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Nabagram Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T13:58:50Z

Ilushiktka:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Other uses|Nabagram (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nabagram
| type = SLA

| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300 |frame-height=300|frame-align=center |type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Nabagram.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Nabagram Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =

| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jangipur Lok Sabha constituency|Jangipur]]
| constituency_no = 65
| established = 1967
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
| mla = Dilip Saha
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| electors = 251,378
}}

'''Nabagram Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Murshidabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 65 Nabagram Assembly constituency (SC) covers [[Nabagram (community development block)|Nabagram]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], and Niyallishpara Goaljan, Radharghat I, Radharghat II and Sahajadpur [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Berhampore (community development block)|Berhampore]] community development block.<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 13 July 2014 | work = West Bengal| publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Nabagram Assembly constituency is part of No. 9 [[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| A. K. Bakshi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="2" | Birendra Narayan Roy
| {{Full party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Aditya Charan Dutta
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="3" | Birendra Narayan Ray
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=4|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| Sisir Kumar Sarkar
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 2000^
| rowspan="2"|Nripen Chaudhuri
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=5|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| Mukul Mondal
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Kanai Chandra Mondal]]
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| Dilip Saha
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

* ^ by-election

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Nabagram<ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/ConstituencywiseS2565.htm</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Dilip Saha |party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=78,739{{formatnum:}}|percentage=35.54|change={{increase}}4.4}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pranab chandra Das|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=72,820{{formatnum:}}|percentage=32.86|change={{decrease}}15.32}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Hiru Haldar|party=Indian National Congress|votes=50,144 {{formatnum:}}|percentage=22.63|change={{new}}}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Purnima Das|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=13,057{{formatnum:}}|percentage=5.89|change={{decrease}}12.88}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Golak Mandal|party=Janata Unnayan Party|votes=2,838{{formatnum:}}|percentage=1.28|change={{new}}}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Barun Mandal|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|votes=1,375{{formatnum:}}|percentage=0.62|change={{decrease}}0.04}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rakhi Mandal|party=Independent |votes=724{{formatnum:}}|percentage=0.33|change={{new}}}}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=1,883{{formatnum:}}|percentage=0.85|change={{decrease}}0.41}}
{{Election box majority||votes=5,919{{formatnum:}}|percentage=2.68|change={{decrease}}14.36}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=221,580 {{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bhartiya Janata Party
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin||title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Nabagram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kanai Chandra Mondal]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = 1,00,455
|percentage = 48.18
|change = {{increase}}14.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mohan Haldar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 64,922
|percentage = 31.14
|change = {{increase}}23.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kripalini Ghosh
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 39,129
|percentage = 18.77
|change = {{decrease}}36.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 2,629
|percentage = 1.26
|change = {{decrease}}0.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Barun Mandal
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = 1,381
|percentage = 0.66
|change = {{increase}}0.03
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 35,533
|percentage = 17.04
|change = {{decrease}}4.11
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,08,516
|percentage = 82.95
|change = {{increase}}1.39
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
In the 2016 assembly election, Kanai Chandra Mandol of CPI(M) defeated his nearest rival Dilip Saha of Trinamool Congress.
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Nabagram<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=65| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327190102/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=65| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Nabagram| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Kanai Chandra Mondal
|votes = 99,545
|percentage = 55.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Dilip Saha
|votes = 61,102
|percentage = 34.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Susanta Marjit
|votes = 13,084
|percentage = 7.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Radha Madhab Mandal
|votes = 2,372
|percentage = 1.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Welfare Party of India
|candidate = Amit Mehena
|votes = 1,232
|percentage = 0.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Babun Mandal
|votes = 1,143
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 38,443
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,78,478
|percentage = 87.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = {{decrease}}4.34
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]+[[CPIM]] vote percentages taken together in 2016.

===2011===
In the 2011 assembly election, Kanai Mondol of CPI(M) defeated his nearest rival Prabal Sarkar of Congress.
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Nabagram (SC) constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=65| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327190102/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=65| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Nabagram| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Kanai Chandra Mondal
|votes = 78,703
|percentage = 48.98
|change = -3.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Prabal Sarkar
|votes = 71,147
|percentage = 44.27
|change = +1.14#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dilip Halder
|votes = 4,489
|percentage = 2.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Social Democratic Party of India
|candidate = Gurupada Das
|votes = 3,298
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Anil Mondal
|votes = 3,057
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 160,694
|percentage = 87.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = -4.34#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.
===2006===
In the 2006 assembly election, Mukul Mondal of CPI(M) defeated his nearest rival Rathin Ghosh of Congress.
{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2006]]: Nabagram (SC) constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=65| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327190102/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=65| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Nabagram| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Mukul Mondal
|votes = 74,594
|percentage = 52.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rathin Ghosh
|votes = 52,018
|percentage = 43.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Nirmal Kumar Dutta
|votes = 9,400
|percentage = 2.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Congress-Independent
|candidate = Rakhahari Mondal
|votes = 1,744
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Congress-Independent
|candidate = Barun Mondal
|votes = 1,638
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Congress-Independent
|candidate = Nazimul Islam
|votes = 1,533
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Congress-Independent
|candidate = Gadadhar Mondal
|votes = 1,470
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Anil Mondal
|votes = 3,057
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 142,397
|percentage = 87.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = -4.34#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on BJP+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===2001===
In the 2001 assembly election, Nripen Chaudhuri of CPI(M) defeated his nearest rival Arit Mazumder of Congress.
{{Election box begin | title=[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2001]]: Nabagram constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=65| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327190102/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=65| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Nabagram| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Nripen Chaudhuri
|votes = 65,609
|percentage = 49.46%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Arit Mazumder
|votes = 57,957
|percentage = 43.69%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Abhiram Murmu
|votes = 5,016
|percentage = 3.78%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Congress-Independent
|candidate = Nipen Choudhury
|votes = 1,714
|percentage = 1.29%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Congress-Independent
|candidate = Sukumar Marjit
|votes = 1,367
|percentage = 1.03%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Congress-Independent
|candidate = Shib Sankar Hazra
|votes = 990
|percentage = 0.75%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 132,653
|percentage = 80.86%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = -4.34#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2001.

===2000 by-election===
A by-election was held on 17 February 2000 following the resignation of the sitting [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]] who was elected as [[Member of Parliament|MP]] In Parliament from [[Baharampur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].
{{Election box begin | title=West Bengal state assembly bye election, 2000: Nabagram constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2000by>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/ByeFeb2000/bye_WB_AC57.htm|title = AC By Election: Nabagram 2000 | work= AC No 163|publisher= India Votes| access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Nripen Chaudhuri
|votes = 62,648
|percentage = 49.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shyamal Ray
|votes = 54,339
|percentage = 43.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Nirmal Kumar Dutta
|votes = 8,707
|percentage = 6.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Pranab Ghosh
|votes = 184
|percentage = 0.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Debasish Sarkar
|votes = 122
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 8,309
|percentage = 6.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,27,186
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +21.27
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
In the 1996 election, [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]] of Congress defeated his nearest rival Muzaffar Hossain of CPI(M).

{{Election box begin | title=[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 1996]]: Nabagram constituency<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=163| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513171627/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=163| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 13 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 1996 |work = Entally | publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 1 May 2011 }}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]
|votes = 76,852
|percentage = 55.84%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Muzaffar Hossain
|votes = 56,523
|percentage = 41.07%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Alauddin Shaikh
|votes = 2,671
|percentage = 1.94%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Anath Bandhu Das
|votes = 898
|percentage = 0.65%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Soumen Das
|votes = 478
|percentage = 0.35%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Bankim Chandra Ghosh
|votes = 208
|percentage = 0.15%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 20,329
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,37,630
|percentage = 89.71%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977–2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Mukul Mondal of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Nabagram assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Rathin Ghosh of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. Nripen Chaudhuri of CPI(M) defeated Arit Majumdar of Congress in 2001.<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. In the 2000 by-elections, Nripen Chaudhuri of CPI(M) defeated Shyamal Ray of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. The by-election was necessitated by the election of sitting MLA, [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]] was Elected to Indian Parliament from [[Baharampur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].[[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]] of Congress defeated Muzaffar Hossain of CPI(M) in 1996.<ref name=vidhansabha1996/> Sisir Kumar Sarkar of CPI(M) defeated Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury of Congress in 1991.<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Birendra Narayan Ray of CPI(M) defeated Pradip Majumdar of Congress in 1987<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> and 1982,<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> and Durgapada Sinha of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp57.htm | title = 57 - Nabagram Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 26 September 2010}}</ref> Later Mr. Pradip Majumdar became the Chairman of Berhampore Municipality, West Bengal. He fought the elections and emerged successfully to become the head of Berhampore Municipality.

===1967–1972===
Aditya Charan Dutta of Congress won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Birendra Narayan Roy, Independent, won in 1971<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> and 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> A.K.Bakshi of Congress won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> The Nabagram seat was not there prior to that.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Murshidabad topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in West Bengal]]

Musiri Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T11:36:37Z

Ilushiktka: new basic post basic info

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{Other places|Musiri (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Musiri
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 145
| map_image = Constitution-Musiri.svg
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| established = 1951
| district = [[Tiruchirapalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur]]
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| mla = [[N. Thiyagarajan]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| electors = 214,006
| reservation = None
}}

'''Musiri''' is a [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu|legislative assembly]] constituency in [[Tiruchirappalli district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 25 January 2017}}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 145. It comes under [[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===

{| class="wikitable" width="70%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[S. P. Thangavelu Muthuraja]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[V. A. Muthiah]] and [[T. V. Sannasi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[S. Ramalingam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[P. S. Muthuselvan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===

{| class="wikitable" width="70%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[P. S. Muthuselvan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[P. Kothandaraman]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[M. K. Rajamanickam]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[S. Rathinavelu]]
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan="2"|[[M. Thangavel]]
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[M. N. Jothi Kannan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[C. Malliga]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[N. Selvaraj]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[N. R. Sivapathi]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[M. Selvarasu (Musiri)|M. Selvarasu]]
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[N. Thiyagarajan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| M.Vignesh
| {{Full party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.43}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.31}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.79}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.34}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|34.83}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.04}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|62.83}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|39.05}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.75}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.20}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|39.27}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.29}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.48}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.79}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|21.73}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|42.23}}

}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Musiri}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. S. Kaururaja|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Yoganathan|party=AIADMK|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Bhagyalakshmi|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=47000 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= N. Vignesh|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 212612|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Musiri<ref>{{cite web |title=musiri Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a145|access-date= 26 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Thiyagarajan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=90,624 |percentage=50.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Selvarasu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,788 |percentage=35.50% |change=-16.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sridevi Ilangovan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=14,311 |percentage=7.96% |change=+6.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Kumar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=3,182 |percentage=1.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Gokul |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=2,499 |percentage=1.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,092 |percentage=0.61% |change=-0.85 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,836 |percentage=14.93% |change=-3.84% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=179,706 |percentage=77.19% |change= -3.18% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=139 |percentage=0.08% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 232,800 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.88% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Musiri<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |access-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Selvarasu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=89,398 |percentage=52.31% |change=-2.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Vijaya Babu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=57,311 |percentage=33.53% |change=+7.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Rajasekharan]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=8,581 |percentage=5.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,485 |percentage=1.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Asaithambi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=2,446 |percentage=1.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ragavan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,423 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Chandrasekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,258 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Palanimuthu |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,159 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Haribaskar |party=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |votes=1,063 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. Ramajayam |party=Independent politician |votes=879 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=32,087 |percentage=18.77% |change=-10.26% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=170,909 |percentage=80.37% |change= -1.18% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 212,655 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.48% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Musiri<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu |work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. R. Sivapathi]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=82,631 |percentage=54.79% |change=+13.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Rajasekharan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38,840 |percentage=25.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Kannaiyan]] |party=Independent politician |votes=19,193 |percentage=12.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. P. Rajendran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,743 |percentage=1.82% |change=+0.7 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Panneerselvam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,761 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Balakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,655 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Tamilselvan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,350 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. M. Neethi Muthu Manal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,086 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Senthilvel |party=Independent politician |votes=788 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=43,791 |percentage=29.04% |change=21.93% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=184,922 |percentage=81.55% |change= 5.85% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 150,808 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.45% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Musiri<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Selvaraj]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=74,311 |percentage=48.34% |change=+14.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. P. Poonachi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,384 |percentage=41.23% |change=+6.4 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Rajalingam |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=10,538 |percentage=6.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Viswanathan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,037 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Nagalingam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,723 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,927 |percentage=7.11% |change=5.66% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=153,726 |percentage=75.70% |change= 9.50% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 203,077 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 13.51% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Musiri<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=C. Malliga |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=47,946 |percentage=34.83% |change=+4.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Vivekanandan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,952 |percentage=33.38% |change=-17.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Thangavel |party=Independent politician |votes=30,419 |percentage=22.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Natarajan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=13,338 |percentage=9.69% |change=-6.12 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,994 |percentage=1.45% |change=-19.60% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=137,655 |percentage=66.20% |change= -7.53% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 207,941 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -16.21% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Musiri<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. N. Jothi Kannan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=67,319 |percentage=51.04% |change=+15.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Mallika Chinnasamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,551 |percentage=29.99% |change=-32.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Selvaraj |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,848 |percentage=15.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,768 |percentage=21.05% |change=-6.67% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=131,898 |percentage=73.73% |change= 11.07% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 188,570 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -11.79% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Musiri<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Thangavel]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=70,812 |percentage=62.83% |change=+23.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Natarasan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,568 |percentage=35.11% |change=-2.8 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sivaperumal |party=Independent politician |votes=584 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate|change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=31,244 |percentage=27.72% |change=26.57% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=112,706 |percentage=62.66% |change= -16.52% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 181,551 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 23.78% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Musiri<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Thangavel]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=49,275 |percentage=39.05% |change=-20.7 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Selvaraju |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=47,826 |percentage=37.90% |change=-0.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Ramaraju |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,327 |percentage=14.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Subbaiah |party=Independent politician |votes=8,792 |percentage=6.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate|change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,449 |percentage=1.15% |change=-20.36% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=126,174 |percentage=79.18% |change= -1.69% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 163,070 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -20.70% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Musiri<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rathinavelu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=65,759 |percentage=59.75% |change=+7.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Natarajan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,086 |percentage=38.24% |change=-9.56 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,673 |percentage=21.51% |change=17.11% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=110,054 |percentage=80.87% |change= 3.49% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 143,107 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 7.55% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Musiri<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. K. Rajamanickam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,697 |percentage=52.20% |change=+12.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Natarajan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=49,171 |percentage=47.80% |change=+24.44 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,526 |percentage=4.40% |change= -11.51% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=102,868 |percentage=77.38% |change= 9.71% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 135,272 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 12.93% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Musiri<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kothandarama Alias Musiri Putthan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,569 |percentage=39.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. S. Periasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,567 |percentage=23.36% |change=-30.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Subbiah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,925 |percentage=21.50% |change=-15.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ayyakkannu |party=Janata Party |votes=13,965 |percentage=15.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,002 |percentage=15.91% |change= -0.89% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=88,026 |percentage=67.68% |change= -9.69% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 132,057 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -15.01% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Musiri<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. S. Muthuselvan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,091 |percentage=54.29% |change=+2.8 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. R. Murugaiah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,232 |percentage=37.49% |change=-6.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. N. Thangavelu |party=Independent politician |votes=4,479 |percentage=6.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Govindarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=839 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,859 |percentage=16.80% |change= 9.12% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,641 |percentage=77.37% |change= -2.39% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,394 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.80% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Musiri<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. S. Muthuselvan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,615 |percentage=51.48% |change=+7.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. K. Reddiar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,750 |percentage=43.80% |change=-6.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,589 |percentage=2.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Parthasarthi |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=737 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. S. Govindan |party=Independent politician |votes=662 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,865 |percentage=7.68% |change= 0.58% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=63,353 |percentage=79.76% |change= 6.90% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,032 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 0.69% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Musiri<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramalingam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,155 |percentage=50.79% |change=+29.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Dorairaju |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,661 |percentage=43.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nagammal |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=1,845 |percentage=2.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Andi Samban |party=Independent politician |votes=1,649 |percentage=2.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,494 |percentage=7.10% |change= 6.10% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=63,310 |percentage=72.86% |change= -27.05% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,547 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 29.06% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Musiri<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. A. Muthaiya |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,427 |percentage=21.73% |change=-15.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. V. Sannasi (Sc) |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,844 |percentage=20.73% |change=-16.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. P. Muthukkaruppan |party=Independent politician |votes=18,657 |percentage=11.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Durairaj (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes=18,093 |percentage=11.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. V. Rengasamy Reddiar |party=Independent politician |votes=15,936 |percentage=10.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Govindarajan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=11,543 |percentage=7.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palaniyandi (Sc) |party=Communist Party of India |votes=8,817 |percentage=5.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Singaravelu (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes=5,940 |percentage=3.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Natesan (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes=5,305 |percentage=3.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ganesan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,206 |percentage=2.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Manickam |party=Independent politician |votes=2,643 |percentage=1.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,583 |percentage=1.00% |change= -3.84% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=158,411 |percentage=99.91% |change= 41.36% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 158,561 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= -20.50% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Musiri<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Thangavelu |party=Independent politician |votes=18,427 |percentage=42.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. P. Krishnaswami |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,316 |percentage=37.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. S. Narayanaswami |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=6,285 |percentage=14.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pichaimuthu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,602 |percentage=5.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,111 |percentage=4.84% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=43,630 |percentage=58.55% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,519 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|10.93|N|78.45|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tiruchirappalli district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Prayagraj Airport

2026-05-03T11:03:37Z

Ilushiktka: added new data w/ sources.

{{Short description|Airport serving Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Prayagraj Airport
| image = Prayagraj Airport.jpg
| IATA = IXD
| ICAO = VEAB
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_mapsize = 250
| pushpin_mark = Airplane_silhouette.svg
| pushpin_label = '''IXD'''
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of airport in Uttar Pradesh
| website = [https://www.aai.aero/en/node/75695 Prayagraj Airport]
| type = Public/Military
| owner = [[Indian Air Force]]
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| city-served = [[Prayagraj]]
| location = Bamrauli, Prayagraj, [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| opened = {{start date and age|1931}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/one-hundred-years-of-flying-high/article2584818.ece |title=One hundred years of flying high |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |first1=Murali N. |last1=Krishnaswamy |date=31 October 2011|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="TOI_Dec2016">{{cite news |title=No headway: With no ILS in place, flight delays continue |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/no-headway-with-no-ils-in-place-flight-delays-continue/articleshow/55902740.cms |access-date=6 August 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="Publications Division 2016 163"/>
| elevation-f = 322
| elevation-m = 98
| coordinates = {{coord|25|26|24|N|81|44|02|E|display=inline,title}}
| metric-elev =
| metric-rwy =
| r1-number = 12/30
| r1-length-f = 8,400
| r1-length-m = 2,560
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| stat-year = April 2024 - March 2025
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 1,077,393 ({{increase}} 76.4%)
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 9,665 ({{increase}} 40%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = 51 ({{increase}} 53.9%)
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref name="AAI3">{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''Prayagraj Airport''' {{Airport codes|IXD|VEAB}}, also known as '''Allahabad Airport''', is a major [[domestic airport]] and an [[Indian Air Force]] base serving the city of [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. Located in the Bamrauli suburb of the city, it is one of the oldest airports in India. This airport is currently under joint operation of the Indian Air Force and the [[Airports Authority of India]].

Foreseeing the [[2019 Prayag Kumbh Mela|Kumbh 2019]], the airport was upgraded with the addition of a new civil terminal extension in 2018, which was constructed in a record 11 months by [[Tata Group|Tata Projects]].<ref>{{cite news |title=TATA Projects Builds Prayagraj Airport Terminal in 11 Months |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tata-projects-builds-prayagraj-airport-terminal-in-11-months-118121800779_1.html |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |date=18 December 2018}}</ref> A new, larger terminal was built just next to this terminal that was completed in January 2025 to cater to the massive flow of traffic during [[2025 Prayag Kumbh Mela|Kumbh 2025]]. This latest addition and the phenomenal festival made the airport structurally a single terminal after refurbishing, and made it among the nation's busiest, with passenger traffic crossing 1 million for the first time in financial year 2024-25.<ref>{{cite news|title=MAHAKUMBH-2025 PREPARATIONS: Mega expansion of Prayagraj airport on cards |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/mahakumbh2025-preparations-mega-expansion-of-prayagraj-airport-on-cards-101675270401480.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=1 February 2023 |access-date=27 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mahakumbh: Prayagraj Airport climbs into India's top 20 – check out the top 10!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/travel/news/mahakumbh-prayagraj-airport-climbs-into-indias-top-20-check-out-the-top-10/articleshow/118206383.cms|work=The Times of India|date=13 February 2025|access-date=1 May 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="AAI3"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Flights from Allahabad (IXD) |url=https://www.flightconnections.com/flights-from-allahabad-ixd |website=www.flightconnections.com |date=16 January 2025 |access-date=27 January 2025}}</ref>

== Air Force Station Bamrauli ==
The Air Force station is located in the [[Bamrauli]] area of Prayagraj and is the headquarters of [[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]]. It is one of the bases of [[Indian Armed Forces]] which operates under [[Central Air Command (India)|Central Air Command]] of [[Indian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Prayagraj Plane Crash: Trainee aircraft crashes, crew safe |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/trainee-army-aircraft-crashes-into-water-body-in-prayagraj-rescue-underway/articleshow/126950577.cms |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |date=21 January 2026 |access-date=21 January 2026}}</ref>

==History==
On 18 February 1911, domestic commercial aviation began in India when Henri Piquet flew a Humber biplane carrying mail from a polo field at Allahabad (now Prayagraj) to Naini, approximately six miles away.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://postalmuseumblog.si.edu/2011/01/india-and-the-worlds-first-official-air-mail-by-airplane.html|title=India and the World's First Official Air Mail by Airplane|publisher=[[Smithsonian National Postal Museum]]| access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref> The construction of an airport at Allahabad with a dedicated airfield was started in 1924.<ref name="Publications Division 2016 163"/>

In 1931, the aerodrome at Allahabad was set up and the foundation for air traffic control services was laid with the appointment of an Indian Aerodrome Officer, specially trained at the airport in the UK.<ref name="Publications Division 2016 163">{{cite book|first1=Y.P. |last1=Bawa |chapter=Civil Aviation: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow |title=Indian Forty Years of Independence |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVc-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT163 |year=2016|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=978-81-230-2634-3|page=163}}</ref> It was among the first four international airports of the country. It catered to international flights with direct services to London until 1932.<ref name="TOI_Dec2016"/>

In July 1933, [[Imperial Airways]] commenced the operation of its flight on the Karachi-Jodhpur-Delhi-Kanpur-Allahabad-Kolkata route, which ran until June 1940.<ref>{{cite book|author=Robin Higham|title=Speedbird: The Complete History of BOAC|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abL3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|year=2013|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-0-85773-334-4|page=44}}</ref> The airfield at Bamrauli was also used as one of the five compulsory stops of the [[MacRobertson Trophy Air Race]] which took place in October 1934.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aviacrash.nl/paginas/panderjager.htm|title=De Panderjager uitgebrand in Allahabad|publisher=AviaCrash.nl| access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref>

From 1941 to the early 2000s, the airport did not cater to any regular commercial flight services. In the early months of 2003, [[Air Sahara]] became the first carrier to re-introduce services at the airport with connectivity to cities like Delhi and Kolkata.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/02/22/stories/2003022202340500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030630061121/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/02/22/stories/2003022202340500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 June 2003 |title=Air Sahara inducts maiden Canadian jet – First flight on 28 February |newspaper=[[Business Line]] |date=22 February 2003 |access-date=26 June 2019}}</ref> However, services soon became defunct following an economic crisis. In 2005, [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]] (a regional connectivity subsidiary under [[Air India]]) started its Allahabad-Delhi flight service on the ATR-72 fleet, which continues to be operational to this day, with minor non-operational periods in between.

In 2013, [[SpiceJet]] introduced its operation in the Delhi-Allahabad sector, along with Alliance Air commencing its Allahabad-Mumbai flight, both of which were closed down due to non-availability of ILS and night landing facilities at the airport after running for a few months.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Nivedita |title=SpiceJet begins Delhi-Allahabad daily services |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/spicejet-begins-delhi-allahabad-daily-services/article64114702.ece |access-date=9 July 2022 |newspaper=[[Business Line]] |date=1 February 2013 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/alliance-air-to-launch-3-new-flights-from-mumbai/article23103586.ece |title=Alliance Air to launch 3 new flights from Mumbai |date=27 August 2013 |newspaper=[[Business Line]] |agency=PTI |access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref>

Seeking limited operational and structural facilities, construction of a new civilian terminal and installation of an ILS system on the existing runway began in January 2018.<ref name="auto1">{{cite news |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/airlines-aviation/allahabad-to-get-indias-fastest-built-airport-terminal-building-here-is-what-aai-is-planning/1379332/| title=Allahabad to get India's fastest-built airport terminal building! Here is what AAI is planning |newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)]] |date=12 November 2018 |access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref> The newly constructed terminal was opened to the public in January 2019 and has since served regular flight operations at Prayagraj.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Saurabh |date=1 September 2017 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/60319764.cms |title=Allahabad airport terminal: Allahabad airport may get new terminal before January 2019 Ardh Kumbh |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

Prayagraj Airport has been included in India's UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Naagrik) regional connectivity scheme to enhance low-cost air travel. Several unserved and underserved routes from Prayagraj, including to regional cities in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Jharkhand, are proposed or under consideration.{{fact|date=May 2025}} Planned International Flights: While currently operating only domestic services, there have been ongoing discussions to develop the airport’s capabilities for international operations, especially to Gulf countries and Southeast Asia, targeting the large diaspora from Eastern Uttar Pradesh.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

== Structure ==

[[File:Prayagraj Airport Infrastructure.jpg|thumb|Prayagraj Airport Infrastructure]]

===Runway===
The airport is served by a single runway 12/30, which is {{Convert|2560|meters||abbr=}} long and {{Convert|45|meters||abbr=}} wide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Online/EDS/25_Jul_2017_100614940RJ8WMRMKReplyEACqueriesAllahabadAirport.pdf|title=UP: Environmental Impact Assessment Study Allahabad Airport |publisher=Airports Authority of India/Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change |date=25 July 2018 |access-date=26 June 2019}}</ref>

===Landing amenities===
The airport is [[Instrument landing system|ILS CAT-I]] compliant for landing during the night, bad weather and foggy conditions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Allahabad Airport|url=https://www.aai.aero/en/node/75695|access-date=26 June 2019|publisher=Airports Authority of India}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=June 2021}} The instrument landing system was installed during the 2018–2019 expansion phase, along with construction of the new terminal. Other than enhancing safety for landing flights in visibility as low as 550 meters, the installation of ILS finally allowed the airport to operate flights at night.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/up-bamrauli-airport-to-get-night-landing-facility-before-kumbh/story-dIBrgk6AQovvY1XnmYyzbO.html |title=UP: Bamrauli airport to get night landing facility before Kumbh |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |first1=Kenneth |last1=John |date=24 August 2018 |access-date=26 June 2019}}</ref>

==New terminal==
Construction of the new terminal began in January 2018 and was completed in December 2018. It was inaugurated by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]]. The terminal was constructed for {{INRconvert|164|c|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Inauguration"/><ref name="auto1"/> A total of {{convert|83|acre|abbr=on}} was allocated for the construction of this terminal.<ref name="auto"/>

The terminal is 6700 square meters, and has a peak per hour capacity of 300 passengers and four aircraft parking bays for [[Airbus A320]] and [[Boeing 737]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aai.aero/en/node/68902 |title=AAI approved list of Agencies for "Development of New Civil Enclave at Allahabad Airport" – Design & Build (EPC) | AIRPORTS AUTHORITY OF INDIA |publisher=Aai.aero |date=20 September 2017 |access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="Inauguration">{{cite news |title=PM inaugurates Prayagraj airport in Allahabad |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-prayagraj-airport-in-allahabad/article25765368.ece |access-date=19 March 2020 |newspaper=[[Business Line]] |date=17 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

The building has an electric operated trolley gate on the link taxi track to segregate the operational area of [[Airports Authority of India]] and [[Indian Air Force]]. There has been use of [[fly ash]] bricks; double insulated door and the building is equipped with [[water harvesting]] and has a [[sewage treatment plant]] of its own.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Saurabh |title=Allahabad airport gets new passenger terminal & more aircraft bays ahead of Kumbh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/allahabad-airport-gets-new-passenger-terminal-more-aircraft-bays-ahead-of-kumbh/articleshow/67103979.cms |access-date=16 February 2021 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

===Phase 2 extension===

[[File:Prayagraj Airport Apron area.jpg|thumb|The extended Prayagraj Airport apron in 2025 (runway view)]]

In February 2021, it was reported that there were plans for a complete makeover of the civil enclave of Prayagraj in Bamrauli in terms of size and facilities. The AAI proposed to double the airport's size, with the present building of the airport being expanded on both sides, keeping the terminal the same.

The project involves reconfiguring the existing terminal building and partially commissioning a new terminal, increasing the combined passenger handling capacity from '''350 to approximately 2,050 passengers per hour'''. The total terminal area will expand from 6,500 sq. mtrs. to 18,500 sq. mtrs., enhancing passenger comfort and operational efficiency. Infrastructure upgrades also include an increase in the apron area, allowing aircraft parking bays to '''grow from four to 15''', accommodating up to '''7 Airbus A320s and eight smaller aircraft.''' A newly constructed taxiway will further streamline ground operations, and night landing facilities will ensure round-the-clock functionality. Improvements extend beyond flight operations. The city-side infrastructure now includes an expanded car parking capacity of 600 vehicles, up from 200.<ref>{{cite news |title=New flights, bigger space: Civil enclave set to expand |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/prayagraj/new-flights-bigger-space-civil-enclave-set-to-expand/articleshow/80724459.cms |access-date=29 March 2021 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Airlines and destinations==
{{more citations needed|section|date=March 2025}}

{{Airport-dest-list

|[[Akasa Air]]| [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]

|[[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]] |[[Bilaspur Airport|Bilaspur]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Jabalpur To Prayagraj Flights To Commence On January 10; Jabalpur To Pune Direct Flight To Start Soon|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/jabalpur-to-prayagraj-flights-to-commence-on-january-10-jabalpur-to-pune-direct-flight-to-start-soon|work=Free Press Journal|date=29 November 2024|access-date=29 November 2024|language=en}}</ref> [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]]

|[[IndiGo]] |[[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore]], [[Biju Patnaik Airport|Bhubaneswar]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]], [[Swami Vivekananda Airport|Raipur]]

||||||}}

== Statistics ==
During the Mahakumbh 2025, records were set including handling 100 flights in single day.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=K Sandeep |date=17 February 2025 |title=Mahakumbh-2025: In a first, Prayagraj airport handles over 100 flights in a day |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/travel/news/mahakumbh-2025-in-a-first-prayagraj-airport-handles-over-100-flights-in-a-day/ar-AA1zdT5g?ocid=BingNewsSerp |work=MSN |access-date=18 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mani |first1=Rajiv |date=15 February 2025 |title=Prayagraj airport sets new record for highest single-day footfall |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/prayagraj-airport-sets-new-record-for-highest-single-day-footfall/articleshow/118284117.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=18 February 2025}}</ref> The total passenger footfall between 17 and 26 February 2025 was 2.38 lakh while the first 36 days saw the movement of 3.20 lakh passengers. The total count during 46 days of Maha Kumbh festivity was 5,59,178 flyers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chauhan |first1=Arvind |title=Maha Kumbh 2025: Prayagraj airport footfall, flight movements soared to record high |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/world/maha-kumbh-2025-prayagraj-airport-footfall-flight-movements-soared-to-record-high/ar-AA1zWT7U?ocid=BingNewsVerp |work=MSN |access-date=19 March 2025}}</ref> Overall, the airport became among the top 20 busiest airports in India in financial year 2024-25, with passenger traffic exceeding 1 million for the first time.<ref name="AAI3"/> . In 2025, Prayagraj Airport handled approximately one million passengers. During the year, the airport operated around 30 flights per week, providing direct connectivity to six destinations across India, and recorded a modest operating profit.<ref>{{cite web | title=Focus on smaller airports before building mega ones | date=25 December 2025 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/focus-on-smaller-airports-before-building-mega-ones-101766676410816.html }}</ref>.

{{Airport-Statistics|iata=IXD}}

==Customer Satisfaction==
Prayagraj Airport Jumped 25 places in this year customer satisfaction surveys from 37th to 12th<ref>{{cite web | title=Prayagraj airport No. 12 in customer satisfaction | work=The Times of India | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/prayagraj-airport-no-12-in-customer-satisfaction/articleshow/126219752.cms }}</ref>.

==Magh Mela 2026 preparations==

In preparation for Magh Mela 2026, Prayagraj Airport announced plans to expand air services to accommodate an expected increase in pilgrim and tourist traffic. A new direct flight between Prayagraj and Hindon Airport (Ghaziabad) is scheduled to commence in January 2026, subject to operational clearances<ref>{{cite web | title=MAGH MELA 2026: Air services to increase, new Prayagraj–Hindon flight to begin in January | date=24 December 2025 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/magh-mela-2026-air-services-to-increase-new-prayagraj-hindon-flight-to-begin-in-january-101766515876981.html }}</ref>.

==See also==
* [[List of airports in India]]
* [[List of the busiest airports in India]]
* [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport]]
* [[Gaya Airport]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website}}
*{{citation |url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/allahabad.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013161040/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/allahabad.jsp |archive-date=13 October 2006 |title=Allahabad Airport |work=[[Airports Authority of India]]}}

{{Airports in India}}

{{Indian Air Force}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Airports in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force bases]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Prayagraj]]
[[Category:World War II sites in India]]
[[Category:Airports established in 1919]]
[[Category:1919 establishments in India]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Renu Gour

2026-04-26T20:37:19Z

Ilushiktka: added the details initial version

{{Short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Renu Gour
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|1|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = Mangali Mohabat, [[Hissar district|Hissar]], [[Haryana]], India
| height =
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| currentclub = [[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]]
| clubnumber = 22
| youthyears1 = Haryana Women's Grassroots
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 =
| clubs1 = [[Kenkre FC|Kenkre]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 =
| clubs2 = Baroda FA
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 =
| clubs3 = [[FC Kolhapur City|Kolhapur City]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 =
| clubs4 = [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
| caps4 =
| goals4 =
| years5 = 2022
| clubs5 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
| caps5 = 11
| goals5 = 8
| years6 = 2022–2024
| clubs6 = [[HOPS FC|HOPS]]
| caps6 =
| goals6 =
| years7 = 2024–2026
| clubs7 = [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
| caps7 =
| goals7 =
| years8 = 2026–
| clubs8 = [[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]]
| caps8 =
| goals8 =
| nationalyears1 = 2016
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-17 football team|India U16]]
| nationalcaps1 = 4
| nationalgoals1 = 4
| nationalyears2 = 2018
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national under-19 football team|India U19]]
| nationalcaps2 = 3
| nationalgoals2 = 5
| nationalyears3 = 2021–
| nationalteam3 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps3 = 23
| nationalgoals3 = 4
| medaltemplates =
| club-update =
| nationalteam-update = 26 February 2025
}}

'''Renu Gour''' (also '''Renu Rani''', born 16 January 2001) is an Indian professional [[Women's association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Forward (association football)|forward]] for the [[Indian Women's League]] club [[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]] and the [[India women's national football team|India women's national team]].<ref name=AIFF>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/75182|title=RENU|website=All India Football Federation|access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref><ref name=GSA>{{Cite web|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/soccer/renu/136735/|title=Renu|website=Global Sports Archive|access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Renu Gour |url=https://www.sofascore.com/player/renu-gour/1163609 |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=www.sofascore.com }}</ref>

==Early life==
Renu was born in Mangali Mohabat, [[Haryana]].<ref name=GSA/>

==Club career==
Renu has played for [[Kickstart FC]] in India.<ref name=AIFF/>

==International career==
Renu made her senior debut for India on 8 April 2021 as a 88th-minute substitution in a 1–2 friendly loss to [[Belarus women's national football team|Belarus]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/nt/177|title=FRIENDLY – India 1–2 BELARUS|date=8 April 2021|website=All India Football Federation|access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref> She scored her first goal for national team against Chinese Taipei in a friendly match on 13 October 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stats.the-afc.com/player/106703|title=RENU|website=AFC|access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===International===
{{Updated|26 February 2025}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!National team!!Year!!Caps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan=5|[[India women's national football team|India]]
|2021
|7
|1
|-
|2022
|5
|0
|-
|2023
|9
|3
|-
|2024
|0
|0
|-
|2025
|2
|0
|-
! colspan=2|Total
!23
!4
|}

:''Scores and results list India's goal tally first.''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+List of international goals scored by Renu Gour
! No. !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1. || 13 October 2021 || [[Hamad Town Stadium]], [[Hamad Town]], [[Bahrain]] || {{fbw|TPE}} || align=center|1–0 || align=center| 1–0 || rowspan=2| [[Exhibition match|Friendly]]
|-
| 2. || 19 March 2023 || [[Petra Stadium]], [[Amman]], [[Jordan]] || {{fbw|JOR}} || align=center|1–2 || align=center| 1–2
|-
| 3. || 4 April 2023 || rowspan=2| [[Dolen Omurzakov Stadium]], [[Bishkek]], [[Kyrgyzstan]] || {{fbw|KGZ}} || align=center|3–0 || align=center| 5–0 || rowspan=2| [[2024 AFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament|2024 AFC Women's Olympic Qualifiers]]
|-
| 4. || 7 April 2023 || {{fbw|KGZ}} || align=center|4–0 || align=center| 4–0
|-
|}

==Honours==

'''Haryana'''
*[[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]] runner-up: [[2022–23 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2022–23]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/comeback-queens-tamil-nadu-regain-national-supremacy |title=Comeback queens Tamil Nadu regain National supremacy |work=AIFF |date=28 June 2023 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/75182 Renu] at All India Football Federation
* {{GSA player|renu/136735}}
*{{Sofascore|id=renu-gour/1163609}}

{{India squad 2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Renu}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:India women's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Women's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Footballers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Haryana]]
[[Category:People from Hisar district]]
[[Category:Sethu FC players]]
[[Category:HOPS FC players]]
[[Category:Kickstart FC players]]
[[Category:Sribhumi FC players]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]
[[Category:2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

{{India-women-footy-bio-stub}}
{{India-footy-forward-stub}}

Nagercoil Junction–Mangaluru Junction Amrit Bharat Express

2026-04-25T12:48:08Z

Ilushiktka: creating some data basic info!

{{Short description|Amrit Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF7220
| name = Nagercoil Junction – Mangaluru Junction ''Amrit Bharat Express''
| logo =
| image = Nagercoil Mangaluru Amrit Bharat.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = NCJ–MAJN standing at {{stnlnk|Mangaluru Junction}}
| type = [[Amrit Bharat Express]], [[Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| status = Active
| locale = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]] and [[Karnataka]]
| first = {{start date and age|2026|01|23|df=yes}} (Inaugural) 
{{start date and age|2026|01|27|df=yes}} (Commercial)
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways (SR)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Nagercoil Junction}} (NCJ)
| end = {{stnlnk|Mangaluru Junction}} (MAJN)
| stops = 21
| distance = {{convert|693|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 17 hrs 20 mins
| frequency = Weekly
| trainnumber = 16329/16330
| line_used = *[[Thiruvananthapuram–Nagercoil–Kanyakumari line|Nagercoil–Thiruvananthapuram line]]
*[[Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram trunk line|Thiruvananthapuram–Kollam line]]
*[[Ernakulam–Kollam line (via Kottayam and Kayamkulam)|Kollam–Ernakulam line (via Kayamkulam and Kottayam)]]
*[[Shoranur–Cochin Harbour section|Ernakulam–Shornur line]]
*[[Shoranur–Mangalore section|Shoranur–Mangaluru line]]
| class = Sleeper class coach (SL)
General unreserved coach (GS)
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack = Upper
| catering = On-board catering
| observation = Saffron-grey
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading lights|Bottle holder}}
| baggage =
| otherfacilities = {{Hlist|[[Closed-circuit television|CCTV cameras]]|[[Future of rail transport in India#Bio-toilets in all trains|Bio-vacuum toilets]]|[[Tap water|Foot-operated water taps]]|[[Passenger information system]]}}
| stock = [[Amrit Bharat (trainset)|Modified LHB coaches]]
| gauge = [[Indian gauge]]
| el = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] overhead line
| speed = {{cvt|40|km|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength =
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance =
| sharing = No
| map = {{Nagercoil Junction–Mangaluru Junction AB Express Route}}
| map_state = show
}}

The 16329/16330 '''Nagercoil Junction–Mangaluru Junction''' '''Amrit Bharat Express''' is India's 26th non-AC [[Express trains in India|Superfast]] [[Amrit Bharat Express]] train, which runs across the states of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]] and [[Karnataka]] by connecting the tip of the [[Indian subcontinent|Indian peninsula]] to the rest of the country {{stnlnk|Nagercoil Junction}} with [[Mangalore Junction railway station|Mangaluru Junction]], the scenic [[Konkan Railway zone|Konkan Railway]] to the southern and eastern parts of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Amrit Bharat Express: Schedule Approved For Three Weekly Services Connecting Nagercoil, Tambaram And Charlapally {{!}} Details |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/kerala-amrit-bharat-express-schedule-approved-for-three-weekly-services-connecting-nagercoil-tambaram-and-charlapally-details-10293981 |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=[[Dainik Jagran]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=3 New Amrit Bharat Express Trains To Hit Tracks In South India {{!}} Check Routes |url=https://www.news18.com/amp/photogallery/photogallery/3-new-amrit-bharat-express-trains-to-hit-tracks-in-south-india-check-routes-ws-l-9844590.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260120130703/https://www.news18.com/amp/photogallery/photogallery/3-new-amrit-bharat-express-trains-to-hit-tracks-in-south-india-check-routes-ws-l-9844590.html |archive-date=2026-01-20 |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=[[News18]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

The express train is inaugurated on 23 January 2026 by Honorable [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] through video conference.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Udayavani |date=2026-01-17 |title=Rail users demand extension of Nagercoil–Mangaluru Amrit Bharat Express to Subrahmanya Road {{!}} Udayavani – Latest English News, Udayavani Newspaper |url=https://udayavani.com/karnataka/demand-to-extend-nagercoil-mangaluru-amrit-bharat-express-subrahmanya-road-714907?lang=en |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=Udayavani |language=en}}</ref>

== Overview ==
The train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting {{stnlnk|Nagercoil Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Mangalore Junction}}. It is currently operated 16329/16330 on weekly basis.

== Rakes ==
It is the 26th [[Amrit Bharat 2.0 Express]] train in which the locomotives were designed by [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]] (CLW) at [[Chittaranjan]], [[West Bengal]] and the coaches were designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] initiative.

== Schedule ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Train schedule: Nagercoil ↔ Mangaluru Amrit Bharat Express
|-
! Train no.
! Station code
! Departure station
! Departure time
! Departure day
! Arrival station
! Arrival hours
|-
| 16329
| NCJ
| {{stnlnk|Nagercoil Junction}}
| 11:40 AM
| [[Mangalore Junction railway station|Mangaluru Junction]]
| 5:00 AM
| 17h 20m
|-
| 16330
| MAJN
| [[Mangalore Junction railway station|Mangaluru Junction]]
| 8:00 AM
| {{stnlnk|Nagercoil Junction}}
| 10:05 PM
| 14h 5m
|}

== Routes and halts ==
The halts for this 16329/16330 Nagercoil–Mangaluru Amrit Bharat Express are as follows:-
{{columns-list|
# '''{{stnlnk|Nagercoil Junction}}'''
# {{stnlnk|Thiruvananthapuram Central}}
# {{stnlnk|Varkala Sivagiri}}
# {{stnlnk|Kollam Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Karunagappalli}}
# {{stnlnk|Kayamkulam Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Mavelikara}}
# {{stnlnk|Chengannur}}
# {{stnlnk|Tiruvalla}}
# {{stnlnk|Changanasseri}}
# {{stnlnk|Kottayam}}
# {{stnlnk|Ernakulam Town}}
# {{stnlnk|Aluva}}
# {{stnlnk|Thrissur}}
# {{stnlnk|Shoranur Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Tirur}}
# {{stnlnk|Kozhikode}}
# {{stnlnk|Thalassery}}
# {{stnlnk|Kannur}}
# {{stnlnk|Kasaragod}}
# '''{{stnlnk|Mangaluru Junction}}'''
|colwidth=15em}}

== Rake reversal ==
No rake reversal or rake share.

== See also ==
*[[Amrit Bharat Express]]
*[[Vande Bharat Express]]
*[[Rajdhani Express]]
*{{stnlnk|Nagercoil Junction}}
*{{stnlnk|Mangalore Junction}}

== Notes ==
a. Runs a day in a week with both directions.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Amrit Bharat Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagercoil Junction-Mangaluru Junction Amrit Bharat Express}}
[[Category:Amrit Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:Transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]

2024–25 Indian Youth League

2026-04-19T16:27:28Z

Ilushiktka: Put Up Basic Data More To Come.

{{Short description|U17 football league in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date = January 2025}}
{{infobox football league season
| image =
| competition = [[Youth League (India)|Youth League]]
| season = [[2024–25 in Indian football|2024–25]]
| dates = 4 January 2025 – 14 May 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIFF Youth League 2024–25 schedule, date, time table, teams list, fixtures and format |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/calendar?event=3&month=0&year=2025 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=The AIFF |language=en}}</ref>
| winners = [[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|Punjab FC]] (1st title)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab FC crowned the kings of AIFF U-17 Elite Youth League |url=https://i-league.org/punjab-fc-crowned-the-kings-of-aiff-u-17-elite-youth-league/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=I-League |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526093135/https://i-league.org/punjab-fc-crowned-the-kings-of-aiff-u-17-elite-youth-league/ |archive-date=26 May 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab FC ease past Jamshedpur FC to clinch AIFF U-17 Elite Youth League title |url=https://www.msn.com/en-xl/news/other/punjab-fc-ease-past-jamshedpur-fc-to-clinch-aiff-u-17-elite-youth-league-title/ar-AA1EMepq |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=msn |language=en}}</ref>
| matches = 368
| matches footnote =
| total goals = 1515
| best player =
| league topscorer = Mohammed Shamil VPP (FC Madras) (21 goals)
| biggest home win = Raman Sports Academy 15–0 Artz N India Football Club (10 January 2025)
| biggest away win = [[Delhi FC]] 0-17 [[Minerva Academy FC|Minerva Academy]] (16 January 2025)
| highest scoring = Delhi FC 0-17 Minerva Academy (16 January 2025)
| prevseason = [[2023–24 Indian Youth League|2023–24]]
| nextseason = [[2025–26 AIFF Elite Youth League|2025–26]]
| attendance =
| average attendance =
| updated =
}}
The '''2024–25 Youth League''', also known as the '''2024–25 U-17 Youth League''', is the fifteenth season of the Indian [[Youth League (India)|Youth League]] and the third season of the under-17 category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U-17 AIFF Youth League: Fixtures, format and more |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=The AIFF |language=English}}</ref>

==Changes in format==
* Number of participating teams increased to 71.
* The teams were divided into 12 groups.
** All except group J had 6 teams.
* The tournament took place in home and away [[round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format (except in centralized groups J and L) in the [[group stage]].

==Teams==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Club<ref>{{Cite web |title= U-17 Youth League |url=https://i-league.org/points-table/u-17-youth-league/ |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=I-League |language=English}}</ref>
!State/Region
!Home
|-
!colspan=3|Group A
|-
|Adamas United Sports Academy
|rowspan=6|[[West Bengal]]
|Barakpore Stadium, [[Kolkata]]
|-
|Bengal Football Academy
|Vivekanand Stadium, [[Khardaha]]
|-
|Bidhannagar Municipal Sports Academy
|Bidhannagar Municipal Sports Academy Ground, [[Kolkata]]
|-
|[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal FC]]
|[[East Bengal Ground]], [[Kolkata]]
|-
|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]]
|[[Mohammedan Sporting Ground]], [[Kolkata]]
|-
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|[[Mohun Bagan Ground]], [[Kolkata]]
|-
!colspan=3|Group B
|-
|[[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City FC]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Cooperage Ground]], [[Churchgate]], [[Mumbai]]
|-
|[[Reliance Foundation Youth Sports|Reliance Foundation Young Champs]]
|Reliance Corporate Park, Ghansoli, [[Navi Mumbai]]
|-
|Community Football Club
|Neville D'Souza Ground, [[Bandra]]
|-
|SSE BFC Soccer Schools
|Yashwantrao Ground, [[Nerul]]
|-
|Brothers Sports Association
|[[Barnes School|Barnes School and Junior College]], [[Nashik]]
|-
|Thane City FC
|All Saints Ground, [[Bhiwandi]]
|-
!colspan=3|Group C
|-
|Altius International Football Academy
| rowspan="6" |[[Kerala]]
|Altius International Football Academy, [[Koppam]], [[Pattambi]]
|-
|MSP Football Academy
|[[Kottappadi Football Stadium, Malappuram|Kottappadi Football Stadium]], [[Malappuram]]
|-
|Parappur FC
|[[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium|Thrissur Cooperation Stadium]], [[Thrissur]]
|-
|Don Bosco Vaduthala
|[[Maharaja's College, Kochi|Maharaja's College Ground]], [[Kochi]]
|-
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC Reserves and Academy|Gokulam Kerala FC]]
|[[Kozhikode Corporation EMS Stadium|EMS Corporation Stadium]], [[Kozhikode]]
|-
|[[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters Football Club]]
|Panampilly Sports Ground, [[Panampilly Nagar|Panampilly]]
|-
!colspan=3|Group D
|-
|Artz N India Football Club
| rowspan="4" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
|SDAT Ground, [[Dindigul]]
|-
|[[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin FC]]
|[[Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research|Sri Ramachandra Medical College]], [[Porur]], [[Chennai]]
|-
|FC Madras
|FC Madras Academy, [[Mahabalipuram]]
|-
|First Kick School of Soccer Academy
|First Kick School of Soccer, [[Coimbatore]]
|-
|[[Bhaichung Bhutia Football Schools|BBFS, Bengaluru]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Karnataka]]
|Maharishi Vidya Mandir School, [[Hosur]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|Raman Sports Academy
|Padukone Dravid Center of Excellence, [[Bengaluru]]
|-
!colspan=3|Group E
|-
|Alchemy International FA
| rowspan=5 |[[Karnataka]]
| rowspan=2 |Padukone Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence, [[Bengaluru]]
|-
|[[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru FC]]
|-
|[[Kickstart FC]]
|[[Bangalore Football Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
|-
|Roots Football Club
|HAL Sports Club, [[Bengaluru]]
|-
|[[SC Bengaluru|Sporting Club Bengaluru]]
|Padukone Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence, [[Bengaluru]]
|-
|[[Muthoot Football Academy]]
|[[Kerala]]
|Muthoot FA, [[Malappuram]]
|-
!colspan=3|Group F
|-
|[[Minerva Academy FC|Minerva Academy]]
|rowspan=3|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|Minerva Academy, [[Mohali]]
|-
|[[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|Punjab FC]]
|SUS Tangori Football Ground, [[Mohali]]
|-
|Sri Dashmesh Martial Sports Academy
|Sri Dashmesh Martial SA, [[Anandpur Sahib]]
|-
|[[Bhaichung Bhutia Football Schools|BBFS, Delhi]]
|rowspan=3|[[Delhi]]
|Vedas International School, [[Sohna]], [[Haryana]]
|-
|[[Delhi FC]]
|Minerva Academy, [[Mohali]]
|-
|[[Sudeva Delhi FC]]
|Sudeva Football Academy, [[Delhi]]
|-
!colspan=3|Group G
|-
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|rowspan=2|[[Assam]]
|MFA turf, [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]]
|-
|Numaligarh Refinery Limited Football Academy
|NRL Township Ground, [[Numaligarh]]
|-
|ASUFII FA
|rowspan=2|[[Manipur]]
|KASA Stadium, [[Diphu]], [[Assam]]
|-
|Football 4 Change Academy
|rowspan=2|Assam Rifles Ground, Laitkor, [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]]
|-
|[[Bhaichung Bhutia Football Schools|BBFS, Shillong]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Meghalaya]]
|-
|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|MFA turf, [[Shillong]]
|-
!colspan=3|Group H
|-
|[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|rowspan=2|[[Rajasthan]]
|[[Laxmi Devi Institute of Engineering and Technology|LIET]], [[Alwar]]
|-
|[[Zinc Football|Zinc Football Academy]]
|Debari, [[Udaipur]]
|-
|[[ARA FC]]
|rowspan=2|[[Gujarat]]
|Adani Shantigram Football Ground, [[Ahmedabad]]
|-
|Charutar Vidya Mandal FC
|CVM FC Ground, [[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]]
|-
|[[Maharashtra Oranje FC|Oranje FC]]
|rowspan=2|[[Maharashtra]]
|CIDCO, [[Kharghar]]
|-
|Sports Mania
|Sports Mania, [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]]
|-
!colspan=3|Group I
|-
|[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers FC]]
|rowspan=4|[[Goa]]
|Holy Trinity Ground, [[Benaulim]]
|-
|[[Dempo SC]]
|Ella Ground, [[Old Goa]]
|-
|[[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|FC Goa]]
|Monte de Guirim Football Ground, [[Guirim]]
|-
|[[Sesa Football Academy]]
|SFA, [[Sircaim]]
|-
|Belgaum United Football Academy
| rowspan=2 |[[Karnataka]]
|Sporting Planet Sports Complex, [[Belgaum]]
|-
|Football Club Mangalore
|FC Mangalore ground, [[Mangaluru]]
|-
!colspan=3|Group J
|-
|Classic Football Academy
|rowspan=2|[[Manipur]]
|rowspan=5|Ramakrishna Mission Sports Complex, [[Narayanpur, Chhattisgarh|Narayanpur]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
|TYDA
|-
|[[Aizawl FC]]
|[[Mizoram]]
|-
|[[RKM Football Academy|RKM FA]]
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
|Premier Sporting Football Academy
|[[Bihar]]
|-
!colspan=3|Group K
|-
|[[AIFF Elite Academy|AIFF FIFA Talent Academy]]
|rowspan=2|[[Odisha]]
|OSAP 7th Battalion, [[Bhubaneswar]]
|-
|[[Odisha FC Reserves and Academy|Odisha FC]]
|SAI International Residential School, Nuagan, [[Cuttack]]
|-
|SKM Sports Foundation
|rowspan=2|[[West Bengal]]
|Aghornath Park Stadium, [[Kalna City|Kalna]]
|-
|[[United SC]]
|[[Bankimanjali Stadium|Naihati Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]
|-
|[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|BLW Football Ground, [[Varanasi]]
|-
|[[Jamshedpur FC Reserves and Academy|Jamshedpur]]
|[[Jharkhand]]
|[[JRD Tata Sports Complex]], [[Jamshedpur]]
|-
!colspan=3|Group L
|-
|[[Corbett FC]]
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|rowspan=6|[[Deccan Arena]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
|-
|Juba Sangha FC
|[[Delhi]]
|-
|[[Madan Maharaj FC|Madan Maharaj]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|MUM - Dsouza Football Academy
|[[Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
|[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|[[Telangana]]
|}

==Group stage==
===Group A===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group A
|show_matches=y
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]
|solid_cell=grey

|team1=MBSG
|team2=BFA
|team3=EBFC
|team4=AUSA
|team5=MSC
|team6=BMSA


|win_AUSA=2 |draw_AUSA=3|loss_AUSA=5 |gf_AUSA=7 |ga_AUSA=16
|win_BFA=8 |draw_BFA=0 |loss_BFA=2 |gf_BFA=27 |ga_BFA=7
|win_BMSA=0 |draw_BMSA=2 |loss_BMSA=8 |gf_BMSA=5
|ga_BMSA=25
|win_EBFC=4 |draw_EBFC=2 |loss_EBFC=4 |gf_EBFC=15|ga_EBFC=16
|win_MBSG=9 |draw_MBSG=1 |loss_MBSG=0 |gf_MBSG=24|ga_MBSG=3
|win_MSC=2 |draw_MSC=2 |loss_MSC=6 |gf_MSC=8 |ga_MSC=19


|match_MSC_MBSG = 0-5
|match_AUSA_EBFC = 0-4
|match_BFA_BMSA = 2-0
|match_EBFC_MSC = 3-2
|match_BMSA_AUSA = 0-0
|match_MBSG_BFA = 1-0
|match_BFA_MSC = 3-0
|match_AUSA_MBSG = 0-1
|match_EBFC_BMSA = 2-0
|match_MSC_BMSA = 2-1
|match_AUSA_BFA = 2-3
|match_MBSG_EBFC = 1-0
|match_MBSG_BMSA = 3-2
|match_EBFC_BFA = 1-5
|match_AUSA_MSC = 0-0
|match_EBFC_MBSG = 0-0
|match_BFA_AUSA = 5-1
|match_BMSA_MSC = 0-2
|match_MSC_EBFC = 0-3
|match_AUSA_BMSA = 1-0
|match_BFA_MBSG = 0-1
|match_MSC_AUSA = 1-1
|match_BFA_EBFC = 5-0
|match_BMSA_MBSG = 0-9
|match_BMSA_BFA = 1-3
|match_EBFC_AUSA = 1-2
|match_MBSG_MSC = 2-1
|match_MBSG_AUSA = 1-0
|match_BMSA_EBFC = 1-1
|match_MSC_BFA = 0-1

|res_col_header = Q
|result1=FR |result2=PO
|col_FR=green1 |text_FR = Final round |col_PO=blue1 |text_PO = Playoff round


|name_AUSA=Adamas United Sports Academy
|name_BFA=Bengal Football Academy
|name_BMSA=Bidhannagar Municipal Sports Academy
|name_EBFC=[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal FC]]
|name_MBSG=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|name_MSC=[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]]
}}

===Group B===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group B
|show_matches=y
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]
|solid_cell=grey

|team1=RFYC
|team2=MCFC
|team3=BSA
|team4=SBSS
|team5=CFCI
|team6=TCFC


|win_BSA=4 |draw_BSA=2 |loss_BSA=4 |gf_BSA=19 |ga_BSA=19
|win_CFCI=3 |draw_CFCI=1 |loss_CFCI=6 |gf_CFCI=11 |ga_CFCI=23
|win_MCFC=8 |draw_MCFC=1 |loss_MCFC=1 |gf_MCFC=32 |ga_MCFC=4
|win_RFYC=9 |draw_RFYC=0 |loss_RFYC=1 |gf_RFYC=48 |ga_RFYC=5
|win_SBSS=3 |draw_SBSS=2 |loss_SBSS=5 |gf_SBSS=9 |ga_SBSS=29
|win_TCFC=0 |draw_TCFC=0 |loss_TCFC=10|gf_TCFC=5 |ga_TCFC=44


|match_TCFC_MCFC = 0-4
|match_RFYC_CFCI = 3-0
|match_BSA_SBSS = 2-2
|match_CFCI_TCFC = 2-1
|match_SBSS_MCFC = 0-5
|match_RFYC_BSA = 6-0
|match_BSA_MCFC = 2-2
|match_TCFC_RFYC = 1-5
|match_CFCI_SBSS = 0-0
|match_RFYC_MCFC = 2-0
|match_CFCI_BSA = 1-4
|match_TCFC_SBSS = 1-3
|match_BSA_TCFC = 4-1
|match_SBSS_RFYC = 0-6
|match_MCFC_CFCI = 2-0
|match_SBSS_TCFC = 1-0
|match_MCFC_RFYC = 3-0
|match_BSA_CFCI = 4-0
|match_TCFC_CFCI = 1-6
|match_BSA_RFYC = 0-1
|match_MCFC_SBSS = 5-0
|match_CFCI_MCFC = 0-1
|match_TCFC_BSA = 0-2
|match_RFYC_SBSS = 8-0
|match_MCFC_TCFC = 7-0
|match_SBSS_BSA = 3-1
|match_CFCI_RFYC = 1-7
|match_SBSS_CFCI = 0-1
|match_MCFC_BSA = 3-0
|match_RFYC_TCFC = 10-0

|res_col_header = Q
|result1=FR |result2=PO
|col_FR=green1 |text_FR = Final round |col_PO=blue1 |text_PO = Playoff round


|name_BSA=Brothers Sports Association
|name_CFCI=Community Football Club
|name_MCFC=[[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City FC]]
|name_RFYC=[[Reliance Foundation Youth Sports|Reliance Foundation Young Champs]]
|name_SBSS=SSE BFC Soccer Schools
|name_TCFC=Thane City FC
}}

===Group C===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group C
|show_matches=y
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]
|solid_cell=grey

|team1=KBFC
|team2=GOK
|team3=MSP
|team4=AIFA
|team5=PFCK
|team6=DBV


|win_AIFA=3|draw_AIFA=0|loss_AIFA=7|gf_AIFA=14|ga_AIFA=42
|win_DBV=0 |draw_DBV=1 |loss_DBV=9 |gf_DBV=8 |ga_DBV=53
|win_GOK=7 |draw_GOK=1 |loss_GOK=2 |gf_GOK=38 |ga_GOK=7
|win_KBFC=9|draw_KBFC=1|loss_KBFC=0|gf_KBFC=45|ga_KBFC=7
|win_MSP=6 |draw_MSP=2 |loss_MSP=2 |gf_MSP=38 |ga_MSP=23
|win_PFCK=2|draw_PFCK=1|loss_PFCK=7|gf_PFCK=15|ga_PFCK=26


|match_DBV_AIFA = 3-4
|match_AIFA_PFCK = 2-0
|match_MSP_DBV = 3-1
|match_MSP_GOK = 1-7
|match_PFCK_DBV = 7-2
|match_KBFC_AIFA = 3-0
|match_AIFA_MSP = 2-8
|match_PFCK_KBFC = 0-4
|match_DBV_GOK = 0-2
|match_KBFC_DBV = 8-1
|match_PFCK_MSP = 0-4
|match_GOK_AIFA = 7-1
|match_MSP_AIFA = 4-1
|match_GOK_DBV = 8-0
|match_KBFC_PFCK = 2-0
|match_PFCK_AIFA = 6-2
|match_DBV_MSP = 0-10
|match_KBFC_GOK = 1-0
|match_AIFA_GOK = 0-4
|match_DBV_KBFC = 0-9
|match_MSP_PFCK = 3-2
|match_KBFC_MSP = 7-2
|match_AIFA_DBV = 2-1
|match_GOK_PFCK = 6-0
|match_AIFA_KBFC = 0-6
|match_GOK_MSP = 1-1
|match_DBV_PFCK = 0-0
|match_MSP_KBFC = 2-2
|match_PFCK_GOK = 0-1
|match_GOK_KBFC = 2-3

|res_col_header = Q
|result1=FR |result2=PO
|col_FR=green1 |text_FR = Final round |col_PO=blue1 |text_PO = Playoff round


|name_AIFA=Altius International Football Academy
|name_DBV=Don Bosco Vaduthala
|name_GOK=[[Gokulam Kerala FC Reserves and Academy|Gokulam Kerala]]
|name_KBFC=[[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters]]
|name_MSP=MSP Football Academy
|name_PFCK=Parappur FC
}}

=== Group D ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group D
|show_matches=y
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]
|solid_cell=grey

|team1=FCM
|team2=CFC
|team3=RSA
|team4=FKSSA
|team5=BBFS-B
|team6=AIFC


|win_AIFC=0 |draw_AIFC=0 |loss_AIFC=10|gf_AIFC=6 |ga_AIFC=79
|win_BBFS-B=2|draw_BBFS-B=1|loss_BBFS-B=7|gf_BBFS-B=10|ga_BBFS-B=46
|win_CFC=8 |draw_CFC=1 |loss_CFC=1 |gf_CFC=51 |ga_CFC=5
|win_FCM=9 |draw_FCM=1 |loss_FCM=0 |gf_FCM=64 |ga_FCM=3
|win_FKSSA=3|draw_FKSSA=1|loss_FKSSA=6|gf_FKSSA=14|ga_FKSSA=27
|win_RSA=6 |draw_RSA=0 |loss_RSA=4 |gf_RSA=43 |ga_RSA=28


|match_FKSSA_AIFC = 6-0
|match_BBFS-B_RSA = 0-3
|match_CFC_FCM = 1-1
|match_FKSSA_BBFS-B = 2-1
|match_RSA_CFC = 3-4
|match_AIFC_FCM = 0-10
|match_FKSSA_FCM = 0-3
|match_RSA_AIFC = 15-0
|match_BBFS-B_CFC = 0-3
|match_RSA_FKSSA = 6-0
|match_BBFS-B_FCM = 0-4
|match_CFC_AIFC = 9-0
|match_FCM_RSA = 9-0
|match_CFC_FKSSA = 5-0
|match_AIFC_BBFS-B = 3-4
|match_FCM_BBFS-B = 15-1
|match_AIFC_CFC = 0-9
|match_FKSSA_RSA = 2-3
|match_CFC_RSA = 5-0
|match_FCM_AIFC = 10-0
|match_BBFS-B_FKSSA = 1-1
|match_FKSSA_CFC = 0-4
|match_RSA_FCM = 1-7
|match_BBFS-B_AIFC = 3-2
|match_FCM_CFC = 1-0
|match_RSA_BBFS-B = 2-0
|match_AIFC_FKSSA = 0-3
|match_FCM_FKSSA = 4-0
|match_CFC_BBFS-B = 11-0
|match_AIFC_RSA = 1-10

|res_col_header = Q
|result1=FR |result2=PO
|col_FR=green1 |text_FR = Final round |col_PO=blue1 |text_PO = Playoff round


|name_FCM=FC Madras
|name_CFC=[[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin FC]]
|name_RSA=Raman Sports Academy
|name_FKSSA=First Kick School of Soccer Academy
|name_BBFS-B=[[Bhaichung Bhutia Football Schools|BBFS Bengaluru]]
|name_AIFC=Artz N India Football Club
}}

===Group E===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group E
|show_matches=y
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]
|solid_cell=grey

|team1=MFA
|team2=AIA
|team3=BFC
|team4=KFK
|team5=RFC
|team6=SCB


|win_AIA=6 |draw_AIA=3 |loss_AIA=1 |gf_AIA=17 |ga_AIA=9
|win_BFC=6 |draw_BFC=1 |loss_BFC=3 |gf_BFC=32 |ga_BFC=12
|win_KFK=5 |draw_KFK=1 |loss_KFK=4 |gf_KFK=16 |ga_KFK=12
|win_MFA=8 |draw_MFA=1 |loss_MFA=1 |gf_MFA=36 |ga_MFA=8
|win_RFC=2 |draw_RFC=0 |loss_RFC=8 |gf_RFC=10 |ga_RFC=40
|win_SCB=0 |draw_SCB=0 |loss_SCB=10|gf_SCB=1 |ga_SCB=31


|match_AIA_SCB = 2-0
|match_RFC_BFC = 1-5
|match_KFK_MFA = 1-2
|match_SCB_BFC = 0-3
|match_AIA_KFK = 1-0
|match_MFA_RFC = 13-0
|match_RFC_KFK = 0-3
|match_AIA_BFC = 1-5
|match_MFA_SCB = 4-0
|match_MFA_AIA = 1-1
|match_KFK_BFC = 1-4
|match_RFC_SCB = 3-0
|match_BFC_MFA = 2-3
|match_RFC_AIA = 0-2
|match_SCB_KFK = 0-2
|match_SCB_RFC = 0-2
|match_AIA_MFA = 1-0
|match_BFC_KFK = 0-1
|match_BFC_SCB = 6-0
|match_KFK_AIA = 1-1
|match_RFC_MFA = 0-4
|match_KFK_SCB = 2-0
|match_MFA_BFC = 2-1
|match_AIA_RFC = 4-1
|match_MFA_KFK = 4-2
|match_SCB_AIA = 1-4
|match_BFC_RFC = 6-3
|match_SCB_MFA = 0-3
|match_KFK_RFC = 3-0
|match_BFC_AIA = 0-0

|res_col_header = Q
|result1=FR |result2=PO
|col_FR=green1 |text_FR = Final round |col_PO=blue1 |text_PO = Playoff round


|name_AIA=Alchemy International FA
|name_BFC=[[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru FC]]
|name_KFK=[[Kickstart FC]]
|name_MFA=[[Muthoot Football Academy]]
|name_RFC=Roots Football Club
|name_SCB=[[SC Bengaluru|Sporting Club Bengaluru]]
}}

===Group F===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group F
|show_matches=y
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]
|solid_cell=grey

|team1=PFC
|team2=SUD
|team3=MAFC
|team4=SDMSA
|team5=BBFS-D
|team6=DFC


|win_BBFS-D=2 |draw_BBFS-D=0 |loss_BBFS-D=8 |gf_BBFS-D=10 |ga_BBFS-D=29
|win_DFC=0 |draw_DFC=0 |loss_DFC=10 |gf_DFC=1 |ga_DFC=73
|win_MAFC=6 |draw_MAFC=2 |loss_MAFC=2 |gf_MAFC=40 |ga_MAFC=12
|win_PFC=7 |draw_PFC=2 |loss_PFC=1 |gf_PFC=40 |ga_PFC=4
|win_SDMSA=5|draw_SDMSA=1|loss_SDMSA=4|gf_SDMSA=17|ga_SDMSA=15
|win_SUD=7 |draw_SUD=1 |loss_SUD=2 |gf_SUD=30 |ga_SUD=5


|match_SDMSA_PFC = 0-3
|match_MAFC_BBFS-D = 5-0
|match_SUD_DFC = 12-0
|match_BBFS-D_SDMSA = 1-2
|match_DFC_PFC = 0-10
|match_SUD_MAFC = 1-2
|match_MAFC_SDMSA = 1-0
|match_BBFS-D_DFC = 4-0
|match_SUD_PFC = 0-2
|match_BBFS-D_SUD = 1-2
|match_SDMSA_DFC = 4-1
|match_DFC_MAFC = 0-17
|match_PFC_BBFS-D = 1-0
|match_SDMSA_SUD = 0-2
|match_PFC_MAFC = 1-1
|match_SUD_BBFS-D = 4-0
|match_DFC_SDMSA = 0-3
|match_PFC_DFC = 9-0
|match_MAFC_SUD = 0-0
|match_SDMSA_BBFS-D = 3-0
|match_SUD_SDMSA = 3-0
|match_BBFS-D_PFC = 1-9
|match_MAFC_DFC = 8-0
|match_DFC_SUD = 0-5
|match_BBFS-D_MAFC = 2-3
|match_PFC_SDMSA = 1-1
|match_SDMSA_MAFC = 4-3
|match_DFC_BBFS-D = 0-1
|match_PFC_SUD = 0-1
|match_MAFC_PFC = 0-4

|res_col_header = Q
|result1=FR |result2=PO
|col_FR=green1 |text_FR = Final round |col_PO=blue1 |text_PO = Playoff round


|name_BBFS-D=[[Bhaichung Bhutia Football Schools|BBFS, Delhi]]
|name_DFC=[[Delhi FC]]
|name_MAFC=[[Minerva Academy FC|Minerva Academy]]
|name_PFC=[[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|Punjab FC]]
|name_SDMSA=Sri Dashmesh Martial Sports Academy
|name_SUD=[[Sudeva Delhi FC]]
}}

===Group G===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group G
|show_matches=y
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]
|solid_cell=grey

|team1=NEU
|team2=F4C
|team3=ASU
|team4=SHI
|team5=BBFS-S
|team6=NRL


|win_ASU=6 |draw_ASU=1 |loss_ASU=3 |gf_ASU=21 |ga_ASU=15
|win_BBFS-S=2 |draw_BBFS-S=2 |loss_BBFS-S=6 |gf_BBFS-S=12 |ga_BBFS-S=18
|win_F4C=6 |draw_F4C=1 |loss_F4C=3 |gf_F4C=24 |ga_F4C=10
|win_NEU=7 |draw_NEU=2 |loss_NEU=1 |gf_NEU=19 |ga_NEU=5
|win_NRL=0 |draw_NRL=2 |loss_NRL=8 |gf_NRL=2 |ga_NRL=31
|win_SHI=4 |draw_SHI=2 |loss_SHI=4 |gf_SHI=16 |ga_SHI=15


|match_F4C_ASU = 1-2
|match_SHI_NEU = 0-1
|match_BBFS-S_NRL = 4-0
|match_NRL_NEU = 0-0
|match_BBFS-S_F4C = 0-3
|match_ASU_SHI = 4-4
|match_SHI_F4C = 0-2
|match_BBFS-S_NEU = 0-1
|match_ASU_NRL = 5-1
|match_F4C_NEU = 1-1
|match_ASU_BBFS-S = 2-0
|match_SHI_NRL = 1-0
|match_SHI_BBFS-S = 3-1
|match_NRL_F4C = 0-6
|match_NEU_ASU = 4-2
|match_BBFS-S_ASU = 1-2
|match_NRL_SHI = 0-2
|match_NEU_F4C = 3-1
|match_NEU_NRL = 6-0
|match_SHI_ASU = 1-2
|match_F4C_BBFS-S = 1-2
|match_ASU_NEU = 0-1
|match_BBFS-S_SHI = 3-3
|match_F4C_NRL = 5-0
|match_ASU_F4C = 1-2
|match_NEU_SHI = 0-1
|match_NRL_BBFS-S = 1-1
|match_F4C_SHI = 2-1
|match_NEU_BBFS-S = 2-0
|match_NRL_ASU = 0-1

|res_col_header = Q
|result1=FR |result2=PO
|col_FR=green1 |text_FR = Final round |col_PO=blue1 |text_PO = Playoff round


|name_ASU=ASUFII FA
|name_BBFS-S=[[Bhaichung Bhutia Football Schools|BBFS, Shillong]]
|name_F4C=Football 4 Change Academy
|name_NEU=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|name_NRL=Numaligarh Refinery Limited Football Academy
|name_SHI=[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
}}

===Group H===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group H
|show_matches=y
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]
|solid_cell=grey

|team1=ZFA
|team2=SM
|team3=RUFC
|team4=ARA
|team5=MOFC
|team6=CVM


|win_ARA=3 |draw_ARA=0 |loss_ARA=7 |gf_ARA=8 |ga_ARA=16
|win_CVM=2 |draw_CVM=0 |loss_CVM=8 |gf_CVM=12 |ga_CVM=30
|win_MOFC=2 |draw_MOFC=1 |loss_MOFC=7 |gf_MOFC=9 |ga_MOFC=18
|win_RUFC=5 |draw_RUFC=2 |loss_RUFC=3 |gf_RUFC=17|ga_RUFC=6
|win_SM=6 |draw_SM=1 |loss_SM=3 |gf_SM=11 |ga_SM=12
|win_ZFA=10 |draw_ZFA=0 |loss_ZFA=0 |gf_ZFA=29 |ga_ZFA=4


|match_CVM_ARA = 1-4
|match_SM_MOFC = 2-1
|match_RUFC_ZFA = 0-1
|match_RUFC_SM = 0-1
|match_MOFC_CVM = 0-5
|match_ZFA_ARA = 2-0
|match_RUFC_ARA = 3-0
|match_MOFC_ZFA = 1-2
|match_CVM_SM = 0-1
|match_MOFC_RUFC = 0-1
|match_CVM_ZFA = 0-3
|match_ARA_SM = 1-2
|match_ARA_MOFC = 1-0
|match_CVM_RUFC = 0-5
|match_ZFA_SM = 3-0
|match_SM_ARA = 2-1
|match_ZFA_CVM = 7-1
|match_RUFC_MOFC = 1-1
|match_CVM_MOFC = 3-5
|match_ARA_ZFA = 0-2
|match_SM_RUFC = 0-0
|match_SM_ZFA = 1-4
|match_RUFC_CVM = 3-0
|match_MOFC_ARA = 1-0
|match_ZFA_RUFC = 3-1
|match_MOFC_SM = 0-1
|match_ARA_CVM = 1-0
|match_ZFA_MOFC = 2-0
|match_SM_CVM = 1-2
|match_ARA_RUFC = 0-3

|res_col_header = Q
|result1=FR |result2=PO
|col_FR=green1 |text_FR = Final round |col_PO=blue1 |text_PO = Playoff round


|name_ARA=[[ARA FC]]
|name_CVM=Charutar Vidya Mandal FC
|name_MOFC=[[Maharashtra Oranje FC|Oranje FC]]
|name_RUFC=[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|name_SM=Sports Mania
|name_ZFA=[[Zinc Football|Zinc Football Academy]]
}}

===Group I===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group I
|show_matches=y
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]
|solid_cell=grey

|team1=FCG
|team2=FCM
|team3=DEM
|team4=SESA
|team5=BUFA
|team6=CHB


|win_BUFA=3 |draw_BUFA=4 |loss_BUFA=3 |gf_BUFA=24|ga_BUFA=12
|win_CHB=0 |draw_CHB=0 |loss_CHB=10 |gf_CHB=5 |ga_CHB=52
|win_DEM=3 |draw_DEM=6 |loss_DEM=1 |gf_DEM=16 |ga_DEM=11
|win_FCG=5 |draw_FCG=4 |loss_FCG=1 |gf_FCG=30 |ga_FCG=14
|win_FCM=5 |draw_FCM=3 |loss_FCM=2 |gf_FCM=20 |ga_FCM=10
|win_SESA=4 |draw_SESA=3 |loss_SESA=3 |gf_SESA=16|ga_SESA=12


|match_FCM_BUFA = 2-1
|match_CHB_DEM = 1-5
|match_SESA_FCG = 1-3
|match_FCG_DEM = 1-1
|match_SESA_BUFA = 0-2
|match_FCM_CHB = 6-0
|match_CHB_BUFA = 1-7
|match_SESA_DEM = 0-1
|match_FCG_FCM = 4-0
|match_CHB_FCG = 0-3
|match_SESA_FCM = 0-0
|match_DEM_BUFA = 2-2
|match_DEM_FCM = 0-0
|match_FCG_BUFA = 3-2
|match_CHB_SESA = 0-4
|match_FCM_SESA = 2-3
|match_FCG_CHB = 9-1
|match_CHB_FCM = 0-5
|match_BUFA_SESA = 0-1
|match_DEM_FCG = 2-2
|match_SESA_CHB = 4-1
|match_FCM_DEM = 2-1
|match_BUFA_FCG = 2-2
|match_FCG_SESA = 2-2
|match_DEM_CHB = 2-1
|match_BUFA_FCM = 0-0
|match_FCM_FCG = 3-1
|match_DEM_SESA = 1-1
|match_BUFA_CHB = 7-0
|match_BUFA_DEM = 1-1

|res_col_header = Q
|result1=FR |result2=PO
|col_FR=green1 |text_FR = Final round |col_PO=blue1 |text_PO = Playoff round


|name_BUFA=Belgaum United Football Academy
|name_CHB=[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers FC]]
|name_DEM=[[Dempo SC]]
|name_FCG=[[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|FC Goa]]
|name_FCM=Football Club Mangalore
|name_SESA=[[Sesa Football Academy]]
}}

===Group J===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group J
|show_matches=y
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]
|solid_cell=grey

|team1=CLA
|team2=RKM
|team3=TYDA
|team4=AIZ
|team5=PSFA


|win_AIZ=1 |draw_AIZ=0 |loss_AIZ=3 |gf_AIZ=11 |ga_AIZ=12
|win_CLA=4 |draw_CLA=0 |loss_CLA=0 |gf_CLA=13 |ga_CLA=1
|win_PSFA=0|draw_PSFA=1|loss_PSFA=3|gf_PSFA=2 |ga_PSFA=18
|win_RKM=2 |draw_RKM=1 |loss_RKM=1 |gf_RKM=4 |ga_RKM=4
|win_TYDA=2|draw_TYDA=0|loss_TYDA=2|gf_TYDA=10|ga_TYDA=5


|match_AIZ_PSFA = 8-0
|match_CLA_RKM = 2-0
|match_TYDA_AIZ = 4-1
|match_PSFA_CLA = 0-3
|match_TYDA_CLA = 0-2
|match_PSFA_RKM = 1-1
|match_AIZ_RKM = 1-2
|match_TYDA_PSFA = 6-1
|match_CLA_AIZ = 6-1
|match_RKM_TYDA = 1-0

|match_PSFA_AIZ = null
|match_RKM_CLA = null
|match_AIZ_TYDA = null
|match_CLA_PSFA = null
|match_CLA_TYDA = null
|match_RKM_PSFA = null
|match_RKM_AIZ = null
|match_PSFA_TYDA = null
|match_AIZ_CLA = null
|match_TYDA_RKM = null

|res_col_header = Q
|result1=FR |result2=PO
|col_FR=green1 |text_FR = Final round |col_PO=blue1 |text_PO = Playoff round


|name_AIZ=[[Aizawl FC]]
|name_CLA=Classic Football Academy
|name_PSFA=Premier Sporting Football Academy
|name_RKM=[[RKM Football Academy|RKM FA]]
|name_TYDA=TYDA
}}

===Group K===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group K
|show_matches=y
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]
|solid_cell=grey

|team1=AFTA
|team2=JAM
|team3=USC
|team4=OFC
|team5=SKM
|team6=IKA


|win_AFTA=8 |draw_AFTA=1 |loss_AFTA=1 |gf_AFTA=42|ga_AFTA=8
|win_IKA=1 |draw_IKA=2 |loss_IKA=7 |gf_IKA=13 |ga_IKA=26
|win_JAM=8 |draw_JAM=0 |loss_JAM=2 |gf_JAM=37 |ga_JAM=12
|win_OFC=2 |draw_OFC=2 |loss_OFC=6 |gf_OFC=15 |ga_OFC=43
|win_SKM=1 |draw_SKM=2 |loss_SKM=7 |gf_SKM=10 |ga_SKM=34
|win_USC=6 |draw_USC=1 |loss_USC=3 |gf_USC=20 |ga_USC=14


|match_OFC_IKA = 5-3
|match_JAM_AFTA = 2-1
|match_USC_SKM = 5-0
|match_OFC_SKM = 3-3
|match_IKA_AFTA = 0-0
|match_USC_JAM = 0-5
|match_OFC_AFTA = 2-6
|match_IKA_USC = 0-1
|match_JAM_SKM = 9-1
|match_JAM_IKA = 4-0
|match_OFC_USC = 0-5
|match_AFTA_SKM = 6-1
|match_JAM_OFC = 10-0
|match_IKA_SKM = 0-3
|match_AFTA_USC = 6-0
|match_SKM_AFTA = 0-2
|match_USC_OFC = 4-0
|match_JAM_USC = 0-2
|match_SKM_OFC = 1-2
|match_AFTA_IKA = 5-1
|match_OFC_JAM = 0-2
|match_SKM_IKA = 1-5
|match_USC_AFTA = 1-2
|match_IKA_OFC = 2-2
|match_SKM_USC = 0-0
|match_AFTA_JAM = 7-0
|match_SKM_JAM = 0-2
|match_AFTA_OFC = 7-1
|match_USC_IKA = 2-1
|match_IKA_JAM = 1-3

|res_col_header = Q
|result1=FR |result2=PO
|col_FR=green1 |text_FR = Final round |col_PO=blue1 |text_PO = Playoff round


|name_AFTA=[[AIFF Elite Academy|AIFF FIFA Talent Academy]]
|name_IKA=[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
|name_JAM=[[Jamshedpur FC Reserves and Academy|Jamshedpur]]
|name_OFC=[[Odisha FC Reserves and Academy|Odisha FC]]
|name_SKM=SKM Sports Foundation
|name_USC=[[United SC]]
}}

===Group L===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group L
|show_matches=y
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]
|solid_cell=grey

|team1=COR
|team2=SRD
|team3=JSFC
|team4=REK
|team5=MDFA
|team6=MMFC


|win_COR=3 |draw_COR=2 |loss_COR=0 |gf_COR=21 |ga_COR=2
|win_JSFC=3|draw_JSFC=1|loss_JSFC=1|gf_JSFC=12|ga_JSFC=2
|win_MMFC=1|draw_MMFC=0|loss_MMFC=4|gf_MMFC=4 |ga_MMFC=21
|win_MDFA=1|draw_MDFA=0|loss_MDFA=4|gf_MDFA=3 |ga_MDFA=11
|win_REK=2 |draw_REK=0 |loss_REK=3 |gf_REK=7 |ga_REK=14
|win_SRD=3 |draw_SRD=1 |loss_SRD=1 |gf_SRD=10 |ga_SRD=7


|match_MDFA_MMFC = 1-2
|match_COR_JSFC = 0-0
|match_MMFC_COR = 0-9
|match_SRD_MDFA = 0-2
|match_JSFC_REK = 5-0
|match_MDFA_REK = 0-3
|match_MMFC_JSFC = 0-4
|match_COR_SRD = 1-1
|match_REK_COR = 1-7
|match_JSFC_MDFA = 2-0
|match_SRD_MMFC = 5-2
|match_SRD_JSFC = 2-1
|match_COR_MDFA = 4-0
|match_MMFC_REK = 0-2
|match_REK_SRD = 1-2

|match_MMFC_MDFA = null
|match_JSFC_COR = null
|match_COR_MMFC = null
|match_MDFA_SRD = null
|match_REK_JSFC = null
|match_REK_MDFA = null
|match_JSFC_MMFC = null
|match_SRD_COR = null
|match_COR_REK = null
|match_MDFA_JSFC = null
|match_MMFC_SRD = null
|match_JSFC_SRD = null
|match_MDFA_COR = null
|match_REK_MMFC = null
|match_SRD_REK = null

|res_col_header = Q
|result1=FR |result2=PO
|col_FR=green1 |text_FR = Final round |col_PO=blue1 |text_PO = Playoff round


|name_COR=[[Corbett FC]]
|name_JSFC=Juba Sangha FC
|name_MMFC=[[Madan Maharaj FC|Madan Maharaj]]
|name_MDFA=MUM - Dsouza Football Academy
|name_REK=[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|name_SRD=[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
}}

==Playoff round==
''All matches will be played at centralized venues.''

===Playoff Group A===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group A
|show_matches=y
|update=27 April 2025
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]
|solid_cell=grey

|team3=GOK
|team2=RKM
|team1=SUD


|win_GOK= |draw_GOK= |loss_GOK=2 |gf_GOK= |ga_GOK=4
|win_RKM=1 |draw_RKM= |loss_RKM=1 |gf_RKM=2 |ga_RKM=3
|win_SUD=2 |draw_SUD= |loss_SUD= |gf_SUD=6 |ga_SUD=1


|match_GOK_SUD = null
|match_RKM_GOK = null
|match_RKM_SUD = null
|match_SUD_RKM = 3-1
|match_SUD_GOK = 3–0
|match_GOK_RKM = 0–1

|res_col_header = Q
|result1=FR
|col_FR=green1 |text_FR = Final round


|name_GOK=[[Gokulam Kerala FC Reserves and Academy|Gokulam Kerala]]
|name_RKM=[[RKM Football Academy|RKM FA]]
|name_SUD=[[Sudeva Delhi FC]]
}}

===Playoff Group B===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group B
|show_matches=y
|update=27 April 2025
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]
|solid_cell=grey

|team3=AIA
|team1=BFA
|team2=SRD


|win_AIA= |draw_AIA=1 |loss_AIA=1 |gf_AIA=4 |ga_AIA=6
|win_BFA=1 |draw_BFA=1 |loss_BFA= |gf_BFA=5 |ga_BFA=4
|win_SRD=1 |draw_SRD= |loss_SRD=1 |gf_SRD=6 |ga_SRD=5


|match_SRD_BFA = null
|match_AIA_SRD = null
|match_BFA_AIA = null
|match_SRD_AIA = 4–2
|match_BFA_SRD = 3-2
|match_AIA_BFA = 2-2

|res_col_header = Q
|result1=FR
|col_FR=green1 |text_FR = Final round


|name_AIA=Alchemy International FA
|name_BFA=Bengal Football Academy
|name_SRD=[[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
}}

===Playoff Group C===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group C
|show_matches=y
|update=27 April 2025
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]
|solid_cell=grey

|team2=CFC
|team1=FCM
|team3=SM


|win_CFC=1 |draw_CFC=1 |loss_CFC= |gf_CFC=5 |ga_CFC=1
|win_FCM=1 |draw_FCM=1 |loss_FCM= |gf_FCM=6 |ga_FCM=1
|win_SM= |draw_SM= |loss_SM=2 |gf_SM=0 |ga_SM=9


|match_SM_FCM = null
|match_CFC_SM = null
|match_FCM_CFC = null
|match_SM_CFC = 0–4
|match_FCM_SM = 5-0
|match_CFC_FCM = 1-1

|res_col_header = Q
|result1=FR
|col_FR=green1 |text_FR = Final round


|name_CFC=[[Chennaiyin FC Reserves and Academy|Chennaiyin FC]]
|name_FCM=Football Club Mangalore
|name_SM=Sports Mania
}}

===Playoff Group D===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group D
|show_matches=y
|update=27 April 2025
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]
|solid_cell=grey

|team2=F4C
|team1=JAM
|team3=MCFC


|win_F4C=1 |draw_F4C=1 |loss_F4C=0 |gf_F4C=5 |ga_F4C=3
|win_JAM=1 |draw_JAM=1 |loss_JAM=0 |gf_JAM=6 |ga_JAM=2
|win_MCFC=0 |draw_MCFC=0 |loss_MCFC=2 |gf_MCFC=1 |ga_MCFC=7


|match_JAM_MCFC = null
|match_F4C_JAM = null
|match_MCFC_F4C = null
|match_JAM_F4C = 2–2
|match_F4C_MCFC = 3-1
|match_MCFC_JAM = 4-0

|res_col_header = Q
|result1=FR
|col_FR=green1 |text_FR = Final round


|name_F4C=Football 4 Change Academy
|name_JAM=[[Jamshedpur FC Reserves and Academy|Jamshedpur]]
|name_MCFC=[[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City FC]]
}}

==Final round==
===Final Group A===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group A
|show_matches=y
|update=4 May 2025
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]
|solid_cell=grey


|team1=AIFF
|team2= PUN
|team3= SUD
|team4=FCG


|win_PUN=2 |draw_PUN=0|loss_PUN=1
|gf_PUN=15 |ga_PUN=5
|win_AIFF=2 |draw_AIFF=1 |loss_AIFF=0 |gf_AIFF=11 |ga_AIFF=9
|win_FCG=0 |draw_FCG=1 |loss_FCG=2 |gf_FCG=4|ga_FCG=11
|win_SUD=1 |draw_SUD=0 |loss_SUD=2 |gf_SUD=6|ga_SUD=11


|match_FCG_SUD = 2-3
|match_AIFF_PUN = 5-4
|match_SUD_AIFF = 3-4
|match_PUN_FCG = null
|match_AIFF_FCG = 2-2
|match_SUD_PUN = null

|match_SUD_FCG = null
|match_PUN_AIFF = null
|match_AIFF_SUD = null
|match_FCG_PUN = 0-6
|match_FCG_AIFF = null
|match_PUN_SUD = 5-0

|res_col_header = Q
|result1=KO | result2=KO
|col_KO=green2 |text_KO = Knockout round


|name_PUN= [[Punjab FC]]
|name_AIFF= [[AIFF Elite Academy|AIFF FIFA Talent Academy]]
|name_FCG=[[FC Goa]]
|name_SUD=[[Sudeva Delhi FC]]
}}

===Final Group B===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group B
|show_matches=y
|update=6 May 2025
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]
|solid_cell=grey


|team1= BFA
|team2= MBSG
|team3= RFYC
|team4=KBFC


|win_BFA=3 |draw_BFA=0|loss_BFA=0
|gf_BFA=8 |ga_BFA=1
|win_KBFC=0 |draw_KBFC=0 |loss_KBFC=3 |gf_KBFC=0 |ga_KBFC=7
|win_RFYC=1 |draw_RFYC=0 |loss_RFYC=2 |gf_RFYC=4|ga_RFYC=8
|win_MBSG=2 |draw_MBSG=0 |loss_MBSG=1 |gf_MBSG=7|ga_MBSG=3


|match_RFYC_MBSG = 1-3
|match_KBFC_BFA = 0-1
|match_MBSG_KBFC = 4-0
|match_BFA_RFYC = 5-1
|match_KBFC_RFYC = 0-2
|match_MBSG_BFA = 0-2

|match_MBSG_RFYC = null
|match_BFA_KBFC = null
|match_KBFC_MBSG = null
|match_RFYC_BFA = null
|match_RFYC_KBFC = null
|match_BFA_MBSG = null

|res_col_header = Q
|result1=KO | result2=KO
|col_KO=green2 |text_KO = Knockout round


|name_KBFC= [[Kerala Blasters FC]]
|name_BFA= Bengal Football Academy
|name_RFYC=[[Reliance Foundation Young Champs|RF Young Champs]]
|name_MBSG=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan SG]]
}}

===Final Group C===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group C
|show_matches=y
|update=4 May 2025
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]
|solid_cell=grey


|team1=NEU
|team2= FCM
|team3= ZIN
|team4=FKM


|win_FKM=0 |draw_FKM=0|loss_FKM=3
|gf_FKM=2 |ga_FKM=20
|win_ZIN=1 |draw_ZIN=1 |loss_ZIN=1 |gf_ZIN=4 |ga_ZIN=5
|win_NEU=2 |draw_NEU=1 |loss_NEU=0 |gf_NEU=16|ga_NEU=5
|win_FCM=2 |draw_FCM=0 |loss_FCM=1 |gf_FCM=14|ga_FCM=6


|match_FKM_FCM =1-9
|match_NEU_ZIN = 2-2
|match_FCM_NEU = 2-5
|match_ZIN_FKM = 2-0
|match_NEU_FKM = 9-1
|match_FCM_ZIN =3-0

|match_FCM_FKM = null
|match_ZIN_NEU = null
|match_NEU_FCM = null
|match_FKM_ZIN = null
|match_FKM_NEU = null
|match_ZIN_FCM = null

|res_col_header = Q
|result1=KO | result2=KO
|col_KO=green2 |text_KO = Knockout round


|name_NEU= [[Northeast United FC|Northeast United]]
|name_ZIN= [[Zinc Football|Zinc Football Academy]]
|name_FCM=FC Madras
|name_FKM=Football Club Mangalore
}}

===Final Group D===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|section=Group D
|show_matches=y
|update=4 May 2025
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league AIFF]
|solid_cell=grey


|team1=MFA
|team2= JFC
|team3= CFC
|team4=CFA


|win_JFC=1 |draw_JFC=1|loss_JFC=1
|gf_JFC=3 |ga_JFC=3
|win_CFA=0 |draw_CFA=1 |loss_CFA=2 |gf_CFA=2 |ga_CFA=4
|win_MFA=2 |draw_MFA=1 |loss_MFA= |gf_MFA=3|ga_MFA=1
|win_CFC=1 |draw_CFC=1 |loss_CFC=1 |gf_CFC=2|ga_CFC=2


|match_JFC_CFC = 1-0
|match_CFA_JFC = 2-2
|match_CFC_MFA = 1-1
|match_JFC_MFA = 0-1
|match_MFA_CFA = 1-0
|match_CFC_CFA =1-0

|match_CFC_JFC = null
|match_JFC_CFA = null
|match_MFA_CFC = null
|match_MFA_JFC = null
|match_CFA_MFA = null
|match_CFA_CFC = null

|res_col_header = Q
|result1=KO | result2=KO
|col_KO=green2 |text_KO = Knockout round


|name_JFC= [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|name_CFA= Classic Football Academy
|name_MFA=[[Muthoot Football Academy]]
|name_CFC=[[Corbett FC]]
}}

==Knockouts==
=== Bracket ===
<section begin=Bracket />{{8TeamBracket

|RD1-seed1= '''A1'''
|RD1-team1= '''[[AIFF Elite Academy|AIFF FIFA Talent Academy]]'''
|RD1-score1= '''5'''
|RD1-seed2=B2
|RD1-team2= [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|RD1-score2=0

|RD1-seed3=C1
|RD1-team3= [[Northeast United FC|Northeast United]]
|RD1-score3=1
|RD1-seed4= '''D2'''
|RD1-team4= '''[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]'''
|RD1-score4='''2'''

|RD1-seed5=B1
|RD1-team5= Bengal Football Academy
|RD1-score5= 2
|RD1-seed6= '''A2'''
|RD1-team6= '''[[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|Punjab FC]]'''
|RD1-score6= '''6'''

|RD1-seed7=D1
|RD1-team7= [[Muthoot Football Academy]]
|RD1-score7= 0
|RD1-seed8='''C2'''
|RD1-team8= '''FC Madras'''
|RD1-score8= '''5'''

|RD2-seed1= QF1
|RD2-team1= [[AIFF Elite Academy|AIFF FIFA Talent Academy]]
|RD2-score1= 0
|RD2-seed2= '''QF2'''
|RD2-team2= '''[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]'''
|RD2-score2='''5'''

|RD2-seed3='''QF3'''
|RD2-team3='''[[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|Punjab FC]]'''
|RD2-score3='''3'''
|RD2-seed4=QF4
|RD2-team4=FC Madras
|RD2-score4=2

|RD3-seed1=SF1
|RD3-team1=[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|RD3-score1= 1
|RD3-seed2='''SF2'''
|RD3-team2='''[[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|Punjab FC]]'''
|RD3-score2='''4'''
}}<section end=Bracket />

=== Quarterfinals ===

{{football box
|round = QF 1
|date = {{Start date|2025|05|08|df=y}}
|time = 08:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[AIFF Elite Academy|AIFF FIFA Talent Academy]]
|score = 5–0
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant Reserves and Academy|Mohun Bagan]]
|goals1 = Tongbram Luxmikanta Singh {{goal|21||56}} Thokchom Diamond Singh {{goal|82||85}} Rahan Ahmed {{goal|87}} Malsawmtluanga {{yel|87}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
|stadium = Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium
|report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/51014 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/51014_Match_Summary_V1_1746681197.pdf Summary]
|motm = Thokchom Diamond Singh
|referee = Mechievilie Yashu
}}

----
{{football box
|round = QF 2
|date = {{Start date|2025|05|08|df=y}}
|time = 15:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Bengal Football Academy
|score = 2–6
|team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|goals2 = Vishal Yadav {{goal|9||23}} Sameer {{goal|30||70||87}} Usham Thoungamba Singh {{goal|55}}
|goals1 = Tanbir Dey {{goal|10}} Karish Soram {{goal|57|OG}} Subhodeep Halder {{yel|80}} Subhodip Sardar {{yel|90+5}}
|location = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
|stadium = Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium
|report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/51015 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/51015_Match_Summary_V1_1746705643.pdf Summary]
|motm =
|referee = Bagavath Sundhar Jee S
}}

----

{{football box
|round = QF 3
|date = {{Start date|2025|05|09|df=y}}
|time = 08:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Northeast United FC|North East United]]
|score = 1–2
|team2 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|goals2 = Lawmsangzuala {{goal|47||68}}
|goals1 = Dallalmuon Gangte {{goal|35}} Ngamgouhou Mate {{yel|48}}
|location = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
|stadium = Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium
|report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/51068 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/51068_Match_Summary_V1_1746767371.pdf Summary]
| motm = Lawmsangzuala (Jamshedpur FC)
|referee = Mayank Pandey
}}

----

{{football box
|round = QF 4
|date = {{Start date|2025|05|09|df=y}}
|time = 15:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Muthoot Football Academy]]
|score = 0–5
|team2 = FC Madras
|goals2 = Mugilan Krishnan {{goal|22}} Mohammed Hafeezun {{goal|32||36}} Rajesh Raju {{goal|68}} Lalthlamuanpuia H {{goal|73}} Mohammed Iqbal Shaikh {{yel|90+3}}
|goals1 =
|location = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
|stadium = Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium
|report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/51069 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/51069_Match_Summary_V1_1746792651.pdf Summary]
|motm =
|referee = Debabrata Naskar
}}

----

=== Semifinals ===
{{football box
|round = SF 1
|date = {{Start date|2025|05|12|df=y}}
|time = 08:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[AIFF Elite Academy|AIFF FIFA Talent Academy]]
|score = 0–5
|team2 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = Gopal Munda {{goal|24}} Thingbaijam Sachin Singh {{goal|41}} R Vanlaltanpuia {{goal|46|og}} Lawmsangzuala {{yel|54}} Mars Ningthoujam {{goal|77}} Heerangamba Seram {{goal|82}} {{yel|51}}
|location = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
|stadium = Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium
|report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/51275 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/51275_Match_Summary_V1_1747026587.pdf Summary]
|motm =
|referee = Mechievilie Yashu
}}

----
{{football box
|round = SF 2
|date = {{Start date|2025|05|12|df=y}}
|time = 15:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|score = 3–2
|team2 = FC Madras
|goals1 = Ashish Lohar {{goal|11}} Vishal Yadav {{goal|47}} Thongram Rishikanta Singh {{goal|77}} Usham Thoungamba Singh {{yel|83}}
|goals2 = Mugilan Krishnan {{yel|15}} Mohammed Shamil Vpp {{goal|34||45+2}}
|location = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
|stadium = Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium
|report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/51276 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/51276_Match_Summary_V1_1747051704.pdf Summary]
|motm =
|referee = Mayank Pandey
}}
----

=== Finals ===
{{football box
|round = Final
|date = {{Start date|2025|05|14|df=y}}
|time = 15:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|score = 1–4
|team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|goals1 = Heerangamba Seram {{goal|84}}
|goals2 = Karish Soram {{goal|28}} Ashish Lohar {{goal|34}} Vikash Kisku {{goal|37}} Usham Thoungamba Singh {{goal|39}}
|location = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
|stadium = Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium
|report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/51473 Report] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/51473_Match_Summary_V1_1747222359.pdf Summary]
|motm =
|referee = Bagavath Sundhar Jee S
}}
----

==Statistics==
{{updated|14 May 2025}}

===Top scorers===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Team
!Goals<ref name="Goals">{{cite web |title=Statistics Youth League|url=https://i-league.org/statistics-league/u-17-youth-league/ |publisher=I-League}}</ref><ref name="StatsGoals">{{cite web |title=Youth League Top Scorers|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league |publisher=The AIFF|archive-date=18 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518055213/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/elite-league}}</ref>
|-
|1
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Mohammed Shamil VPP
| style="text-align:left" | FC Madras
|21
|-
| rowspan="3" |2
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Rakshit P Anil
| style="text-align:left" | Raman Sports Academy
| rowspan="3" |19
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Potshangbam Abinash Singh
| style="text-align:left" | Chennaiyin FC
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Tanbir Dey
| style="text-align:left" | Bengal Football Academy
|-
|5
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Vishal Yadav
| style="text-align:left" | Punjab FC
|17
|-
| rowspan="4" | 6
| style="text-align:left" |{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Hemneichung Lunkim
| style="text-align:left" | Minerva Academy
| rowspan="4" | 15
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Rahan Ahmed
| style="text-align:left" | AIFF FIFA Talent Academy
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Thokchom Diamond Singh
| style="text-align:left" | AIFF FIFA Talent Academy
|-
| style="text-align:left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Mohammed Hafeezun
| style="text-align:left" | FC Madras
|-
|10
| style="text-align:left" | {{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} Mohammed Nafin
| style="text-align:left" | MSP Football Academy
|14
|}

==See also==
*[[2025 Reliance Foundation Development League]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Youth League (India)}}
{{Indian football league seasons}}
{{2024–25 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2024-25 Youth League U17}}
[[Category:Indian Youth League]]
[[Category:2024–25 in Indian football]]

Pratibha Gai

2026-04-19T10:03:07Z

Ilushiktka: added initial info from scratch

{{short description|British microscopist}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Dame Pratibha Gai-Boyes
| image = Pratibha Gai at The Asian Awards.jpg
| caption = Pratibha Gai at [[The Asian Awards]] in 2016
| birth_name = Pratibha Laxman Gai
| birth_date =
| birth_place=
| alma_mater = [[University of Cambridge]]
| workplaces = {{plainlist|
*[[University of York]]
*[[University of Delaware]]
*[[University of Oxford]]
*[[DuPont]]
}}
| thesis_title= Applications of Weak Beam Electron Microscopy
| thesis_url = http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.456117
| thesis_year= 1974
| awards = {{plainlist|
*[[Gabor Medal and Prize]] (2010)
* [[Fellow of the Institute of Physics]]{{when|date=May 2016}}
* [[Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry]]{{when|date=May 2016}}
* [[L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science]] (2013)
* [[Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering]] (2014)
* [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] (2016)
* [[Honorary Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society]] (2018)
}}
| website = {{URL|york.ac.uk/physics/people/gai}}
}}

'''Dame Pratibha Laxman Gai-Boyes''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|DBE|FRS|HonFRMS|FRSC|FREng}}<ref name="RAEng">{{cite web|title=RAEng: New Fellows 2014|url=http://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/people-council-committees/the-fellowship/new-fellows-2014|accessdate=30 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415140344/http://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/people-council-committees/the-fellowship/new-fellows-2014|archive-date=15 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> is a British [[microscopist]] and Professor and Chair of [[Electron Microscopy]] and former Director at The York JEOL Nanocentre, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, [[University of York]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.york.ac.uk/physics/people/gai|title=Pratibha Gai – Physics, The University of York|publisher=University of York|accessdate=13 May 2013}}</ref> She created the atomic-resolution environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM) and is an outspoken advocate for women with careers in science.

== Education and early life ==
Gai grew up in India, and was fascinated by science as a child. She was influenced by [[Marie Curie]], her education, and her parents to study chemistry. However, at that time, it was not socially accepted for women to have careers in the physical sciences. When she was a teenager, she was selected as a national science talent search scholar.<ref name="Mizen, 2013">[http://www.rsc.org/diversity/175-faces/all-faces/professor-pratibha-gai-frsc Profile], rsc.org; accessed 30 December 2017.</ref>

::<blockquote>“It would have been very difficult without the scholarships because societal expectations for women at that time did not include careers in the sciences or chemistry. I would say that societal expectations, even today, as to what is good for women, including in the UK, do not always include scientific studies."<ref name="Mizen, 2013" /></blockquote>

Gai was educated at the [[University of Cambridge]] where she was awarded a PhD in 1974 for research on weak beam electron microscopy conducted in the [[Cavendish Laboratory]].<ref>{{cite thesis|degree=PhD|publisher=University of Cambridge|title=Applications of Weak Beam Electron Microscopy|first=Pratibha L.|last=Gai|year=1974|url=http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.456117|oclc=500447391}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fwis2013.com/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/LAUREATES_EN_PROFILES.pdf|title=Professor Pratibha L. Gai|publisher=Loreal-UNESCO Awards 2013 Laureate|accessdate=30 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417234820/http://fwis2013.com/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/LAUREATES_EN_PROFILES.pdf|archive-date=17 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Research and career ==
Gai has pioneered advanced in-situ electron microscopy applications in the chemical sciences. With Edward D. Boyes, she co-invented the atomic resolution environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM), which enables the visualization and analysis on the atomic scale of dynamic gas-catalyst reactions underpinning key chemical processes. Her research has helped to understand better how catalysts function, leading to valuable new science. This invention has helped many scientists. Her microscope and process inventions are being exploited worldwide by microscope manufacturers, chemical companies and researchers.<ref name="frs" /><ref name=GaiHarmer2002>{{cite journal|last1=Gai|first1=Pratibha L.|last2=Harmer|first2=Mark A.|title=Surface Atomic Defect Structures and Growth of Gold Nanorods|journal=Nano Letters|volume=2|issue=7|year=2002|pages=771–74|doi=10.1021/nl0202556|bibcode=2002NanoL...2..771G}}</ref>

In 2009, after years of development, Gai, who holds a chair in [[electron microscopy]] and was co-director of the York JEOL Nanocentre at the [[University of York]], succeeded in creating a [[microscope]] capable of perceiving chemical reactions at the atomic scale.<ref name="THE">{{cite news|last=Gibney|first=Elizabeth|title=Pratibha Gai's award-winning focus|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/pratibha-gais-award-winning-focus/2001487.article|newspaper=Times Higher Education|date=14 February 2013}}</ref>

This is an advance on conventional microscopes at this scale, which can only view innate material in the "dead" conditions of a vacuum at room temperature. It is known as the atomic resolution environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM).<ref name="CroninLin2002">{{cite journal|last1=Cronin|first1=Stephen B|last2=Lin|first2=Yu-Ming|last3=Rabin|first3=Oded|last4=Black|first4=Marcie R|last5=Ying|first5=Jackie Y|last6=Dresselhaus|first6=Mildred S|last7=Gai|first7=Pratibha L|last8=Minet|first8=Jean-Paul|last9=Issi|first9=Jean-Paul|title=Making electrical contacts to nanowires with a thick oxide coating|journal=Nanotechnology|volume=13|issue=5|year=2002|pages=653–658|doi=10.1088/0957-4484/13/5/322|bibcode=2002Nanot..13..653C|s2cid=250881154 }}</ref>

With the help of colleagues, she built and refined the machine over two decades, beginning with a lower-resolution prototype when she was a postdoctoral researcher at the [[University of Oxford]]. She then spent 18 years in the US at chemical firm DuPont and the [[University of Delaware]].<ref name="THE" /><ref>Celeste Biever,[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21729106.100-it-is-time-to-train-atoms-to-do-what-we-want.html#.Unvgd-ywpxA It is time to train atoms to do what we want], ''New Scientist'', Volume 217 Number 2910, pg. 25 (30 March 2013).</ref>

Although her microscope is highly valuable to the scientific field, she made the decision to not patent it, saying, "I thought that if I patented it, no one else would be able to do work with it. I might earn some money, but I was not interested in that. I was interested in applications for many researchers, creating more fundamental science. So I decided not to patent it."<ref name="Gibney, 2013">[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/pratibha-gais-award-winning-focus/2001487.article Profile], timeshighereducation.com; accessed 30 December 2017.</ref>

She often advocates for women's roles in science, and has spoken about the challenge of having children as a woman scientist. She says, "what's needed to keep women in science; it's a very competitive field and they [otherwise] lag behind whether they are working or not. So I keep telling my female students to aim high."<ref name="Gibney, 2013" />

== Awards and honours ==
* 2010 [[Gabor Medal and Prize]] for in-situ atomic resolution environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM).
* [[Fellow of the Institute of Physics]]{{when|date=May 2016}}
* [[Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry]]{{when|date=May 2016}}
* 2013 [[L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science|L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Awards]] Laureate for Europe<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_pAKye9AzWI|title=Pratibha L. Gai, 2013 L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards Laureate for Europe|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=30 December 2017}}</ref>
* 2014 [[Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering]]<ref name="RAEng" />
* [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2016|2016 Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS)]]<ref name=frs>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429121224/https://royalsociety.org/people/pratibha-gai-12866|archivedate=29 April 2016|url=https://royalsociety.org/people/pratibha-gai-12866|publisher=[[Royal Society]]|title=Professor Pratibha Gai FREng FRS|location=London, UK}} One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: {{blockquote|"All text published under the heading 'Biography' on Fellow profile pages is available under [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]." --{{cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies |title=Royal Society Terms, conditions and policies |accessdate=2017-08-24 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925220834/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies |archivedate=25 September 2015 |df=dmy-all }}}}</ref>
* 2018 [[The Asian Awards]] for Outstanding Achievement in Science & Technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/asian-awards-2018-recognition-glamour|title= Asian Awards 2018: Recognition with Lots of Glitz and Glamour|date= 29 April 2018|publisher=Desiblitz}}</ref>
* 2018 [[Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] For services to Chemical Sciences and Technology<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/671144/NY18_Queens_List_-_Final_.pdf|title=New Year's Honours 2018|work=Gov.uk|publisher=[[Government Digital Service]]|date=29 December 2017|accessdate=29 December 2017|page=10}}</ref>
* 2018 [[Honorary Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{Authority control}}

{{FRS 2016}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gai, Pratibha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of York]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Institute of Physics]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Chemistry]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:Female fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:University of Delaware faculty]]
[[Category:Microscopists]]
[[Category:British inventors]]
[[Category:British women inventors]]
[[Category:British people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:21st-century women inventors]]
[[Category:L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science laureates]]
[[Category:21st-century British women engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century British engineers]]
[[Category:Female fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Indian dames]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:British fellows of the Royal Society]]

Rajesh Nataranga

2026-04-19T02:21:28Z

Ilushiktka: added basic details nd citations

{{Short description|Kannada actor and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajesh Nataranga
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Rajesh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|04|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India<ref name="YT1"/>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| spouse = {{marriage|Chaitra|2005}}
| children = 1
| years_active =
| known_for =
}}

'''Rajesh Nataranga''' (18 April 1973)<ref name="YT1">{{cite AV media |title='Part 1 : ರಾಜೇಶ್ ನಟರಂಗ ಅವ್ರ Marriage story |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V9XZIQu5HOU |trans-title=Rajesh Nataranga's Marriage Story |work= Keerthi ENT Clinic|language=kn |time=7:43 |access-date=15 April 2026}}</ref> is an Indian actor who works in [[Kannada]]-language television and films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/rajesh-nataranga-reflects-on-digital-revolution-on-kannada-television-a-two-minute-reel-has-the-potential-to-catapult-someones-popularity-instantly/articleshow/105237665.cms|title=Rajesh Nataranga reflects on digital revolution on Kannada Television: A two-minute reel has the potential to catapult someone's popularity instantly|date=15 November 2023|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 November 2023|archive-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117125755/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/rajesh-nataranga-reflects-on-digital-revolution-on-kannada-television-a-two-minute-reel-has-the-potential-to-catapult-someones-popularity-instantly/articleshow/105237665.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/192021-rajesh-nataranga-is-a-social-activist-in-mansores-hard-hitting-tale-on-human-rights-violation/79dabb1c12585|title=19.20.21: Rajesh Nataranga is a social activist in Mansore's hard-hitting tale on human rights violation|date=2 March 2023|work=OTTplay|access-date=18 November 2023|archive-date=30 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330135027/https://www.ottplay.com/news/192021-rajesh-nataranga-is-a-social-activist-in-mansores-hard-hitting-tale-on-human-rights-violation/79dabb1c12585|url-status=live}}</ref> He is known for his roles as a police officer in films, ''[[Kendasampige]]'' (2015) and ''[[Operation Alamelamma]]'' (2017), and as Gowtham Diwan in the television soap, ''[[Amruthadhare]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/tv/it-is-not-difficult-to-get-fame-by-acting-in-serials-by-amruthadhare-actor-rajesh-nataranga-075335.html|title="ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ನಟಿಸಿ ಖ್ಯಾತಿ ಗಳಿಸುವುದು ಇದೀಗ ಕಷ್ಟವಲ್ಲ" ರಾಜೇಶ್ ನಟರಂಗ|work=Filmibeat Kannada|language=kn|access-date=2023-11-18|archive-date=2023-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118030738/https://kannada.filmibeat.com/tv/it-is-not-difficult-to-get-fame-by-acting-in-serials-by-amruthadhare-actor-rajesh-nataranga-075335.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He is married to Chaitra Rajesh since 2005.

== Career ==
Rajesh appended Nataranga, the name of a theatre group he was a part of, to his stage name after [[B. Suresha]] told him to since there was another actor of the [[Rajesh (Kannada actor)|same name]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/this-is-the-story-of-actor-rajesh-nataranga/article28227686.ece|title=Rajesh Nataranga's journey in Kannada cinema|url-access=subscription|date=29 June 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024143258/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/this-is-the-story-of-actor-rajesh-nataranga/article28227686.ece|archive-date=24 October 2019}}</ref> He starred in many television serials during the late 1990s and early 2000s.<ref name="F">{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.filmibeat.com/tv/rajesh-nataranga-made-a-comeback-to-television-as-gautam-diwan-with-amrithadhare-serial-068101.html|title=ಮತ್ತೆ ಕಿರುತೆರೆಗೆ ಗ್ರ್ಯಾಂಡ್ ಎಂಟ್ರಿ ಕೊಟ್ಟ ರಾಜೇಶ್ ನಟರಂಗ: ಶುರು 'ಅಮೃತಧಾರೆ' ಅಬ್ಬರ|work=Filmibeat Kannada|language=kn|access-date=2023-11-18|archive-date=2023-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603221023/https://kannada.filmibeat.com/tv/rajesh-nataranga-made-a-comeback-to-television-as-gautam-diwan-with-amrithadhare-serial-068101.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Regarding his performance in ''[[Just Maath Maathalli]]'' (2010) as [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]]'s husband, a critic wrote that "Rajesh, who plays the spirited Adi, does justice to his role".<ref name="J">{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-kannada-movie-review-just-math-mathalli/20100205.htm|title=Just Math Mathalli is for die-hard romantics|work=Rediff|date=5 February 2010|access-date=18 November 2023|archive-date=15 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415013039/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/report/south-kannada-movie-review-just-math-mathalli/20100205.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Regarding his performance in ''[[Kendasampige]]'' (2015) as a police officer, a critic wrote that "But it is Rajesh Nataranga who really steals the show with his impressive presence".<ref name="B">{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/vicky-manvitha-rajesh-nataranga-chandrika-prakash-belawadi-kendasampige/articleshow/48916818.cms|title=Movie Review: Kendasampige|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=2023-11-18|archive-date=2023-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603041158/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/vicky-manvitha-rajesh-nataranga-chandrika-prakash-belawadi-kendasampige/articleshow/48916818.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He played a similar role in ''[[Operation Alamelamma]]'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/operation-alamelamma/movie-review/59693532.cms?from=mdr|title=OPERATION ALAMELAMMA MOVIE REVIEW|date=21 July 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He became known for his role as Gautam Diwan in the television series ''[[Amruthadhare]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/television/rajesh-nataranga-talks-about-why-he-accept-amruthadhare-serial-offer-rmd-592563.html|title='ನಿಮ್ಮ ಗುಣಗಳನ್ನೂ ಒಪ್ಪುವ ಹೃದಯಗಳಿರುತ್ತವೆ'; 'ಅಮೃತಧಾರೆ' ಕಥಾವಸ್ತು ಬಗ್ಗೆ ರಾಜೇಶ್ ನಟರಂಗ ಮಾತು|language=kn|date=2 June 2023|website=[[TV9 Kannada]]|access-date=18 November 2023|archive-date=3 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603044128/https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/television/rajesh-nataranga-talks-about-why-he-accept-amruthadhare-serial-offer-rmd-592563.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/exclusive-amruthadhare-has-broken-stereotypes-surrounding-early-marriages-and-offers-a-diverse-narrative-for-each-character-says-actor-rajesh-nataranga/articleshow/104850314.cms|title=Exclusive! "Amruthadhare has broken stereotypes surrounding early marriages and offers a diverse narrative for each character" says actor Rajesh Nataranga|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 October 2023|access-date=18 November 2023|archive-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103202710/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/exclusive-amruthadhare-has-broken-stereotypes-surrounding-early-marriages-and-offers-a-diverse-narrative-for-each-character-says-actor-rajesh-nataranga/articleshow/104850314.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> which marked his comeback to television.<ref name="F"/>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2002 || ''[[Nagarahavu (2002 film)|Nagarahavu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Tapori'' || Kasa ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2003 ||''Mooru Manasu Mooru Kanasu'' || Surya ||
|-
| ''[[Ananda (film)|Ananda]]'' || Raja ||
|-
| ''[[Mane Magalu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Ananda Nilaya'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2004 || ''[[Rowdy Aliya]]'' || Estate worker
|
|-
| ''Abbabba Entha Huduga'' || ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Sye (2005 film)|Sye]]'' || Arjun ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Mohini 9886788888]]'' || Rajesh
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2007 || ''Thamashegagi'' || ||
|-
| ''Ondu Preethiya Kathe'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2008 || ''[[Moggina Jade]]'' || Raghavendra || [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/art-scores-over-popularity/articleshow/22247102.cms|title=Art scovers over popualrity|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=12 January 2009|access-date=4 October 2004}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Moggina Manasu]]'' || Ramesh
|
|-
| ''Belura Bale'' || ||
|-
| ''Gubbachigalu'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2009 || ''[[Dubai Babu]]'' || Police Inspector || Credited as N. Rajesh
|-
|''[[Bellary Naga]]'' || Rajendra Gowda ||
|-
|''[[Prem Kahani]]'' || Builder Rajesh ||
|-
|''[[Kallara Santhe]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2010 || ''[[Just Maath Maathalli]]'' || Adi
|
|-
| ''[[Aptharakshaka]]'' || Shoorasena
|
|-
| ''[[Naanu Nanna Kanasu]]'' || Uthappa's friend ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2011 || ''Jedralli'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Shrimathi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Maryade Ramanna]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2012 || ''[[Arakshaka]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna (2012 film)|Sangolli Rayanna]]'' || Krishnaroo
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2013 || ''[[Kaddipudi]]'' || Indresh/Gaali
|Also co-writer
|-
| ''[[Sakkare]]'' || Nandakumar
|
|-
| ''[[Dyavre]]'' || Jaggu ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2014 || ''[[Gajakesari]]'' || Minister
|-
| ''Baanaadi (Free Bird)'' || Avinash
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2015 || ''[[Lodde]]'' ||style="text-align:center;" | — || Dialogue writer
|-
|''[[Kendasampige]]'' || Purandar
|Also co-writer Nominated{{Emdash}}[[5th South Indian International Movie Awards#Acting|SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
|-
| ''[[Plus (film)|Plus]]'' || Kishore
|
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2016 || ''[[Killing Veerappan]]'' || Shakeel Ahmed
|
|-
| ''[[Happy Birthday (2016 Indian film)|Happy Birthday]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Asthitva]]'' || Vijay Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Jaguar (2016 film)|Jaguar]]'' || || Bilingual film
|-
| rowspan="8"| 2017 || ''Style Raja'' || ||
|-
|''[[BB5 (film)|BB5]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Noorondu Nenapu]]''
|MK
|
|-
|''[[Tiger (2017 film)|Tiger]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Operation Alamelamma]]'' || Ashok Kumar
|Nominated{{Emdash}}[[7th South Indian International Movie Awards#Acting|SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
|-
| ''[[Kaafi Thota]]'' || Public Prosecutor
|
|-
| ''[[Tarak (film)|Tarak]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Dayavittu Gamanisi'' ||Sathyanarayana ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2018|| ''Rajannana Maga'' || Vijay Kumar ||
|-
|''Nanagista'' || Police officer ||
|-
|''Kattu Kathe'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="7"| 2019 || ''[[Fortuner (film)|Fortuner]]''
|Prahallada
|
|-
| ''Kaddu Mucchi'' || ||
|-
|''[[Rugged]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Vijayaratha'' || ||
|-
|''[[Mane Maratakkide]]'' || Shravana
|
|-
| ''[[Ayushman Bhava (2019 film)|Ayushman Bhava]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Margaret'' || ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Law (film)|Law]]'' || Shyam Prasad
|
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2021 || ''[[Yuvarathnaa]]'' || Professor
|
|-
| ''[[Kotigobba 3]]'' || Doctor Ananthakrishna
|
|-
| ''[[Rathnan Prapancha]]'' || Srinath
|
|-
| ''[[Rider (2021 film)|Rider]]'' || Raghuram
|
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2022 || ''[[Home Minister (film)|Home Minister]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Critical Keerthanegalu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Garuda (2022 film)|Garuda]]'' || Bharath Bharghav
|
|-
|''Physics Teacher'' || Ramaswamy
|
|-
| ''[[Chase (2022 film)|Chase]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Raymo]]'' || Revanth's P.A. ||
|-
| rowspan="7"| 2023 || ''Tanuja'' || Pradeep
|
|-
| ''SLV: Siri Lambodara Vivaha'' || ||
|-
|''19.20.21'' || Rafi
|
|-
| ''[[Gurudev Hoysala]]'' || Prakash
|
|-
| ''Nam Naani Madve Prasanga'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Melody Drama (Film)|Melody Drama]]'' || Hita's father
|
|-
| ''[[Fighter (2023 film)|Fighter]]'' || Kotreshi ||
|-
|rowspan=5 |2024
|''[[Ondu Sarala Prema Kathe]]''
|Athishay's father
|
|-
|''[[Hide and Seek (2024 film)|Hide and Seek]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Jog 101]]'' || ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Jog 101 Review: A Suspense Thriller That Doesn't Make The Cut |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/jog-101-review-a-suspense-thriller-that-doesnt-make-the-cut-review-108294895 |work=Times Now |date=7 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kaalapatthar]]'' || ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Kaalapatthar Movie Review: Reflects deep human connections and honours the legacy of Dr Rajkumar |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2024/Sep/13/kaalapatthar-movie-review-reflects-deep-human-connections-and-honours-the-legacy-of-dr-rajkumar |work=Cinema Express |date=4 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Megha (2024 film)|Megha]]'' || Chandrasekhar ||
|-
|rowspan=3| 2025 || ''[[Kothalavadi]]'' || [[Superintendent (police)|SP]] Parashuram ||
|-
| ''[[Love U Muddu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Full Meals]]'' || Shankar ||
|-
|rowspan=2| 2026 || ''[[Theertharoopa Thandeyavarige]]'' || Vishwanath ||
|-
| ''Love Seasons'' || ||
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Mayamruga]]''
|Shreedhara
|
|
|-
| 2003–2008
| ''Guptagamini''
| Thejaswi
|
|
|-
|2004–2006
| ''Muktha''
| -
|
|-
|2017–2018 || ''Triveni Sangama'' || || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/anu-prabhakar-rajesh-nataranga-team-up-for-triveni-sangama/articleshow/56906186.cms|title=Anu Prabhakar, Rajesh Nataranga team up for Triveni Sangama|date=1 February 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 November 2023|archive-date=23 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723163840/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/anu-prabhakar-rajesh-nataranga-team-up-for-triveni-sangama/articleshow/56906186.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''Ninnindale''
|{{N/A}}
| As producer
|
|-
| 2023–present
|''[[Amruthadhare]]''
| Goutham Diwan
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/television/amruthadhare-serial-actors-rajesh-nataranga-and-chaya-sing-act-as-brother-and-sisters-rmd-592986.html|title=ಅಣ್ಣ-ತಂಗಿ ಆಗಿ ರಾಜೇಶ್ ನಟರಂಗ-ಛಾಯಾ ಸಿಂಗ್ ನಟಿಸಿದ್ರು ಅನ್ನೋ ವಿಚಾರ ನಿಮಗೆ ಗೊತ್ತೇ?| date=3 June 2023|website=[[TV9 Kannada]]|access-date=18 November 2023|archive-date=3 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603041847/https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/television/amruthadhare-serial-actors-rajesh-nataranga-and-chaya-sing-act-as-brother-and-sisters-rmd-592986.html|language=kn|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|5672764}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nataranga, Rajesh}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:People from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]

Arjai

2026-04-10T14:03:24Z

Ilushiktka: Put Up Basic Article Initial Version.

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1981)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arjai
| image = Prinz nithik3.jpg
| caption =
| imagesize =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|07|03|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Palani|Pazhani]], [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| occupation = Actor
| othername = Prinz Nitik
| yearsactive =
|
| parents =
}}

'''Arjai''', previously credited as '''Prinz Nithik''' is an Indian actor, who has appeared in [[Tamil language]] films. He has appeared as the antagonist in films including ''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (2014 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]'' (2014) and ''[[Massu Engira Masilamani]]'' (2015).

==Career==
While pursuing his profession as a graphic designer, Prinz Nithik trained under stunt choreographer Pandiyan, and sought to make a career as an actor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/This-Prinz-wants-to-be-mean/articleshow/34373830.cms|title = This 'Prinz' wants to be mean| newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> Prinz became acquainted with actor [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] after meeting him at a film function, and the actor had revealed that Prinz would have been an ideal for a villainous role in ''[[Pandiya Naadu]]'', but the team had already chosen another actor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/I-came-into-films-because-of-Vishal-Prinz/articleshow/46675845.cms|title = I came into films because of Vishal: Prinz| newspaper=The Times of India | last1=Suganth | first1=M. }}</ref> Vishal agreed to work with Prinz at a later date, while director Shakti Rajan chose to introduce him as the antagonist in another film ''[[Naaigal Jaakirathai]]'' (2014), for which he worked closely with a [[Belgian Shepherd]]. Vishal later signed him on to appear in ''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (2014 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]'' (2014), in which he played a similar negative role.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/prinz-of-darkness/article7066212.ece|title = Prinz of darkness|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 4 April 2015}}</ref> Both films won positive reviews and performed well at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Prinz-the-New-Villain-in-K-Town/2014/04/22/article2181526.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425234554/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Prinz-the-New-Villain-in-K-Town/2014/04/22/article2181526.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 April 2014|title = Prinz, the New Villain in K Town}}</ref> In 2015, he portrayed a supporting antagonist in [[Venkat Prabhu]]'s ''[[Massu Engira Masilamani]]'' (2015).

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Title
! Role(s)
!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014 || ''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (2014 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]'' || Guna ||
|-
| ''[[Naaigal Jaakirathai]]'' || Arunachalam ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015 || ''[[Massu Engira Masilamani]]'' || Mahesh ||
|-
| ''[[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|Paayum Puli]]'' || Vettu Rajendran's henchman ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2016 || ''[[Bangalore Naatkal]]'' || Shiva's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Theri (film)|Theri]]'' || Chetan's henchman ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2017 || ''[[Yaman (film)|Yaman]]'' || Shakthi ||
|-
| ''[[Pandigai]]'' || Victor ||
|-
| ''[[Thiri]]'' || Kishore ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018 || ''[[Semma Botha Aagathey]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Sandakozhi 2]]'' || Pechi's brother-in-law ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2019 || ''[[Ayogya (2019 film)|Ayogya]]'' || Kaalirajan's brother ||
|-
| ''[[Devi 2]]'' || Victor || Simultaneously shot in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Abhinetri 2''
|-
| ''[[Thittam Poattu Thirudura Kootam]]'' || George Britto ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Velvet Nagaram]]'' || Michael ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2021 ||''[[Sulthan (2021 film)|Sulthan]]''||Thalaya||
|-
| ''[[Annaatthe]]''|| Kaalaiyan's friend ||
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2022 || ''[[Anbarivu]]'' || Singaram ||
|-
| ''[[Theal (film)|Theal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Veerapandiyapuram]]'' || Varathan || Simultaneously shot in Telugu as ''Sivudu''
|-
| ''[[Miral (2022 film)|Miral]]'' || Police inspector ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2023 || ''[[Kathar Basha Endra Muthuramalingam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Shoot The Kuruvi'' || Kuruvi Rajan || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/mar/19/shoot-the-kuruvi-movie-review-an-engaging-gangster-flick-with-a-lot-of-potential-41252.html|title=Shoot The Kuruvi movie review: An engaging gangster flick with a lot of potential|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[80s Buildup]]'' || Velan ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2025 || ''[[Eleven (film)|Eleven]]'' || Dheeran and Dheeraj || Dual role; Simultaneously shot in Telugu
|-
| ''[[Kumaara Sambavam]]'' || ||
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Karuppu Pulsar]]'' || Selvam || credited as Prinz Arjai<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karuppu Pulsar Movie Review: Fuelled by follies|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2026/Jan/30/karuppupulsar-movie-review-fuelled-by-follies|website=Cinema Express|date=2026-01-30|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en|first=Akshay|last=Kumar}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Network
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Sengalam]]''
|Jayaram
| [[ZEE5]]
|<ref>{{cite web |date=19 March 2023|title=அரசியல் திரில்லராக உருவாகியுள்ள 'செங்களம்' இணையத் தொடர்! - மார்ச் 24 ஆம் தேதி ஜீ5 தளத்தில் வெளியாகிறது|url=https://www.cinemainbox.com/new-cinemadetail/political-thriller-web-series-sengalam-release-in-zee-5-8880.html|website=www.cinemainbox.com|language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|6928254}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arjai}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian graphic designers]]
[[Category:1987 births]]

Jai Andhra movement

2026-04-07T17:39:36Z

Ilushiktka: added basic data basic info - done

{{Short description|1972 agitation for separate Andhra state}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
[[File:Jai_andhra_movement-guntur-krishnasuryakumar.jpg|thumb|alt=Jai andhra movement-guntur-krishnasuryakumar|Jai andhra movement-guntur-krishnasuryakumar]]
'''Jai Andhra movement''' is a 1972 [[political movement]] in support for the creation of [[Andhra state]] in the light of injustices felt by the people of the Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema Regions.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=2018-10-09|title=INDIA: Jai Andhra!|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,906815,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081214084132/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,906815,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 December 2008|newspaper=Time|date=5 February 1973|issn=0040-781X|via=content.time.com|url-access=subscription}}</ref> This was after the [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]] and [[Supreme Court of India]] upheld the [[1952 Mulkhi Agitation (Telangana)|Mulki rules]] in existence at the time. This disenfranchised a vast majority of the population of the state from obtaining jobs in their own state capital. In ensuing protests and police firing eight people were killed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/ap/20061226.htm|title = Coastal leaders call for separate Andhra state}}</ref> Prominent leaders from [[Andhra Pradesh]]: [[Tenneti Viswanadham]], Raja Sagi Suryanarayana Raju, [[Gouthu Latchanna]], Jupudi Yegnanarayana, N. Srinivasulu Reddy, [[B. V. Subba Reddy]], [[Kakani Venkataratnam]], Vasantha Nageswara Rao, [[M. Venkaiah Naidu]], Nissankararao Ventakaratnam, [[Chowdary Satyanarayana]], prominent student leaders like K.Sreedhar Rao, and Haribabu from Andhra University, M.S. Raju from Andhra Medical College, and many others participated in the agitation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/jai-andhra-movement-for-separate-statehood-revives-in-ap/article60614.ece|title=Jai Andhra movement for separate statehood revives in AP|newspaper=The Hindu|date=5 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/blackmail-tactics-cant-divide-the-state-says-saps/article4889350.ece|title = Blackmail tactics can't divide the State, says SAPS|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 7 July 2013}}</ref> It was a sequel to the 1969 [[Telangana movement]]. Over 400 people sacrificed their lives for the movement. One of the main opinions expressed was "Development is seen only in and around Hyderabad and it is time the coastal districts also develop rapidly".

==Grievances of the Andhra Regions==
People from the Andhra and Rayalaseema regions felt that Mulki rules were unfair to them and they were "being treated like aliens in their own land".<ref>https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19690125&printsec=frontpage Page 1</ref> The agitators, most of whom were students, felt that the Mulki rules in place were unjust, unfortunate and further deepened the rift between Telangana and other regions. The proponents of separate Andhra Pradesh viewed their demand as logical in light of the separate Telangana movement.

==The movement==
Under the ''Mulki'' rules in force at the time, anyone who had lived in Hyderabad for 15 years was considered a local, and was thus eligible for certain government posts. When the Supreme Court upheld the ''Mulki'' rules at the end of 1972, the Jai Andhra movement, with the aim of re-forming a separate state of Andhra, was started in Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema regions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1812/18120450.htm |title=Bitter memories |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |access-date=2010-09-14 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122051815/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1812/18120450.htm |archive-date=22 January 2010 }}</ref>

In 1972, Gouthu Latchanna took a leading role in the Jai Andhra movement started by students of [[Andhra University]] demanding the division of Andhra Pradesh into old Andhra state and Telangana state on the issue of "Mulki" rules. He was imprisoned in [[Mushirabad Central Jail]] and released in 1973.<ref>[http://www.glowfoundations.com/biodata.html In 1972, Sri Latchanna took a leading role in the Jai-Andhra movement launched by the students of the Andhra University] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711101828/http://www.glowfoundations.com/biodata.html |date=11 July 2011 }}</ref> All the ministers hailing from the Andhra region in the PV Narasimha Rao Govt. resigned, and formed a parallel Government with Vijayawada as the Capital. BV Subba Reddy was elected as the Chief Minister and Kakani Venkataratnam was the Deputy CM. The parallel govt was run for a few months, even after the PV Narasimha Rao Govt. was replaced by President's rule. The movement subsided only after Indira Gandhi came up with the 6-point formula to resolve the crisis to everyone's satisfaction.

==Police firing==
Thirteen people were killed in 3 places in Andhra on 21 November during the bandh call given by student body. In the police firing eight people were killed on 23 December in Vijayawada. Kakani Venkataratnam, a former minister, died of shock at the height of separate Andhra agitation on 25 December 1972.

==Aftermath==
Removal of Mulki rules and all other demands were met and a [[Pre-2004 Telangana protests#Six-Point Formula of 1973|six-point formula]] was put in place.

After nine ministers from Seemandhra region in the [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] cabinet resigned, he had to resign as [[List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief minister]] of Andhra Pradesh on 10 January 1973, and [[President's rule]] was imposed in the state.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1970s in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Regionalism in India]]
[[Category:1972 labor disputes and strikes]]
[[Category:1972 in India]]
[[Category:Labour disputes in India]]
[[Category:Statehood movements in India|A]]

Dilip Singh Gurjar

2026-04-06T08:47:01Z

Ilushiktka: creating new biography needs work!

{{Short description|Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Dilip Singh Gurjar
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2018
| term_end = 2023
| constituency = [[Nagda-Khachrod Assembly constituency|Nagda-Khachrod]]
| predecessor = Dileep Singh Shekhawat
| successor = Tejbahadur Singh Chauhan
| term_start2 = 2008
| term_end2 = 2013
| constituency2 = [[Nagda-Khachrod Assembly constituency|Nagda-Khachrod]]
| predecessor2 = ''New constituency''
| successor2 = Dileep Singh Shekhawat
| term_start3 = 2003
| term_end3 = 2008
| constituency3 = Khachrod
| predecessor3 = Lal Singh Ranawat
| successor3 = ''Delimitation''
| term_start4 = 1993
| term_end4 = 1998
| constituency4 = Khachrod
| predecessor4 = Lal Singh Ranawat
| successor4 = Lal Singh Ranaware
| alma_mater = [[Vikram University]]
| profession = Agriculture
| parents =
}}

'''Dilip Singh Gurjar''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Nagda-Khachrod Assembly constituency|Nagda-Khachrod]] constituency for four terms. He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=चाैथी बार विधायक बने गुर्जर, दूसरी बार भाजपा के शेखावत को हराया, गांवों की बढ़त काम आई |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/gujjar-became-a-legislator-for-the-third-time-defeated-shekhawat-of-bjp-for-the-second-time-leading-the-villages-091528-3402398.html |website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-04 |title=एमपी में पूर्व विधायक की कार का एक्सीडेंट, घायलों को अस्पताल में कराया भर्ती {{!}} Former Nagda MLA Dilip Singh Gurjar car accident |url=https://www.patrika.com/nagda-news/former-nagda-mla-dilip-singh-gurjar-car-accident-19287613 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Gurjar has contested multiple elections and held office at various times:

Contested and won the Presidential Election of Vikram Vishvavidyalaya.

Served at various posts in Indian Youth Congress, including the President’s Post of MP Youth Congress.

* 1993: Elected as MLA from Khachrod on an INC ticket.
* 2003: Contested as an independent candidate and won, defeating both the BJP candidate by approximately 15,000 votes and the Congress candidate by around 50,000 votes.
* 2008: Contested and won from the newly formed Nagda-Khachrod constituency on a Congress ticket.
* 2018: Re-elected as MLA from Nagda-Khachrod for the 4th time.
* 2023: Contested from Nagda-Khachrod but lost to Tej Bahadur Singh Chauhan (BJP).
* 2024: Contested the Lok Sabha elections from the Mandsaur constituency but was defeated by BJP’s Sudhir Gupta.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gurjar, Dilip Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1993–1998]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]

{{improve categories|date=May 2024}}
{{India-poli-stub}}

Mainak Bhaumik

2026-03-30T15:15:38Z

Ilushiktka: new initial article added tags

{{Short description|Indian Bengali filmmaker and editor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mainak Bhaumik
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| years_active = 1998–present
| known_for =
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|Documentary filmmaker|Editor}}
}}

'''Mainak Bhaumik''' is an Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film director, documentary filmmaker and editor. He made his directorial debut with the 2006 Bengali film ''[[Aamra]]''. His next directorial was ''[[Bedroom]]'' (2012). He has directed multiple critically successful movies including ''[[Maach Mishti & More]]'', ''[[Bibaho Diaries]]'', ''[[Generation Ami]]'', ''Cheeni'' and ''[[Ekannoborti]]''. He made his directorial debut in OTT with the [[Hoichoi]] series ''Break Up Story''. Bhaumik has also directed few web series and short films in Bengali.<ref name="Mainak Bhaumik's next film on girlfriends">{{cite news |title=Mainak Bhaumik's next film on girlfriends |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/bengali/news-interviews/Mainak-Bhaumiks-next-film-on-girlfriends/articleshow/13684184.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623010550/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-31/news-interviews/31919981_1_film-girlfriends-director-mainak-bhaumik |url-status=live |archive-date=23 June 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref>

== Education ==
A student of Economics and Computer Science, Bhaumik graduated with a double major from City University in New York. Then, he enrolled in Columbia University for the M.A. program in Literature.<ref>[http://www.der.org/films/filmmakers/mainak-bhaumik.html Mainak Bhaumik featured as a DER filmmaker on Documentary Educational Resources website]</ref> He did a course on film production from the [[New York Film Academy]] and learned about film and video editing from New School University. He took screenwriting workshops with Pulitzer Prize winning playwright David Mamet, while staying in New York.<ref>[http://der.org/films/surviving-chau.html Film Festivals, Screenings and Awards for Mainak Bhaumik's documentary film Surviving Chau as listed on Documentary Educational Resources website]</ref>

== Career ==
Bhaumik started his career in 1998 by directing a short film ''His Life - Her Story'', which won the Best Short Film award at "Florida Film Festival" (1998).<ref name="Mainak, new genre director of middle cinema">{{cite web|title=Mainak, new genre director of middle cinema|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/07/03/mainak-new-genre-director-of-middle-cinema-1183453776.html|publisher=One India|access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> In 2006 he directed his first Bengali film ''[[Aamra]]'' His next film ''[[Bedroom (film)|Bedroom]]'' (2012) is a dark ensemble film that deals with the new generation of young Indians who struggle with depression, failure and identity crisis in a Facebook savvy world that is obsessed with picture perfect lives. In 2013, Bhaumik released the feature film ''[[Maach Mishti & More]]'' which he refers to as his love-letter to his city of [[Kolkata]]. Released in the same year, ''[[Ami Aar Amar Girlfriends]]'' is a coming-of-age movie about the lives of three Indian girls who cling to their friendship in times of trouble. In 2014, his next film ''Take One'', is about a modern Indian woman, an actress who plays the Hindu mythological character Sita, and is judged harshly by Indian society because of her sexual indiscretions. But unlike Sita, who was forced by society into exile, the actress rejects hypocritical society's unfair judgment of her and withdraws voluntarily into her private exile.<ref>[https://archive.today/20141018062100/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140316/jsp/graphiti/18084516.jsp "Breaking New Ground" Graphiti article on Mainak Bhaumik, "The Telegraph", 16 March 2014]</ref>

His documentary films on endangered Indian ethnic folk art forms and culture have been internationally distributed by the Documentary Educational Resources in Boston, in collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution.<ref>[http://www.der.org/films/filmmakers/mainak-bhaumik.html Mainak Bhaumik featured as a DER filmmaker on Documentary Educational Resources website]</ref> These films have been screened in numerous international film festivals across the globe, and have also been picked up by German Films Italia, Rome, for the Italian TV rights.<ref>[http://der.org/films/gone-to-pat.html Film Festivals, Screenings and Awards for Mainak Bhaumik's documentary film Gone to Pat as listed on Documentary Educational Resources website]</ref> He won the Art Award in 2005 for his documentary film ''Gone to Pat'', at the Society for Visual Anthropology, American Anthropological Association. Since then, his feature films have also earned critical acclaim and commercial success.<ref>[https://archive.today/20141018062100/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140316/jsp/graphiti/18084516.jsp "Breaking New Ground" Graphiti article on Mainak Bhaumik, "The Telegraph", 16 March 2014]</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== As a director ===
==== Feature films ====

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Aamra]]''
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Bedroom (film)|Bedroom]]''
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Maach Mishti & More]]''
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Ami Aar Amar Girlfriends]]''
|-
| 2014 || ''Take One''
|-
| 2014 || ''Kolkata Calling''
|-
| 2015 || ''Family Album''
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Bibaho Diaries]]''
|-
| 2017 || ''Chawlochhitro Circus''
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Ghare & Baire]]''
|-
| 2018 || ''Happy Pill''
|-
| 2018 || ''Aami vs Tumi''
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Generation Ami]]''
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Bornoporichoy]]''
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Goyenda Junior]]''
|-
| 2020 || ''Cheeni''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2020/dec/4/27990|title=Mainak Bhaumik's upcoming Christmas film to explore nuances of mother-daughter relationship|work=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Ekannoborti]]''
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Mini (2022 film)|Mini]]''
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Cheeni 2]]''
|-
| 2025 || ''Bhagya laksmi''
|-
| 2025 || ''Grihosto''
|-
| 2025 || ''Batshorik''
|-
| 2026 || ''Made in kolkata''
|}

==== Web Series ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title
|-
| — || ''Break Up Story''
|-
| — || ''Maradonar Juto''
|}

==== Short film / Documentary ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title
|-
| — || ''His Life - Her Story''
|-
| — || ''Gone to Pat''
|-
| — || ''Surviving Chau''
|-
| — || ''Melting Wok''
|}

=== As an editor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title
|-
| 2006 || ''[[The Bong Connection]]''
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Chalo Let's Go]]''
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Arekti Premer Golpo]]''
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Shabdo]]''
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|2371539}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhaumik, Mainak}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

P. R. Patil Group of Educational Institutes

2026-03-22T17:07:35Z

Ilushiktka: added the entry first draft.

{{Cleanup reorganize|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox university

|image =

|name = P. R. Pote Patil Group of Educational Institutes, Amravati (PRPGEI)
|established = 2008
|campus = {{convert|100|acre|m2}}
|director = Dr. S. A. Ladhake
|city = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Amravati]]
|state = [[Maharashtra]]
|website =[http://www.prpcem.org/]
}}

'''''P.R. Pote Patil Group of Educational Institutes, Amravati''''', was established by the P. R. Pote Patil Educational Welfare Trust, Amravati, on a 100-acre campus in Amravati. This institute is approved by AICTE New Delhi, and is affiliated to [[Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University]]. NAAC Accredited with A Grade. Eminent international guest visit in Techelons, technical fest every year. Free of cost international study tour organised by group for students every year. Highest campus placement in vidarbha region. Every year more than 70+ companies come for the campus recruitment.

==Management==
* Mentor : Hon. Ramchandraji Pote
* President: Hon. Mr. Pravin R. Pote, State Minister, Maharashtra
* Vice-president: Hon. Mr. Shreyash kumar

==Director==
* Dr. S. A. Ladhake

==Following colleges run under P. R. Pote Patil Group of Educational Institutes, Amravati==

'''P. R. Pote Patil College Of Engineering & Management, Amravati'''
* Principal, Dr. D. T. Ingole
* Vice Principal, Dr. Mohammad Zuhair

'''Head Of Department'''
* Applied Science and Humanities: Prof. H. S. Kulat
* Mechanical Engineering: Dr. P. R. Wadnerkar
* Computer Science & Engineering: Dr. A. B. Gadicha
* Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering: Dr. R.D. Ghongade
* Electrical and Power: Prof. D. A. Shahakar (PhD-Pursuing)
* Civil Engineering: Dr. S.S. Saraf
* Master of Business Administration: Prof. S.S.Shah (PhD-Pursuing)
* Master of Computer Application: Prof. A. P. Bhande
* Head of Corporate Relations: Prof. Monica Upadhyday Jain

'''P. R. Pote Patil College of Architecture, Amravati'''
* Principal, Prof. Sarang Holey

'''P. R. Pote Patil College of Pharmacy, Amravati'''
* Principal, Dr. Mukund Tawar

'''P. R. Pote Patil College of Agriculture, Amravati'''
* Principal, Prof. Pramod D. Deshmukh

'''P. R. Pote Patil College of Education, Amravati'''
* Principal, Dr. Anuprita Deshmukh

'''P. R. Pote Patil Institute & Hospital of Medical Sciences Ayurved, Amravati'''
* In-charge Principal, Dr. Chaitanya Kawalkar

'''P. R. Pote Patil International School & Junior College, Amravati'''
* Principal, Mr. Sachin Durge

==Techelons==
P.R. Patil Group of Educational Institutes (PRPGEI) has built and maintained a reputation of imparting the right mix of education, experience and ethics that form the basis for achieving success in the modern world. "TECHELONS....Step to pioneer"- Just as energy is the basis of life itself and ideas the source of innovation, so is innovation the vital spark of all human change, improvement and progress. "TECHELONS" provide an opportunity to beautiful minds for creativity and innovation to build knowledge based society with multiple opportunities. The event is organised every year with an objective to provide a platform to budding beautiful minds to exhibit the talent, technical skill to enrich their competency, to lead the world in the knowledge based 21st century.
College started its technical event called '''Techelons''' in Jan 2011.This event was inaugurated by [[Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]], Dr.[[Vijay Bhatkar]].

In 2012, Techelons was organised from 28 Jan to 31 Jan. It was inaugurated by various dignitaries, including:
* Hon. Rajesh Tope (Minister, Higher Tech. Education. M.S)
* Hon. Rajendra Mulak (Minister of States- Energy, Irrigation. M.S)
* Hon. Dr. [[Raghunath Mashelkar]] (Former Director General, CSIR, New Delhi) <ref>[https://archive.today/20130103200558/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-01/nagpur/31012196_1_national-event-supercomputer-future/'Future bright if youth work hard']</ref>
* Hon. Dr. [[Vijay Bhatkar]] ("father of the supercomputer")
* Hon. Dr. [[Dinesh Keskar]] (vice president of Boeing International)
* Hon. Dr. [[Kiran Bedi]] (Ist Lady IPS officer)<ref>[https://archive.today/20120721100456/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-30/nagpur/31004984_1_kiran-bedi-construction-site-team-anna/ Times of India]</ref><ref>[http://www.moneycontrol.com/news-topic/amravati/video-techelons-2012-official-intro-2012-prpatil-collegeamravati_JOtB-9gifAs.html/ Techelons 2012 Official Intro 2012 P.R.Patil College]</ref>
* Hon. Dr. [[Maninderjeet Singh Bitta]] (chairman, All- India Anti Terrorist Front) <ref>[https://archive.today/20120712040037/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-31/nagpur/31009073_1_bitta-special-courts-terrorism/ Special courts needed for terror related cases]</ref>
* Hon. Dr. P. M. Khodke (director of MSBTE)
* Hon. Dr. Mohan Khedkar (V.C., SGBAU, Amravati)
* Hon. [[Atul Kahate]] (chiefi executive officer of Oracle)
* Hon. [[Venugopal Dhoot]] (chairman of Videocon)
* Hon. [[Suhas Gopinath]] (chief executive officer and president of Global INC)
* Hon. Sanjeev Bambal (Director of Cognizant)
* Hon. Sameer Bendre (Head Persistent, Nagpur)
* Hon. Arti Kirloskar (Executive Member, Kirloskar Group, Pune)

From 2013 to till this month May, 2019 following dignitaries invited to the campus in Techelons to guide and mentor students
* Hon. Mohd. Younus, Nobel Prize Winner, founder and chairman of Gramin Bank Bangladesh
* Hon. Chetan Bhagat, writer
* Hon. Anurima Sinha, first female amputee to climb Mount Everest
* Hon. Dr. Narendra Jadhao, member of planning commission of India
* Hon. Dr. Suresh Naik, former group director, ISRO
* Hon. Mr. Sujeet Banarjee, director, Department of Science and Technology government of India
* Hon. Mr. Gaur Gopal Das, International Life Coach, ISKON
* Hon. Dr. Rajendra Singh, Waterman, Nobel Prize winner
* Hon. Mr. Kumar Vishwas, poet and social worker
* Hon. B. K. Shivani, teacher, Brahmakumari's world spiritual university

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University]]
[[Category:Amravati district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]

National Centre for Labour

2026-03-20T17:04:56Z

Ilushiktka: new initial entry basic info

{{short description|Trade union in India}}

{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|date=July 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
The '''National Centre for Labour''' or '''NCL''' formally came into being in May 1995 in [[Bangalore]], Karnataka State, India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruth Manorama |url=https://rightlivelihood.org/the-change-makers/find-a-laureate/ruth-manorama/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=Right Livelihood |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-12-16 |title=Govt. hikes minimum wage from Rs. 80 to Rs. 100 per day |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Govt.-hikes-minimum-wage-from-Rs.-80-to-Rs.-100-per-day/article16853711.ece |access-date=2026-03-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Joseph |first=Josephine |date=2014-04-04 |title=JD(S) fields Right Livelihood awardee in Bangalore South |url=https://citizenmatters.in/jd-s-fields-right-livelihood-awardee-in-bangalore-south/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=Citizen Matters |language=en-US}}</ref>

The creation of NCL as a national confederation of Labour organisation in the unorganised / Informal sector of India was the outcome of a study of informal sector organisations that concluded that the absence of a collective voice for the informal sector workers / labour at the national level resulted in their concerns not being effectively addressed at the national level.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2021-09-06 |title=Unions oppose Karnataka govt buying vaccines using construction workers’ welfare fund |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/unions-oppose-karnataka-govt-buying-vaccines-using-construction-workers-welfare-fund-154929 |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> NCL was constituted by its founding organisations namely [[National Federation of Construction Labour]] (NFCL), [[Self Employed Women’s Association]] ([[SEWA]]), [[National Fish Workers Forum]] (NFF), [[Sarva Shramik Sangh]], [[Van Mazdoor Mandal]], [[Kamani Employees Union]] and other independent trade unions.

NCL is run by an Executive Committee. N. P. Samy is its General Secretary in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-04-08 |title=Migrants’ role in Bengaluru’s development comes to fore, thanks to Covid-19 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/migrants-role-in-citys-development-comes-to-fore-thanks-to-covid-19/articleshow/75036806.cms |access-date=2026-03-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==External links==
* http://www.nationalcentreforlabour.org आज के चुनिंदा मजदूर यूनियन के नेता संगठन को देखने के बजाय अपने पेट भरने में लगे हैं

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Trade unions in India navbox}}

[[Category:Trade unions in India]]
[[Category:Labour in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1995]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Karnataka]]

Kalamandalam Balasubramanian

2026-03-14T20:43:24Z

Ilushiktka: added some article basic info - done

{{Short description|Indian Kathakali exponent (born 1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kalamandalam Balasubramanian
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|05|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kothachira]], [[Palakkad district]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| years_active =
| birth_name = C. M. Balasubramanian<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite news | title=CM Balasubramanian retires from Kalamandalam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2011/Mar/01/cm-balasubramanian-retires-from-kalamandalam-231622.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=16 May 2012 |language=en}}</ref>
| spouse =
| website =
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2022) [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] (2019) [[Kerala Kalamandalam|Kerala Kalamandalam Award]] (2013)
}}
'''Kalamandalam Balasubramanian''' is a [[Kathakali]] dancer from [[Kerala]] in India. He received many awards including [[Kerala Kalamandalam|Kerala Kalamandalam Award]] in 2013, [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] (2019) by [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]], Government of Kerala, and [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2022) by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], Government of India.

==Biography==
Balasubramanian was born on 26 May 1955 at [[Kothachira]], in [[Palakkad district]] of Kerala.<ref name="SNA">{{cite web |title=KALAMANDALAM BALASUBRAMANIAN |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/1741592674_kalamandalam%20b.pdf |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=T.K |first=Achuthan |date=2019-11-28 |title=A performer has an obligation towards his art form, says Kathakali artiste Kalamandalam Balasubramanian |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/in-conversation-with-kathakali-artiste-kalamandalam-balasubramanian/article30105149.ece |access-date=2025-06-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> His mother Thankamani Marasyaar and father C. V. Rama Warrier were experts in [[Carnatic music]], and his father was also a Kathakali musician.<ref name="Kerala">{{cite web |title=Prof. Kalamandalam Balasubrahmanian, Kerala Kalamandalam, Enchanting Kerala, Kerala Tourism |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2013/kalamandalam-cm-balasubrahmanian/425 |website=Kerala Tourism |publisher=[[Department of Tourism (Kerala)]] |language=en}}</ref> His father wanted to learn Kathakali, but his grandfather was against it. So he decided to teach one of his children Kathakali.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Interview - Prof. Kalamandalam Balasubramanian - evergreen presence in Kathakali |url=https://narthaki.com/info/intervw/intrvw70.html |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=narthaki.com}}</ref> In 1968, at the age of 13, after passing the seventh standard, he was admitted to the [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] to study Kathakali.<ref name=":0" /> At Kalamandalam he trained in under noted Kathakali exponents like [[Kalamandalam Ramankutty Nair]] and [[Kalamandalam Gopi]].<ref name="Kerala"/> Balasubramanian did a six-year diploma in Kathakali vesham from Kalamandalam followed by two-year post-diploma and two-year senior scholarship.<ref name=":0" /> He has also completed a one-year Special Advanced Training Diploma under the Central Government Fellowship under the guidance of Kalamandalam Ramankutty Nair.<ref>{{cite web |title=കലാമണ്ഡലം ബാലസുബ്രഹ്മണ്യൻ: 'കലാമണ്ഡലം ശൈലി'യുടെ അമര ശോഭ |url=https://theaidem.com/ml-remembering-kathakali-maestro-kalamandalam-balasubramanian/ |website=The AIDEM |language=ml |date=12 May 2025}}</ref>

Balasubramanian currently lives in his apartment in [[Punkunnam]], [[Thrissur]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Colours of nobility |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/colours-of-nobility/article5247985.ece |work=The Hindu |date=18 October 2013 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Career==
After his studies at Kalamandalam, Balasubramanian started teaching Kathakali there from 1979 and retired as the principal in 2011.<ref name=":0" /> Later, in 2019, he was again appointed as the Dean of the [[Kerala Kalamandalam|Kalamandalam Deemed University]].<ref name=":0" />

As a performer, Balasubramanian was excelled in portraying both Pacha (good characters) and Kathi (negative characters) roles in Kathakali, and he has portrayed characters like [[Bhima]], [[Arjuna]], [[Krishna]], [[Nala]], [[Kichaka]], [[Narakasura]], [[Duryodhana]], [[Ravana]], [[Hanuman]], [[Balabhadra]], [[Parashurama]] and Kattala.<ref name="SNA"/> He follows the ''Kalluvazhi'' style of Kathakali, a style developed by [[Pattikkamthodi Ravunni Menon]], in his characters.<ref name=":1"/> In addition to his performances in various venues in India and abroad, he has conducted workshops and lecture demonstrations at various universities and colleges worldwide including the [[Davis & Elkins College]] in 1981, and [[University of Warsaw]] in 2004.<ref name="SNA"/>

Balasubramanian is also an empaneled artist of the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]].<ref name="SNA"/>

Balasubramanian has also been involved in the making of several documentaries and films, including the 2008 documentary film ''Pacha'', based on his life and works, the educational film ''What is Kathakali?'' produced by the Kerala Kalamandalam, ''Mohiniyattam'' by [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]], ''Krishna Kutty Poduval'' by P. V. Chandran and ''Mahabharatha'' by [[Milena Salvini]], ''[[Vanaprastham]]'' by [[Shaji N. Karun]], ''[[Desadanam]]'' by [[Jayaraj]].<ref name="Kerala"/> He was the main advisor for actor [[Mohanlal]] who played lead character of a Kathakali performer in the film ''Vanaprastham''.<ref name=":1"/>

Balasubramanian has also written two books, ''Kannum Poovum'' (Eye and Flower) on Kathakali and Markandeya Charitam Aattakatha (an [[Aattakatha (performance)|Aattakatha]] based on the life of sage [[Markandeya]]).<ref name=":0" />

==Awards and honors==
Balasubramanian received many awards and honors including David Bolland Gold Medal by Kerala Kalamandalam in 1974, Kalahamsam in 2003 from Ernakulam Kathakali Club, Painkulam Ramachakyar Puraskar in 2011, Kerala Kalamandalam Award in 2013 and [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] in 2019, Amaravati Lifetime Achievement Award from the Amaravati Nrityotsava Festival in Vijayawada in 2020 and [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for Kathakali for the year 2022.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="SNA"/><ref name=":1"/> In 2023 he received the first Guru Chemancheri Kunhiraman Nair award instituted in the memory of Kathakali maestro [[Chemancheri Kunhiraman Nair]] and constituted by Cheliya Kathakali Vidyalayam.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=14 July 2023 |title=Kalamandalam Balasubramanian wins Guru Chemancheri award |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kalamandalam-balasubramanian-wins-guru-chemancheri-award-bdc829c8 |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> In 2024 he received the first Udatham Award instituted in the memory of Kathakali maestro [[Kalamandalam Vasu Pisharody]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-25 |title=Udatham Award for Kalamandalam Balasubramanian |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/udatham-award-for-kalamandalam-balasubramanian/article68563253.ece |access-date=2025-06-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Winners of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balasubramanian, Kalamandalam}}
[[Category:Kathakali dancers]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:People from Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]

John Shortt

2026-03-13T00:06:21Z

Ilushiktka: brief added article based on references further and updated info to improve readability

{{Short description|Anglo-Indian physician (1822-1899)}}
{{for|the Irish swimmer| John Shortt (swimmer)}}
'''John Shortt''' (26 February 1822 – 24 April 1889) was an [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indian]] physician who served in the [[Madras Presidency]] in southern India. He conducted research on [[snake venom]]s and wrote on a variety of other subjects including [[anthropology]], [[agriculture]], and [[animal husbandry]]. A species of [[Uropeltidae|shieldtail snake]] endemic to the [[Shevaroy Hills]] is named after him, ''[[Uropeltis shorttii]]''.

== Biography ==
Shortt was the son of Rose (1789-1841) and John Shortt (died November 9, 1837<ref>{{cite book |author=Cotton, Julian James |url=https://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOnTombsOrMonumentsInMadras1st1905Ed/page/n314/mode/1up |title=Inscriptions on tombs or monuments in Madras. |year=1905 |place=Madras |page=292}}</ref>). Shortt (senior) had joined the [[Madras Army]] as an ensign in 1760, became a Major in 1778 and retired 'invalided' as conductor of ordinance at [[Vellore]].<ref>{{cite book|url= https://archive.org/details/reportonpalkmanu00grearich/page/365/mode/1up|page=365| title=Report on the Palk Manuscripts in the Possession of Mrs Bannatyne of Haldon, Devon|year=1922 }}</ref> Shortt (junior) was christened on 20 May 1822 at [[Arcot, Tamil Nadu|Arcot]]. He may have been among the first students trained in Madras as apothecaries<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Raman |first1=Ramya |last2=Raman |first2=Anantanarayanan |date=2016 |title=Early decades of Madras Medical College: Apothecaries |journal=The National Medical Journal of India |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=98–102 |issn=0970-258X |pmid=27586218}}</ref> before he joined the [[East India Company]] Service in Madras as an Assistant Apothecary on 20 January 1846. He was then sent for training in medicine to [[University of Aberdeen|Aberdeen]], and received a MD from [[King's College Hospital|King's College]] in 1854 apart from qualifying MRCS and LSA. He was supported by a sum of £400 from an officer who had been saved from cholera by Shortt. An introduction letter from [[Hugh Cleghorn (forester)|Hugh Cleghorn]] to [[John Hutton Balfour|J.H. Balfour]] noted that Shortt was an "[[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indian]]" and that allowance be made for his "colour and manners."<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |author=Noltie, H.J. |year=2018 |title=An Album of Trichinopoly Bird Paintings |url=https://ca1-tls.edcdn.com/Linnean_Vol-34_2_October-2018_web.pdf |journal=The Linnean |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=15–22}}</ref> He also received a degree in veterinary medicine, becoming a member of the college of veterinary surgeons, Edinburgh in 1854. Returning to India, he was appointed assistant surgeon at Madras in September 1854. He served as a superintendent of vaccination for a while before being promoted Surgeon in 1866, Surgeon Major in 1873, and finally retired on 12 February 1878. He moved to [[Yercaud]] where he remained until his death.<ref>{{Cite book|page=111|url=https://archive.org/details/b21352148_0/page/n126/mode/1up |author=Crawford, D.G.| title=A history of the Indian Medical Service 1600-1913. Volume II.|place=London| publisher=W. Thacker and Co.|year=1914}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Crawford, D.G.|title=Roll of the Indian Medical Service 1615-1930|publisher=W. Thacker and Co.|year=1930|place=London|page=344}}</ref> He was elected Fellow of the [[Linnean Society of London|Linnean Society]] in 1860. His proposers included John J. Bennet, [[John Edward Gray]], [[George Robert Gray]], [[William Baird (physician)|William Baird]], [[Thomas Moore (botanist)|Thomas Moore]] and [[Thomas Spencer Cobbold]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book |author=Scharlieb, Mary |url=https://archive.org/details/b29931009/page/31/mode/1up |title=Reminiscences |publisher=Williams & Norgate |year=1924 |place=London |page=30-31}}</ref>

Shortt married Isabella née Cursett (died 25 May 1854 aged 22) in Madras in 1848'''.''' A daughter Isabella married John Archibald Duncan McDougall in Madras in 1872.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India, Madras Diocese Protestant Church Records, 1743-1990 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:66WG-6QJ1 |website=Family Search}}</ref> His second wife Ellen Julia Annie née Blyth (1843 - 8 July 1865) was buried at St Mary's Cemetery, Madras.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ListOfTombsAndMonumentsOfEuropeansAndCoInTheMadrasDistrict/page/n29/mode/1up?q=Shortt|title=List of tombs and monuments of Europeans, &c., in the Madras District|publisher=Government Press|year=1898|place=Madras|page=27}}</ref> He married Annie Julia Henrietta née Rogers (1851-1909) on 9 September 1875 at Bangalore.

== Scholarly contributions ==
[[File:Uropeltis_shorttii.png|thumb|''[[Uropeltis shorttii]]'']]
While working as a superintendent of vaccines, Shortt designed a modified vaccination needle.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shortt|first=John|date=1876-11-11|title=Description of a needle-vaccinator|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(02)49533-5/abstract|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=108|issue=2776|pages=677–678|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)49533-5|issn=0140-6736}}</ref> He also translated [[William Campbell Maclean]]'s treatise on smallpox into Tamil in 1857 and into Telugu in 1858. Shortt took a keen interest in snakes and snakebites from at least 1863 onwards. He conducted snake envenomation experiments on dogs and other animals.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Shortt, J.|year=1868|title=Experiments with the poison of the cobra di capella.|journal=The Lancet|volume=91|issue=2333 |pages=556–557|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)60589-6}}</ref> He examined folk remedies such as snake stones and concluded that “There is no truth in the virtues attributed to the snake stone, for it has neither the power to absorb or otherwise neutralize the snake poison from the wound.” He collected specimens of snakes, and collaborated with others who took an interest in snakebite such as [[Joseph Fayrer]] to whom he sent specimens of ''[[Craspedocephalus malabaricus|Trimeresurus annamalaiensis]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Fayrer, Joseph|year=1870|title=The thanatophidia of India|journal=The Indian Medical Gazette|volume=5|issue=12|pages=237–240|pmid=28996376 |pmc=5165543}}</ref> He also sent specimens to [[Richard Henry Beddome]] who described ''[[Uropeltis shorttii]]'', a shieldtail snake endemic to the Shevaroys.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Beddome, R.H. |year=1863 |title=Descriptions of new species of the family Uropeltidae from Southern India, with notes on other little known species |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30681561 |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |pages=225–229}}</ref>

Shortt took an interest in the people of the regions that he worked in, writing about aboriginal tribes, festivals, Armenian settlers,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shortt|first=John|date=1870|title=The Armenians of Southern India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3024830|journal=The Journal of Anthropology|volume=1|issue=2|pages=180–187|doi=10.2307/3024830|jstor=3024830 |issn=1356-0123|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Devadasi|devdasis]], and in later life took an interest in physical anthropology. He sent 20 skulls belonging to members of the Maravar tribe to the [[Anthropological Society of Paris]]. While posted to Ganjam as a physician to the [[Great Trigonometrical Survey]] around 1855-56, he studied the local tribes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shortt |first=John |date=1865 |title=An Account of a Wild Tribe Inhabiting Some Parts of Orissa, and Known as "Juags" and "Bathuas", or "Leaf Wearers" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3025316 |journal=Journal of the Anthropological Society of London |volume=3 |pages=cxxxiv–cxli |doi=10.2307/3025316 |jstor=3025316 |issn=1356-0131|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He also wrote extensively on medical topics mainly in the ''Madras Quarterly'' (later ''Monthly'') ''Journal of Medical Science''. He also treated animals in his practice, and maintained indigenous breeds of livestock and studied them. This resulted in his ''Manual of Indian Cattle and Sheep'' first published in 1876 and went into two further editions.

Natural history was a major interest, he described a branching palm, the nest of the arboreal ''Crematogaster'' sp. ants,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Shortt, J.|year=1865|title=A brief account of the Myrmica Kirbii as found in Southern India.|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31601842|journal=Journal of the Linnean Society Zoology|volume=8|issue=30 |pages=100–102|doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1865.tb02424.x }}</ref> a note on the [[Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary|Vedanthangal]] heronry,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Shortt, J.|year=1865|title=Account of a heronry, and breeding-place of other water birds|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31601836|journal=Journal of the Linnean Society Zoology|volume=8|pages=94–100|doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1865.tb02423.x }}</ref> plants used as food during famines,<ref>{{cite book |author=Shortt, J. |url=https://archive.org/details/faminecampaigni00digbgoog/page/474/mode/1up |title=[List of wild plants eaten by the poor during drought and famine] |year=1877 |place=Madras}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Shortt, James |year=1878 |title=List of wild plants and vegetables used as food by people in famine times. |journal=Indian Forester |volume=3 |pages=232–238}}</ref> and proposed poisoning tigers in [[Sathyamangalam]] with [[strychnine]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Fayrer, J. |url=https://archive.org/details/b22322279/page/7/mode/1up |title=Destruction of life by wild animals and venomous snakes in India. Paper read before the Indian Section of the Society of Arts, Friday, February 1, 1878 |year=1878}}</ref>

=== Writings ===
[[File:Shortt Bull.jpg|thumb|A native bull raised by Shortt at Yercaud]]
An incomplete list of his publications include:
* (1860). [[iarchive:anessayoncultur00shorgoog|An Essay on the Culture and Manufacture of Indigo]]. Madras:Smith. [https://wellcomecollection.org/works/ubvxedmq Scanned copy, Wellcome archives]
* (1863). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15633847 Letter to Secretary of the Zoological Society on the viper Daboia elegans]. Annals & Magazine of Natural History 11 (ser 3): 383–5.
* (1864). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3025213 <nowiki>On the Domber [a caste of acrobats]</nowiki>]. Journal of the Anthropological Society of London 2: clxxxix–cxci.
* (1864). [[iarchive:ahandbooktocoff00shorgoog|A Hand-Book to Coffee Planting in Southern India]]. Madras:Pharoah & Co.
* (1864). Report on the Rot in Sheep. (Proc. Madras Government, Revenue Department, July 13, 1864.)
* (1864). Notes on differences in weight and stature of Europeans and some natives of India. Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London 2: 213–6.
* (1865). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3014173 An account of some of the rude tribes, the supposed aborigines of Southern India]. Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London 3: 373–94.
* {{Cite journal |last=Shortt |first=John |date=1865 |title=An Account of a Wild Tribe Inhabiting Some Parts of Orissa, and Known as "Juags" and "Bathuas", or "Leaf Wearers" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3025316 |journal=Journal of the Anthropological Society of London |volume=3 |pages=cxxxiv–cxli |doi=10.2307/3025316 |jstor=3025316 |issn=1356-0131|url-access=subscription }}
* (1865). A Popular Lecture on Vaccination. Madras.
* (1865). On the Febrifuge properties of the ''Thevetia nerifolia''. [[iarchive:pli.kerala.rare.12241/page/294/mode/1up|The Madras Quarterly Journal of Medical Science]]. 294-305.
* (1866). [https://archive.org/details/journaloflinnean91868linn/page/49/mode/1up Notice of a double-headed watersnake.] Proceedings of the Linnean Society. 9:49-50.
* (1866). [[iarchive:anthropological02londgoog/page/n610/mode/1up|Description of a living Microcephale.]] Journal of the Anthropological Society, No. 15:181.
* (1866). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3014296 An account of a religious festival, comprising leaf-wearing, and the hanging, or cheddul]. Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London 4: 333–8.
* (1867). An account of the ''Sclerotium stipitatum'' (Berk. et Curr.) of Southern India. Journal of the Linnean Society Botany 9: 417–9.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shortt|first=John|date=1867|title=An Account of the Sclerotium stipitatum (Berk. et Curr.) of Southern India.|url=https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1867.tb01305.x|journal=Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany|language=en|volume=9|issue=39|pages=417–419|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1867.tb01305.x|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [Probably ''[[Termitomyces]]'']
* (1867). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3014226 The fishermen of Southern India.] Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London 5: 193–201.
* (1868). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3014266 <nowiki>A contribution to the ethnology of Jeypore [Orissa]</nowiki>]. Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London 6: 264–81, 364.
* (1869). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3014352 On the wild tribes of Southern India]. Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London 7: 186–94.
* (ed) (1868). An Account of the Tribes of the Neilgherries.
* {{Cite journal |last=Shortt |first=John |date=1869 |title=Experiments Connected with Small-Pox, Inoculation, and Vaccination |journal=Transactions. Epidemiological Society of London |volume=3 |issue=Pt 1 |pages=148–165 |issn=0951-4430 |pmc=5523613 |pmid=29418964}}
* (1870). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3024830 The Armenians of Southern India]. Journal of Anthropology 1:180–7.
* {{Cite journal |last=Shortt |first=John |date=1870 |title=Description of Crania from India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3025168 |journal=Journal of the Anthropological Society of London |volume=8 |pages=xvii–xx |doi=10.2307/3025168 |jstor=3025168 |issn=1356-0131|url-access=subscription }}
* [?1870]. The tuckatoo and bish kopra.
* (1870). Cases of snake-bite continued. Madras Monthly Journal of Medical Science 2: [[iarchive:s3537id1397077/page/7/mode/1up|7–9]]; [[iarchive:s3537id1397077/page/101/mode/1up|101–110]]; [[iarchive:s3537id1397077/page/348/mode/1up|348–50]].
* (1870). Note on the infection and propagation of measles. Madras Monthly Journal of Medical Science 2: 177–9.
* (1870). [[iarchive:s3537id1397077/page/249/mode/1up|Antidote to the cobra poison]]. Madras Monthly Journal of Medical Science 2: 249–52.
* (1870). [[iarchive:memoirsreadbefor03anth/page/201/mode/1up|Habits and Manners of Marvar Tribes of India]]. Memoirs Anthropological Institution of London 3:201-215. [Notes the 20 skulls sent to the Anthropological Society of Paris]
* (1870). [[iarchive:memoirsreadbefor03anth/page/182/mode/1up|The Bayadère; or, dancing girls of Southern India]]. Memoirs Anthropological Institution of London 3: 182–94. [describes [[devadasi]]s]
* {{Cite journal |last=Shortt |first=John |date=1870 |title=Case of snake (cobra) bite successfully treated by suction, liquor pottasae, and brandy |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673602662191 |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=95 |issue=2433 |pages=540–542 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)66219-1|author-mask=}}
* (ed) (1870[–4]). The Hill Ranges of Southern India, Parts II–IV. Madras: Higginbotham.
* (1871). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/224925 On branched palms in Southern India.] Journal of the Linnean Society Botany 11:14–7.
* (1871). Temporary sterility the result of disease. Madras Monthly Journal of Medical Science 3:5–10.
* (1871). Review of cases of snake-bite. Madras Monthly Journal of Medical Science 3:81–91.
* (1871). The cobra. Madras Monthly Journal of Medical Science 3:176–8.
* (1871). Lusus naturae. Madras Monthly Journal of Medical Science 3:241–6.
* (1871). On the protective power of vaccination. Madras Monthly Journal of Medical Science 3: 351–4.
* (1871). Case of premature labour occurring at the eighth month, arrested after the setting in of the second stage; and subsequent delivery at the full period of gestation. Madras Monthly Journal of Medical Science 3: 420–1.
* (1872). Experiments with snake (cobra) poison commenced at Combaconum, in the Tanjore District, on the 21 st September 1869. Madras Monthly Journal of Medical Science 4: 16–32; 165–76; 346–54; 426–32; 5: 199–204; 266–8.
* (1872). A brief account of the tusseh silk-worm, accompanied with drawings of the [[insect]]. Madras Monthly Journal of Medical Science 5: 113–7.
* (1872). Cases of snake-bite. Madras Monthly Journal of Medical Science 5:359–63.
* (1873). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2841462 <nowiki>The Kojahs [eunuchs] of Southern India</nowiki>]. Journal of the Anthropological Institution of Great Britain and Ireland 2: 402–7.
* (1874). A brief account of three microcephales. Journal of the Anthropological Institution of Great Britain and Ireland 3: 265.
* (1874). A Manual of Vaccination for the Pupils of the Vaccination Department, Madras.
* (1875). Report on the lists of snakes received from the Collectorates of the Madras Presidency.
* (1876). A Guide in Tamil for the People’s Park, Madras.
* (1876). [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(02)49533-5/fulltext Description of a needle-vaccinator.] [[The Lancet]], 1876:677-678.
* ([[iarchive:amanualindianca00shorgoog|1876]], [[iarchive:pli.kerala.rare.5345|1885]], 1889). A Manual of Indian Cattle and Sheep, their Breeds, Management and Diseases. Madras: Higginbotham & Co.
* (ed) (1884). [[iarchive:forestryinsouthe00morguoft|Forestry in South India]] by Major-General Henry Rhodes Morgan. Madras: Higginbotham & Co.

* (1888). A Monograph on the Cocoanut Palm, or Cocos Nucifera. Madras:Hill.
* (1889). A Manual of Indian Agriculture. Madras: Higginbotham.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [[iarchive:a-treatise-on-the-small-pox|A Treatise on The Small Pox by W.C. Maclean (1849) translated from Hindoostanee into English and Teloogoo by J. Shortt. (1858)]]
* [https://www.madrasmusings.com/vol-31-no-2/john-shortt-and-his-works-on-indian-cattle/ Madras Musings]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shortt, John}}
[[Category:1822 births]]
[[Category:1889 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian ethnographers]]
[[Category:Indian Medical Service officers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Linnean Society of London]]
[[Category:People from the Madras Presidency]]
[[Category:Scholars from British India]]

Aizawl

2026-03-12T04:16:39Z

Ilushiktka: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|Capital city of the Indian state of Mizoram}}
{{About|the capital city of Mizoram, India|its namesake district|Aizawl district}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Aizawl
| other_name = Aijal
| settlement_type = [[List of state and union territory capitals in India|Capital city of Mizoram]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| image1= Aizawl City.jpg
| image2= Mizoram Assembly House (wider view).jpg
| image3= Aizawl Bench, Gauhati High Court.jpg
| image4= Solomon's Temple, Aizawl, Mizoram, India.jpg
| image5 = AizawlSecretariat.jpg
| image6 = Aizawl at night.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clockwise from top: Aizawl skyline, [[Gauhati High Court|Gauhati High Court, Aizawl Bench]], Mizoram Secretariat, Aizawl cityscape at night, [[Solomon's Temple, Aizawl|Solomon's Temple]], [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Mizoram Assembly House]]
| nicknames = {{lang|lus|Zofate Jerusalem}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/mnf-hopes-to-ride-mizo-nationalism-wave-post-manipur-9002389/ | title='Zofate Jerusalem': MNF hopes to ride Mizo nationalism wave post-Manipur, to another term | date=27 October 2023 }}</ref> "The [[Jerusalem]] of the [[Zo people]]" {{lang|lus|Zawlkhawpui}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://zalen.in/detail/zawlkhawpui-senmei-chan-ni | title=Zawlkhawpui senmei chan ni }}</ref> "The great ''zawl'' city"
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Mizoram#India#Asia
| pushpin_label_position = center
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Aizawl in India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|43|38|N|92|43|04|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Mizoram]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Aizawl district|Aizawl]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1889 As Fort Aijal
| founder =
| named_for =
| governing_body = [[Aizawl Municipal corporation]]
| leader_title1 = Mayor
| leader_name1 = [[Lalrinenga Sailo|Lalrinênga Sailo]] ([[Mizo National Front|MNF]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://amcmizoram.com|title=AMC facts}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 129.91
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1132
| population_total = 405,000<ref name="macrotrends"/> (estimate)
| population_as_of = 2024
| population_rank = 1st in [[Mizoram]]
| population_density_km2 = 2253
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Mizo language|Mizo]] and English<ref>{{cite web |title=Mizoram, Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region, North East India |url=https://mdoner.gov.in/about-north-east/mizoram |website=mdoner.gov.in |access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 796001
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0389
| registration_plate = MZ-01
| blank_name = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank_info = 1025 females per 1000 males [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]<ref name="census2011.co.in"/>
| blank1_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank1_info = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]]
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| blank_info_sec2 = 98.36%<ref name="census2011.co.in"/>
| footnotes =
}}
'''Aizawl''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|pron|ˈ|aɪ|z|ɔː|l}} {{respell|EYE|zawl}}; [[Mizo language|Mizo]]: {{IPA|lus|ˈaɪ̯.ˈzɔːl||Aizawl.ogg}}), formerly known as '''Aijal''', is the capital city and the most populous city of [[Mizoram]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aizawl.nic.in/about-district/#:~:text=Aizawl+is+the+largest+city,state+of+Mizoram+in+India.|title=About District | Aizawl District, Government of Mizoram | India}}</ref> It is also the third largest city in [[northeast India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 10 Most Populated Cities in North-east India|date=10 November 2019 |url=http://negreens.com/article/top-10-most-populated-cities-in-north-east-india/|publisher=negreens.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=North-east India – Emerging Urbanisation|url=http://urbanecology.in/about/north-east-india-emerging-urbanisation/|publisher=urbanecology.com}}</ref> It is situated atop a series of [[ridge]]s, with an average elevation of around 1,132 metres (3,714 feet) above sea level.<ref name="Mizoram Tourism">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mizoramtourism.com/place-to-visit/1|title=Mizoram Tourism}}</ref> In 2024, the city has an estimated population of 415,000 people.<ref name="macrotrends">{{cite web|title=Aizawl, India Metro Area Population 1950–2024|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/cities/21154/aizawl/population#:~:text=The%20current%20metro%20area%20population,a%202.38%25%20increase%20from%202021.|publisher=macotrends.net|access-date=4 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Aizawl Population 2024|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/aizawl-population|publisher=worldpopulationreview.com|access-date=4 April 2024}}</ref>

Having served as the capital of the [[British rule in the Lushai Hills|British Lushai Hills]] from 1898 to 1947, colonial structures are prevalent in the city centre including but not limited to the Aijal Club, [[Raj Bhavan, Aizawl|Raj Bhavan]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rajbhavan.mizoram.gov.in/history-of-raj-bhavan/|title=History of Raj Bhavan}}</ref> the [[Government Aizawl College|Red School]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mizoramtourism.com/top-destination/40|title=Top Destinations Sikul Sen}}</ref>{{efn|now part of Government Aizawl College}} and the [[District magistrate|Office of the Deputy Commissioner]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mizoramtourism.com/top-destination/35|title=Bawrhsap Pisa Pui}}</ref> As the seat of the [[Government of Mizoram]], Aizawl is home to the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Assembly House]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mizoramassembly.in|title=Mizoram Assembly}}</ref> Additionally, Aizawl is part of the [[Smart Cities Mission]], an initiative by the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]] aimed at [[urban development]] and infrastructure enhancement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aizawlsmartcity.mizoram.gov.in|title=Aizawl Smart City}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word ''Aizawl'' is a combination of two [[Mizo people|Mizo]] words: "ai" meaning "[[cardamom]]" and "zawl" meaning "flatland" or "plain." Therefore, "Aizawl" could roughly translate to "the field of cardamom." This name may have historical significance or could refer to the characteristics of the area before urbanisation.<ref name="Mizoram Tourism"/>

==History==
===Pre-colonialism (before 1889)===
[[File:Fort Aijal 1889.jpg|thumb|left|Fort Aijal in 1889]]
Before the British, Aizawl was a village founded by Chief [[Lalsavunga]] around 1810. When the British found the site it had been abandoned.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Verghese |first1=C.G.|last2=Thanzawna|first2=R.L.|title=A History of the Mizos |date=1997 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |location=New Delhi}}</ref> During his reign at Aizawl, Lalsavunga summoned the properties of the Zadeng chiefs as a ransom for Ngurpuilala, the son of their chief Lalchungnunga. Lalsavunga freed the Zadeng [[bawi system|bawi]] and gave them better rights.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zawla |first1=K. |title=Mizo Pi Pute leh an thlahte Chanchin |date=1964 |publisher=Gosen Press |location=Aizawl |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467485/mode/2up |access-date=5 March 2025}}</ref> He lived in Aizawl around 1810–1820.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thanhlira |first1=R. |title=Aw! Zawlhawpui: History of Aizawl |date=1983 |publisher=P.M. Press |location=Aizawl |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.10012/mode/1up |access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref> Situated a mere 14 kilometres from [[Sairang]] and accessible via flat-bottomed boats, it served as a strategic location, with the Li Bial stream for the British to establish their headquarters.<ref>{{cite book|author=K. C. Kabra|title=Economic Growth of Mizoram: Role of Business & Industry|year=2008|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0PcdaYllHNUC&q=lunglei+economy&pg=PA75|isbn=9788180695186}}</ref>

===Colonial Aijal (1889-1948)===
{{further|Granville Henry Loch}}
[[File:Northern End of Aijal 1896.png|thumb|left|The northern end of Aijal in 1896]]
In 1889, Officer Dally of the [[Assam Police]], accompanied by 400 men, arrived in Aizawl village to assist Colonel Skinner's troops during a [[British rule in the Lushai Hills|British military operation]] against the Mizo natives. Aizawl was subsequently chosen as the site for a fortified post on Dally's recommendation, leading Colonel Skinner to oversee its construction. The troops erected stockades and other essential structures, establishing a significant military presence in the area. In the same year, Fort Aijal was established, a small village that became the capital of British administration in [[British rule in the Lushai Hills|North Lushai Hills]].<ref name="The Making of Aijal">{{cite web|url=http://aizawl.nic.in/makingofaijal.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112023258/http://aizawl.nic.in/makingofaijal.htm|url-status=dead|title=The Making of Aijal|archivedate=12 November 2013}}</ref>

Aijal was formally established on 25 February 1890 as '''Fort Aijal'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mizoramtourism.com/place-to-visit/1|title=Mizoram Tourism|accessdate=16 February 2024}}</ref> However, the communication system was not too good as there were little to no roads. The Silchar-Aizawl road was 175 km long but not an all-weather road, which was improved. In 1896, Fort Aijal became the headquarters of the Lushai Hills Military Police Battalion. [[Water scarcity]] was the primary concern for the original fort along with a lack of telegraph infrastructure.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=216}}

Fort Aijal would subsequently be attacked by [[Khalkam]] and the western Lushai chiefs, which would begin the [[Lushai Rising]] on 9 September 1890. After the murder of Captain [[Herbert Richard Browne|H.R. Browne]], the western Lushai chiefs besieged Fort Aijal. Fort Aijal was commanded by surgeon H.B Melville. A relief force was brought in via the Dhaleswari river but its leader Lieutenant Swinton was fatally wounded during an ambush. He died on 26 September. Fort Aijal would be liberated on 4 October, with credit going to Melville and Lieutenant [[H.W.G. Cole]] for their defence.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=107}}{{sfn|Reid|1942|p=17}}{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=59}}

The early era of Aizawl oversaw many {{lang|lus|vêngs}} ({{translation|quarters}}) with distinct populations. The [[Khasi people|Khasi]] {{lang|lus|vêng}} was full of skilled carpenters who were already Christian from missionary efforts in the Khasi hills. The Gurkha {{lang|lus|vêng}} was the quarter of soldiers and barracks. In the northern end of Aizawl lived many [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] builders. [[Bengali people|Bengalis]] functioned as bureaucrats in early Aizawl such as administration, post offices and public works department. The [[Santali people|Santali]] were employed for coolie labour. The police force consisted of [[Assamese people|Assamese]] in the Chaprasi {{lang|lus|vêng}}. Many Mizos who visited Aizawl gave the journey the term {{lang|lus|Vai-kal}} ({{translation|going to the place of foreigners}}). Mizos were also appointed to local administratrive roles in maintaining newly built roads where they were placed in villages close to roads to weed out and keep contact with Aizawl.{{sfn|Lloyd|1991|p=40}} Aizawl also began to grow due to its reputation as the biggest market in the [[British Lushai Hills|Lushai Hills]] at the time with products such as soap, clothes, salt which were sought after.{{sfn|Lloyd|1991|p=41}}

Since the roads were unusuable for wheeled transport, the system of transportation required coolies to lift supplies. In Aizawl the coolies and carriers resided in a [[Zawlbuk|{{lang|lus|Zawlbûk|cat=no}}]] on the eastern end of Aizawl. The {{lang|lus|Zawlbûk}} in Rhasi {{lang|lus|vêng}} was the most popular at the time and had been erected by the government. Khasi evangelist Rai Bhajur used the Rhasi {{lang|lus|Zawlbûk}} to engage the gospel to the Mizos. Missionary [[David Evan Jones (missionary)|David Evan Jones]] visited the {{lang|lus|Zawlbûk}} and sang hymns to the inhabitants, narrated the [[crucifixion of Christ]] and handed out stories for the literate youth.{{sfn|Lloyd|1991|p=42}}

Aizawl swiftly emerged as the administrative and religious hub for the Mizos, following the establishment of the Welsh Mission Society headquarters in the city. This led to a surge in population as Aizawl Bazar evolved into the primary commercial center of the [[British rule in the Lushai Hills|Lushai Hills region]].<ref name="The Making of Aijal"/>

===Contemporary Aizawl (1948–present)===
====Capital of Mizo District, Assam, India (1948–1972)====
The once modest village, situated on a level hilltop, underwent rapid expansion, transforming into a rugged and uneven settlement. The intensification of the [[Mautam|Mautam famine]] in the late 1950s prompted an influx of people seeking sustenance and opportunities, further fuelling Aizawl's growth. Nearby villages like Chaltlang and Durtlang soon became absorbed into the expanding urban landscape, marking the transition of Aizawl into a modern cityscape by the early 1960s.<ref name="themizos.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.themizos.com/2021/10/the-beautiful-hill-top-city-of-aizawl.html|title=The Beautiful Hill Top City of Aizawl|date=26 October 2021 }}</ref>

====1966 Mizo National Front Uprising====
{{main|Bombing of Aizawl}}

The expansion of Aizawl came to an abrupt halt in the mid-1960s due to the turmoil caused by the [[Mizo National Front uprising|Mizo Independence Movement]], spearheaded by the [[Mizo National Front]] (MNF), which engaged in open conflict with the [[Government of India]]. However, a pivotal and tragic event unfolded in Aizawl in March 1966, marking a dark chapter in its history.

In an effort to suppress the MNF's advances, on 5–6 March, the Government of India launched a devastating bombardment of Aizawl and its surrounding areas, resulting in significant loss of life.<ref name="The Mizo Uprising: Assam Assembly Debates on the Mizo Movement, 1966-1971">{{cite book
| title = The Mizo Uprising: Assam Assembly Debates on the Mizo Movement, 1966–1971
| author = Dr. J. V. Hluna, Rini Tochhawng
| pages = xix
| publisher = Cambridge Scholars Publishing
| year = 2012
| isbn = 978-1-44384042-2}}</ref> By this point, Aizawl had already been largely evacuated, with many seeking refuge in the nearby jungle. This unprecedented act of the Indian government, to conduct airstrikes in its own territory in urban areas, remains the first in Indian history.<ref name="themizos.com"/><ref name="Hamlet_Bareh_Enc">{{cite book
| title = Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Mizoram
| author = Hamlet Bareh
| pages = 206–216
| publisher = Mittal Publications
| year = 2001
| isbn = 978-81-7099-787-0}}</ref>

==== Capital of Mizoram Union Territory (1972-1987)====
Aizawl continued to be the capital of [[Union Territory of Mizoram|Mizoram]] after gaining the status of Union Territory. The UT status provided opportunities for economic growth and development in Aizawl. The city emerged as a key commercial and trade centre in the region, with [[Burmese people|Burmese]] ethnic [[Chin people|Chin]] immigrants seeking better job opportunities in Aizawl.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mizzima.com/article/chin-refugees-myanmar-receive-mixed-welcome-india|title=Chin Refugees Myanmar Receive Mixed Welcome india}}</ref>

==== Capital of State of Mizoram (1987–present)====
[[File:Aizawl.jpg|thumb|left|Aizawl in the 2000s]]
Statehood provided Aizawl with enhanced access to resources, funding, and developmental schemes from the central government. This facilitated the implementation of infrastructure projects, such as [[Lengpui Airport]], educational initiatives, healthcare programs, and poverty alleviation measures aimed at fostering socio-economic growth and improving the quality of life for its citizens.

On 25 May 2025, Chief Minister [[Lalduhoma]] raised the need for developing a new city in Mizoram at the [[NITI Aayog]] meeting, stressing that 80 per cent of the state's population lives in the capital Aizawl. Speaking at the meeting in New Delhi, he said Aizawl has become congested and he proposed [[Thenzawl]] in [[Serchhip district]], about 93 km from Aizawl, as the site for the new city, which will be able to accommodate 10–1.5 million residents.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 May 202 |title=Need to develop new city, 80 pc of Mizoram population lives in capital Aizawl: CM at Niti Aayog meet |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/need-to-develop-new-city-80-pc-of-mizoram-population-lives-in-capital-aizawl-cm-at-niti-aayog-meet/2587464 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250527093548/https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/need-to-develop-new-city-80-pc-of-mizoram-population-lives-in-capital-aizawl-cm-at-niti-aayog-meet/2587464 |archive-date=27 May 2025 |access-date=27 May 2025 |work=Press Trust of India |language=en |publication-date=25 May 2025}}</ref>

==Geography and Climate==
===Geography===
Aizawl lies at approximately 23°43′N, 92°43′E and is perched on the ridge of a hill at an average elevation of 1,132 meters (3,714 feet) above sea level. The topography features steep slopes, with elevations ranging from 60 meters to 1,509 meters, making the city a mix of rugged terrains. Aizawl is surrounded by lush greenery and is part of the [[Eastern Himalayas|Eastern Himalayan foothills]].<ref name="en-in.topographic-map.com">{{Cite web|url=https://en-in.topographic-map.com/map-24ltj/Aizawl/ |title=Aizawl topographic map |access-date=15 December 2024}}</ref>

===Climate===
The city is located at the north of the [[Tropic of Cancer]] in the northern part of Mizoram, with the [[Tlawng]] river [[valley]] to its west and the [[Tuirial]] river valley to its east.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aizawl – the State Capital: Mizoram |url=https://mizoram.nic.in/more/aizawl.htm |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=mizoram.nic.in}}</ref> Aizawl experiences a [[humid subtropical climate]] (Cwa) under the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen classification]]. Summers are moderately warm with temperatures averaging between 20–30 °C (68–86 °F), while winters are cooler with temperatures ranging from 11–21 °C (52–70 °F). The city receives most of its rainfall from April to October, peaking in the months of May, July, August, and September. The remaining months are relatively dry.<ref name="en-in.topographic-map.com"/> Aizawl is ranked second best city in India for having the 'cleanest air and best [[Air quality index|AQI]]' in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2024 |title=India's top 10 cities with the best air quality in 2024: Global cities' AQI insights revealed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/top-10-listing/top-10-indian-cities-with-best-air-quality-index-aqi-2024-9680798/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Aizawl, elevation {{convert|950|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020, extremes 1973–2010)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 29.5
| Feb record high C = 33.8
| Mar record high C = 34.6
| Apr record high C = 35.5
| May record high C = 34.2
| Jun record high C = 33.6
| Jul record high C = 33.2
| Aug record high C = 32.2
| Sep record high C = 32.7
| Oct record high C = 33.1
| Nov record high C = 32.8
| Dec record high C = 28.5
|year record high C = 35.5
| Jan record low C = 5.1
| Feb record low C = 5.0
| Mar record low C = 5.5
| Apr record low C = 6.9
| May record low C = 11.8
| Jun record low C = 9.2
| Jul record low C = 12.0
| Aug record low C = 10.5
| Sep record low C = 10.7
| Oct record low C = 10.1
| Nov record low C = 10.0
| Dec record low C = 4.5
|year record low C = 6.1
|Jan high C = 23.3
|Feb high C = 24.8
|Mar high C = 28.1
|Apr high C = 28.8
|May high C = 28.0
|Jun high C = 27.2
|Jul high C = 27.0
|Aug high C = 27.5
|Sep high C = 27.3
|Oct high C = 27.2
|Nov high C = 26.0
|Dec high C = 23.8
| year high C = 26.6
|Jan low C = 11.3
|Feb low C = 13.0
|Mar low C = 16.4
|Apr low C = 17.5
|May low C = 18.7
|Jun low C = 19.5
|Jul low C = 20.2
|Aug low C = 20.1
|Sep low C = 19.6
|Oct low C = 19.1
|Nov low C = 15.9
|Dec low C = 12.6
| year low C = 16.9
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 9.1
| Feb rain mm = 19.4
| Mar rain mm = 71.5
| Apr rain mm = 134.2
| May rain mm = 322.5
| Jun rain mm = 311.0
| Jul rain mm = 326.6
| Aug rain mm = 342.2
| Sep rain mm = 337.9
| Oct rain mm = 173.0
| Nov rain mm = 42.5
| Dec rain mm = 10.6
| year rain mm = 2100.5
| Jan rain days = 0.8
| Feb rain days = 1.7
| Mar rain days = 3.9
| Apr rain days = 7.9
| May rain days = 14.1
| Jun rain days = 17.3
| Jul rain days = 18.9
| Aug rain days = 18.7
| Sep rain days = 15.3
| Oct rain days = 10.0
| Nov rain days = 2.2
| Dec rain days = 0.7
| year rain days = 111.5
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240408025145/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-date = 8 April 2024
| url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Station: Aizwal Climatological Table 1991–2020
| work = Climatological Normals 1991–2020
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 7 July 2024}}</ref><ref name=IMDcityweather>
{{cite web
| url = http://city.imd.gov.in/citywx/extreme/FEB/aizwal2.htm
| title = Aizwal Climatological Table 1971–2000
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 5 February 2020}}</ref>
}}

{{climate chart
|collapsed =
|Aizawl
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|11.4|20.4|13.4
|12.8|21.7|23.4
|15.6|25.2|73.4
|17.5|26.8|167.7
|18.1|26.3|289.0
|18.9|25.5|406.1
|19.1|25.3|320.4
|19.1|25.5|320.6
|19.2|25.7|305.2
|18.0|24.7|183.7
|15.1|23.0|43.2
|12.2|21.0|15.3
|source=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120506155631/http://worldweather.wmo.int/066/c01562.htm WMO]
|float=right
}}

==Civic Administration==
[[File:Aizawl, Mizoram - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|{{center|Aizawl city}}]]

Aizawl is administered by the [[Aizawl Municipal Corporation]] (AMC), established in 2010 to oversee [[urban planning]], [[sanitation]], [[waste management]], and infrastructure development within the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Aizawl Municipal Corporation (AMC) |url=https://amcmizoram.com/ |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=amcmizoram.com}}</ref> The AMC consists of 19 elected members representing the city's wards, along with additional members appointed by the [[Governor of Mizoram]]. To promote gender representation, one-third of the total seats are reserved for women, with these reserved seats rotated every five years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile {{!}} Aizawl Municipal Corporation (AMC) |url=https://amcmizoram.com/page/about-us |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=amcmizoram.com}}</ref>

Each ward is managed by a Ward Committee, which is headed by the elected councillor of the ward. The committee also includes two members each from the local councils within the ward. The city comprises 78 local councils, representing the city's [[Locality (settlement)|localities]]. Serving a term of five years, the councils work in close coordination with the AMC to address local governance and community issues.<ref>{{cite web|author=Dr. L.H.Chhuanawma|title=Aizawl Municipal Council|url=http://www.trcollege.net/study-material/37-political-science/79-aizawl-municipal-council|publisher=T Romana College|access-date=7 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528030216/http://www.trcollege.net/study-material/37-political-science/79-aizawl-municipal-council|archive-date=28 May 2013}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Historical population
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html|title=Census of India Website: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=11 March 2021|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010234955/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 1951 | 6,950
| 1961 | 15,329
| 1971 | 32,412
| 1981 | 75,922
| 1991 | {{formatnum:156687}}
| 2001 | {{formatnum:228280}}
| 2011 | {{formatnum:293416}}
| percentages=
}}
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Aizawl City (2011)
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percentage
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|Christianity|blue|93.63}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|4.14}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|1.52}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|gold|0.45}}
{{bar percent|Not Stated|black|0.11}}
{{bar percent|Others|grey|0.09}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|yellow|0.03}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|brown|0.02}}
}}
[[File:Old temple and military buildings in Dawrpui veng Aizawl - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Hindu temple in Dawrpui, Aizawl]]
As per the [[2011 census of India]], Aizawl recorded a population of 293,416, with females constituting 50.61% and males accounting for 49.39%. The [[sex ratio]] stands at 1,025 females per 1,000 males, reflecting a favourable balance. Among children aged 0–6 years, the child sex ratio is slightly lower, with 983 girls per 1,000 boys.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

===Religion===
[[Christianity in Mizoram|Christianity]] is the dominant religion, with 93.63% of the population adhering to it. Among the minority religions, [[Hinduism in Mizoram|Hinduism]] accounts for 4.14%, [[Islam in Mizoram|Islam]] 1.52%, [[Buddhism in Mizoram|Buddhism]] 0.45%, [[Sikhism in India|Sikhism]] 0.03%, and [[Jainism in India|Jainism]] 0.02%. Additionally, 0.11% of the population did not specify their religious affiliation.<ref name="census2011.co.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/185-aizawl.html |title=Aizawl City Census 2011 data |work=census2011.co.in |access-date=17 May 2018}}</ref>

As of 1910, there were 777 army personnel in Aizawl from different parts of North India as well as [[Nepal]]. The Gurkha's among the soldiers eventually settled in Aizawl.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pachuau |first1=Joy |title=The Camera as a Witness |date=13 April 2015 |publisher=Cambridge |isbn=9781107073395 |pages=139}}</ref>

===Media===
Aizawl is home to regional and national television broadcasting. Channels such as Zonet Cable TV Pvt. Ltd., and LPS Vision Production offer state and national programs in [[Mizo language|Mizo]] while [[Doordarshan]] Aizawl offers both Mizo and [[indian English|English]], reflecting the region's bilingual character. [[Miss Mizoram]], Mizo Idol, and the Ṭhazual Awards are led by Zonet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hubnetwork.in/jennifer-lalrinzuali-crowned-miss-mizoram-2024/|title=Jennifer Lalrinzuali Crowned Miss Mizoram 2024|date=27 April 2024 }}</ref>

Radio remains a popular medium in Aizawl. [[All India Radio]] (AIR) Aizawl broadcasts in Mizo, English, and occasionally in other regional languages, focusing on news, educational content, and cultural programs. FM radio stations like FM Zoawi and LPS FM are widely listened to, offering a mix of music, entertainment, and live shows.<ref>{{cite news|title=AIR buatsaih FM Zoawi chu le|url=http://www.vanglaini.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5815:air-buatsaih-fm-zoawi-chu-le|access-date=27 August 2012|newspaper=Vanglaini|archive-date=29 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529085441/http://www.vanglaini.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5815:air-buatsaih-fm-zoawi-chu-le|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Vanglaini]], the leading daily newspaper in Mizoram, is a significant part of Aizawl's print media landscape. Published entirely in the Mizo language, it serves as the primary source of local, regional, and national news for Mizoram's residents. The paper covers a wide range of topics, including politics, social issues, culture, education, and sports, while also offering editorials and opinion pieces reflective of the state's unique perspectives.,<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://vanglaini.org/
|title=Vanglaini – Mizo Daily Since 1978
|work=vanglaini.org
|access-date=30 June 2010
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401164127/http://www.vanglaini.org/
|archive-date=1 April 2014
}}</ref>

The major media in Aizawl in the Mizo and English languages are:<ref>{{cite web|title=Accredited Journalists|url=http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/journalists|publisher=DIPR Mizoram|access-date=5 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619020709/http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/journalists|archive-date=19 June 2013}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Vanglaini]],<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://vanglaini.org/
|title=Vanglaini – Mizo Daily Since 1978
|work=vanglaini.org
|access-date=30 June 2010
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401164127/http://www.vanglaini.org/
|archive-date=1 April 2014
}}</ref>
* The Zozam Times<ref>{{cite web|title=The Zozam Times|url=http://thezozamtimes.org/|access-date=7 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107115720/http://thezozamtimes.org/|archive-date=7 January 2014}}</ref>
* The Aizawl Post.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Aizawl Post|url=http://www.theaizawlpost.com/|access-date=7 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103222150/http://theaizawlpost.com/|archive-date=3 January 2014}}</ref>
* India Today NE
* Khawpui Aw
* Virthli<ref>{{cite web|title=Virthli|url=http://virthli.com/|access-date=7 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327083314/http://www.virthli.com/|archive-date=27 March 2013}}</ref>
* [[The Mizoram Post]]<ref>{{cite web|title=The Mizoram Post|url=http://www.themizorampost.net/|access-date=7 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111081911/http://www.themizorampost.net/|archive-date=11 November 2013}}</ref>
* Zoram Tlangau
* Mizo Arsi
* [[Zalen]]
* Zawlaidi
* Zozam Weekly<ref>{{cite web|title=Zozam Weekly|url=http://zozamweeklynews.blogspot.in/|access-date=7 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518023157/http://zozamweeklynews.blogspot.in/|archive-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
* Zoram Thlirtu
* Sakeibaknei
* Entlang
{{div col end}}

===Lifestyle===
[[Chapchar Kut]], one of Mizoram's most cherished festivals, signals the arrival of spring and is celebrated with enthusiasm and grandeur. Held annually in March, it marks the completion of [[jhum cultivation|jhum (slash-and-burn) cultivation]] preparations. It is usually held on a mass scale at the Assam Rifles Parade ground (Lammual). On the roads, people would stand with a plate of [[boiled egg]]s and give it to passers-by, a pre-Christian tradition called Chhawnghnawh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/egged-on-mizoram-festival-revives-pre-christian-custom/story-e6aDSthhn8K6hFP2GeblvM.html|title=Egged On Mizoram Festival Revives Pre-Christian Custom|work=Hindustan Times |date=8 March 2016 }}</ref>

On Christmas, ''Kawnchei'' ([[Literal translation|lit.]] 'junction decoration') is a centerpiece of life in Aizawl, led by the [[Aizawl Municipal Corporation]]. The ''Kawnchei'' tradition results in a festive glow with illuminated streets, decorated churches, and vibrant carol-singing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zalen.in/detail/kawnchei-mawi-lawmman-pe-dawn|title=Kawnchei Mawi Lawmman Pe Dawn}}</ref> The spirit of the season is deeply rooted in family gatherings, sharing meals, and attending church services. [[Mizo cuisine|Traditional Mizo dishes]], often prepared during this time, add a culinary delight to the celebrations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mizoramtourism.com/festivals/2|title=Christmas Kawnchei}}</ref>

==Transport==

===Air===
[[File:Lengpui Airport Building.JPG|thumb|300px|Lengpui Airport]]
Aizawl is connected by air transport through [[Lengpui Airport]] which it is situated near Aizawl.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/howilearnedgeogr0000shul|title=How I learned geography|author=Shulevitz, Uri|date=2008|publisher=Farrar Straus Giroux|isbn=9780374334994|oclc=123766698|url-access=registration}}</ref> The airport provides connectivity to [[Kolkata]], Delhi, [[Guwahati]], [[Agartala]], [[Shillong]] and [[Imphal]], operated by [[Air India]], [[Go First]] and [[IndiGo]]. A helicopter service by [[Pawan Hans]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Mizorama Helicopter Service Tur Chief Minister in Hawng|url=http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/mizorama-helicopter-service-tur-chief-minister-in-hawng|publisher=Mizoram DIPR|access-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212015939/http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/mizorama-helicopter-service-tur-chief-minister-in-hawng|archive-date=12 December 2013}}</ref> was started in 2012 and connects the city with [[Lunglei]], [[Lawngtlai]], [[Saiha]], [[Chawngte]], [[Serchhip]], [[Champhai]], [[Kolasib]], [[Khawzawl]], [[Ngopa]] and [[Hnahthial]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Nilaini atangin 'Helicopter Service|url=http://www.thezozamtimes.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5455:nilaini-atangin-helicopter-service&catid=43:news&Itemid=63|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923163051/http://www.thezozamtimes.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5455:nilaini-atangin-helicopter-service&catid=43:news&Itemid=63|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 September 2015|access-date=20 August 2012|newspaper=The Zozam Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mizoram Chhunga Helicopter Service Scheduled Thar|url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/mizoram-chhunga-helicopter-service-scheduled-thar|access-date=23 September 2015|agency=DIPR: Govt of Mizoram|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923144248/https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/mizoram-chhunga-helicopter-service-scheduled-thar|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Rail===
The '''Sairang Railway Station''' of Aizawl was developed as part of the [[Bairabi–Sairang line|Bairabi–Sairang railway line]], a 51.38 km broad-gauge project connecting [[Bairabi]] in Assam to [[Sairang]], approximately 15 km from Aizawl, the capital of [[Mizoram]]. Initially proposed in 1998, the project received formal approval from the [[Government of India|Indian government]] in 2008–09 and was declared a [[National Project of India|National Project]] to expedite its completion. Construction commenced in November 2014, with the foundation stone for [[Sairang|Sairang station]] laid by then-Railway Minister [[Suresh Prabhu]] on 11 November 2016.

The project faced significant challenges, including difficult terrain, limited working seasons, and a tragic bridge collapse in August 2023, which resulted in the loss of 26 lives. Despite these setbacks, the line was successfully completed and received [[Commission of Railway Safety|Commissioner of Railway Safety]] (CRS) authorization in June 2025, marking a major milestone in connecting [[Mizoram]]'s capital to the national railway network.

On 13 September 2025, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] inaugurated the [[Sairang Railway Station]], fulfilling a long-standing aspiration of the people of [[Mizoram]]. During the inauguration, he also flagged off several key passenger trains, including the [[Sairang-Anand Vihar Terminal Rajdhani Express|Aizawl–Delhi Rajdhani Express]], [[Kolkata–Sairang Express|Aizawl–Kolkata Express]], and [[Guwahati–Sairang Express|Aizawl–Guwahati Express]], significantly enhancing regional connectivity. The station is being developed into a world-class facility, with plans to introduce additional services and improve infrastructure to meet the growing transportation needs of the region.

==Education==
[[File:Mizoram University Entrance.JPG|thumb|300px|Mizoram University Entrance]]

The [[literacy rate]] in Aizawl city, as of the 2011 Census, is approximately 98.4%, one of the highest in India. This includes 99% literacy among males and 98% among females.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/|title=Aizawl Population Aizawl Mizoram}}</ref>

The education system in Aizawl includes primary, secondary, and higher education institutions. Aizawl also hosts [[Mizoram University]], established in 2001, which offers diverse undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs. The presence of specialised institutes like the [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]] and the [[National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology|National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology]] (NIELIT) further strengthens the city's academic infrastructure.

[[Pachhunga University College]] was among the earliest colleges founded in 1958. [[Aizawl College]], the second oldest college in Aizawl City was established in the year 1975. [[Hrangbana College]] was established in 1980, located in Chanmari, Aizawl, it has 57 teaching staff with 22 non-teaching staff and more than 2,000 students in the commerce and arts departments. [[Mizoram University]] established in 2001 provides affiliation to all the colleges in Mizoram. Mizoram University also provides post-graduate education as well as BTech education and other departments. [[ICFAI University, Mizoram]] located in Durtlang, [[Aizawl West College]], Government Aizawl North College, [[J.Thankima College|J. Thankima College]], [[Govt.Zirtiri Residential Science College]] also provides undergraduate courses. [[Mizoram Law College]] provides education to people who seek a profession in Law.<ref>[http://video.disc.iisc.ernet.in/vigyan/mizo_univ.htm The Mizoram University Act of 25 April 2000] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803150529/http://video.disc.iisc.ernet.in/vigyan/mizo_univ.htm |date=3 August 2012 }}</ref> [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]] and [[National Institute of Technology Mizoram]] has already started operations. [[Zoram Medical College]] is inaugurated on 7 August 2018 in Falkawn.<ref>{{cite web|title=Central Health Services Leh Aiims Doctor Ten Chief Minister HMU|url=http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/central-health-services-leh-aiims-doctor-ten-chief-minister-hmu|publisher=DIPR|access-date=15 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201213316/http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/central-health-services-leh-aiims-doctor-ten-chief-minister-hmu|archive-date=1 February 2014}}</ref>

==Sports==
[[File:Lammual Stadium.jpg|thumb|300px|Lammual Stadium]]
[[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in Mizoram, with several footballers playing in national leagues in different parts of India. The professional football club of the city, [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl F.C]], competes in the [[I-League]]. Some of the important sporting facilities in Aizawl are:
# [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium, Aizawl|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]], with a seating capacity of 20,000, is located at Mualpui in Aizawl.<ref>{{cite web|last=tirhkahthawla|title=Mualpui Stadium Design|url=http://www.misual.com/2010/06/18/mualpui-stadium-design/|publisher=misual.com|access-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527095346/http://www.misual.com/2010/06/18/mualpui-stadium-design/|archive-date=27 May 2013}}</ref>
# [[Hawla Indoor Stadium]] is the largest indoor stadium with basketball, badminton and [[boxing]] facilities.
# [[Lammual]] stadium is a single tier stadium. The stadium under construction will have a seating capacity of about 5,000 spectators.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lammual-ah Gallery sak hna tan dawn ta |url=http://thezozamtimes.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4175:lammual-ah-gallery-sak-hna-tan-dawn-ta&catid=43:news&Itemid=63 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415233229/http://thezozamtimes.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4175:lammual-ah-gallery-sak-hna-tan-dawn-ta&catid=43:news&Itemid=63 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 April 2013 |publisher=The Zozam Times |access-date=16 August 2012 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:150px;"| Team
! style="width:100px;"| Sport
! style="width:270px;"| League
! style="width:120px;"| Venue
|-
| [[Mizoram football team]]
| [[Association football|Football]]
| [[Santosh Trophy]]
| [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium, Aizawl|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
|-
| [[Aizawl F.C.]]
| [[Association football|Football]]
| [[I-League]]
| Rajiv Gandhi Stadium
|-
| [[Chanmari F.C.]]
| [[Association football|Football]]
| [[Mizoram Premier League]]
| [[Lammual]]
|-
| [[Chawnpui F.C.]]
| [[Association football|Football]]
| [[Mizoram Premier League]]
| Lammual/Vaivakawn field
|}

Aizawl hosted the third edition of Xchange North East Youth NGO summit from 3 to 5 October 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/ne-youth-summit-at-aizawl-255781|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904153948/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/ne-youth-summit-at-aizawl-255781|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 September 2018|title=Aizawl will host the third edition of Xchange North East Youth NGO summit from October 3rd to 5th,2018.}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Aizawl FC]]
* [[Aizawl Monorail]]
* [[Advanced Research Centre for Bamboo and Rattan|Advanced Research Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Aizawl, Mizoram]]
* [[Aizawl Theological College]]
* [[Tourism in North East India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Wikivoyage inline|Aizawl}}
* [https://aizawl.nic.in/ Aizawl Official Website]
* [https://amcmizoram.com/ Aizawl Municipal Corporation]

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1985 |title=British rule in Mizoram |location=New Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications}}
*{{cite book |first=J. Meirion |last=Lloyd |title=History of the Church in Mizoram: Harvest in the Hills |year= 1991 |pages=17–23| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=BkgFAQAAIAAJ| publisher= Synod Publication Board}}
*{{cite book|last=McCall|first=Anthony Gilchrist|title=Lushai Chrysalis|year=1949|publisher=Luzac|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16549/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book |last=Reid |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Reid (civil servant)|date=1942 |title=The Lushai Hills: culled from History of the frontier areas bordering on Assam from 1883–1941 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16551/page/n5/mode/2up |location=Calcutta |publisher=Firma KLM}}
*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1990 |title=Mizo Encyclopaedia|location=Aizawl|publisher=Jaico Publishing House}}

{{Aizawl}}
{{Urban Areas in Mizoram by Population}}
{{Mizoram}}
{{North East India}}
{{State and Union Territory capitals of India}}

[[Category:Aizawl| ]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Aizawl district]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1890]]
[[Category:Tourism in Northeast India]]
[[Category:1890 establishments in India]]

Job Kozhamthadam

2026-03-09T03:20:04Z

Ilushiktka: added initial entry basic info - done

{{Short description|Indian Catholic priest and historian}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| name = Job Kozhamthadam
| honorific_prefix = Reverend
| honorific_suffix = [[Society of Jesus|SJ]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Maryland]]
| region = [[Indian philosophy]]
| school_tradition = {{hlist|Science–religion dialogue|history and philosophy of science}}
| institutions = {{hlist|[[Jnana Deepa, Institute of Philosophy and Theology|Jnana Deepa]]|[[Indian Institute of Science and Religion]] (IISR)}}
| main_interests = {{hlist|History and philosophy of science|relationship between science and religion|[[cosmology]]|ethics of technology}}
| notable_works = {{hlist|''The Discovery of Kepler's Laws''|''Science, Technology and Values''|''East–West Interface of Reality''|''Science, Mysticism and East–West Dialogue''}}
}}
'''Job Kozhamthadam''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=SJ}} is an Indian Jesuit priest, historian and philosopher of science, widely regarded as a pioneer of the science–religion dialogue in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Job Kozhamthadam |url=https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL841542A
|website=Open Library |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Thomas |first=Kamaladevi |title=Mastery Meets Mystery: Intersecting Science, Philosophy, Religion and Culture |url=https://pesrsncollege.edu.in/website/Publications/Books_chapters/Kamaladevi_Kunkolienker_-_Paper_1.pdf
|page=3 |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref> He has taught at [[Jnana-Deepa Vidyapeeth]] (JDV), Pune, served as its president, and is founder–president of the Indian Institute of Science and Religion (IISR), Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Personnel – IAISS |url=https://iaiss.com/personnel
|access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Institute of Science and Religion – IISR |url=https://iisrdelhi.in/
|access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kozhamthadam completed a B.Sc. (Honours) in Physics at [[Ranchi University]], earning the Deen Tarini Gold Medal for securing the highest marks in 1969.<ref>{{cite web |title=Job Kozhamthadam – Biography |url=https://counterbalance.org/bio/job-frame.html
|website=Counterbalance |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref> He subsequently obtained an M.Sc. in physics from [[Patna University]] (1972), a B.Ph. from Jnana-Deepa Vidyapeeth (1975), a B.Th. from Vidyajyoti, Delhi (1978), an M.A. in History and Philosophy of Science from the University of Notre Dame (1980), and a Ph.D. in History and Philosophy of Science from the University of Maryland (1986).<ref>{{cite web |title=Job Kozhamthadam |url=https://iaiss.com/personnel
|website=IAISS |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>

== Academic career ==
From 1986 onwards Kozhamthadam taught Philosophy of Science, Cosmology, Hume, and Science and Religion at [[Jnana_Deepa,_Institute_of_Philosophy_and_Theology]] in Pune, where he also served as department chair and dean of philosophy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Job Kozhamthadam – Biography |url=https://counterbalance.org/bio/job-frame.html
|website=Counterbalance |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref> He was visiting professor of Philosophy of Science at Loyola University Chicago in 1989, 1990, 1992 and 1994.<ref>{{cite web |title=Job Kozhamthadam – Author page |url=https://undpress.nd.edu/author/job-kozhamthadam/
|website=University of Notre Dame Press |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>

Kozhamthadam founded the Association of Science, Society and Religion (ASSR) and later the Indian Institute of Science and Religion (IISR), serving as its first president and director.<ref>{{cite web |title=Science and Religion Dialogue in India |url=https://www.jnanamrit.com/2022/03/07/science-and-religion-dialogue-in-india/
|website=Jnanamrit |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref> IISR organises seminars on topics such as artificial intelligence and robotics in relation to ethics and religion.<ref>{{cite web |title=AI-Robotics Revolution & Science-Religion Dialogue |url=https://iisrdelhi.in/ai-robotics-revolution-science-religion-dialogue/
|website=IISR |date=5 April 2023 |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref> A Templeton Foundation project lists him as co-leader of a master's programme in science and religion in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Master's Program in Science and Religion in India |url=https://www.templeton.org/grant/masters-program-in-science-and-religion-in-india
|website=John Templeton Foundation |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>

He has been a member of the Indian National Commission for the History of Science ([[Indian National Science Academy]]), the [[New York Academy of Sciences]], the British Society for the Philosophy of Science, and the International Society for Science and Religion, Cambridge.<ref>{{cite web |title=Job Kozhamthadam |url=https://iaiss.com/personnel
|website=IAISS |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>

== Thought and contributions ==
Kozhamthadam is widely described as "the pioneer of science–religion dialogue in India".<ref>{{cite web |last=Thomas |first=Kamaladevi |title=Mastery Meets Mystery: Intersecting Science, Philosophy, Religion and Culture |url=https://pesrsncollege.edu.in/website/Publications/Books_chapters/Kamaladevi_Kunkolienker_-_Paper_1.pdf
|page=3 |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref> His historical reconstruction of Kepler's work highlights how empirical, philosophical, and religious elements interact in scientific discovery.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kozhamthadam |first=Job |title=The Discovery of Kepler's Laws: The Interaction of Science, Philosophy, and Religion |publisher=University of Notre Dame Press |year=1994 |isbn=0268008809 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m0daNAAACAAJ}}
</ref> The book received positive academic reviews including in ''The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Finocchiaro |first=Maurice A. |title=Review: Job Kozhamthadam, S. J. The Discovery of Kepler's Laws |journal=The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science |volume=47 |issue=2 |year=1996 |pages=325–327 |doi=10.1093/bjps/47.2.325 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/687953|url-access=subscription }}
</ref>

His public writing and interviews stress "constructive collaboration" between science and religion as mutually enriching ways of interpreting reality.<ref>{{cite news |title=Science and religion have to complement each other |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/science-and-religion-have-to-complement-each-other/articleshow/67908330.cms
|work=The Times of India |date=9 February 2019 |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Vedanayagam |first=Joseph Satish |title=Exploring the History of Science and Religion: An Interview with Job Kozhamthadam |url=https://toynbeeprize.org/posts/job-kozhamthadam/
|website=Toynbee Prize Foundation |date=4 October 2018 |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>

His later works explore complementarity between scientific [[cosmology]], Eastern religious intuition, and mystical experience, arguing that both science and spirituality point to a deeply interconnected universe.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kozhamthadam |first=Job |title=Modern Science and Eastern Intuition: Coexistence or Complementarity? |journal=Disputatio Philosophica |volume=3 |year=2001 |pages=111–122 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/150130}}
</ref>

== Selected works ==
=== Monographs ===

* ''The Discovery of Kepler's Laws: The Interaction of Science, Philosophy, and Religion''. University of Notre Dame Press, 1994.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kozhamthadam |first=Job |title=The Discovery of Kepler's Laws: The Interaction of Science, Philosophy, and Religion |publisher=University of Notre Dame Press |year=1994 |isbn=0268008809 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m0daNAAACAAJ}}
</ref>

* ''East–West Interface of Reality: A Scientific and Intuitive Inquiry into the Nature of Reality''. ASSR / IAISS, 2003/2005.<ref>{{cite web |title=Books – IAISS |url=https://iaiss.com/books
|access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>

* ''Science, Mysticism and East–West Dialogue''. ISPCK / IISR, 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Science, Mysticism and East-West Dialogue |url=https://www.ibpbooks.in/science-mysticism-and-east-west-dialogue/p/20136
|access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>

=== Edited volumes ===

* ''Interrelations and Interpretation: Philosophical Reflections on Science, Religion and Hermeneutics in Honour of Richard De Smet, S.J. and Jean de Marneffe, S.J.'' Intercultural Publications, 1997.<ref>{{cite web |title=Books – IAISS |url=https://iaiss.com/books
|access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>

* ''Science, Technology and Values: Science–Religion Dialogue in a Multi-Religious World''. ASSR Publications, 2003.<ref>{{cite web |title=Science, technology and values |url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL16946927M/Science_technology_and_values
|access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>

* ''The Human Soul in a World of Neurological Sciences''. ISPCK / IISR, 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Human Soul in a World of The Neurological Sciences |url=https://www.ispck.org.in/book/the-human-soul-in-a-world-of-the-neurological-sciences
|access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>

* ''Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Humanity''. ISPCK / IISR, 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Humanity |url=https://www.ibpbooks.in/artificial-intelligence-and-the-future-of-humanity-critical-reflections-on-the-social-ethical-and-religious-impact-of-al/p/61992
|access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref>

=== Articles ===

* "Modern Science and Eastern Intuition: Coexistence or Complementarity?" ''Disputatio Philosophica'' 3 (2001): 111–122.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kozhamthadam |first=Job |title=Modern Science and Eastern Intuition: Coexistence or Complementarity? |journal=Disputatio Philosophica |volume=3 |year=2001 |pages=111–122 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/150130}}
</ref>

* "Modern Science in India and the Emergence of a New Worldview" in ''New Perspectives in Indian Science and Civilization'' (Routledge, 2019).

== See also ==
* [[Science and religion]]
* [[Kuruvilla Pandikattu]]
* [[Richard De Smet]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://toynbeeprize.org/posts/job-kozhamthadam/ Interview: "Exploring the History of Science and Religion: An Interview with Job Kozhamthadam]
* [https://iisrdelhi.in/ Indian Institute of Science and Religion (IISR)]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kozhamthadam, Job}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Jesuits]]
[[Category:Indian Christian theologians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:People from Kottayam district]]

Shreyas metro station

2026-03-07T18:33:08Z

Ilushiktka: added new data more to come!

{{short description|Ahmedabad Metro's Red Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Shreyas
| style = Ahmedabad Metro
| system = [[Ahmedabad Metro]]
| image =
| address = Sukhipura, Ambawadi, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380007
| coordinates = {{coord|23.01364|72.54944|display=inline,title}}
| operator = [[Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]
| lines = {{rcb|Ahmedabad Metro|Red|croute}}
| platforms = 2 (2 [[island platforms]])
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Operational
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|6 October 2022}}
| services = {{adjstn|system=Ahmedabad Metro|line=Red|right=Paldi|left=Rajiv Nagar}}
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_dot_label =
| route_map = {{Red Line (Ahmedabad Metro)}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|Red}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Shreyas''' is an elevated metro station on the North-South Corridor of the [[Red Line (Ahmedabad Metro)|Red Line]] of [[Ahmedabad Metro]] in [[Ahmedabad]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-03 |title=Ahmedabad: Metro service on North-South corridor to begin on October 6 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-metro-service-on-north-south-corridor-to-begin-on-october-6-8188276/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Around this metro station holds the main '''CN Sports Academy''' along with Sukhipura Garden Park and residential apartments. This metro station was inaugurated on 30 September 2022 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and was opened to the public on 6 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-03 |title=Ahmedabad: Metro service on North-South corridor to begin on October 6 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-metro-service-on-north-south-corridor-to-begin-on-october-6-8188276/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-05 |title=Ahmedabad: North-South corridor metro service to be operational from October 6 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-north-south-corridor-metro-service-to-be-operational-from-october-6-article-94664917 |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-02 |title=Huge demand on Day 1 of Ahmedabad Metro |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/huge-demand-on-day-1-of-ahmedabad-metro-8186528/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Prime Minister Modi inaugurates phase-1 of Ahmedabad Metro rail project |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/prime-minister-modi-inaugurates-phase-1-of-ahmedabad-metro-rail-project/articleshow/94554222.cms |access-date=2022-10-04}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Shreyas track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|Red}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Paldi}}
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Rajiv Nagar}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → [[APMC metro station|APMC]] '''Next Station:''' [[Rajiv Nagar metro station|Rajiv Nagar]]
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← [[Mahatma Mandir metro station|Mahatma Mandir]] / [[GIFT City metro station|GIFT City]]
'''Next Station:''' [[Paldi metro station|Paldi]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Ahmedabad]]
* [[Gujarat]]
* [[List of Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid transit in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.gujaratmetrorail.com/passenger-information/time-table/|name=Ahmedabad Metro Official Website}}
* {{Official website|https://yometro.com/ahmedabad-metro-23|name=Ahmedabad Metro stations' details}}

{{Ahmedabad Metro navbox}}

[[Category:Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2022]]

Ek Villain Returns

2026-03-04T10:51:52Z

Ilushiktka:

{{Short description|2022 Indian film directed by Mohit Suri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ek Villain Returns
| image = Ek Villain Returns.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mohit Suri]]
| producer = {{Ubl|[[Shobha Kapoor]]|[[Ekta Kapoor]]|[[Bhushan Kumar]]|[[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]]}}
| writer = Mohit Suri Aseem Arrora [[Kanika Dhillon]]
| story = Mohit Suri
| based_on =
| starring = {{Ubl|[[John Abraham]]|[[Arjun Kapoor]]|[[Disha Patani]]|[[Tara Sutaria]]}}
| music = '''Score:''' [[Raju Singh]] '''Songs:''' [[Ankit Tiwari]] [[Tanishk Bagchi]] Kaushik-Guddu
| cinematography = Vikas Sivaraman
| editing = Devendera Murdeshwar
| studio = {{Ubl|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]|[[Balaji Motion Pictures]]}}
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2022|07|29|df=y}}
| runtime = 128 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/ek-villain-returns-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmda2mju0 |title=Ek Villain Returns |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726044149/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/ek-villain-returns-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmda2mju0 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = ₹62–₹80 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Ek Villain Returns Tuesday Box Office: John Abraham & Arjun Kapoor starrer drops further on Tuesday |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/ek-villain-returns-tuesday-box-office-john-abraham-arjun-kapoor-starrer-drops-further-tuesday-1171046 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=3 August 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 |quote=The official sources have disclosed the budget of Ek Villain Returns and it is around Rs.62 crore |archive-date=3 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803003513/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/ek-villain-returns-tuesday-box-office-john-abraham-arjun-kapoor-starrer-drops-further-tuesday-1171046 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Vikrant Rona' or 'Ek Villain Returns', who will score big at box office? |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/kiccha-sudeep-vikrant-rona-or-john-abraham-arjun-kapoor-disha-patani-tara-suatria-ek-villain-returns-who-will-score-big-at-box-office-drb-rfoazg |website=[[Asianet News]] |access-date=30 July 2022 |quote='Ek Villain returns' has been made on a budget of around Rs 70 crore to Rs 80 crore. |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730054118/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/kiccha-sudeep-vikrant-rona-or-john-abraham-arjun-kapoor-disha-patani-tara-suatria-ek-villain-returns-who-will-score-big-at-box-office-drb-rfoazg |url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|68.64}} crore<ref name="bo"/>
}}

'''''Ek Villain Returns''''' ({{translation|A Villain Returns}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Psychological film|psychological]] [[action thriller]] film directed by [[Mohit Suri]] and produced by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] and [[Balaji Motion Pictures]]. The film, a [[sequel]] to the 2014 film ''[[Ek Villain]]'', stars [[John Abraham]], [[Arjun Kapoor]], [[Disha Patani]] and [[Tara Sutaria]]. The soundtrack was composed by [[Ankit Tiwari]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]] and Kaushik-Guddu, while the musical score was composed by [[Raju Singh]]. The cinematography and editing were handled by Vikas Sivaraman and Devendera Murdeshwar respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-ek-villain-returns-trailer-john-abraham-arjun-kapoor-disha-patani-tara-sutaria-promise-action-packed-thriller-2964735 |title=Ek Villain Returns trailer: John Abraham, Arjun Kapoor, Disha Patani, Tara Sutaria promise action-packed thriller |website=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026185451/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-ek-villain-returns-trailer-john-abraham-arjun-kapoor-disha-patani-tara-sutaria-promise-action-packed-thriller-2964735 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ek-villain-returns-to-release-on-feb-11-2022-arjun-kapoor-replaces-aditya-roy-kapur-1768117-2021-02-11 |title=Ek Villain Returns to release on Feb 11, 2022, Arjun Kapoor replaces Aditya Roy Kapur |work=[[India Today]] |date=11 February 2021 |access-date=2 March 2021 |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026202400/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ek-villain-returns-to-release-on-feb-11-2022-arjun-kapoor-replaces-aditya-roy-kapur-1768117-2021-02-11 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ek-villain-returns-sequel-to-mohit-suris-2014-crime-thriller-to-release-on-11-february-2022-9293301.html |title=Ek Villain Returns, sequel to Mohit Suri's 2014 crime thriller, to release on 11 February, 2022 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=11 February 2021 |access-date=2 March 2021 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929103121/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ek-villain-returns-sequel-to-mohit-suris-2014-crime-thriller-to-release-on-11-february-2022-9293301.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/disha-patani-starts-shooting-for-ek-villain-returns-krishna-shroff-says-all-the-best-1774156-2021-03-01 |title=Disha Patani starts shooting for Ek Villain Returns, Krishna Shroff says all the best |work=India Today |date=1 March 2021 |access-date=1 March 2021 |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026185441/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/disha-patani-starts-shooting-for-ek-villain-returns-krishna-shroff-says-all-the-best-1774156-2021-03-01 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ek-villain-returns-release-date-revealed-to-star-arjun-kapoor-john-abraham-disha-patani-tara-sutaria-101613023850406.html |title=Ek Villain Returns release date revealed, to star Arjun Kapoor, John Abraham, Disha Patani, Tara Sutaria |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=11 February 2021 |access-date=2 March 2021 |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607143324/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ek-villain-returns-release-date-revealed-to-star-arjun-kapoor-john-abraham-disha-patani-tara-sutaria-101613023850406.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The film follows a singer's murder that leads to a twisted investigation involving a wronged lover, a schizophrenic killer, and buried secrets resurfacing.

''Ek Villain Returns'' was released theatrically on 29 July 2022 to mixed reviews from critics and was a [[box office bomb]].<ref name="release date" >{{cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/john-abraham-arjun-kapoor-disha-patani-tara-sutaria-starrer-ek-villain-returns-gets-new-release-date-hit-theatres-july-29/ |title=John Abraham, Arjun Kapoor, Disha Patani, Tara Sutaria starrer Ek Villain Returns gets a new release date; to hit theatres on July 29 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date=10 May 2022 |archive-date=10 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510150222/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/john-abraham-arjun-kapoor-disha-patani-tara-sutaria-starrer-ek-villain-returns-gets-new-release-date-hit-theatres-july-29/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":13"/>

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=June 2024}}
A masked intruder barges into an [[apartment complex]], where he attacks and kills a singer named Aarvi Malhotra. The cops, headed by ex-[[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer and [[Deputy Commissioner of Police|DCP]] Aditya Rathore, deduce that the attack was orchestrated by Gautam Mehra, who is the son of businessman Divesh Mehra, but his teammate, ACP V.K. Ganesan, a criminal psychology expert who has previously studied [[Ek Villain|Aditya's last big case involving psychopath Rakesh Mahadkar]], refuses to believe the matter is this simple, as the story goes into a flashback with an introduction to Gautam.

'''Past''': Gautam is a rich spoilt brat, who is berated by Divesh for having created a commotion at his ex-girlfriend Siya's wedding. The commotion video has been made into a [[rap song]] by singer Aarvi. Gautam is ousted from the business and his house. Pretending to be in love with her, Gautam helps Aarvi scare away her rival Q/Kiran. Aarvi falls for Gautam and reveals that her biological father Balkrishnan Shastri, a popular singer, had an extramarital affair with her mother, but never accepted either of them. Her main goal is to make her father accept her as his daughter by becoming a famous singer and later reject him. Gautam leaks Aarvi's childhood photos, implying that he was out to get even with her for humiliating him. Shastri publicly rejects his daughter, where Aarvi gets heartbroken. Three months later, Gautam gets attacked by Siya's husband Aditya and Aarvi takes care of him, where he realizes his love for her. Gautam pleads with her to give him a second chance, but Aarvi leaves him with a heavy heart.

'''Present''': Gautam gets arrested, but manages to escape from the cops. Ganesan surmises that Gautam hasn't killed Aarvi. The cops interrogate Bhairav Purohit, whom Aarvi had called on the day she was murdered, but he denies committing the crime and there is no evidence either. Ganesan determines a pattern that the killer only targets young girls with [[one-sided love]]rs after discovering that 18 girls have been murdered with a similar modus operandi in the past 6 months. The ensuing circumstances motivate Ganesan to conclude that Gautam is not the serial killer, where it is later revealed that the serial killer is actually Bhairav; Gautam fights him but is unable to see his face, which allows Bhairav to escape.

'''Past''': Bhairav is a cab driver who works part-time as a zookeeper along with his widower friend Keshav, who has a son Yash, but ignores him for random girls which he brings to the zoo. Bhairav meets Rasika Mapuskar, a retail salesgirl at a mall, falls deeply in love with her and harbors plans for marriage. One day, Rasika injures a group of rogues that were eve-teasing her, which reveals her dark side to Bhairav. Bhairav decides to propose to Rasika, but he witnesses her getting intimate with her married manager Atul and gets heartbroken. Rasika subsequently instigates him to kill girls who don't reciprocate the feelings of their respective boyfriends. Bhairav is mentally tormented and starts murdering dozens of girls. On the day Aarvi leaves Gautam, she turns out to be traveling in Bhairav's cab, where Bhairav misunderstands that she has dumped Gautam and attacks her.

'''Present''': Gautam learns about Bhairav's zoo address and leaves to confront him. Ganesan is killed by Bhairav, who reveals that Aarvi is alive. Aarvi tries to escape the zoo where she had been kept by Bhairav, but he catches her and locks her in an underground cage. Just as Gautam and Bhairav are about to fight, the police come and detain Bhairav. They interrogate Yash, who frames Keshav in an attempt to defend Bhairav. The police also investigate the crime scene, where a girl's dead body is found inside the freezer, though it is not Aarvi. Outside the station, Gautam sees Bhairav and Rasika hugging.

Later that evening, Bhairav and Rasika return to the zoo and attend to Aarvi's cage, where Aarvi regains consciousness and stabs Bhairav with a glass shard that she found there. Rasika bursts into laughter while Bhairav attacks Aarvi. Gautam arrives to save her and a fight ensues between the guys. Bhairav hits Gautam and demands Rasika's reaction, but Gautam begins laughing and asks where "Rasika" is. It is revealed that Bhairav actually has [[schizophrenia]] and was [[hallucinating]] Rasika all along. Bhairav then reminisces that Rasika told him how Atul was planning to ditch his family for her. Bhairav inadvertently killed Rasika by breaking her back while begging her not to leave him. The body, which the cops found in the freezer, is revealed to be Rasika which Bhairav kept for himself. Realizing his mistake, Bhairav walks inside the cage of the tiger only to meet the same fate as his victims. Aarvi reunites with Gautam and is seen singing at her concert with the support of her fans and Gautam.

During a [[mid-credits scene]], at a [[mental asylum]], Rakesh, [[Ek Villain|who has survived the accident]] and became [[paraplegic]] meets Bhairav, who has severe wounds on his body due to the tiger attack. Rakesh recites his promise from the [[Ek Villain|prequel]] as Bhairav wakes up just before the screen cuts to black.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[John Abraham]] as Bhairav Purohit
* [[Arjun Kapoor]] as Gautam Mehra
* [[Disha Patani]] as Rasika Mapuskar
* [[Tara Sutaria]] as Aarvi Malhotra
* [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] V. K. Ganesan
* [[Karishma Sharma]] as Siya, Gautam's ex-girlfriend
* [[Kaizaad Kotwal]] as Siya's Father
* [[Aditya Roy Kapur]] as Police Informer (Cameo)
* [[Shaad Randhawa]] as ex-CBI officer DCP Aditya Rathore
* [[Prasad Jawade]] as Ashu Bhoire
* Bharat Dabholkar as Divesh Mehra, Gautam's father
* [[Ivan Sylvester Rodrigues|Ivan Rodrigues]] as Thapar
* Digvijay Rohildas as Keshav Rane, Bhairav's friend
* [[Neha Shitole]] as Chetna
* Satish Nakyodi as Satish
* [[Riteish Deshmukh]] as Rakesh Mahadkar (archive footage and cameo in mid-credits scene)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ek-villain-returns-trailer-in-john-abraham-vs-arjun-kapoor-will-the-real-villain-please-stand-up-3115054 |title=Ek Villain Returns Trailer: In John Abraham vs Arjun Kapoor, Will The Real Villain Please Stand Up? |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=30 June 2022 |access-date=1 July 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929103105/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ek-villain-returns-trailer-in-john-abraham-vs-arjun-kapoor-will-the-real-villain-please-stand-up-3115054 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] as himself in a cameo appearance in the song "Shaamat"
}}

== Production ==
===Casting===
[[Aditya Roy Kapur]] was originally signed for the role portrayed by [[Arjun Kapoor]], but later backed out due to creative differences with director [[Mohit Suri]]. Then, [[Kartik Aaryan]] was approached but he could not accept the offer due to date clashes with his [[Dhamaka (2021 film)|Dhamaka]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aditya-roy-kapur-out-of-mohit-suri-s-ek-villain-sequel-makers-looking-for-replacement-in-john-abraham-film/story-L2QG8kx5JNiHTBsjA8cnNL.html |title=Aditya Roy Kapur out of Mohit Suri's Ek Villain sequel, makers looking for replacement in John Abraham film |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=3 July 2020 |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929103106/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aditya-roy-kapur-out-of-mohit-suri-s-ek-villain-sequel-makers-looking-for-replacement-in-john-abraham-film/story-L2QG8kx5JNiHTBsjA8cnNL.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/heres-the-real-reason-why-aditya-roy-kapur-lost-out-on-mohit-suris-ek-villain-2/ |title=Here's the real reason why Aditya Roy Kapur lost out on Mohit Suri's Ek Villain 2 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=3 July 2020 |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929115908/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/heres-the-real-reason-why-aditya-roy-kapur-lost-out-on-mohit-suris-ek-villain-2/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] began on 1 March 2021.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/disha-patani-starts-shooting-for-ek-villain-returns-688071 |title=Disha Patani starts shooting for 'Ek Villain Returns' |publisher=[[India TV]] |date=1 March 2021 |access-date=2 March 2021 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929103107/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/disha-patani-starts-shooting-for-ek-villain-returns-688071 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ek-villain-returns-john-abraham-and-disha-patani-begin-shooting-for-their-film-2381473 |title=Ek Villain Returns: John Abraham And Disha Patani Begin Shooting For Their Film |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=1 March 2021 |access-date=2 March 2021 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302042042/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ek-villain-returns-john-abraham-and-disha-patani-begin-shooting-for-their-film-2381473 |url-status=live}}</ref> Abraham finished shooting in October 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=John Abraham warps 'Ek Villain Returns', film's team says 'super hit film' in hand |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/john-abraham-warps-ek-villain-returns-films-team-says-super-hit-film-in-hand/articleshow/87332417.cms |access-date=28 October 2021 |work=The Economic Times |date=28 October 2021}}</ref> The entire film was [[wrap (filming)|wrapped up]] on 24 March 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=John Abraham wraps up 'Ek Villain Returns' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/john-abraham-wraps-up-ek-villain-returns-1044965.html |access-date=28 October 2021 |work=Deccan Herald |date=28 October 2021 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329121648/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/john-abraham-wraps-up-ek-villain-returns-1044965.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Disha Patani wraps up Ek Villain Returns, see photos |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/disha-patani-wraps-up-ek-villain-returns-see-photos-7782598/lite/ |access-date=4 May 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=20 February 2022 |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305083218/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/disha-patani-wraps-up-ek-villain-returns-see-photos-7782598/lite/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox Album
| name = Ek Villain Returns
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Ankit Tiwari]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]] and Kaushik-Guddu
| released = 30 June 2022<ref name="jiosaavn">{{cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ek-villain-returns/1ZFggr0MoTE_ |title=Ek Villain Returns – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |date=3 November 2022 |publisher=Jiosaavn |access-date=4 November 2022 |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104093340/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ek-villain-returns/1ZFggr0MoTE_ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| recorded = 2021–2022
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 33:28
| language = Hindi
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Bhushan Kumar]]
}}

The songs are composed by [[Ankit Tiwari]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]], and [[JAM8|Kaushik-Guddu]]. The lyrics are written by [[Manoj Muntashir]], [[Kunaal Vermaa]], Tanishk Bagchi and Prince Dubey. The [[film score]] is composed by [[Raju Singh]].

The first song "Galliyan Returns" was recreated from the track ''[[Galliyan]]'' for the 2014 film ''[[Ek Villain]]'' which was sung by Ankit Tiwari and written by Manoj Muntashir.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2022 |title=Ek Villain Returns song Galliyan Returns: Sidharth Malhotra and Shraddha Kapoor's romantic song gets dark. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ek-villain-returns-song-galliyan-returns-sidharth-shraddha-s-song-gets-dark-101656926067025.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=4 July 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929103108/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ek-villain-returns-song-galliyan-returns-sidharth-shraddha-s-song-gets-dark-101656926067025.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The second single named "Dil" was released on 8 July 2022.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 July 2022 |title=Ek Villain Returns song Dil: Arjun Kapoor, John Abraham shed tears for Tara Sutaria, Disha Patani in heartbreak number |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ek-villain-returns-song-dil-arjun-kapoor-john-abraham-tara-sutaria-disha-patani-s-romantic-song-101657259179519.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=8 July 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929103108/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ek-villain-returns-song-dil-arjun-kapoor-john-abraham-tara-sutaria-disha-patani-s-romantic-song-101657259179519.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The third single titled "Shaamat" was released on 16 July 2022 with [[Tara Sutaria]] making her singing debut.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 July 2022 |title=FIRST LOOK: Tara Sutaria to make singing debut with 'Shaamat' in Ek Villain Returns on July 16: 'An incomparable feeling' |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/first-look-tara-sutaria-make-singing-debut-shaamat-ek-villain-returns-july-16-incomparable-feeling/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=15 July 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019130256/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/first-look-tara-sutaria-make-singing-debut-shaamat-ek-villain-returns-july-16-incomparable-feeling/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The fourth single titled "Naa Tere Bin" was released on 22 July 2022.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 July 2022 |title=Ek Villain Returns Song Naa Tere Bin: John Abraham And Disha Patani's Romantic Track Is About New Love |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ek-villain-returns-song-naa-tere-bin-john-abraham-and-disha-patani-revel-in-the-warmth-of-new-love-3183768 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=24 July 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929103110/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ek-villain-returns-song-naa-tere-bin-john-abraham-and-disha-patani-revel-in-the-warmth-of-new-love-3183768 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 33:28
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Galliyan Returns
| extra1 = [[Ankit Tiwari]]
| music1 = [[Ankit Tiwari]]
| lyrics1 = [[Manoj Muntashir]]
| length1 = 5:50
| title2 = Dil
| lyrics2 = [[Kunaal Vermaa]]
| music2 = [[JAM8|Kaushik-Guddu]]
| extra2 = Raghav Chaitanya
| length2 = 5:09
| title3 = Shaamat
| lyrics3 = Prince Dubey
| music3 = [[Ankit Tiwari]]
| extra3 = [[Ankit Tiwari]], [[Tara Sutaria]]
| length3 = 5:34
| title4 = Naa Tere Bin
| extra4 = Altamash Faridi
| music4 = [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
| lyrics4 = [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
| length4 = 6:11
| title5 = Dil
| note5 = Shreya's Version
| extra5 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| music5 = [[JAM8|Kaushik-Guddu]]
| lyrics5 = [[Kunaal Vermaa]]
| length5 = 5:10
| title6 = Shaamat
| note6 = Ankit Tiwari's Version
| extra6 = [[Ankit Tiwari]]
| music6 = [[Ankit Tiwari]]
| lyrics6 = Prince Dubey
| length6 = 5:34
}}

== Reception ==

=== Box office ===
[[File:Arjun Kapoor John Abraham Disha Patani and Tara Sutaria snapped promoting their film Ek Villain Returns 02.jpg|thumb|Kapoor, Abraham, Patani and Sutaria at a promotional event for the film]]
''Ek Villain Returns'' earned {{INR}}7.05 crores at the domestic box office on its opening day. On the second day, the film collected {{INR}}7.47 crore. On the third day, the film collected {{INR}}9.02 crore, taking a total domestic weekend collection to {{INR}}23.54 crore.<ref name="bo" >{{cite web |title=Ek Villain Returns Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ek-villain-returns/box-office/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=29 July 2022 |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929110110/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ek-villain-returns/box-office/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{As of|2022|8|18}}, the film grossed {{INRConvert|49.63|c}} in India and {{INRConvert|19.01|c}} overseas, for a worldwide gross collection of {{INRConvert|68.64|c}} .<ref name="bo" />

=== Critical response ===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=0|count=6|average=1.7|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=2 February 2024}}<ref>{{cite Rotten Tomatoes |title=Ek Villain Returns |id=ek_villain_returns |type=m |access-date=2 February 2024}}</ref>

''Ek Villain Returns'' received mixed reviews from critics.<ref name=":13">{{cite web |title=Disha Patani Distributes Laddus As Ek Villain Returns Opens at Rs 7 Cr; Arjun Kapoor Pens Sweet Note |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/disha-patani-distributes-laddus-as-ek-villain-returns-opens-at-rs-7-cr-arjun-kapoor-pens-sweet-note-5658811.html |website=[[News 18]] |date=31 July 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 |quote=Ek Villain Returns opened at a surprising Rs 7.05 crore despite receiving mixed reviews from the critics. |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026185436/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/disha-patani-distributes-laddus-as-ek-villain-returns-opens-at-rs-7-cr-arjun-kapoor-pens-sweet-note-5658811.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
A critic for ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "''EK VILLAIN RETURNS'' is the epitome of supreme music, amazing visuals and thrilling moments".<ref>{{cite web |title=Ek Villain Returns Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ek-villain-returns/critic-review/ek-villain-returns-movie-review/ek-villain-returns-is-the-epitome-of-supreme-music-amazing-visuals-and-thrilling-moments/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=28 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929103105/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/movie/ek-villain-returns/critic-review/ek-villain-returns-movie-review/ek-villain-returns-is-the-epitome-of-supreme-music-amazing-visuals-and-thrilling-moments/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Shweta Keshri of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "The gripping plot of ''Ek Villain Returns'' is the winner with an engaging storyline. Mohit Suri, who did a good job with the first film of the Ek Villain franchise, brings a masala entertainer with massy dialogues, thrilling moments and good performances in the sequel".<ref>{{cite web |title=Ek Villain Returns Review: Mohit Suri makes a gripping watch but we missed Riteish Deshmukh |date=29 July 2022 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ek-villain-returns-review-mohit-suri-makes-a-gripping-watch-but-we-missed-riteish-deshmukh-1981233-2022-07-29 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222141838/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ek-villain-returns-review-mohit-suri-makes-a-gripping-watch-but-we-missed-riteish-deshmukh-1981233-2022-07-29 |url-status=live}}</ref> Rohit Bhatnagar of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Ek Villain Returns has surely returned but not with the vibe of the earlier one. Enjoy this film to experience a stylish thriller that copes well with the mass appeal".<ref>{{cite web |title='Ek Villain Returns' Review: Arjun, John, Disha, Tara-starrer is a fast-paced thriller that is true to its genre |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/movie-review/ek-villain-returns-review-arjun-john-disha-tara-starrer-is-a-fast-paced-thriller-that-is-true-to-its-genre |website=[[The Free Press Journal]] |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929103107/https://www.freepressjournal.in/amp/entertainment/movie-review/ek-villain-returns-review-arjun-john-disha-tara-starrer-is-a-fast-paced-thriller-that-is-true-to-its-genre |url-status=live}}</ref> Rachana Dubey of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Ek Villain Returns'' dishes out plenty of twists and turns but doesn't make you emotionally cheer for any of the characters or the story, though you wish the situation was different".<ref>{{cite news |title=Ek Villain Returns Movie Review : The villain returns but not without his share of hiccups |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/ek-villain-returns/movie-review/93197484.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929143155/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/ek-villain-returns/movie-review/93197484.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "Heads are bludgeoned and the blood flows throughout ''Ek Villain Returns'', but there's nothing more frightening than the valourisation of misogyny".<ref>{{cite web |title='Ek Villain Returns' review: A misogynistic stalker is this film's true hero |date=29 July 2022 |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1029300/ek-villain-returns-review-a-misogynistic-stalker-is-this-films-true-hero |publisher=[[Scroll.in]] |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929103105/https://scroll.in/reel/1029300/ek-villain-returns-review-a-misogynistic-stalker-is-this-films-true-hero |url-status=live}}</ref> Avinash Lohana of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Ek Villain Returns'' was a promising entertainer, but it is the overall story that proves to be a bummer".<ref>{{cite web |title=Ek Villain Returns Review: No chills & thrills in John Abraham, Disha Patani, Arjun Kapoor, Tara Sutaria film |date=29 July 2022 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/ek-villain-returns-review-no-chills-thrills-john-abraham-disha-patani-arjun-kapoor-tara-sutaria-film-1169284 |publisher=[[Pinkvilla]] |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929103106/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/ek-villain-returns-review-no-chills-thrills-john-abraham-disha-patani-arjun-kapoor-tara-sutaria-film-1169284 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sonil Dedhia of ''[[News 18]]'' rated the film 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Ek Villain Returns'' kicks in only after the interval, and then it becomes the film it should have been from the get-go. The first half is a waste, even if it tries hard to get the audience invested into the characters who say dialogues which are straight out of '80s Bollywood".<ref>{{cite web |title=Ek Villain Returns Review: John Abraham-Arjun Kapoor Film Makes Guessing Game Too Predictable |date=29 July 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ek-villain-returns-review-john-abraham-arjun-kapoors-film-makes-the-guessing-game-too-predictable-5647033.html |publisher=[[News 18]] |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929103106/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ek-villain-returns-review-john-abraham-arjun-kapoors-film-makes-the-guessing-game-too-predictable-5647033.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 1 out of 5 stars and wrote "Disha Patani, Tara Sutaria, Arjun Kapoor, John Abraham-starrer has a disjointed plot and pedestrian performances, which makes ''Ek Villain'' look like a better film".<ref>{{cite web |title=Ek Villain Returns movie review: Arjun Kapoor, John Abraham's film sinks to a new low |date=29 July 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ek-villain-returns-movie-review-arjun-kapoor-john-abraham-film-sinks-to-a-new-low-8058396/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929103105/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ek-villain-returns-movie-review-arjun-kapoor-john-abraham-film-sinks-to-a-new-low-8058396/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated the film 1 out of 5 stars and wrote "Arjun Kapoor and John Abraham outdo each other in matching the vacuity of the film. As for Tara Sutaria and Disha Patani, the less said the better".<ref>{{cite web |title=Ek Villain Returns Review: A Pea-Brained Potboiler With Cringeworthy Performances |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ek-villain-returns-a-pea-brained-potboiler-with-cringeworthy-performances-1-star-3205235 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929104607/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ek-villain-returns-a-pea-brained-potboiler-with-cringeworthy-performances-1-star-3205235 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Anna M.M. Vetticad]] of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated the film 0.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "John Abraham barely alters his expression throughout ''Ek Villain Returns''. His co-stars do the best they can in what can only be described as dismal circumstances".<ref>{{cite web |title=Ek Villain Returns movie review: A gory, boring chronicle of the persecution complex pervading the manosphere |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/ek-villain-returns-movie-review-a-gory-boring-chronicle-of-the-persecution-complex-pervading-the-manosphere-10978061.html |website=[[Firstpost]] |date=29 July 2022 |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929103112/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/ek-villain-returns-movie-review-a-gory-boring-chronicle-of-the-persecution-complex-pervading-the-manosphere-10978061.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Sukanya Vema of ''[[Rediff]]'' rated the film 0.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Ek Villain Returns'' falls back on the popularity of the Galliyan track to boost its appeal".<ref>{{cite web |title=Ek Villain Returns Review |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ek-villain-returns-review/20220729.htm |website=[[Rediff]] |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730151817/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ek-villain-returns-review/20220729.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Release==
===Theatrical===
The film was released in theatres worldwide on 29 July 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ek Villain Returns (Bollywood Hungama) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ek-villain-returns/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=29 July 2022 |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729042704/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ek-villain-returns/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Home media===
The digital streaming rights of the film was sold to [[Netflix]]. The film started streaming digitally on Netflix from 9 September 2022.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 August 2022 |title=Ek Villain Returns to stream on Netflix from this date |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ek-villain-returns-to-stream-on-netflix-september-9-8121190/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=30 August 2022 |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830125600/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ek-villain-returns-to-stream-on-netflix-september-9-8121190/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 August 2022 |title=Ek Villain Returns on Netflix: Know streaming details of Arjun Kapoor-John Abraham starrer & who can watch |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/ek-villain-returns-netflix-know-arjun-kapoor-john-abraham-disha-patani-tara-sutaria-latest-bollywood-film-2022-08-30-804082 |publisher=[[India TV]] |date=30 August 2022 |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830181817/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/ek-villain-returns-netflix-know-arjun-kapoor-john-abraham-disha-patani-tara-sutaria-latest-bollywood-film-2022-08-30-804082 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt11947158}}
{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}
{{Mohit Suri}}
{{Balaji Telefilms}}
{{T-Series}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ek Villain Returns}}
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ankit Tiwari]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mithoon]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Balaji Motion Pictures films]]
[[Category:Indian serial killer films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mohit Suri]]
[[Category:2020s serial killer films]]

Naa Rani Nee Maharani

2026-03-03T21:29:51Z

Ilushiktka: new basic info from scratch

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naa Rani Nee Maharani
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[B. Ramamurthy]]
| producer = Sathyanarayana B
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Pooja Gandhi]]
*Akshay Shashwath
}}
| narrator =
| music = Vinay Chandra
| cinematography = Mallikarjun
| editing = S Soundar Rajan
| studio = Dream Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|12|10}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Naa Rani Nee Maharani''''' ({{Translation|I am the queen, you are the great queen}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by [[B. Ramamurthy]] starring [[Pooja Gandhi]] and Akshay Shashwath in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/May/21/pooja-gandhi-in-dual-roles-158139.html|title=Pooja Gandhi in dual roles|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=21 May 2010}}</ref> The film has a similar storyline to ''[[Rani Maharani]]'' (1990), which is a remake of Hindi film ''[[ChaalBaaz]]'' (1989).<ref name="T"/>

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Pooja Gandhi]] as Rani and Pooja
* Akshay Shashwath
* [[Pramila Joshai]]
* [[Sundar Raj]]
* [[Ramesh Bhat]]
* Anilkumar
* [[Dingri Nagaraj]]
* Mohan Juneja
* [[Honnavalli Krishna]]
* Harish Roy
}}

==Music==

{{Infobox album
| name = Naa Rani Nee Maharani
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Vinay Chandra
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2010
| recorded = 2010
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2009
| year = 2011
| next_title =
| next_year = 2010
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|Hz1BPepDlCo| Naa Rani Nee Maharani - Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Baarolo Baaro Eega
| extra1 =
| length1 =
| title2 = Kanasalu Neene Manasalu Neene
| extra2 =
| length2 =
| title3 = Koogo Kolige Khaara Masaale
| extra3 =
| length3 =
| title4 = Mutthu Mutthu Maleye
| extra4 =
| length4 =
}}

== Reception ==
Shruti Indira Lakshminarayana from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 1.5 out of 5 stars and says "Vinaychandra's music is soothing. The song Kugo kolige khara masala from the original has been retained. But the original composition remains unmatched, and so does the original Rani Maharani".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-na-rani-nee-maharani-a-bad-remake/20101213.htm|title=Na Rani Nee Maharani, a bad remake|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=13 December 2010}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "At this juncture, the director introduces a sequence explaining how Pooja’s relatives want to exploit her for the sake of money. Pooja has tried her level best to perform well, but has failed. The movie is worth watching if you want to see how Pooja manages to play the dual character".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/dec/11/fails-to-impress-210014.html|title=Fails to impress|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=16 May 2012}}</ref> B. S. Srivani from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "The music director is one to watch out for. The same cannot be said of Mallikarjun’s camerawork which complements Ramamurthy’s old habits. Only the bunch of kids and Pooja’s dhishoom-dhishoom in a lovely pink saree in the climax manage to linger. A wasted opportunity".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/119822/na-rani-nee-maharani.html|title=Na Rani Nee Maharani|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=11 December 2010}}</ref> A critic from ''[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]'' wrote "This is just one of the many uncertainties. In the acting department, Pooja seems to have the plum and does a good job. The two heroes remain mere props. Skip this one, opt for the DVD of the older version, we'd say".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-gimme-malashree-any-day-1479894/amp|title=Review: Gimme Malashree any day!|work=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|date=11 December 2010}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' scored the film at 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Full marks to Pooja Gandhi for her brilliant performance. Sundarraj, Pramila Joshai and Ramesh Bhat excel. Debut music director Vinaya Chandra has given a couple of catchy tunes".<ref name="T">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/naa-rani-nee-maharani/movie-review/11989472.cms?from=mdr|title=NAA RANI NEE MAHARANI MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|13690152}}

[[Category:2010 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. Ramamurthy]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Films about twin sisters]]

North Delhi district

2026-03-03T14:39:21Z

Ilushiktka: added new place first draft.

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2010}}
{{Distinguish|North Delhi Municipal Corporation}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = North Delhi district
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Districts of Delhi|District of Delhi]]
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Delhi districts.png
| mapsize = 300px
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| map_caption = Location in Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.676314|N|77.224977|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Delhi division]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Headquarters]]
| seat = [[Alipur, Delhi|Alipur]]
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Government of Delhi]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 213
| population_total = 1405723
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]], [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 1100xx<ref>[https://indiapincodes.net/Delhi/North/ North Delhi]</ref>
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = North Delhi
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]] (MCD)
| website = {{URL|https://dmnorth.delhi.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''North Delhi district''' is an administrative district of the [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]] in [[India]]. Alipur is the administrative headquarters of this district. North Delhi is bounded by the [[Yamuna River]] and the district of [[Central Delhi]] on the east and by the district of [[North West Delhi]] to the west.

Administratively, the district is divided into three subdivisions, [[Model Town (Delhi)| Model Town]], [[Narela]], and [[Alipur, Delhi|Alipur]].

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] North Delhi had a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 887,978,<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |year=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: NCT Delhi |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/912/download/36516/DH_2011_0700_PART_A_DCHB_NCT_OF_DELHI.pdf |access-date= |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Fiji]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | accessdate = 1 October 2011 | quote = Fiji 883,125 July 2011 est. | archive-date = 27 September 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927165947/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> or the US state of [[Delaware]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|accessdate=30 September 2011| quote =Delaware 897,934}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 468th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]). The district had a population density of {{convert|14973|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}. Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 13.04%. North Delhi had a [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 871 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males, and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 86.81%.<ref name="districtcensus" />

After reorganization, the new North Delhi district had a population of 1,405,723, of which 1,236,984 (88.00%) lived in urban areas. North Delhi had a sex ratio of 852 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes made up 262,648 (18.68%) of the population.<ref name="districtcensus" />
{{bar box
|title=Religions in North Delhi district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: NCT Delhi|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11371/download/14484/DDW07C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|86.08}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|9.71}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|3.02}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|pink|0.67}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.52}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of North Delhi district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 85.84 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value2 = 4.71 |color2 = pink
|label3 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value3 = 1.82 |color3 = gold
|label4 = [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]] |value4 = 1.80 |color4 = Indianred
|label5 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value5 = 1.26 |color5 = orchid
|label6 = [[Urdu]] |value6 = 1.21 |color6 = green
|label7 = Others |value7 = 3.36 |color7 = grey
|thumb = right
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 85.84% of the population spoke [[Hindi]], 4.71% [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], 1.82% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] 1.80% [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]], 1.26% [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 1.21% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: NCT Delhi |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10201/download/13313/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0700.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Districts of Delhi]]
* [[North Delhi Municipal Corporation]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://dmnorth.delhi.gov.in/ North Delhi District official website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = North Delhi district
|North =
|Northeast =
|East = [[Central Delhi district]]
|Southeast =
|South =
|Southwest =
|West = [[North West Delhi district]]
|Northwest =
}}
{{Delhi}}


[[Category:Districts of Delhi]]
[[Category:North Delhi district|*]]

Mirra Alfassa

2026-02-26T10:50:04Z

Ilushiktka: Minor updates and cleanup applied

{{Short description|French-Indian spiritual guru (1878–1973)}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Mirra Alfassa
| image = Divine-mother (mirra alfassa).jpg
| pen_name = The Mother
| institute = [[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]] [[Auroville]]
| birth_name = Blanche Rachel Mirra Alfassa
| birth_date = 21 February 1878
| caption = The Mother
| religion = [[Judaism]]
| birth_place = [[Paris]], France
| death_date = {{death date and age|1973|11|17|1878|02|21|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Pondicherry]], India
| resting_place = [[Pondicherry]], India
| nationality = {{ubl|French {{small|(1878–1954)}}|Indian {{small|(1954–1973)}}}}
| works = Prayers And Meditations, Words of Long Ago, On Thoughts and Aphorisms, Words of the Mother
| students = [[Satprem]], [[Nolini Kanta Gupta]], [[Nirodbaran]], [[K. D. Sethna|Amal Kiran]], [[Pavitra (disciple)|Pavitra]]
| signature = Transparent-signature-Mirra-Alfassa.png
| spouse = Henri Morriset (1870–1956)
}}
'''Mirra Alfassa''' (21 February 1878&nbsp;– 17 November 1973), known to her followers as '''The Mother''' or ''La Mère'', was a French-Indian spiritual [[guru]], [[occultist]] and yoga teacher, and a collaborator of [[Sri Aurobindo]], who considered her to be of equal yogic stature to him and called her by the name "The Mother" or "Shri Maa".

Alfassa was born in Paris in 1878 to a bourgeois [[Sephardi Jewish]] family from [[Turkey]]. In her youth, she traveled to Algeria to practice occultism along with the occultist [[Max Théon]]. After returning to Paris, Alfassa guided a group of [[Mysticism|spiritual seekers]]. In 1914, she traveled to Pondicherry, India, and met Sri Aurobindo. She identified him as "the dark Asiatic figure" of her visions, and called him Krishna. During this first visit, she helped publish a French version of the periodical ''[[Arya: A Philosophical Review|Arya]]'', which serialised most of Sri Aurobindo's post-political prose writings.

In 1920, after living in Japan for four years, Alfassa returned to Pondicherry where she developed and managed the Sri Aurobindo Ashram. In 1943, she started a school in the ashram, and in 1968 she established [[Auroville]], an experimental township dedicated to human unity and evolution. She died in Pondicherry in 1973.

A 13-volume biography, ''Mother's Agenda'', written by [[Satprem]] (one Alfassa's followers) was published in 1979.

== Early life ==

=== Childhood ===
[[File:Mirra Alfassa as a child.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Mirra Alfassa as a child c. 1885]]
[[File:Mirra Alfassa.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Mirra Alfassa]]
Mirra Alfassa was born in Paris in 1878 to Mathilde Ismalun, an [[History of the Jews in Egypt|Egyptian Jew]], and Moïse Maurice Alfassa, a [[Jews in Turkey|Turkish Jew]] who migrated from Edirne via Egypt. The family emigrated to France a year before Mirra was born. Mirra Alfassa was close to her grandmother Mira Ismalum (née Pinto), who was one of the first women to travel alone outside Egypt.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=4–7}}<ref>''Mother's Chronicles'' Bk I; ''Mother on Herself'' – Chronology p.83.</ref> They were a [[bourgeois]] family, and Alfassa's full name at birth was Blanche Rachel Mirra Alfassa. Her older brother, Mattéo Mathieu Maurice Alfassa, later held numerous French governmental posts in Africa.

Alfassa learned to read at the age of seven and began school at the age of nine. By the age of 14 she had read most of the books in her father's collection.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=10}} Her biographer [[Georges van Vrekhem|Vrekhem]] notes that Alfassa had various [[occult]] experiences in her childhood that she kept to herself, believing that her mother would have regarded occult experiences as a mental illness to be treated.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=11–13}} Alfassa recalled having had, at the age of 13 or 14, a dream or a vision of a luminous figure whom she call Krishna.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=14}}<ref>''Bulletin of the Sri Aurobindo Centre of Education'', 1976 p.14, ''Mother on Herself'' pp.17–18.</ref><ref>''Bulletin'' 1974 p.63.</ref>

=== As an artist and traveller ===
[[File:Mother with her kid.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Mirra Alfassa at the age of 24 with son Andre, circa 1902]]

==== In Paris ====
In 1893 after graduating from school, Alfassa joined [[Académie Julian]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/ashram/mother/index.php |title=The Mother |work=sriaurobindoashram.org |year=2013 |access-date=11 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109141542/http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/ashram/mother/index.php |archive-date=9 November 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=yebqAAAAMAAJ&q=Julian ''Mirra Alfassa, paintings and drawings'', P. 157-158]</ref> to study art. Her grandmother Mira Ismalum introduced her to [[:fr:Henri Morisset]], an ex-student of the Académie, and they were married in 1897.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=15–20}} Both were well-off and worked as artists for the next ten years, during an era known for having many [[Impressionism|impressionist artists]]. Alfassa's son André was born in 1898. Some of Alfassa's paintings were accepted by the jury of [[Salon d'Automne]] and were exhibited in 1903, 1904 and 1905.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=24}} She was an [[atheist]] during this time, yet was experiencing visions which she thought of not as mental formations but as spontaneous experiences. She kept the experiences to herself but developed an urge to understand their significance. She came across the book [[Raja Yoga (book)|Raja Yoga]] by [[Swami Vivekananda]] and [[Bhagavad Gita]] which offered explanations for her experiences.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=29}}

==== Max and Mrs. Théon (Mary Ware) ====
[[File:Mother and Theon.jpg|thumb|Mirra Alfassa in Théon's house at Tlemcen, Algeria (1906–1907)]]

During this time Alfassa made the acquaintance of Louis Thémanlys who was the head of the [[Cosmic Movement]], a group started by Max Théon. After reading a copy of ''[[Cosmic Review]]'', Alfassa began attending Thémanlys's public lectures and became active in the group. In 1906 she travelled to the Algerian city of [[Tlemcen]] to meet with Max Théon and his wife Mary Ware at their estate. She consequently travelled there twice more, in 1906 and 1907, and there practised and experimented with the teachings of Théon and Ware.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=37–67}}

In 1908, Alfassa moved to 49 rue de Lévis, Paris, living alone in a small apartment and involving herself in discussions with Buddhists and Cosmic Movement circles. During this time she also made the acquaintance of [[Alexandra David-Néel|Madame David-Néel]].{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=73–75}}

In 1911, Alfassa married Paul Richard, who, after serving four years in the army, had become interested in philosophy and theology. Alfassa was introduced to Richard by Max Théon.<ref>{{cite web |last=Huss |first=Boaz |author-link=Boaz Huss |title=Cosmic Movement |work=The World Religions & Spirituality Project (WRSP) |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/55793131/Huss__Cosmic_Movement_entry_for__WRSP.pdf |publisher=World Religions & Spirituality Project (WRSP) |access-date=13 February 2018}}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==== First meetings with Sri Aurobindo and Japan ====
[[File:Mirra alfassa in japan.jpg|thumb|Dorothy Hodgson (Dutta), Mirra Alfassa, Paul Richard and Japanese friends in Tokyo, circa 1918]]

Alfassa's husband, Paul Richard, was an aspiring politician and had attempted to win election to the [[Senate_(France)|French senate]] from [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], which was then under French control. After losing on his first attempt, he wanted to run again, and in 1914 Alfassa and Richard set sail for India, reaching Pondicherry at the end of March. Alfassa and Richard stayed at the Grand Hotel D'Europe, and during this time they met Sri Aurobindo.<ref>Interview with [[Prithwindra Mukherjee]], ''The Sunday Standard'', 15 June 1969; ''The Mother'' by Prema Nandakumar, National Book Trust, 1977, p9.</ref><ref>Karmayogi no date, Van Vrekhem 2001.</ref> Alfassa recognised Sri Aurobindo as a figure from her visions. During a later meeting, Alfassa experienced what she described as a complete silence of the mind, free from any thought.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=140–155}}

[[File:Mirra Alfassa 1978 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright|The Mother on a 1978 stamp of India]]

Richard lost the election and decided to publish a journal about the yoga of Sri Aurobindo. The journal, called Arya, was written in both English and French, was first published in August 1914 and ran for the next six and half years. By this time [[World War I]] had erupted, and Indian revolutionaries were being prosecuted by the British for being spies of the [[German Army (German Empire)|German army]]. Although Sri Aurobindo had ceased his activities against British rule, he was considered to be a threat, and all the revolutionaries were asked to move to [[Algeria]]. Sri Aurobindo refused and the British asked the French government to hand over revolutionaries living in French Pondicherry. The British request came to Alfassa's brother, Mattéo Alfassa, who by then was foreign minister, and who slipped the letter amongst other files where it would not be seen by anyone else.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=175–177}}<ref>{{harvnb|Purani|1982|pp=9–12}}{{full citation needed|date=June 2020}}</ref>

In 1915, at the insistence of the British, Richard was withdrawn from Pondicherry by the French government. After an unsuccessful attempt to remain there, Alfassa and Richard returned to Paris in February 1915. After a number of years in Paris, Richard was posted to Japan and China as a trade commissioner. Alfassa and Richard left for Japan, never to return to Paris again.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=178–180}} Their time in Japan was relatively peaceful, and they spent the following four years there. In April 1920, however, Alfassa and Richard returned to Pondicherry.{{sfn|Iyengar|1978|p=182}}{{sfn|''Collected Works''|1978|loc=volume 8, pp. 106–107}} Alfassa moved to live near Sri Aurobindo in the guest house at Rue François Martin. Richard spent a year travelling around north India before returning to France. The couple later divorced.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=215–216}} In November 1920, Alfassa to moved into Sri Aurobindo's house where she lived communally with other residents.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|p=225}}{{sfn|''Mother's Agenda''|1979|loc=volume 2, pp. 371–372}}

== Foundation of the ashram ==
{{Infobox yoga school
| image =
| caption = [[Henri Cartier-Bresson]]'s photo of Aurobindo and Mirra as "the Mother"
| name = [[Integral yoga]]
| color = Blue
| founding_guru =
| founding_year =
| practice_emphases =
| derivatives =
}}
Initially, Alfassa was not fully accepted by the other commune members, and was considered an outsider. Sri Aurobindo considered her to be of equal yogic stature to him and started calling her "The Mother". From 1924, Alfassa took over managing the household, which was gradually turned into an [[ashram]].{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=228–248}} In 1926, Sri Aurobindo began to retire from regular activities and to focus on his yogic practises. The commune had grown to 85 members.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

== Integral yoga and the Siddhi Day ==
Alfassa, now referred to as "The Mother", became a revered [[modern yoga gurus|yoga teacher]].{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|p=292}} On 24 November 1926, later declared Siddhi Day (Victory Day) and still celebrated by [[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]],{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=250–251}} Mother and Sri Aurobindo declared that [[Integral yoga|overmind]] consciousness had manifested directly in physical consciousness, allowing the possibility for human consciousness to be directly aware and be in the overmind consciousness.{{refn|group=note| A detailed description of the Overmind is provided in Book I ch.28, and Book II ch.26, of Aurobindo's philosophical opus ''[[The Life Divine]]''}}

Some commune members lodged complaints against Alfassa over her management of the ashram. In response, Sri Aurobindo declared her to be in sole charge of further activities of the ashram in 1930.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=258–259}}

Sri Aurobindo and Mother's work and principles of yoga was named by them: [[integral yoga]], an all-embracing yoga. This yoga was in variance with older ways of yoga because the follower would not give up the outer life to live in a monastery, but would be present in regular life and practise spirituality in all parts of life.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=270–271}}

By 1937 the ashram residents had grown to more than 150, so there was a need for an expansion of buildings and facilities, helped by Diwan Hyder Ali, the Nizam of Hyderabad who had made a grant to the ashram for further expansion. Under the guidance of Mother, [[Antonin Raymond]], the chief architect, assisted by Franticek Sammer and [[George Nakashima]], constructed a dormitory building. By this time the second world war erupted delaying the construction but was finally completed after ten years and was named Golconde.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=303–305}} In 1938 [[Margaret Woodrow Wilson]], the daughter of US President [[Woodrow Wilson]], came to the ashram and chose to remain there for the rest of her life.{{sfn|Nirodbaran|1972}}

By 1939 World War II had broken out. Some of the members of the ashram may have supported Hitler indirectly because Britain was attacked, but both Mother and Sri Aurobindo publicly declared their support for the [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]], mainly by donating to the Viceroy's war fund, much to the surprise of many Indians.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=310–326}}

== School in ashram and the death of Sri Aurobindo ==

On 2 December 1943 Mother started a school for about twenty children inside the ashram. She considered this was a considerable movement away from usual life in the ashram, which was until then about practising total renunciation of the outside world. However, she found that the school would gradually align to the principles of Sri Aurobindo's integral yoga.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=334–335}} The school later became known as the Sri Aurobindo International Centre of Education. From 21 February 1949 she started a quarterly journal called ''The Bulletin'' in which Sri Aurobindo published a series of eight articles under the title "The supramental manifestation upon earth" wherein for the first time he wrote about transitional being between man and superman.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=353–354}}

[[File:Themotherspainting.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Mirra Alfassa's painting: 'Divine Consciousness Emerging from the Inconscient', 1920–1925]]

Sri Aurobindo died on 5 December 1950. All the activities in the ashram were suspended for twelve days, after which Mother had to decide the future course of the ashram. Mother decided to take up the entire work of the ashram and also to continue the integral yoga internally. The years from 1950 to 1958 were the years where she was mostly seen by her disciples.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=385}}

== Pondicherry, India ==
On 15 August 1954 [[French India|French Pondicherry]] became a [[union territory of India]]. Alfassa declared dual citizenship for India and France,{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=408–409}} which she tried to obtain but was unable to due to [[Indian nationality law|nationality law]] which had come into force and became an Indian citizen in 1954.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/1060320/when-a-spiritual-guru-put-the-indian-government-in-a-fix-with-a-request-for-dual-citizenship|title=When a spiritual guru put the Indian government in a fix with a request for dual citizenship|first=Ajay|last=Kamalakaran|website=Scroll.com|date=10 December 2023|access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref> [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] visited the ashram on 16 January 1955 and met with her. This meeting cleared many doubts he had about the ashram. During his second visit to the ashram on 29 September 1955, his daughter [[Indira Gandhi]] accompanied him. Alfassa had a profound effect on her, which developed into a close relationship in later years.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=412–413}} Mother continued to teach French after the passing of Sri Aurobindo. She started with just simple conversations and recitations, which later expanded into deeper discussions about integral yoga where she would read a passage from Sri Aurobindo's or her own writings and comment on them. These sessions grew into a seven-volume book called ''Questions and Answers''.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=414}}

After 1958, Alfassa slowly started to withdraw from outer activities. The year 1958 was also marked by greater progress in yoga.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=479–486}} She stopped all her activities from 1959 onwards to devote herself completely towards yoga. On 21 February 1963, on her 85th birthday, she gave her first Darshan from the terrace that had been built for her. From then on she would be present there, on Darshan days where visitors below would gather around to catch a glimpse of her.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=541}} Mother regularly met with many disciples and one of them was [[Satprem]]. He had recorded their conversations, which later he gathered in a volume of 13 books called [[The Agenda (Mother)|''Mother's Agenda'']]. [[File:Mother tennis2.jpg|thumb|Alfassa playing tennis]]

== Establishing Auroville ==
{{Main|Auroville}}
[[File:Matrimandir, Soul of the Auroville, near Pondicherry.JPG|right|thumb|Matrimandir, in Auroville, near Pondicherry]]

Mother had published an article titled "The Dream" in which she suggested a place on earth that no nation could claim as its sole property, for all humanity with no distinction.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=547–549}} In 1964 it was finally decided to build this city. On 28 February 1968 they drew up a charter for the city, [[Auroville]], meaning City of the Dawn (derived from the French word aurore), a model universal township where one of the aims would be to bring about human unity. The city still exists and continues to grow (although not in terms of permanent residents as recorded by census).{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

== Later years ==
Many politicians visited Alfassa on a regular basis. She had visits from [[V. V. Giri]], [[Nandini Satpathy]], the [[Dalai Lama]], and especially [[Indira Gandhi]], who was in close contact with her.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=573}} By the end of March 1973 she became critically ill. After 20 May 1973 all meetings were cancelled. Alfassa died at 7:25 pm on 17 November 1973 at the age of 95. She was buried on 20 November in Samadhi, next to Sri Aurobindo's body.{{sfn|Vrekhem|2004|pp=593–598}}

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist|2}}

===Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |first=Peter |last=Heehs |title=The Lives of Sri Aurobindo |publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2008| isbn=978-0-231-14098-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZTFrMZFOvcC}}
* {{cite book |first=Georges Van|last=Vrekhem |title=the Mother the story of her life|year=2004|publisher=Rupa & Co |isbn=8129105934 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8hgG8aweqncC&q=The+Mother:+The+Story+of+Her+Life}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |surname=Jones |given=Constance A. |surname2=Ryan |given2=James D. |title=The Mother (Mirra Richard) |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |pages=292–293 |url={{Google books|OgMmceadQ3gC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=2007 |place=New York |publisher=Facts On File |isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9 |series=Encyclopedia of World Religions. [[J. Gordon Melton]], Series Editor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402211115/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PR17 |archive-date=2020-04-02 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |author=Nirodbaran |author-link=Nirodbaran |title=Twelve Years with Sri Aurobindo |publisher=Sri Aurobindo Ashram |location=Pondicherry |volume=1 |year=1972}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Purani |editor-first=A. B. |title=Evening Talks with Sri Aurobindo |publisher=Sri Aurobindo Ashram |location=Pondicherry |year=1982}}

== Further reading ==
* Anon., [http://www.aurobindo.ru/ma_dates_e.htm The Mother – Some dates], ''www.aurobindo.ru''
* {{cite book |last=Aurobindo |first=Sri |date=1972 |title=Collected Works of Sri Aurobindo |publisher=Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry |edition=Birth Centenary}}
* (1972b) ''The Mother'', Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry
* {{cite book | last=Iyengar | first=K. R. S. | title=On the Mother: The Chronicle of a Manifestation and Ministry |edition=2nd | publisher=Sri Aurobindo International Centre of Education / Pondicherry | year=1978}} (2 vols, continuously paginated)
* Alfassa, Mirra (1977) ''The Mother on Herself'', Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry
* {{cite book |date=1978 |title=Collected Works of the Mother (17 vol set) |publisher=Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry |edition=Centenary |ref={{sfnref|Collected Works|1978}}}}
* {{cite book |date=1979 |title=Mother's Agenda (13 vol set) |publisher=Institute for Evolutionary Research |location=New York, NY |ref={{sfnref|Mother's Agenda|1979}}}}
** (date?) ''Flowers and Their Messages'', Sri Aurobindo Ashram
** (date?) ''Flowers and Their Spiritual Significance'', Sri Aurobindo Ashram
* Das, Nolima ed., (1978) ''Glimpses of the Mother's Life'' vol.1, Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry
* Mukherjee, Prithwindra (2000), ''Sri Aurobindo: Biographie'', Desclée de Brouwer, Paris
* [[Sujata Nahar|Nahar, Sujata]] (1986) ''Mother's chronicles Bk. 2. Mirra the Artist'', Paris: Institut de Recherches Evolutives, Paris & Mira Aditi, Mysore.
** (1989) ''Mother's chronicles Bk. 3. Mirra the Occultist''. Paris: Institut de Recherches Evolutives, Paris & Mira Aditi, Mysore.
*[[K.D. Sethna]], The Mother, Past-Present-Future, 1977
* Satprem (1982) ''The Mind of the Cells'' (transl by Francine Mahak & Luc Venet) Institute for Evolutionary Research, New York, NY
* [[Georges van Vrekhem|Van Vrekhem, Georges]]: ''The Mother – The Story of Her Life'', HarperCollins Publishers India, New Delhi 2000, {{ISBN|81-7223-416-3}} (see also [http://www.collaboration.org/2000/spring/text/mother.htm Mother meets Sri Aurobindo] – An excerpt from this book)
* [[Georges van Vrekhem|Van Vrekhem, Georges]]: ''Beyond Man – The Life and Work of Sri Aurobindo and The Mother'', HarperCollins Publishers India, New Delhi 1999, {{ISBN|81-7223-327-2}}

== Partial bibliography ==
* ''Commentaries on the Dhammapada'', Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, WI 2004, {{ISBN|0-940985-25-X}}
* ''Flowers and Their Messages'', Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, WI {{ISBN|0-941524-68-X}}
* ''Search for the Soul in Everyday Living'', Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, WI {{ISBN|0-941524-57-4}}
* ''Soul and Its Powers'', Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, WI {{ISBN|0-941524-67-1}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Mirra Alfassa}}
{{Wikiquote}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150303172339/http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/ashram/mother/writings.php Writings by The Mother] ''www.sriaurobindoashram.org'' (copy, archived 3 March 2015)

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Encounter killing

2026-02-25T05:24:07Z

Ilushiktka: creating a article initial version

{{Short description|Term for extrajudicial killings by South Asian security forces}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}

'''Encounter killings''', often simply referred to as '''encounters''', is a [[euphemism]] used in India and Pakistan to refer to [[extrajudicial killing]]s by [[security forces]]. The officers typically described the incidents as a [[shootout]] situation, often allegedly starting when a criminal grabs for the gun of a police officer.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2020/07/akshat-bhushan-extrajudicial-killings-and-police-impunity/ |title=Extrajudicial Killings in India: Rule of Law v. Police Impunity |first=Akshat |last=Bhushan |date=30 July 2020 |work=[[JURIST|Jurist]] |quote=The common excuse given by the police for carrying out such killings is that the accused had snatched the pistol of one of the policemen and opened fire.}}</ref> The term ''encounter'' came into widespread use for such incidents in the late 20th century.

Critics are sceptical of the police motivation behind many of these reported incidents,<ref name=bbc/> and further complain that the wide acceptance of the practice has led to incidents of the police staging encounters to conceal the killing of suspects when they are either already in custody or are unarmed or have surrendered (or would have been willing to surrender if given the opportunity).<ref name="IndExp_2011_Sohrabuddin"/> Such instances are called ''fake encounters''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/17-up-cops-get-life-term-for-killing-man-in-fake-encounter/story-COEiK8KIHBbBPA9coS3EpI.html|title=17 UP cops get life term for killing man in fake encounter|date=30 March 2012|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> In some cases, surrendered criminals are shot in the leg as an extrajudicial punishment; these are called ''half encounters''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-in-half-encounters-criminals-shot-in-legs/articleshow/71657922.cms|title = Delhi: In 'half-encounters', criminals shot in legs | Delhi News |website = [[The Times of India]]|date = 19 October 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/up-police-change-approach-to-encounters-opt-to-fire-at-legs/story-1majjJwmziAnxLhR7m84yH.html|title = UP police change approach to encounters, opt to fire at legs|date = 20 January 2019}}</ref>

Sometimes police officers are also killed in such incidents, although relatively rarely. Over a two-year period in [[Uttar Pradesh]], for example, encounters reportedly resulted in the death of 103 alleged criminals and 5 police officers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/in-india-479-cops-died-in-line-of-duty-in-a-year-116-in-up/articleshow/54985194.cms|title=In India, 479 cops died in line of duty in a year, 116 in UP |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 October 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/12/06/5-1-encounters-since-2017-up-police-boasts-of-killing-103-injuring-1-8.html |title='5,178 encounters since 2017': UP Police boasts of killing 103, injuring 1,859 |date=6 December 2019 |magazine=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref> Several individual police officers have reportedly been involved in more than 100 killings in encounters, and Inspector [[Pradeep Sharma]] of the Mumbai Police was reportedly involved in more than 300.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/21/confessions-of-a-killer-policeman-india-manipur |title=Confessions of a killer policeman |first1=Raghu |last1=Karnad |first2=Grace |last2=Jajo |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=21 July 2016}}</ref>

In the 1990s and the mid-2000s, the [[Mumbai Police]] used encounter killings to attack the [[Organised crime in India#Mumbai underworld|city's underworld]], and the practice spread to other large cities. In Pakistan, the [[Sindh Police]] are notorious for extrajudicial killings through fake encounters, especially in [[Karachi]].<ref name="dawn5">{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1389719|title=Rao Anwar and the killing fields of Karachi|website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=16 February 2018|access-date=26 December 2018|archive-date=6 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406031727/https://www.dawn.com/news/1389719|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the six years between 2016/2017 and 2021/2022, a case of encounter killing has been registered once every three days in [[India]], with 813 such cases of encounter killings, according to [[National Human Rights Commission of India]] data. There were no convictions of any officials involved in these killings during that period.<ref name=Nidhi>{{cite news |last1=Jacob |first1=Nidhi |title=Encounter Killings: Fivefold Rise in Pending Cases, No Convictions in 6 Years |url=https://www.factchecker.in/data-dive/encounter-killings-fivefold-rise-in-pending-cases-no-convictions-in-6-years-827801 |access-date=2022-09-04 |work=FactChecker.in |date=2022-07-25}} Article is also [https://scroll.in/article/1029119/data-check-in-last-six-years-india-has-registered-a-case-of-encounter-killing-every-three-days here] at ''[[Scroll.in]]''. Scroll over map at FactChecker.in source for numbers. There is also a data download link below the source map.</ref>

== In India ==
{{anchor|India}}
[[File:Map of encounter killings in India.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Encounter killings by [[States and union territories of India|state and union territory of India]].<ref name=Nidhi/>]]

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; clear:right;"
|+ States. 2016–2022. 
Data for above map.<ref name=Nidhi/>
|-
|Andhra Pradesh
|11
|-
|Arunachal Pradesh
|14
|-
|Assam
|79
|-
|Bihar
|25
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|259
|-
|Goa
|0
|-
|Gujarat
|2
|-
|Haryana
|16
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|1
|-
|Jharkhand
|52
|-
|Karnataka
|6
|-
|Kerala
|9
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|8
|-
|Maharashtra
|33
|-
|Manipur
|12
|-
|Meghalaya
|18
|-
|Mizoram
|0
|-
|Nagaland
|1
|-
|Odisha
|40
|-
|Punjab
|8
|-
|Rajasthan
|12
|-
|Sikkim
|1
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|11
|-
|Telangana
|8
|-
|Tripura
|3
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|110
|-
|Uttaranchal
|1
|-
|West Bengal
|21
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; clear:right;"
|+ Union territories. 2016–2022. 
Data for above map.<ref name=Nidhi/>
|-
|Andaman and Nicobar
|1
|-
|Chandigarh
|0
|-
|Dadra and Nagar Haveli
|0
|-
|Daman and Diu
|0
|-
|Delhi
|9
|-
|Jammu and Kashmir
|45
|-
|Ladakh
|0
|-
|Lakshadweep
|0
|-
|Puducherry
|0
|}

The term ''encounter killing'' came into popular use in India since the late 20th century following a very high frequency of such killings by police in cities including [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]], [[Kolkata]] and [[Ghaziabad]]. Some of the killings have been controversial, and critics have alleged that the police created 'fake encounters' as opportunities to kill suspects.<ref name="IndExp_2011_Sohrabuddin"/><ref name="The Indian ExpressNHRC">{{cite news |title=Explained: What NHRC, SC have said on encounter killings |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-encounter-killings-nhrc-supreme-court-hyderabad-rape-murder-case-6153683/ |access-date=7 December 2019 |work=The Indian Express |date=7 December 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209061001/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-encounter-killings-nhrc-supreme-court-hyderabad-rape-murder-case-6153683/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="livelaw Encounter">{{cite web |last1=Anandan |first1=Arabhi |title=Fake Encounter Killings : An Anathema To Rule Of Law |url=https://www.livelaw.in/columns/fake-encounter-killings-an-anathema-to-rule-of-law-150553 |website=livelaw.in |access-date=7 December 2019 |language=en |date=7 December 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209061001/https://www.livelaw.in/columns/fake-encounter-killings-an-anathema-to-rule-of-law-150553 |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to the [[National Human Rights Commission]] (NHRC) of India, there were many cases of alleged fake encounters:
;2002–2008
440 cases. States with high number of cases were: Uttar Pradesh (231), Rajasthan (33), Maharashtra (31), Delhi (26), Andhra Pradesh (22) and Uttarakhand (19).<ref name="IndExp_2011_Sohrabuddin">{{cite news | url = http://newindianexpress.com/opinion/article482874.ece | title = Sohrabuddin: Interrogating the media | access-date = 23 May 2012 | date = 11 August 2011 | newspaper= [[The Indian Express]] | author = S Gurumurthy | archive-date = 8 November 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131108090026/http://newindianexpress.com/opinion/article482874.ece | url-status = dead }}</ref>

;October 2009 – February 2013
555 cases. States with high number of cases were: Uttar Pradesh (138), Manipur (62), Assam (52), West Bengal (35) and Jharkhand (30).<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/fake-encounters-congress-ruled-states-narendra-modi-gujarat-169150-2013-07-03 | title = NHRC stats show there were more fake encounters in Congress-ruled states than in Narendra Modi's Gujarat | date = 4 July 2013 | publisher = India Today | access-date = 2 September 2013 | archive-date = 25 February 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170225134326/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/fake-encounters-congress-ruled-states-narendra-modi-gujarat/1/286891.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

===Andhra Pradesh===
The first recorded encounter killing was [[Alluri Sitarama Raju]], who was a local hero in the [[Rampa Rebellion of 1922]].<ref name="Mithun 2019">{{cite web |last1=MK |first1=Mithun |title=From 1924, a look at the history of encounter killings in the two Telugu states |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/1924-look-history-encounter-killings-two-telugu-states-113734 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en |date=9 December 2019 |access-date=26 December 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209061006/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/1924-look-history-encounter-killings-two-telugu-states-113734 |url-status=live }}</ref> The police of [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] passed on some traditions of police execution to the state of Andhra Pradesh at independence in 1947.<ref name="Venugopal 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Venugopal |first1=N. |title=Fake Encounters: Story from Andhra Pradesh |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=2007 |volume=42 |issue=41 |pages=4106–4111 |jstor=40276541 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40276541 |issn=0012-9976 |access-date=26 December 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209061003/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40276541 |url-status=live }}</ref> During the [[Telangana movement]], the state government used encounter killing as the explanation for killing more than 3000 people.<ref name="Venugopal 2007"/><ref name="Mithun 2019"/> From the 1960s, the culture of using encounter killings has developed into a tolerated practice.<ref name="Venugopal 2007"/>

=== Maharashtra ===
{{main|Mumbai Encounter Squad}}

On 11 January 1982, the gangster [[Manya Surve]] was shot dead by police officers Raja Tambat and Isaque Bagwan at the [[Wadala]] area. This is often referred to as the city's first recognised encounter killing.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Dhaval S. |title=RECALL (1982): How Mumbai Police made its first ‘encounter’ kill |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/recall-1982-how-mumbai-police-made-its-first-encounter-kill-2612686-2024-10-07 |website=India Today |date=7 October 2024 |access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref> From that period until early 2003, the police killed 1,200 alleged criminals.<ref name="perry"/>

Members of the Mumbai Police involved in these killings became widely known as 'encounter specialists', and several became well known to the public in India, including:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Designation
! Encounter killings
! Source
! Note
|-
| [[Pradeep Sharma]]
| [[Police Inspector|Inspector]]
| 312
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abplive.in/india-news/ab-tak-312-here-are-things-less-know-about-encounter-specialist-pradeep-sharma-cop-who-arrested-iqbal-kaskar-582063 |title=Ab Tak 312: Here are things less known about encounter specialist Pradeep Sharma, cop who arrested Iqbal Kaskar |date=19 September 2017 |publisher=[[ABP Live]] |access-date=25 July 2018 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209061007/https://news.abplive.com/news/india/ab-tak-312-here-are-things-less-know-about-encounter-specialist-pradeep-sharma-cop-who-arrested-iqbal-kaskar-582063 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| He once remarked "Criminals are filth and I'm the cleaner".<ref name="perry">{{cite magazine |last=Perry |first=Alex |date=6 January 2003 |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,404315,00.html |title=Urban Cowboys |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-Cop-Pradeep-Sharma-reinstated/articleshow/4496263.cms | title=Mumbai: Cop Pradeep Sharma reinstated | date=7 May 2009 | access-date=2 July 2013 | archive-date=23 October 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023195509/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-07/mumbai/28188344_1_cop-pradeep-sharma-encounter-specialist-underworld | work=[[The Times of India]] | url-status=live }}</ref> He was accused of having staged the encounter of Ram Narayan Gupta and suspended in 2009–10; however, he was acquitted by the court in 2013.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/1857482/report-ram-narayan-gupta-encounter-case-ex-cop-pradeep-sharma-acquitted-by-mumbai-court | title = Ram Narayan Gupta encounter case: Ex-cop Pradeep Sharma acquitted by Mumbai court | date = 5 July 2013 | access-date = 25 July 2013 | newspaper = [[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] | archive-date = 9 July 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130709004524/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/1857482/report-ram-narayan-gupta-encounter-case-ex-cop-pradeep-sharma-acquitted-by-mumbai-court | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Daya Nayak]]
| Inspector
| 83
|<ref name=bbc>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3786645.stm | title = Bombay's crack 'encounter' police | date = 9 June 2004 | work = BBC News }}</ref>
|
|-
| Praful Bhosale
| Inspector
| 77
|<ref name="rediff_pradip_sharma_century">[http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jun/03mum.htm "Encounter man Pradip Sharma completes 'century'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114140234/http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jun/03mum.htm |date=14 November 2017 }}, Rediff, 3 June 2004</ref>
|
|-
| [[Ravindranath Angre]]
| Inspector
| 54
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Ab-Tak-Chappan-cop-to-eliminate-civic-problems/articleshow/16173143.cms|title="Ab Tak Chappan" cop to eliminate civic problems|website=www.mumbaimirror.com|access-date=7 July 2015}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Sachin Waze]]
| Assistant Inspector
| 63
|<ref>[http://www.indiatoday.com/webexclusive/dispatch/20040705/web.html Fallen Heroes]. ''India Today''. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927032950/http://www.indiatoday.com/webexclusive/dispatch/20040705/web.html |date=27 September 2007 }}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120712013022/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mumbais-encounter-specialists-out-of-favour/61960-5.html Mumbai's encounter specialists out of favour], IBNLive, 26 March 2008.</ref>
|Resigned from service, later joined [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Ex-encounter-cop-Vaze-set-to-join-Sena/articleshow/3563411.cms|title=Ex-encounter cop Vaze set to join Sena|website=The Times of India |date=5 October 2008 |access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817131857/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Ex-encounter-cop-Vaze-set-to-join-Sena/articleshow/3563411.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vijay Salaskar]]
| Inspector
| 61
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main26.asp?filename=Ne021007Ab_tak.asp |title=The People's Paper |publisher=Tehelka |access-date=19 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912174517/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main26.asp?filename=Ne021007Ab_tak.asp |archive-date=12 September 2012 }}</ref>
| [[Killed in action|KIA]] in the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]]
|}

===Punjab===
The term 'police encounter' was used often during the [[Punjab insurgency]] between 1984 and 1995. During this time, [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab police]] officials reported 'encounters' to local newspapers and to the family members of those killed. The victim was typically a person whom the police believed to be a [[Kharku|freedom fighter]] or involved in the militant separatist movement; proof of alleged militant involvement was rarely given. Ultimately, the practice became so common that 'encounter' became synonymous with [[extrajudicial execution]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Dead Silence: The Legacy of Abuses in Punjab|url=https://archive.org/details/deadsilencelegac00huma|url-access=registration|publisher=Human Rights Watch/Asia and Physicians for Human Rights|date=1994|isbn=9781564321305}}</ref><ref name="CampbellBrenner2002">{{cite book|last1=Campbell|first1=Bruce B.|last2=Brenner|first2=Arthur David|title=Death Squads in Global Perspective: Murder with Deniability|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BlXPSphM840C&pg=PA265|access-date=19 June 2010|date=1 October 2002|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-6094-8|pages=265–|archive-date=25 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225054604/https://books.google.com/books?id=BlXPSphM840C&pg=PA265|url-status=live}}</ref>

It is alleged that police typically take a suspected [[Kharku|freedom fighter]] into custody without filing an arrest report. If the suspect dies during interrogation, security forces would deny ever taking the person into custody and instead claim that he was killed during an armed encounter, placing weapons on or near the body to suggest the police acted in self-defence.<ref>{{cite book|title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices (India)|publisher=U.S. State Department|date=1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/01/weekinreview/01pepper.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all|title=India Makes a Place for Dirty Harry|last=Pepper|first=Daniel|date=28 February 2009|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=8 May 2009|archive-date=7 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107061137/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/01/weekinreview/01pepper.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.sbs.com.au/dateline/index.php?page=transcript&dte=2002-04-03&headlineid=427 |title=India-Who Killed the Sikhs |date=4 March 2002 |publisher=Dateline |access-date=8 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912235435/http://news.sbs.com.au/dateline/index.php?page=transcript&dte=2002-04-03&headlineid=427 |archive-date=12 September 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ensaaf.org/pdf/un/Bhatti.pdf|title=Communication to Special Representative on the Situation of Human Rights Defenders|date=12 May 2006|publisher=Ensaaf|access-date=8 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908000456/http://www.ensaaf.org/pdf/un/Bhatti.pdf|archive-date=8 September 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Sukhwinder Singh Bhatti]], a criminal defence attorney in Punjab who defended such suspects, [[forced disappearance|disappeared]] in May 1994 and is alleged to have been killed by the police.<ref name="May 12, 2007">{{cite web|title=The Twelve Year Cover-Up: Disappearance of Human Rights Attorney Sukhwinder Singh Bhatti|url=http://www.ensaaf.org/programs/un/bhatti/|website=ensaaf.org|access-date=25 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226004854/http://www.ensaaf.org/programs/un/bhatti/|archive-date=26 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Jaswant Singh Khalra]] garnered global attention for his research concerning 25,000 illegal killings and cremations involving the [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab police]], and that the police had even killed about 2,000 police officers who refused to cooperate.<ref name="Southeast Asia p.74">The Politics of Religion in South and Southeast Asia, p. 74, Taylor & Francis, by Ishtiaq Ahmed.</ref> On 6 September 1995, while he was washing his car in front of his house, Khalra was abducted by personnel of [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] and taken to [[Jhabal]] Police Station.<ref name="amnesty">{{cite web |date=31 March 1998 |title=A mockery of justice: The case concerning the "disappearance" of human rights defender Jaswant Singh Khalra severely undermined |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa20/007/1998/en/ |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> Although witnesses gave statements implicating the police,<ref name="amnesty" /> and named Director General of the Punjab Police, [[Kanwar Pal Singh Gill]] as a conspirator,<ref name="tribune">{{cite web |date=17 February 2005 |title=K.P.S. Gill visited Khalra in jail, says witness |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050217/punjab1.htm |publisher=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India}}</ref> police have denied ever arresting or detaining Khalra. Further, the police have claimed to have had no knowledge of his whereabouts.

The ''Ensaaf'' organization has mapped 5,298 enforced disappearances or extrajudicial executions in the state of Punjab in India, with the majority of cases occurring in the late 1980's and early 1990's.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mapping Crimes Against Humanity: Enforced Disappearances & Extrajudicial Executions in Punjab, India |url=https://data.ensaaf.org/ |access-date=29 June 2025 |website=Ensaaf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://data.ensaaf.org/about/ |access-date=29 June 2025 |website=Ensaaf}}</ref>

===Rajasthan===
On 20 July 2020, a special [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] court in [[Mathura]] convicted 11 policemen, including former deputy Superintendent of Police Kan Singh Bhati in former MLA [[Raja Man Singh (politician)|Raja Man Singh]]'s murder case.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mehta |first1=Kriti |title=Mathura court convicts 11 cops in 1985 death case of Raja Man Singh who rammed his jeep into CM's helicopter |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/mathura-court-convicts-11-cops-in-1985-death-case-of-raja-man-singh-who-rammed-his-jeep-into-cms-helicopter/624900 |publisher=[[Times Now]] |date=21 July 2020 |access-date=22 July 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209061002/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/mathura-court-convicts-11-cops-in-1985-death-case-of-raja-man-singh-who-rammed-his-jeep-into-cms-helicopter/624900 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Raja Man Singh (politician)|Raja Man Singh]] was killed along with his two supporters in a fake police encounter in February 1985.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Foujdar |first1=Suresh |last2=Chaturvedi |first2=Amit |title=11 cops convicted for killing Rajasthan ex-royal in fake encounter 35 yrs ago |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cbi-court-convicts-11-cops-including-deputy-sp-for-ex-royal-s-murder-in-rajasthan/story-M54w3o75NfoSpVSzfXnjlK.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=21 July 2020 |access-date=22 July 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209061003/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cbi-court-convicts-11-cops-including-deputy-sp-for-ex-royal-s-murder-in-rajasthan/story-M54w3o75NfoSpVSzfXnjlK.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Gujarat ===
Between 2002 and 2006, 22 police encounter killings were reported in Gujarat.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/probe-all-22-fake-encounters-between-2002-and-2006-sc-tells-gujarat-panel/904161/0 |title=Probe all 22 fake encounters between 2002 and 2006, SC tells Gujarat panel |author=Krishnadas Rajagopal |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=26 January 2012 |access-date=26 June 2014 |archive-date=14 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214230532/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/probe-all-22-fake-encounters-between-2002-and-2006-sc-tells-gujarat-panel/904161/0 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the NHRC figures, during 2002–2007, there were four alleged fake encounters in Gujarat (out of 440 fake encounters in all of India).<ref name="IndExp_2011_Sohrabuddin"/> These cases gained national media attention:

* Sadiq Jamal (2003)<ref name="Tehelka_dead_2011">{{cite journal | url = http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main51.asp?filename=Ne031211Coverstory.asp | title = Dead Man Talking | journal = Tehelka | volume = 8 | issue = 48 | date = 3 December 2011 | author = Rana Ayyub | access-date = 6 February 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140221160825/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main51.asp?filename=Ne031211Coverstory.asp | archive-date = 21 February 2014 | url-status = dead | author-link = Rana Ayyub }}</ref>
* [[Ishrat Jahan encounter killing|Ishrat Jahan]] case (2004)<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article2647961.ece | title = Third victory for us, says Ishrat's family | work = [[The Hindu]] | date = 22 November 2011 | access-date = 22 November 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111122161808/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article2647961.ece | archive-date = 22 November 2011 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
* [[Sohrabuddin Sheikh]] case (2005)<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/apr/25spec.htm | title = The journalist who cracked Gujarat fake encounter case | work = [[rediff.com]] | date = 25 April 2007 | access-date = 22 November 2011 | archive-date = 10 January 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120110054332/http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/apr/25spec.htm | url-status = live }}</ref>
* [[Tulsiram Prajapati]] case (2006)

===Uttar Pradesh===
Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]] was quoted saying that, "Criminals will be jailed or killed in encounters." Reacting to the statements, the [[National Human Rights Commission of India]] issued a notice to the state government over its reported endorsing of killings in encounters by police for improving law and order.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/supreme-court-to-uttar-pradesh-over-fake-encounters/articleshow/64824250.cms|title=Supreme Court to Uttar Pradesh over fake encounters |website=The Times of India|date=2 July 2018|access-date=3 July 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209061003/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/supreme-court-to-uttar-pradesh-over-fake-encounters/articleshow/64824250.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/lucknow-news/ngo-alleges-threat-from-up-police-over-fake-encounter-1879645|title=NGO Alleges Threat From UP Police Over Fake Encounter|website=NDTV.com|access-date=3 July 2019|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209061003/https://www.ndtv.com/lucknow-news/ngo-alleges-threat-from-up-police-over-fake-encounter-1879645|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Other notable cases ===
[[Veerappan]], the notorious forest brigand, was reportedly killed by the [[Special Task Force (India)|Special Task Force]] (STF) Headed by [[K Vijay Kumar]] in an encounter on 18 October 2004. Some human rights organisations claimed that the circumstantial evidence indicated that he was killed in a fake encounter after being tortured by the police.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://hindu.com/2005/01/19/stories/2005011914970500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050315235758/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/19/stories/2005011914970500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 March 2005 | title = Veerappan killed in fake encounter: activists | date = 19 January 2005 |work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date = 22 November 2011 }}</ref>

On 19 September 2008, Delhi-police Inspector [[Mohan Chand Sharma]], a decorated officer, and two suspects were killed in the [[Batla House encounter case]] in New Delhi. The encounter led to the arrest of two suspected Indian Mujahideen (IM) terrorists, while a third managed to escape. The [[Shahi Imam]] of the [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]] termed the encounter as 'totally fake"' and accused the government of harassing Muslims.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/09/batla-house-encounter-fake-says-shahi-imam.htm | title = Batla House encounter fake: Shahi Imam | work = [[rediff.com]] | date = 9 February 2010 | access-date = 22 November 2011 | archive-date = 30 April 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120430192747/http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/09/batla-house-encounter-fake-says-shahi-imam.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> Several political parties and activists demanded a probe into the allegations that the encounter was fake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?260092|title=Batla House Encounter: Unanswered Questions|date=23 July 2009|publisher=Outlook|access-date=22 November 2011|archive-date=31 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131134648/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?260092|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/08/stories/2008100860151200.htm|title=SP for judicial inquiry into Jamia encounter|date=8 October 2008|location=Chennai, India|access-date=22 November 2011|archive-date=8 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108031449/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/08/stories/2008100860151200.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/attackonnorthindians-jamiaencounterroc/375627/|title=Attack on north Indians, Jamia encounter rocks LS|date=20 October 2008|newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref> After an investigation, the National Human Rights Commission cleared the Delhi Police personnel of any violations of human rights.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/batla-house-encounter-nhrc-gives-clean-chit-to-cops/97685-3.html|title=Batla House encounter: NHRC gives clean chit to cops|date=22 July 2009|publisher=CNN-IBN|access-date=22 November 2011|archive-date=10 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710011421/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/batla-house-encounter-nhrc-gives-clean-chit-to-cops/97685-3.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> While sections of the media still oppose the ruling and believe the police to be culprits, a video clip that surfaced in 2016 featured a confession from the terrorist who had escaped the encounter, about how he managed to do so and later join the ISIS, further confirming the credibility of the encounter.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021|reason=Quite a substantial claim there, this must be cited, to a '''very''' reliable source.}}

An alleged 'encounter' in 1991, led to the 2016 sentencing of 47 policemen to life imprisonment for the slaying of 11 Sikh pilgrims in the Pilibhit district of Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sally|first1=Vishal|title=Pilibhit verdict: For Gurdaspur families, justice delayed, not denied|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/pilibhit-fake-encounter-of-11-sikh-pilgrims-by-47-policemen-for-gurdaspur-families-justice-delayed-but-not-denied/story-MZyESI6fYJBvFLErEEknmN.html|access-date=25 February 2017|work=Hindustan Times|date=6 April 2016|archive-date=25 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225130723/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/pilibhit-fake-encounter-of-11-sikh-pilgrims-by-47-policemen-for-gurdaspur-families-justice-delayed-but-not-denied/story-MZyESI6fYJBvFLErEEknmN.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, all four men accused in the [[2019 Hyderabad gang rape]] were killed in a police encounter on 6 December 2019. Police alleged that one of four had gestured to the other three to flee after attacking the cops, that the four tried to run towards a deserted pathway, and that the cops opened fire in self-defense.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/hyderabad-veterinary-rape-murder-case-telangana-police-encounter-accused-killed-6153186/|title=In sudden turn of events, all four accused in Hyderabad vet rape-murder case killed in police encounter|date=6 December 2019|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=6 December 2019|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209061017/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/hyderabad-veterinary-rape-murder-case-telangana-police-encounter-accused-killed-6153186/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/hyderabad-rape-murder-accused-shot-dead-how-the-encounter-with-telangana-police-unfolded-6153325/|title=Hyderabad rape-murder accused shot dead: How the 'encounter' with Telangana Police unfolded|date=6 December 2019|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=6 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="CNN_shot">{{cite news |title=Police shoot dead four suspects in gang-rape and murder |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/06/asia/india-hyderabad-rape-suspects-shot-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=6 December 2019 |work=CNN |date=6 December 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209061017/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/06/asia/india-hyderabad-rape-suspects-shot-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== In Pakistan ==
Annual reports by the [[Human Rights Commission of Pakistan]] (HRCP) documented at least 5,000 reported police encounter cases nationwide between 2010s and 2024, of which almost 2,000 occurred in Punjab.<ref name=":1" />
;2015
[[Human Rights Watch]] (HRW) reported that in 2015, 2,108 men, seven women, and six minors were killed in [[Pakistan]] in alleged police encounters, including 696 people in the city of [[Karachi]] alone. Of these, 1191 men and three women were killed in the province of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], 829 men and one woman were killed in [[Sindh]], 64 men and one woman were killed in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], 22 men and two women were killed in [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]], and two men were killed in [[Gilgit-Baltistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hrcp-web.org/hrcpweb/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Law-And-order.pdf |title=State of Human Rights in Pakistan 2015 |website=Human Rights Commission of Pakistan |language=en |access-date=23 January 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209061028/http://hrcp-web.org/hrcpweb/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Law-And-order.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> According to HRW, many of the encounters were "faked and did not occur in situations in which lives were at risk." HRW added: "In the vast majority of these cases, no police officer was injured or killed, raising questions as to whether there was in fact an armed exchange in which there was an imminent threat to the lives of police or others."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.humanrights.asia/news/forwarded-news/AHRC-FPR-031-2016/ |title=Pakistan: Police accused of killing more than 2000 persons in encounters during the year 2015 |website=Asian Human Rights Commission |language=en |date=27 September 2016 |access-date=23 January 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209061031/http://www.humanrights.asia/news/forwarded-news/AHRC-FPR-031-2016/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/26/pakistan-police-accused-of-illegally-killing-hundreds-of-suspects-a-year |title=Pakistan police accused of illegally killing hundreds of suspects a year |website=The Guardian |language=en |date=26 September 2016 |access-date=23 January 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209061032/https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/26/pakistan-police-accused-of-illegally-killing-hundreds-of-suspects-a-year |url-status=live }}</ref>

;January 2014 – May 2018
A total of 3,345 people, including 23 women and 12 minors, were killed in 2,117 alleged police encounters in Pakistan from 1 January 2014, to 11 May 2018, according to the HRCP.<ref name="tni">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/421322-3-345-killed-in-police-encounters-from-jan-2014-to-may-2018 |title=3,345 killed in police encounters from Jan 2014 to May 2018 |website=The News International |language=en-US |date=20 January 2019 |access-date=23 January 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209061030/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/421322-3-345-killed-in-police-encounters-from-jan-2014-to-may-2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> 55 police officials and 10 passersby were also killed in the encounters. Most of the alleged police encounter cases occurred in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] province (1,036 cases) followed by the [[Sindh]] province (944 cases), whereas most of the killings in the alleged police encounters occurred in Sindh (1,592 killings) followed by Punjab (1,556 killings). The encounter cases and killings were reported to be much lower in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] (71 killings in 54 cases) and [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] (57 killings in 34 cases) during the period.<ref name="tni"/>

Since the data collected by HRCP was based on monitoring of media reports, the total number of cases and killings may be higher than the estimate.<ref name="pt">{{Cite web |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2019/01/20/shaddy-encounters-that-caused-national-outcry/ |title=Shady encounters that caused national outcry |website=Pakistan Today |language=en-US |date=20 January 2019 |access-date=23 January 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209061031/https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2019/01/20/shaddy-encounters-that-caused-national-outcry/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Balochistan===
{{further|Killing of Hayat Baloch}}

===Sindh===
{{further|2011 Pakistan Rangers shooting incident|Killing of Naqeebullah Mehsud}}
On 13 January 2018, [[killing of Naqeebullah Mehsud|Naqeebullah Mehsud]] was killed in a fake encounter staged by the [[senior superintendent of police]] (SSP) [[Rao Anwar]] in Karachi, sparking countrywide protests against [[extrajudicial killings]].

===Punjab===
{{further|Sahiwal killings|Killing of Usama Nadeem Satti}}
[[Human Rights Commission of Pakistan]] Director Farah Zia stated in 2026 that Punjab was historically the site where encounter killings first emerged in the 1960s, attributing this in part to an entrenched policing culture marked by impunity for torture. In comments to ''[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]'', a former senior Punjab police official linked the rise in encounter killings to a strained and corrupt justice system and political pressure to curb crime, saying these factors fostered frustration and the justification of extrajudicial measures.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Abid |title=Pakistan’s Punjab police kill 900 people in eight months: What’s going on? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/18/pakistans-punjab-police-kill-900-people-in-eight-months-whats-going-on |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

A [[Lahore]]-based family had been travelling to a family member's wedding in a car driven by their neighbour on 19 January 2019. They were shot down near [[Sahiwal]] toll plaza.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://asiatimes.com/society-must-refuse-to-tolerate-fake-encounters/ |title=Society must refuse to tolerate fake 'encounters' |last=Zafar |first=Imad |website=[[Asia Times]] |date=21 January 2019 |access-date=23 January 2019 }}</ref>

===Other notable cases===
On 16 January 2018, when the inquiry against [[Rao Anwar]] was about to start following the extrajudicial [[killing of Naqeebullah Mehsud]], Rao Anwar claimed that he came under attack in Karachi's [[Malir Cantonment]] while he was heading towards his house. He alleged that a suicide attacker detonated explosives near him and his squad but they remained unhurt, and that two accomplices of the attacker then opened fire on the police, both of whom were shot dead in the exchange of fire. He also alleged that a few militants escaped the site under the cover of fire while the police and [[Pakistan Rangers]] were conducting search operation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1635538/1-never-seen-suicide-attack-attackers-body-one-piece-ctd-official-rao-anwar-suicide-attack/|title=Never seen a case where suicide bomber's body is in one piece: CTD official on Rao Anwar attack|website=The Express Tribune|date=15 February 2018|access-date=1 January 2019|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209061032/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1635538/1-never-seen-suicide-attack-attackers-body-one-piece-ctd-official-rao-anwar-suicide-attack|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/178929-suspect-killed-in-rao-anwar-suicide-attack-case-was-innocent-says-family|title=Suspect killed in Rao Anwar suicide attack case was innocent, claims family|website=Geo News|date=27 January 2018|access-date=1 January 2019|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209061032/https://www.geo.tv/amp/178929|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the Counter-Terrorism Department (CTD) probing the case doubted if a suicide attack had even taken place at the site.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/02/15/ctd-official-doubts-veracity-of-suicide-attack-on-rao-anwar/|title=CTD official doubts veracity of suicide attack on Rao Anwar|website=Pakistan Today|date=15 February 2018|access-date=1 January 2019|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209061033/https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/02/15/ctd-official-doubts-veracity-of-suicide-attack-on-rao-anwar/|url-status=live}}</ref> The investigators found out that contrary to Rao Anwar's claim, no exchange of fire had taken place. They termed the incident a fake encounter. According to the investigators, the alleged suicide attacker Gul Saeed was first riddled by the police with bullets, then a suicide vest was wrapped around his body, and then the vest was set on fire which burned his body.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.samaa.tv/news/2018/01/investigators-expose-alleged-suicide-attack-on-ssp-rao-anwar/|title=Investigators expose alleged suicide attack on SSP Rao Anwar|website=SAMAA TV|date=22 January 2018|access-date=1 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/425268-Heirs-of-another-victim-of-fake-encounter-to-file-case-against-Rao-Anwar|title=Heirs of another victim of fake encounter to file case against Rao Anwar|website=Dunya News|date=27 January 2018|access-date=1 January 2019}}</ref>

In 2025, officers from Pakistan’s [[Crime Control Department]] reportedly raided the home of Zubaida Bibi in Bahawalpur, Punjab, detaining her sons and seizing valuables. Within 24 hours, five male members of her family, three sons aged 25, 23 and 18 and two sons in law, were killed in separate police "encounters" in different districts of the province. According to accounts given to the HRCP, Zubaida said the family sought their release but were later informed of their deaths and alleged that police threatened relatives after she filed a legal petition. Her husband stated that the men had no criminal records.<ref name=":1" />

==In popular culture==
Police encounters have been featured in several fiction and non-fiction arts.

=== Film ===

* ''[[Aan: Men at Work]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Ab Tak Chhappan]]'' (2004)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/ab-tak-chhappan-actor-nana-patekar-backs-hyderabad-police-encounter/articleshow/72434204.cms|title='Ab Tak Chhappan' actor Nana Patekar backs Hyderabad police encounter | Lucknow News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> and its sequel, ''[[Ab Tak Chhappan 2]]'' (2015), both starring [[Nana Patekar]]
* ''[[Bardaasht]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Batla House]]'' (2019), based on encounter of suspected terrorists in Delhi
* [[Christopher (film)]]
* ''[[Encounter: The Killing]]'' (2003), starring [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
* ''[[HIT: The Second Case]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Kaakha Kaakha]]'', a 2003 [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]] starring [[Surya Sivakumar|Surya]]
* ''Kagaar'' (2003)
* ''[[Khakee (film)|Khakee]]'' (2003), starring [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and [[Ajay Devgan]]
* ''[[Yuddham Sei]]'', a 2011 Tamil film starring [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]]
* ''[[Maximum (film)|Maximum]]'' (2012), starring [[Sonu Sood]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Vinay Pathak]], [[Mohan Agashe]]
*''[[Mayanadi]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|Paayum Puli]]'' (2015), a Tamil film starring [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]]
* ''[[Rege]]'', a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] film (2014) starring [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] as [[Pradeep Sharma]]
* ''[[Risk (2007 film)|Risk]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]'' (2007) and ''[[Shootout at Wadala]]'' (2013)
* [[Singam (film series)|''Singam'']], a Tamil film series
* ''[[Tharkappu]]'' (2016), a Tamil film starring [[Sakthi Vasu]]devan
* ''[[Visaranai]]'' (2015), a Tamil film directed by [[Vetrimaaran]]
* ''[[Vettaiyan]]'' (2024), a Tamil film starring [[Rajinikanth]]
* ''[[Jana Gana Mana]]'' (2022), a Malayalam film starring [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] and [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]]
* ''[[Anjaam Pathira]]'' (2020), a Malayalam film starring [[Kunchacko Boban]]

=== Books ===
* ''[[Sacred Games (novel)|Sacred Games]]'' (2007), a novel by [[Vikram Chandra (novelist)|Vikram Chandra]], is based on the police force in Mumbai. It includes dramatic depictions of police encounters.
* ''The Third Squad'' (2017), a novel by V. Sanjay Kumar, revolves around a Mumbai encounter policeman with Asperger's Syndrome. It includes multiple depictions of police encounters.

==See also==
* {{anl|2015 sandalwood smugglers encounter in Andhra Pradesh}}
* {{anl|Cordon and search}}
* {{anl|Crossfire (Bangladesh)}}
* {{anl|List of attacks on civilians attributed to Sri Lankan government forces}}
* {{anl|Lists of killings by law enforcement officers}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*Shah, Naureen (2009). ''Broken System: Dysfunction, Abuse, and Impunity in the Indian Police''. [[Human Rights Watch]]. {{ISBN|9781564325181}}.

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070609223913/http://pucl.org/Topics/Religion-communalism/2003/punjab-disappearances.htm ''Reduced to Ashes: A Report on Disappearances and Encounters in Punjab'' ], 2003
*[http://www.hrdc.net/sahrdc/hrfeatures/HRF71.htm "India: Extrajudicial killings under the spotlight"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029173542/http://www.hrdc.net/sahrdc/hrfeatures/HRF71.htm |date=29 October 2009 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130712183805/http://164.100.47.132/Annexture/lsq15/13/au1368.htm "Fake encounter statistics in India (2009 to mid-2013)"], from [https://web.archive.org/web/20130712122609/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/psearch/QResult15.aspx?qref=136655 Lok Sabha]

{{World topic| Extrajudicial killings in | noredlinks=yes | title= [[Extrajudicial killings |Extrajudicial killings by country]] }}

[[Category:Euphemisms]]
[[Category:Encounters in India| ]]
[[Category:Encounters in Pakistan| ]]
[[Category:Killings by law enforcement officers]]
[[Category:Extrajudicial killings in Asia]]
[[Category:Law enforcement in India]]
[[Category:Counterterrorism in India]]
[[Category:Law enforcement in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Counterterrorism in Pakistan]]

Velvikudi inscription

2026-02-22T12:11:32Z

Ilushiktka: added first page and citations

{{short description|8th-century bilingual copper-plate grant from the Pandya kingdom of southern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Velvikudi inscription (cropped 1.1).jpg|thumb|Velvikudi inscription, plate 1|406x406px]]
[[File:Velvikudi inscription (cropped 2).jpg|thumb|Velvikudi inscription, plate 2|406x406px]]

The '''Velvikudi inscription''' is an 8th-century bilingual [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper-plate grant]] from the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya kingdom]] of [[southern India]]. Inscribed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Sanskrit]] languages, it records the renewal of a [[brahmadeya|grant]] of the Velvikudi village to a [[brahmin|brahmana]] by the Pandya king Nedunjadaiyan Varaguna-varman I alias Jatila Parantaka (r. c. 768-815 CE) in c. 769-770 CE.

== Date ==

The grant was made in the third regnal year of the king Nedunjadaiyan (also transliterated as Neduncheliyan),{{sfn|S.C. Mishra|Manisha Agnihotri|2009|p=214}} whose reign is dated to c. 765-815 CE.{{sfn|Noboru Karashima|2014|p=88}} The grant recorded in the inscription was probably made in 769-770 CE, but there is some controversy about its actual date.{{sfn|Gaur|1975|p=3}}

== Physical features ==

* The record is in form of ten [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copper plates]], each measuring 27.5 x 8 cm.{{sfn|Gaur|1975|p=2}}
* The plates are held together by a thin copper ring, without a seal.{{sfn|Gaur|1975|p=2}}
* [[British Museum]]'s ''Indian Charters on Copper Plates in the Department of Oriental Manuscripts and Printed Books'' (1975) states that these copper plates were found at Madakulam.{{sfn|Gaur|1975|p=3}}

== Language ==

The inscription consists of the [[Sanskrit]] language portions inscribed in the [[Grantha script]] (lines 1-30 and 142-150), and the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language inscribed in the [[Vatteluttu script]] (lines 31-141 and 151-155). The Tamil portion also uses the Grantha script for words of Sanskrit origin, the spelling of these words is sometimes influenced by the rules of Tamil [[orthography]]. The sequential numbers on the copper plates are inscribed in the Grantha script.{{sfn|Gaur|1975|p=2}}

The Sanskrit portion was composed by Varodayabhatta, who is described as "a performer of all sacrifices" (''Sarvakratuyajin'').{{sfn|K. G. Krishnan|2002|p=11}} The Tamil portion was composed by ''[[Senapati]]'' Enadi, alias Chattan Chattan.{{sfn|K. G. Krishnan|2002|p=13}}

The inscription includes the ''[[Praśasti]]'' (eulogy) portions written in both Sanskrit and Tamil.{{sfn|Herman Tieken|2001|pp=135-137}} In the earlier inscriptions from the Tamil-speaking region, issued by the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]], the ''Praśasti'' portion is written only in Sanskrit, while the use of Tamil is restricted to the transactional portions. The later inscriptions, issued by the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]], also follow the Pallava model. The Velvikudi inscription is the earliest extant inscription that features ''Praśasti'' portions written in both Sanskrit and Tamil, a model also followed in other Pandya inscriptions, such as the Larger [[Chinnamanur]] (Sinnamanur) inscription and the [[Dhalavaipuram]] (Dalavayapuram) inscription.{{sfn|Herman Tieken|2001|p=137}} This appears to be the result of the Pandya attempts to raise the status of the Tamil language.{{sfn|Herman Tieken|2001|pp=137-138}}

[[H. Krishna Sastri]], who first edited and translated the inscription, suggested that the Sanskrit part may have been added later to give the inscription a "dignified appearance".{{sfn|Herman Tieken|2001|p=137}}{{sfn|H. K. Sastri|1983|p=293}} However, this is unlikely, because similar Sanskrit portions also appear in other near-contemporary Pandya inscriptions. Moreover, the Tamil text of the Velvikudi inscription does not start on a new copper plate, but in the middle of the reverse of the third copper plate. The Sanskrit text that appears at the end of the inscription begins on the reverse of the ninth copper plate, but it is followed by Tamil text starting in the middle of the last copper plate.{{sfn|Herman Tieken|2001|p=137}}

== Content ==

=== Sanskrit portion: Mythical genealogy ===
{{wide image|Velvikudi_inscription_(1).jpg|500px|[[H. Krishna Sastri]]'s translation of the Velvikudi inscription}}

The inscription begins with a Sanskrit portion that invokes the God [[Shiva]], and describes the mythical lineage of the Pandya kings, naming the sage [[Agastya]] as their family priest. It also gives the following account of the dynasty's origin:{{sfn|H. K. Sastri|1983|p=305}}

At the end of the previous ''[[kalpa (aeon)|kalpa]]'' (age), a king named Pandya ruled the coastal region. At the beginning of the present ''kalpa'', this king was reborn as [[Budha]], the son of the [[Chandra|Moon]].{{sfn|H. K. Sastri|1983|p=293}} Budha's son [[Pururavas]] introduced the dynasty's emblem - a pair of fish, and shared his throne and taxes with [[Indra]].{{sfn|Herman Tieken|2001|pp=135-136}} Pururavas' descendant [[Maravarman]] was a patron of the learned, who conquered several enemies and gave away heaps of gold.{{sfn|H. K. Sastri|1983|p=305}}

Maravarman's son Ranadhira was an able ruler like his ancestors, and Ranadhira's son Maravarman (II) alias Rajasimha was a powerful, prosperous, truthful and learned ruler. The enemy king Pallavamalla ran away from the battlefield when faced with Rajasimha, wondering if the Pandya king was Shiva, [[Vishnu]], or [[Indra]].{{sfn|H. K. Sastri|1983|p=305}} Rajasimha generously distributed his wealth among the [[brahmin|brahmanas]], beggars and temples. He married the daughter of the Malava king, and their son was the next ruler, Jatila.{{sfn|H. K. Sastri|1983|p=305}} (Sastri identified Malava with modern [[Malenadu|Mala-nadu]].{{sfn|H. K. Sastri|1983|p=297}}) Jatila alias Parantaka was almost equal to [[Kartikeya|Skanda]], the son of Shiva.{{sfn|H. K. Sastri|1983|p=305}}

=== Tamil portion: Historical context ===

The Tamil portion begins with the description of a past event, and goes on to describe the achievements of the issuer king's ancestors:

Narkorran ([[Tamil Lexicon]]: Naṟkoṟṟan), a [[brahmin|brahmana]] and a headman of [[Korkai]], completed a [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] sacrifice at Velvikudi (Vēḷvikkuṭi), with support of the Pandya king Palyaga Mudukudimi Peurvaluti (Palyāka Mutukuṭumi Peruvaḻuti).{{sfn|H. K. Sastri|1983|p=293}} The inscription defines the boundaries of the Velvikudi village with reference to landmarks such as vegetation, ponds, mounds, and other villages such as Payal and Kulandai;{{sfn|S.C. Mishra|Manisha Agnihotri|2009|p=215}} however, the modern identity of Velvikudi is uncertain.{{sfn|H. K. Sastri|1983|p=297}} Both Korkai and Velvikudi were located in a subdivision called Paganur-kurram, which had fertile agricultural fields.{{sfn|S.C. Mishra|Manisha Agnihotri|2009|p=215}} Based on a petition from the brahmanas of the Paganur-kurram, the king granted the village to Narkorran.{{sfn|H. K. Sastri|1983|p=293}}{{sfn|S.C. Mishra|Manisha Agnihotri|2009|p=215}}

Subsequently, a [[Kaliyuga|Kali]] king named Kalabhran (identified with the [[Kalabhras]]) conquered the whole Pandya country, including Velvikudi. After some time, the Pandya king [[Kadungon]] recaptured his ancestral territory from the enemies. Kadungon's son was [[Avani Sulamani|Avani Sulamani Maravarman]], whose son was [[Jayantavarman|Seliyan Vanavan Sendan]].{{sfn|H. K. Sastri|1983|p=293}}

The next king in the line, [[Arikesari Maravarman|Arikesari Asamasaman Maravarman]], won a battle at Pali by driving into a herd of war elephants; defeated the ocean-like army of Vilveli at Nelveli; destroyed the [[Paravas|Paravar]] who did not seek refuge with him; annihilated the race of the people of Kurunadu; won a battle at Sennilam by driving into a herd of war elephants; defeated the king of Kerala several times at the strongly-fortified town of [[Puliyoor|Puliyur]]; performed ''[[hiranyagarbha (donation)|hiranyagarbha]]'' and ''[[tulabhara]]'' gift-giving ceremonies; and protected the brahmanas and the infirm.{{sfn|H. K. Sastri|1983|p=307}}

Seliyan Sendan's son [[Kochadaiyan Ranadhiran|Sadaiyan]] (Caṭaiyaṉ), the lord of [[Kongu Nadu|Konga]], bore the titles Tenna-Vanavan, Sembiyan, Solan and Madura-Karunatakan.{{sfn|H. K. Sastri|1983|p=293}} Sadaiyan won a battle at Marudur; defeated Ayavel in the battles at Sengodi and Pudankodu; and destroyed the ''maharathis'' at Mangalapuram. He stamped the symbols of bow, tiger and fish on [[Mount Meru]]{{sfn|H. K. Sastri|1983|p=307}} (these are the symbols of the Chera, Chola and Pandya countries; thus, the inscription suggests that he held supreme authority over the Chera, Chola and Pandya territories).{{sfn|H. K. Sastri|1983|p=294}}

Sadaiyan's son [[Maravarman Rajasimha I|Ter-Maran]] defeated the enemies at Neduvayal, Kurumadai, Manni-Kurichchi, Tirumangai, Puvalur, and [[Kodumbalur]]. He defeated the Pallava king at Kulumbur, capturing the enemy's elephants and horses. He defeated his enemies at Periyalur, crossed the Kaviri ([[Kaveri River]]), and subdued the Mala-Kongam country. He reached [[Kodumudi|Pandi-Kodumudi]], and worshipped Pashupati ([[Shiva]]). He established a marital alliance with the Gangaraja.{{sfn|H. K. Sastri|1983|p=294}} He performed the gift-giving ceremonies ''[[gosahasra]]'' (gift of cows), ''hiranyagarbha'', and ''tulabhara''. He relieved the distress of those who studied the Vedas, and repaired the fortifications at Kudal, [[Vanchi Muthur|Vanji]] and [[Uraiyur|Kozhi]].{{sfn|H. K. Sastri|1983|p=307}}

Ter Maran's son Parantaka Nedunjadaiyan (the issuer king, also known as Jatila Parantaka) was a respected, merciful and militarily powerful king, who loved the learned people (''[[pandit]]a-vatsala''), and equalled [[Shraddhadeva Manu|Manu]]. He was like death to his enemies (''parantaka''), like [[Arjuna|Partha]] in wielding the bow, and like [[Kinnara]] in music.{{sfn|H. K. Sastri|1983|p=307}} He defeated the [[Kadava dynasty|Kadava]] ruler at Pennagadam, forcing the enemy king to flee to the forest. He also won a battle against the [[Ay Vel]] chieftain.{{sfn|H. K. Sastri|1983|p=294}}

=== Tamil portion: Grant ===

The Velvikudi inscription provides the earliest extant reference to the establishment of a [[Brahmadeya]] (land grant to a [[brahmin|brahmana]]) in the Tamil-speaking region.{{sfn|K. Lakshmi|2011|p=94}} It records Nedunjadaiyan's renewal of a grant made by his purported ancestor, the ancient Pandya king Palyaga Mudukudimi Peurvaluti.{{sfn|K. Lakshmi|2011|p=94}}{{sfn|Herman Tieken|2001|p=132}}

The inscription states that during the third year of Nedunjadaiyan's reign, a man arrived at the Pandya capital Kudal (Kūṭal or [[Madurai]]), and complained that Velvikudi had not been returned to Narkorran's descendants after the end of the Kalabhra interregnum. The king asked the complainant to prove the antiquity of the grant, which the complainant did. The king then granted the Velvikudi village to Kamakkani Narchingan (Kāmakaṇi Naṟchiṅgaṉ) alias Suvaran Singan, the headman of Korkai.{{sfn|H. K. Sastri|1983|p=294}} The headman kept the one-third of the village for himself, and distributed the remaining part among fifty other brahmanas.{{sfn|H. K. Sastri|1983|p=308}}

=== Sanskrit portion: imprecatory verses ===

The Sanskrit portion at the end names Mangalaraja Madhuratara of Karavandapura as the executor (''ajnapti'') of the grant.{{sfn|S.C. Mishra|Manisha Agnihotri|2009|p=215}} It describes him as a ''[[vaidya]]ka'', a master of the [[shastra]]s, a poet and an orator. This portion ends with four [[Vaishnavite]] imprecatory verses (cursing those who violate the grant deed).{{sfn|H. K. Sastri|1983|p=294}}

=== Tamil portion: Colophon ===

The Tamil portion at the end states that the inscription was engraved by the order of the king himself, and names the engraver as Yuddhakesari (or Chuttakesari) Perumbanaikkaran.{{sfn|H. K. Sastri|1983|p=294}}{{sfn|S.C. Mishra|Manisha Agnihotri|2009|p=215}} The engraver was allotted a house site, a [[paddy field|wet field]] and a dry field.{{sfn|H. K. Sastri|1983|p=309}}

== Historicity ==

Ignoring the mythical kings, the Sanskrit portion of the Velvikudi inscription mentions three immediate predecessors of the current king Jatila Parantaka (four generations in total). The subsequent Tamil portion mentions six such ancestors (seven generations in total), ignoring the legendary Palyāka Mutukuṭumi Peruvaḻuti. These numbers appear to have been determined by convention: the other near-contemporary inscriptions from the region variously name either four or seven generations of kings.{{sfn|Herman Tieken|2001|p=136}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Genealogy of the Pandya kings{{sfn|Herman Tieken|2001|p=136}}{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1929|p=41}}
! rowspan="2" |Madras Museum Plates
! colspan="2" |Velvikudi Grant
! rowspan="2" |Smaller Sinnamanur Plates
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Larger Sinnamanur Plates
|-
! Sanskrit portion
! Tamil portion
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |
|[[Kadungon]]
| rowspan="2" |
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Maravarman Avani Culamani|Maravarman Avanisulamani]]
|-
|[[Jayantavarman|Seliyan Sendan (or Sendan)]]
|Jayantavarman
| colspan="2" |
|-
|
| Maravarman
|[[Arikesari Maravarman]]
|Arikesari Maravarman
| colspan="2" |Arikesari Parankusa
|-
|
| Ranadhira
|[[Kochadaiyan Ranadhiran|Ko Chadaiyan]]
|
| colspan="2" |Jatila
|-
|Maravarman Pallavabhanjana
| Maravarman Rajasimha I
|[[Maravarman Rajasimha I|Ter Maran (or Maran)]]
|
| colspan="2" |Rajasimha
|-
|Jatilavarman Nedunjadaiyan
| Jatila Parantaka
| Nedunjadaiyan
(=Maranjadaiyan, Anamalai Inscription)
|
| colspan="2" |Varaguna Maharaja (Varaguna I)
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |
| colspan="2" |[[Srimara Srivallabha]]
|-
|[[Varagunavarman II|Varagunavarman II (Varaguna II)]]
|Parantaka Viranarayana
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Maravarman Rajasimha II]]
|}

The inscription presents the issuer king Nedunjadaiyan as a descendant of Palyāka Mutukuṭumi Peruvaḻuti, but this may be a false claim.{{sfn|Herman Tieken|2001|p=132}}

The inscription is notable for being one of few early sources that mention the [[Kalabhra]]s.{{sfn|S.C. Mishra|Manisha Agnihotri|2009|p=214}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |editor=Albertine Gaur |title=Indian charters on copper plates in the Department of Oriental Manuscripts and Printed Books |url=https://zenodo.org/record/375819 |year=1975 |publisher=British Museum |doi=10.5281/zenodo.375819 |last1=Gaur |first1=Albertine }}
* {{cite book |author=H. K. Sastri |author-link=H. Krishna Sastri |chapter=Velvikudi Grant of Nedunjadaiyan |title=Epigraphia Indica |volume=17 (1923-24) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0VwmsGA7ZuoC |year=1983 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India }}
* {{cite book |author=Herman Tieken |title=Kāvya in South India: Old Tamil Caṅkam Poetry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXlkAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Egbert Forsten |isbn=978-90-6980-134-6}}
* {{cite book |author=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |title=The Pandyan Kingdom |year=1929 |publisher=Luzac and Company }}
* {{cite book |author=K. G. Krishnan |title=Inscriptions of the Early Pāṇḍyas: From C. 300 B.C. to 984 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_yPrAAAAMAAJ |year=2002 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-129-8 }}
* {{cite book |author=K. Lakshmi |chapter=The Priest under the Pallavas |editor1=S. Ganeshram |editor2=C. Bhavani |title=History of People and Their Environs: Essays in Honour of Prof. B.S. Chandrababu |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crxUQR_qBXYC&pg=PA94 |year=2011 |publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam |isbn=978-93-80325-91-0 }}
* {{cite book |editor=Noboru Karashima |chapter=Sixth Century to Ninth Century |title=A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpdVoAEACAAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-809977-2 }}
* {{cite journal |author1=S.C. Mishra |author2=Manisha Agnihotri |title=Viewing the Kalabhras as a hoax or historical reality |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=70 |year=2009 |pages=214–217 |jstor=44147670 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* ''[https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.70170/2015.70170.Epigraphia-Indica-Vol-17#page/n321/mode/1up Velvikudi Grant of Nedunjadaiyan]'': text and translation by H. Krishna Sastri, in ''Epigraphia Indica'' Volume 17.

[[Category:Indian inscriptions]]
[[Category:8th-century inscriptions]]
[[Category:Sanskrit inscriptions in India]]
[[Category:Tamil inscriptions]]
[[Category:Pandyan Empire]]

High Court of Karnataka (Dharwad Bench)

2026-02-19T18:23:40Z

Ilushiktka: added a entry nd citations

{{Short description|Bench of the High Court in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox court
| court_name = High Court of Karnataka, Dharwad Bench
| native_name =
| image =
| imagesize = 220px
| caption = Emblem of the court
| established = {{start date and age|2013|08|24|df=y}}
| location = [[Dharwad]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| coordinates =
| type = Permanent bench; [[President of India|Presidential]] appointment on [[advice and consent|advice]] of the [[Chief Justice of India]] and the [[Governor of Karnataka]]
| authority = [[Constitution of India]]
| appealsto = [[Supreme Court of India]]
| terms = Mandatory retirement at age 62
| language = Kannada, English
| positions = 5 (sanctioned)
| website = {{url|karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in}}
| chiefjudgetitle =
| chiefjudgename =
}}
'''High Court of Karnataka (Dharwad Bench)''' is a permanent bench of the [[Karnataka High Court]], located in [[Dharwad]] serving the northern districts of [[Karnataka]], India. Established on 24 August 2013, it addresses decades of public demand for improved judicial access. The bench exercises jurisdiction over eight districts and has been recognised as a "''probo bono publico''" measure that increased legal awareness and case filling in North Karnataka.<ref name="Hindu2023Impact">{{cite news |date=31 May 2023 |title=Establishment of Dharwad and Kalaburagi Benches created awareness on legal rights of North Karnataka residents: HC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/establishment-of-dharwad-and-kalaburagi-benches-created-awareness-on-legal-rights-of-north-karnataka-residents-hc/article66915854.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref>

== History ==
Advocacy for judicial access in the North Karnataka extends to at least 1979, when Chief Justice D. M. Chandrasekhar recommended establishing a bench at Dharwad recognizing hardships caused by Bengaluru's southeastern location.<ref name="FederationBarAssoc2000">{{cite web |title=Federation of Bar Associations in Karnataka vs. Union of India |url=https://www.courtkutchehry.com/judgements/652163/federation-of-bar-associations-in-karnataka-vs-union-of-indi/ |publisher=CourtKutchehry |date=24 July 2000 |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref> The 425 to 613 kilometres distance to northern district centers imposed substantial burdens on litigants and practitioners and legal profession organized collective action, including boycotts of court proceedings, to highlight systemic inequities.<ref name="SCECommitteeHistory">{{cite web |title=History of High Court of Karnataka, Bengaluru |url=https://ecommitteesci.gov.in/project/history-hck-bengaluru/ |website=Official Website of e-Committee, Supreme Court of India |publisher=Supreme Court of India |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref>

By 1999, Karnataka's state government formally supported establishing a permanent bench at Dharwad-Hubli.<ref name="RajyaSabha1999">{{cite web |title=Rajya Sabha Unstarred Question No. 2207: Bench of Karnataka High Court at Dharwad-Hubli |url=https://rsdebate.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/121987/1/PQ_186_16031999_U2298_p192_p193.pdf |website=Digital Sansad, Parliament Digital Library |date=16 March 1999 |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref> However, the proposed stalled without the Chief Justice's endorsement, which was required by policy. In 2000, the Union Ministry of Law and Justice confirmed the state's support but noted the lack of Karnataka High Court endorsement.<ref name="LokSabha2000">{{cite web |title=Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 4511: Setting up of Benches of Karnataka High Court |url=https://eparlib.sansad.in/bitstream/123456789/408168/1/24782.pdf |website=Digital Sansad, Parliament Digital Library |date=24 April 2000 |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref>

== Circuit bench to permanent status ==
A circuit bench was established at Dharwad on 7 July 2008.<ref name="PIB2013Establishment">{{cite web |title=Establishment of Permanent Benches of Karnataka High Court at Dharwad and Gulbarga Districts in the State of Karnataka |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=96425 |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Law & Justice |date=4 June 2013 |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-06-06 |title=Gulbarga, Dharwad get permanent benches |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/Gulbarga-Dharwad-get-permanent-benches/article12061549.ece |access-date=2026-01-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=From Our Online |date=2013-06-05 |title=Dharwad, Gulbarga HC circuit benches to be permanent |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2013/Jun/05/dharwad-gulbarga-hc-circuit-benches-to-be-permanent-483929.html |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Caseload from eight northern districts tripled from 21,000 to nearly 60,000 in four years, intensifying demands for permanent status.<ref name="DeccanHerald2012">{{cite news |title=Demand for High Court permanent bench in Dharwad gets shriller |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/demand-for-high-court-permanent-bench-in-dharwad-gets-shriller-254101.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=5 July 2012 |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref> In March 2013, the Union Minister confirmed the necessary governmental and judicial approvals has been secured.<ref name="RajyaSabha2013">{{cite web |title=Rajya Sabha Starred Question No. 192: New benches of High Courts |url=https://rsdebate.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/619792/1/IQ_228_11032013_S192_p63_p65.pdf |website=Digital Sansad, Parliament Digital Library |date=11 March 2013 |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref> The Union Cabinet approved<ref name="Businessstandardapprove"/> establishment on 4 June 2013, the Presidential order<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-15 |title=Karnataka HC permanent benches at Dharwad,Gulbarga get President nod |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/karnataka-hc-permanent-benches-at-dharwad-gulbarga-get-president-nod/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> was issued on 14 August 2013.<ref name="PIB2013Order">{{cite web |title=Permanent Benches of Karnataka High Court Established at Dharwad and Gulbarga |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=98252 |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Law & Justice |date=14 August 2013 |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref> The bench became operational on 24 August 2013 and was inaugurated by Justice H. L. Dattu, a supreme court judge with Karnataka High Court D. H. Waghela presiding.<ref name="HCOfficial2013">{{cite web |title=High Court of Karnataka, Dharwad Bench |url=https://ecommitteesci.gov.in/division/high-court-of-karnataka/ |website=Official Website of e-Committee, Supreme Court of India |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref>

==Jurisdiction==
As per the 2013 Presidential order, the bench exercises over eight districts: [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]], [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]], [[Ballari district|Ballari]], [[Dharwad district|Dharwad]], [[Gadag district|Gadag]], [[Haveri district|Haveri]], [[Koppal district|Koppal]], and [[Uttara Kannada]]<ref name="PIB2013Order" /> The Chief Justice of Karnataka may order any case arising in these districts to be heard at the principal Bengaluru bench.<ref name="PIB2013Order"/>

==Infrastructure==
The Government of Karnataka constructed a court complex at ₹108.24 crores, including court halls and residential quarters.<ref name="PIB2013Establishment"/><ref name="Businessstandardapprove">{{cite web |title=Cost of the establishment of Permanent Benches of Karnataka High Court at Dharwad and Gulbarga Districts in the State of Karnataka |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/cabinet-approves-establishment-of-permanent-benches-of-karnataka-hc-at-dharwad-and-gulbarga-113060401244_1.html |website=Business Standard |date=4 June 2013 |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref> The bench was sanctioned 190 administrative positions.<ref name="PIB2013Establishment"/>

== Operations ==
In December 2018, the bench held court during judicial vacation for the first time, eliminating the requirement for litigants to travel to Bengaluru during vacations.<ref name="Hindu2018Vacation">{{cite news |date=19 December 2018 |title=High Court judges to sit in Dharwad, Kalaburagi Benches during vacation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/high-court-judges-to-sit-in-dharwad-kalaburagi-benches-during-vacation/article25776836.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref>

A 2023 Karnataka High Court judgement upholding the bench's establishment noted it as a "'''pro bono publico'''" measure that created legal awareness and "brought the court to their doorsteps".<ref name="Hindu2023Impact"/> Pending cases grew from 20,766 (18,401 civil; 2,365 criminal) in 2008 to 58,586 (51,946 civil; 6,640 criminal) by February 2023, demonstrating increased access to justice and speedy, qualitative justice delivery.<ref name="BarBench2023">{{cite news |date=31 May 2023 |title=Karnataka High Court rejects challenge to conversion of HC circuit benches at Dharwad, Kalaburagi into permanent benches |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/karnataka-high-court-rejects-plea-permanent-hc-benches-dharwad-kalaburagi |work=Bar and Bench |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref>

The Dharwad Bench operates under the Chief Justice of Karnataka's administrative control. {{As of|2025}}, Justice [[Vibhu Bakhru]] served as the Chief Justice of Karnataka High Court,<ref name="KarnatakaJudiciary2025">{{cite web |title=Hon'ble Mr. Justice Vibhu Bakhru |url=https://judiciary.karnataka.gov.in/judgeBioData.php?params=cHJvZmlsZWlkOjozMDk= |website=High Court of Karnataka |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-16 |title=Justice Vibhu Bakhru to be new Karnataka High Court Chief Justice |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/justice-vibhu-bakhru-new-karnataka-high-court-chief-justice-10129207/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> appointed on 19 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Plumber |first=Mustafa |date=2025-07-19 |title=Justice Vibhu Bakhru Takes Oath As Chief Justice Of Karnataka High Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/karnataka-high-court/justice-vibhu-bakhru-oath-ceremony-karnataka-high-court-chief-justice-298113 |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Notable judgements==
* In 2026, the bench directed the Union government to protect the inheritance rights of 'class I' heirs particularly daughters, under the amended Hindu Succession Act, emphasizing the need to remove legal obstacles preventing them from claiming their share in ancestral properties.<ref name="TOI2024Heirs">{{cite news |date=10 May 2024 |title=Dharwad bench of the Karnataka High Court asks Centre to protect class one heirs' rights under amended Hindu Succession Act |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/dharwad-bench-of-the-karnataka-high-court-asks-centre-to-protect-class-one-heirs-rights-under-amended-hindu-succession-act/articleshow/126293343.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref>
* In 2016, the bench dismissed the bail please of former minister and mining magnate G. Janardhana Reddy in case registered by the Central Bureau of Investigation.<ref name="Hindu2016Bail">{{cite news |date=29 October 2016 |title=Dharwad bench of Karnataka HC dismisses Reddy's bail plea |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/Dharwad-bench-of-Karnataka-HC-dismisses-Reddy%E2%80%99s-bail-plea/article15617030.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref>

==See also==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Law}}}}
* [[High Court of Karnataka (Gulbarga Bench)|High Court of Karnataka (Kalaburagi Bench)]]
* [[Judiciary of India]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in}}

{{High courts of India}}

[[Category:2013 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:High courts of India|Karnataka, Dharwad]]
[[Category:Hubli–Dharwad]]
[[Category:Government of Karnataka]]

Auli, India

2026-02-06T05:52:21Z

Ilushiktka: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Auli
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Hill station
| image_skyline = File:Auli Himalayas.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = View of Auli Hill station
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand
| coordinates = {{coord|30.52892|N|79.57026|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chamoli district|Chamoli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 2909
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UK 11
| website = {{URL|uk.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]
| native_name =
}}

'''Auli''' is in [[Chamoli district]] in the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] mountains of [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]. Auli, also known as [[Bugyal|Auli Bugyal]], in [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]], which means "meadow", is located at an elevation of {{convert|2800|m|ft}} above [[sea level]]. Between June and October, the valley has one of the highest numbers of flower species found anywhere in the world, with 520 species of high-altitude plants, 498 of which are flowering plants with significant populations of [[endangered species]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.auli.co.uk/auli/|title=Auli in the North Indian Himalayas|publisher=Auli.co.uk}}</ref>

== History ==
This place came to light when in the 8th century, [[Adi Shankara|Adiguru Shri Shankaracharya]] established a [[Matha]] ([[Jyotir Math]] or Shri Shankaracharya Math) at Joshimath, about 6.6 km from Auli, which still exists today. After the establishment of the monastery, this place also came to be known as the "'''Gateway of the Himalayas'''". After the establishment of this math, Adi Shankaracharya Ji moved forward like [[Badrinath]]. Semi-nomadic tribes of [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]], [[Mongols|Mongolians]] and [[Bhotiya|Bhotias]] conducted trade and communication between [[Tibet]] ([[ China]]) and India from here. They took the help of their long haired [[Yak|yaks]] and [[Horse|horses]] to cross the snowy mountains of the Himalayas. The popular Trishul peak (23,490 feet) is the scene of an unusual expedition that took place here in 1958. It took the mountaineers almost four days to climb and about 90 minutes to ski down to the base.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Auli - The skiing paradise of Garhwal {{!}} Uttarakhand Tourism |url=https://uttarakhandtourism.gov.in/blog/auli-skiing-paradise-garhwal |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=uttarakhandtourism.gov.in}}</ref>

Auli and Joshimath are situated in the high Himalayas, bordering China. In the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962, there were several initiatives by Chinese troops to cross the borders and enter Indian territory. During the conflict, the residents of the border village supported the Indian Army. Auli ropeway was constructed in September 1993 to enhance tourism in Auli. At an altitude of about 10,000 feet, this [[Ropeways in Nepal|ropeway]] serves as transport between Joshimath and Auli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unveiling Auli Uttarakhand’s Hidden Skiing Paradise |url=https://tripinspire.in/unveiling-auli-uttarakhands-hidden-skiing-paradise/ |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Trip Inspire |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Tourism==
Auli is a hiking and ski destination<ref name=map>{{cite web|title=Tourist places in Uttarakhand|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/uttarakhand/travel/tourist-destinations.html|publisher=Maps of India. India's No.1 map site|accessdate=8 June 2013}}</ref> and after the creation of the state of Uttarakhand, formerly part of [[Uttar Pradesh]], Auli was marketed as a tourist destination. It is surrounded by [[coniferous]] and oak forests, with a panoramic view of the peaks of the Himalayas.<ref name=map/> The slopes are intended for both professional skiers and novices. The Garhwal Mandal Vikas Nigam Limited (GMVNL) a state government agency which takes care of this resort, and [[Tourism in Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand Tourism Department]] conduct winter sports competitions at Auli to encourage skiing in India.<ref name=toi>{{cite news|title=Destination Auli|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Destination-Auli/articleshow/36820405.cms|accessdate=8 June 2013|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> It has 4 [[Aerial lift|cable car]], a [[chairlift]] and a [[ski lift]], along with a maintained trek route. Auli Ropeway is the second-longest ropeway in Asia and India’s longest cable car.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Auli - Uttarakhand Trips |url=https://uttarakhandtrips.com/destination/auli/ |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=uttarakhandtrips.com |language=en-US}}</ref> There is a training facility of [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]]. A small [[Hindu temple]] connected with the Hindu epic the ''[[Ramayana]]'' is also present.

==Transportation==
Auli is located about 500 kilometers from Delhi, and travelers have several transportation options to reach the destination.

If driving by road from Delhi, via National Highway 7 typically takes around 10 to 12 hours. The route passes through key towns such as Rishikesh, Devprayag, Rudraprayag, and Joshimath before arriving in Auli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Auli |url=https://travelvaidya.com/destination/auli/ |access-date=2025-07-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

You can also check more detailed travel guidance, route updates, and seasonal accessibility information here: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Auli Travel Guide & Accessibility |url=https://www.bizarexpedition.com/blog-ski-resorts |access-date=2025-11-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The nearest airport is [[Jolly Grant Airport]] in [[Dehradun]], about {{convert|270|km|mi}} from Auli. The airport operates daily flights to [[Delhi]], The nearest international airport is [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] in Delhi, about {{convert|480|km|mi}} from Auli. The nearest railway stations are [[Rishikesh railway station]] ({{convert|250|km|mi}}) and [[Dehradun railway station]] ({{convert|290|km|mi}}). Nearby attractions include [[Vishnu Prayag]], [[Gorson Bugyal]], Kuari Pass, [[Joshimath]], [[Badrinath]], and [[Tapovan]]. Auli and [[Dehradun]] hosted the [[2011 South Asian Winter Games|First South Asian Winter Games]] in 2011.

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="nolines">
File:Auli Himalayas.jpg|Auli
File:Auli Bugyal Green.jpg| Auli Bugyal Greenery
File:Auli Bugyal Himalayas.jpg|[[Auli Bugyal]]
File:Himalayas near Auli.jpg|Himalayas near Auli

</gallery>

== Climate ==
[[Subtropical highland climate|''Cwb'']].{{Weather box|collapsed =
|location = Auli
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C = 2.5
|Feb high C = 3.4
|Mar high C = 6.7
|Apr high C = 10.9
|May high C =14.7
|Jun high C = 17.2
|Jul high C = 17.5
|Aug high C = 17.2
|Sep high C = 16.1
|Oct high C = 12.8
|Nov high C = 9.8
|Dec high C = 6.4
|Year high C =
|Jan low C = -7.6
|Feb low C = -6.4
|Mar low C = -4.4
|Apr low C = -0.7
|May low C = 3.2
|Jun low C = 8.2
|Jul low C = 11.9
|Aug low C = 11.7
|Sep low C = 8.2
|Oct low C = 2.4
|Nov low C = -0.8
|Dec low C = -4.2
|Year low C =
|Jan precipitation mm = 119
|Feb precipitation mm = 125
|Mar precipitation mm =139
|Apr precipitation mm = 70
|May precipitation mm = 56
|Jun precipitation mm =117
|Jul precipitation mm = 333
|Aug precipitation mm = 312
|Sep precipitation mm = 186
|Oct precipitation mm = 60
|Nov precipitation mm = 28
|Dec precipitation mm = 55
|Year precipitation mm =
| source = https://en.climate-data.org/location/275421/
|date=December 2024}}

==Sports==
Auli is a major center for winter sports in India with Skii slopes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-12 |title=Auli - Uttarakhand Tourism |url=https://uttarakhandtourism.net/auli/ |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=uttarakhandtourism.net |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Alpine skiing]] and cross country skiing. Auli hosted the inaugural [[South Asian Winter Games#Related Games#South Asian Winter Games|South Asian Winter Games]] in [[2011 South Asian Winter Games|2011]]. Auli also hosted Winter National Games of India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-01-10 |title=First South Asian winter games begin |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/first-south-asian-winter-games-begin/articleshow/7253899.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Auli is also popular for adventure sports such as [[Rafting]], Mountain trekking etc.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Uttarakhand: Destination next for winter sports |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/things-to-do/uttarakhand-destination-next-for-winter-sports/articleshow/96102291.cms |access-date=2023-10-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Utsa |date=2022-11-26 |title=5 Destinations To Enjoy Winter Sports In India |url=https://news.abplive.com/photo-gallery/lifestyle/travel-5-destinations-to-enjoy-winter-sports-in-india-1565870 |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Auli}}
* [https://uttarakhandtourism.gov.in/destination/auli Auli – Uttarakhand Tourism]
* [https://chamoli.gov.in/tourist-place/auli/ Tourist places of Chamoli district: Auli]

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Ski areas and resorts in India]]
[[Category:Aerial tramways in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Chamoli district]]

Lalpur, Uttarakhand

2026-01-31T19:24:14Z

Ilushiktka: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Udham Singh Nagar district]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Ravindra Kushawaha

2026-01-18T15:51:49Z

Ilushiktka:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ravindra Kushawaha
| image = File:Ravindra Kushwaha.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1 December 1962}}
| birth_place = [[Deoria district|Mahthapar]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| parents = [[Hari Kewal Prasad]] Ganesh Devi
| residence = Vill. Mathapar, P. O. Ethua Chandauli, Dist. [[Deoria district|Deoria]]
| nationality = Indian
| office = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Salempur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Salempur]]
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start = 16 May 2014
| term_end = 21 June 2024
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| predecessor = [[Ramashankar Rajbhar]]
| profession = Politician
| spouse = {{marriage|Bindu Devi|1985}}
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/4879
}}
'''Ravindra Kushawaha''' is an Indian politician and former Member of Parliament who represented [[Salempur Lok Sabha constituency]] in [[16th Lok Sabha|16th]] and [[17th Lok Sabha|17th]] lok sabha. He lost to [[Samajwadi Party]] Candidate [[Ramashankar Rajbhar]] in 2024 general elections.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2471.htm?ac=71 |title=Constituencywise-All Candidates |publisher=Eciresults.nic.in |accessdate=2014-05-17 |archive-date=21 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521022444/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2471.htm?ac=71 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/bjp-mp-ravindra-kushwaha-loksabha-water-tanki-not-operational-front-of-house-20-years-2333382|title=UP News: बीजेपी सांसद ने लोकसभा में सुनाया अपना दर्द, कहा- '20 साल से चालू नहीं हुई घर के सामने की पानी टंकी'|website=ABP news|accessdate=26 February 2023|archive-date=26 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226192617/https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/bjp-mp-ravindra-kushwaha-loksabha-water-tanki-not-operational-front-of-house-20-years-2333382|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/ballia/bjp-mp-ravindra-kushwaha-said-swami-prasad-maurya-should-accept-islam-with-his-family-2023-01-27|title=Ballia: BJP सांसद रविंद्र कुशवाहा बोले- सपरिवार इस्लाम स्वीकार कर लें पूर्व मंत्री स्वामी प्रसाद मौर्य|website=Amar Ujala|accessdate=26 February 2023|archive-date=26 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226192756/https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/ballia/bjp-mp-ravindra-kushwaha-said-swami-prasad-maurya-should-accept-islam-with-his-family-2023-01-27|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/4879|title=Ravindra Kushwaha Lok Sabha profile|access-date=9 September 2023|archive-date=9 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909065945/https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/4879|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/ravindra-kushawaha|title=Ravindra Kushwaha|website=india.gov.in|accessdate=8 October 2023}}</ref>

==Life==
Ravindra Kushwaha was born to [[Hari Kewal Prasad]] and Ganesh Devi on 1 December 1962 in a locality called Mahthapar located in Deoria district of Uttar Pradesh. He was educated till [[Higher Secondary Certificate|Intermediate]]. He completed his intermediate education from Gautam Inter College, Pipra. Subsequently, he got involved in social service. On 26 May 1985, he married Bindu Devi. They had a son and a daughter together. Due to his roots from a political family of Uttar Pradesh, he received his first opportunity to contest in [[Lok Sabha]] elections in the year 2014. In May 2014, he was elected to Indian Parliament, Lok Sabha (lower house) on the symbol of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. During his first term as a Member of Parliament he also served as member of Standing Committee on Food, Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution as well as a member of Consultative Committee of Ministry of Railways. On 28 July 2016 he was elected as a Member of Committee on the Welfare of [[Other Backward Classes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4879|title=16th Lok Sabha profile|website=Lok Sabha|access-date=18 September 2023|archive-date=21 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621094044/http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4879|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{16th LS members from Uttar Pradesh}}

==External links==
*[https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/ravindra-kushawaha-36535.html Ravindra Kushwaha]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kushawaha, Ravindra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Ballia district]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Betul Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-12T17:05:34Z

Ilushiktka: Created Some Info W/ Sources

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Betul
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=right|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Madhya Pradesh/Betul.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Betul Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1952
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[Durga Das Uikey]]
| latest_election_year = 2024
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| electors = 18,95,331
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image = Durga Das Uikey 2024 (cropped).jpg
| assembly_cons = [[Multai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Multai]] [[Amla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amla]] [[Betul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Betul]] [[Ghoradongri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ghoradongri]] [[Bhainsdehi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhainsdehi]] [[Timarni (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Timarni]] [[Harda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Harda]] [[Harsud (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Harsud]]
}}
'''Betul''' is one of the 29 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> This constituency is reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Adivasi|Scheduled Tribes]]. It covers the entire [[Betul district|Betul]] and [[Harda district|Harda]] districts and part of [[Khandwa district]].

==Assembly segments==
Like most other Lok Sabha seats in MP and Chhattisgarh, with few seats like Durg (which has nine assembly segments under it) being exceptions, Betul Lok Sabha seat has 8 assembly seats as its segments. Presently, since the delimitation of the parliamentary and legislative assembly constituencies in 2008, Betul Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following eight [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) segments:
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|129
|[[Multai Assembly constituency|Multai]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Betul district|Betul]]
|Chandrashekhar Deshmukh
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|-
|130
|[[Amla Assembly constituency|Amla]] (SC)
|Dr.Yogesh Pandagre
|-
|131
|[[Betul Assembly constituency|Betul]]
|Hemant Khandelwal
|-
|132
|[[Ghoradongri Assembly constituency|Ghoradongri]] (ST)
|Ganga Sanjay Uikey
|-
|133
|[[Bhainsdehi Assembly constituency|Bhainsdehi]] (ST)
|Mahendrasingh Chauhan
|-
|134
|[[Timarni Assembly constituency|Timarni]] (ST)
| rowspan="2" |[[Harda district|Harda]]
|Abhijeet Shah
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|135
|[[Harda Assembly constituency|Harda]]
|Dr.Ram Kishore Dogne
|-
|176
|[[Harsud Assembly constituency|Harsud]] (ST)
|[[Khandwa district|Khandwa]]
|Kunwar Vijay Shah
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|Bhikulal Chandak
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Narendra Kumar Salve]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|Subhash Chandra Ahuja<ref name="election1977">{{cite web |title=General Election, 1977 (Vol I, II) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Gufran Azam]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Aslam Sher Khan]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Arif Beg]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Aslam Sher Khan]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Vijay Kumar Khandelwal|Vijay Khandelwal]]
| rowspan="9" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="9" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<ref name="election1999">{{cite web |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<ref name="election2004">{{cite web |title=General Election 2004 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |access-date=22 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|2008^
|[[Hemant Khandelwal]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<ref name="election2009" />
| rowspan="2" |[[Jyoti Dhurve]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<ref name="election2014" />
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Durga Das Uikey]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|-
|}
^ by poll

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Betul<ref>{{cite web |title=Betul Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/betul-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Parliamentary Constituency 29 - BETUL |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1229.htm |website=ECI}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Durga Das Uikey]]
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes=848236
|percentage=60.76
|change={{up}}1.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Ramu Tekam
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes=468,475
|percentage=33.56
|change={{up}}0.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Arjun Ashok Bhalavi|votes=26,597|percentage=1.91|change={{up}}0.17}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 20,322
|percentage = 1.46
|change = {{decrease}}0.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharat Adivasi Party|candidate=Anil Uikey|votes=10,576 |percentage=0.76|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Independent
|candidate = Bhurelal Chotelal Bethekar
|votes =7,811
|percentage = 0.56
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Independent
|candidate =Bhagcharan Warkade
|votes = 5,968
|percentage = 0.43
|change ={{down}}0.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Gondwana Ganatantra Party|candidate=Suner Uikey|votes=4,186 |percentage=0.30|change={{down}}0.07}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =3,79,761
|percentage =27.20
|change ={{up}}0.67
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =13,96,020
|percentage =73.66
|change ={{down}}4.52
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Betul<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Durga Das Uikey]]|votes=8,11,248|percentage=59.74|change=-1.69}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ramu Tekam|votes=4,51,007|percentage=33.21|change=+3.14}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Ashok Bhalavi|votes=23,573|percentage=1.74|change=+0.17}}

{{Election box majority||votes=3,60,241|percentage=26.53|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=13,58,336|percentage=78.18|change=+13.02}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Betul<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Jyoti Dhurve]]|votes=6,43,651|percentage=61.43|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ajay Shah "Makrai"|votes=3,15,037|percentage=30.07|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Rajesh Sariyam|votes=20,627|percentage=1.97|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Sohan Lal Uikey|votes=16,461|percentage=1.57|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,28,614|percentage=31.36|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,47,719|percentage=65.16|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Betul<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/98-general-election-2009/ |title=General Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Jyoti Dhurve]]|votes=3,34,939|percentage=52.62|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ojharam Evane|votes=2,37,622|percentage=37.33 |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Rama Kakodia|votes=13,586|percentage=2.13 |change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=97,317|percentage=15.29|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=6,36,555|percentage=49.47|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Betul district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Betul district}}
{{coord|21.9|77.9|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Betul district]]
[[Category:Harda district]]

List of taluks of Karnataka

2026-01-05T06:03:28Z

Ilushiktka: minor edit

{{Short description|None}}
{{Update|date=June 2019}}
{{moresources|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
[[File:India Karnataka location map.png|thumb|4 Divisions and 31 Districts of Karnataka]]
Karnataka has about 239 [[taluka|Talukas]]. The table below lists all the talukas in the state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]], by [[Districts of India|district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Government Districts |url=https://karnataka.gov.in/district/en |access-date=3 April 2024 |website=Government Of Karnataka Official Website}}</ref> Each taluka is headed by a [[Tehsildar]] and comprises several hoblis, which are groups of [[Revenue Village|villages]]. These talukas are constituted for land revenue and land administration purposes.

The urban status is listed for the headquarters town of the taluka, rural talukas are much larger. Urban status follows the census standard.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census Data 2001 / Metadata: 24. Abbreviations Used|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Metadata/Metada.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070617234445/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Metadata/Metada.htm|archivedate=17 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Level of each administration.
* [[Municipal corporation (India)|City Corporation (''Mahanagara Palike)'']]
* [[Nagar palika|City Municipal Council (''Nagarasabe)'']]
* [[Municipal council (India)|Town Municipal Council (''Purasabe)'']]
* [[Town Panchayat|Town Panchayat (''Pura Panchayiti)'']]
* [[Gram Panchayat|Village Panchayat (''Grama Panchayiti'')]]

== List of districts with corresponding talukas ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!District
!Taluka
!Urban status of taluka headquarters

|-
| rowspan="9" | 1. [[Bagalkote district|Bagalkote]] || 1. [[Bagalkote]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 2. [[Jamkhandi]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 3. [[Mudhol|Mudhola]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 4. [[Badami]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 5. [[Bilagi]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 6. [[Hunagunda]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 7. [[Ilkal]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 8. [[Rabkavi Banhatti]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 9. [[Guledgudda]] || Town Municipal Council
|- ||10 [[Terdal]]|| Town Municipal Council
| rowspan="5" | 2. [[Bellary District|Ballari]] ||1. [[Ballari]] || City Corporation
|-
| 2. [[Kurugodu]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 3. [[Kampli]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 4. [[Sandur, India|Sanduru]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 5. [[Siraguppa]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| rowspan="15" | 3. [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]] ||1. [[Belgaum|Belagavi]] || City Corporation
|-
|2. [[Athani, Belagavi|Athani]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
|3. [[Bailhongal]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
|4. [[Chikodi|Chikkodi]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
|5. [[Gokak]] ||City Municipal Council
|-
|6. [[Khanapur|Khanapura]] || Town Panchayat
|-
|7. [[Mudalgi]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
|8. [[Nippani]] || City Municipal Council
|-
|9. [[Raybag|Rayabaga]] || Town Panchayat
|-
|10. [[Savadatti]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
|11. [[Ramdurg taluka|Ramadurga]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
|12. [[Kagawad|Kagawada]] || Town Panchayat
|-
|13. [[Hukkeri]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
|14. [[Kitturu]] || Town Panchayat
|-
|15. [[Yargatti]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| rowspan="5" | 4. [[Bangalore Urban district|Bengaluru Urban]]|| 1. [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]|| City Corporation (Part of [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]])
|-
| 2. [[Kengeri]] || City Corporation (Part of [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]])
|-
| 3. [[Krishnarajapuram|Krishnarajapura]] || City Corporation (Part of [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]])
|-
| 4. [[Anekal]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 5. [[Yelahanka]] || City Corporation (Part of [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]])
|-
| rowspan="4" | 5. [[Bengaluru Rural district|Bengaluru Rural]]|| 1. [[Nelamangala]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 2. [[Doddaballapura]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 3. [[Devanahalli]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 4. [[Hosakote]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| rowspan="8" | 6. [[Bidar District|Bidar]]|| 1. [[Aurad Taluka|Aurad]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 2. [[Basavakalyan|Basavakalyana]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 3. [[Bhalki]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 4. [[Bidar]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 5. [[Chitgoppa]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 6. [[Hulsoor|Hulsuru]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 7. [[Humnabad]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 8. [[Kamalnagar|Kamalanagara]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| rowspan="5" | 7. [[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajanagara]] || 1. [[Chamrajnagar|Chamarajanagara]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 2. [[Gundlupete]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 3. [[Kollegal|Kollegala]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 4. [[Yelandur|Yelanduru]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 5. [[Hanur|Hanuru]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| rowspan="8" | 8. [[Chikkaballapur district|Chikkaballapura]] || 1. [[Chikkaballapur|Chikkaballapura]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 2. [[Bagepalli]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 3. [[Chintamani, Karnataka|Chintamani]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 4. [[Gauribidanur|Gauribidanuru]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 5. [[Gudibanda]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 6. [[Sidlaghatta]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 7. [[Chelur|Cheluru]] || Village Panchayat
|-
| 8. [[Manchenahalli]] || Village Panchayat
|-
| rowspan="9" | 9. [[Chikmagalur district|Chikkmagaluru]] || 1. [[Chikkamagaluru]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 2. [[Kaduru]]|| Town Municipal Council
|-
| 3. [[Koppa, India|Koppa]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 4. [[Mudigere]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 5. [[Narasimharajapura]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 6. [[Sringeri]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 7. [[Tarikere]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 8. [[Ajjampura]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 9. [[Kalasa]] || Village Panchayat
|-
| rowspan="6" | 10. [[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]] || 1. [[Chitradurga]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 2. [[Challakere]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 3. [[Hiriyur]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 4. [[Holalkere]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 5. [[Hosdurga|Hosadurga]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 6. [[Molakalmuru]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| rowspan="9" | 11. [[Dakshina Kannada district|Dakshina Kannada]] || 1. [[Mangaluru taluk|Mangaluru]]|| City Corporation
|-
| 2. [[Ullal]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 3. [[Mulki, India|Mulki]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 4. [[Moodbidri]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 5. [[Bantwala]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 6. [[Belthangady taluk|Belathangadi]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 7. [[Puttur taluk|Putturu]]|| City Municipal Council
|-
| 8. [[Sulya]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 9. [[Kadaba]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| rowspan="6" | 12. [[Davanagere district|Davanagere]] || 1. [[Davanagere]] || City Corporation
|-
| 2. [[Harihara]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 3. [[Channagiri]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 4. [[Honnali]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 5. [[Nyamathi]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 6. [[Jagalur|Jagaluru]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| rowspan="8" | 13. [[Dharwad district|Dharwad]] || 1. [[Kalghatgi]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 2. [[Dharwad]] || City Corporation (Part of [[Hubballi-Dharwad Mahanagara Palike]])
|-
| 3. [[Hubballi]] (Rural) || City Corporation (Part of [[Hubballi-Dharwad Mahanagara Palike]])
|-
| 4. [[Hubballi]] (Urban) || City Corporation (Part of [[Hubballi-Dharwad Mahanagara Palike]])
|-
| 5. [[Kundgol|Kundagolu]]|| Town Municipal Council
|-
| 6. [[Navalgund|Navalgunda]]|| Town Municipal Council
|-
| 7. [[Alnavar|Alnavara]]|| Town Panchayat
|-
| 8. [[Annigeri]]|| Town Panchayat
|-
| rowspan="7" | 14. [[Gadag district|Gadag]] || 1. [[Gadag]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 2. [[Naragund|Naragunda]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 3. [[Mundaragi]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 4. [[Ron, Karnataka|Rona]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 5. [[Gajendragada]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 6. [[Lakshmeshwara]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 7. [[Shirahatti]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| rowspan="8" | 15. [[Hassan district|Hassan]] || 1. [[Hassan, India|Hassan]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 2. [[Arsikere|Arasikere]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 3. [[Channarayapattana]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 4. [[Holenarsipura]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 5. [[Sakleshpura]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 6. [[Alur, Hassan|Aluru]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 7. [[Arakalagudu]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 8. [[Belur, Karnataka|Beluru]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| rowspan="8" | 16. [[Haveri district|Haveri]] || 1. [[Ranibennur]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 2. [[Byadgi]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 3. [[Hangal|Hangala]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 4. [[Haveri]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 5. [[Savanur|Savanuru]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 6. [[Hirekerur|Hirekeruru]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 7. [[Shiggaon|Shiggavi]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 8. [[Rattihalli]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| rowspan="11" | 17. [[Gulbarga district|Kalaburagi]] || 1. [[Gulbarga|Kalaburagi]] || City Corporation
|-
| 2. [[Afzalpur|Afzalpura]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 3. [[Aland, Karnataka|Alanda]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 4. [[Chincholi]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 5. [[Chitapur|Chitapura]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 6. [[Jevargi]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 7. [[Sedam]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 8. [[Kamalapura, Gulbarga|Kamalapura]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 9. [[Shahabad, Gulbarga|Shahabad]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 10. [[Kalgi]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 11. [[Yedrami]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| rowspan="5" | 18. [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]]
|| 1. [[Madikeri]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 2. [[Somwarpet|Somawarapete]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 3. [[Virajpet|Virajapete]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 4. [[Ponnampet|Ponnammapete]] || Village Panchayat
|-
| 5. [[Kushalnagar|Kushalnagara]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| rowspan="6" | 19. [[Kolar District|Kolar]]
|| 1. [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 2. [[Bangarpet|Bangarapete]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 3. [[Malur|Maluru]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 4. [[Mulbagal|Mulabagilu]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 5. [[Srinivasapura]] || Town Municipal council
|-
| 6. [[Kolar Gold Fields]] ([[Robertsonpet|Robertsonpete]]) || Town Municipal Council
|-
| rowspan="7" | 20. [[Koppal District|Koppala]] || 1. [[Koppala]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 2. [[Gangawati|Gangavathi]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 3. [[Kushtagi]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 4. [[Yelbarga|Yelaburga]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 5. [[Kanakagiri]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 6. [[Karatagi]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 7. [[Kukanoor|Kukanuru]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| rowspan="7" | 21. [[Mandya district|Mandya]] || 1. [[Mandya]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 2. [[Maddur, Mandya|Madduru]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 3. [[Malavalli]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 4. [[Srirangapattana]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 5. [[Krishnarajpet|Krishnarajapete]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 6. [[Nagamangala]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 7. [[Pandavapura]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| rowspan="9" | 22. [[Mysuru district|Mysuru]] || 1. [[Mysuru]] || City Corporation
|-
| 2. [[Hunsur|Hunasuru]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 3. [[Krishnarajanagara]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 4. [[Nanjanagud|Nanjanagodu]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 5. [[Heggadadevanakote]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 6. [[Piriyapatna|Piriyapattana]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 7. [[Tirumakudalu Narasipura]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 8. [[Saragur|Saraguru]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 9. [[Saligrama, Mysore|Saligrama]] || Village Panchayat
|-
| rowspan="8" | 23. [[Raichur district|Raichuru]]
|| 1. [[Raichur|Raichuru]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 2. [[Sindhnur|Sindhanuru]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 3. [[Manvi]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 4. [[Devadurga, India|Devadurga]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 5. [[Lingsugur|Lingasaguru]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 6. [[Mudgal]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 7. [[Maski]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 8. [[Sirwar|Sirawara]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| rowspan="5" | 24. [[Ramanagara District|Ramanagara]] || 1. [[Ramanagara]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 2. [[Magadi]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 3. [[Kanakapura]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 4. [[Channapatna|Channapattana]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 5. [[Harohalli]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| rowspan="7" | 25. [[Shivamogga district|Shivamogga]] ||1. [[Shivamogga]] || City Corporation
|-
| 2. [[Sagara, Karnataka|Sagara]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 3. [[Bhadravati, Karnataka|Bhadravathi]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 4. [[Hosanagara]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 5. [[Shikaripura]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 6. [[Soraba]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 7. [[Tirthahalli]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| rowspan="10" | 26. [[Tumkuru district|Tumakuru]] ||1. [[Tumkuru|Tumakuru]] || City Corporation
|-
|2. [[Chikkanayakanahalli]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
|3. [[Kunigal]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
|4. [[Madhugiri]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
|5. [[Sira, India|Sira]] || City Municipal Council
|-
|6. [[Tiptur|Tipturu]] || City Municipal Council
|-
|7. [[Gubbi]] || Town Panchayat
|-
|8. [[Koratagere]] || Town Panchayat
|-
|9. [[Pavagada]] || Town Panchayat
|-
|10. [[Turuvekere]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| rowspan="7" | 27. [[Udupi district|Udupi]]
||1. [[Udupi]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 2. [[Kapu, Karnataka|Kapu]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 3. [[Byndoor|Bynduru]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 4. [[Karkala]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 5. [[Kundapura]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 6. [[Hebri]] || Village Panchayat
|-
| 7. [[Brahmavara]] || Village Panchayat
|-
| rowspan="12" | 28. [[Uttara Kannada district|Uttara Kannada]] || 1.[[Karwar|Karwara]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 2. [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 3. [[Joida]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 4. [[Dandeli]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 5. [[Bhatkal]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 6. [[Kumta]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 7. [[Ankola]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 8. [[Haliyal]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 9. [[Honnavar|Honnavara]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 10. [[Mundgod|Mundagodu]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 11. [[Siddapura, Uttara Kannada|Siddapura]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 12. [[Yellapur|Yellapura]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| rowspan="13" | 29.[[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Vijayapura]] || 1.[[Bijapur|Vijayapura]] || City Corporation
|-
| 2. [[Indi, Karnataka|Indi]] ||City Municipal Council
|-
|3. [[Basavana Bagewadi]]|| Town Municipal Council
|-
|4. [[Sindgi]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 5. [[Muddebihal|Muddebihala]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 6. [[Talikote]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 7. [[Devara Hipparagi]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 8. [[Chadchan|Chadchana]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 9. [[Tikota|Tikote]] || Village Panchayat
|-
| 10. [[Babaleshwar|Babaleshwara]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 11. [[Kolhar, Bijapur|Kolhara]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 12. [[Nidagundi]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 13. [[Almel|Alamela]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| rowspan="6"| 30. [[Yadgir district|Yadagiri]] ||1. [[Yadgir|Yadagiri]] || City Municipal Council
|-
|2. [[Shahpur, Karnataka|Shahapura]] || City Municipal Council
|-
|3. [[Shorapur|Surapura]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 4. [[Gurmitkal|Gurmitkala]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 5. [[Vadagera]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| 6. [[Hunsagi]] || Town Panchayat
|-
| rowspan="6"| 31. [[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara]]
||1. [[Hospet|Hosapete]] || City Municipal Council
|-
| 2. [[Hagaribommanahalli]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 3. [[Harpanahalli|Harapanahalli]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 4. [[Hoovina Hadagali]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 5. [[Kudligi]] || Town Municipal Council
|-
| 6. [[Kotturu, Karnataka|Kotturu]] || Town Panchayat
|}

==References==
[https://kalaburagi.nic.in/en/about-district/]
{{Reflist|refs=https://kalaburagi.nic.in/en/about-district/}}
{{Karnataka topics}}

[[Category:Taluks of Karnataka| ]]
[[Category:Lists of subdistricts in India|Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka-related lists|taluk]]

Sharanabasappa Appaji

2026-01-04T16:46:08Z

Ilushiktka: added a data with sources

{{Short description|Indian philosopher (1935–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sharanabasappa Appaji
| image = Sharanabaswappa_Appaji.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1935|11|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kalaburagi]], Karnataka, India
| death_date = {{Death date|2025|08|14|df=y}}<ref name="TH">{{cite web |title=Sharanabaswappa Appa passes away at 91 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/sharanabaswappa-appa-passes-away-at-91/article69934103.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=14 August 2025}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Karnataka]]
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Educationist]], [[chancellor]]
| years_active =
| known_for =
| awards = [[Rajyotsava Award]]
| notable_works =
}}

'''Poojya Sharanabasappa Appaji''' (14 November 1935 – 14 August 2025) was an Indian philosopher, educationist, and social worker. He was the founder and chancellor of [[Sharnbasva University]], Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sharnbasva University |url=https://sharnbasvauniversity.edu.in/c.php |website=sharnbasvauniversity.edu.in}}</ref> He was the 8th Peetadhipathi of the [[Sharana Basaveshwara Temple|Sharanabasaveshwara Sansthan Kalaburagi]].<ref name="TH" />

==Sharanabasaveshwar Samsthan==
Appaji was the 8th Peetadhipathi of the Sharanabasaveshwara Sansthan Kalaburagi. After the death of Appaji, his son Doddappa Appa was crowned as the 9th Peetadhipati of Sharanabasaveshwar Samsthan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Five-year-old Doddappa Appa crowned as ninth Peetadhipati of Sharanabasaveshwar Samsthan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/five-year-old-doddappa-appa-crowned-as-ninth-peetadhipati-of-sharanabasaveshwar-samsthan/article38393226.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=7 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="jatra">{{cite web |title=Kalaburagi Sharana Basaveshwara Matha: 5ರ ಬಾಲಕಗೆ ಶರಣ ಬಸವ ಪೀಠದ ಪಟ್ಟಾಧಿಕಾರ |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/gallery/karnataka-districts/5-years-old-boy-doddappa-appaji-is-now-successor-to-sharana-basaveshwara-matha-grg-r6z5fd#image1}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
Sharanbasappa Appa devoted his life to enhancing educational possibilities for the disadvantaged, establishing the Samsthana as a prominent center of learning.<ref name="DC">{{cite web |title=Karnataka Govt Gives Full State Honours to Dr. Sharnbaswappa Appaji |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/karnataka/karnataka-govt-gives-full-state-honours-to-dr-sharnbaswappa-appaji-1897787 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en |date=16 August 2025}}</ref>

He established many educational institutions, such as "Sharnbasveshwar College of Science, Kalaburagi" and "Godutai Doddappa Appa Women's college Gulbarga" in the region and has made significant contributions to the field of education.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poojya Dr. Sharnbaswappa Appa |url=https://godutaidegree.org/PresidentPage.aspx |website=godutaidegree.org}}</ref> In Karnataka, he has created schools for engineering, women's education, and degree programs, benefiting both students and those in need.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kharge meets family members of Peetadhipathi Dr Sharanabasappa Appa who passed away recently in Kalaburagi - Public TV English |url=https://english.publictv.in/kharge-meets-family-members-of-peetadhipathi-dr-sharanabasappa-appa-who-passed-away-recently-in-kalaburagi |website=Publictv.in |date=7 September 2025}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
On 15 August 2025, the Karnataka government bestowed full state honors upon Appaji.<ref name="DC"/>

==Awards and honors==
* In 1988, [[Government of Karnataka]] felicitated the [[List of Rajyotsava Award recipients (1981–1990)|Rajyotsava Award]] to Appaji<ref>{{cite web|url=https://karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State%20Awards/Rajyotsava+Awards/en|title=Rajyotsava Awards|work=karnataka.gov.in}}</ref>

==Illness and death==
Appaji died on 14 August 2025 in [[Kalaburagi]]. He had been suffering from a prolonged age-related illness.<ref name="TH"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Appaji, Sharanabasappa}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kalaburagi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Karnataka academics]]
[[Category:Rajyotsava Award]]

Ghurghutiyar Ghatona

2025-12-11T09:06:31Z

Ilushiktka: creating first article needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2016}}
{{Short description|Crime thriller short stories by Satyajit Ray}}
{{Infobox book 
| name = Ghurghutiar Ghotona (The Locked Chest)
| image = Ghurghutiyar Ghatona.jpg
| author = [[Satyajit Ray]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ray|first1=Satyajit|title=Complete Adventures of Feluda|date=1 February 2005|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=9780143032786}}</ref>
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| cover_artist = Satyajit Ray
| genre = [[Detective fiction]]
| publisher = [[Ananda Publishers]]
| release_date = 1975
| media_type = Print
| pages =
| isbn =
| preceded_by = [[Joi Baba Felunath (novel)|Joi Baba Felunath]]
| followed_by = [[Bombaiyer Bombete (film)|Bombaiyer Bombete]]
}}
'''Ghurghutiyar Ghatona''' is one of the [[crime thriller]] [[Short story|short stories]] written by the [[Academy Award]]-winning filmmaker and author [[Satyajit Ray]], featuring the popular Bengali sleuth [[Feluda]]. This is the twelfth Feluda story overall and is a part of the second 12-story collections of Ray "Aro Ek Dojon". It is one of the few Feluda stories which does not feature [[Jatayu (Lal Mohan Ganguly)|Lalmohan Ganguly]] (Jatayu).

== Plot ==
An old man named Kalikinkar Majumdar of Ghurghutia village near [[Palashi]] invites [[Feluda]] to his house to solve a puzzle. After some thinking, Feluda accepts the invitation.

A few days later, Feluda and his cousin Tapesh {{aka}} Topshe find themselves on the way towards [[Plassey|Palashi]]. After arriving there, they meet with Kalikinkar's driver who takes the duo to Ghurghutiya. The house turns out to be in the middle of a big garden out in the rural areas of Palashi. Due to the absence of [[electricity]], the entire house is dark, with [[lanterns]] kept here and there. The duo meet with Kalikinkar who turns out to be a 73-year-old bedridden man. After some initial conversation, Kalikinkar calls his servant Gokul to bring his pet [[parrot]]. The pet parrot knows a riddle:''Trinayan, hey Trinayan, take some rest''. Kalikinkar tasks Feluda with solving the riddle, which is apparently the combination used to open the iron chest which Kalikinkar has. Kalikinkar promises to give four rare books of [[Émile Gaboriau]] as reward if Feluda succeeds in solving the riddle. During this time, the duo meet another person named Rajen/Rajenbabu who looked after Kalikinkar's business activities, but his work is now reduced to buying books for Kalikinkar as Kalikinkar himself can't go out, as he has already survived a stroke.

Later that evening, the duo meet with Kalikinkar's son, Biswanath Majumdar. The three of them go to the dining hall to have dinner, during which Biswanath tells that he comes to Ghurghutiya for only a few days as he can't keep his business stalled for long. After dinner, the duo go to sleep. Feluda then deduces the meaning of the riddle said by the parrot. Using an old technique created and used by the British people during the [[British Raj]] in India, both Feluda and Topshe deduce the riddle:''Trinayan, hey Trinayan, take some rest'' actually means: 39-0-39 8-2-0. The relieved Feluda now goes to sleep.

The next morning, after having tea, the duo meet with Kalikinkar, tell him the answer of the riddle, take Gaboriau's four books and leave the place. On the way, they learn that Biswanath has left early in the morning. The moment the duo arrive in the station, Feluda smells something fishy; he immediately goes to the local police station and with the police they return to Ghurghutiya. After arriving there, they come across a new car, which is undoubtedly Biswanath's car, thus revealing that Biswanath hasn't yet left the place. They find Kalikinkar gone, the iron chest open and empty and Gokul sobbing deeply. Feluda interrogates Gokul, while the police chase Biswanath. It's finally revealed that Kalikinkar is actually dead; Biswanath himself killed Kalikinkar during a heated argument and then, with his driver's help, disposed of his corpse in the lake behind the house. Gokul was forced to follow their orders in order to survive. It's also revealed that Rajenbabu is dead for two years.

After finally catching Biswanath, it's revealed that Biswanath (who is a failed actor) played the roles of three men: Kalikinkar, Rajenbabu and himself. The large house and the absence of electricity helped Biswanath to maintain this pretence. He actually wanted his father's wealth which was in the iron chest, but due to the fact that Kalikinkar never disclosed the combination number to him and that Kalikinkar had already invited Feluda to the house before being killed, Biswanath saw this as an opportunity to use his old make-up and acting skills to obtain the combination number from Feluda to steal the money. After explaining everything, Feluda pulls out the four books of Gaboriau and orders Topshe to keep them back in Kalikinkar's bookshelf as he has no wish of taking [[books]] from a dead man's collection. While returning the books, Topshe sees the [[parrot]] continuously saying the riddle to itself: ''Trinayan, hey Trinayan, take some rest''. The story ends here.

== Other media ==
Ghurghutiyar Ghatona was filmed by [[Sandip Ray]] in 1999 as ''Satyajiter Goppo''. [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]], [[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] and Nimai Ghosh played the lead roles.<ref>{{Citation|last=Ray|first=Sandip|title=Ghurghutiar Ghotona – IV|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9686832/|type=Action, Adventure, Crime, Mystery, Thriller|others=Sabyasachi Chakrabarty, Saswata Chatterjee, Kharaj Mukherjee, Nimai Ghosh|access-date=2020-12-06}}</ref>
In 2017, [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] directed a webseries titled "Feluda", which consisted of three seasons. The second season was a modern adaption of Ghurghutiyar Ghotona, and consisted of 4 episodes. Except for modernizing it, it also changed the story a lot, resulting in a new different story. In this adaption, Kalikinkar Majumdar (Biplab Dasgupta) is a scientist, who has made an invention, and Gokul ([[Sujan Mukherjee (actor)|Sujan Mukherjee]], secondary antagonist of this adaption, and the assistant of Biswanath Majumdar (Shatabdi Wadud), the main antagonist) and Rajen (Biplab Dasgupta) are his assistants. [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] plays Feluda and [[Riddhi Sen]] plays Topshe.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Feluda}}

[[Category:Short stories by Satyajit Ray]]
[[Category:1975 short stories]]
[[Category:Indian short stories adapted into films]]

Kesari bat

2025-11-29T05:05:07Z

Ilushiktka:

{{Short description|Sweet Indian food}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Kesari bath
| image = kEsari baat.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = ''Kesari bath'' with cashews
| alternate_name = ಕೇಸರಿ ಬಾತ್, ரவா கேசரி, రవ్వ కేసరి, रवा केसरी बाथ, റവ കേസരി
| country = [[India]]
| region = [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| creator =
| course = Breakfast in [[Karnataka]], [[Tondaimandalam|northern Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]]; dessert in other places
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Semolina]], [[sugar]], [[ghee]]
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}
'''''Kesari bath''''' or '''''kesari baat''''' ({{langx|kn|ಕೇಸರಿ ಬಾತ್}}) is a South Indian dessert. The classic ingredients used for its preparation are semolina, sugar, ghee (usually), water, and milk. The sweet is more commonly known as jonnadula halwa in certain parts of northern India.

The precise composition of ''kesari bath'' varies regionally depending on the availability of ingredients. The dish might be prepared with pineapple,<ref name=Pineapple>{{cite web|title=Pineapple Kesari Bath|url=http://www.monsoonspice.com/2011/10/pineapple-kesari-bhathsuji-ka-halwa.html|accessdate=13 January 2013}}</ref> banana, mango, coconut,<ref name=Coconut>{{cite web|title=Coconut Kesari Bath|url=https://thecuisine.blogspot.com/2011/07/kobbari-ravva-kesari-coconut-kesari.html|accessdate=13 January 2013}}</ref> or rice.<ref name=Rice>{{cite web|title=Rice Kesari Bath|url=http://vanilohith.blogspot.in/2012/06/rice-kesaribath-for-blog-anniversary.html|accessdate=13 January 2013}}</ref>

Claims to the origin of the dish are made by [[Karnataka]]. The dish is common in the [[cuisine of Karnataka]] as well as of multiple regions in South India and is a popular dish during festivals such as [[Ugadi]]. The word ''kesari'' in multiple Indian languages refers to the spice [[saffron]], which creates the dish's saffron-orange-yellow-colored tinge.<ref name=Rice /> Though it is a sweet dish, in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]], it is prepared not only as a dessert but also for normal breakfasts. It is also served with ''[[uppittu|upma]]'', ''rava khichdi'' or ''khara bath'', and a serving of both dishes on one plate is popularly called "chow chow ''bath''".

In [[North India]], it is served as a sweet dish called ''[[Suji ka Halwa|suji halwa]]'', ''suji'' being the Hindi word for semolina or rava. It uses similar ingredients to ''kesari baat'' such as ghee, sugar, semolina and water. Nuts and raisins are often added, and sometimes saffron may also be added. This dish is ideally, and most commonly, served hot.

== History ==
The dish is listed as ''shali-anna'' in ''[[Manasollasa]]'', a 12th-century work by the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]] king [[Someshvara III]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/IndianFoodTraditionAHistoricalCompanionAchayaK.T./Indian%20Food%20Tradition%20A%20Historical%20Companion%20Achaya%20K.T._djvu.txt|title=Full text of "Indian Food Tradition A Historical Companion Achaya K. T."|website=archive.org|access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref>
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
Chow chow bath ( khara bath & kesari bath ).jpg|Chow chow ''bath'', a common breakfast in [[Karnataka]], consists of one serving of the spicy ''khara bat'' and another of a sweet ''kesari bath''.
Kesari_Bath_(5832083727).jpg|''Kesari bath'' is traditionally served on a banana leaf in southern India.
File:Kesari Bhath.jpg|Typical Karnataka-style lemon-coloured ''kesari bhath'' with cashew nuts
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Kesari}}

[[Category:Indian desserts]]
[[Category:Karnataka cuisine]]

2006 Sony Ericsson Bangalore Open – Doubles

2025-11-28T18:12:51Z

Ilushiktka: Put Up Initial Info Needs Work.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Tennis events|2006|Sony Ericsson Bangalore Open|s
| defchamp =
| champ = {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Liezel Huber]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Mirza]]
| runner = {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Anastasia Rodionova]] {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Elena Vesnina]]
| score = 6–3, 6–3
| draw = 16
| seeds = 4
| edition =
| type = singles doubles
| after_name = Sony Ericsson International
| before_name = AP Tourism Hyderabad Open
| main_name = WTA Indian Open
}}

{{main|2006 Sony Ericsson Bangalore Open}}

[[Yan Zi (tennis)|Yan Zi]] and [[Zheng Jie]] were the defending champions, but chose not to participate that year.

In the final, [[Liezel Huber]] and [[Sania Mirza]] defeated [[Anastasia Rodionova]] and [[Elena Vesnina]] 6–3, 6–3 to win their title.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/tournaments/women%27s-tournament/info.aspx?tournamentid=1100013734 |title=ITF Draw |access-date=26 May 2022 |archive-date=5 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405023107/http://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/tournaments/women%27s-tournament/info.aspx?tournamentid=1100013734 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Seeds==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Nicole Pratt]] / {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Mara Santangelo]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|RSA}} '''[[Liezel Huber]]''' / {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Sania Mirza]] (champions)'''
# {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Mariya Koryttseva]] / {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Shahar Pe'er]] ''(semifinals)''
# {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Anastasia Rodionova]] / {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Elena Vesnina]] ''(final)''
}}

==Draw==
{{Draw key}}

{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3-Byes
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Quarterfinals
| RD3=Semifinals
| RD4=Final
| RD1-seed01=1
| RD1-team01={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Nicole Pratt|N Pratt]] {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Mara Santangelo|M Santangelo]]
| RD1-score01-1=4
| RD1-score01-2=5
| RD1-score01-3= 
| RD1-seed02=Q
| RD1-team02={{flagicon|HUN}} '''[[Melinda Czink|M Czink]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Vania King|V King]]'''
| RD1-score02-1='''6'''
| RD1-score02-2='''7'''
| RD1-score02-3= 
| RD1-seed03= 
| RD1-team03='''{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Ivana Abramović|I Abramović]] {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Maria Abramović|M Abramović]]'''
| RD1-score03-1='''6'''
| RD1-score03-2='''6'''
| RD1-score03-3= 
| RD1-seed04= 
| RD1-team04={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Ryoko Fuda|R Fuda]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Seiko Okamoto|S Okamoto]]
| RD1-score04-1=4
| RD1-score04-2=3
| RD1-score04-3= 
| RD1-seed05= 
| RD1-team05={{flagicon|UKR}} [[Yuliana Fedak|Y Fedak]] {{flagicon|BLR}} [[Tatiana Poutchek|T Poutchek]]
| RD1-score05-1=3
| RD1-score05-2=4
| RD1-score05-3= 
| RD1-seed06=4
| RD1-team06='''{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Anastasia Rodionova|A Rodionova]] {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Elena Vesnina|E Vesnina]]'''
| RD1-score06-1='''6'''
| RD1-score06-2='''6'''
| RD1-score06-3= 
| RD1-seed07= 
| RD1-team07={{flagicon|CZE}} [[Eva Hrdinová|E Hrdinová]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Aiko Nakamura|A Nakamura]]
| RD1-score07-1='''6'''
| RD1-score07-2=1
| RD1-score07-3=1
| RD1-seed08= 
| RD1-team08='''{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Alona Bondarenko|A Bondarenko]] {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Kateryna Bondarenko|K Bondarenko]]'''
| RD1-score08-1=4
| RD1-score08-2='''6'''
| RD1-score08-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed09= 
| RD1-team09={{flagicon|UZB}} [[Akgul Amanmuradova|A Amanmuradova]] {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Julia Vorobieva (tennis)|J Vorobieva]]
| RD1-score09-1=67
| RD1-score09-2='''7'''
| RD1-score09-3=2
| RD1-seed10= 
| RD1-team10='''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsieh Su-wei|S-w Hsieh]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Tamarine Tanasugarn|T Tanasugarn]]'''
| RD1-score10-1='''79'''
| RD1-score10-2=5
| RD1-score10-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed11=3
| RD1-team11={{flagicon|UKR}} '''[[Mariya Koryttseva|M Koryttseva]] {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Shahar Pe'er|S Pe'er]]'''
| RD1-score11-1='''6'''
| RD1-score11-2='''6'''
| RD1-score11-3= 
| RD1-seed12= 
| RD1-team12={{flagicon|BLR}} [[Ekaterina Dzehalevich|E Dzehalevich]] {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Kyra Nagy|K Nagy]]
| RD1-score12-1=4
| RD1-score12-2=2
| RD1-score12-3= 
| RD1-seed13=WC
| RD1-team13={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankita Bhambri|A Bhambri]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rushmi Chakravarthi|R Chakravarthi]]
| RD1-score13-1=2
| RD1-score13-2=2
| RD1-score13-3= 
| RD1-seed14= 
| RD1-team14={{flagicon|GER}} '''[[Martina Müller (tennis)|M Müller]] {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Silvija Talaja|S Talaja]]'''
| RD1-score14-1='''6'''
| RD1-score14-2='''6'''
| RD1-score14-3= 
| RD1-seed15= 
| RD1-team15={{flagicon|ISR}} [[Tzipora Obziler|T Obziler]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Angelique Widjaja|A Widjaja]]
| RD1-score15-1=4
| RD1-score15-2=4
| RD1-score15-3= 
| RD1-seed16=2
| RD1-team16='''{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Liezel Huber|L Huber]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Mirza|S Mirza]]'''
| RD1-score16-1='''6'''
| RD1-score16-2='''6'''
| RD1-score16-3= 
| RD2-seed01=Q
| RD2-team01='''{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Melinda Czink|M Czink]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Vania King|V King]]'''
| RD2-score01-1=4
| RD2-score01-2='''6'''
| RD2-score01-3='''6'''
| RD2-seed02= 
| RD2-team02={{flagicon|CRO}} [[Ivana Abramović|I Abramović]] {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Maria Abramović|M Abramović]]
| RD2-score02-1='''6'''
| RD2-score02-2=3
| RD2-score02-3=2
| RD2-seed03=4
| RD2-team03='''{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Anastasia Rodionova|A Rodionova]] {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Elena Vesnina|E Vesnina]]'''
| RD2-score03-1='''7'''
| RD2-score03-2='''6'''
| RD2-score03-3= 
| RD2-seed04= 
| RD2-team04={{flagicon|UKR}} [[Alona Bondarenko|A Bondarenko]] {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Kateryna Bondarenko|K Bondarenko]]
| RD2-score04-1=5
| RD2-score04-2=3
| RD2-score04-3= 
| RD2-seed05= 
| RD2-team05={{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsieh Su-wei|S-w Hsieh]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Tamarine Tanasugarn|T Tanasugarn]]
| RD2-score05-1=3
| RD2-score05-2=1
| RD2-score05-3= 
| RD2-seed06=3
| RD2-team06={{flagicon|UKR}} '''[[Mariya Koryttseva|M Koryttseva]] {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Shahar Pe'er|S Pe'er]]'''
| RD2-score06-1='''6'''
| RD2-score06-2='''6'''
| RD2-score06-3= 
| RD2-seed07= 
| RD2-team07={{flagicon|GER}} [[Martina Müller (tennis)|M Müller]] {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Silvija Talaja|S Talaja]]
| RD2-score07-1=68
| RD2-score07-2='''6'''
| RD2-score07-3=4
| RD2-seed08=2
| RD2-team08='''{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Liezel Huber|L Huber]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Mirza|S Mirza]]'''
| RD2-score08-1='''710'''
| RD2-score08-2=2
| RD2-score08-3='''6'''
| RD3-seed01=Q
| RD3-team01={{flagicon|HUN}} [[Melinda Czink|M Czink]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Vania King|V King]]
| RD3-score01-1=5
| RD3-score01-2=r
| RD3-score01-3= 
| RD3-seed02=4
| RD3-team02='''{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Anastasia Rodionova|A Rodionova]] {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Elena Vesnina|E Vesnina]]'''
| RD3-score02-1='''7'''
| RD3-score02-2= 
| RD3-score02-3= 
| RD3-seed03=3
| RD3-team03={{flagicon|UKR}} [[Mariya Koryttseva|M Koryttseva]] {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Shahar Pe'er|S Pe'er]]
| RD3-score03-1=5
| RD3-score03-2='''78'''
| RD3-score03-3=4
| RD3-seed04=2
| RD3-team04='''{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Liezel Huber|L Huber]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Mirza|S Mirza]]'''
| RD3-score04-1='''7'''
| RD3-score04-2=66
| RD3-score04-3='''6'''
| RD4-seed01=4
| RD4-team01={{flagicon|RUS}} [[Anastasia Rodionova|A Rodionova]] {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Elena Vesnina|E Vesnina]]
| RD4-score01-1=3
| RD4-score01-2=3
| RD4-score01-3= 
| RD4-seed02=2
| RD4-team02='''{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Liezel Huber|L Huber]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Mirza|S Mirza]]'''
| RD4-score02-1='''6'''
| RD4-score02-2='''6'''
| RD4-score02-3= 
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{2006 WTA Tour}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:2006 Sony Ericsson Bangalore Open - Doubles}}
[[Category:2006 WTA Tour]]
[[Category:Bangalore Open]]

Darjeeling Gold Cup

2025-10-30T22:23:09Z

Ilushiktka:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox football tournament
|logo=
|organiser=Darjeeling Gorkha Hills Sports Association
|founded={{Start date and age|1975}}
|abolished=
|region=India
|number of teams=13
|current=
|current champions=[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal (II)]] (5th title)
|most successful team=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] (5 titles)
}}

'''All India Darjeeling Gold Cup''', also known as '''All India Brigade of Gorkha's Gold Cup Football Tournament''', or simply '''GTA Chairman's Gold Cup''', is an Indian [[association football|football]] tournament held in [[Darjeeling]] and organized by the Indian Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Sports Association (DGHSA). The tournament debuted in 1975.<ref>{{Cite web|last=kishanharijan|date=2021-09-26|title=The Legacy of Sports in the Darjeeling hills|url=https://darjeelingheritage.com/the-legacy-of-sports-in-the-darjeeling-hills/|access-date=2022-01-01|website=darjeelingheritage|language=en-US|archive-date=1 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101140426/https://darjeelingheritage.com/the-legacy-of-sports-in-the-darjeeling-hills/|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from some top clubs from the [[Calcutta Football League]], clubs from other Indian states also participated in the tournament. All matches are held at [[Gorkha Stadium]] in Darjeeling.

==Results==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+List of Darjeeling Gold Cup finals
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Winners
! scope="col" |Score
! scope="col" |Runners-up
! scope="col" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|1975
| '''[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]'''
| –
|
|
|-
|1976
| colspan="3" | '''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]''' and '''[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]''' (joint winners)
|
|-
|1977
| '''[[George Telegraph SC|George Telegraph]]'''
| –
|
|
|-
|1978
| colspan="3" | '''[[Eastern Railway FC|Eastern Railway]]''' and '''Premier Tyres (Kochi)''' (joint winners)
|
|-
|1979
| '''[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]'''
| –
|
|
|-
|1980
| '''[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF Jalandhar]]'''
| –
|
|
|-
|1981
| '''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]'''
| 3–2
|[[Mohun Bagan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Emotional homecoming for East Bengal legend Majid 'Badsha' Beshkar|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/football-east-bengal-centenary-celebrations-majid-bishkar-returns-kolkata-jamshed-nasiri-mohun-bagan-bhaskar-ganguly-mohammedan/article29037120.ece?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAAR3Pbl1udkUK2o-aPBC_irzzPjsKM_RBYR7jKrmPrCa1Z_2hWH4tsIZJTd0_aem_ARhE-EgsorzqCO8s3C0dBWsKDdlaGKlIcqYfJMmCF5k6n4rm8WoNJHv39mS5uBV5KAZnwrqa-LsbkkWAM6i0u7nP|date=13 August 2019|publisher=Sportstar}}</ref>
|-
|1982
| colspan="3" | '''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]''' and '''[[Mohun Bagan]]''' (joint winners)
|
|-
|1983
| {{flagicon|Nepal}} '''[[Nepal national football B team|Nepal XI]]'''
| –
|
|
|-
|1984
| '''[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]'''
| –
|
|
|-
|1985
| '''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]'''
| –
|
|
|-
|2010
| '''[[Army Red football team|Army XI]]'''
| 2–0
| [[Southern Samity]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Club Diaries|url=https://southernsamityfc.in/gallery.html|access-date=6 November 2022|website=Southern Samity|archive-date=5 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105220159/https://southernsamityfc.in/gallery.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2011
| '''[[Tata Football Academy]]'''
| –
| [[United Sikkim FC|United Sikkim]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kolkatafootball.com, 14th darjeeling gold cup 2014|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/darjeeling_gold_cup2014/index.html|access-date=2022-01-01|website=www.kolkatafootball.com|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125174037/https://kolkatafootball.com/darjeeling_gold_cup2014/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2014
| '''[[ONGC FC|ONGC]]'''
| 5–0
| [[Dalhousie AC|Dalhousie]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 March 2014|title=ONGC wins over Dalhousie Athletic Club of Kolkata|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/ongc-wins-over-dalhousie-athletic-club-of-kolkata-43532.html|access-date=1 January 2022|website=thestatesman.com|publisher=[[The Statesman (India)]]|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101140421/https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/ongc-wins-over-dalhousie-athletic-club-of-kolkata-43532.html|archive-date=1 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2018
| '''[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal (II)]]'''
| 0–0, {{pso|3–1}}
| [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|<ref name="ebr" >{{Cite web|last=Dey|first=Sayak Dipta|title=East Bengal Reserves crowned Champions of GTA Chairman's Gold Cup : A Rewind|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/east-bengal-reserves-crowned-champions-of-gta-chairman-s-gold-cup-a-rewind|access-date=2022-01-01|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en-us|archive-date=14 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114131647/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/east-bengal-reserves-crowned-champions-of-gta-chairman-s-gold-cup-a-rewind|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==References==
<references />

{{Football in India}}
{{Football in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Football cup competitions in India]]
[[Category:Football in Darjeeling]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1975]]

List of Marathi films of 1929

2025-10-23T17:36:42Z

Ilushiktka: general updated lead based on references

{{Short description|None}}
{{Marathi films}}
{{moresources|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
A list of films produced by the Marathi language film industry based in [[Maharashtra]] in the year 1929.

==1929 Releases==
A list of Marathi films released in 1929.

{| class ="wikitable sortable collapsible"
! Year
! Film
! Director
! class="unsortable" |Cast
! Release date
! class="unsortable" |Production
! class="unsortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |Source
|-
| rowspan=8 align="center" | 1929
| ''Vasantsena''||[[Dhundiraj Govind Phalke]]||Gotiram, Sakharam Jadhav, J.K. Nanda || ||Hindustan Cinema Film Company || Silent Film With [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[intertitle]]s||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253885/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_11|title=Vasantsena (1929)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''Sant Mirabai''||[[Dhundiraj Govind Phalke]]|| Shakuntala|| ||Hindustan Cinema Film Company || Silent Film With [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[intertitle]]s||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253633/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_10|title=Sant Mirabai (1929)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''Malvikagni Mitra''||[[Dhundiraj Govind Phalke]]|| Shakuntala, Kishori Pathak, Krishna Kumbhar || ||Hindustan Cinema Film Company || Silent Film With [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[intertitle]]s||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253230/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_9|title=Malvikagni Mitra (1929)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''Malti Madhav ''||[[Dhundiraj Govind Phalke]]|| Anasuya, Krishna Kumbhar || ||Hindustan Cinema Film Company || Silent Film With [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[intertitle]]s||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253229/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_8|title=Malti Madhav (1929)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''Kacha Devayani ''||[[Dhundiraj Govind Phalke]]|| || ||Hindustan Cinema Film Company || Silent Film With [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[intertitle]]s||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0253169/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_7|title=Kacha Devayani (1929)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''Chandrahasa ''||[[Dhundiraj Govind Phalke]]|| || ||Hindustan Cinema Film Company || Silent Film With [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[intertitle]]s||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0252980/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_6|title=Chandrahasa (1929)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''Bolki Tapeli ''||[[Dhundiraj Govind Phalke]]|| || ||Hindustan Cinema Film Company || Silent Film With [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[intertitle]]s||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0252950/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_5|title=Bolki Tapeli (1929)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gopal Krishna (1929 film)|Gopal Krishna]] ''||[[V Shantaram]]|| Kamaladevi, Anant Apte, Sakribai|| ||[[Prabhat Film Company]] || Silent Film With [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[intertitle]]s||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0256784/|title=Gopal Krishna (1929)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{1929 films|state=collapsed}}
{{Indian film list|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marathi Films Of 1929}}
[[Category:Lists of 1929 films by language]]
[[Category:Lists of Marathi films by year|1929]]
[[Category:1929 in Indian cinema]]
[[Category:1920s Marathi-language films| ]]

Turna (clan)

2025-09-22T05:45:08Z

Ilushiktka: added initial info and citations!

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{notability|date=April 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
'''Turna''' is an [[Kamboj]] clan name found in the [[Punjab region]] of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] as well as [[Turkey]] amongst the [[Turkish people|Turkishs]]. In [[Punjab]], the Turnas are found as [[Sikhs]], [[Hindus]] as well as the [[Muslims]]<nowiki>. Turna is a small village{{ in Punjab</nowiki><ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> where many{{Quantify|date=September 2025}} Turna people live and they use Turna as their last name.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.kambojsociety.com To see details of gotras]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Turna People}}
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, Pakistan]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}
{{Pakistan-ethno-stub}}

Savadiyur, Dharmapuri

2025-09-20T17:07:51Z

Ilushiktka: added info

{{Short description|Village in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Savadiyur
| official_name =
| native_name = சாவடியூர்
| native_name_lang = ta
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Hamlet / Village
| image_skyline = Savadiyur Village.jpg
| image_alt = Road side Sign board of Savadiyur
| image_caption = Road side Sign board of the village
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt = The location of Savadiyur in Tamil Nadu Map
| pushpin_map_caption = The location of this village in Tamil Nadu Map
| coordinates = {{coord|12.3102|N|78.1146|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kongu Nadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Tehsil|Thaluk]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Karimangalam taluk|Karimangalam]]<ref>https://districts.ecourts.gov.in/sites/default/files/Territorial%20Jurisdiction%20of%20Dharmapuri%20District.pdf{{Dead link | date=August 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
| subdivision_type5 = [[Panchayat samiti|Block]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Karimangalam block|Karimangalam]]
| subdivision_type6 = [[Gram panchayat|Panchayat]]
| subdivision_name6 = Erraseegalahalli
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 93
| population_as_of = 2011
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| demographics1_title2 = Secondary
| demographics1_info2 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 636808
| postal2_code_type = [[Post Office]]
| postal2_code = Kethanahalli <ref>{{Cite web | title=Pin Code: 636808, List of Post Offices, DHARMAPURI, TAMIL NADU Pincode.net.in | url=https://pincode.net.in/636808 | access-date=2025-08-14 | website=pincode.net.in}}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-4348
| registration_plate = TN-29
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] Constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency|Dharmapuri]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] Member
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[S. Senthilkumar (Dharmapuri politician)|S. Senthilkumar]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] Constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] Member
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[S. P. Venkateshwaran]]
}}

'''Savadiyur''' is a village {{cvt|5|km}} east of [[Palacode]], [[Dharmapuri district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. This village comes under the Erraseegalahalli [[Gram panchayat]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=ERRASEEGALAHALLI Village in DHARMAPURI {{!}} eTamilNadu.org | url=http://www.etamilnadu.org/erraseegalahalli-village-5484.html | access-date=2025-08-14 | website=www.etamilnadu.org}}</ref>

==Culture==
Savadiyur holds a unique cultural identity, heavily influenced by the presence of Catholic missionaries who settled in nearest village [[Kethanahalli, Dharmapuri|Kethanahalli]] over a century ago. As a result, the village has a notable population of Catholics who actively participate in religious rituals and festivities.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Dharmapuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Dharmapuri district]]

{{Dharmapuri-geo-stub}}

Aman Thapa

2025-08-26T08:05:25Z

Ilushiktka:

{{Short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Aman Thapa
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|1|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| height = {{height|m=1.70}}
| currentclub =
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Midfielder#Winger|Winger]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = [[Bhaichung Bhutia Football Schools|BBFS]]
| years1 = 2018–2019
| clubs1 = [[ATK Reserves And Academy|ATK B]]
| caps1 = 5
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2019–2020
| clubs2 = [[Garhwal FC|Garhwal]]
| caps2 = 7
| goals2 = 3
| years3 = 2021
| clubs3 = Ahbab
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 = 2021
| clubs4 = Royal Rangers
| caps4 =
| goals4 =
| years5 = 2021–2022
| clubs5 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| caps5 = 19
| goals5 = 3
| years6 = 2022
| clubs6 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| caps6 = 0
| goals6 = 0
| years7 = 2022–
| clubs7 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| caps7 = 0
| goals7 = 0
| club-update = 21:33, 7 May 2022 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update =
}}

'''Aman Thapa''' (born 3 January 1999) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Midfielder#Winger|winger]] for [[I-League]] club [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]].

==Club career==
===Rajasthan United===

In September 2021, [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]] roped in Thapa ahead of the [[2021 I-League Qualifiers|I-League Qualifiers]]. On 4 October, Thapa scored the winning goal against [[Ryntih FC|Ryntih]] in a thrilling encounter, which ended 3–2.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/rajasthan-united-fc-edge-ryntih-sc-3-2-in-thrilling-opening-encounter-of-the-hero-i-league-qualifiers/|title=Rajasthan United FC edge Ryntih SC 3-2 in thrilling opening encounter of the Hero I-League Qualifiers|website=i-league.org|date=4 October 2021}}</ref> He played a big role in the club's successful promotion campaign to the [[I-League]], scoring two goals in six appearances.

In February 2022, he was resigned by the club ahead of the [[2021–22 I-League|I-League]] restart after the tournament got suspended due to a [[COVID-19]] outbreak among the players and staff.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/indian-i-league/story/4561340/i-league-suspended-for-six-weeks-after-fresh-covid-outbreak|title=I-League suspended for six weeks after fresh COVID outbreak|website=espn.in|date=3 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/rajasthan-united-rope-in-manzi-six-others-ahead-of-hero-i-league-restart/|title=Rajasthan United rope in Manzi, six others ahead of Hero I-League restart|website=i-league.org|date=10 February 2022}}</ref> On 8 March, Thapa scored the historic first-ever goal for [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]] in the [[2021–22 I-League|I-League]], in a 1–0 win against [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-rajasthan-united-vs-aizawl-fc-match-report-highlights|title=Rajasthan United edge Aizawl FC to register maiden win in I-League|website=KhelNow|date=8 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2022/03/08/india/i-league/india-rajasthan-fc/aizawl-fc/3706334/|title=Rajasthan United 1 – 0 Aizawl|website=Soccerway|date=8 March 2022}}</ref>

===Mohammedan===
In June 2022, Thapa joined [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] on a two-year deal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mohammedan SC has acquired the services of winger Aman Thapa till 2024|url=https://twitter.com/MohammedanSC/status/1537344655880097794|website=@MohammedanSC|date=16 June 2022}}</ref> On 18 June, [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]] officially objected to the transfer of Thapa to [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]. The club has said he has a valid contract till 31 May, 2023.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rajasthan United have officially objected to the transfer of Aman Thapa to Mohammedan Sporting|url=https://twitter.com/MarcusMergulhao/status/1538065746638475264|website=@MarcusMergulhao|date=18 June 2022|access-date=19 June 2022}}</ref>

===Rajasthan United===
Thapa returned to [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]], after the objection was accepted. He was made part of their [[2022 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]] squad.<ref>{{cite news|title=For the first time in 40 years @thedurandcup, a squad from Rajasthan!|url=https://twitter.com/RajasthanUnited/status/1559569942156017665|website=@RajasthanUnited|date=16 August 2022|access-date=16 August 2022}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|7 May 2022}}<ref>{{soccerway|aman-thapa/809606}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[ATK Reserves And Academy|ATK B]]
|[[2018–19 I-League 2nd Division|2018–19]]
| rowspan="2" |[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]
|5||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||5||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Garhwal FC|Garhwal]]
|[[2020 I-League qualifiers|2020]]
|7||3||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||7||3
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|[[2021 I-League qualifiers|2021]]
| rowspan="1" |I-League 2nd Division
|6||2||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||6||2
|-
|{{nowrap|[[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]}}
| rowspan="1" |[[I-League]]
|13||1||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||13||1
|-
! colspan="2" |Rajasthan United total
!19!!3!!0!!0!!0!!0!!19!!3
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|[[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]
| rowspan="2" |I-League
|0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||0||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|[[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]
|0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||0||0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!31!!6!!0!!0!!0!!0!!31!!6
|}
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thapa, Aman}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Dehradun]]
[[Category:Footballers from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Rajasthan United FC players]]

Kannada (disambiguation)

2025-07-24T23:52:11Z

Ilushiktka:

{{wikt|Kannada}}
'''[[Kannada]]''' is a language spoken predominantly by the people of Karnataka in India.

'''Kannada''' may also refeto:

* [[Kannada script]], Indic script used to write the language
** [[Kannada (Unicode block)]]
* [[Kannadigas]] or Kannada people, speakers of the language
* [[Kannada University]], in India
* [[Uttara Kannada]] ({{Literal translation|North Kannada}}), a district of Karnataka, India
* [[Dakshina Kannada]] ({{Literal translation|South Kannada}}), a district of Karnataka, India

==See also==
{{srt}}
* [[Kanada (disambiguation)]]
* [[Karnataka (disambiguation)]]
* [[Canara (disambiguation)]]
* [[Carnatic (disambiguation)]]
* [[Cannada (disambiguation)]]
* [[Canada (disambiguation)]]
* [[Kaneda]], a Japanese surname

{{disambig}}
[[Category:Language and nationality disambiguation pages]]

Khurai (disambiguation)

2025-06-19T19:39:17Z

Ilushiktka: added some entry added tags

'''[[Khurai]]''' is a city in Madhya Pradesh, India.

'''Khurai''' may also refer to:

* [[Khurai, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency]]
* [[Khurai railway station]], serving the city
* [[Khurai, Manipur Assembly constituency]]

{{geodis}}

Barbil tehsil

2024-11-18T21:45:11Z

Ilushiktka: Put Up The Article First Draft.

{{refimprove|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.096646|N| 85.38500422|E|display=inline,title}} Kiriburu Square, [[Barbil]] - 758035
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Orissa Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kendujhar district|Kendujhar]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 01.04.1962
| founder = [[Harekrushna Mahtab]]
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|kendujhar.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Barbil Tahsil''' is a tahsil in [[Kendujhar district]], Odisha, India,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kendujhar.nic.in/tehsil/ |title=List of Tehsils with RI Circles and villages in the district}}</ref> having its office building at Kiriburu Square in [[Barbil]] Town.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tehsils of Odisha]]
[[Category:Kendujhar district]]

Krishnavatara

2024-11-09T01:29:02Z

Ilushiktka: fixed structure for consistency

{{Short description|Novel by K.M.Munshi}}
{{italic title}}
{{multiple issues |
{{notability|Books|date=May 2018}}
{{primary sources|date=May 2018}}
}}

'''''Krishnavatara''''' ({{langx|hi|कृष्णावतार}}) is a series of seven novels written by [[K.M. Munshi]]. A projected eighth novel was not completed. The series is based on life of Lord [[Krishna]] and the epic [[Mahabharata]] series.

== Books ==
* Krishnavatara I: ''The Magic Flute''<ref>{{cite book|title=Krishnavatra (Complete series)|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref>
* Krishnavatara II: ''The Wrath of an Emperor''
* Krishnavatara III: ''[[Pandavas|The Five Brothers]]''
* Krishnavatara IV: ''The Book of [[Bhima]]''
* Krishnavatara V: ''The Book of [[Satyabhama]]''
* Krishnavatara VI: ''The Book of [[Vyasa|Vedavyaasa]] The Master''
* Krishnavatara VII: ''The Book of [[Yudhishthira]]''
* Krishnavatara VIII: ''The Book of [[Kurukshetra]] (incomplete)''

==Synopsis==
''Krishnavatara I: The Magic Flute'' opens with the marriage of [[Vasudeva|Vasudava]] and [[Devaki]], sister of [[Kamsa]] and daughter of [[Ugrasena]]. Sage Narada prophesied to Kamsa that eighth the child of Devaki would kill him. He imprisons Devaki and Vasudava. Kamsa kill killed six children of [[Devaki]]. Gargacharya and [[Akrura]] rescue the last two children, [[Balarama]] and [[Krishna]], from Kamsa and gives them to [[Nanda (mythology)|Nanda]]. Warned by the gods, Kamsa sends [[Putana]] to kill Krishna but Putana fails. Krishna kills Trinavarta and uproots Arjuna trees. Krishna survives an encounter with [[Kaliya]] and holds [[Govardhan Hill|Gowardhan]] to save Vrindavana. When Kamsa learns about Krishna's miracles, he sends Akrura to take Krishna to [[Mathura]]. Krishna and [[Balarama]] go to mathura and kill Kamsa.

''Krishnavatara II: The Wrath of an Emperor'' is based on [[Harivamsa]]. The book opens with the coronation of Ugrasena. Krishna and Balarama travel to [[Sandipani]] [[ashram]]. Sandipani's son Punardatt is abducted by Punyajaya so Krishna and [[Uddhava|Udhhava]] kill Punyajava to support Punardatt. Punardatt was in Vaivastapuri (land of death), but Krishna saves him. After they complete their education Krishna and Balarama return to Mathura. Soon [[Yadava|Yadavas]] get news that Kamsa's father-in-law [[Jarasandha]] will attack Mathura. Krishna escapes with Balarama to save Yadavas. They come to Mount Gomantaka, but Jarasandha arrives there and set Gomantaka on fire. Krishna and Balarama fight and defeat Jarasandha. Krishna also kills Shrigalava and defeats Karavirapura. Jarasandha adopts a new strategy to marry [[Rukmini]] to [[Shishupala|Shisupala]] by arranging false [[Swayamvara]]. Krishna and his army of Yadavas travel to Kundinpura claiming to pay homage to Rukmini's grandfather Kaisika. Jarasandha postpones Swayamvara because of Krishna. Krishna learns that [[Kalayavana]] plans to attack Mathura. Krishna and the Yadavas leave Mathura for Dwarka. Krishna meets Kalayavana and misleads him, [[muchukunda|Mmuchukunda]] then burns Kalayavana. Krishna returns to Kundinpura and abducts and marries Rukmini.

''Krishnavatara III: The Five Brothers'' is based on the Mahabharata story of [[Pandava|Pandavas]] who escapes from [[Lakshagraha|Varanavata]] and the evil plan of Duryodhana. [[Satyavati]] asks Krishna to find her great grandson [[Pandava|Pandavas]]. Krishna finds him in Rakshavarta with the help of Udhhava and Nagas. Pandavas marries [[Draupadi]].

''Krishnavatara IV: The Book of Bhima'' deals with Bhima who falls in love with Jaladhara, sister of Duryodhana's wife [[Bhanumati (Mahabharata)|Bhanumati]], who died delivering a son. Yudhisthira shares his Kingdom with Duryodhana, angering Bhima. Krishna convinces Bhima to leave [[Hastinapur]]. Pandavas with help of Krishna and other Yadavas builds a new city [[Indraprastha]].

''Krishnavatara V: The Book of Satyabhama'' narrates the story of [[Syamantaka]], jewel of Satrajit. Satrajit Yadava was against Krishna so he gives up Syamantaka to Prasanajita and claims Krishna tried to steal it. Krishna with the help of [[Satyabhama]] and [[Satyaki]] find Syamantaka in bear-world. Krishna marries [[Jambavati]] and escapes from bear-world. [[Satyabhama]] gives Syamantaka to Prasanajita and marries Krishna.

''Krishnavatara VI: Book of vedavyaasa the master'' starts when sage [[Parashara]] takes his son Krishna ([[Vyasa]]) by fishergirl Matsyagandha. Parashara wants to rebuild Dharmakshetra ashram, but Parashara is killed by wolves. When Krishna ([[Vyasa|Dwaipayana]]) wants to re-establish ashram, Rakshasas attack on him but save by [[Jabali]]. Krishna went to Hastinapur to meet king [[Shantanu]] to re-establish the glory of Dharmakshetra. In Hastinapur, Krishna discovers his mother as queen [[Satyavati]]. Krishna convinces [[Vibhuti]], [[Kshatriya|Shotriya]] of Hastinapur to join [[Vajapeya]] Yagna. Dharmakshetra is re-established. Many years later Vyasa and wife Vatika, daughter of [[Jabali]], have son [[Shuka|Suka]]. Suka is caught by Mocca, but Vyasa frees him. Vyasa also performs [[Niyoga]] to save Kuru lineage.

''Krishnavatara VII: Book of Yudhisthira'' deals with Yudhisthira who wants to perform Rajayusa Yagna. He asks Krishna for help. Krishna, Arjuna and Bhima go to Magadha. Bhima kills [[Jarasandha]] and establishes [[Sahadeva|Sahdeva]] as king. During Rajasuya, Bhishma suggests Agrapooja to Krishna. Shisupala cannot bear it and tries to kill Krishna, but Krishna beheads him. Vyasa tells [[Yudhishthira|Yudhisthira]] that he has become the centre of the great war, so Yudhisthira becomes worried and accepts Duryodhana's invitation to play dice. In the game he loses his wealth, brother, wife and himself. Dushasana tries to unwrap Draupadi, but is saved by Krishna. In the last game Yudhisthira loses again and is exiled for 12 years.

''Krishnavatara VIII: Book of kurukshetra'' starts with the news that Krishna's father vasudava has been taken by Salwa of Saubha, so he sent his son Pradhyumna to deal with Salwa. Salwa's minister Vajranabhi imprisoned Pradhyumna by order of Salwa and Vajranabhi married his daughter Prabhavati to [[Pradyumna|Pradhyumna]]. At the time Mayavati came to help him escape Salwa.

== Preface ==
{{cquote|[[Krishna]] literature has grown since it first took definite shape in ''[[Mahabharata]]'', then in ''Harivamsha'' and ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', and was elaborated in ''[[Shrimad Bhagavata]]'' and other [[Puranas]]. To this literature in [[Sanskrit]] has been added other literature, for the story of his life has been told in epic, song and story by thousands of poets in every Indian language for centuries. In the course of being so told, Shri [[Krishna]] has come to be invested with traits and credited with exploits of such divergent nature that it becomes difficult, if not impossible, for a reader to have a clear picture of the [[Krishna]] as he was known by his contemporaries.

In making this attempt to divest his personality of later accretions, Munshi has sifted the available Krishna literature in Sanskrit to find the Krishna as he ''must'' have lived. Then, with the aid of his creative imagination, he has woven the essential events of his life with romance, to present in this work, Shri Krishna at once as a man, a superman and God. What was, according to ''Bhagavata'', the story of God who had come to the world as a man, has become, in Munshiji's hands, the fascinating story of a man who became God.
|Preface<ref>{{cite book|title=Krishnavatara (Vol. I) - The Magic Flute|date=December 1962|edition=First|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref>}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Works based on the Mahabharata |state=collapsed}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian novels]]
[[Category:Novel series]]
[[Category:Novels based on the Mahabharata]]

Jashodanga

2024-10-02T08:55:32Z

Ilushiktka: added a stub first draft - done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jashodanga
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.5107|N|89.6293|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4,068
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 736208
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03564
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kumargram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kumargram]]
| website = {{URL|alipurduar.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Jashodanga''' (also spelled Jasodanga) is a village in the [[Alipurduar II]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Alipurduar subdivision]] of the [[Alipurduar district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=380| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|26|38|0|N|89|37|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places and tea estates in the eastern portion of Alipurdar subdivision (including Kalchini, Kumargram and Alipuduar II CD blocks) in Alipurduar district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, A: Air Force Station, NP: national park/ wildlife sanctuary, TE: tea estate, H: historical site Abbreviations used in names – TG for Tea Garden (town/village), TE for Tea Estate Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|26|50|20|N|89|22|48|E}}| label-pos1=left|label1= Jaigaon | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Jaigaon]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|29|1|N|89|48|55|E}}| label-pos2=top|label2=Laskarpara| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Laskarpara]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|26|49|40|N|89|22|20|E}}| label-pos3=bottom|label3=Mechiabasti| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Mechiabasti]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|26|32|37|N|89|41|0|E}}| label-pos4=left|label4=Samuktala| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Samuktala]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|28|48|N|89|32|24|E}}| label-pos5=bottom|label5=Sobhaganj| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Sobhaganj]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|28|48|N|89|43|48|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6=Uttar Kamakhyaguri| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Uttar Kamakhyaguri]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|40|48|N|89|26|24|E}}| label-pos7=left|label7=Uttar Latabari| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Uttar Latabari]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|28|2|N|89|48|55|E}}| label-pos8=bottom|label8=Dakshin Rampur| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Dakshin Rampur]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|42|50|N|89|21|47|E}}| label-pos9=right|label9=Uttar Satali| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Uttar Satali]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|26|45|0|N|89|21|0|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Hasimara| numbered10=A| mark-title10=[[Hasimara]] (A)|shape-color10=#AA6666
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|29|35|N|89|31|37|E}}| label-pos11=right|label11=Alipurduar| numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[Alipurduar]] (M) | shape-color11=#800000
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|42|3|N|89|26|58|E}}| label-pos12=right|label12=Kalchini| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Kalchini, Alipurduar]] (R)|shape-color12= #A42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|30|38|N|89|37|45|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Jashodanga| numbered13=R| mark-title13= Jashodanga (R)|shape-color13=black| label-size13=13|label-color13=black 
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|42|25|N|89|36|40|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Jayanti| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Jayanti, Alipurduar]] (R)|shape-color14= #A42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|26|37|0|N|89|49|45|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15=Kumargram| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Kumargram, Alipurduar]] (R)|shape-color15= #A42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|26|36|50|N|89|31|48|E}}| label-pos16=left|label16=Rajabhatkhawa| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Rajabhatkhawa]] (R)|shape-color16= #A42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|46|0|N|89|30|13|E}}| label-pos17=bottom|label17=Raimatang| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Raimatang]] (R)|shape-color17= #A42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|26|37|40|N|89|24|35|E}}| label-pos18=right|label18=Uttar Mandabari| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Uttar Mandabari]] (R)|shape-color18= #A42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|26|40|25|N|89|49|34|E}}| label-pos19= left |label19= Kumargram TE | numbered19=TE| mark-title19= [[Kumargram and Sankos Tea Estates]] (TE)| shape-color19=#87A96B
|mark-coord20={{coord|26|39|47|N|89|51|19|E}}| label-pos20= left |label20= Sankos TE | numbered20=TE| mark-title20= [[Kumargram and Sankos Tea Estates]] (TE)| shape-color20=#87A96B
|mark-coord21={{coord|26|45|17|N|89|34|49|E}} | label-pos21=bottom|label21= Buxa Fort| numbered21=H| mark-title21= [[Buxa Fort]] (H) |shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|26|39|0|N|89|34|48|E}}| label-pos22=bottom|label22=Buxa |labela22= Tiger| labelb22= Reserve| numbered22=NP| mark-title22= [[Buxa Tiger Reserve]] (NP)| shape-color22=#228B22
|mark-coord23={{coord|26|38|0|N|89|21|35|E}}| label-pos23=bottom|label23=Chilapata |labela23= Forest| numbered23=NP| mark-title23= [[Chilapata Forests]] (NP)| shape-color23=#228B22
|mark-coord24={{coord|26|46|50|N|89|19|0|E}}|label24= Torsha River| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24=95| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24=none
|mark-coord25={{coord|26|34|40|N|89|24|0|E}}|label25= Kaljani River| label-color25 = #77A1CB| label-angle25=100| label-pos25=top| label-size25=10| mark-size25=0| mark-title25=none
|mark-coord26={{coord|26|33|30|N|89|28|50|E}}|label26= Dima River| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26=70| label-pos26=top| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26=none
|mark-coord27={{coord|26|39|0|N|89|38|0|E}}|label27= Jayanti River| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=55| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27=none
|mark-coord28={{coord|26|39|0|N|89|52|0|E}}|label28= Sakos River| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=85| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28=none
|mark-coord29={{coord|26|33|0|N|89|47|20|E}}|label29= Raydak River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=110| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29=none
|mark-coord30={{coord|26|33|0|N|89|49|40|E}}|label30= Chikjora River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=85| label-pos30=top| label-size30=10| mark-size30=0| mark-title30=none
|mark-coord31={{coord|26|33|0|N|89|45|0|E}}| label31= Raydak |labela31= Forest | label-color31 = #C42222 | label-angle31=0| label-pos31=top| label-size31=10| mark-size31=0| mark-title31 =none
|mark-coord32={{coord|26|45|50|N|89|34|30|E}}| label32= Buxa Hill Forest | label-color32 = #C42222 | label-angle32=0| label-pos32=top| label-size32=10| mark-size32=0| mark-title32 =none
|mark-coord33={{coord|26|43|45|N|89|23|30|E}}| label-pos33=right|label33=Madhu TG| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Madhu Tea Garden]] (R)|shape-color33= #A42222
|arc-coordA={{coord|26|37|0|N|89|54|0|E}}|arc-textA= ASSAM| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=80| arc-gapA=6.5| arc-radiusA=0.4
|arc-coordB={{coord|26|50|0|N|89|34|0|E}}|arc-textB= BHUTAN| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=0| arc-gapB=6.5| arc-radiusB=0.5}}

===Location===
Jashodanga is located at {{coord|26.5107|N|89.6293|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
Alipurduar district is covered by two maps. It is an extensive area in the eastern end of the [[Dooars]] in West Bengal. It is undulating country, largely forested, with numerous rivers flowing down from the outer ranges of the [[Himalayas]] in Bhutan. It is a predominantly rural area with 79.38% of the population living in the rural areas. The district has 1 municipal town and 20 census towns and that means that 20.62% of the population lives in the urban areas. The scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, taken together, form more than half the population in all the six community development blocks in the district. There is a high concentration of tribal people (scheduled tribes) in the three northern blocks of the district.<ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 29 June 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 29 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Jalpaiguri, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, page 13 Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |accessdate = 18 June 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Civic administration==
===CD block HQ===
Headquarters of Alipurduar II CD block is at Jashodanga.<ref name=map>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Jalpaiguri, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, Fifth page, map of Jalpaiguri district| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| accessdate = 1 July 2020}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Jashodanga had a total population of 4,068 of which 2,116 (52%) were males and 1,952 (48%) were females. There were 472 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Jashodanga was 2,920 (81.20% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 2 July 2020 }}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Jashodanga Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at Jashodanga, is the major government medical facility in the Alipurduar II CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | accessdate =2 July 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Alipurduar district}}

[[Category:Villages in Alipurduar district]]

Forbesganj subdivision

2024-07-01T07:28:00Z

Ilushiktka: creating first post from scratch

{{Short description|Administrative subdivision in Araria, Bihar}}
{{for|other places with same/similar name|Forbesganj (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Forbesganj
|other_name =
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = subdivision
|motto =
|image_skyline =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_map =
|map_caption = Location in Bihar
|pushpin_map = India Bihar
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_mapsize =
|pushpin_map_caption =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[Districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Araria district|Araria]]
|subdivision_type4 = Parliamentary constituency
|subdivision_name4 =
|subdivision_type5 = Assembly constituency
|subdivision_name5 = [[Raniganj (Bihar Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raniganj]]
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|established_title =
|established_date =
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 =
|area_land_km2 =
|population_as_of = 2011
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5.30
|coordinates =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code =
|area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
|area_code =
|registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#BR|BR]]-
|blank_name = Literacy Rate
|blank_info =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Forbesganj subdivision''' is an administrative subdivision out of two subdivisions of [[Araria district]] in the state of [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It comprises 6 [[Community development block|Blocks]] of [[Araria district|Araria]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Subdivision & Blocks :: Araria District |url=https://araria.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ |access-date=22 August 2021}}</ref> The headquarter of the subdivision is in [[Forbesganj]] town.

==Etymology==
During the [[British Raj]] the area was under the administration of a British district collector and municipal commissioner, Alexander John Forbes (1807-1890) of [[East India Company]]. Forbes had a bungalow at the same location. Consequently the area was known as 'residential area' also abbreviated as 'R-area'. Over time, the name transformed to 'Araria' and the neighbouring subdivision came to be known as 'Forbesganj'.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prasad |first1=Bhuvaneshwar |last2=Agrawal |first2=Rajendra |title=Telecom racket busted in sleepy Araria district of Bihar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Telecom-racket-busted-in-sleepy-Araria-district-of-Bihar/articleshow/19232676.cms |access-date=23 August 2021 |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |date=27 March 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

==Health==
Sub divisional Hospital Forbesganj is located near the Subdivision Office, Forbesganj<ref>{{cite web |title=Sub divisional Hospital forbesganj |url=https://araria.nic.in/public-utility/sub-divisional-hospital-forbesganj/ |access-date=22 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Rohit Kumar |title=Bihar govt, Araria civil surgeon accused of inflating Covid bed numbers amid health crisis |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bihar-govt-araria-civil-surgeon-accused-of-inflating-covid-bed-numbers-1802091-2021-05-13 |access-date=22 August 2021 |work=India Today |issue=Patna |date=13 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
==Blocks of Forbesganj subdivision==
# [[Forbesganj (community development block)|Forbesganj]]
# [[Narpatganj (community development block)|Narpatganj]]
# [[Bhargama (community development block)|Bhargama]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Adjacent communities
| Centre = Forbesganj
| North =
| Northeast =
| East = [[Araria]]
| Southeast =
| South =
| Southwest =
| West =
| Northwest =
}}

{{Purnia Division topics}}
{{Blocks of Araria district}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Forbesganj Subdivision}}
[[Category:Subdivisions in Araria district]]

Pran Nath Luthra

2024-06-16T13:51:25Z

Ilushiktka: added the details added tags

{{Short description|Indian Administrative Service Officer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pran Nath Luthra
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1917
| birth_place = India
| death_date = 2000
| death_place = India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Civil service officer, writer
| yearsactive =
| known_for = Rehabilitation of refugees in the [[Northeast India]] and writings
| awards = 1972 [[Padma Bhushan]]
}}
'''Pran Nath Luthra''' (1917–2000) was an Indian civil service officer and writer, best known for his services for the rehabilitation of the refugees in the [[Northeast India]] and his writings on his days of service. He was an adviser to the [[Governor of Assam]] and an additional secretary at the Ministry of Labour and Rehabilitation of the [[Government of West Bengal]]. The [[Government of India]] awarded him the [[Padma Bhushan]], the third highest civilian award, in 1972.

==Biography==
Pran Luthra was born in 1917.<ref name="Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)">{{Cite web |url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n50043002.html |title=Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress) |date=2018-05-28 |website=id.loc.gov |access-date=2018-05-28}}</ref> He joined the [[Indian Army]] in 1939 and became a [[lieutenant colonel]]<ref name="Romanticism and Hostiles Borders">{{Cite web |url=http://www.claudearpi.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/IFAS.pdf |title=Romanticism and Hostiles Borders |date=2018-05-28 |website=www.claudearpi.net |access-date=2018-05-28}}</ref> when he was drafted into the Indian Frontier Administrative Service in 1955 as one of its first batch of officers.<ref name="Sharma2006">{{cite book|author=Suresh K. Sharma|title=Documents on North-East India: Arunachal Pradesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PODubpsFN64C&pg=PA112|year=2006|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-088-8|pages=112–}}</ref> He worked at the north-east frontiers till 1960 during which time he served as the special officer of the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] in 1956, as the commissioner of [[Nagaland]] during 1957–60 and as the officer on special duty with the Border Roads Development Board (present-day [[Border Roads Organisation]]) until 1963. His next move was to [[Dispur]] as and adviser to the [[Governor of Assam]], a position he held until April 1971 when he was appointed as the additional secretary at the Ministry of Labour and Rehabilitation of the [[Government of West Bengal]]<ref name="Sharma2006"/> where he stayed till his retirement from official service in March 1973.<ref name="Sharma2006" />

Luthra was the author of a number of books, most of them detailing his experiences during his civil service. ''Rehabilitation'',<ref name="Luthra1972">{{cite book|author=Pran Nath Luthra|title=Rehabilitation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WCpIHAAACAAJ|year=1972|publisher=Publications Divisions, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> ''Constitutional and administrative growth of the North-East Frontier Agency'',<ref name="Constitutional and administrative growth of the North-East Frontier Agency">{{Cite book |title=Constitutional and administrative growth of the North-East Frontier Agency |last=Luthra |first=Pran Nath |date=1971 |publisher=North-East Frontier Agency |location=Shillong |language=en |oclc=1032711}}</ref> ''Nagaland from a district to a state'',<ref name="Nagaland from a district to a state">{{Cite book |title=Nagaland from a district to a state |last=Luthra |first=Pran Nath |date=1974 |publisher=Director of Information and Public Relations, Arunachal Pradesh |location=Shillong |language=en |oclc=2202275}}</ref> ''Democracy in NEFA'',<ref name="Democracy in NEFA.">{{Cite book |title=Democracy in NEFA. |last=Elwin |first=Verrier |last2=Luthra |first2=P. N |date=1965 |publisher=North-East Frontier Agency |location=Shillong |oclc=251388357}}</ref> ''Constitutional and administrative growth of Arunachal Pradesh'',<ref name="Constitutional and administrative growth of Arunachal Pradesh">{{Cite book |title=Constitutional and administrative growth of Arunachal Pradesh |last=Luthra |first=Pran Nath |last2=Arunāchal Pradesh (India) |last3=Directorate of Research |date=2017 |language=en |oclc=1025237088}}</ref> ''Problems of Bangladesh refugee influx and emerging lessons for administration'',<ref name="Problems of Bangladesh refugee influx and emerging lessons for administration">{{Cite book |title=Problems of Bangladesh refugee influx and emerging lessons for administration |last=Luthra |first=Pran Nath |date=1975 |publisher=Training Division, Dept. of Personnel and Administrative Reforms, Cabinet Secretariat |location=New Delhi |language=en |oclc=3187011}}</ref> and ''Encyclopaedia of social work in India''<ref name="Encyclopaedia of social work in India">{{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of social work in India |last=Luthra |first=P. N |publisher=Min. of Welfare, Govt. of India. |location=New Delhi |language=en |oclc=643244553}}</ref> are some his notable works. The Government of India awarded Luthra the third highest civilian honor of the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1972.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/ |title=Padma Awards |date=2018-05-17 |website=Padma Awards |publisher=Government of India |access-date=2018-05-17}}</ref>

Luthra, who was married to Indira Seth,<ref name="Singh2005">{{cite book|author=V K Singh|title=Leadership in the Indian Army: Biographies of Twelve Soldiers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJDsk_g6tXUC&pg=PA241|date=23 March 2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-3322-9|pages=241–}}</ref> died in 2000. at the age 87.<ref name="Sharma2006" />

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[North-East Frontier Agency]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.hvk.org/1997/1197/0059.html |title=Hindu Vivek Kendra |last=Luthra |first=Pran Nath |date=November 17, 1997 |website=www.hvk.org |access-date=2018-05-28}}

==External links==
* {{cite book|author1=[[Aristide R. Zolberg]]|author2=Astri Suhrke|author3=Sergio Aguayo|title=Escape from Violence: Conflict and the Refugee Crisis in the Developing World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dSX1n0xFNCgC&pg=PA326|date=10 August 1989|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-536362-3|pages=326–}}

{{Authority control}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Luthra, Pran Nath}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]

List of accolades received by Velaiilla Pattadhari

2024-02-17T16:08:21Z

Ilushiktka: new initial article initial version

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2017}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of accolades received by ''Velaiilla Pattadhari''}}
{| class="infobox" style="width: 25em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%; vertical-align: middle;"
|+ List of accolades received by ''Velaiilla Pattadhari''
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Dhanush 62nd Britannia Filmfare South Awards (cropped).jpg|225px|centre|alt=A picture of Dhanush with a Filmfare Award in his left hand as he looks at the camera and speaks.]] Dhanush's performance in ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari]]'' garnered him several awards and nominations.
|-
| colspan=3 |
{| class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;"
! colspan="3" style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;"| Accolades
|- style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center; text-align:center;"
|| '''Award'''
| style="background:#cec; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;"| '''Won'''
| style="background:#fcd; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;"| '''Nominated'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
|{{won|2}}
|{{nom|2}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
|{{won|2}}
|{{nom|2}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|{{won|2}}
|{{nom|6}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
|{{won|0}}
|{{nom|2}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|{{won|7}}
|{{nom|11}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|1}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Vijay Awards]]
|{{won|5}}
|{{nom|7}}
|}
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"|
;Total number of awards and nominations{{efn|Awards in certain categories do not have prior nominations and only winners are announced by the jury. For simplification and to avoid errors, each award in this list has been presumed to have had a prior nomination.}}
|-
|{{won|'''Totals'''}}
|{{won|'''19'''}}
|{{nom|'''31'''}}
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"
| colspan="3" style="font-size: smaller; text-align:center;" | [[#References|References]]
|}

''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari]]'' ({{translation|Unemployed graduate}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama]] film written and filmed by [[Velraj]] while also making his directorial debut.<ref name="Sify">{{Cite web |date=18 July 2014 |title=Velai Illa Pattadhari |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/velai-illa-pattadhari-review-tamil-15058002.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916090234/http://www.sify.com/movies/velai-illa-pattadhari-review-tamil-15058002.html |archive-date=16 September 2014 |access-date=19 July 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film featured [[Dhanush]], who produced the film under his production company [[Wunderbar Films]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S. |date=18 July 2014 |title=Review: Velaiyilla Pattadhari is pure entertainment |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-velaiyilla-pattadhari-is-pure-entertainment-south/20140718.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703105500/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-velaiyilla-pattadhari-is-pure-entertainment-south/20140718.htm |archive-date=3 July 2017 |access-date=3 July 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> and [[Amala Paul]] in the lead roles.<ref name="Sify" /> [[Saranya Ponvannan]], [[Samuthirakani]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Surbhi]] and [[Amitash Pradhan]] played supporting roles.<ref name="Sify" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Paul |first=Satarupa |date=17 February 2017 |title=Meet Amitash Pradhan, the Indian hero in the latest dance film by Step Up's creator |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/meet-amitash-pradhan-the-indian-hero-in-the-latest-dance-film-by-step-up-s-creator/story-mtSuw3dv5In8onV9LkyZ2H.html |url-status=live |access-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703100004/http://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/meet-amitash-pradhan-the-indian-hero-in-the-latest-dance-film-by-step-up-s-creator/story-mtSuw3dv5In8onV9LkyZ2H.html |archive-date=3 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=21 July 2014 |title=Predictable and cliché-ridden entertainer |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Predictable-and-cliche-ridden-entertainer/2014/07/21/article2339639.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703105801/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2014/jul/21/Predictable-and-cliche-ridden-entertainer-638492.html |archive-date=3 July 2017}}</ref> The film's story focuses on Raghuvaran (Dhanush), a civil engineering graduate who is unemployed for four years, and his search for a job. As soon as he finds employment, he faces competition from Arun Subramaniam (Amitash), the head of a rival engineering company, for a government project contract. The rest of the film shows how Raghuvaran overcomes the obstacles set by Arun.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=22 July 2014 |title=Movie review: VIP is Danush's best masala film, a delight for his fans |work=[[Firstpost]] |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/movie-review-vip-is-danushs-best-masala-film-a-delight-for-his-fans-1627567.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704092254/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/movie-review-vip-is-danushs-best-masala-film-a-delight-for-his-fans-1627567.html |archive-date=4 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=19 July 2014 |title=Idle worship |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/idle-worship/article6229114.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704093217/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/idle-worship/article6229114.ece |archive-date=4 July 2017}}</ref> The soundtrack and score were composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]] while the editing was handled by M. V. Rajesh Kumar.<ref name="Sify" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=29 June 2016 |title=A toast to youth |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/A-toast-to-youth/article14408430.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703100003/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/A-toast-to-youth/article14408430.ece |archive-date=3 July 2017}}</ref>

Produced on a budget of [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]80 million,<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{Cite news |date=19 December 2014 |title=2014: When little gems outclassed big guns in southern cinema |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/2014-when-little-gems-outclassed-big-guns-in-southern-cinema/story-uGXHA2iNOCWMaAROHdIokK.html |url-status=live |access-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221095504/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/chunk-ht-ui-homepage-entertainment/2014-when-little-gems-outclassed-big-guns-in-southern-cinema/article1-1298300.aspx |archive-date=21 December 2014}}</ref>{{efn|The average exchange rate in 2014 was 63.469 Indian rupees ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yearly Average Currency Exchange Rates Translating foreign currency into U.S. dollars |url=https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/yearly-average-currency-exchange-rates |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521112855/https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/yearly-average-currency-exchange-rates |archive-date=21 May 2017 |access-date=21 May 2017 |website=[[Internal Revenue Service]]}}</ref>|name=exchange}} ''Velaiilla Pattadhari'' was released on 18 July 2014 and received positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Seshagiri |first=Sangeetha |date=18 July 2014 |title='Velai Illa Pattathari' (VIP) Movie Review Roundup: Treat for Dhanush Fans |work=[[International Business Times]] |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/velai-illa-pattathari-vip-movie-review-roundup-treat-dhanush-fans-604756 |url-status=live |access-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915013657/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/velai-illa-pattathari-vip-movie-review-roundup-treat-dhanush-fans-604756 |archive-date=15 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Karthik |date=21 March 2017 |title=Dhanush, Kajol's VIP 2 eyes for a July 14 release |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dhanush-kajol-s-vip-2-eyes-for-a-july-14-release/story-gmPiP7frWGQwg7krbO5AII.html |url-status=live |access-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703165927/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dhanush-kajol-s-vip-2-eyes-for-a-july-14-release/story-gmPiP7frWGQwg7krbO5AII.html |archive-date=3 July 2017}}</ref> It was commercially successful, grossing ₹530 million worldwide.<ref name="Hindustan Times" />{{efn|name=exchange}} The film won 19 awards from 31 nominations; its direction, performances of the cast members and music have received the most attention from award groups.

At the [[62nd Filmfare Awards South]], ''Velaiilla Pattadhari'' was nominated in seven categories, winning [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor]] (Dhanush) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director]] (Ravichander). At the [[9th Vijay Awards]], it received seven nominations and won five awards, [[Vijay Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Vijay Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]], [[Vijay Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]], [[Vijay Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]], and [[Vijay Award for Favourite Song|Favourite Song]]. It garnered eleven nominations at the [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards]] ceremony and won seven awards, including Best Actor, Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Female) for Saranya, Best Comedian for Vivek and Best Debutant Director for Velraj. Among other wins, the film received two [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]] and [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]] each. It also received two nominations for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actress for Dhanush and Saranya respectively at the [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]], winning none. The film won Velraj the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Dialogue Writer|Best Dialogue Writer]] at the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]].

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipient(s)/Nominee(s)
!scope="col"| Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
|rowspan="2" | 8 January 2015
| Best Actor
| [[Dhanush]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2015 |title=ஆனந்த விகடன் விருதுகள் 2014 |trans-title=Ananda Vikatan Awards 2014 |url=http://www.vikatan.com/article.php?track=prnxt&mid=module&aid=102483 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517081734/http://www.vikatan.com/article.php?track=prnxt&mid=module&aid=102483 |archive-date=17 May 2017 |access-date=3 July 2017 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=V. P. |first=Nicy |date=9 January 2015 |title=Vikatan Awards 2014: Dhanush, Dulquer Salmaan, 'Sathuranga Vettai' Honoured [Winners List] |work=[[International Business Times]] |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vikatan-awards-2014-dhanush-dulquer-salmaan-sathuranga-vettai-honoured-winners-list-619905 |url-status=live |access-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517081427/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vikatan-awards-2014-dhanush-dulquer-salmaan-sathuranga-vettai-honoured-winners-list-619905 |archive-date=17 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
| Best Supporting Actress
| {{sort|Ponvannan|[[Saranya Ponvannan]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
| rowspan="2" | 15 February 2015
| Best Actor
| [[Dhanush]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=James |first=Anu |date=16 February 2015 |title=8th Edison Awards: 'Madras' Best Tamil Film; Dhanush Best Actor for 'VIP' [PHOTOS+WINNERS' LIST] |work=[[International Business Times]] |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/8th-edison-awards-madras-best-tamil-film-dhanush-best-actor-vip-photoswinners-list-623633 |url-status=live |access-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505134835/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/8th-edison-awards-madras-best-tamil-film-dhanush-best-actor-vip-photoswinners-list-623633 |archive-date=5 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
| Best Debut Director
| [[Velraj]]
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="7" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="7" |[[62nd Filmfare Awards South|26 June 2015]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Dhanush}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2015 |title=Nominations for the 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621123143/http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405.html |archive-date=21 June 2015 |access-date=21 June 2015 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=27 June 2015 |title=Winners list: 62nd Filmfare Awards (South) |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Winners-list-62nd-Filmfare-Awards-South/articleshow/47836755.cms |url-status=live |access-date=27 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627160113/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Winners-list-62nd-Filmfare-Awards-South/articleshow/47836755.cms |archive-date=27 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
|[[Velraj]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
| [[Dhanush]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Paul|[[Amala Paul]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil|Best Supporting Actor – Tamil]]
| [[Samuthirakani]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Ponvannan|[[Saranya Ponvannan]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Ravichander|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
| rowspan="2" | 23{{ndash}}26 April 2015
| Best Actor
|[[Dhanush]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2015 |title=Norway Tamil Film Festival 2015 – Tamilar Awards Nomination 2015. |url=http://www.ntff.no/node/124 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703084210/http://www.ntff.no/node/124 |archive-date=3 July 2017 |access-date=3 July 2017 |website=[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2015 |title=The 6th annual Norway Tamil Film Festival – Tamilar Awards 2015 Winners announced! |url=http://www.ntff.no/node/125 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703084344/http://www.ntff.no/node/125 |archive-date=3 July 2017 |access-date=3 July 2017 |website=[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| Best Supporting Actress
| {{sort|Ponvannan|[[Saranya Ponvannan]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="11" | [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="11" | [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|6{{ndash}}7 August 2015]]
| Best Film – Tamil
| [[Wunderbar Films]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="11" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2015 |title=SIIMA 2015 nominations |url=http://siima.in/nominees-2015.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616095000/http://siima.in/nominees-2015.php |archive-date=16 June 2015 |access-date=21 June 2015 |website=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=8 August 2015 |title=SIIMA Awards 2015 Tamil winners list |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/SIIMA-Awards-2015-Tamil-winners-list/articleshow/48399961.cms |url-status=live |access-date=9 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809060838/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/SIIMA-Awards-2015-Tamil-winners-list/articleshow/48399961.cms |archive-date=9 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actor – Tamil
| [[Dhanush]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actress – Tamil
| {{sort|Paul|[[Amala Paul]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Female) – Tamil
| {{sort|Ponvannan|[[Saranya Ponvannan]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Comedian – Tamil
| [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Debutant Director – Tamil
| [[Velraj]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Dance Choreographer – Tamil
| {{sort|Bhaskar|[[Baba Bhaskar]]}} for "What a Karuvad"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Lyricist – Tamil
| [[Dhanush]] for "Amma Amma"
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Playback Singer (Male) – Tamil
| [[Dhanush]] for "Amma Amma"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actress (Critics) – Tamil
| {{sort|Paul|[[Amala Paul]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Most Streamed Song – Tamil
| Vela Illa Pattadhaari
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="1" | [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
| rowspan="1" | 13 July 2017
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Dialogue Writer|Best Dialogue Writer]]
| [[Velraj]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 July 2017 |title=Tamil Nadu announces the State Film Awards for six consecutive years in surprise move. Here's the complete list of winners |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-nadu-announces-the-state-film-awards-for-six-consecutive-years-in-surprise-movie-heres-the-complete-list-of-winners-4750350/ |url-status=live |access-date=21 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721040608/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-nadu-announces-the-state-film-awards-for-six-consecutive-years-in-surprise-movie-heres-the-complete-list-of-winners-4750350/ |archive-date=21 July 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=14 July 2017 |title=TN Govt. announces Tamil Film Awards for six years |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece |url-status=live |access-date=21 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721040708/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece |archive-date=21 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="7" | [[Vijay Awards]]
| rowspan="7" | [[9th Vijay Awards|25 April 2015]]
| [[Vijay Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| [[Wunderbar Films]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2015 |title=Vijay Awards 2015 – Complete list of winners |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-awards-2015-complete-list-of-winners-news-tamil-pe0nhUfhdeigd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505133454/http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-awards-2015-complete-list-of-winners-news-tamil-pe0nhUfhdeigd.html |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=5 May 2015 |website=[[Sify]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=V. P. |first=Nicy |date=6 April 2015 |title=9th Annual Vijay Awards: Ajith, Vijay, Rajinikanth, Suriya, Dhanush Nominated [Complete List] |work=[[International Business Times]] |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/9th-annual-vijay-awards-ajith-vijay-rajinikanth-suriya-dhanush-nominated-complete-list-628225 |url-status=live |access-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505133549/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/9th-annual-vijay-awards-ajith-vijay-rajinikanth-suriya-dhanush-nominated-complete-list-628225 |archive-date=5 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| [[Dhanush]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{sort|Paul|[[Amala Paul]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{sort|Ravichander|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Favourite Song|Favourite Song]]
| "Amma Amma"
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Favourite Film|Favourite Film]]
| [[Wunderbar Films]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Favourite Hero|Favourite Hero]]
| [[Dhanush]]
| {{nom}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Tamil films of 2014]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3822396/awards Accolades for ''Velaiilla Pattadhari''] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]
{{featured list}}

[[Category:Lists of accolades by Indian film|Velaiilla Pattadhari]]

Backward Regions Grant Fund

2024-02-06T18:39:11Z

Ilushiktka: small update structure based on references additionally and corrected details after review

{{Short description|Indian government program to address regional economic imbalances}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= April 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date= April 2015}}

The '''Backward Regions Grant Fund''' ('''BRGF''') is an [[Indian government]] program designed to "address regional imbalances in development."<ref name=pib /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Implementation of BRGF |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=74504 |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> The programme was launched by Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] at [[Barpeta]], [[Assam]] on 19 February 2007.<ref name=pib>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/efeatures.aspx?relid=79312 |title=Backward Regions Grant Fund |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |date=January 2012 |access-date=2 November 2014}}</ref>

The BRGF Programme covers 250 districts in 27 States, of which 232 districts fall under the purview of Parts IX and IX-A of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]] dealing with the [[Panchayats]] and the Municipalities, respectively. The remaining 18 districts are covered by other local government structures, such as Autonomous District and Regional Councils under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution and state specific arrangements as in the case of [[Nagaland]] and the hill areas of [[Manipur]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Kishore Chandra Deo |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Backward-Region-Grant-Fund-for-all-Arunachal-districts/articleshow/27236041.cms |title=Backward Region Grant Fund for all Arunachal districts |newspaper=The Times of India |date=12 December 2013 |access-date=2 November 2014}}</ref>

The program calls for each district to undertake a study to determine the district's problems and then create a plan to address those problems. The program was funded with 19.25 billion rupees in 2006–2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://panchayat.nic.in/brgf/ |title=About Backward Regions Grant Fund [BRGF] |website=Backwards Regions Grant Fund Scheme Monitoring System |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India |access-date=2 November 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140211173048/http://panchayat.nic.in/brgf/ |archive-date=11 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Objectives==

The Backward Regions Grant Fund is designed to redress regional imbalances in development by way of providing financial resources for supplementing and converging existing developmental inflows into the identified backward districts, so as to:

* Bridge critical gaps in local infrastructure and other development requirements that are not being adequately met through existing inflows,
* Strengthen, to this end, [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]]- and Municipality-level governance with more appropriate capacity building, to facilitate participatory planning, decision making, implementation and monitoring, to reflect local felt needs,
* Provide professional support to local bodies for planning, implementation and monitoring their plans,
* Improve the performance and delivery of critical functions assigned to Panchayats, and counter possible efficiency and equity losses on account of inadequate local capacity.

==BRGF Development Grants==

District Plans received from the various States indicate that the untied fund allocated to the districts are generally being used for filling infrastructural gaps in drinking water, connectivity, health, education, social sectors, electrification, etc. The basket of works taken up includes construction of school buildings /class rooms, health sub-centres, drinking water facility, sanitation facilities, anganwadi buildings, Panchayat buildings, irrigation tanks/channels, street lights, link roads, culverts, soil and [[water conservation]] measures, etc.

==Grants==

The BRGF has adopted the National Capability Building Framework (the NCBF) which envisages strengthening of institutional arrangements, including the infrastructure as well as software support for capacity building of elected representatives, the functionaries and other stakeholders of PRIs and thereby improving the vigour of grassroots level democracy. the utilization of grants should be used in democratic manner and no partisan politics would allowed in allocation of budget

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* [http://pib.nic.in/newsite/efeatures.aspx?relid=79312 PIB English Features]

[[Category:Economy of India by state or union territory]]
[[Category:Government finances in India]]
[[Category:Poverty in India]]

2014 World University Squash Championship

2023-05-04T14:23:04Z

Ilushiktka: typo fix

{{Unreliable sources|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox squash championship
| name = World University 2014
| number = 8
| series = FISU World University Squash Championship
| logo = Logo 2014 World University Squash.png
| logo_size = 150px
| website = {{URL|http://wucsquash2014.com/}}
| notes =
| location = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennai]], [[India]]
| venue =
| prev = [[2010 World University Squash Championship|2010]] {{flagicon|AUS}}
| next = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[2016 World University Squash Championship|2016]]
}}
The '''2014 World University Squash Championship''' is the edition of the 2014's [[World University Squash Championships|World University]] [[Squash (sport)|Squash]], which serves as the individual world squash championship for students. The event took place in [[Chennai]] in [[India]] from 1 September to 7 September.

==Draw and results==
{{small|''Restricted from the quarter-final''}}

===Men's Single===
{{8TeamBracket
| sets=5
| RD1 = '''Quarter finals'''
| RD2 = '''Semi finals'''
| RD3 = '''Final'''
| team-width = 200
| RD1-seed1 = '''1'''
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|EGY}} '''[[Mazen Hesham Ga Sabry|Mazen Hesham]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 =8
| RD1-score1-2 ='''11'''
| RD1-score1-3 ='''11'''
| RD1-score1-4 ='''11'''
| RD1-score1-5 =
| RD1-seed2 = '''5/8'''
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Sanjay Singh (squash player)|Sanjay Singh]]
| RD1-score2-1 ='''11'''
| RD1-score2-2 =6
| RD1-score2-3 =3
| RD1-score2-4 =8
| RD1-score2-5 =
| RD1-seed3 = '''5/8'''
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Addeen Idrakie]]
| RD1-score3-1 =8
| RD1-score3-2 =9
| RD1-score3-3 ='''11'''
| RD1-score3-4 ='''11'''
| RD1-score3-5 =5
| RD1-seed4 = '''3/4'''
| RD1-team4 = {{flagicon|GBR}} '''[[Eddie Charlton]]'''
| RD1-score4-1 ='''11'''
| RD1-score4-2 ='''11'''
| RD1-score4-3 =8
| RD1-score4-4 =7
| RD1-score4-5 ='''11'''
| RD1-seed5 = '''3/4'''
| RD1-team5 = {{flagicon|PAK}} '''[[Saqib Yousaf]]'''
| RD1-score5-1 ='''11'''
| RD1-score5-2 =9
| RD1-score5-3 ='''15'''
| RD1-score5-4 =8
| RD1-score5-5 ='''11'''
| RD1-seed6 =
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Andrew Martin (squash player)|Andrew Martin]]
| RD1-score6-1 =8
| RD1-score6-2 ='''11'''
| RD1-score6-3 =13
| RD1-score6-4 ='''11'''
| RD1-score6-5 =3
| RD1-seed7 = '''5/8'''
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Joel Makin]]
| RD1-score7-1 =10
| RD1-score7-2 =8
| RD1-score7-3 =8
| RD1-score7-4 =
| RD1-score7-5 =
| RD1-seed8 = '''2'''
| RD1-team8 = {{flagicon|EGY}} '''[[Zahed Mohamed]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 ='''12'''
| RD1-score8-2 ='''11'''
| RD1-score8-3 ='''11'''
| RD1-score8-4 =
| RD1-score8-5 =
| RD2-seed1 = '''1'''
| RD2-team1 = {{flagicon|EGY}} '''[[Mazen Hesham Ga Sabry|Mazen Hesham]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 ='''13'''
| RD2-score1-2 ='''11'''
| RD2-score1-3 ='''11'''
| RD2-score1-4 =
| RD2-score1-5 =
| RD2-seed2 = '''3/4'''
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Eddie Charlton]]
| RD2-score2-1 =11
| RD2-score2-2 =7
| RD2-score2-3 =9
| RD2-score2-4 =
| RD2-score2-5 =
| RD2-seed3 = '''3/4'''
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Saqib Yousaf]]
| RD2-score3-1 =6
| RD2-score3-2 ='''11'''
| RD2-score3-3 =1
| RD2-score3-4 =7
| RD2-score3-5 =
| RD2-seed4 = '''2'''
| RD2-team4 = {{flagicon|EGY}} '''[[Zahed Mohamed]]'''
| RD2-score4-1 ='''11'''
| RD2-score4-2 =7
| RD2-score4-3 ='''11'''
| RD2-score4-4 ='''11'''
| RD2-score4-5 =
| RD3-seed1 = '''1'''
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|EGY}} '''[[Mazen Hesham Ga Sabry|Mazen Hesham]]'''
| RD3-score1-1 ='''11'''
| RD3-score1-2 ='''11'''
| RD3-score1-3 ='''11'''
| RD3-score1-4 =
| RD3-score1-5 =
| RD3-seed2 = '''2'''
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Zahed Mohamed]]
| RD3-score2-1 =8
| RD3-score2-2 =9
| RD3-score2-3 =6
| RD3-score2-4 =
| RD3-score2-5 =
}}
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tournamentsoftware.com/cookiewall/?returnurl=%2Fsport%2Fdraw.aspx%3Fid%3DB91F42B5-C5E7-4845-A448-508EE79916EC%26draw%3D7|title=Tournamentsoftware.com|website=www.tournamentsoftware.com}}</ref>

===Women's Single===
{{8TeamBracket
| sets=5
| RD1 = '''Quarter finals'''
| RD2 = '''Semi finals'''
| RD3 = '''Final'''
| team-width = 200
| RD1-seed1 = '''1'''
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|CZE}} '''[[Olga Ertlová]]'''
| RD1-score1-1 =8
| RD1-score1-2 ='''11'''
| RD1-score1-3 ='''11'''
| RD1-score1-4 ='''11'''
| RD1-score1-5 =
| RD1-seed2 = '''5/8'''
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Chloé Mesic]]
| RD1-score2-1 ='''11'''
| RD1-score2-2 =9
| RD1-score2-3 =2
| RD1-score2-4 =6
| RD1-score2-5 =
| RD1-seed3 = '''5/8'''
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|RSA}} '''[[Alexandra Fuller (squash player)|Alexandra Fuller]]'''
| RD1-score3-1 =9
| RD1-score3-2 ='''11'''
| RD1-score3-3 ='''11'''
| RD1-score3-4 ='''13'''
| RD1-score3-5 =
| RD1-seed4 = '''3/4'''
| RD1-team4 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Zulhijjah Binti Azan]]
| RD1-score4-1 ='''11'''
| RD1-score4-2 =8
| RD1-score4-3 =5
| RD1-score4-4 =11
| RD1-score4-5 =
| RD1-seed5 = '''3/4'''
| RD1-team5 = {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Cheyna Tucker]]
| RD1-score5-1 =2
| RD1-score5-2 ='''11'''
| RD1-score5-3 =3
| RD1-score5-4 =4
| RD1-score5-5 =
| RD1-seed6 = '''5/8'''
| RD1-team6 = {{flagicon|GBR}} '''[[Camilla Tomlinson]]'''
| RD1-score6-1 ='''11'''
| RD1-score6-2 =7
| RD1-score6-3 ='''11'''
| RD1-score6-4 ='''11'''
| RD1-score6-5 =
| RD1-seed7 =
| RD1-team7 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aparajitha Balamurukan]]
| RD1-score7-1 =3
| RD1-score7-2 =5
| RD1-score7-3 ='''12'''
| RD1-score7-4 =4
| RD1-score7-5 =
| RD1-seed8 = '''2'''
| RD1-team8 = {{flagicon|EGY}} '''[[Farah Abdel Meguid]]'''
| RD1-score8-1 ='''11'''
| RD1-score8-2 ='''11'''
| RD1-score8-3 =10
| RD1-score8-4 ='''11'''
| RD1-score8-5 =
| RD2-seed1 = '''1'''
| RD2-team1 = {{flagicon|CZE}} '''[[Olga Ertlová]]'''
| RD2-score1-1 ='''11'''
| RD2-score1-2 ='''11'''
| RD2-score1-3 ='''11'''
| RD2-score1-4 =
| RD2-score1-5 =
| RD2-seed2 = '''5/8'''
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Alexandra Fuller (squash player)|Alexandra Fuller]]
| RD2-score2-1 =7
| RD2-score2-2 =3
| RD2-score2-3 =5
| RD2-score2-4 =
| RD2-score2-5 =
| RD2-seed3 = '''5/8'''
| RD2-team3 = {{flagicon|GBR}} '''[[Camilla Tomlinson]]'''
| RD2-score3-1 =10
| RD2-score3-2 ='''11'''
| RD2-score3-3 ='''11'''
| RD2-score3-4 ='''11'''
| RD2-score3-5 =
| RD2-seed4 = '''2'''
| RD2-team4 = {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Farah Abdel Meguid]]
| RD2-score4-1 ='''12'''
| RD2-score4-2 =9
| RD2-score4-3 =3
| RD2-score4-4 =7
| RD2-score4-5 =
| RD3-seed1 = '''1'''
| RD3-team1 = {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Olga Ertlová]]
| RD3-score1-1 =8
| RD3-score1-2 =6
| RD3-score1-3 =1
| RD3-score1-4 =
| RD3-score1-5 =
| RD3-seed2 = '''5/8'''
| RD3-team2 = {{flagicon|GBR}} '''[[Camilla Tomlinson]]'''
| RD3-score2-1 ='''11'''
| RD3-score2-2 ='''11'''
| RD3-score2-3 ='''11'''
| RD3-score2-4 =
| RD3-score2-5 =
}}
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tournamentsoftware.com/cookiewall/?returnurl=%2Fsport%2Fdraw.aspx%3Fid%3DB91F42B5-C5E7-4845-A448-508EE79916EC%26draw%3D9|title=Tournamentsoftware.com|website=www.tournamentsoftware.com}}</ref>

===Team Event===
{{4TeamBracket
| RD1 = '''Semi finals'''
| RD2 = '''Final'''
| seed-width =
| team-width = 200
| score-width =
| RD1-seed1 = '''1'''
| RD1-team1 = {{flagicon|EGY}} '''[[Egypt]]'''
| RD1-score1 = '''2'''
| RD1-seed2 = '''3/4'''
| RD1-team2 = {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Malaysia]]
| RD1-score2 = 0
| RD1-seed3 = '''3/4'''
| RD1-team3 = {{flagicon|RSA}} [[South Africa]]
| RD1-score3 = 0
| RD1-seed4 = '''2'''
| RD1-team4 = {{flagicon|GBR}} '''[[Great Britain]]'''
| RD1-score4 = '''2'''
| RD2-seed1 = '''1'''
| RD2-team1 = {{flagicon|EGY}} '''[[Egypt]]'''
| RD2-score1 = '''2'''
| RD2-seed2 = '''2'''
| RD2-team2 = {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Great Britain]]
| RD2-score2 = 1
}}
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tournamentsoftware.com/cookiewall/?returnurl=%2Fsport%2Fdrawsheet.aspx%3Fid%3DC72E05DA-3026-49D4-AAF5-9AEAA5EC9C94%26draw%3D1|title=Tournamentsoftware.com|website=www.tournamentsoftware.com}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[World University Squash Championships]]
*[[World Squash Federation]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://wucsquash2014.com/ WSF World University 2014 Website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120124204823/http://www.worldsquash.org/ws/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/World-University-Championships.pdf WSF World University page]

{{World University Squash}}
{{2014 in squash}}

[[Category:Squash tournaments in India]]
[[Category:2014 in squash|World University]]
[[Category:2014 in Indian sport|World University Squash Championships]]
[[Category:September 2014 sports events in Asia|World University Squash Championships]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in Chennai]]
[[Category:2010s in Chennai]]
[[Category:International sports competitions hosted by India]]
[[Category:World University Squash Championships]]
[[Category:2014 World University Championships|Squash]]