2 Mar 2012}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=unp/> It is said that when Makhan followed Inder's advice, the newborn survived, and the buck died shortly after being touched by the child. However, despite this development, an uncle of the child insisted on naming him ''Jagat'', ignoring the saint's warning.

Jagga's father died when he was still a young child, so he was raised by his mother, Bhagan, and uncle, Roop Singh [[Sidhu]].<ref name=js/><ref name=mk/>
Jagga developed a strong passion for [[wrestling]] and often practiced at the village [[akhara]] with his friend Sohan [[Teli]]. Jagga later married Inder Kaur from the nearby village of [[Talwandi]], and the couple had a daughter named Gulab Kaur. Jagga owned 10 Murabbas (~250 acres) of land, so his uncle and mother did not expect him to do much physical labor.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

==Appearance and personality==
Jagga Jatt was known for his strong physique, medium height, wheatish complexion, distinctive double-ringed mustache, and fiercely independent personality.<ref name=js/><ref name=jw/><ref name=unp/>

On one occasion, Jagga physically overpowered the proud [[Nakai Misl|Nakai]] brothers who lived in the village of his in-laws. In another incident, he had a heated argument with a [[patwari]] who refused to provide information about his land, leading to him scattering the official record books in protest, scaring the officer into complying.<ref name=mk/><ref name=jw/><ref name=unp/> These bold acts, combined with his strength and fearless nature, made Jagga a well-known and admired figure in the surrounding villages.

==Becoming an outlaw==
Jagga's growing popularity in the region drew the envy of the [[Zaildar]] of [[Mokal|Kal Mokal]] village. Feeling his authority being challenged by Jagga's influence, the Zaildar had him falsely accused and imprisoned for four years.<ref name=mk/><ref name=unp/><ref name=jw/> After Jagga's release and return home, a theft occurred in the nearby village of [[Phool Nagar|Bhai Pheru]]. Seizing the opportunity to target him again, the Zaildar, along with his ally Inspector Asgar Ali, falsely linked Jagga to the incident. The inspector summoned him to the station for questioning.<ref name=jw/><ref name=unp/> Hearing this, Jagga went into hiding and was soon declared an [[outlaw]].<ref name=mk/><ref name=jw/>

Enraged by the continued harassment from the police, Jagga took matters into his own hands. At the village of Kanganpur, he snatched a rifle from a policeman and killed him. From that moment on, he was branded a [[bandit]]. However, Jagga didn’t turn to crime for personal gain—he targeted only the wealthy, using the stolen goods to help the poor and needy.<ref name=js/><ref name=mk/><ref name=jw/><ref name=unp/>

His first act of banditry took place in the village of Ghumiari, located on the border of Kasur and Lahore districts. Along with his companions Jhanda Singh Nirmal Ke and Thakur Singh Mandeyali, he raided the home of a goldsmith. They took the gold and burned the account books that recorded the debts of poor villagers.<ref name=jw/><ref name=unp/>

Jagga later formed a loyal band of outlaws. His core group included Banta Singh, his childhood friend Sohan Teli, Lalu Nai (who served as the group’s cook), Bholu and Bawa.<ref name=mk/><ref name=jw/><ref name=unp/>

==Death==
Ultimately, Jagga was betrayed by one of his fellow rebels, Lalu Nai, dying at the young age of 29.

While visiting the village of [[Sidhupur]] to pay his respects to the grieving blind mother of another infamous bandit, a [[Muslim]] named [[Malangi (bandit)|Mallangi]], Jagga decided to spend the noon there.<ref name=jw/> He asked Lalu Nai, the cook, to prepare a meal. Lalu, however, plotted against him and called his brothers from a nearby village, hoping to claim the reward for Jagga's death.<ref name=js/><ref name=mk/><ref name=unp/> Lalu suggested they share some wine before eating. Jagga and his companion Banta agreed, but Sohan Teli declined, saying he had to visit a friend in a nearby village. After Jagga and Banta became intoxicated and fell asleep beneath a [[banyan]] tree,<ref name=mk/><ref name=jw/><ref name=unp/> Lalu and his brothers took advantage of the moment and shot them.<ref name=js/><ref name=mk/><ref name=jw/><ref name=unp/> Hearing the gunfire, Sohan returned, but when he saw the bloody scene and tried to confront Lalu, he too was shot and killed.

This event is commemorated in a Punjabi folk song:<ref name=js/><ref name=mk/>
{{cquote|ਜੱਗਾ ਵੱਢਿਆ ਬੋਹੜ ਦੀ ਛਾਂਵੇਂ, ਨੌ ਮਣ ਰੇਤ ਭਿੱਜ ਗਈ, ਪੂਰਨਾ, ਨਾਈਆਂ ਨੇ ਵੱਢ ਛੱਡਿਆ, ਜੱਗਾ ਸੂਰਮਾ।}}

;Transliteration: Jagga waddhia boharh di chhaven, Nau man ret bhijj gai poorna, Naeeaan ne waddh chhaddia jagga soorma.

;Translation: Jagga was slain under the shade of the banyan tree, Nine maunds of sand soaked with blood, Poorna, The [[Nai (caste)|Nai]]s cut down the brave Jagga.

==Family==
Jagga had only one daughter named Gulab Kaur, affectionately nicknamed ''Gabbo''.<ref name=jag1>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/rebel-chaser-from-gurdaspur-who-penned-dullah-bhatti-jagga-dakku/story-madZRvJOKKWjWzsSZ9yXRO.html Chasing rebels, Hindustan Times, 2015]</ref> After her marriage, her in-laws renamed her Resham Kaur. Jagga had arranged her marriage to Avtar Singh, the nephew of his fellow [[dacoit]] and close friend Kehar Singh.<ref name=js/><ref name=mk/>
Avtar died in 2005 in Banwala Anu village, located in the [[Malout]] tehsil of [[Sri Muktsar Sahib district]]. Jagga's daughter continues to reside there.<ref name=js/><ref name=jw/> Her interviews have been featured in several newspapers over the years. Jagga's wife, Inder Kaur, also died in Banwala Anu in 1983.<ref name=mk/> His great-grandnephew, Durga Singh Arifke, was a notable militant associated with [[Avtar Singh Brahma]]'s [[Tat Khalsa]] and the [[Khalistan Liberation Force]] during the [[Insurgency in Punjab, India|Punjab Insurgency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shaheed Bhai Durga Singh Arifke – 1984 Tribute |url=https://www.1984tribute.com/shaheed-bhai-durga-singh-arifke/ |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=www.1984tribute.com}}</ref>

==In popular media==
Jagga remains a prominent heroic figure celebrated in Punjabi and [[Bollywood]] media. His story has inspired a few Punjabi movies, such as [[Jagga (film)|''Jagga'']] starring [[Dara Singh]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-details/jagga/movieshow/67176809.cms| title=Jagga (1964 film) - cast, crew and awards won by this film|newspaper=Times of India newspaper|date=20 December 2018|access-date=15 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215181732/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-details/jagga/movieshow/67176809.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 February 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Robin Hood]]
* [[Dulla Bhatti]]
*[[Malangi (bandit)|Malangi]]
* [[Paan Singh Tomar]]
* [[Phoolan Devi]]
* [[Seema Parihar]]
* [[Veerappan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jatt, Jagga}}
[[Category:Indian robbers]]
[[Category:Indian outlaws]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:People from Kasur District]]
[[Category:Rebels from British India]]

Anaswara Kumar

2026-02-06T05:29:56Z

Imteenu: Started Biography - done

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anaswara Kumar
| image = Anaswara at HCL 2013 Year End Celebrations, Chennai, 12-19-13 (3) (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Kumar in 2014
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| alma mater = [[Women's Christian College, Chennai]]
| occupation = [[Actress]], [[Model (person)|Model]]
| birth_name = Anaswara Kumar
| other_names =
| years_active = 2011–2018
| relatives = [[Rahul Sadasivan]] (Cousin)
| spouse = {{marriage|Aditya Nayar|2019}}
| website =
}}
'''Anaswara Kumar''' is an Indian actress and model, who works in the [[Tamil film industry]]. She started her career with [[Arivazhagan Venkatachalam|Arivazhaghan]]'s sports thriller ''[[Vallinam]]'' (2014), though the romantic comedy ''[[Ego (2013 film)|Ego]]'' (2013) released first. She made her breakthrough portraying Mohini in the black comedy film ''[[Yaamirukka Bayamey]]'', which became a commercial success.<ref name="tgm">{{cite web |last1=Joshi |first1=Daniel |title=Yaamirukka Bayame Thanksgiving Meet |url=http://silverscreen.in/media/photos/yaamirukka-bayame-thanksgiving-meet/ |website=Silverscreen |access-date=24 September 2016 |date=19 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033209/http://silverscreen.in/media/photos/yaamirukka-bayame-thanksgiving-meet/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="success">{{cite web |last1=Rajeshwari |first1=Ganesan |title=Yaamirukka Bayamey Success Meet |url=http://silverscreen.in/events/yaamirukka-bayamey-success-meet/ |website=Silverscreen |access-date=24 September 2016 |date=18 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927004110/http://silverscreen.in/events/yaamirukka-bayamey-success-meet/ |archive-date=27 September 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Early life==
Anaswara was born to [[Malayali]] parents in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.veethi.com/india-people/anaswara_kumar-profile-7088-14.htm |title=Anaswara Kumar |website=veethi.com |access-date=11 January 2018 |archive-date=12 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112042620/http://www.veethi.com/india-people/anaswara_kumar-profile-7088-14.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
Anaswara started her career in a supporting role for [[Arivazhagan Venkatachalam|Arivazhaghan]]'s sports thriller ''[[Vallinam]]'' (2014). She was selected from forty girls in an audition, which she had attended after being spotted at a [[Chennai Super Kings]] fans video shoot. Her first leading role came through the romantic comedy ''[[Ego (2013 film)|Ego]]'' (2013) featuring newcomers. The film went on to become an average grosser at the box office and had a low profile release.

She made a breakthrough in her career by portraying the character Mohini, in the black comedy film ''[[Yaamirukka Bayamey]]'' (2014), which went on to become such a grand commercial success that horror comedy/dark comedy became a trend in the Tamil Film Industry. Anaswara had to audition for the role of Mohini, where her capabilities at portraying the haunted character and creative inputs convinced the Film's Director Deekay to cast her. During production, Anaswara's make-up in the ghost avatar took up to four hours to apply, while she revealed that she got into character by "standing alone in the haunted room to imbibe the ghostly feelings".<ref name="anas">{{cite web |last1=Jyothsna |title="I am a huge fan of Ajith sir and Vijay sir", Anaswara |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-actress/anaswara/i-am-a-huge-fan-of-ajith-sir-and-vijay-sir-anaswara.html |website=Behindwoods |access-date=24 September 2016 |archive-date=23 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323015945/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-actress/anaswara/i-am-a-huge-fan-of-ajith-sir-and-vijay-sir-anaswara.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Lalitha Raj, the makeup artist of ''[[Yaamirukka Bayamey]]'' appreciated Anaswara saying "For Anaswara, we had to apply heavy makeup and it took about three to four hours to complete it every day . Her dedication should be appreciated. It was cold while shooting for her scenes, but she managed to sit outside with that look for hours."<ref name="game">{{cite news |last1=Logesh |first1=Balachandran |title=Game for the Ugly look |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=GAME-FOR-THE-UGLY-LOOK-01022015101036 |access-date=24 September 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |date=1 February 2015 |location=Chennai |archive-date=27 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927062326/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=GAME-FOR-THE-UGLY-LOOK-01022015101036 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The actors in the film won positive reviews, with Rediff.com noting "the lead actors have performed admirably; there is a touch of eccentricity and wackiness to all the characters that adds to the ambience of the film."<ref name="hila">{{cite web |title=Review: Yaamirukka Bayamey is a hilarious tale of horror |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-yaamirukka-bayamey-is-a-hilarious-tale-of-horror/20140509.htm |website=[[Rediff]] |access-date=24 September 2016 |date=9 May 2014 |archive-date=21 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921133650/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-yaamirukka-bayamey-is-a-hilarious-tale-of-horror/20140509.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ghost">{{cite news |last1=Udhav |first1=Naig |title=Yaamirukka Bayamey: Busting ghosts |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/yaamirukka-bayamey-busting-ghosts/article5996392.ece |access-date=24 September 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 May 2014 |location=Chennai |archive-date=8 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108134358/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/yaamirukka-bayamey-busting-ghosts/article5996392.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="eyes">{{cite web |title=Tollywood Eyes A New Tamil Heroine |url=http://www.iqlikmovies.com/news/article/2014/05/26/tamil-heroine-anaswara-getting-offers-in-tollywood/4048 |website=iQlik Movies |access-date=24 September 2016 |date=26 May 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125112/http://www.iqlikmovies.com/news/article/2014/05/26/tamil-heroine-anaswara-getting-offers-in-tollywood/4048 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="game"/> She then went on to reprise her role in Yaamirukka Bayamey's Kannada remake ''[[Namo Bhootatma]]'' (2014), which also became a commercial success.<ref name="back">{{cite web |title='Yamirukka Bayamey' success team is back! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/yamirukka-bayamey-success-team-is-back-news-tamil-omdnEyifdajca.html |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=24 September 2016 |date=3 December 2014 |archive-date=27 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927000902/http://www.sify.com/movies/yamirukka-bayamey-success-team-is-back-news-tamil-omdnEyifdajca.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="sandal">{{cite news |last1=Mohammed |first1=Waseem |title=If you are fluent in Kannada, you are loved in Sandalwood |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/If-you-are-fluent-in-Kannada-you-are-loved-in-Sandalwood/articleshow/49672087.cms |access-date=24 September 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 November 2015 |archive-date=10 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110010512/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/If-you-are-fluent-in-Kannada-you-are-loved-in-Sandalwood/articleshow/49672087.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

Anaswara began shooting for a new film in January 2016 titled as ''[[Pattinapakkam]]'' directed by Jayadev opposite [[Kalaiyarasan]] in the lead. Speaking about her role in an interview with Deccan Chronicle Chennai, Anaswara says, "I play the role of Mithra, a college student who hails from a middle-class background. She is loving, caring and is extremely protective of Vetri (played by Kalaiyarasan). She drives Vetri to be more responsible in life."<ref name="comeback">{{cite news |last1=Janani |first1=K |title=A comeback for Anaswara Rai |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/301116/a-comeback-for-anaswara-rai.html |access-date=30 November 2016 |work=Chennai Chronicle |date=1 December 2016 |location=Chennai |archive-date=30 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130092535/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/301116/a-comeback-for-anaswara-rai.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*''All films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Ego (2013 film)|Ego]]'' || Gomathi |||Debut film
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2014 || ''[[Vallinam]]'' || Anu ||
|-
| ''[[Yaamirukka Bayamey]]'' || Mohini ||
|-
| ''[[Namo Bhootatma]]'' || Mohini || [[Kannada]] film
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Pattinapakkam]]'' || Mithra ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|6484967}}
*{{Facebook|ActressAnaswara|Anaswara Kumar}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Anaswara}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from Chennai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chennai]]
[[Category:Women's Christian College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]

Tata Harrier EV

2026-01-23T09:02:13Z

Imteenu:

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Tata Harrier EV
| image = 4th International Auto Show, Bangalore (2025) 110.jpg
| manufacturer = [[Tata Motors Passenger Vehicles|Tata Motors]]
| production = 2025–present
| assembly = India: [[Pune]]
| class = [[Compact crossover SUV]]
| body_style = 5-door SUV
| layout = {{ubl
| [[Rear-motor, rear-wheel drive]]
| [[Dual-motor, four-wheel-drive layout]]
}}
| platform = acti.ev Plus
| battery = 65 kWh or 75 kWh [[LFP battery|LFP]]
| range = Up to {{convert|627|km|mi|abbr=on}} (MIDC)
| motor = Permanent magnet synchronous motor
| transmission = Single-speed
| charging = 120 kW DC
| related = [[Tata Harrier]]
| wheelbase = {{convert|2741|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|4607|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|1922|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|1740|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|2235|-|2336|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
}}{{Short description|Battery-electric compact crossover SUV}}

The '''Tata Harrier EV''' (alternatively spelled '''Harrier.ev''') is a [[Battery electric vehicle|battery electric]] [[compact crossover SUV]] manufactured by [[Tata Motors Passenger Vehicles|Tata Motors]] launched in [[India]] on 3 June 2025. It is built on Tata's acti.ev Plus platform and incorporates features such as all-wheel drive and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Harrier.ev Launched In India: 5 Key Features That Set It Apart |url=https://www.ndtv.com/auto/tata-harrier-ev-launched-in-india-5-key-features-that-set-it-apart-8583553 |access-date=5 June 2025 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Overview ==
The Harrier EV was first unveiled as a concept at the [[Auto Expo]] 2023 and later introduced in production form in 2025. While it shares some design elements with the [[Tata Harrier]], the EV variant includes platform modifications to accommodate electrification. The vehicle is available in three standard variants—Adventure, Fearless, Empowered—and a special Stealth Edition with matte black styling.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2025 |title=Tata Harrier EV to launch today: Here's everything you need to know |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/auto/cars/story/tata-harrier-ev-to-launch-today-heres-everything-you-need-to-know-2734856-2025-06-03 |access-date=5 June 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Harrier.ev electric SUV launched at Rs 21.49 lakh {{!}} Team-BHP |url=https://www.team-bhp.com/news/tata-harrierev-electric-suv-launched-rs-2149-lakh |access-date=5 June 2025 |website=Team-BHP.com |language=en}}</ref>

Bookings began in July 2025. It competes in the Indian EV market with other mid-size electric SUVs, including the [[Mahindra XEV 9e]] and [[BYD Atto 3]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaidya |first=Atharva |date=4 June 2025 |title=New Harrier Vs Mahindra XEV 9e - Detailed Comparison! » MotorOctane |url=https://motoroctane.com/news/289015-new-harrier-vs-mahindra-xev-9e-detailed-comparison |access-date=5 June 2025 |website=MotorOctane |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 June 2025 |title=Why Tata Motors didn't rebrand 'Harrier' EV: Company eyes 50% EV share |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/news/why-tata-motors-didnt-rebrand-harrier-ev-company-eyes-50-ev-share/articleshow/121595180.cms |access-date=5 June 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Design ==
=== Exterior ===
The exterior includes a closed-off front grille, full-width LED daytime running lights, 19-inch alloy wheels, and connected LED tail lamps. The Stealth Edition features a matte black finish.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Harrier.ev Gets These Features Over Mahindra BE 6 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/auto/tata-harrier-ev-gets-these-features-over-mahindra-be-6-8575998 |access-date=5 June 2025 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/tata-harrier-ev-launched-with-a-host-of-segment-leading-features-check-price-features-specs-and-more/ar-AA1FY3IH |access-date=5 June 2025 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

=== Interior ===
The Harrier EV's interior includes a dual-tone grey and white color scheme, leatherette seats, and a panoramic sunroof. It is equipped with a 14.5-inch infotainment screen, a 12.25-inch instrument cluster, and a 10.25-inch digital driver display. Additional features include a 540° camera system, summon mode, OTA updates, and connected car services via Tata's iRA platform.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Harrier.ev Launched In India At Rs 21.49 Lakh: Range, Specs, Features |url=https://www.ndtv.com/auto/tata-harrier-ev-launched-in-india-price-range-power-torque-features-design-8575591 |access-date=5 June 2025 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Powertrain and performance ==
The Harrier EV offers two LFP battery packs: 65 kWh and 75 kWh. Tata claims a range of up to {{Convert|627|km|mi|abbr=unit}} on India's [[MIDC (test cycle)|MIDC]] test cycle and 0–100 km/h acceleration in 6.3 seconds using Boost Mode. The AWD variant includes dual electric motors delivering up to {{Convert|390.|bhp|kW PS|abbr=unit}} and {{Convert|504|Nm|lbft|abbr=unit}} of torque.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2025 |title=5 reasons Tata Harrier EV is the king of electric off-roaders in India |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/car-news/5-reasons-tata-harrier-ev-is-the-king-of-electric-off-roaders-in-india/3868762/ |access-date=5 June 2025 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mondal |first=Saptarshi |title=Tata Harrier EV offroad features revealed |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/car-news/tata-harrier-ev-offroad-features-revealed-435568 |access-date=5 June 2025 |website=Autocar India |language=en}}</ref>

Charging options include 120 kW DC fast charging (20–80% in 25 minutes) and AC home charging at 3.3 kW or 7.2 kW. It also supports Vehicle-to-Load (V2L) and Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) power transfer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Harrier.ev Is A Platform-First SUV: Anand Kulkarni |url=https://www.mobilityoutlook.com/features/tata-harrierev-is-a-platform-first-suv-anand-kulkarni/ |access-date=5 June 2025 |website=Mobility Outlook}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Harrier EV Launched at Rs 21.49 Lakh in India |url=https://www.topgearmag.in/news/cars/tata-harrier-ev-launched-with-627km-range-and-awd |access-date=5 June 2025 |website=www.topgearmag.in}}</ref>

== Safety and ADAS ==
Safety features include 6 or 7 airbags (variant dependent), ABS with EBD, ESP, electronic parking brake with auto-hold, and Level 2 ADAS including adaptive cruise control and lane-keeping assist.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhole |first=Nachiket |date=3 June 2025 |title=Tata Harrier EV Launched - True Land Rover DNA? » MotorOctane |url=https://motoroctane.com/news/288956-tata-harrier-ev-launched-true-land-rover-dna |access-date=5 June 2025 |website=MotorOctane |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2025 |title=Tata Motors Launches Harrier.ev: Premium Features, Off-Road Capabilities, and Next-Gen Tech in India's EV Market - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/auto/tata-harrier-ev-india-launch-range-price-features-details-ws-l-19614802.htm |access-date=5 June 2025 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

The Harrier.ev for India was rated 5 Star in [[Bharat NCAP]] (based on [[Latin NCAP]] 2016) in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autocarindia.com/car-news/tata-harrier-ev-scores-5-star-bncap-rating-435840 | title= Tata Harrier EV scores 5-star BNCAP safety rating | publisher=Autocar India| date= June 24, 2025 }}</ref>

{{Bharat NCAP
|year=2025
|description=Tata Harrier.ev
|reference_code=tata-harrier-ev
|adult_stars=5
|adult_points=32.00
|child_stars=5
|child_points=45.00
}}

== Variants ==
* Adventure<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2025 |title=Tata Harrier EV Base Variant Features Detailed |url=https://www.carwale.com/news/tata-harrier-ev-base-variant-features-detailed/ |access-date=5 June 2025 |website=CarWale |language=en}}</ref>
* Fearless
* Empowered
* Stealth Edition<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ackodrive |first=Team |date=4 June 2025 |title=Tata Harrier EV Stealth Edition: Key Highlights |url=https://ackodrive.com/news/tata-harrier-ev-stealth-edition-key-highlights/ |access-date=5 June 2025 |website=AckoDrive |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://ev.tatamotors.com/harrier/ev/overview.html Tata Harrier.ev]

{{Tata Motors}}
{{Tata timeline}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tata cars]]
[[Category:Production electric cars]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 2025]]
[[Category:Mid-size sport utility vehicles]]
[[Category:Bharat NCAP]]

Panamukkumpally Sastha Temple

2026-01-23T07:13:53Z

Imteenu: cleanup citations based on references and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Panamukkumpally sree Sastha Temple
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = 
| map_caption = Location in [[Kerala]]
| coordinates =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Thrissur District]]
| location = City of [[Thrissur]]
| elevation_m =
| deity =
| festivals= [[Thrissur Pooram]]
| architecture = [[Kerala]]
}}

'''Panamukkumpally sree Sastha Temple''' is a [[Hindu]] temple situated in [[Thrissur]] City of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. Lord [[Ayyappan]] is the main deity of the temple. The temple is a participant in the [[Thrissur Pooram]] every year.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://thrissurpooramfestival.com/panamukkumpally_temple.html
|title=Panamukkumpally sree Sastha Temple
|publisher=Thrissur Pooram Festival
|access-date=2013-04-06}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{Thrissur topics}}
{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Kerala]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Thrissur Pooram]]

{{Kerala-hindu-temple-stub}}

Akassh

2026-01-22T03:25:20Z

Imteenu: add page to improve readability as per guidelines

{{short description|Indian Bengali composer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Akassh Sen
| birth_name = Akassh Sen
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1986|03|20}}
| birth_place = [[Baharampur]], [[Murshidabad]], [[West Bengal]], India.
| occupation = Music Director, Composer, Singer
| years_active = 2004–present
| image = Akassh_Sen.jpg
}}

'''Akassh Sen''', known simply as '''Akassh''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kalerkantho.com/feature/ronger-mela/2016/03/24/339448|title=দুই বাংলার আকাশ|language=bn|trans-title=Two of the sky!}}</ref> is a well known Indian [[Bengalis|Bengali]] music composer and singer.

== Career ==
He is a music director of [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali feature films]] and television.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm7203873/?ref_=ttfc_fc_cr8|title=Akassh IMDB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://202.144.14.20/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=443780:musically-yours&catid=47:marquee&from_page=search|title= Akassh speaks to sudipta chanda about his latest venture, Golemale Pirit Korona, and more|access-date=25 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106151741/http://202.144.14.20/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=443780:musically-yours&catid=47:marquee&from_page=search|archive-date=6 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is also a singer and composer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gaana.com/artist/akassh?autoplay=true|title=gaana.com (Akassh)}}</ref> His career started with his first album, ''Sweety'', in 2004. Akassh Sen not only composes music for Indian films, but also composes music for the [[Cinema of Bangladesh|Bangladeshi films]] and albums as well.<ref name=":7" /> One of his most popular and prominent music compositions is "Kotobar Bojhabo Bol" from the film "Angaar" in the voice of Mohammad Irfan. In 2023, he composed the soundtrack of [[List of highest-grossing Bangladeshi films|the highest grossing Bangladeshi film of all time]] ''[[Priyotoma]]'', starring [[Shakib Khan]] and Idhika Paul. It received a massive response from audiences and one of his songs, named "[[O Priyotoma]]," crossed over 100 million views on [[YouTube]] in just three months.

== Discography ==
===Studio albums===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Album
! Music
! Label
! Reference
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2004 || ''Sweety''
| rowspan="4" |Akassh
|Asha Audio
|
|-
| ''Vegetable Mix''
| rowspan="2" |T-Series
|
|-
| ''Basanta''
|
|-
| 2012 || ''Guru''
|
|
|-
|2017
|''Icche Gulo'' (with [[Dilshad Nahar Kona|Kona]])
|Musfiq Litu
|CMV
|<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://player.gpmusic.co/releases/8645|title=Icche Gulo|website=player.gpmusic.co|access-date=3 July 2017}}</ref>
|}

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Label
! Notes
! Music
! Reference
|-
|rowspan="2" |2016
|"Bhalobashar Ki Jadu"
|CD Choice
|From the ''[[Sultana Bibiana]]'' soundtrack
|Akassh
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://player.gpmusic.co/releases/5483|title=Bhalobashar Ki Jadu|website=player.gpmusic.co|access-date=3 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
|"Reshmi Churi"
|
|With [[Dilshad Nahar Kona|Kona]]
|Akassh
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2017
|"Icche Gulo" (with [[Dilshad Nahar Kona|Kona]])
|CMV
|From collaborative album ''Icche Gulo''
|Musfiq Litu
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
|"Toke Chara"
|CD Plus
|
| rowspan="4" |Akassh
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://player.gpmusic.co/releases/9181|title=Toke Chara|website=player.gpmusic.co|access-date=3 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
|"Boishakher Bikel Balay" (with [[Dilshad Nahar Kona|Kona]])
|[[Eskay Movies|Eskay Music]]
Unlimited Audio Video
|Released for the holiday of [[Pahela Baishakh]]
|
|-
|"Eai Bohagor Godhuli Bela"
|[[Eskay Movies|Eskay Music]]
|[[Assamese language|Assamese]] version of "Boishakher Bikel Balay"
Released for the holiday of [[Bihu]]
|
|-
|"Chupi Chupi"
|Sangeeta Music
|
|
|-
|"Tui Amar Mon" (with [[Dilshad Nahar Kona|Kona]])
|CMV
|Featured in the mini-web series ''Admission Test''
|Musfiq Litu
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://player.gpmusic.co/releases/79657|title=Tui Amar Mon|website=player.gpmusic.co|access-date=3 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="16" |2018
| Maa
|CD Choice Music
|
|FA Pritom
|
|-
|Kon Akase Urbe Tumi
|Sound Tek
|
|Nazir Mahmud
|
|-
|Ajke Dekho
|Suranjoli
|
|Nazir Mahmud
|
|-
|"Sunnota"
|My Sound
|
|Amit Bhattacharjee
|
|-
|"Mon Boleche"
|Suranjoli
|
|Musfiq Litu
|
|-
|"Gentlemen"
|Max Bag Entertainment
|
|Akassh
|
|-
|"Sweety"
|Live Technology Ltd
|
|Akassh
|
|-
|"Bojhena Shey"
|Ron Music
|
|Amit Bhattacharjee
|
|-
|"Durga Maa" (with [[Haimanti Rakshit|Haimanti]])
|[[Eskay Movies|Eskay Music]]
|New song on the occasion of [[Durga Puja]]
|Akassh Sen
|<ref>{{cite web |title=পূজার গানে আকাশ-হৈমন্তী(ভিডিও) |url=https://risingbd.com/entertainment-news/277302|website= risingbd.com |accessdate=22 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=পূজায় আসছে হৈমন্তীর নতুন গান |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/entertainment/news/530341|website= jagonews24.com |accessdate=22 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
|Tu Hi Dil
|Akassh Sen
|
|Akassh
|
|-
|Sundori
|Ron's Music
|
|Amit
|
|-
|Abujh Mon
|Dead Line Music
|
|Remo Biplob
|
|-
|Toke Chara
|CD Plus Music
|
|Akassh
|
|-
|Chuyecho ei Mon
|My Sound
|
|Amit
|
|-
|Dhakaiya Maiya Kolkatar Babu
|ZS Entertainment
|
|Nazir Mamud
|
|-
|Rongila Picture
|ZS Entertainment
|
|Nazir Mamud
|
|-
|rowspan="5" |2019
|Long Drive
|Chomotkar Music
|
|Akassh
|
|-
|O Shona
|MR Bestmedia
|
|FA Pritom
|
|-
|Prem Peyasi
|Padma Music
|
|FA Pritom
|
|-
|Olpo Olpo Kotha
|Padma Music
|
|Plabon Koresh
|
|-
|Lal Shari
|ZS Entertainment
|
|Akassh
|
|}

=== Film soundtracks ===
==== As composer ====
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Song
! Label
! Reference
|-
|2009
|''Friend''
| rowspan="5" |All Songs
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2010
|''Bastob''
|
|
|-
|''Fire Elam Jabab Dite''
|
|
|-
|''Joker''
|
|
|-
|2011
|''Ek Tukro Tara''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
|''[[Most Welcome]]''
|"Ke Kahar"
|[[Monsoon Films|Monsoon]]
|
|-
|''Tor Naam''
|"Tor Naam"
"Confusion"

"O Bondhu Re"
|Weird Industries
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|''[[Golemale Pirit Koro Na]]''
|All Songs
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF Music]]
|
|-
|[[Nishwartha Bhalobasa|''Nishwartha Bhalobasa – What is Love?'']]
|"Dhakar Pola"
"What is Love"

"Sajnaa"

"Dhakar Pola – Remix"
|[[Monsoon Films|Monsoon]]
|<ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=Nisshartho Bhalobasha What is Love?|date=12 March 2014|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/1s9d73XblB78NC0m9qLeKQ|accessdate=15 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
|''[[Ami Shudhu Cheyechi Tomay]]''
|"Bangladesher Meye"
|[[Eskay Movies|Eskay Music]]
|<ref name=":1">{{Citation|title=Aami Sudhu Cheyechi Tomay|date=1 January 2014|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/album/bengali/Aami-Sudhu-Cheyechi-Tomay-2014/5Vbki1zgh80_|accessdate=15 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Most Welcome 2]]''
|"Chicken Tandoori"
"Tor Jadoo"

"Manush"
|[[Monsoon Films|Monsoon]]
|<ref name=":2">{{Citation|title=Most Welcome 2|date=4 October 2014|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/5iYWcmGAUljBw0U6SnCrcA|accessdate=15 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
|''Action''
|All Songs
|
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Action by Akassh|date=1 August 2014|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/album/bengali/Action-2014/Z9FpB2FWYlE_|accessdate=15 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2015
|''[[Romeo vs Juliet]]''
|"Romeo Juliet"
"Shohag Chand"
|[[Eskay Movies|Eskay Music]]
[[Jaaz Multimedia|Jaaz Music]]
|<ref name=":3">{{Citation|title=Romeo V/S Juliet|date=29 December 2014|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/album/bengali/Romeo-VS-Juliet-2014/kf2-LNpK0CA_|accessdate=15 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
|''Cocktail''
| rowspan="2" |All Songs
|
|
|-
|[[Bawal (film)|''Bawal'']]
|[[KR Movies and Entertainment|KR Movies & Entertainment]]
|<ref name=":4">{{Citation|title=Bawal|date=12 June 2015|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/album/bengali/Bawal-2015/RKN0NMFhkUU_|accessdate=15 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
|''Swapno Je Tui''
|"Tor Choke te Cheye"
"Priyotomo"

"College er Din"
|
|
|-
|''[[Agnee 2]]''
|"Akk Khan Chummu"
"Baanjaara"
|[[Eskay Movies|Eskay Music]]
[[Jaaz Multimedia|Jaaz Music]]
|<ref name=":5">{{Citation|title=Agnee|date=1 January 2015|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/album/bengali/Agnee-2015/Ioqd6HMfLds_|accessdate=15 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" |2016
|''[[Ostitto]]''
|"Tor Name Likhechi"
|Action Cut Entertainment
|
|-
|[[Mental (2016 film)|''Mental'']]
|"Amar Moton ke Ache Bolo"
|Banglaxpress
|
|-
|[[Angaar (2016 film)|''Angaar'']]
|"Kotobar Bujhabo Bol"
|[[Eskay Movies|Eskay Music]]
[[Jaaz Multimedia|Jaaz Music]]
|
|-
|''[[Badsha – The Don]]''
|"Mubarak Eid Mubarak"
|[[Eskay Movies|Eskay Music]]
[[Jaaz Multimedia|Jaaz Music]]
|<ref name=":6">{{Citation|title=Badshah – The Don|date=27 June 2016|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/album/bengali/Badshah---The-Don-2016/x0Yt1rAJUj0_|accessdate=15 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Rokto]]''
|"Pori"
"Heartbeat"

"Jante Jodi Chao"
|[[Eskay Movies|Eskay Music]]
[[Jaaz Multimedia|Jaaz Music]]
|<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/deshi-grapevine/pori-moni-signs-jaaz-multimedia-1219807|title=Pori Moni signs with Jaaz Multimedia|date=7 May 2016|work=The Daily Star|access-date=18 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bossgiri]]''
|"Mon Toke Chara"
|Khan Films
|
|-
|''[[Ami Tomar Hote Chai]]''
|"Heila Duila Nach"
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|''[[Premi O Premi]]''
|All Songs
|[[Jaaz Multimedia|Jaaz Music]]
|
|-
|''[[Sultana Bibiana]]''
|"Bhalobashay Ki Jadu"
|
|
|-
|''[[Nabab]]''
|"O DJ O DJ"
|[[Eskay Movies|Eskay Music]]
[[Jaaz Multimedia|Jaaz Music]]
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Nabab by Savvy, Akassh|date=1 June 2017|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/album/bengali/Nabab-2017/4YqhiL8XULU_|accessdate=18 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="14" |2018
|''[[Ami Neta Hobo]]''
|"[[Lal Lipstick]]"
|[[Eskay Movies|Eskay Music]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |''[[Bizli]]''
| Party Party Party
|
|
|-
| Ure Ure Mon
|[[Bobstar Films]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |''[[Poramon 2]]''
|Number One Hero
|
|
|-
| Suto Kata Guri
|[[Jaaz Multimedia|Jaaz Music]]
|
|-
|''Purnimar Chad''
|Purnimar Chad
|Akassh Sen
|
|-
|''Ami Mukhyo Mantri Hobo''
|Chol Jabo Tor Parai
|Akassh Sen
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |''[[Chittagainga Powa Noakhailla Maiya]]''
|Golapi Golapi
|
|
|-
| Keno Ajkal
|[[Shapla Media]]
| Unlimited Audio Video
|-
|[[Super Hero (film)|''Super Hero'']]
|Tomak Apon Kore
|Unlimited Audio Video
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |''Mone Rekho''
|Bondhu Bine Pran Bache Na
|
|
|-
| Korbo Rate Call
|Heart Bit
|
|-
|[[Captain Khan (film)|''Captain Khan'']]
|Kanchan Pirit
|[[Jaaz Multimedia|Jaaz Music]]
|
|-
|[[Dahan (2018 film)|''Dahan'']]
|Hazir Biriyani
|[[Jaaz Multimedia|Jaaz Music]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[Tui Amar Rani]]''
|Misti (Item Song)
|[[Prince Entertainment P4]]
|
|-
|''[[Password (2019 Bangladeshi film)|Password]]''
|Eid Mubarak
|SK Films
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Bir (film)|Bir]]''
|[[Tumi Amar Jibon]]
|SK Films
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Priyotoma]]''
|Qurbani Qurbani{{Br}}[[O Priyotoma]]
|[[Tiger Media]]{{Br}}
SK Films
|
|-
|2024
|[[Rajkumar (2024 film)|''Rajkumar'']]
|Rajkumar
|Versatile Media
|
|}

====As singer====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Song !! Co-singer(s) !! Label !! Reference
|-
| 2009 || ''Friend'' || "Papa I Love You"
"Shakalaka Boom Boom"
|
|
|
|-
| 2012 || ''Tor Naam'' || "College Campus e"
|
|Weird Industries
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''[[Golemale Pirit Koro Na]]'' || "Golemale Pirit Korona"
"Sudhu Bolte Chai"
|
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF Music]]
|
|-
| [[Nishwartha Bhalobasa|''Nishwartha Bhalobasa – What is Love?'']] || "Dhakar Pola"
"Dhakar Pola – Remix"
|
|[[Monsoon Films|Monsoon]]
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014 || ''[[Ami Shudhu Cheyechi Tomay]]'' || "Bangladesher Meye"
|
|[[Eskay Movies|Eskay Music]]
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| ''[[Most Welcome 2]]'' || "Tor Jadu"
|
|[[Monsoon Films|Monsoon]]
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
| Action || "Action Title Track"
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015 || ''[[Romeo vs Juliet]]'' || "Romeo Juliet"
"Shohag Chand"
|
|[[Eskay Movies|Eskay Music]]
[[Jaaz Multimedia|Jaaz Music]]
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
| ''Cocktail'' || "Chirodini Tomar"
"Disco Theker Joy"
|
|
|
|-
| [[Bawal (film)|''Bawal'']] || "Bawal Suru Holo"
"Du Choke Tor Swapne"
|
|[[KR Movies and Entertainment|KR Movies & Entertainment]]
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2016 || ''[[Ostitto]]'' || "Tor Name Likhechi Hridoy"
|
|Action Cut Entertainment
|
|-
| [[Mental (2016 film)|''Mental'']] || "Amar Moton Ke Ache Bolo"
|
|Banglaxpress
|
|-
| [[Angaar (2016 film)|''Angaar'']] || "Kotobar Bojhabo"
|
|[[Eskay Movies|Eskay Music]]
[[Jaaz Multimedia|Jaaz Music]]
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
| [[Badsha - The Don|''Badshah – The Don'']] || "Mubarak Eid Mubarak"
|
|[[Eskay Movies|Eskay Music]]
[[Jaaz Multimedia|Jaaz Music]]
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
| ''[[Rokto]]'' || "Pori"
|[[Kanika Kapoor]]
|[[Eskay Movies|Eskay Music]]
[[Jaaz Multimedia|Jaaz Music]]
|
|-
| ''[[Bossgiri]]'' || "Mon Toke Chara"
|
|Khan Films
|
|-
| ''[[Ami Tomar Hote Chai]]'' || "Heila Duila Nach"
|[[Dilshad Nahar Kona|Kona]]
|
|
|-
|[[Sultana Bibiana]]|| "Bhalobashay Ki Jadu"
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Premi O Premi]]'' || "Premi O Premi"
|
| rowspan="2" |[[Jaaz Multimedia|Jaaz Music]]
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|"Chok Chok Korlei"
|Lemis
|-
|''[[Nabab]]''
|"O DJ O DJ"
|[[Dilshad Nahar Kona|Kona]]
|[[Eskay Movies|Eskay Music]]
[[Jaaz Multimedia|Jaaz Music]]
|
|-
|
|Hridoyer Ayna
|Title Track
|Trisha Chatterjee
|Unlimited Audio Video
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Ami Neta Hobo]]''
|"[[Lal Lipstick]]"
|Trisha Chatterjee
|[[Eskay Movies|Eskay Music]]
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Password (2019 Bangladeshi film)|Password]]''
|"Eid Mubarak"
|Solo
|SK Films
|
|-
|2023
|[[Priyotoma]]
|Qurbani Qurbani
|Solo
|[[Tiger Media]]SK Films
|
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Song
! Album
! Result
|-
| 2012
| Mirchi Music Awards Bangla
| Best Bangla Band Album
| ''All Songs''
| Guru
| {{Nominated}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Song
! Film
! Result
|-
| 2013
| Mirchi Music Awards Bangla
| Best Upcoming Music Director
| ''Tor Naam''
| Tor Naam
| {{won}}
|-
| 2015
| Tele Cine Awards
| Best Music Director
| ''Bangladesher Meye''
| [[Ami Shudhu Cheyechi Tomay]]
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| 2018
| I Star Award (Bangladesh)
| Best Singer
| ''Number One hero''
| [[PoraMon 2]]
| {{won}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

==External links==
* [https://soundcloud.com/akassh Soundcloud]
* [https://lyricsmasterbd.com/ei-je-tomar-prem-lyrics-rabindra-sangeet/ lyrics]
* [https://www.bengali-hindi-lyrics.com/2021/02/tore-khuji-lyrics-agnee-2-mahiya-mahi.html?m=1 lyrics]
* [http://www.gdn8.com/2015/07/tore-khuji-lyrics-agnee-2-akassh.html?m=1 lyrics]
* [http://www.gdn8.com/2014/12/main-tera-romeo-song-lyrics.html?m=1 lyrics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318014525/https://www.gdn8.com/2014/12/main-tera-romeo-song-lyrics.html?m=1 |date=18 March 2022 }}
* [https://www.bengali-hindi-lyrics.com/2021/02/main-tera-romeo-song-lyrics-romeo-vs.html Bengali lyrics]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sOOAfqArE6s YouTube]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akassh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengali singers]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:People from Baharampur]]
[[Category:Krishnath College alumni]]

Balija

2026-01-02T02:41:29Z

Imteenu: updated citations after review

{{Short description|Indian caste}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox caste
| caste_name = Balija
| classification =
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
| languages = [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| country =India
| populated_states = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], [[Telangana]], [[Kerala]]
}}

The '''Balija''' are a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking [[merchant|mercantile]] community primarily living in the Indian states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]] and in smaller numbers in [[Telangana]] and [[Kerala]].<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Jakka Parthasarathy |author2=|title=Rural Population in Indian Urban Setting
|volume= |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |year=1984|page=52|isbn=9788170181392|quote=Balija are the chief Telugu trading caste, scattered ! throughout Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KLwiAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Narendra Nath Bhattacharyya |author2=|title=Indian Puberty Rites
|volume= |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |year=1980|page=23|isbn=9780836407761|quote=Balija, a class of Telugu merchants | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtLfAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Gilbert Slater |author2=|title=Economic studies-Some South Indian Villages
|volume=1 |publisher=H. Milford, Oxford University Press |year=1918|page=246|isbn=|quote=Balijas, the chief Telugu trading caste, found all over Madras Presidency. Many are landowners and cultivators | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UG4UAAAAIAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=K. S. Singh, B. G. Halbar |author2=|title= People of India:Karnataka, Part 1 |volume= 26|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |year=2003|page=287|isbn=9788185938981|quote=The Balija are a community of Telugu origin and are scattered all over Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vxMwAQAAIAAJ }}
</ref> In Tamil Nadu, they are known as [[Gavara]]is.<ref name="Kavarai" />

== Etymology ==
Variations of the name in use in the medieval era were ''Balanja'', ''Bananja'', ''Bananju'', ''Banajiga'' and ''Banijiga'', with probable cognates ''Balijiga'', ''Valanjiyar'', ''Balanji'', ''Bananji'' and derivatives such as ''Baliga'', all of which are said to be derived from the [[Sanskrit]] term ''Vanik'' or ''Vanij'', for trader.<ref name="EpigraphiaIndica1983">{{cite journal |author1=Devadatta Ramkrishna Bhandarkar |author2=Archaeological Survey of India |year=1983 |title=Epigraphia Indica |journal=Epigraphica |volume=18 |page=335 |issn=0013-9572 |lccn=sa66006469 |quote=As regards the derivation of this word, the late Mr Venkayya says:- In Kanarese banajiga is still used to denote a class of merchants. In Telugu the word balija or balijiga has the same meaning. It is therefore probable that the words valañjiyam, valanjiyar, balañji, banañji, banajiga and balija are cognate, and derived from the Sanskrit vanij}}</ref><ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=A. Satyanarayana, Mukkamala Radhakrishna Sarma |author2=|title=Castes, Communities, and Culture in Andhra Desa, 17th & 18th Centuries, A.D
|volume= |publisher=Osmania University |year=1996|page=106|quote=Dr. Fleet has rightly pointed out that the term Balija indicated their profession namely trade. He traces the Bananju and the modern Banajiga to the Sanskrit term "Vanija" "Vanijiga" meaning merchant or traders. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbm_Oyo8XFMC }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=B. Muddachari |author2=|title=Economic History of Karnataka
|volume= |publisher=Udaya Prakashana |year=1982|page=22|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-TsAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=T. V. Mahalingam |author2=|title=South Indian Polity |publisher=University of Madras |year=1967|page=402| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqC3ySDTlM8C }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=K. Lalitamba |author2=|title=Virasaivism in Andhra
|volume= |publisher=P.R. Krishnamurty |year=1976|page=69|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1sIcAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=B. S. L. Hanumantha Rao |author2=|title=Social Mobility in Medieval Andhra
|volume= |publisher=Telugu University |year=1995|page=170|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CsPkAAAAMAAJ }}
</ref>

Another version for etymology states that Balija is derived from the Sanskrit word ''[[Bali (sacrifice)|Bali]]'', a sacrifice made during '[[Yajna|Yagna]]' ritual and ''Ja'' meaning born. Therefore, Balija means 'born from sacrifice'.<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[Arthur Maurice Hocart]] |author2=|title=Kings and Councillors: An Essay in the Comparative Anatomy of Human Society
|volume= |publisher=Printing office P. Barbey |year=1936|page=115|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OqIiAQAAIAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Venkatesa Iyengar |author2=|title=The Mysore Tribes and Castes
|volume=2 |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1932|page=100|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zseCqGFRpyQC }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=T. Madhava Menon |author2=|title=A Handbook of Kerala
|volume=2 |publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics |year=2000|page=668|isbn=978-81-85692-31-9|quote=Balija literally means born out of sacrifice | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjVuAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=H. D. Singh |author2=|title=543 Faces of India: Guide to 543 Parliamentary Constituencies
|volume= |publisher=Newmen Publishers |year=1996|page=28|isbn=978-81-900669-0-7|quote=The name Balija is derived from the Sanskrit word Bali meaning sacrifice and Ja meaning born . They owe their origin to the performance of Yagnam .| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YxuLAAAAMAAJ }}
</ref>

== Origins ==
Beginning in the 9th century, references are found in inscriptions throughout the Kannada and Tamil areas to a trading network, which is sometimes referred to as a guild, called the [[Five Hundred Lords of Ayyavolu]] that provided trade links between trading communities in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Karnataka]].<ref>
*{{Cite book|last1=Stein|first1=Burton|title=A History of India|last2=Arnold|first2=David|date=4 February 2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1444323511|pages=120}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Aravind Kumar |author2=|title=Studies in Kannada Inscriptions in Telangana
|volume= |publisher=Department of History, Archaeology and Culture, Dravidian University |year=2006|page=88|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gz9mAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last= |author2=|title=The Indian Antiquary
|volume=56 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1927|page=197|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XqTaGy9KOfsC }}
</ref> From the 13th century, inscriptions referring to "''Vira Balanjyas''" (warrior merchants) started appearing in the [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] country.<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=K. Sundaram |author2=|title=Studies in Economic and Social Conditions of Medieval Andhra, A. D. 1000-1600
|volume= |publisher=Triveni Publishers |year=1968|page=69|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJFXAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Kambhampati Satyanarayana |author2=|title=A Study of the History and Culture of the Andhras: From stone age to feudalism
|volume= |publisher=People's Publishing House |year=1975|page=334|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bYsBAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last= |author2=|title=Itihas
|volume=6 |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |year=1978|page=71| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwpDAAAAYAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Hem Chandra Ray, K. M. De Silva |author2=|title=History of Ceylon
|volume=1 |publisher=Ceylon University Press|isbn= |year=1960|page=550|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQZDAAAAYAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Angadipuram Appadorai |author2=|title=Economic Conditions in Southern India (1000-1500 A.D.)
|volume= |publisher=University of Madras |year=1936|page=394|quote= | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39545/page/n407/mode/1up }}</ref> The ''Vira Balanjyas'', whose origins are often claimed to lie in the Ayyavolu, represented long-distance trading networks that employed fighters to protect their warehouses and goods in transit. The traders were identified as ''nanadesi'' (of 'many countries') and as ''swadesi'' ('own country').<ref>
*{{Cite book|last=Stein|first=Burton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&q=Ayyavolu&pg=PA120|title=A History of India|date=2010-02-04|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1|language=en}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=James Ford Bell, John Parker |author2= |title=Merchants & Scholars: Essays in the History of Exploration and Trade |volume= |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=1965|page=51|isbn=9780816672578|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dW8sAAAAMAAJ }}
</ref> The terms ''balanjya-setti'' and ''balija'' were also used for these traders, and in later times ''[[naidu]]'' and ''chetti''.<ref name="talbot75">{{cite book |last=Talbot |first=Cynthia |title=Pre-colonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19803-123-9 |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C |page=75}}</ref> These traders formed collectives called ''pekkandru'' and differentiated themselves from other collectives called ''nagaram'', which probably represented [[Komati (caste)|Komati]] merchants. The ''pekkandru'' collectives also included members of other communities with status titles [[Reddy|reddi]], ''boya'' and ''nayaka''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Talbot |first=Cynthia |title=Pre-colonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19803-123-9 |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C |page=81}}</ref> They spread all over [[South India]], [[Sri Lanka]], and also some countries in the [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name="SarmaSōmaśēkharaśarma1948">{{citation|last1=Sarma|first1=M Somasekhara|last2=Sōmaśēkharaśarma|first2=Mallampalli|title=History of the Reddi Kingdoms (circa. 1325 A.D. to Circa 1448 A.D.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diYLAQAAIAAJ|year=1948|publisher=Andhra University|page=396}}</ref><ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Manguin |editor1-first=Pierre-Yves |editor2-last=Mani |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Wade |editor3-first=Geoff |last1=Perret |first1=Daniel |last2=Surachman |first2=Heddy |chapter=South Asia and the Tapanuli Area (North-West Sumatra): Ninth-Fourteenth Centuries CE |title=Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-cultural Exchange |volume=2 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=2011|page=170|isbn=9789814345101| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ni9AlOLTFZYC }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Upinder Singh |author2=|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
|volume= |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2009|page=602|isbn=9789332569966|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvauDwAAQBAJ }}
</ref>

== Medieval history ==
=== Chalukya period ===
The earliest inscriptions mentioning the Balija community are from the [[Western Chalukya Empire|Western Chalukya]] period, specifically during the reign of King [[Someshvara I]] and are found in the [[Shimoga]] region of present-day [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Dr. K. Munirathnam |author2=|title=Annual Report on Indian Epigraphy (2017-2018)
|volume= |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]], [[Delhi]]|year=2018|pages=4, 86|quote=No. B 346 from Beguru, in Shikaripura taluk, Shimoga district, Karnataka is a Kannada record, engraved on a slab set up to the right side of Sri Mallikarjuna temple. It belongs to the reign of the king Trailokyamalladeva (Someshvara I) and is dated Saka 988, Parabhava, Bhadrapada Su. 15, lunar eclipse, Monday, corresponding to 1066 A.D, September 6 and the weekday being Wednesday. The purport of the record is to register the grant of land for feeding the students of the alms house belonging to the matha of Mallikarjuna temple by a certain person (name not mentioned), son of Soma and grandson of Kontada Віrа of Balija kula. The land was obtained from Lakshmarasa, the ruler of Banavasi - 12000, after getting the consent of Manneya Jogayya, Santa gavunda of Beluru and Keta gavunda. The land was entrusted to Trilochana Panditadeva. The donee also constructed several tanks and named one of them as sarvajna gatta. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bTy8wgEACAAJ}}</ref>

=== Kakatiya period ===
The Balija community is mentioned in [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]] inscriptions, particularly during the reign of King [[Prataparudra|Prataparudra II]] and are found in the [[Nandyal]] region of present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=J. Ramayya Pantulu, Lakshminarayan rao |author2=|title= South Indian Inscriptions (Texts) Telugu Inscriptions from the Madras Presidency
|volume=10 |publisher= |year=1948|pages=285, 286|isbn=|quote=Inscription no. 528 | url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.34759/mode/1up }}</ref> According to Prataparudra charitra and Siddheswara charitra mentioned that the balijas lived at [[Orugallu]], the capital of the [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya kingdom]].<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=C. V. Ramachandra Rao |author2=|title=Ekamranathuni Prataparudra Caritramu
|volume= |publisher=Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Akademi |year=1984|pages=73, 74|isbn= |quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8TsSAQAAIAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Kase Sarvappa, Khandavalli Lakshmi Ranjanam |author2=|title=Sri Siddhesvara Caritramu
|volume= |publisher=Andhra Racayitala Sanghamu |year=1960|page=LXXVII|isbn=|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V5k9AAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=K. Satyamurthy |author2=|title=Handbook of Indian Architecture
|volume= |publisher=Ashish Publishing House |year=1991|page=148|isbn=9788170243892|quote=For instance Prataparudra Caritra of Ekamranatha says the fort of Ekasilanagara is shining like Alakapuri (the capital of Kubera, the God of Wealth) and it is having the house of the Brahmanas, the counsellors of the king, the members of Kshatriya origin, the Vaisyas of different economic orders, chiefs of Sudra originally called Padmanayakas, the members of the eighteen castes like goldsmiths (Visvakarma), oilmonger (Tenugu - a corrupt form of Telaka), stone - cutters (Uppera), Bruisers (Idiga), Basketeer (Medara), Washermen (Rajaka), herdsmen (Golla), Potters (Kummari), Mongers of colours (Bukka), general merchants (Balija), sectarian priests of Saiva religion (Siva brahmana), fishermen (Besta) and carpenters (Sangara) besides the weavers of silk sarees and cotton fabrics (Padmasale) and the householders who feed the outsiders.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L0U3AQAAIAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Modali Nagabhushana Sarma, Mudigonda Veerabhadra Sastry |author2=|title=History and Culture of the Andhras
|volume= |publisher=Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rau Vijnana Sarvaswa Sakha, Telugu University |year=1995|page=81|isbn=9788186073070 |quote=Prataparudra Charitra, though a later work, furnishes some idea of the urban population of the capital, Orugallu. The list given in it includes Brahmins, ministers and other dignitaries, warriors, ordinary merchants or Vaisyas, rich merchants, Padmanayakas (Velamas), Visvakarmas (goldsmiths), Gollas (cowherds), Kapus (cultivators), Edigas (tappers), Siva Brahmanas, Kumbhakaras (potters), Pattusales (silk weavers), Padma sales (ordinary weavers), Medaras (basket makers), Upparas (earth excavators), Meras (tailors), Bestas (fishermen), Tenugus, Bukkas and Samgaras (their specific profession not known), Rajakas (washermen), Vesyas (prostitutes), Putakutivaru (hoteliers), Balijas (also called Bananja), and others. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTluAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Pedarapu Chenna Reddy, A. Satyanarayana |author2=|title=Recent Trends in Historical Studies
|volume= |publisher=Research India Press |year=2005|page=87|isbn=9788189131029|quote=1)Brahmanas-18000, 2)Manthris-2000, 3)kshatriyas-2000, 4)vaisyaas-30000, 5)Among them vaisyas who were crorepatis-420, 6)Padmanayakulu-77, 7)Astadasa varnambulu-150000, 8)Visvakarma Vamsajulu (Craftmen)-20000, 9)Gollavaru (Shepherds)-4000, 10)Kapulu (cultivators)-16000, 11)Idugulu (toddy tappers)-3000, 12)Sivabrahmanas-15000, 13)Kummarlu (potters)-4500, 14)Pattunese Salevaru (silk weavers)-9000, 15)Medara (basket makers)-2000, 16)Chittaru vrasevaru (Painters)-2500, 17)Upparas (those who dig tanks)-15900, 18)Bestavandlu (fisherman)-16000, 19)Tenugus-6500, 20)Bukkas-6300, 21)Sangaras-13000, 22)Rajakas (washerman)-50000, 23)Vesyalu (Prostitutes)-127000, 24)Balijas-15000 Apart from the above number of houses the Prataparudra Charitramu gives the number of big shops as 700, soldiers houses as 300, and putakutillu or vantalakkalaidlu and so on. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjluAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last= |author2=|title=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society
|volume= 69|publisher=Mythic Society |year=1978|page=136|isbn= |quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cgJuAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Kandavalli Balendu Sekaram |author2=|title=The Andhras Through the Ages, Parts 1-2
|volume= |publisher=Sri Saraswati Book Depot |year=1973|page=53|isbn=|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzduAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last= |author2=|title=Andhra Pradesh Government Archaeological Series
|volume=52 |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |year=1978|page=270|isbn=|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IoYuAQAAIAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last= |author2=|title=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
|volume=64 |publisher=Indian History Congress |year=2004|page=590|isbn=|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NHQMAQAAMAAJ }}
</ref>

=== Post-Kakatiya period ===
In the caste-based hierarchy, Balijas hold a high position along with [[Kamma (caste)|Kammas]], [[Reddy|Reddis]] and [[Velama]]s. they also served as military generals ([[Nayak (title)|Nayakas]]) and warriors under the [[Musunuri Nayakas]] and [[Reddi Kingdom|Kondavidu kingdom]].<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Ravula Soma Reddy |author2=|title=Studies in the Socio-economic History of Medieval: Andhra Desa
|volume= |publisher=Research India Press|year=2007|page=149|isbn=9788189131142|quote=The 75 Nayakas of Musunuri kingdom of Warangal probably included among them many Kammas, Velamas, Reddis and Balijas. Anitalli Epigraph mentions prolaya Vema Reddi as one of the 75 Nayakas of Kapaya's kingdom. The Nayakas of the Kondaviti kingdom belonged mostly to the Reddi, Velama, and Balija castes and some were Muslims. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_LZAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=N. S. Ramachandra Murthy |author2=|title=Forts of Āndhra Pradesh: From the Earliest Times Upto 16th C. A.D
|volume= |publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan|year=1996|page=151|isbn=9788186050033|quote=There were also appointed several officers to defend different forts, who belonged mostly to the Velama and Balija communities. There also appear to be Muslim officers in the service of the Reddis, which fact is supported by the names of the officers furnished by the dandakavile. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYDfAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=K. K. Kusuman |author2=|title=Proceedings Volume of The Fourteenth Annual Session of South Indian History Congress
|volume=14 |publisher=The Congress |year=1995|pages=309, 310|isbn=|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CA9uAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Mackenzie Manuscripts |author2=|title= Grama Kaifiyathulu, Gunturu Thaluka
|volume=2 |publisher=Andhra Pradesh State Archives & Research Institute |year=1982|pages=34–35, 52|isbn=|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bDc0AEACAAJ }}
*{{Cite journal|editor1-last= |author2=|title=Sri Venkateswara University Oriental Journal |journal=Sri Venkateswara University Oriental Journal |volume=17-20 |year=1977|page=66 |quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HB9CBwg6WZkC }}
</ref>

=== Vijayanagara period ===
Balijas served as ministers, military generals, and provincial governors in the Vijayanagara Empire.<ref>
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Peter Fibiger Bang, Dariusz Kolodziejczyk |author2=|title=Universal Empire: A Comparative Approach to Imperial Culture and Representation in Eurasian History
|volume= |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2012|page=225|isbn=9781139560955|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYYhAwAAQBAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Ravula Soma Reddy |author2=|title=Studies in the Socio-economic History of Medieval: Andhra Desa
|volume= |publisher=Research India Press|year=2007|page=151|isbn=9788189131142|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_LZAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last= Daniel D'Attilio |author2=|title=The Last Vijayanagara Kings|volume= |publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison |year=1995|page=81|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9JOAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Christopher Chekuri |author2=|title=All in the Family: Nayaka Strategies in the Making of the Vijayanagara Empire, South India
|volume= |publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison |year=1997|page=29|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OFLAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=A. Satyanarayana, Mukkamala Radhakrishna Sarma |author2=|title=Castes, Communities, and Culture in Andhra Desa, 17th & 18th Centuries, A.D
|volume= |publisher=Osmania University |year=1996|page=111|quote=The Balija merchants who had acquired good experience in administering justice and managing local administration were ideally suited for his purpose. They became chieftains of small principalities. They received Nayakattanas and Amaramaganis from the Vijayanagara rulers and administered many regions in various parts of the empire.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbm_Oyo8XFMC }}
</ref> A number of the [[Nayaka dynasties]] of the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] and post-Vijayanagara periods were of Balija origin, including the [[Madurai Nayak dynasty|Nayaka rulers of Madurai]], [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur]], [[Nayaks of Gingee|Gingee]], [[Nayakas of Belur|Belur]], [[Channapatna]], [[Rayadurgam]] and [[Nayaks of Kandy|Kandy]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=[[Noboru Karashima]] |author2=|title=Kingship in Indian History
|volume= |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |year=1999|page=192|isbn=9788173043260|quote=To understand the historical process of the reducing of the Nayakas as an open status group into a mere shell of what they had formerly been and the growth of respective caste identities, the Telugu Balija caste and its history may give an important clue. Many Nayakas, including the three major Nayakas in the Tamil area and the Nayakas of Cannapattana, Beluru, and Rayadurga in the Kannada area, are said to have been Telugu Balijas.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oyiKAAAAMAAJ }}</ref><ref name="kandy" />

[[Velcheru Narayana Rao]] et al. note that the Balijas were first mobilised politically by the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] emperor [[Krishnadevaraya]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Rao |first1=Velcheru Narayana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=znFuAAAAMAAJ |title=Symbols of substance: court and state in Nāyaka Period Tamilnadu |last2=Shulman |first2=David Dean |last3=Subrahmanyam |first3=Sanjay |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1992 |pages=10, 74 |isbn=978-0-19-563021-3 |quote= |author-link=Velcheru Narayana Rao |author-link2=David Dean Shulman |author-link3=Sanjay Subrahmanyam}}</ref> Later, in the 15th and 16th centuries, they colonised the Tamil country and established Nayaka chieftaincies. At this time, ''Balijas'' were leaders of the [[Idangai|left-hand]] section of castes. These Balija warriors were noted as fearless and some stories speak of them assassinating kings who interfered with their affairs.<ref name=":0" /> Cynthia Talbot believes that in Andhra the transformation of occupational descriptors into caste-based descriptors did not occur until at least the 17th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cynthia Talbot |title=Pre-colonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19803-123-9 |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C |page=86}}</ref>

=== British period ===
The classification of people as Balija was one of many challenges for the [[Census of India prior to independence|census enumerators of the British Raj era]], whose desire was to reduce a complex social system to one of administrative simplicity using theories of [[evolutionary anthropology]].{{efn|The Raj theories of evolutionary anthropology, typified by the work of [[Herbert Hope Risley|H. H. Risley]], are nowadays considered to be [[scientific racism]].}} Early Raj census attempts in [[Madras Presidency]] recorded a wide variety of people claiming to be members of Balija subcastes but who appeared to share little in common and thus defied the administrative desire for what it considered to be a rational and convenient taxonomy. Those who claimed to be Chetty had an obvious connection through their engagement in trade and those who called themselves [[Kavarai]] were simply using the Tamil word for Balija but, for example, the [[Linga Balija]] based their claim to Balija status on a sectarian identification, the Gazula were bangle-makers by occupation, the [[Telaga]] had Telugu origins and the Rajamahendram also appeared to be a geographic claim based on their origins in the town of [[Rajahmundry]]. Subsequent attempts to rationalise the enumeration merely created other anomalies and caused upset.<ref>{{cite book |title=South India |editor1-first=Christopher John |editor1-last=Baker |editor2-first=D. A. |editor2-last=Washbrook |first=Christopher John |last=Baker |chapter=Figures and Facts: Madras Government Statistics 1880-1940 |publisher=Springer |year=1975 |isbn=978-1-34902-746-0 |pages=222–223 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHCwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA222}}</ref>

== Geographical distribution ==
Balijas are found in [[Rayalaseema]] region of Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite journal|editor1-last=D. Padmavthi |author2=|title=Folktales of the Bangle making caste of andhra pradesh|journal=Folk-lore |volume=21 |publisher=Indian Publications |year=1980|page=57 |quote=Balija caste is one of the Castes in the Sudra category of Chatur Varna. They are referred to by different names in Andhra Pradesh . In Rayalaseema region they are called as Balija and in Telangana region they are known as Thelage and Pariki Castes . Desai and Gayakward are cognate castes of Balija in Western India (Andhra Matha, May 1972).| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TcvjAAAAMAAJ }}</ref> In [[Tamilnadu]], Balijas are known as [[Gavara]]is.<ref name="Kavarai" /> The often use the title [[Naidu]], [[Nayak (title)|Naicker]] and [[Chettiar]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=R. Thirumalai, S. Manoharan |author2=|title=People of India: Tamil Nadu
|volume= |publisher=Affiliated East-West Press |year=1997|page=211|isbn=9788185938882 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXHiAAAAMAAJ }}</ref> In [[Karnataka]], they have four sub sect based on occupations and territories, namely Dasa Balija, Gajula Balija, Dundi Balija and Goni Balija. while [[Telugu language|telugu]] is their mother tongue, they also speak [[kannada]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=K. S. Singh, B. G. Halbar |author2=|title=People of India: Karnataka
|volume= 1|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |year=2003|page=287|isbn=9788185938981| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vxMwAQAAIAAJ }}</ref>

== Balija branches ==

* Balija Chettis (or Chetti Balija): Mentioned in several [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]] accounts as wealthy merchants who controlled powerful trading guilds.<ref>
*{{cite book |title=Vijayanagara |year=1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC |series=The New Cambridge History of India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26693-2 |page=87 |author-link=Burton Stein |first=Burton |last=Stein}}
*{{cite book |title=Constructing the Colonial Encounter: Right and Left Hand Castes in Early Colonial South India |first=Niels |last=Brimnes |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |isbn=9780700711062 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HdSABP70H9sC |page=3}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Paul |first1=John Jeya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3GuKnZTGG4C&q=chetty+Balija |title=Religion and Public Culture: Encounters and Identities in Modern South India |last2=Yandell |first2=Keith E. |date=2000 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-7007-1101-7 |pages=33–34 |language=en}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Sinnappah Arasaratnam |author2=|title=Maritime India in the Seventeenth Century
|volume= |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1994|page=208|isbn=978-0-19-563424-2|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bc6GAAAAIAAJ }}</ref> To secure their loyalty, the Vijayanagar kings made them [[Desai]]s or "superintendents of all castes in the country."<ref>{{cite book |title=Constructing the Colonial Encounter: Right and Left Hand Castes in Early Colonial South India |first=Niels |last=Brimnes |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |isbn=9780700711062 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HdSABP70H9sC |page=20}}</ref> They were classified as right-hand castes.<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Susan Margaret Neild |author2=|title=Madras: The Growth of a Colonial City in India, 1780-1840
|volume= |publisher=University of Chicago |year=1977|page=224|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSFuAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Wilhelm Koppers, Leonard J. Jungblut |author2=|title=Bowmen of Mid-India: A Monography of the Bhils of Jhabua M. P. and Adjoining Territories
|volume=2 |publisher=Elisabeth Stiglmayr |year=1976|page=243|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9sAKAQAAIAAJ }}
</ref> David Rudner claims that the Balija Chettis became a separate caste from the Balija [[Nayak (title)|Nayak]] warriors as recent as the 19th century; and accordingly they have closer kinship ties to the Nayak warriors than to Chetti merchants.<ref>{{cite journal|editor1-last=David West Rudner|title= Religious Gifting and Inland Commerce in Seventeenth-Century South India|journal= Journal of Asian Studies
|volume=46 |issue=2|publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1987|pages=361–379|doi=10.2307/2056019|jstor=2056019|language=|quote=Thus Balija Chettis, for example, are actually a caste that fissioned off from the Balija Nayak (‘warrior’) caste as recently as the nineteenth century. Accordingly, they have closer kinship ties to these Nayak “warriors” than to Chetti merchants. | url=https://archive.org/details/journalofasianst0046unse_o3z8 |last1=Rudner|first1=David West}}</ref>
* [[Gavara]] is a trading community and is a sub-caste of Balija.<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=P. R. G. Mathur |author2=|title=Applied Anthropology and Challenges of Development in India
|volume= |publisher=Punthi-Pustak |year=1994|page=341|isbn=9788185094793|quote=Similarly too the Balija community, with two sub-divisions, Gajalu Balija and Gavara Balija, migrated originally from Tamil Nadu. The Balija Gavarai are popularly known as Naidus and the other as Chetties Valai Chatties, Chettiars. It is said that they originally spoke Telugu. They are mainly traders and jewellers. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PuuAAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Pradip . K Bhowmick |author2=|title=Man and Life
|volume= 28|publisher=Institute of Social Research and Applied Anthropology |year=2002|page= 59|quote=Balija, a Telugu speaking migrant caste to Kerala, is segmented into two sub-castes, viz., Gavara Naidu and Gajaiu Balija (Vala Chetti).| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5CAAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Vijaya Ramaswamy |author2=|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils
|volume= |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2017|page=43|isbn=9781538106860 |quote=In recent years, migrant communities, like the Gajula Balijas—called Gavarai in the Tamil country—have joined the agricultural workforce, giving up their traditional profession as bangle sellers | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ }}
</ref> They have [[marriage]] relationship with the Balijas.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=G. Karunanithi |author2=|title=Caste and Class in Industrial Organisation
|volume= |publisher=Commonwealth Publishers|isbn=9788171691425 |year=1991|page=45|quote=A section of the Naidu migrants in Tamilnadu call themselves Kavarais. They are included in the list of backward classes. They have marital relationship with the Balijas.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=agocAAAAIAAJ }}</ref> [[Kavarai]] is the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] name for Balijas who have settled in Tamil Nadu and is the Tamilised rendition of [[Kavarai|Gavara]].<ref name="Kavarai">
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Kumarasamy Rajaram |author2=|title=History of Thirumalai Nayak
|volume= |publisher=Ennes Publications|isbn= |year=1982|page=82|quote= Kamma, Gavarai, Padma Velama and Kambalathar are the Telugu speaking communities. Gavarais are also called Balijas or bangle merchants. Kambalathars are called Tottiars (those with a Kambalam or blanket). The Kamma and the Gavarai topped the list as merchants and agriculturists par excellence. The Padma Velamas are good agriculturists.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_QFCAAAAIAAJ }}
*{{cite book |last=Mukund |first=Kanakalatha|author-link=Kanakalatha Mukund |title=The Trading World of the Tamil Merchant: Evolution of Merchant Capitalism in the Coromandel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjXdDYChdGsC&pg=PA46 |date=1999 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1661-8 |page=46|quote=Kavarai (the Tamil word for Balija merchants)}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Niels Brimnes |author2=|title=Constructing the Colonial Encounter: Right and Left Hand Castes in Early Colonial South India
|volume= |publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136819209 |year=2019|page=189|quote=The deserters, who defined themselves as maga nadu tesattar, consisted of right hand castes and were headed by Vellalas and Tamilized Balijas, known as Kavarais. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fIsECwAAQBAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=R. Nagaswamy |author2=|title=Studies in South Indian History and Culture
|volume= |publisher=V.R. Ramachandra Dikshitar Centenary Committee |year=1997|page=321|quote=Turning now to another Telugu group, the Balijas, also called Kavarai, it appears that although this was a trading caste, members could also take to textile manufacture.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kRuAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Jawaharlal Nehru University. Centre for Historical Studies |author2=|title=Studies in History
|volume=11, 6 |publisher=Sage|isbn= |year=1995|page=8|quote=English trade in Madras, the much sought after, and obviously lucrative, exclusive contracts for trading with the English Company (both for supplying textiles and other goods and buying the European goods) had been cornered by the Right side merchants, especially the Balijas (often referred to as the Kavarai in Tamil).| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LG0MAQAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[Ananda Ranga Pillai]], [[Frederick Price (civil servant)|John Frederick Price]] |author2=|title=The Private Diary of Ananda Ranga Pillai, Dubash to Joseph François Dupleix, Governor of Pondicherry: A Record of Matters, Political, Historical, Social, and Personal, from 1736-1761
|volume=2 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1984|page=67|isbn=|quote=The Kavarais, known also as Balijas, are the trading caste of the Telugus, and belong to the right hand.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7yRuAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=R. Roque, K. Wagner |author2=|title=Engaging Colonial Knowledge: Reading European Archives in World History
|volume= |publisher=Springer |year=2011|page=170|isbn=9780230360075 |quote=Within the right hand division the leading individuals were from the communities of Vellalas and Kavarais. The former constituted, as in other parts of Tamil Nadu, the established agricultural elite, while the latter were Telugu-speaking Balija Chetties, who had settled in Tamil country. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2OADAAAQBAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[Chris Baker (writer)|Christopher John Baker]], [[David Washbrook|D. A. Washbrook]] |author2=|title=South India: Political Institutions and Political Change. 1880-1940
|volume= |publisher=Springer |year=1976|page=223|isbn=978-1-349-02746-0|quote=Kavarai was merely the Tamil equivalent of the Telugu word Balija| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHCwCwAAQBAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Venkatesa Iyengar |author2=|title=The Mysore Tribes and Castes
|volume= |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1932|page=102|quote=In the Tamil Districts, Balijas are known as Kavarais | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zseCqGFRpyQC }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Raju Kalidos |author2=|title=History and Culture of the Tamils: From Prehistoric Times to the President's Rule
|volume= |publisher=Vijay Publications |year=1976|pages=239, 240|quote=Chief among the Telugu speaking communities in Tamilaham are the Kammavar, Kavarai or Balijas (bangle merchants), Uppuliya (salt merchants), Seniya (textile workers), Tottiar or Kambalattar (those with a kambalam or blanket), Oddar, Sakkiliar (the menial jobbed), Dombas (acrobats) etc. The Kavarai and Kammavar topped the list as merchants and agriculturists par excellence. In contemporary times they take the name suffix like Naidu and Naicker. The Chettis and Komatis among the Telugu speaking were (and are) noted for their subtle and ingenious practices in trade.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zG1uAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last= |author2=|title=Baptist Missionary Review
|volume=15 |publisher=Methodist Publishing House|isbn= |year=1909|page=441|quote=Among the Nayudus there is a class called Balijas in Telugu and Kavarais in Tamil, many of whom are addicted to drinking - so much so that there is a Telugu proverb that if you are born a Balija it is your prerogative to drink, or, as it is sometimes put, you cannot enjoy the Bavarian bottle unless you are born a Balija.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4mdQAQAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=P. Rajaraman |author2=|title=The Justice Party: A Historical Perspective, 1916-37
|volume= |publisher=Poompozhil Publishers |year=1988|page=19|isbn=|quote=The Balija Naidus, the chief Telugu trading caste were found scattered throughout the Presidency of Madras. In the Tamil districts they were known as Vadugan and Kavarais| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GGMmAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Verinder Grover |author2=|title=Political system in India
|volume=1 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publ |year=1989|page=47|isbn=9788171001163|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LA8FAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Thomas Burrow, Murray Barnson Emeneau |author2=|title=A Dravidian Etymological Dictionary
|volume= |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1984|page=124|isbn=9780198643265|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2R8aAQAAIAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Alpana Pandey |author2=|title=Medieval Andhra: A Socio-Historical Perspective
|volume= |publisher=Partridge Publishing |year=2015|page=82|isbn=9781482850178|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtxlCgAAQBAJ }}
</ref> The often use the title [[Naidu]] and [[Chetti]].<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=David Arnold |author2=|title=Police Power and Colonial Rule, Madras, 1859-1947
|volume= |publisher=[[Oxford University]] Press|isbn=9780195618938 |year=1986|page=114|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cTYFAQAAIAAJ }}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yYgOAAAAYAAJ |title=Language Loyalty and Displacement: Among Telugu Minorities in Pondicherry |publisher=Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture |year=2000 |isbn=9788185452104 |editor1-last=L. Ramamoorthy |page=8}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Vijaya |first1=M. |last2=Kanthimathi |first2=S. |last3=Srikumari |first3=C. R. |last4=Reddy |first4=P. Govinda |last5=Majumder |first5=P. P. |last6=Ramesh |first6=A. |year=2007 |title=A Study on Tamil – Speaking Immigrants of Andhra Pradesh, South India |url=http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/IJHG/IJHG-07-0-000-000-2007-Web/IJHG-07-4-277-333-2007-Abst-PDF/IJHG-07-4-303-07-288-Vijaya-M/IJHG-07-4-303-07-288-Vijaya-M-Tt.pdf |journal=International Journal of Human Genetics |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=303–306 |doi=10.1080/09723757.2007.11886010 |s2cid=55044174}}</ref>
* [[Twenty four Manai Telugu Chettiars|24 Manai Telugu Chettiar]] are also called as Janappan. They seem to be a section of the Balijas, though now they are considered to be a distinct caste. They are also called Sadhu Chetty and Saluppa Chetty.<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Sir James George Frazer |author2=|title=Marriage and Worship in the Early Societies A Treatise on Totemism and Exogamy
|volume= |publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn= |year=1986|page=238|quote=Janappans or Saluppans were originally a section of the Balijas, but they have developed into a distinct caste. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUYWbzjB1S4C }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=K. M. Venkataramaiah |author2=|title=A handbook of Tamil Nadu
|volume= |publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics |year=1996|page=424|isbn=9788185692203 |quote=Janappan: They seem to be a section of the Balijas, though now they are considered to be a distinct caste. As they manufacture gunny bags of hemp (janapa) fibre (canal in Tamil), they are called Janappans, who are also called Caluppan. They usually speak Telugu. In Madural, the women speak Tamil. In North Arcot district they are called Chettis (chetti). They are enterprising and are brokers in cattle fairs. They have 24 gotras. Kappal gotra people do not injure frogs (kappa means frog). The thonda (thonda) people do not eat the fruit of tondai creeper Vamma gotra people do not eat fish. On the day of betrothal, they expect to hear the chirping of the lizard and if it is not heard, they stop the alliance. Some are Saivites and some are Vaishnavites (vaisnavite).| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pAMAQAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=John Vincent Ferreira |author2=|title=Totemism in India
|volume= |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1965|page=213|isbn= |quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7EwAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=S. N. Sadasivan |author2=|title=A Social History of India
|volume= |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2000|page=284|isbn=978-81-7648-170-0|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC }}
</ref>
* [[Banajiga|Dasa Banajiga]] are also called as [[Jain]]a [[Kshatriya]] Ramanuja-Dasa [[Bania (caste)|Vaniyas]] and Sadu Banajiga as they were formerly Jain Kshatriyas who were converted into [[Vaishnavism]] by [[Ramanujacharya]] during the reign of [[Bitti Deva]]. They are mostly found in [[Channapatna]] near Bangalore. They are clean in their habits, pure vegetarians, follow the doctrines of Ramanujacharya, worship [[Vaishnava]] gods, speak Kannada, and [[cremate]] their dead.<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Venkatesa Iyengar |author2=|title=The Mysore Tribes and Castes
|volume= |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1932|page=104|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zseCqGFRpyQC }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[Mohinder Singh Randhawa]] |author2=|title=Farmers of India
|volume= |publisher=Indian Council of Agricultural Research |year=1959|page=261|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4P1IAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=John Henry Hutton |author2=|title=Caste in India: Its Nature, Function and Origins
|volume= |publisher=G. Cumberlege, Oxford University Press |year=1951|page=275|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AAvPAAAAIAAJ }}
</ref>

== Relation to Kapu ==
[[Kapu (caste)|Kapus]] are closely related to Balijas and both are often enumerated together in government, sociological and [[Psephology|psephological]] contexts.<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Agarala Easwara Reddi, D. Sundar Ram |author2=|title=State Politics in India: Reflections on Andhra Pradesh
|volume= |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd |year=1994|page=339|isbn=9788185880518|quote=The Kapus, concentrated in Guntur, Krishna, West and East Godavari districts are listed among the forward castes. In Rayalaseema districts they are known as Balijas. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vaxxeoPUuqsC }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Christophe Jaffrelot, Sanjay Kumar |author2=|title=Rise of the Plebeians?: The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies
|volume= |publisher=Routledge |year=2012|page=279|isbn=9781136516627 |quote=Another significant social group is that of the Kapus (also known under different names such as Telaga, Naidu, Balija, Munnuru Kapu). | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78rfCgAAQBAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=S. Gajrani |author2=|title=History, Religion and Culture of India
|volume=2 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |year=2004|page=29|isbn=9788182050617|quote=There are various sub - castes within the Kapu category, such as Telaga, Balija, Kapu, Munnuru Kapu, Ontari, etc. Nowadays they want to be addressed as Kapus only. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zh6z0nuIjAgC }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last= |author2=|title=The Eastern Anthropologist
|volume=55|publisher=Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society |year=2002|page=184|isbn=|quote= The Kapus are known by different names, viz. Telaga, Balija, Naidu and Munnur Kapu and the name used depends on the area to which they belong. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q6d-AAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=D. Parthasarathy |author2=|title=Collective Violence in a Provincial City
|volume= |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1997|page=47|isbn=9780195641394 |quote=The Kapu caste as currently referred to by the Kapunadu movement includes several castes Telaga, Ontari, Balija and Kapu besides other minor sects. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GevZAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Nimmagadda Bhargav |author2=|title= Stringers and the Journalistic Field: Marginalities and Precarious News Labour in Small-Town India
|volume= |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023|page=40|isbn=9781000840353 |quote=The Kapus in the Telugu - speaking states do not form a neat homogenous category, as they comprise castes such as Kapu, Telaga, Balija and Ontari among many other variants.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NAymEAAAQBAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Newton Ennis Morton |author2=|title=Genetic Structure of Populations
|volume=3 |publisher=University Press of Hawaii |year=1973|page=93|isbn=|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tGX58zBaLegC }}
</ref> [[Andhra Vignanamu|Sri Andhra Vignanamu]] mentions four sections in [[Telaga]] community {{Em dash}} Telagas (or Naidus), Ontaris (or Doras), Balijas, and Kapus.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Prasada Bhoopaludu |author2=|title=Andhra Vignanamu
|volume=3 |publisher=The Razan Electric Press |year=1939|pages=1381–1383|isbn=|quote=| url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.497181/page/1380/mode/2up?q=తెలగా }}</ref> [[Anthropological Survey of India]] notes that [[Kapu (caste)|Kapus]] of [[Coastal Andhra]] are ethnically similar to Balijas of [[Rayalaseema]].

Various sources note the similarities between the communities of [[Kapu (caste)|Kapu]], [[Telaga]], Balija, and Ontari. These terms are often used as synonyms and are mentioned as sections of each other.<ref>
*{{Cite book |last=Naidu |first=D. Suran |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/sim_indian-political-science-review_1980-07_14_2/page/250/mode/2up?q=Kapu+Telaga+Balija |title=The Indian Political Science Review |date=July 1980 |publisher= Indian Political Science Review|editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harnam |volume=XIV |pages=250–251 |language=English |chapter=Andhra Pradesh: A Repeat Performance of the 1977 Election? |issue=2}}
*{{Cite book |last=Fishman |first=Alvin Texas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doM9AAAAYAAJ&q=Telaga++Vijayanagara |title=Culture Change and the Underprivileged: A Study of Madigas in South India Under Christian Guidance |date=1941 |publisher=Christian Literature Society for India |pages=138 |language=en}}
*{{Cite web |date=2002 |title=NCBC Andhra Pradesh Bench Findings |url=http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/Andhra%20Pradesh/AndhraPradesh-Vol3/2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204102348/http://ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/Andhra%20Pradesh/AndhraPradesh-Vol3/2.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2013 |access-date= |page=13}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Ambagudia |first1=Jagannath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJ0QEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA177 |title=Handbook of Tribal Politics in India |last2=Xaxa |first2=Virginius |date=2020-12-01 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Publishing India]] |isbn=978-93-5388-460-4 |pages=177 |language=en}}
</ref> Kapu, Telaga, and Balija are considered as variant names of the same community in different regions.<ref>
*{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/andhra-patrika-varshika |title=కావు మహా సభ |date=16 April 1913 |publisher=[[Andhra Patrika]] |pages=44 |language=te}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Janaki Ram |author2=|title=Cops and Criminas
|volume= |publisher=laxmi publications |year=2004|page=155|isbn=9781411622784 |quote=Balija known as Kapu or Telaga in coastal Andhra area and Munnuru Kapu in Telangana region; a large single community, with various sub-castes and surnames. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njxpHk53RdMC }}
*{{Cite news |date=2017-08-20 |title=Nandyal bypoll: In Caste Matrix, Muslims, Vysyas Hold The Key |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/in-caste-matrix-muslims-vysyas-hold-the-key/articleshow/60140755.cms |access-date=2023-05-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |quote=.... as there are good number of Balija voters in the constituency. The community is the equivalent of the Kapu community in the Rayalaseema region.}}
</ref> Andhra Pradesh government's Kapu Welfare and Development Corporation refers to Kapu, Telaga, Balija, and Ontari communities collectively as Kapu.<ref>
*{{Cite news |date=2016-05-17 |title='State committed to welfare of Kapus, Balijas' |language=en-IN |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/state-committed-to-welfare-of-kapus-balijas/article8613072.ece |access-date=2023-05-23 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}
*{{Cite news |date=2021-07-22 |title=₹490.86 crore credited into accounts of Kapu Nestham beneficiaries |language=en-IN |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/49086-crore-credited-into-accounts-of-kapu-nestham-beneficiaries/article35479296.ece |access-date=2023-05-23 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}
</ref>

== Caste titles ==
Some Balijas use surnames such as Naidu or Nayudu, and Naicker, which share a common root. ''Nayaka'' as a term was first used during the [[Vishnukundina dynasty]] that ruled from the Krishna and Godavari deltas during the 3rd century AD. During the [[Kakatiya dynasty]], the Nayaka title was bestowed to warriors who had received land and the title as a part of the [[Nayak (title)#Nayankara System (in South India)|Nayankarapuvaram system]] for services rendered to the court. The Nayaka was noted to be an officer in the [[Kakatiya]] court; there being a correlation between holding the ''Nayankara'', the possession of the administrative title ''Angaraksha'' and the status title ''Nayaka''.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Political intermediaries in Kakatiya Andhra, 1175-1325 |first=Cynthia |last=Talbot |date=September 1994 |journal=The Indian Economic and Social History Review |volume=31 |issue=3 |page=281 |doi=10.1177/001946469403100301 |s2cid=145225213 }}</ref><ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Radhika Seshan, Shraddha Kumbhojkar |author2=|title=Re-searching Transitions in Indian History
|volume= |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2018|page=|isbn=9780429946301|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyZhDwAAQBAJ }}</ref>

A more widespread usage of the Nayaka title amongst the Balijas appears to have happened during the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara empire]] where the Balija merchant-warriors rose to political and cultural power and claimed Nayaka positions.<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer |author2= |title=The Encyclopedia of World History Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=2001|page=368|isbn=9780395652374 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oREvuAAACAAJ}}</ref>

== Dynasties ==

The [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara empire]] was based on an expanding, cash-oriented economy enhanced by Balija tax-farming.<ref>
* {{cite book|editor1=Velcheru Narayana Rao |editor2=David Dean Shulman |editor3=Sanjay Subrahmanyam |title=Symbols of Substance Court and State in Nāyaka Period Tamilnadu
|volume= |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1992|page=10|isbn=978-0-19-563021-3|quote=Originally part of the great Telugu migrations southward into the Tamil country in the 15th and 16th centuries, the Balija merchant- warriors reveal the rise of hitherto marginal, and only recently politicized.. These mobile, aggressive, land-hungry, Telugu-speaking warriors...helped to build the Nāyaka state-system and to impregnate it with their particular cultural vision; strong surviving traditions; supported by contemporary evidence, assert Balija origins and / or marital connections for the major Nāyaka dynasties in the Tamil country quite apart from the well-known Balija role in restructuring the revenue systems of Nāyaka Tanjavur and Madurai | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=znFuAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=[[Hans T. Bakker]] |author2=|title=The Sacred Centre as the Focus of Political Interest
|volume= 6 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=2023|page=184|isbn=9789004646612|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nOL7EAAAQBAJ }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=H. L. Seneviratne |author2=|title=Identity, Consciousness and the Past: Forging of Caste and Community in India and Sri Lanka
|volume= |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1997|page=99|isbn=9780195640014|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hxduAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Shyam Singh Shashi |author2=|title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
|volume=129 |publisher=Anmol Publications |year=1996|page=838|isbn=9788170418597 |quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPQvAQAAIAAJ }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last= |author2=|title=Social Analysis, Issues 25-28
|volume= |publisher=[[University of Adelaide]] |year=1989|page=116|isbn=|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgAdAQAAMAAJ }}
</ref> Some Balija families were appointed to supervise provinces as Nayaks (governors, commanders) by the Vijayanagara kings,<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer |author2= |title=The Encyclopedia of World History Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=2001|page=368|isbn=9780395652374|quote= The Vijayanagara Empire developed, in its second half, into what is known as the nayaka state-system, in which administrative and political relations differed significantly from what had gone before. While the Vijayanagara rulers continued to hold ultimate power over a broad belt of territory, they shared authority locally with a number of military chiefs, or nayakas. Originally part of the great Telugu migrations southward into the Tamil country in the 15th and 16th centuries, Balija merchant-warriors who claimed these nayaka positions rose to political and cultural power and supported an ethos that emphasized nonascriptive, heroic criteria in legitimizing political power.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oREvuAAACAAJ}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last= Daniel D'Attilio |author2=|title=The Last Vijayanagara Kings|volume= |publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison |year=1995|page=81|quote=......many of the Telugu migrant groups who settled in Tamil Nadu from the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries were led by Balija warriors . These Balijas and their descendants became local rulers under the auspices of Vijayanagara. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9JOAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Christopher Chekuri |author2=|title=All in the Family: Nayaka Strategies in the Making of the Vijayanagara Empire, South India
|volume= |publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison |year=1997|page=29|quote=Balija trading families in South India had significant influence in the outcome of seventeenth century Vijayanagara politics| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OFLAAAAMAAJ }}
</ref> some of which are:

* [[Madurai Nayak dynasty|Madurai Nayaks]]<ref name="Madura/Tanjore">
* {{cite book|editor1-last=[[Sheldon Pollock]] |author2=|title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia
|volume= |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2003|page=413|isbn=9780520228214|quote=.... in the seventeenth century, when warriors/traders from the Balija caste acquired kingship of the southern kingdoms of Madurai and Tanjavur.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=[[David Dean Shulman]] |author2= |title=Classical Telugu Poetry
|volume= |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2020|page=57|isbn= 9780520344525|quote=..... in the Tamil country, where Telugu Balija families had established local Nāyaka states (in Senji, Tanjavur, Madurai, and elsewhere) in the course of the sixteenth century. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFXVDwAAQBAJ }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=[[Eugene F. Irschick]] |author2=|title=Politics and Social Conflict in South India
|volume= |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1969|page=8|quote=The successors of the Vijayanagar empire, the Nayaks of Madura and Tanjore, were Balija Naidus| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0K98afLnhAC }}
* {{Cite journal|editor1-last=Dr. B.Ramachndra Reddy R. Nata Rajan |author2=|title=Identity and Crisis of Telugu Migrants of Tamil Region |journal=Itihas |volume=33 |publisher=Andhra Pradesh State Archives and Research Institute |year=2007|page=145 |quote=....It is told that the Nayak Kings of Madurai and Tanjore were Balijas, who had marital relations among themselves and with the Vijaya Nagara rulers, and so were appointed as the rulers of these regions.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9nfP89eJuycC }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=[[G. S. Ghurye]] |author2=|title=Caste and Race in India
|volume= |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |year=1969|page=106|isbn=9788171542055|quote=The Nayak kings of Madura and Tanjore were Balijas, traders by caste | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWkjsvf6_vsC }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=A. Satyanarayana, Mukkamala Radhakrishna Sarma |author2=|title=Castes, Communities, and Culture in Andhra Desa, 17th & 18th Centuries, A.D
|volume= |publisher=Osmania University |year=1996|page=145|quote=After the fall of the dynasty several Balija Nayudu chieftains rose into prominence. Tanjore and Madura kingdoms were the most important of such new kingdoms | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbm_Oyo8XFMC }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[Francine Frankel|Francine R. Frankel]], [[M. S. A. Rao]] |author2=|title=Dominance and State Power in Modern India: Decline of a Social Order
|volume= |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1989|page=30|isbn=9780195620986|quote=The Nayak kings of Madura and Tanjore were balijas (traders)| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7whuAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=[[Muzaffar Alam]] |author2=|title=The Mughal State, 1526-1750
|volume= |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998|page=35|isbn=978-0-19-563905-6|quote=As an arrangement, the Golconda practice in the first half of the seventeenth century was quite similar in crucial respects to what obtained further south, in the territories of the Chandragiri ruler, and the Nayaks of Senji, Tanjavur and Madurai. Here too revenue-farming was common, and the ruling families were closely allied to an important semi-commercial, semi-warrior caste group, the Balija Naidus. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQJuAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last= |author2=|title=South Asia Politics|volume= 5|publisher=Rashtriya Jagriti Sansthan |year=2006|page=14|isbn= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0esuAQAAIAAJ }}
</ref><ref>
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Antje Flüchter, Rouven Wirbser |author2=|title=Translating Catechisms, Translating Cultures: The Expansion of Catholicism in the Early Modern World
|volume= |publisher=BRILL |year=2017|page=229|isbn=9789004353060|quote=Madurai was a prosperous city ruled by Nāyaka kings who were Telugu warriors with Balija cultivators and merchant-caste affiliations| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfU4DwAAQBAJ }}

* {{cite book|editor1-last=Gita V. Pai |author2=|title=Architecture of Sovereignty: Stone Bodies, Colonial Gazes, and Living Gods in South India
|volume= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2023|pages=36, 51|isbn=9781009150156|quote=Madurai rulers were of likely Balija heritage, merchant-warriors, who came from the relatively less-stratified arid zones of the Andhra region| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6y0EAAAQBAJ }}

* {{cite book|editor1-last=Biplab Auddya |author2=|title=Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects
|volume=6 |publisher=The Hill Publication |year=2017|page=18|isbn=9788196477660|quote=Many later rulers were also of different castes, such as the Madurai Nayaks, Balijas (traders) who ruled from 1559 to 1739 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZnXEAAAQBAJ }}

* {{Cite book | title =Encounters on the Opposite Coast: The Dutch East India Company and the Nayaka State of Madurai in the Seventeenth Century | publisher = BRILL |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SaW8CgAAQBAJ | pages = 57| year = 2015| last1 =Markus Vink | isbn = 9789004272620}}
</ref>
* [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Tanjavur Nayaks]]<ref name="Madura/Tanjore" /><ref name="Raghunatha Nayakabhyudayamu">{{cite book|editor1-last= |author1= N. Venkataramanayya |title=Raghunatha Nayakabhyudayamu |volume= |publisher=T.M.S.S.M Library, Thanjavur |year=1951|page=21|quote=The history of thé family, as described in the Raghunathabhyudayam and Raghunathanayakabhyudayam, begins practically with Pina-Chevva one of the four sons of Timma, who is otherwise unknown. It is sometimes said that the ancestors of Pina Chevva were related to the royal family of Vijayanagara and that they held high offices in the imperial army; but this is mere speculation unsupported by evidence. Pina Chevva came of an obscure Balija family.| url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.329694/page/n3/mode/1up }}</ref>
* [[Nayaks of Gingee|Gingee Nayaks]] / Senji Nayaks<ref name="Tubaki">
* {{cite book|editor1-last=[[David Dean Shulman]], [[Velcheru Narayana Rao]] |author2= |title=Classical Telugu Poetry
|volume=|edition=Reprinted |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2020|page=57|isbn= 9780520344525|quote=..... in the Tamil country, where Telugu Balija families had established local Nāyaka states (in Senji, Tanjavur, Madurai, and elsewhere) in the course of the sixteenth century. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFXVDwAAQBAJ }}
*{{cite book |title=Penumbral Visions: Making Polities in Early Modern South India |last=[[Sanjay Subrahmanyam]] |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=9780472112166| pages =198 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Ju6z8PbTuAC}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Joseph Jerome Brennig |author2=|title=The Textile Trade of Seventeenth Century Northern Coromandel: A Study of a Pre-modern Asian Export Industry
|volume= |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] |year=1987|page=65|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGu2AAAAIAAJ }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=[[Muzaffar Alam]] |author2=|title=The Mughal State, 1526-1750
|volume= |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998|page=35|isbn=978-0-19-563905-6|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQJuAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite journal|editor1-last=Indira Malapaka |author2=|title=Telugu Inscriptions In Karnataka A Socio Cultural Study
|journal=University|volume= |publisher=[[Sri Venkateswara University]] |year=2021|page=96|hdl=10603/462460|quote=| url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/462460 }}
</ref>
* [[Nayakas of Belur|Belur Nayaks]] / Balam Nayaks<ref name="balam">
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[Noboru Karashima]] |author2=|title=Kingship in Indian History
|volume= |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |year=1999|page=192|isbn=9788173043260|quote=To understand the historical process of the reducing of the Nayakas as an open status group into a mere shell of what they had formerly been and the growth of respective caste identities, the Telugu Balija caste and its history may give an important clue. Many Nayakas, including the three major Nayakas in the Tamil area and the Nayakas of Cannapattana, Beluru, and Rayadurga in the Kannada area, are said to have been Telugu Balijas.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oyiKAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[M.M.Kalburgi]]|author2=|title=Karnatakada Kaifiyattugalu
|volume= |publisher=Kannada University, Hampi |year=1994|page=118|language=Kn}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Runga Char |author2=|title=Sree Mukkam (Guru's Certificate) Granted By His Holiness Sree Brahma Tantra Sree Parakala Swamigalavaru Of Mysore
|volume= |publisher=[[Parakala Matha]] |date=July 17, 1895|quote=This Sreemukhm, (certificate) granted to Krishnadeva Murthi, eldest son of Venkatadri Naik, Pallegar of Munjarabad, who is a chief and devout disciple of this Sree Mutt and who belongs to Kasyapa gotra Apasthambha Sutra is as follows:- You, (Kristnadeva Murthi) and your remote ancestors Viz Bailur Venkatadri Naik, and Krishnappa Naik, your ancestors, Venkatadri Naik, grand son of the said Krishnappa Naik, and Krishnappa Naik, son of the said Venkatadri Naik, have been the chief and devuot disciples of this Mutt, and have shown great zeal and attachment in the service of God. You, (Krishnadeva Murthi) and Puttammanni, wife of Venkatadri Naik, who belong to the family of the said Pallegar, have been the disciples of this Mutt and belong to Telugu Banajiga Naik cast. There is no objection whatever for you to contract aliences in your Telugu Banjiga Naik caste in accordance with your ancient customs In accordance with the wishes of the Swamigalavaru of this Mutt, I have informed of this to you, this day of Ashadha Bhahula Dasami, Wednesday of Munmatha year. | url=https://archive.org/details/karnataka-state-archives-RGVlcGFrMzk2ODA-RGVlcGFrMQ/page/n23/mode/1up? }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[B. Lewis Rice]]|author2=|title=Epigraphia Carnatica
|volume=11 |publisher=Mysore: Kannada Adhyayana Samsthe, Mysore University |year=1998|page=XVI|language=|quote= Belur chiefs who are sometimes called Balam chiefs| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlNmAAAAMAAJ }}</ref>
* [[Nayaks of Kandy|Kandy Nayaks]].<ref name="kandy">
* {{cite book|editor1-last=A.Ramaswami |author2= |title=Madras District Gazetteers: Salem
|volume=1 |publisher=Director of Stationery and Print |year=1967|page=129|quote=They are popularly classed as kota balijas, who are military in origin and claim kinship with the Emperors and Viceroys of Vijayanagar and the Kandyan Dynasty.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1u1AAAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Markus Vink|author2=|title=Encounters on the Opposite Coast: The Dutch East India Company and the Nayaka State of Madurai in the Seventeenth Century
|volume= |publisher=Brill |year=2015|page=75 & 56|isbn=9789004272620|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SaW8CgAAQBAJ }}
</ref> who ruled [[Sri Lanka]]
*[[Pedda Koneti Nayak|Penukonda Nayaks]] / Rayadurga Nayaks<ref name="Koneti">
* {{cite book|editor1-last=V.R. Acarya |author2=|title= Sri Prasanna Venkatesvara Vilasamu
|volume= |publisher=Bulletin of the Government Oriental Manuscripts Library, Madras |year=1954|page=49|quote=The above said Peda Kōnēti Nṛpati (Nayak) First, king of Penukonda. (1635 A.D.) then of Kundurti (1652 A.D.) and of Rayadurga (1661 A.D.) was a Balija by caste, having the surname Vānarāsi . His father Kastūri Nāyak and grand father bencama Nayak had enjoyed high favour with the fallen kings of Vijayanagar who were ruling at Chandragiri. Kōnēti Nayak himself had married the daughter of (apparently the fruit of left handed marriage) Āraviti Vīra Venkatapati Rāyalu of Vijayanagar family. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UPQeAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |author2= |title=Further Sources of Vijayanagara History
|volume= |publisher=University of Madras |year=1946|page=302|quote=A description of the way in which Venkatapatiraya of Raya-Veluru granted the government of Penugonda to the Raya-dalavayi Pedakoneti Nayadu. On Sravana ba. 10 of Yuva of 146 years ago corresponding to S. S. 1558, (the Raya) granted the government of Penugonda to Koneti Nayadu, the son. of Kastuiri Nayadu, the son of Akkapa Nayadu, who was the son of Canca(ma) Nayadu of Candragiri, a member of the Vasarasi family of the Balija caste. The ayakat of the territories of Rajaraja Sri Raya-dalavayi who ruled the forts of Penugonda, Kundurpi, Rayadurgam..... great prosperity. | url=https://archive.org/details/FurtherSourcesOfVijayanagaraHistory }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Peram Sivaiah |author2=|title=Vijayanagara Forts in Rayalaseema: A Study
|volume= |publisher=LAP Lambert Academic Publishing |year=2021|page=254|hdl=10603/106293|isbn=9786203410815 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/106293 }}</ref>
* [[Immadi Jagadevaraya|Channapatna Nayaks]] / Baramahal Nayaks<ref name="Channapatna">
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[B. Lewis Rice|Benjamin Lewis Rice]] |author2=|title=Mysore and Coorg from the Inscriptions
|volume= |publisher=A. Constable & Company, Limited |year=1909|page=164|isbn=978-0-598-51081-5|quote=The Channapatna chiefs generally bore the name Rana. Jagadēva - Rāya, after the founder of the family in Mysore. He was of the Telugu Banajiga caste and had possessions in Bāramahāl . His daughter was married to the Vijayanagar king| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IMdAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Noboru Karashima |author2=|title=Kingship in Indian History
|volume= |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |year=1999|page=192|isbn=9788173043260|quote=To understand the historical process of the reducing of the Nayakas as an open status group into a mere shell of what they had formerly been and the growth of respective caste identities, the Telugu Balija caste and its history may give an important clue. Many Nayakas, including the three major Nayakas in the Tamil area and the Nayakas of Cannapattana, Beluru, and Rayadurga in the Kannada area, are said to have been Telugu Balijas.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oyiKAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Jan Brouwer |author2=|title=The Makers of the World: Caste, Craft, and Mind of South Indian Artisans
|volume= |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1995|page=293|isbn=9780195630916|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bB5uAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Ranjit Kumar Bhattacharya, S. B. Chakrabarti |author2=|title=Indian Artisans: Social Institutions and Cultural Values
|volume= |publisher= Ministry of Culture, Youth Affairs and Sports, Department of Culture, Government of India |year=2002|page=36|isbn=978-81-85579-56-6|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TBHtAAAAMAAJ }}
</ref>

== Varna status ==
[[Velcheru Narayana Rao]] and [[Sanjay Subrahmanyam]] say that the emergence of left-hand caste Balijas as trader-warrior-kings in the Nayaka period is a consequence of conditions of new wealth produced by collapsing two [[Varna (Hinduism)|varnas]], [[Kshatriya]] and [[Vaishya]], into one.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rao |first1=Velchuru Narayana |author-link=Velcheru Narayana Rao |last2=Subrahmanyam |first2=Sanjay |author-link2=Sanjay Subrahmanyam |date=January 2009 |title=Notes on Political Thought in Medieval and Early Modern South India |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=43 |issue=1 |page=204 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x07003368 |jstor=20488076 |s2cid=145396092}}</ref> Based on the Brahmanical conceptualisation of caste during the British Raj period, Balijas were accorded the [[Shudra|Sat Shudra]] position.<ref>
*{{cite book |last=Pollock |first=Sheldon I. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC&pg=PA414 |title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia |publisher=University of California Press |year=2003 |isbn=9780520228214 |page=414 |author-link=Sheldon Pollock}}
*{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DQ9uAAAAMAAJ&q=balija |title=Indo-British Review |date=1987 |publisher=Indo-British Historical Society |pages=52 |language=en}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Robert Eric Frykenberg |author2=|title=Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present
|volume= |publisher=OUP Oxford |year=2008|page=317|isbn=9780191544194|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VhRREAAAQBAJ }}
*{{Cite book |last= |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.370568 |title=ఆంధ్ర సాహిత్య పరిషత్ పత్రిక - Journal of the Telugu Academy |date=1960 |editor-last=సి. పాపయ్యశాస్త్రి |volume=49 |pages=92 |language=te}}
</ref> The fourfold Brahmanical varna concept has not been acceptable to non-Brahmin social groups and some of them challenged the authority of [[Brahmin]]s who described them as [[Shudra]]s.<ref>
*{{cite book|first=G. |last=Krishnan-Kutty|title=The political economy of underdevelopment in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bTlMi4a6Ct8C&pg=PA172|year=1999|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-7211-107-6|page=172}}
*{{cite book|first=G. |last=Krishnan-Kutty|title=Peasantry in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyRZ7nmItsEC&pg=PA10 |year=1986|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-215-4 |page=10}}
</ref>

== Notable people ==
Note: The list only includes people from Balija and sub-castes (Gavara, Gazula), not Kapu, Telaga, and other castes.

'''<big>Warriors</big>'''
* [[Viswanatha Nayak]] - Founder of the [[Madurai Nayak dynasty]].<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=T. Chandrasekharan |author2=|title= A Descriptive Catalogue of the Telugu Manuscripts
|volume= 13|publisher=The Government Oriental Manuscripts Library, Madras |year=1951|page=2863|isbn= |quote=No.2607 KOTIKAMVARI KAIFIYATU - A Kaifiyat relating to Garikipati Viswanathanayaka of Balijakula who was given Pandya kingdom by Atchutadevaraya.| url=https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0011619_Descriptive_catalogue_of_the_Telugu_manuscripts_vol_13.pdf }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |author2=|title=Further Sources of Vijayanagara History
|volume= |publisher=University of Madras |year=1946|page=176|quote=Moreover, Acyutadeva Maharaya formally crowned Viswanatha Nayadu of the Garikepati family of the Balija caste as the king of Pandya country yielding a revenue of 2 and 1/2 crores of varahas; and he presented him the golden idols of Durga, Laksmi and Lakshmi-Narayana and sent him with ministers, councillors and troops to the south. Visvanatha Nayudu reached the city of Madhura, from which he began to govern the country entrusted to his care. - taken from the Kaifiyat of Karnata-Kotikam Kings, LR8, pp.319-22| url=https://archive.org/details/FurtherSourcesOfVijayanagaraHistory/page/n2/mode/1up }}
* {{Cite book | title =The Heirs of Vijayanagara: Court Politics in Early Modern South India | publisher = Leiden University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6KdzgEACAAJ | pages = 79| year = 2022| last1 =Lennart Bes|isbn=9789087283711 |quote= The dynasty’s first ruler was Vishvanatha Nayaka, son of the imperial courtier and military officer Nagama Nayaka. He belonged to one of the Balija castes, which originated in the Telugu region and whose members undertook both military and mercantile activities. Vishvanatha was possibly installed at Madurai around 1530 and reigned until c. 1563 }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Konduri Sarojini Devi |author2=|title=Religion in Vijayanagara Empire
|volume= |publisher=Sterling Publishers |year=1990|page=100|isbn=978-81-207-1167-9|quote=According to the Kaifiyat of the Karnata Kotikam Kings, "Acyutadeva Maharaya formally crowned Visvanatha Nayadu of the Garikepati family of the Balija caste as the King of Pandya country yielding a revenue of 2 and 1/2 crores of varahas; and he presented him with golden idols of Durga, Lakshmi and Lakshminarayana and sent him with ministers, councillors and troops to the South."| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qnXAAAAMAAJ }}
</ref>
* [[Sevappa Nayak]] - Founder of the [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur Nayak dynasty]]<ref name="Raghunatha Nayakabhyudayamu" />
* [[Tubaki Krishnappa Nayak|Tupakula Krishnappa Nayak]] - Founder of the [[Nayaks of Gingee|Gingee Nayak dynasty]]<ref name="Tubaki" />
* [[Sri Vijaya Rajasinha of Kandy|Sri Vijaya Rajasinha]] - Founder of the [[Nayaks of Kandy|Kandy Nayak dynasty]]<ref name="kandy" />
* [[Mangammal]] - Queen of [[Madurai]]
* [[Tirumala Nayaka|Tirumala Nayak]] - King of [[Madurai]].<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Gita V. Pai |author2=|title=Architecture of Sovereignty: Stone Bodies, Colonial Gazes, and Living Gods in South India
|volume= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2023|page=36 |isbn=9781009150156|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6y0EAAAQBAJ }}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=C. Hayavadana Rao |author2=|title=The Indian Biographical Dictionary
|volume= |publisher=Forgotten Books |year=1915|page=344|url=https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Indian_Biographical_Dictionary_(1915)/Ramabhadra_Nayudu,_Hon’ble_Venkatasami}}
*{{Cite book |last=Jaidev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XzWFEAAAQBAJ |title=Thaamba |date=2022 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=9798887493114 |pages=35 |language=en |quote=|author-link= }}
</ref>
* [[Era Krishnappa Nayak]]a, King of [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]]<ref name="balam" />
* [[Raghunatha Nayak]] - King of [[Thanjavur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richman |first=Paula |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RW6MrAiJ-0C&pg=PA166 |title=Questioning Ramayanas: A South Asian Tradition |date=2001 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-22074-4 |pages=166 |language=en |quote=Raghunathanayaka, a Balija who ruled Tanjavur during the early seventeenth century, also wrote a Ramayana. |author-link=Paula Richman}}</ref>
* [[Pedda Koneti Nayak]], King of [[Penukonda]]<ref name="Koneti" />
* [[Rana Jagadevaraya]] - King of [[Channapatna]]<ref name="Channapatna" />

'''<big>Royal descent</big>'''
* Poet [[Katta Varadaraju]] was a descendant of the legendary Chola king [[Karikala|Karikala Chola]].<ref>
*{{Cite book |last=Richman |first=Paula |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RW6MrAiJ-0C&pg=PA166 |title=Questioning Ramayanas: A South Asian Tradition |date=2001 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-22074-4 |pages=166 |language=en |quote=....Yet another was composed, again in Tanjavur, by Katta Varada Raju (circa 1630), another Balija who claims descent from Karikala Chola. |author-link=Paula Richman}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last= M. Kulasekhara Rao |title=A History of Telugu Literature |author2= |publisher=For copies, M. Indira Devi |year=1988 |volume= |page=258 |quote=Katta Varadaraju, the writer of one of the Ramayanas in Telugu, was not a king himself, but belonged to an illustrious royal family of famous Kari Kala Chola, who constructed an anicut across river Kaveri, besides ruling vast empire of Chola. Because of the Kaveri anicut, this family was called Katta ( dam ) thereafter. Varada raju's forefathers were related to the family of Vijayanagar kings. Historians feel, according to the available sources, that this poet lived in the seventeenth century A.D around 1660.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpAOAAAAYAAJ}}
*{{Cite journal |editor1-last=Dr. C. A. Padmanabha Sastry |title=Surnames in Andhra : A Historical Study |author2=|journal=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society (Bangalore) |publisher= Mythic Society |year=1987 |volume=78 -79 |page=227|quote= There was a famous poet in Telugu literature called Katta Varadaraju. In the introductory poem, he describes the origin of his surname Katta. According to it Katta, the surname of his family is attributed to Karikala chola, who constructed a dam ( Katta ) for the river Kaveri. The family of the poet belongs to the lineage of Karikala chola and the predecessors of his family cherished the Katta ( a dam or bridge ) to their family to show their gratitude towards Karikala chola. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smVxRdFgyDUC}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last= Challa Radhakrishna Sarma |title=Ramblings in Telugu Literature |author2= |publisher=Lakshminarayana Granthamala |year=1978 |volume= |page=14 |quote=Katta Varadaraju who is said to have lived during 1600-1650 has written a Ramayana in dvipada metre . In the introduction , he said that he acquired his surname ' Katta ' as he was born in the family of Karikala Chola who constructed banks ( katta ) on Kaveri .|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3vAAAAIAAJ}}
</ref>
* Social reformer [[Pattukkottai Alagiri]] was a descendant of the Royal Family of [[Nayaks of Kandy|Kandy]].<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[Kanchi Kalyanasundaram]] |author2=|title=Latchiyavaadhi Azhagirisamy
|volume= |publisher=Pagutharivu Pasarai, Chennai |year=1950|page=10| url=https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0008862_இலட்சியவாதி_அழகிரிசாமி.pdf }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Pavai Chandran |author2=|title=Eezha Thamizharin Poraatta Varalaru|volume=1 |publisher=Kanmani Creative Waves, Chennai |year=2010| url=https://padippakam.com/padippakam/document/EelamHistory/pavaichandran/DM055.pdf }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[Kanchi Manimozhiar]], M.Ilanchezhian |author2=|title=Editorial : Azhagirisamy |publisher= Por Vaal magazine |date= March 25, 1950|language=ta }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Alandur Mohanarangan |author2=|title=Maaveeran Anjanenjan Alagiri
|volume= |publisher=Meena Gopal Pathippagam |year=2002|page=196| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IXaAAAAMAAJ }}
</ref>
* Sankariah Naidu, Zamindar of Chennappa Naicken Palayam was a [[lineal descendant|descendant]] of [[Tubaki Krishnappa Nayak|Tupakula Krishnappa Nayak]], the ruler of the [[Nayaks of Gingee|Gingee]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Vuppuluri Lakshminarayana Sastri |author2=|title=Encyclopaedia of the Madras Presidency and the Adjacent States
|volume= |publisher=University of Minnesota |year=1920|page=453|quote=The illustrious House of the great Komarappa Naidu of the South Arcot District traces its ancestry to Tupakula Krishnappa Naidu, the ruler of the Ginji Fort under the aegis of the now Forgotten Empire of Vijayanagar. This ruler of Ginji constructed many new temples and renovated the old and time-honoured temple of Tirukoilur. We find inscriptions bearing the name of Tupakula Krishnappa in several temples of the South Arcot District. Komarappa Naidu belonged to the Kshatriya Balija caste; and his caste- men, who had been warriors till the advent of the Muhammadans, took up trade as their profession thereafter. It can be seen from the existing records that as early as 1752 Komarappa Naidu was carrying on his trade, which mainly consisted in the export of Indian goods to foreign countries in his ships and the import of precious stones, horses, elephants and the products of other countries. He owned sixteen ships and in a few years he made enormous profits. He constructed the Komarappa Naickenpettai, a suburb of Tiruvendipuram in 1780 to attract weavers from other parts of the country. He rendered substantial pecuniary help to the weavers and thus enabled them to purchase the looms and other necessary appliances. The East India Company, which had just settled in India for carrying on trade between India and England, sought the help of the famous overseas merchant, Komarappa Naidu and established commercial relations with him which remained cordial throughout. Komarappa Naidu, who had been religiously disposed from his boyhood, left his entire business in the hands of his son Sankariah Naidu, shortly after the latter came of age and spent the remaining years of his life in religious study. It was during this, his age of retirement, that he built many new temples and gave a fresh lease of life to the old ones in the district. The pious Komarappa used to feed large numbers of Brahmins and pandits daily and more so on festive occasions. He breathed his last in peace in 1819 at the age of eighty-five. We find the image of Komarappa carved on the stone pillars in the Mantapams of the Tiruvendipuram and Tirupapuliyur temples. A monumental Shaivite temple has been erected over his remains in one of his gardens on the bank of the Gadilam river, in which Archana is daily performed. His wife, Mangammal, has renovated the shrine of Sri Dagaleswar Perumal at Tirukoilur, in a prominent part of which we find an inscription bearing her name. Sankariah Naidu, who was sixty-five years of age at the time of his father's demise, had already risen to prominence. He considerably improved the trade of the family, particularly that with the East India Company and constructed more ships. He acquired considerable landed property in the South Arcot, Chinglepet and Tanjore districts. In 1809 he purchased the small Zamindari of Chennappa Naiken Poliem, a few miles to the west of Cuddalore, which also includes the village of Naduvirapattu. To facilitate his export and import trade, he established ports at Cuddalore, Pondicherry, Porto-Novo and Karaikal. He had a big firm at Madras, on the grounds of which now stand the Madras Christian College, the Anderson Hall and the buildings of Messrs. Parry and Company. He constructed a number of choultries among which those at Chidambaram and Tirupapuliyur deserve special mention. Sankariah Naidu married two wives. He had one son, Devanayagam Naidu by his first wife and four sons by his second wife, Ramaswami, Chandrasekhara, Balakrishna and Chinna Devanayagam. Sankariah Naidu died in 1826.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2o_AQAAMAAJ }}</ref>
* [[V. Ramabadra Naidu|Ramabadra Naidu]], Zamindar of Vadagarai was a [[lineal descendant|descendant]] of the famous warrior and diplomat Ramabhadra Nayak, who had held the post of [[Military]] Chief and [[Tax collector|Collector]] of Revenue under his close relative [[Viswanatha Nayak]], the ruler of [[Madurai Nayak dynasty|Madurai]].<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=A. Vadivelu |author2=|title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India
|volume=1 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |year=1915|page=679|quote=The Honourable Diwan Bahadur V. Rama Bhadra Naick Garu is one of the most prominent noblemen of South India. As a representative of the zamindari interests of the Southern Group, he has, since 1910, been in the reformed Legislative Council of Madras. He represents the ancient house of Vadagarai, and is the lineal descendant of the famous Rama Bhadra Naick . To trace the ancestry of the founder of this well - known ancient family we have to go back to the events that had occurred three centuries ago, that is, to the period when the power of the once famous kingdom of Vijianagar was at its height, Rama Bhadra Naick I is said to have been a follower as well as a close relation of the well - known Kottiya Nagama Naick, the Revenue Collector and Commander of the Vijianagar army in the South.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LfoxAQAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last= |author2=|title=The Who's who in Madras: ... A Pictorial Who's who of Distinguished Personages, Princes, Zemindars and Noblemen in the Madras Presidency
|volume= |publisher=Pearl Press |year=1938|page=52|quote= Dewan Bahadur V. Ramabhadra Naidu, member of a family which had close relations with the ruling house of Madura, the Great Tirumal Nayak. Belongs to an ancient Palayagar family of Madura.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hEHVAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Vuppuluri Lakshminarayana Sastri |author2=|title=Encyclopaedia of the Madras Presidency and the Adjacent States
|volume= |publisher=University of Minnesota |year=1920|page=450|quote=The present Zamindar is a descendant of the famous Ramabhadra Naick I, a follower and relation of Kottiya Nagama Naick, the famous Collector of Revenue and Commander of the Southern forces of the Vijayanagar Empire. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2o_AQAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Parthiban Rajukalidoss |author2=|title=The Spice Road 'Vaṭakarai Zamīndāri' Its Historicity and Architectural Remains
|volume= 74|publisher=Acta Orientalia |year=2013|page=97|quote= | url=https://journals.uio.no/actaorientalia/article/view/4469/3924 }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last= |author2=|title=The Feudatory and zemindari India
|volume=9 |publisher=the University of California |year=1938|page=250|quote=He was a lineal descendant of the famous warrior and diplomat Rama- bhadra Nayak who had held the post of Fouzdar or Military Chief and Collector of Revenue under his relative Viswanatha Nayak of the House of Vijianagar, King of the Pandyan country | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SxMnAQAAIAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[T. V. Mahalingam]], [[Colin Mackenzie]] |author2=|title=Mackenzie Manuscripts; Summaries of the Historical Manuscripts in the Mackenzie Collection: Tamil and Malayalam
|volume= |publisher=[[University of Madras]] |year=1972|page=153|isbn= |quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4MMAQAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=C. Hayavadana Rao |author2=|title=The Indian Biographical Dictionary
|volume= |publisher=Forgotten Books |year=1915|page=344|url=https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Indian_Biographical_Dictionary_(1915)/Ramabhadra_Nayudu,_Hon’ble_Venkatasami}}
</ref>
<big>'''Social Activists'''</big>
* [[Periyar|Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]], social reformer<ref>
* {{cite book|editor1-last=E. Sa. Viswanathan |author2=|title=The political career of E.V. Ramasami Naicker: a study in the politics of Tamil Nadu, 1920-1949
|volume= |publisher=Ravi & Vasanth Publishers |year=1983|page=18|isbn= |quote=Ramasami Naicker was born to non - Brahman parents of Balija Naidu community on 28th September 1879 at Erode in Coimbatore district| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L9dIAAAAMAAJ|language=en}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=David Shulman |author2=|title=Tamil: A Biography
|volume= |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2016|page=310|isbn=9780674059924|quote=This was the Self Respect Movement, cuyamariyatai iyakkam, of a maverick genius, E. V. Ramasami Naicker, popularly known as the Great One, Periyar. It is of some significance that this fearless iconoclast came from Erode, in the west of the Tamil country or, better, in the southern reaches of the early modern Deccani culture, and from a Kannada Balija Naidu community.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_KkzDQAAQBAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Gurucharan Gollerkeri, Renuka Raja Rao |author2=|title=The Making of India, 1947-2022: Pivotal People, Events, and Institutions
|volume= |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2024|page=105|quote=EVR was born on September 17, 1879, in Erode, Madras Presidency, into a Kannada Balija Naidu family. |isbn=9781527561410| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itPzEAAAQBAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=John J. Paul, Keith Yandell |author2=|title=Religion and Public Culture: Encounters and Identities in Modern South India
|volume= |publisher=Routledge |year=2013|page=180|isbn=9781136818080|quote=E.V. Ramaswami Naicker, a non-Brahman, a Kannada Balija Naidu from Erode, had been one of the first members in 1917 of the Madras Presidency Congress Committee which was against British rule and in support of the policies of the national Congress Party | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ucMeAgAAQBAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Ajantha Subramanian |author2=|title=The Caste of Merit: Engineering Education in India
|volume= |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2019|page=100|language=en|isbn=9780674987883|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ifuwDwAAQBAJ }}
</ref>
* [[Padmaja Naidu]], freedom fighter<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last= |author2=|title=NMML Manuscripts: An Introduction
|volume= |publisher= Nehru Memorial Museum and Library |year=2003|page=358|isbn=978-81-87614-05-0|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MgduAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Sri G. D. Kameswara Rao |author2=|title=Sarojini Naidu The Nightingale Of India
|volume=23 |publisher=Director of Information and Public Relations, Andhra Pradesh |year=1978|page=8|isbn=|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBJWAAAAYAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Padmini Sengupta |author2=|title= Sarojini Naidu: A Biography
|volume= |publisher=Asia Publishing House for the |year=1966|page=34|isbn=|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IXodAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=G.A. Natesan |author2=|title=The Indian Review
|volume=67 |publisher=G.A. Natesan & Company |year=1972|pages=18, 20|isbn=|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eUDjAAAAMAAJ }}
</ref>
* [[P. Varadarajulu Naidu]], freedom fighter<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Antony R. H. Copley |author2=|title=C. Rajagopalachari, Gandhi's southern commander
|volume= |publisher=Indo-British Historical Society |year=1986|page=240|isbn=|quote=P. VARADARAJULU 1887-1957 : Balija Naidu . Successful medical practice in indigenous medicine . Journalist . Arrested for sedition at Madura Mill strike, 1918. Imprisoned 1918, 1922, 1923. T.N.C.C. Vice - President 1922-23. President 1924-25 . Left Congress 1930. General - Secretary, Hindu Maha Sabha 1940, Vice - President 1942-44 |language=en| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uiVuAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=David Arnold |author2=|title=The Congress in Tamilnad: Nationalist Politics in South India, 1919-1937
|volume= |publisher=Routledge |year=2017|page=23|isbn=978-1-315-29419-3|quote=|language=en| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1OCfDgAAQBAJ }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=[[Eugene F. Irschick]] |author2=|title=Politics and Social Conflict in South India
|volume= |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1969|page=270|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0K98afLnhAC }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=S. Babu, P. Kandaswamy |author2=|title=Dr. P. Varadarajulu Naidu and the Sermadevi Gurukulam Controversy|volume= 21|publisher=The Congress |year=2002|page=97|isbn= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRFuAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=E. Sa. Viswanathan |author2=|title=The political career of E.V. Ramasami Naicker: a study in the politics of Tamil Nadu, 1920-1949
|volume= |publisher=Ravi & Vasanth Publishers |year=1983|pages=23, 32|isbn= |quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L9dIAAAAMAAJ|language=en}}
</ref>
* [[Kanneganti Hanumanthu]], freedom fighter<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Arvind P. Jamkhedkar |author2=|title=Dictionary of Martyrs: India's Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) |volume=5 |publisher=[[Indian Council of Historical Research]] |year=2018|page=90|isbn=|quote=Kanneganti Hanumayya: Popularly known as Kanneganti Hanumanthu, he was a resident of v. Minchalapadu, t. Palnad, distt. Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. An agriculturist belonging to Balija community, he became the leader of his village and took part in the Non Cooperation movement (1921-22) and the Forest Satyagraha in 1922. Over sending cattle into the forest without paying the grazing fees, in response to the No Tax campaign, he was shot dead by a police Sub Inspector on 26 February 1922. | url=https://www.indiaculture.gov.in/sites/default/files/pdf/Martyrs_Vol_5_06_03_2019.pdf }}</ref>
* [[Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty]], freedom fighter<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Alok Kumar Kanungo, Laure Dussubieux |author2=|title=Ancient Glass of South Asia: Archaeology, Ethnography and Global Connections
|volume= |publisher=Springer Nature |year=2021|page=283|isbn=9789811636561|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGxAEAAAQBAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=K.H.S.S. Sundar |author2=|title=Origins and growth of political consciousness in Andhra during the nineteenth century
|volume= |publisher=University of Hyderabad |year=1994|page=153|isbn=|quote=| url=https://dspace.uohyd.ac.in/bitstreams/00928d79-a1bd-41e7-982b-cf49ab818e2a/download}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=A. Vijaya Kumari, Sepuri Bhaskar |author2=|title=Social Change Among Balijas: Majority Community of Andhra Pradesh
|volume= |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd |year=1998|page=14|isbn=9788175330726|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-ffeWmj2JUC }}
*{{cite journal|editor1-last=M.L.Kantha Rao |author2=|title=A study of the socio political mobility of the kapu caste in modern Andhra
|journal=INFLIBNET|volume= |publisher=University of Hyderabad |year=1999|page=93|hdl=10603/25437|quote=| url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/25437/ }}
</ref>
<big>'''Spiritual'''</big>
* [[Sadhguru|Jaggi Vasudev]], Indian yoga guru
<big>'''Film'''</big>
* [[M. R. Radha]], actor
* [[Vijayakanth]], actor and politician
* [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], actress and producer
* [[Dhanush]], actor and director
* [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], actress
* [[Pandiyan (actor)|Mann Vasanai Pandiyan]], actor
* [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]], actor
'''<big>Sports</big>'''
* [[M. Buchi Babu Naidu]], Father of Madras Cricket.
* [[Dinesh Karthik]], cricketer

== See also ==
* [[Five Hundred Lords of Ayyavolu]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|Balija people}}
* {{cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |location=London |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC |access-date=2011-08-16}}
* {{cite book |last=Mukund |first=Kanakalatha |title=The View from Below: Indigenous Society, Temples, and the Early Colonial State in Tamilnadu, 1700–1835 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2005 |isbn=9788125028000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5BMljBxJXtoC}}
* {{cite book |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Sanjay |author-link=Sanjay Subrahmanyam |title=Penumbral Visions: Making Polities in Early Modern South India |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780472112166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Ju6z8PbTuAC}}
* {{cite book |last=Swarnalatha |first=P. |title=The World of the Weaver in Northern Coromandel, c. 1750 – c. 1850 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |location=New Delhi |year=2005 |isbn=9788125028680 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t5XlI91kP3YC}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060423204016/http://www.nd.edu/~kellogg/pdfs/Jaffrelot.pdf ''Caste politics in the North, West and South India before Mandal'']
* ''Konduru: structure and integration in a South Indian village'', [[Paul Hiebert (missiologist)|Paul G. Hiebert]], pp. 21–22.
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=y089AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA45 ''The Warrior Merchants''], Mittison Mines
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=x3GuKnZTGG4C&pg=PA34 ''Religion and Public Culture''], John Jeya Paul

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Social groups of Kerala]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]

Bengaluru Torpedoes

2025-12-26T17:36:06Z

Imteenu: Started New Entry - done

{{Short description|Indian volleyball team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox volleyball club
| clubname = Bengaluru Torpedoes
| colour1 = white
| colour2 = #8E44AD
| short name =
| nickname = Purple Storm
| image = [[File:Bengaluru_Torpedoes_pvl_team_logo.png|300px]]
| fullname =
| founded = {{Start date and age|2021}}
| dissolved =
| ground =
| capacity =
| owner = Limitless Human Performance
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[David Lee (volleyball)|David Lee]]
| captain = Matthew West
| league = [[Prime Volleyball League]]
| season = [[2023 Prime Volleyball League|2023]]
| position = Runners-up
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 = _navybottom
| leftarm1 = 46155B
| body1 = 46155B
| rightarm1 = 46155B
| shorts1 = 000000
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 = _navybottom
| leftarm2 = FFC0CB
| body2 = FFC0CB
| rightarm2 = FFC0CB
| shorts2 = 000000
}}

'''Bengaluru Torpedoes''' is a men's [[volleyball]] team from [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]] playing in the [[Prime Volleyball League]] in India.<ref name="BT Preview SS" /> The team was founded in 2021 and owned by Limitless Human Performance.

==Team==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%; text-align:center;"
! colspan=6 | Team roster 2022<ref name="BT PVL" />
|-
!style=" text-align:center;"|No.
!style=" text-align:center; width:16em"|Name
!style=" text-align:center; width:9em"|Position
|-
| {{sort|23|23}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|BUL}} Tsvetalin Tsvetanov ||Attacker
|-
| {{sort|7|7}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Sethu T R ||Attacker
|-
| {{sort|05|5}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Nisam Mohammed ||Attacker
|-
| {{sort|13|13}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Srajan U Shetty ||Blocker
|-
| {{sort|20|20}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Mujeeb M C ||Blocker
|-
| {{sort|17|17}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Jishnu T V ||Blocker
|-
| {{sort|11|11}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Sudheer Shetty ||Blocker
|-
| {{sort|18|18}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IRN}} Alireza Abalooch ||Universal
|-
| {{sort|04|4}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Ibin Jose ||Universal
|-
| {{sort|06|6}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Pankaj Sharma [[Captain (sports)|(C)]]<ref name="BT Captain ANI" /> ||Attacker
|-
| {{sort|15|15}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Vinayak Rokhade ||Setter
|-
| {{sort|10|10}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} B Midhun Kumar ||Libero
|-
| {{sort|14|14}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Vysakh Renjith ||Setter
|-
| {{sort|8|8}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Tharun Gowda ||Attacker
|-
|{{sort|8|8}} ||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Ganesh K Gowda ||Attacker
|}

==Administration and support staff==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%; width:55%;"
|-
! style=" text-align:center;"| Position
! style=" text-align:center;"| Name
|-
|Owner|| Limitless Human Performance
|-
|Head coach|| {{flagicon|USA}} [[David Lee (volleyball)|David Lee]]<ref name="BT Coach NIE"/>
|-
|Assistant coach|| {{flagicon|IND}} Lijo Jose
|-
|Team manager|| {{flagicon|IND}} Sarang Shanthilal
|-
|General manager|| {{flagicon|IND}} Rakesh Haridas
|-
|}

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="BT PVL">{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Torpedoes {{!}} Prime Volleyball League Team
|url=https://primevolleyballleague.com/bengaluru-torpedoes/ |access-date= |website=www.primevolleyballleague.com}}</ref>

<ref name="BT Preview SS">{{Cite web |title=Prime Volleyball League: Bengaluru Torpedoes building perfect team environment, says coach
|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/volleyball/prime-volleyball-league-2022-bengaluru-torpedoes-building-perfect-team-coach-lakshminarayana/article38352758.ece |access-date= 31 January 2022 |website=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref>

<ref name="BT Captain ANI">{{Cite web |title=Prime Volleyball League: Bengaluru Torpedoes announce ace setter Ranjit Singh as captain
|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/prime-volleyball-league-bengaluru-torpedoes-announce-ace-setter-ranjit-singh-as-captain20220125203155 |access-date= 25 January 2022 |website=[[ANI News]]}}</ref>

<ref name="BT Coach NIE">{{Cite web |title=The Bengaluru Torpedoes are proud to name two-time Olympic Medalist David Lee as our Technical Director. |url=https://twitter.com/TorpedoesBLR/status/1541785842674307072 |access-date= 1 February 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

</references>

{{Prime Volleyball League}}
[[Category:Prime Volleyball League teams]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Volleyball clubs in India]]
[[Category:Men's volleyball teams]]
[[Category:Sport in Bengaluru]]

Abul Barkat

2025-12-18T11:02:39Z

Imteenu: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Bengali Language Movement protester (1927–1952)}}
{{Distinguish|Abul Barkat (economist)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Language martyr, Abul Barkat.jpg
| caption =
| native_name = আবুল বরকত
| native_name_lang = bn
| name = Abul Barkat
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1927|06|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Salar, Murshidabad|Salar]], Bengal Presidency, British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1952|02|21|1927|06|16|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Dacca]], East Bengal, Pakistan
| resting_place = Azimpur Graveyard, Dhaka
| height =
| occupation = Language rights activist
}}
'''Abul Barkat''' ({{langx|bn|আবুল বরকত}}; 16 June 1927 – 21 February 1952) was a protester killed during the [[Bengali language movement]] protests which took place in the erstwhile [[East Pakistan]] (currently [[Bangladesh]]), in 1952.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-89436|title=DU hands over martyr Barkat's certificate after 58 years|date=2009-05-23|work=The Daily Star|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416120923/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-89436 |access-date=2017-04-05|archive-date=16 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news/ekushey-a-turning-point-in-our-history|title=Ekushey: A turning point in our history|date=2013-02-21|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2017-04-05|language=en}}</ref> He is considered a martyr in Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tribute paid to language martyrs|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2015/feb/21/tribute-paid-language-martyrs|work=Dhaka Tribune|access-date=2015-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-100452|title=Documentary on Shaheed Abul Barkat premiered|date=2009-08-07|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2017-04-05|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Abul Barkat was born on June 16, 1927 in Babla village, [[Salar, Murshidabad|Salar]] that time [[Bharatpur I|Bharatpur]] Block, [[Murshidabad]], [[West Bengal]], [[British Raj]]. He studied in Babla primary school and completed his matriculation from Talibpur High School in 1945 and completed his intermediate from [[Krishnath College]] in 1947. He moved to Dhaka in 1948 after the [[Partition of India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Barkat,_Abul|title=Barkat, Abul|last=Kader|first=Rozina|date=|website=Banglapedia|language=en|access-date=2017-04-05}}</ref> He completed his BA in political science from [[University of Dacca]] in 1951. He started his MA in political science in Dhaka University.<ref name="The Daily Star">{{cite news|last1=Rahman|first1=Palash|title=Martyr Barkat museum still waiting for opening|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=222904|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2015-07-10|archive-date=11 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711095647/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=222904|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Bengali Language Movement ==
On February 21, 1952, students bought out a protest demanding Bengali language be given the status of national language despite [[Unlawful assembly|Section 144]] (curfew) being imposed. The police fired at the protestors on the road in front of [[Dhaka Medical College]]. Abul Barkat was seriously injured and later died at the Dhaka Medical College around 8:00{{nbsp}}pm on February 21, 1952. He was buried in the Azimpur Graveyard.His mother, Hasina Begum, inaugurated the [[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka|Shaheed Minar]] in 1963.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/heritage/monument-souls-574186|title=A Monument of Souls|date=2016-02-19|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2017-04-05|language=en}}</ref>[[Image:Barkat Epitaph.jpg|thumb|Epitaph on Abul Barkat's grave at Azimpur Graveyard, Dhaka (2007).]]

==Legacy==
Abul Barkat was awarded [[Ekushey Padak]] in 2000.<ref name=":0" /> A museum has been built for him in Dhaka University campus.<ref name="The Daily Star"/> A documentary titled ''Bayanno'r Michhil'' was made about his life.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-100124|title=Documentary on Shaheed Abul Barkat to premiere today|date=2009-08-04|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2017-04-05|language=en}}</ref> Movement Hero Abul Barkat memorial museum and archive was opened in 2012 in Dhaka University; it was financed by Dhaka District Council.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-227820|title=Barkat memorial museum at DU|date=2012-03-26|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2017-04-05|language=en}}</ref>

==Gallery==
[[File:Grave of Abul Barkat Language martyr (2).jpg|thumb|Grave of language martyr Abul Barkat (1927–1952) at Azimpur graveyard, Dhaka (2021)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons-inline}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070520205804/http://www.pmo.gov.bd/21february/imld_back.htm Short biography] in Prime Minister's official web site, Govt of Bangladesh

{{Language Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abul Barkat}}
[[Category:Bengali language movement activists]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak]]
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:1952 deaths]]
[[Category:Burials at Azimpur Graveyard]]
[[Category:Krishnath College alumni]]
[[Category:People from Murshidabad district]]

Tia Bajpai

2025-12-17T17:31:36Z

Imteenu: improve structure further and improved wording

{{short description|Indian singer and actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tia Bajpai
| image = TiaBajpai.jpg
| caption = Bajpai at the promotion of ''[[1920: The Evil Returns]]'' in 2012
| birth_name = Twinkle Bajpai<ref name=TOI>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131203055830/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-07/news-interviews/29483447_1_vikram-bhatt-hindi-film-tamil The name is Tia Bajpai not Twinkle – The Times of India]. Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com (7 May 2011). Retrieved on 14 February 2016.</ref>
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Tia Bajpai biography and information - Cinestaan.com |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/tia-bajpai-43606/about |access-date=13 May 2022 |work=Cinestaan |publisher=Cinestaan |archive-date=13 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513101053/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/tia-bajpai-43606/about |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|singer}}
| height =
| years active = 2005–Present
}}

'''Tia Bajpai''' (born '''Twinkle Bajpai''') is an Indian singer, television and film actress.<ref>Menon, Neelima. (18 December 2013) [https://web.archive.org/web/20131221012645/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/Tia-Bajpais-Bollywood-Journey-Begins/2013/12/18/article1951012.ece Tia Bajpai's Bollywood Journey Begins]. The New Indian Express. Retrieved on 14 February 2016.</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/fitness/Tia-Bajpai-talks-about-her-fitness-mantras/articleshow/18556571.cms Tia Bajpai talks about her fitness mantras – Times of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929042030/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/fitness/Tia-Bajpai-talks-about-her-fitness-mantras/articleshow/18556571.cms |date=29 September 2015 }}. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (18 February 2013). Retrieved on 14 February 2016.</ref> She made her film debut in 2011 with [[Vikram Bhatt]]'s film ''[[Haunted - 3D]]'', and appeared in ''[[1920: Evil Returns]]'' and ''[[Baankey Ki Crazy Baraat]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tia Bajpai Filmography |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/actor.php?actorid=605 |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=13 May 2022 |archive-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120155849/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/actor.php?actorid=605 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Tia-Bajpai-tries-comedy-with-Bankey-Ki-Crazy-Baarat/articleshow/44003444.cms Tia Bajpai tries comedy with 'Bankey Ki Crazy Baarat' – Times of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717042354/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Tia-Bajpai-tries-comedy-with-Bankey-Ki-Crazy-Baarat/articleshow/44003444.cms |date=17 July 2015 }}. Timesofindia.indiatimes.com (1 October 2014). Retrieved on 14 February 2016.</ref> She also participated in ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005]]''.<ref>[http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/aug/220811-aftab-shivdasani-1920-evil-returns-bollywood-first-horror-project.htm Aftab Shivdasani signs his first horror movie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125133731/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/aug/220811-aftab-shivdasani-1920-evil-returns-bollywood-first-horror-project.htm |date=25 January 2024 }}. Mid-day.com (22 August 2011). Retrieved on 14 February 2016.</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Tia-Bajpai.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|alt=Tia Bajpai smiles at the camera|Bajpai at the success bash of ''[[Haunted 3D]]'' in 2011]]
Hailing from [[Lucknow]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbaikars love it when I say hum or aap: Tia Bajpai - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/lucknow/mumbaikars-love-it-when-i-say-hum-or-aap-tia-bajpai/articleshow/62475959.cms |accessdate=27 June 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 January 2018 |language=en |archive-date=29 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629045328/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/lucknow/mumbaikars-love-it-when-i-say-hum-or-aap-tia-bajpai/articleshow/62475959.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Bajpai started her career by appearing in a few television serials and shows. She made her film and singing debut in [[Vikram Bhatt]]'s horror thriller ''[[Haunted 3D]]'' in 2011, co-starring [[Mahaakshay Chakraborty]], where she portrayed the character of Meera Sabharwal who is tortured by her piano teacher (played by [[Arif Zakaria]]). [[Taran Adarsh]] of [[Bollywood Hungama]] rated 3.5/5 to the film.<ref>{{cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |title=Haunted - 3D: Movie Review |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14347/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913035413/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14347/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2010 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |authorlink=Taran Adarsh |access-date=5 May 2011}}</ref>

In 2012, Bajpai appeared in Vikram Bhatt's next horror thriller ''[[1920: The Evil Returns]]'', sequel to the 2008 film ''[[1920 (film)|1920]]'', alongside [[Aftab Shivdasani]]. She portrayed the role of Smriti, a girl who is possessed by an evil spirit. The film garnered average reviews from critics, but turned out to be commercially successful.<ref name="second week">{{cite web |title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan and Son of Sardar Score at the Box Office |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5104&nCat= |publisher=boxofficeindia |access-date=17 November 2012 |archive-date=19 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119195327/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5104&nCat= |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2020, Bajpai released her first international solo album "Upgrade". The music videos for the album were released on YouTube. The song called "Bon Appetit" from the album was released on 23 May and features [[India]]'s first 3D animation video. She was credited as Tia B on her album.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saxena |first1=Deep |title=A creative quarantine for Tia |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/a-creative-quarantine-for-tia/story-kt54LoVn9ANWmX4UdWuitO.html |accessdate=13 August 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 June 2020 |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027101448/https://www.hindustantimes.com/a-creative-quarantine-for-tia/story-kt54LoVn9ANWmX4UdWuitO.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Television appearances==
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2005–06
| ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005]]''
| Contestant
|
|-
| 2006–08
| ''[[Ghar Ki Lakshmi Betiyann]]''
| Lakshmi Garodia [[Leading actor|Lead]] [[role]]
|-
|2008
|''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
|Vaidehi Laksh Virani
|-
| 2008
| ''Lux Kaun Jeetega Bollywood Ka Ticket''
| Contestant
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai]]'' - Parchaee
|
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai]]'' - Tum Meri Ho
| Kiran (Episode 110 & Episode 111)
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai]]'' - Qayamat
| Priyanka (Episode 166 - Episode 173)
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Anhoniyon Ka Andhera]]''
| Herself
| Special Appearance in a promotion of ''[[Haunted 3D]]''
|-
| 2017
| ''Twisted''
| Disha Agarwal
|
|}

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2011 || ''[[Haunted 3D]]'' || Meera Sabharwal || Debut film<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi |title=Turn on the fear factor in 3D |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Turn-on-the-fear-factor-in-3D/article15129059.ece |access-date=21 November 2022 |url-access=limited |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 February 2011 |language=en-IN |archive-date=21 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121070113/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Turn-on-the-fear-factor-in-3D/article15129059.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Lanka (2011 film)|Lanka]]'' || Dr. Anju A. Khanna ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[1920: Evil Returns]]'' || Smriti/ Sangeeta ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2014 || ''[[Desi Kattey]]'' || Guddi ||
|-
| ''[[Identity Card (2014 film)|Identity Card]]'' || Nazia Siddiqui ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Baankey Ki Crazy Baraat]]'' || Anjali ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Hate Story 4]]'' || Bhavna || Cameo<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hate Story IV movie review: Gives you cheap thrills |date=9 March 2018 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/090318/hate-story-iv-4-movie-review-cheap-thrills-urvashi-rautela-vivaan-ihan.html |access-date=3 December 2023 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203061054/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/090318/hate-story-iv-4-movie-review-cheap-thrills-urvashi-rautela-vivaan-ihan.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Lakeerein]]'' || Kavya Agnihotri ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/ashutosh-rana-and-tia-bajpayees-next-is-lakeerein |title=Ashutosh Rana and Tia Bajpai's Next is Lakeerein |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016081840/https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/ashutosh-rana-and-tia-bajpayees-next-is-lakeerein |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

==As Singer==
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Song
! Co-Singer
! Composer
! Lyricist
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
| ''[[Haunted – 3D]]''
| Sau Baras
| Solo
| [[Chirantan Bhatt]]
| [[Junaid Wasi]]
|
|-
| ''[[Lanka (2011 film)|Lanka]]''
| Sheet Leher-II
| Solo
| [[Gaurav Dagaonkar]]
|
|
|-
| 2018
|
| Chalte Chalte (Cover Version)
| Solo
| Saurabh Sengar, Jay Mehta, Aishwarya Tripathi; originally by [[Ghulam Mohammed (composer)|Ghulam Mohammed]]
| [[Kaifi Azmi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
| ''[[One Day: Justice Delivered]]''
| Tooh Hila lo
| [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]], Farhad
| Joy- Anjan
| Alaukik Rahi
|-
|
| Main Gair Hui
| Solo
|
| [[A. M. Turaz]]
|
|}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Award Ceremony
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
! Ref.(s)
|-
| [[4th Mirchi Music Awards]]
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year|Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year]]
| "Sheet Leher" from ''[[Lanka (2011 film)|Lanka]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/winners.php |title=Winners - Mirchi Music Awards 2011 |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-date=12 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012021506/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/winners.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Tia Bajpai}}
* {{IMDb person}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}
* {{Instagram|tiabajpai}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bajpai, Tia}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Campus Challenge winners]]