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Sarathi (comedian)

2026-05-08T12:04:14Z

Igurushivamy:

{{Short description|Indian comedic actor, producer (1942–2022)}}
{{For|the 2011 Kannada film|Saarathi}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}

'''Sarathi''', also called '''Kadali Jaya Sarathi''', (26 June 1942 – 1 August 2022) was an Indian comedic actor and producer in the [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu]] film industry.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-01 |title=Noted comedian Jaya Sarathi passes away in Hyderabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/noted-comedian-jaya-sarathi-passes-away-in-hyderabad/articleshow/93266369.cms |access-date=2022-08-02 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=2 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802091758/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/noted-comedian-jaya-sarathi-passes-away-in-hyderabad/articleshow/93266369.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> His most notable roles are in ''Manavuri Pandavulu'', ''Bobilli Brahmanna'', ''Driver Ramudu'', ''Bakta Kannappa'' and ''Jaganmohini''. Sarathi died from kidney ailments at a hospital in [[Hyderabad]] on 1 August 2022, at the age of 80.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 August 2022 |title=Veteran comedian Kadali Jaya Sarathi passes away |url=https://www.telugubulletin.com/veteran-comedian-kadali-jaya-sarathi-passes-away-162987 |access-date=1 August 2022 |work=TeluguBulletin |archive-date=1 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801105320/https://www.telugubulletin.com/veteran-comedian-kadali-jaya-sarathi-passes-away-162987 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Colbegin}}
*''[[Velugu Needalu]]'' in 1961
*''[[Paramanandayya Sishyula Katha]]'' in 1966
*''[[Brahmachari (1968 Telugu film)|Brahmachari]]'' in 1968
*''[[Sukha Dukhalu]]'' in 1968
*''[[Bhale Rangadu]]'' in 1969
*''[[Gandikota Rahasyam]]'' in 1969
*''[[Aggi Veerudu]]'' in 1969 as Fisherman
*''[[Mattilo Manikyam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mattilo Manikyam (1971) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ONG |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> in 1971 as Manikyam's friend
*''[[Collector Janaki]]'' in 1972
*''[[Bangaru Babu (1973 film)|Bangaru Babu]]'' in 1973
*''[[Mayadari Malligadu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayadari Malligadu (1973) |url=https://indiancine.ma/PUA |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> in 1973 as Balabrahmananda Swamy's ([[Padmanabham (actor)|Padmanabham]]) disciple
*''[[Tatamma Kala]]'' in 1974
*''[[Manchi Manushulu]]'' in 1974
*''[[Bhakta Kannappa]]'' in 1976
*''[[Edureeta]]'' in 1977
* ''Maa Iddari Katha'' in 1977
*''[[Chiranjeevi Rambabu]]'' in 1977 as Singaram
*''[[Raja Ramesh]]'' in 1977
*''[[Chanakya Chandragupta]]'' in 1977
*''[[Amara Deepam (1977 film)|Amara Deepam]]'' in 1977
*''[[Aalu Magalu]]'' in 1977
*''[[Indradhanussu (1978 film)|Indradhanussu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indradhanusu (1978) |url=https://indiancine.ma/SGU |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> in 1978 as Shanti's suitor
*''[[Jaganmohini (1978 film)|Jaganmohini]]'' in 1978
*''[[Mana Voori Pandavulu]]'' in 1978
*''Kalanthakulu'' in 1978
*[[Sommokadidhi Sokokadidhi]] in 1979
*''[[Driver Ramudu]]'' in 1979
*''[[Kothala Raayudu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kothala Rayudu Cast and Crew Info |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/kothala-rayudu-1979}}</ref> in 1979 as Sarathi
*''[[Oka Challani Rathri]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oka Challani Rathri (1979) |url=https://indiancine.ma/UDD |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204145257/https://indiancine.ma/UDD |url-status=live }}</ref> in 1979 as Thyagaraju
*''[[Cheyyethi Jai Kottu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cheyyethi Jai Kottu (1979) |url=https://indiancine.ma/TRV |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404151822/https://indiancine.ma/TRV |url-status=live }}</ref> in 1979
*''[[Gandharva Kanya]]'' in 1979 as Vasantha
*''[[Mahalakshmi (1980 film)|Mahalakshmi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahalakshmi (1980) |url=https://indiancine.ma/UXK |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521175008/https://indiancine.ma/UXK |url-status=live }}</ref> in 1980 as Sarathi
*''[[Mosagadu]]'' in 1980 as Babji
*''[[Ammayi Mogudu Mamaku Yamudu]]'' in 1980
*''[[Gopala Rao Gari Ammayi]]'' in 1980
*''[[Venkateswara Vratha Mahatyam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Venkateswara Vratha Mahatyam (వేంకటేశ్వర వ్రత మహత్యం) 1980 {{!}} ♫ tunes |url=https://tunes.desibantu.com/venkateswara-vratha-mahatyam-1980/ |access-date=2023-11-14 |language=en-US |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114183110/https://tunes.desibantu.com/venkateswara-vratha-mahatyam-1980/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in 1980 as Pothuraju
*''[[Gharana Donga]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gharana Donga (1980) |url=https://indiancine.ma/USK |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> in 1980 as Krishna's assistant
*''[[Bebbuli]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bebbuli (1980) |url=https://indiancine.ma/UOC |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> in 1980 as Jagannatham's secretary
*''[[Kottapeta Rowdy]]'' in 1980
*''[[Prema Tarangalu]]'' in 1980
*''[[Mama Allulla Saval]]'' in 1980
*''[[Babulugaadi Debba]]'' in 1981
*''Taxi Driver'' in 1981
*''[[Guvvala Janta]]'' in 1981
*''[[Gola Nagamma]]'' in 1981
*''[[Kaliyuga Ramudu]]'' in 1982
*''[[Madhura Swapnam]]'' in 1982
*''[[Devatha (1982 film)|Devatha]]'' in 1982
*''[[Pagabattina Simham]]'' in 1982
*''[[Jaggu]]'' in 1982
*''[[Bangaru Bhoomi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangaru Bhoomi (1982) |url=https://indiancine.ma/WJC |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630130339/https://indiancine.ma/WJC |url-status=live }}</ref> in 1982 as Chokkarao
*''[[Pralaya Rudrudu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pralaya Rudrudu (1982) |url=https://indiancine.ma/WYA |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> in 1982 as Sambayya
*''[[Dharma Poratam]]'' in 1983 as Dr. S. Apparao
*''[[Mayagadu (1983 film)|Mayagadu]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=shared&v=8q4bXWADthk |title=Mayagadu Telugu Full Length Movie HD {{!}} Mohan babu {{!}} Kavitha {{!}} Chakravarthy @skyvideostelugu |date=2018-03-26 |last=SkyVideos Telugu |access-date=2024-10-23 |via=YouTube}}</ref> in 1983 as Gopi
*''[[Gudachari No.1]]'' in 1983 as Pakshula Papanna
*''[[Bobbili Puli]]'' in 1983
*''[[Shakthi (film)|Shakthi]]'' in 1983
*''[[Bobbili Brahmanna]]'' in 1984 as Rathnalu
*''[[Merupu Daadi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Merupu Daadi |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/merupu-daadi/cast/2000222414/ |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525212713/https://www.tvguide.com/movies/merupu-daadi/cast/2000222414/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in 1984 as Anji
*''[[Intiguttu (1984 film)|Intiguttu]]'' in 1984
*''[[Babulugaadi Debba]]'' in 1984
*''[[Sangeeta Samrat]]'' in 1984
*''[[Illale Devatha]]'' in 1985
*''[[Aggiraju]]'' in 1985
*''Edadugula Bandham'' in 1985
*''Ragile Gundelu'' in 1985
*''[[Chattamtho Poratam]]'' in 1985 as Bujji Babu
*''Maya Mohini'' in 1985
*''[[Jayam Manade (1986 film)|Jayam Manade]]'' in 1986
*''Manavudu Danavudu'' in 1986
*''[[Tandra Paparayudu (film)|Tandra Paparayudu]]'' in 1986
*''[[Ajeyudu]]'' in 1987
*''[[Sthree Sahasam (1987 film)|Sthree Sahasam]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=STHREE SAHASAM {{!}} TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} SILK SMITHA {{!}} TELUGU MOVIE ZONE |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zmhWLjZrRjQ |access-date=2023-11-08 |language=en |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108193205/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=zmhWLjZrRjQ |url-status=live }}</ref> in 1987 as Pasupathi aka Pasu
*''[[Veera Pratap]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veera Pratap (1987) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ANRZ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218174605/https://indiancine.ma/ANRZ |url-status=live }}</ref> in 1987
*''[[Prana Snehitulu]]'' in 1988
*''[[Simha Swapnam]]'' in 1989
*''[[Koduku Diddina Kapuram]]'' in 1989
*''[[Alludugaru]]'' in 1990
*''[[Prajala Manishi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prajala Manishi (1990) {{!}} V CINEMA – Movie, Review, Cast, Songs & Release Date |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/about:blank |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=www.vcinema.com |language=en |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707161434/https://www.vcinema.com/movie/about:blank |url-status=live }}</ref> in 1990 as Constable
*''Abhisarika'' in 1990
*''Intinta Deepavali'' in 1990
*''[[Anna Thammudu (1990 film)|Anna Thammudu]]'' in 1990
*''Tharaka Prabhuni Deeksha Mahimalu'' in 1991
*''[[Yamudannaki Mogudu]]'' in 1992
*''Srimaan Brahmachari'' in 1992
*''[[Chinna Alludu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinna Alludu |url=https://spicyonion.com/title/chinna-alludu-telugu-movie/ |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Spicyonion.com |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422063957/https://spicyonion.com/title/chinna-alludu-telugu-movie/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref> 1993 as Land Surveyor
*[[Matru Devo Bhava]] in 1993
* ''Jeevithame Oka Cinema'' in 1993
*''Paruvu Prathishta'' in 1993
*''Neram'' in 1994
*''[[Hello Alludu]]'' in 1994 as Doctor
*''[[Pokiri Raja]]'' in 1995 as Principal
*''[[Dharma Chakram]]'' in 1996
*''Priyamaina Srivaru'' in 1997
{{Colend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|764873}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarathi}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:People from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Deaths from kidney disease]]

{{India-film-actor-1940s-stub}}
{{Comedian-stub}}

Kalyan Chakraborti

2026-05-07T14:08:52Z

Igurushivamy:

{{Short description|Indian politician in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] for [[Khardaha Assembly constituency|Khardaha]]
| term_start = 4 May 2026
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Sovandeb Chattopadhyay]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Dr. Kalyan Chakraborti''' is a politician from West Bengal. He is a member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]], from [[Khardaha Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-05 |title=Khardaha Assembly Election Results 2026: Candidates List, Winner, Party, Votes, Schedule, Latest News |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/khardaha-constituency/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party – West Bengal|Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly Constituency 109 - Khardaha (West Bengal) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S25109.htm# |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraborti, Kalyan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]

{{WestBengal-BJP-politician-stub}}

Ohm Shanthi Oshaana

2026-05-07T12:40:16Z

Igurushivamy:

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ohm Shanthi Oshaana
| image = Ohm Shanthi Oshaana (2014) - Poster.jpg
| caption = Film Poster
| director = [[Jude Anthany Joseph]]
| producer = Alvin Antony
| story = Midhun Manuel Thomas
| writer =
| screenplay = {{plainlist|
*[[Midhun Manuel Thomas]]
*Jude Anthany Joseph
}}
| narrator = [[Salim Kumar]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Nivin Pauly]]
*[[Nazriya Nazim]]
}}
| music = [[Shaan Rahman]]
| cinematography = Vinod Illampally
| editing = [[Lijo Paul]]
| studio = Ananya Films
| distributor = PJ Entertainments (Europe)
Tricolor Entertainments (Asia Pacific)
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|02|07}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|10.3 [[crore]]}}<ref name="BOX"/>
}}

'''''Ohm Shanthi Oshaana''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[coming-of-age]] [[romantic comedy]] film co-written and directed by [[Jude Anthany Joseph]]. The story was conceived by [[Midhun Manuel Thomas]] and he wrote the screenplay along with Joseph.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130616/entertainment-mollywood/article/nivin-and-nazriya-set-encore |title=Nivin and Nazriya set for an encore |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619224646/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130616/entertainment-mollywood/article/nivin-and-nazriya-set-encore |archive-date=2013-06-19}}</ref> The film stars [[Nivin Pauly]] and [[Nazriya Nazim]] with [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], [[Renji Panicker]] and [[Aju Varghese]]. It was produced by Ananya Films and features music by [[Shaan Rahman]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2013/nivin-pauly-nazriya-movie-om-shanti-osana-starts-rolling-120140.html|title=Nivin Pauly's Om Shanti Osana Starts Rolling|work=www.filmibeat.com|access-date=8 December 2013|archive-date=19 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319112124/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/news/2013/nivin-pauly-nazriya-movie-om-shanti-osana-starts-rolling-120140.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Ohm Shanthi Oshaana'' was released on 7 February 2014 with positive reviews from critics, with praises towards Nazriya's and Nivin's performances, the music and screenplay. A major commercial success, it became one of the highest grossing film of the year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130717/entertainment-mollywood/article/fast-track |title=On the Fast track! |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719053457/http://deccanchronicle.com/130717/entertainment-mollywood/article/fast-track |archive-date=2013-07-19}}</ref>

'''Va Va Nilave''' (Aka: '''Vaa Vaa Nilave''') is a Tamil dubbed version, available online.

At the [[45th Kerala State Film Awards]], the film won three accolades: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Popular Film|Best Popular Film]], [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (for Nazriya) and [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]] (for Paul).<ref>{{cite web|author=Kerala Chalachitra Academy|title=State Film Award 2014|url=http://www.keralafilm.com/index.php/kca-updates/318-state-film-award-2014|publisher=Keralafilm.com|access-date=10 August 2015|date=10 August 2015|archive-date=13 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813000251/http://www.keralafilm.com/index.php/kca-updates/318-state-film-award-2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="award" /> At the [[62nd Filmfare Awards South]], the film received four nominations: [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress]] (for Nazriya), [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Malayalam|Best Music Director]] (for Rahman), [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Malayalam|Best Lyricist]] (for Harinarayanan) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Malayalam|Best Playback Singer – Male]] (for Srinivasan).<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards South |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |website=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=27 June 2015 |date=27 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129092825/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |archive-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> ''Ohm Shanthi Oshaana'' is considered as one of the best Malayalam films of the [[New generation (Malayalam film movement)|New-Gen cinema movement]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nagarajan|first=Saraswathy|date=2019-12-19|title=The 25 best Malayalam films of the decade: 'Premam', 'Maheshinte Prathikaram', 'Kumbalangi Nights' and more|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-25-best-malayalam-films-of-the-decade-premam-maheshinte-prathikaram-kumbalangi-nights-and-more/article30349548.ece|access-date=2021-07-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>.The film is remade in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] language as ''Ke Tumi Nandini'' (2019)

==Plot==
The film begins in 1983 as Dr. Mathew Devasya anxiously paces the hall outside of a delivery room. He learns that his wife has delivered a baby boy and thanks God for the good news. A stranger comments that Mathew was lucky the baby was not a girl, as he would have had to worry about her all his life. As the stranger says this, a nurse comes out of the delivery room carrying the baby, apologizing that she made a mistake, and confirming that the baby is actually a girl. Mathew glares at the stranger and praises God once again.

The story resumes in 1999 where the baby girl, Pooja, is now a 16 year old tomboy in grade 10. She introduces the audience to her parents. Her father is a doctor by profession and enjoys recording and listening to his own renditions of songs. Her mother, a college lecturer by profession, is a sweet and down-to-earth woman who loves cooking and appreciating her own culinary skills. Pooja also has two friends: Neetu, a flirt, and Donna, a foodie.

Pooja recounts her childhood memories of being a tomboy, riding a motorbike, and of her friendship with Rachel who makes and sells wine as her job. Pooja is her official wine taster. During one of their meetings, she tells Pooja that she can either choose to marry a man she loves or learn to love a stranger that she is forced to marry through arranged marriage. Because of her advice, Pooja decides that she must find someone to love herself.

She settles on Yardley, a popular boy in her school. During a school trip, Yardley approaches Pooja and reveals his crush on her. The next day, she and her friends see a gang of men harassing girls at a waterpark. Pooja gets angry and gets into a fight with them. When one of the gang twists her arm, a man named Giri appears and saves her. Pooja instantly falls for Giri and immediately rejects Yardley, explaining that she cannot accept his proposal as she does not have romantic feelings for him.

Over the course of the rest of the film, Pooja constantly tries to attract the attention of and learn more about Giri, who has now graduated from college and lives as a part-time farmer and Kung Fu sensei. At one point, she learns from her cousin David Kanjyani that his twin, Julie, used to be Giri's girlfriend, but was married off to another man from the [[United States|US]] by David and Julie's father, resulting in enmity between Giri and David. She also learns from Rachel that Giri had been considered as a good suitor to her daughter Helen as well. The year is 2000. On Giri's birthday, which also happens to be a [[Palm Sunday]], Pooja decides that she will confess to him with a keychain. When she visits him, it begins to rain and they take shelter in a temple. However, when Pooja tries to declare her love, Giri cuts her off. Telling her that she is just a kid and that she needs to concentrate on her studies because she is destined to become successful, he rejects her. Pooja drops the keychain, and leaves Giri behind into the rain in tears.

Pooja is distraught by Giri's rejection, but focuses on her studies as Giri had requested. She passes her medical [[All India Pre Medical Test|entrance exams]] and goes to [[Calicut Medical College|Kozhikode Medical College]]. Pooja tries to contact Giri before leaving, but learns that he was forced to visit [[China]] on a Kung Fu Academy trip as he was involved in the love marriage of his friend and the bride's household threatened to kill him. Pooja also has a dream that Giri now has a family with a Chinese woman. At the medical college, she is still friends with Neethu, and another student, Anna. She also befriends a young professor, Dr. Prasad Varkey. During her final year in 2005-06, she runs into Giri again. She confides in Dr. Prasad about Giri and he advises her that enough time has passed and she should pursue him if she is still interested. When Giri's mother is admitted to the hospital, Pooja takes care of her in an effort to get closer to Giri. When Giri's friend Thennal comes to visit, Pooja thinks they are in a relationship and becomes jealous, until she learns that Thennal is already married to Giri's friend.

Pooja comes home to stay with her parents and continues her pursuit of Giri by helping him with his social activities like performing community weddings. Now Giri is 33 and Pooja is 24. During this time, she surprises him by helping to publish a book his mother wrote. Though Pooja thinks Giri has started to care for her, she is heartbroken to learn that Giri is engaged to Sreelakshmi, one of their childhood friends. She learns that David had betrayed Giri in their college days, hence David runs away whenever he sees Giri. One day after Church, David asks Pooja and Giri to help him elope with his love interest Nazeema. After they help him, David gives Giri a letter, telling him only to read it after they've left. When Giri opens the letter, he finds out that David had actually eloped with Sreelakshmi.

Later, Rachel gestures Pooja towards Giri. They go to the same place where Pooja had first proposed to Giri. As she walks up to Giri, he admits that he has loved her all along. He reveals that he kept some memories like the keychain that Pooja originally meant to give him. They get married soon after and Pooja reveals that Dr. Prasad has married Anna, Neetu has married Yardley and that things were going well. Giri has also opened his own KungFu academy. Presently, they (Pooja, Giri and their toddler daughter) are visiting her friend Anna. During their pep-talk, Prasad enquires about the daughter's name to which Giri replies is "Julie" (named after Giri's ex-girlfriend) much to Pooja's annoyance, which she narrates in the end that "men never forget their first lovers".

== Cast ==
{{cast list|
* [[Nivin Pauly]] as Giri Madhavan
* [[Nazriya Nazim]] as Dr. Pooja Mathew
* [[Vineeth Srinivasan]] as Dr. Prasad Varkey, Pooja's best friend and teacher
* [[Aju Varghese]] as David Kanjyani, Pooja's cousin
* [[Renji Panicker]] as Dr. Mathew Devasya/ Mathayi, Pooja's father
* [[Anju Kurian]] as Dr. Anna Maria, Prasad's love interest and Pooja's roommate
* Akshaya Premnath as Neethu, Pooja's friend, a flirt and Yardley's wife
* Manju Satheesh as Annie, Pooja's mother
* [[Vinaya Prasad]] as Rachel "Wine Aunty", Pooja's aunt
* [[Nikki Galrani]] as Thennal K. Warrier (cameo)
* [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Tomichan, Rachel's husband (cameo)
* [[Lal Jose]] as Jacob Tharakan, an author (Extended Cameo)
* [[Sharaf U Dheen]] as Sunny
* [[Shobha Mohan]] as Sumithra Madhavan, Giri's mother
* [[Harikrishnan (Malayalam actor)|Harikrishnan]] as Yardley Avaraan
* Oshein Mertil as Donna, Pooja's foodie friend
* [[Nimisha Suresh]] as Sreelakshmi, David's love interest
* [[Poojitha Menon]] as Julie Kanjyani, David's twin and Pooja's cousin, also Giri's first love interest
* [[Parvathi T]] as Principal Rosamma P.V
* Suja Menon as Sreelakshmi's elder sister
* [[Nandakishore]] as Priest
* Tony Alex Valluvassery as Donna's Husband
* Anumod Sakar as Pervert Neji
* [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as Sakhaav Madhavan, Giri's father (Photo Presence)
* [[Salim Kumar]] as Narrator
* [[Pradeep Kottayam]] as Jacob
* [[Midhun Manuel Thomas]] as Man at Bus stand (Cameo)
* Teenu as the Chinese woman from Pooja's dream}}

==Reception==
=== Critical reception ===
Entertainment website "OneIndia" rated the movie as entertaining, stating that the film has its share of happiness, one-liners and decent performances from the leading pair.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2014/om-shanti-oshana-movie-review-131567.html|title=Om Shanti Oshana Movie Review - An Enjoyable Flick!|first=Ajin|last=Krishna|date=7 February 2014|website=Filmibeat}}</ref> The New Indian Express calls ''Om Shanthi Oshaana'' a "‘Peaceful’ Attempt at film making."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2014/feb/10/Om-Shanthi-Oshana-is-a-‘Peaceful’-Attempt-at-Film-Making-574373.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120082128/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2014/feb/10/Om-Shanthi-Oshana-is-a-%E2%80%98Peaceful%E2%80%99-Attempt-at-Film-Making-574373.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 November 2017|title=Om Shanthi Oshana is a 'Peaceful' Attempt at Film Making|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> "Sify" stated that the director [[Jude Anthany Joseph]] "creates an engaging enough drama in ''Ohm Shanthi Oshaana'', that you're happy to emotionally invest in [it]."<ref>{{cite web |title=Om Shanti Oshana Movie Review |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ohm-shanthi-oshaana-review-malayalam-pcmbj8fcbacid.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310080037/http://www.sify.com/movies/ohm-shanthi-oshaana-review-malayalam-pcmbj8fcbacid.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 March 2015|work=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film completed 100 days in 12 screens.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Box-Office (March 2014)|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15052525|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154213/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15052525|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|website=[[Sify]]|date=3 April 2014}}</ref> It grossed over {{INRConvert|2.7|c}} in 4 days at the Indian box office.<ref>{{cite news|title=Box Office: Nazriya Nazim's 'Ohm Shanthi Oshana', Mohanlal's 'Drishyam' Collections|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-nazriya-nazim039s-039ohm-shanthi-oshana039-mohanlal039s-039drishyam039-collections-538283|date=11 February 2014|author=Sangeetha Seshagiri}}</ref> The film collected {{INR}}6.1 crore in its three weeks in Kerala box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=pl4ratfafbdgd|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421104727/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=pl4ratfafbdgd|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 April 2016|title=Kerala Box-Office( Feb 10- 28)|work=[[Sify]]|date=28 April 2014}}</ref> The film completed 50 days n 25 screens.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15052525|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207012118/http://m.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15052525|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2017|title=Kerala Box-Office (March 2014)|work=[[Sify]]|date=3 February 2014}}</ref> Overall, the film grossed {{INRConvert|10.3|c}} at the box office. It was one of the biggest commercial successes of 2014 in Malayalam.<ref name="BOX">{{cite news|author=Anu James|title=Happy Birthday Nivin Pauly: Journey of an engineer who has become youth icon of Malayalam films|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/happy-birthday-nivin-pauly-journey-engineer-who-has-become-youth-icon-malayalam-films-649993|agency=[[International Business Times]]|date=11 October 2015}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ohm Shanthi Oshaana
| type = film
| artist = [[Shaan Rahman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 27 January 2014
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Think Music India]]
| producer = Shaan Rahman
| prev_title = [[Thira (film)|Thira]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Praise the Lord (film)|Praise the Lord]]
| next_year = 2014
}}
''Ohm Shanti Oshaana''{{'s}} music was composed by [[Shaan Rahman]] with lyrics by [[Manu Manjith]].
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Original track listing
| title1 = Kattu Mooliyo
| length1 = 03:49
| extra1 = [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
| title2 = Mounam Chorum Neram
| length2 = 03:11
| extra2 = [[Rinu Razak]], [[Hesham Abdul Wahab|Hesham]]
| title3 = Sneham Cherum Neram
| length3 = 03:11
| extra3 = Rinu Razak, Hesham
| title4 = Mandaarame
| length4 = 03:24
| extra4 = [[Job Kurian]], [[Shaan Rahman]]
| title5 = Ee Mazha Megham
| length5 = 02:36
| extra5 = [[Remya Nambeesan]]
| title6 = Neelakasham
| length6 = 02:29
| extra6 = Shaan Rahman
| total_length = 25:58
}}

== Accolades ==
'''[[2014 Kerala State Film Awards|45th Kerala State Film Award]]s'''<ref name="award">{{cite news|author=Onmanorama Staff |title=State Awards: Nazriya, Nivin, Sudev bag top honours |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/just-in/state-film-awards-mammootty-nivin-pauly-dulquer-manju-.html |access-date=10 August 2015 |agency=[[Malayala Manorama]] |date=10 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813003515/http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/just-in/state-film-awards-mammootty-nivin-pauly-dulquer-manju-.html |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref>
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Popular Film|Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value]]
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – Nazriya Nazim
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]] – Lijo Paul
'''Film Critics Award'''
* 2014: Atlas Film Critics Award for Best Debutant Director<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/critics-award-for-ottaal-iyyobinte-pusthakam/article7072399.ece|title=Critics award for Ottaal, Iyyobinte Pusthakam|work=The Hindu|date=5 April 2015 }}</ref>
* 2014: Mohan Raghavan Memorial Award for Best Script
* 2014: Asiavision Award for Best Family Movie

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.facebook.com/ohmshanthioshaana Ohm Shanthi Oshaana] on [[Facebook]]
* {{IMDb title|id=3517192}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jude Anthany Joseph]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shaan Rahman]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thodupuzha]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]

Sangli Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T22:28:45Z

Igurushivamy: New New Post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sangli
| constituency_no = 282
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 282-Sangli.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Sangli Lok Sabha constituency|Sangli]]
| district = [[Sangli district|Sangli]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Sudhir Gadgil]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| incumbent_image =
| alliance =
| electors =356,664
}}
'''Sangli Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|access-date=5 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|archive-date=25 February 2009}}</ref>

==Overview==
Sangli constituency is one of the eight Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Sangli district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=275}}</ref>

Sangli is part of [[Sangli Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha constituencies in this district, namely [[Miraj Assembly constituency|Miraj]], [[Khanapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Khanapur]], [[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon]], [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgao-Kavathemahakal]] and [[Jat Assembly constituency|Jat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=278}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || rowspan="3" | [[Vasantdada Patil|Vasantrao Banduji Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || A. B. Birnale
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || [[Pandurang Bapu Patil]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || [[Vasantdada Patil|Vasantrao Banduji Patil]]
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || [[Shalini Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || [[Vasantdada Patil|Vasantrao Banduji Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1986 elections in India#Maharashtra|1986 By-election]] || rowspan="3" | [[Sambhaji Pawar]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Patil Dinkar Tukaram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Madan Patil|Madan Vishwanathrao Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Sambhaji Pawar]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan="3" | [[Sudhir Gadgil|Dhananjay Alias Sudhir Hari Gadgil]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangli <ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Sangli">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Sangli |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13282.htm |access-date=25 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125065119/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13282.htm |archive-date=25 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sudhir Gadgil|Dhananjay Alias Sudhir Hari Gadgil]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 112,498 |percentage = 50.03% |change = {{decrease}}0.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prithviraj (Baba) Gulabrao Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 76,363 |percentage = 33.96% |change = {{decrease}}12.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jayashree Madan Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 32,736 |percentage = 14.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,224 |percentage = 0.54% |change = {{decrease}}0.77 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 36,135 |percentage = 16.07% |change = {{increase}}12.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 226,065 |percentage = 63.38% |change = {{increase}}5.09 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 224,841}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 356,664 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.01 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}0.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangli <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sudhir Gadgil|Dhananjay Alias Sudhir Hari Gadgil]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 93,636 |percentage = 50.28% |change = {{increase}}8.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prithviraj Gulabrao Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 86,697 |percentage = 46.55% |change = {{increase}}12.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,448 |percentage = 1.31% |change = {{increase}}0.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shekhar Vishwas Mane |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,739 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh Tukaram Saratikar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,301 |percentage = 0.70% |change = {{increase}}0.06 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,939 |percentage = 3.73% |change = {{decrease}}3.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 188,988 |percentage = 58.29% |change = {{decrease}}1.34 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 186,235}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 324,197 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}1.36 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}8.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangli <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sudhir Gadgil|Dhananjay Alias Sudhir Hari Gadgil]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 80,497 |percentage = 41.46% |change = {{decrease}}3.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madan Vishwanath Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 66,040 |percentage = 34.01% |change = {{decrease}}4.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Pruthviraj Sambhaji |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 34,635 |percentage = 17.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Suresh Adgonda |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 4,718 |percentage = 2.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adv. Swati Nitin Shinde |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,440 |percentage = 0.74% |change = {{decrease}}2.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kurane Munna Bandu |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,354 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,296 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Sachin Baban |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,249 |percentage = 0.64% |change = {{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,457 |percentage = 7.45% |change = {{increase}}0.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 195,986 |percentage = 59.63% |change = {{increase}}0.86 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 194,173}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 328,663 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.10 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}3.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangli <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sambhaji Pawar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 77,404 |percentage = 45.33% |change = {{increase}}18.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madan Vishwanath Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 66,240 |percentage = 38.79% |change = {{increase}}13.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamlakar Bhimrao Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,783 |percentage = 3.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prof. Sharad Patil |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 6,660 |percentage = 3.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nitin Vishwasrao Shinde |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 5,602 |percentage = 3.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shamu Patel |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,166 |percentage = 3.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh Tukaram Saratikar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,467 |percentage = 0.86% |change = {{increase}}0.16 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,164 |percentage = 6.54% |change = {{decrease}}11.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 170,783 |percentage = 58.77% |change = {{decrease}}12.02 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 170,744}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 290,587 |ref = |change = {{increase}}40.74 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangli }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Madan Patil|Madan Vishwanathrao Patil]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 66,563 |percentage = 45.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sambhaji Pawar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 39,796 |percentage = 27.23% |change = {{increase}}11.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dinkar Tukaram Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,552 |percentage = 25.01% |change = {{decrease}}26.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Moulavi Mubarak Sayyad |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,022 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,767 |percentage = 18.32% |change = {{decrease}}2.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 146,155 |percentage = 70.79% |change = {{increase}}9.98 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 146,129}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 206,469 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.86 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Dinkar Tukaram |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 56,573 |percentage = 51.66% |change = {{increase}}23.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sambhaji Pawar]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 33,415 |percentage = 30.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kelkar Nita Shrirang |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 17,375 |percentage = 15.86% |change = {{increase}}6.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Anil Adgonda |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,223 |percentage = 1.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Com. Shankar Lakhu Pujari |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 932 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,158 |percentage = 21.15% |change = {{increase}}12.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 114,284 |percentage = 60.81% |change = {{decrease}}17.66 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 109,518}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 187,945 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.58 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}15.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sambhaji Pawar]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 51,283 |percentage = 36.55% |change = {{decrease}}16.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Prakashbapu Vasantrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 39,516 |percentage = 28.16% |change = {{decrease}}16.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Madan Patil|Madan Vishwanathrao Patil]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 27,064 |percentage = 19.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kelkar Neeta Shrirang |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 13,642 |percentage = 9.72% |change = {{increase}}7.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohite Namdeorao Ganaptrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,678 |percentage = 4.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sabale Mohan Pandurang |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 1,556 |percentage = 1.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,767 |percentage = 8.39% |change = {{decrease}}0.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 142,385 |percentage = 78.47% |change = {{increase}}8.27 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 140,311}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 181,457 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.75 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}16.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sambhaji Pawar]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 60,856 |percentage = 53.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Vishwanath Shamrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,843 |percentage = 44.37% |change = {{decrease}}2.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Galgale Laxaman Vinayak |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,106 |percentage = 1.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamble Ganesh Appa |party = Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes = 733 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,013 |percentage = 8.74% |change = {{increase}}5.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 116,063 |percentage = 70.20% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 114,592}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 165,343 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}2.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1986 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1986 elections in India#Maharashtra|1986 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Sangli <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sambhaji Pawar]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 36,977 |percentage = 50.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. V. Shamrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,346 |percentage = 46.98% |change = {{decrease}}22.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Kamble |party = Independent politician |votes = 742 |percentage = 1.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. J. Ganapati |party = Independent politician |votes = 641 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,631 |percentage = 3.60% |change = {{decrease}}35.97 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 73,107}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}18.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vasantdada Patil|Vasantrao Banduji Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 51,636 |percentage = 69.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pailwan Mohite Namdrao Ganapati |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 22,051 |percentage = 29.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamble Yallapa Dhondiram |party = Independent politician |votes = 806 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,585 |percentage = 39.57% |change = {{decrease}}4.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,976 |percentage = 62.86% |change = {{increase}}1.22 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,766}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,860 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.19 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}2.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shalini Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 44,341 |percentage = 66.13% |change = {{increase}}59.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pailwan Mohite Namdrao Ganapati |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 14,799 |percentage = 22.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Galgale Laxaman Vinayak |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 7,071 |percentage = 10.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,542 |percentage = 44.06% |change = {{increase}}6.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 68,223 |percentage = 61.64% |change = {{decrease}}14.81 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 67,049}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 110,683 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.43 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vasantdada Patil|Vasantrao Banduji Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 48,762 |percentage = 64.95% |change = {{decrease}}17.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khot Bharamgonda Apuraya |party = Janata Party |votes = 20,204 |percentage = 26.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaikh Yusuf Umar |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 5,068 |percentage = 6.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nevarekar Chandra Sakharam |party = Independent politician |votes = 702 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,558 |percentage = 38.04% |change = {{decrease}}34.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,624 |percentage = 76.45% |change = {{increase}}9.76 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,071}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,225 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}2.71 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}17.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Pandurang Bapu Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 55,176 |percentage = 82.36% |change = {{increase}}28.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Pandit Shivaji |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 6,272 |percentage = 9.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivajirao R. Shedbale |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 5,546 |percentage = 8.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 48,904 |percentage = 73.00% |change = {{increase}}64.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 68,703 |percentage = 66.69% |change = {{decrease}}10.26 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 66,994}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,017 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.49 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}28.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. B. Birnale |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,966 |percentage = 54.27% |change = {{decrease}}18.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. A. Chougule |party = Independent politician |votes = 27,784 |percentage = 45.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,182 |percentage = 8.53% |change = {{decrease}}52.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,166 |percentage = 76.95% |change = {{decrease}}1.53 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,750}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,090 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}1.98 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}18.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vasantdada Patil|Vasantrao Banduji Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,672 |percentage = 72.49% |change = {{increase}}10.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhagwan Dnyandev Suryavanshi |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 6,933 |percentage = 11.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bharamgonda Appuraya Khot |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 6,178 |percentage = 9.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ram Bandu Sawant |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,980 |percentage = 4.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rasul Farid Mujawar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,241 |percentage = 1.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 38,739 |percentage = 61.49% |change = {{increase}}33.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,720 |percentage = 78.48% |change = {{increase}}2.27 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,004}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,746 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.68 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}10.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vasantdada Patil|Vasantrao Banduji Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,375 |percentage = 62.28% |change = {{decrease}}8.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Godbole Madhav Hari |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 17,109 |percentage = 33.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kadlaskar Hasham Karim |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,895 |percentage = 3.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,266 |percentage = 28.32% |change = {{decrease}}20.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,379 |percentage = 76.21% |change = {{increase}}11.15 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,379}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,106 |ref = |change = {{increase}}24.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sangli <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vasantdada Patil|Vasantrao Banduji Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,579 |percentage = 70.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devarshi Anna Baburao |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 7,559 |percentage = 21.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thorat Dhondiram Ramchandra |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,585 |percentage = 4.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kadlaskar Hasham Karim |party = Independent politician |votes = 919 |percentage = 2.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,020 |percentage = 49.13% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 34,642 |percentage = 65.06% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 34,642}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,246 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Sangli]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|16.86|74.61|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Sangli]]
[[Category:Sangli district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Jagatballavpur Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T19:17:45Z

Igurushivamy: put up initial article added tags - done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jagatballavpur
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Jagatballavpur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Jagatballavpur Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Sitanath Ghosh]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]]
| constituency_no = 183
| established = 1951
| electors = 225,602
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Jagatballavpur Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Howrah district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 183 Jagatballavpur Assembly constituency is composed of the following:Baragachhia I, Baragachhia II, Hantal Anantabati, Jagatballavpur I, Jagatballavpur II, Pantihal, Shankarhati I, Shankarhati II, Shialdanga, Laskarpur, Polgustia, Gobindapur, Islampur and Maju [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Jagatballavpur]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] and Begari, Domjur, Dakshin Jhapardaha, Parbatipur, Rudrapur, Uttar Jhapardaha and Makardah I gram panchayats of [[Domjur]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf| title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 25 July 2015| work=West Bengal|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Jagatballavpur Assembly constituency is part of No. 27 [[Sreerampur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2| Party
|-
| [[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| Amritalal Hazra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Brindaban Behari Basu
| {{Full party name with color|Forward Bloc (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Satyanarayan Khan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| B.B. Bose
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=9|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="3" | Tarapada Dey
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="5" | [[M. Ansaruddin]]
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| Biman Chakraborty
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| Biplab Majumdar
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[Abul Kasem Molla]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| Muhammad Abdul Ghani
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[Sitanath Ghosh]]
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|Anupam Ghosh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Jagatballavpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Subir Chatterjee|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=108937|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Anupam Ghosh|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=115608|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nazira Khatun|party=Indian Secular Front|votes=20896|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Koushik Roy|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1805|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=2199|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=+6671}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Jagatballavpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Sitanath Ghosh
|votes = 116,562
|percentage = 49.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Anupam Ghosh
|votes = 87,366
|percentage = 37.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Secular Front
|candidate = Sk Sabbir Ahmed
|votes = 25,362
|percentage = 11.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = NOTA (None of the above) + Rest of the candidates
|votes = ~6,400
|percentage = 2.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 29,196
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
Trinamul Congress candidate [[Abdul Ghani (Indian politician)|Muhammad Abdul Ghani]] wins the seat.

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Jagatballavpur constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=183 |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Jagatballavpur |publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 1 May 2011 |archive-date = 19 May 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120519163844/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=183 |url-status = usurped }}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Abul Kasem Molla
|votes = 102,580
|percentage = 54.19
|change = +6.16#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Kaji Jaffar Ahmed
|votes = 74,800
|percentage = 39.51
|change = -9.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Baij Nath Sha
|votes = 5,561
|percentage = 2.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = People’s Democratic Conference of India
|candidate = A.S.Md. Monjurul Hoque Syed
|votes = 2,180
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shankari Makhal
|votes = 1,981
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nil Ratan Ram
|votes = 948
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Indian Unity Centre
|candidate = Gobardhan Manna
|votes = 811
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Abul Kasem Khandakar
|votes = 450
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 189,311
|percentage = 83.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = 15.41#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]]<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Biplab Majumdar of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won in the Jagatballavpur seat defeating his nearest rival Biman Chakraborty of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. In the 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> elections Biman Chakraborty of Trinamool Congress defeated [[M. Ansaruddin]] of CPI(M). [[M. Ansaruddin]] of CPI(M) defeated Nityananda Maity of Congress in 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref> Pulak Sarkar of Congress in 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Binodananda Banerjee of Congress in 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Nemai Porel, Independent in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and Brindaban Ghosh of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp167.htm |title =167 - Jagatballavpur Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 November 2010 }}</ref>

===1951-1977===
Tarapada Dey of CPI(M) won in 1972,<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> 1971<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No ?|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> B.B.Bose of CPI(M) won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Satyanarayan Khan of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Brindaban Behari Basu of Forward Bloc (Marxist) won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Amrita Lal Hazra of Congress won in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|1951]].<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, Assembly Constituency No. |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Howrah topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Howrah district]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Madduluri Malakondaiah Yadav

2026-04-25T03:57:14Z

Igurushivamy: adding new pg needs work!

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1962)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Madduluri Malakondaiah Yadav
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Karanam Balaram Krishna Murthy]]
| constituency = [[Chirala Assembly constituency|Chirala]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date = 1962
}}
'''Madduluri Malakondaiah Yadav''' (born 1962) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA from [[Chirala Assembly constituency]], which is in [[Bapatla district]]. He represents [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] where TDP had an alliance with [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and [[Jana Sena Party]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 Andhra Pradesh |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/statewiseS012.htm |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chirala Assembly Election Results 2024: Chirala Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/chirala-constituency-result-1106 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=22 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622090303/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/chirala-constituency-result-1106 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chirala Constituency Election Results 2024: Chirala Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/chirala |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321114940/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/chirala |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Yadav is from Chirala. His father Pedda Kondaiah was a farmer. He completed his schooling in 1978 and did his intermediate in 1981. Later, he completed his graduation in commerce through distance education.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MADDULURI MALAKONDAIAH YADAV(TDP):Constituency- Ongole(ANDHRA PRADESH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/ls2009/candidate.php?candidate_id=4459 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Yadav won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Chirala Assembly constituency]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He polled 72,700 votes and defeated Karanam Venkatesh of [[YSR Congress Party]] by a margin of 20,984 votes.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chirala Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Chirala Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/chirala-constituency/ |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424104337/https://indianexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/chirala-constituency/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chirala, Election Result 2024 Live: Winning And Losing Candidates & Parties, 2019 vs 2024 Results, Voting Percentage, Exit Polls-News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/chirala-assembly-constituency-s01aed2008a106/ |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref> Earlier in 2009, he lost the [[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency]] seat representing [[Telugu Desam Party]] in the [[2009 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh]] to [[Magunta Sreenivasulu Reddy]] of [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 78,523 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Ongole Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Lok Sabha Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MP, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/ongole-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-lok-sabha-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mp-margin-8916973.html |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ongole Lok Sabha Election |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/lok-sabha/constituencies/ongole-ap_16_2024 |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=22 June 2024 |archive-date=22 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622101849/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/lok-sabha/constituencies/ongole-ap_16_2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malakondaiah Yadav, Madduluri}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Smit Singh

2026-04-24T12:12:32Z

Igurushivamy: New New Biography

{{Short description|Indian Policy Maker, Politician, Communications Expert and Sports shooter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = '''Smit Singh Mann'''
| image = Smit Singh 2.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Smit Singh in front of [[Somerville College Library]], [[University of Oxford]]
| headercolor = 
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
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| nationality = Indian
| birth_date = 18 January 1991
| birth_place = Dhuri, [[Punjab, India]]
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| monuments =
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| education =
| alma_mater = [[Somerville College, Oxford|Somerville College]], [[University of Oxford|Oxford]]
| occupation =
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| agent =
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| spouse =
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| country = [[India]]
| sport = Skeet Shooting
| position =
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| paralympics =
| commonwealth =
| highestranking =
| pb =
| show-medals =
| module = 
| module2 = 
| updated = 27 January 2015
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Shooting sports|shooting]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Shooting Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2012 Asian Shotgun Championships|2012 Patiala]]|Skeet team}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Shooting Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2011 Asian Shotgun Championships|2011 Malaysia]]|Skeet team}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ISSF Junior World Cup|Junior World Cup]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2011 Junior World Cup|2011 Finland]]|Skeet individual}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Shooting Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2008 Asian Shotgun Championships|2008 Jaipur]]|Skeet team}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[South Asian Shooting Championships|South Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2008 South Asian Shooting Championships|2008 Pakistan]]|Skeet team}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[South Asian Shooting Championships|South Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2008 South Asian Shooting Championships|2008 Pakistan]]|Skeet individual}}
| term_start1 =
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}}

'''Smit Singh''' (born 18 January 1991) is an International Sportsperson,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.issf-sports.org/athletes/athlete.ashx?personissfid=SHINDM1801199101|title=ISSF - International Shooting Sport Federation - issf-sports.org|publisher=}}</ref> [[Indian National Congress]] National Spokesperson and National Head for Sports department.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/punjabs-next-cm-sidhus-social-media-team-is-working-hard-to-create-that-image/728118/?amp|title=The Print -Punjab's next CM? Sidhu put together a team under Smit|website=[[ThePrint]] |date= 6 September 2021|publisher=}}</ref> Singh serves as the Principal Advisor to the Chairperson, Parliamentary Standing Committee on Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Food Processing, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/patient-listener-smit-strikes-instant-connect-367086|title=Campaign trail Amargarh: Patient listener, Smit Singh strikes an instant connect |date= 4 February 2022|publisher=}}</ref> He has studied at [[Somerville College]], [[University of Oxford]] and has also been a research associate at the [[Oxford India Centre for Sustainable Development]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southasia.ox.ac.uk/demonetisation-event-25-november|title=An Event at University of Oxford|publisher=}}</ref>

Smit Singh has served as the State Public Policy Advisor with [[Government of Punjab, India]],<ref name="hindustantimes1">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/shooterturnedpolitician-smit-mann-promises-more-powers-to-local-bodies-101644763684408.html|title= Shooter-turned-politician Smit Mann promises more powers to local bodies|date= 13 February 2022 |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/punjab-polls-navjot-singh-sidhu-smit-singh-mann-7744779/|title=Punjab polls: Pind wali rishteydaari, two vidhayak chachas, two bhatijas and a disturbed apple cart|date= 28 January 2022|publisher=}}</ref> wherein he led multiple policy reforms implemented by the [[State Government]] between 2018 and 2022, along with developing a Public Policy Model for the Economic Governance of the State that was publicly announced by the [[Chief Minister of Punjab (India)]] [[Charanjit Singh Channi]] in February 2022, to be the official manifesto that would be implemented after constitution of the next Government of Punjab.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/mandi-ahmedgarh-large-number-of-aap-candidates-are-turncoats-tainted-says-charanjit-singh-channi-369727|title= Mandi Ahmedgarh: Large number of AAP candidates are turncoats, tainted, says Charanjit Singh Channi|date= 13 February 2022|publisher=}}</ref>

== International Sports Career ==
Smit Singh is an International Skeet Shooter, representing India. Singh started his international sporting career by participation in the [[Asian Shooting Championships]], held in [[Kuwait]] in December 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071103/spr-trib.htm#3|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Sports Tribune|publisher=}}</ref> He won his first international medal at Asian Clay Shooting Championships, February 2008. Later in the year, he won silver and bronze medal at the South Asian Shooting Championships, November 2008.<ref name="olympicgoldquest1">{{cite web|url=http://www.olympicgoldquest.in/Smit-Singh.html|title=Athletes - OGQ|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/city-shooter-brings-home-a-bronze-from-international-event/391269/|title=City shooter brings home a bronze from international event - Indian Express|publisher=}}</ref> He won India its first world-level medal in skeet shooting with a bronze trophy at International Junior Cup, [[Orimattila]], [[Finland]], July 2011.<ref name="olympicgoldquest1"/>

At the [[ISSF World Cup]], Al Ain, [[United Arab Emirates]] in April 2013, Smit Singh scored 123 out of 125 in qualifications, equalling the then World and Olympic Record, along with creating a new National Record of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/world-cup-show-good-base-for-me/|title=World Cup show good base for me|date=25 April 2013|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/skeeters-get-a-swagger/|title=Skeeters get a Swagger: Ennio Falco steering India's surge|date=7 February 2016|publisher=}}</ref> He is also the present [[National Games of India|National Games]] champion, having won two gold medals at the 35th National Games, Kerala, in February 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/national-games-smit-strikes-double-gold/article6871334.ece|title=National Games: Smit strikes double gold|first=Rayan|last=Rozario|date=8 February 2015|publisher=|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/shooting/smits-skeet-double-helps-punjab-pip-maharashtra|title=Punjab's Smit Singh bagged two gold medals in men's skeet at the 35th National Games|date=9 February 2015|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/other-sports/smit-s-skeet-double-helps-punjab-pip-maharashtra-1.6902|title=Smit's skeet double helps Punjab pip Maharashtra|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://article.wn.com/view/2015/02/08/National_Games_Smit_Singh_strikes_double_gold/|title=National Games: Smit Singh strikes double gold|publisher=}}</ref>

After taking a year long break to study at the [[University of Oxford]],<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.mykhel.com/videos/amphtml/more-sports/from-oxford-to-cwg-2018-smit-wants-to-shoot-the-bulls-eye-11331.html |title= From Oxford To CWG 2018, Smit Wants To Shoot The Bulls Eye|date=22 February 2018|publisher=}}</ref> in 2018 Smit returned to better his qualification score to 124 out of 125, becoming India Rank 1 again.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://sports.ndtv.com/commonwealth-games-2018/videos/skeet-shooter-smit-singh-eyes-podium-finish-at-commonwealth-games-2018-482019|title=Smit Singh India Rank No. 1 Interview with NDTV, eying podium finish at Commonwealth Games 2018|date=3 April 2018|publisher=}}</ref> He subsequently represented India at the [[Commonwealth Games 2018]] held in [[Gold Coast, Australia]] and was the only Indian who qualified for the finals in Skeet Men's Event.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/commonwealth-games/live-updates-of-commonwealth-games-2018-day-5/smit-singh-just-about-makes-it-to-the-mens-skeet-final-by-finishing-sixth-the-top-6-qualify-/articleshow/63677082.cms|title=Smit Singh just about makes it to the Men's Skeet finals by finishing sixth|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 April 2018|publisher=}}</ref>
Apart from [[Asian Games]], [[Commonwealth Games]] and [[World Championships]] in over a decade long career in international sports, Singh participated in numerous other international championships for the Indian National Team.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/good-show-in-munich-will-help/|title=Good show in Munich will help|date=3 August 2010|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/skeet-shooters-end-without-medal-in-asian-games/|title=Skeet shooters end without medal in Asian Games|date=24 November 2010|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/young-gun-in-top-form/|title=young gun in top form|date=17 May 2011|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/%2522with-best-score-in-skeet-trials-smit-seals-world-cup-spot%2522/1070457/|title=With best score in skeet trials, Smit seals World Cup spot - Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/rising-star-skeet-shooter-smit-trains-in-anticipation-of-changes-in-rules/|title=Rising Star: Skeet shooter Smit trains in anticipation of changes in rules|date=7 July 2012|publisher=}}</ref>

On 9 July 2019, Smit Singh was awarded the [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh Award]] for his contribution in the field of sports (the [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]]‘s highest civilian honour).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/punjab-honours-achievers-with-maharaja-ranjit-singh-award/799714.html|title=Punjab honours achievers with Maharaja Ranjit Singh Award|date=10 July 2019|publisher=}}</ref>

== Public Service ==
Smit Singh started working with [[Civil Society]] in his high school years, volunteering with Education and Environment focused [[Non-Government Organisation]], an [[Indian Express]] report states that Singh while representing India in sports, used to regularly intern with social movements during his time off from international sports, working with NGOs such as Aman Biradari, environmental awareness campaigns such as Swechha Delhi and working for justice through People's Movements such as [[Narmada Bachao Andolan]] for rehabilitation of people, negatively affected by the large scale dams built in the [[Narmada Valley]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/during-his-break-smit-stays-in-the-service-lane/|title=During his break, Smit stays in the service lane|date=7 September 2010|publisher=}}</ref>

Before working with the [[Government of Punjab, India]] and [[Indian National Congress Party]] Singh was a career Civil Servant with the [[Oil & Natural Gas Corporation]] a [[Government of India]] owned [[Public Sector Undertaking]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://twitter.com/ongc_/status/926728355529068544?s=21&t=vryGAZApV03sWEDM5mcUlg |title=ONGCian Smit Singh promotes Pedal Delhi Cyclothon|date= 4 November 2017 |publisher=}}</ref>

In 2018, Smit advised the [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]] on [[Municipal Solid Waste]] and [[Water Management]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.some.ox.ac.uk/news/from-skeet-shooting-to-waste-management-the-wider-impact-of-the-oxford-india-centre/|title=From Skeet Shooting to Waste Management|date=5 December 2018|publisher=}}</ref> In 2020, Smit Singh led a [[Public Policy]] [[Think Tank]] as Chief Administrator of former [[Cabinet Minister]] [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]’s Jittega Punjab initiative to research and effectively communicate diverse range of policy solutions to problems faced by the people of Punjab.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/efforts-on-to-scuttle-sidhus-youtube-channel-through-fake-ids-alleges-administrator-56396|title= Smit Singh, chief administrator, former Cabinet Minister Navjot Singh Sidhu's Jittega Punjab|date= 16 March 2020|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cm-to-ticket-aspirants-its-spin-doctor-season-in-punjab-election-test-7501800/lite/|title=Indian Express - CM to ticket aspirants, it's spin doctor season in Punjab election test |date= 11 September 2021|publisher=}}</ref> Singh was a member of the [[Congress party]]’s high powered three member official delegation which met with 32 Indian Farmer Unions delegation, who were protesting against the three Indian Farm Laws of 2020 passed by [[BJP]] Government led by [[Prime Minister Modi]] to discuss the political solution for farmers demands on 10 September 2021, the controversial Farm Laws were later withdrawn by the [[Government of India]] due to ongoing protests by the Farmer Unions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eng.bharattimes.co.in/sidhus-nephew-in-a-meeting-with-farmer-leaders-sidhu-sat-with-nagra-and-pargat-singh-in-a-meeting-held-in-chandigarh-sumit-who-studied-at-nabha-pps-sees-sidhus-it-work/|title= Sidhu's 'nephew' in a meeting with farmer leaders: Sidhu sat with Nagra and Pargat Singh in a meeting held in Chandigarh, Sumit, who studied at Nabha PPS, sees Sidhu's IT work
|date= 10 September 2021|publisher=}}</ref>

On 26 January 2022, just three weeks before polling date of 2022 Punjab State General Elections, Smit Singh was announced as an [[Indian National Congress]] [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] candidate from [[Amargarh Assembly Constituency]] for [[Punjab Vidhan Sabha]]. [[All India Congress Committee]] [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] In-charge Harish Chaudhary<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/channi-as-chief-ministerial-face-boosts-congress-election-campaign-in-state-368032|title= Channi as chief ministerial face boosts Congress election campaign in Punjab: Harish Chaudhary|date= 7 February 2022|publisher=}}</ref> and [[Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee]] President [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]] announce Smit Singh as an [[Indian National Congress]] [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] candidate from [[Amargarh Assembly Constituency]] for [[Punjab Vidhan Sabha]] to further Singh's Public Policy and social welfare agenda in solving Punjab's financial crisis and writing the party's state manifesto.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/sidhu-seeks-votes-for-nephew-smit/articleshow/89286063.cms|title= Punjab assembly elections: Navjot Singh Sidhu seeks votes for nephew Smit Singh Mann|work= The Times of India|date= 2 February 2022 |publisher=}}</ref> An election he lost to businessman and [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]’s candidate [[Jaswant Singh Gajjanmajra]] in a loop-sided election wherein the [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]] stormed to power with over 2/3rds majority in the [[State legislative assemblies of India|State Legislative Assembly]].

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Smit}}
[[Category:Skeet shooters]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Indian male sport shooters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games shooters for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Sangeet Raj Lodha

2026-04-23T09:04:19Z

Igurushivamy: New Details

{{short description|Judge of Rajasthan High Court}}
{{orphan|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sangeet Raj Lodha
| office = [[Judge]] of [[Rajasthan High Court]]
| term_start = 5 July 2007
| appointer = [[A.P.J Abdul Kalam]]
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Justice
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|10|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| nominator =
}}

'''Sangeet Raj Lodha''' (born 13 October 1959) is an Indian judge. He was the senior-most [[judge]] of the [[Rajasthan High Court]] after the [[Chief Justice]] of Rajasthan High Court, till his retirement on 13 October 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/jodhpur-even-today-daughters-do-not-get-love-and-respect-in-many-places-justice-lodha-hydsm-2800054.html|title=आज भी बेटियों को कई जगहों पर प्यार और सम्मान नहीं मिलता है: जस्टिस लोढ़ा|work=News18 Hindi|access-date=29 August 2021}}</ref> Prior to elevation, he was a practicing lawyer in the Rajasthan High Court. His areas of specialization are - Constitutional, Civil and Tax matters. He was elevated to the post of Judge of Rajasthan High Court on 5 July 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://rajasthanjudicialacademy.nic.in/biohonsangeetsb.html|title=CEP Judicial Officers|work=Rajasthan State Judicial Academy|access-date=29 August 2021}}</ref> In 2021, a judgement by Justice Lodha and Justice Rameshwar Vyas's Division Bench declared the levy of advance fees by medical colleges illegal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/levy-of-advance-fees-by-medical-colleges-illegal-declares-rajasthan-high-court-174991|title=Levy Of Advance Fees By Medical Colleges Illegal, Declares Rajasthan High Court|work=Live Law|access-date=29 August 2021}}</ref> In 2019, he refused to hear [[Asaram]]'s plea for parole to meet his sick wife.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/jaipur/report-rajasthan-high-court-refuses-to-hear-asaram-s-parole-plea-2721607|title=Rajasthan High Court refuses to hear Asaram's parole plea|work=DNA India|access-date=29 August 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lodha, Sangeet Raj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Judges of the Rajasthan High Court]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}
{{Rajasthan-stub}}

Jammu Municipal Corporation

2026-04-23T03:22:55Z

Igurushivamy:

{{Short description|Civic body governing Indian city of Jammu}}
{{Tone|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Jammu Municipal Corporation
| house_type = [[Municipal Corporation (India) | Municipal Corporation]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|2003}}
| leader1_type = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]]
| leader1 = Rajinder Sharma ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = Baldev Singh Billoria ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| leader3_type = [[Municipal commissioner (India) | Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader3 = Rahul Yadav
| seats = 75
| structure1 = Jammu Municipal Corporation 2018.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
|political_groups1 =
'''Government (43)'''
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (43)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/politics/bjp-sweeps-jammu-municipal-elections-wins-43-seats-in-75-member-body|title=BJP Sweeps Jammu Municipal Elections, Wins 43 Seats in 75-Member Body|work=The Wire|accessdate=11 June 2023}}</ref>
'''Opposition (14)'''
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (14)
'''Others (18)'''
*{{Color box|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (18)
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
| last_election1 = 2018
| next_election1 = no date confirmed
| meeting_place = [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| website = {{url | https://jmcjammu.org}}
}}

'''Jammu Municipal Corporation''' is the civic body governing the city of [[Jammu]]. Jammu Municipal Corporation is headed by the city's [[Mayor]] and governed by the [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]].

== History and administration ==

Jammu Municipal Corporation was formed to improve the infrastructure of the town based on the needs of the local population.<ref name="ja1">{{cite news |title=Jammu Municipal Corporation, JKPCC Discuss Modalities For Implementation Of MSW Rules |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/jammu-municipal-corporation-jkpcc-discuss-modalities-for-implementation-of-msw-rules/ |access-date=22 May 2022 |publisher=indiaeducationdiary.in |date=21 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="ja2">{{cite news |title=Administrative Council overhauls the Jammu Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/administrative-council-overhauls-the-jammu-municipal-corporation/ |access-date=22 May 2022 |publisher=dailyexcelsior.com |date=5 May 2022}}</ref> Jammu Corporation has been categorized into wards; each ward<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Website of Jammu Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.jmcjammu.org/jmc.html |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=www.jmcjammu.org |archive-date=25 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125175627/https://www.jmcjammu.org/jmc.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> is headed by a councilor, for which elections are held every five years.

Jammu Municipal Corporation is governed by [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]] Chander Mohan Gupta and administered by [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]] Rahul Yadav.

== Functions ==
Jammu Municipal Corporation was created for the following functions:<ref name="ja9">{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name="ja10">{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

* Planning for the town including its surroundings which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority.

* Approving construction of new buildings and authorizing use of land for various purposes.

* Improvement of the town's economic and Social status.

* Arrangements of water supply for commercial, residential, and industrial purposes.

* Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments.

* Creation of solid waste management, public health system, and sanitary services.

* Working for the development of ecological aspects like the development of Urban Forestry and making guidelines for environmental protection.

* Working for the development of weaker sections of society like mentally and physically handicapped, old age, and gender-biased people.

* Making efforts for improvement of slums and poverty removal in the town.

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="ja11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ja12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ja13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non-Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

==Members==
Jammu Municipal Corporation has a total of 75 members or corporators, who are directly elected after a term of 5 years. The council is led by the Mayor. The latest elections were held 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ceojk.nic.in/ME2018_RESULT_JMC.htm|title=State Election Commission::Jammu and Kashmir}}</ref> Rajinder Sharma of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] is the current mayor of the city of [[Jammu]].<ref name="Jammu New Mayor">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/bjps-rajinder-sharma-elected-new-mayor-of-jammu-mc-101666380018813.html|title=BJP’s Rajinder Sharma elected new mayor of Jammu MC|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=22 October 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|colspan=5 align=center bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''Mayor: Rajinder Sharma'''
|-
|colspan=5 align=center bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''Deputy Mayor: Baldev Singh Billoria'''
|-
! Ward No !! Ward Name<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/municipal%20Election/List_WARDOfficer_PSLO18/Jammu.pdf|title=Jammu Municipal Corporation Ward List|work=CEO Jammu and Kashmir|accessdate=18 November 2024}}</ref> !! Name of Corporator<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ceojk.nic.in/ME2018_RESULT_JMC.htm|title=2018 Jammu Municipal Corporation Result|work=CEO Jammu and Kashmir|accessdate=18 November 2024}}</ref> || colspan="2"|Party
|-
| 1 || Panjtirthi || Purnima Sharma || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 2 || Jhullaka Mohalla || Jagdish Kumar || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
| 3 || Mastgarh || Narottam Sharma || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 4 || Bhabrian || Sunita Koul || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 5 || Talab Khatikan || Gopal Gupta || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 6 || Gujjar Nagar || Mohiuddin || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 7 || Kanji House || Ritu Choudhary || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 8 || Dogra Hall || Akshay Kumar || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 9 || Mohalla Ustad Old || Suneet Kumar || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 10 || Pacca Danga || Anil Kumar || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 11 || Mohalla Malhotrian || Anita Sharma || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
| 12 || Krishna Nagar || Jeet Kumar || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 13 || Resham Ghar Colony || Rama || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 14 || Bhagwati Nagar || Parmod Kapahi || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 15 || Partapgarh || Manish Singh || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
| 16 || New Plot || Rajinder Sharma || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 17 ||| Ambphalla || Nidhi Mangotra || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 18 || Sarwal || Dinesh Gupta || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 19 || Chand Nagar || Amit Gupta || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
| 20 || Gandhi Nagar North || Rahul Kumar || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 21 || Gandhi Nagar South || Bhanu Mahajan || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 22 || Shastri Nagar || Jaideep Sharma || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 23 || Nai Basti || Pawan Singh || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 24 || Rehari North || Anu Bali || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
| 25 || Rehari South || Arun Kumar || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 26 || Subhash Nagar || Hardeep Singh || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 27 || Bakshi Nagar || Charanjeet Kour || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 28 || Gurha Bakshi Nagar || Gourav Chopra || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 29 || Rajpura Mangotrian || Surinder Singh || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 30 || Talab Tillo North || Sonika Sharma || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 31 || Nowabad || Sucha Singh || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
| 32 || Gole || Sat Paul || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 33 || Shiv Nagar || Chander Mohan Gupta || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 34 || Janipur North || Rani Devi || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
| 35 || Janipur South || Yash Paul Sharma || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 36 || Janipur Central || Subhash Sharma || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
| 37 || Janipura West || Sunita Gupta || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 38 || Paloura || Surinder Sharma || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 39 || Toph Sherkhania || Rajinder Singh || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 40 || Poonch House || Neelam || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 41 || Bohri || Sanjay Kumar || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 42 || Nanak Nagar West || Vijay Choudhary || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
| 43 || Nanak Nagar East || Surjeet Singh || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 44 || Nanak Nagar North || Inder Singh Soodan || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
| 45 || Digiana || Raj Rani || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 46 || Sanjay Nagar || Dewarka Nath || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 47 || Bahu East || Sharda Kumari || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 48 || Bahu West || Sham Lal || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
| 49 ||| Channi Rama/Narwal Bala || Kamal Singh Jamwal || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 50 || Channi Himmat Housing Colony || Neena Gupta || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 51 || Channi Himmat Thangar || Raj Kumar || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
| 52 || Channi Himmat Biza || Ajay Gupta || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 53 || Channi Biza Trikuta Nagar || Jyoti Devi || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 54 || Channi Himmat/Channi Rama/Trikuta Nagar || Neeraj Puri || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 55 || Deeli || Pritam Singh || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 56 || Gangyal || Baldev Singh Billoria || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 57 || Gangyal–II || Inderjeet Kour || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 58 || Digiana || Tirath Kour || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 59 || Paloura Top || Ashok Singh || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
| 60 || Paloura Centre || Rajni Bala || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 61 || Patta Paloura || Mohinder Kumar || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 62 || Chinore/Keran-1 || Rekha || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 63 || Chinore/Keran-2 || Kuldeep Singh || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 64 || Chak Changarwan || Kapil Singh Chib || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 65 || Barnai/Upper Dharmal || Anita Sharma || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
| 66 || Upper Muthi || Tripta Devi || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 67 || Lower Muthi || Suraj Prakash || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 68 || Greater Kailash || Anil Kumar || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 69 || Sainik Colony-1 || Gurmeet Kour Randhawa || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 70 || Sainik Colony-2 || Narinder Singh || style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 71 || Tawi Vihar Sidhra || Shama Akhtar || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
| 72 || Shehzadpur || Rachpal Bhardwaj || style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 73 || Bhour Gadigarh || Youdhvir Singh || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
| 74 || Sunjwan || Sobat Ali || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|-
| 75 || Akalpur || Ghar Singh Chib || style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of municipal corporations in India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.jmcjammu.org/ Official Website]



[[Category:Municipal corporations in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jammu (city)]]

Baghmara, Jharkhand Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:16:32Z

Igurushivamy: Starting new info needs work.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jharkhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{For|the constituency in Meghalaya|Baghmara, Meghalaya Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Baghmara
| type = SLA
| state = Jharkhand
| established = 2000
| abolished =
| electors = 2,85,966
| mla = [[Shatrughan Mahto]]
| party = [[BJP]]
| constituency_no = 43
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| district = [[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Giridih Lok Sabha constituency|Giridih]]
| reservation = None
| map_image = Baghmara Jharkhand constituency map.svg
}}
'''Baghmara''' is an [[State legislative assemblies of India|Legislative assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref>

Baghmara is a Vidhan Sabha constituency, in the [[Dhanbad district]] of Jharkhand. Baghamara is known for the rich coal contents underground and a number of coal mines of B.C.C.L. It is a B.C.C.L. township and very close to nature with much greenery, counteracting the pollution of the remainder of the district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Before 1967: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]] ||[[M. M. Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Jan Kranti Dal}}
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]] ||rowspan=2|[[Imamul Hal Khan]] || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] ||rowspan=2|[[Shankar Dayal Singh]]
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]] ||rowspan=3|[[Om Prakash Lal]]
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]] ||[[Jaleshwar Mahato]] || {{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || [[Jaleshwar Mahato]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan=3 | [[Dulu Mahato]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)}}
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Shatrughan Mahto]]
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Baghmara<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shatrughan Mahto]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=87,529 |percentage=43.85% |change={{increase}}0.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Jaleshwar Mahato]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=68,847|percentage=34.49%|change={{decrease}}8.76}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rohit Yadav|party=Independent politician|votes=18,314|percentage=9.17%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Deepak Kumar Rawani|party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha|votes=15,696|percentage=7.86%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Suraj Mahato|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=2,572|percentage=1.29%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vishal Balmiki|party=Independent politician|votes=1,572|percentage=0.79%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=2,953|percentage=1.48%|change={{increase}}0.65}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,682 |percentage=9.36% |change= {{increase}}8.90 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,99,623|percentage=67.58%|change={{increase}}4.94}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,95,391 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.30 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}0.14 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Baghmara<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dulu Mahato]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=78,291 |percentage=43.71% |change={{decrease}}7.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jaleshwar Mahato]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=77,467 |percentage=43.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Ray |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=6,528 |percentage=3.64% |change={{decrease}}30.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Binayak Kumar Gupta |party=Independent politician |votes=3,527 |percentage=1.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Santosh Kumar Mahato |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=3,264 |percentage=1.82% |change={{increase}}0.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanhai Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,073 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Kumar Swarnakar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,881 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,491 |percentage=0.83% |change={{decrease}}0.23 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=824 |percentage=0.46% |change= {{decrease}}17.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,79,134 |percentage=62.64% |change= {{decrease}}1.85 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,85,966 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}7.94 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Baghmara<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dulu Mahato]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=86,603 |percentage=51.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jaleshwar Mahato]] |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=56,980 |percentage=33.98% |change={{increase}}7.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suraj Mahato |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=8,053 |percentage=4.80% |change={{decrease}}0.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sitaram Bhuia |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=2,670 |percentage=1.59% |change={{decrease}}38.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjeev Kumar Mahato |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,804 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Jabbar Ansari |party=Marxist Co-ordination Committee |votes=1,724 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shankar Beldar |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,421 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,781 |percentage=1.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,623 |percentage=17.67% |change= {{increase}}3.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,67,679 |percentage=64.49% |change= {{increase}}9.18 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,60,002 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.79 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |swing= {{increase}}11.21 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Baghmara<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dulu Mahato]] |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=56,026 |percentage=40.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jaleshwar Mahato]] |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=36,066 |percentage=26.03% |change={{decrease}}10.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Om Prakash Lal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,889 |percentage=20.13% |change={{decrease}}9.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akshay Lal Chouhan |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=7,077 |percentage=5.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gourchand Bauri |party=Independent politician |votes=3,128 |percentage=2.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vikram Prasad Yadav |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=1,583 |percentage=1.14% |change={{decrease}}0.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ritesh Kumar Agrawal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,218 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,960 |percentage=14.41% |change= {{increase}}7.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,38,554 |percentage=55.31% |change= {{decrease}}3.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,50,496 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |loser=Janata Dal (United) |swing= {{increase}}3.58 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Baghmara<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jaleshwar Mahato]] |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=54,206 |percentage=36.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Om Prakash Lal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=43,955 |percentage=29.88% |change={{decrease}}9.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dulu Mahato]] |party=Jharkhand Vananchal Congress |votes=25,132 |percentage=17.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Kumar Mahto |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=2,649 |percentage=1.80% |change={{decrease}}6.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Kumar Singh |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=2,123 |percentage=1.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saraswati Devi |party=Marxist Co-ordination Committee |votes=1,903 |percentage=1.29% |change={{decrease}}0.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajiv Tiwari |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,843 |percentage=1.25% |change={{decrease}}1.00 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,251 |percentage=6.97% |change= {{increase}}3.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,47,089 |percentage=58.39% |change= {{decrease}}0.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,51,924 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.53 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal (United) |loser=Samata Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.71 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Baghmara<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jaleshwar Mahato]] |party=Samata Party |votes=51,391 |percentage=42.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Om Prakash Lal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=47,438 |percentage=39.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhdeo Bidrohi |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=9,414 |percentage=7.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saryu Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,715 |percentage=2.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mansu Prasad Mahato |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=2,611 |percentage=2.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haldhar Mahato |party=Marxist Co-ordination Committee |votes=2,213 |percentage=1.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Duryodhan Rawani |party=Samajwadi Jan Parishad |votes=1,479 |percentage=1.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,953 |percentage=3.27% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,20,749 |percentage=60.02% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,03,936 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Samata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Dhanbad district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

{{coord|25.20|90.63|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Dhanbad district]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

Beerwah Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:01Z

Igurushivamy: Starting basic info w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Beerwah
| mla = [[Shafi Ahmad Wani]]
| party = [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Budgam district|Budgam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramulla]]
| established = 1967
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 28
}}

'''Beerwah Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. Beerwah is also part of [[Baramulla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramulla Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12211-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-assamarunachal-pradesh-manipur-and-nagaland-notification-dated-06032020/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland - Notification dated 06.03.2020 - Delimitation - Election Commission of India |newspaper=eci.gov.in |accessdate=2021-06-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13193-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-notification-dated-03032021/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir - Notification dated 03.03.2021 - Presidential Orders/ Delimitation Commission Orders |website=Election Commission of India |date= 3 March 2021 |accessdate= 2021-06-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Beerwah Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/beerwah.html|access-date=2021-06-22|website=Elections.in}}</ref>
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-

| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || A. Quddus || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Abdul Khaliq Mir
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Ahmad Saeed || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan=2 | Syed Ahmad Syed
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || Aga Syed Mahmood Almosvi
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || Mohammed Sarfraz Khan || {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[Shafi Ahmad Wani]]
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Omar Abdullah]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Shafi Ahmad Wani]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Beerwah<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Beerwah|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0828.htm|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709164703/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0828.htm|archive-date=9 July 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shafi Ahmad Wani]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=20,118 |percentage=30.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazir Ahmad Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=15,957 |percentage=24.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarjan Ahmad Wagay |party=Independent politician |votes=12,282 |percentage=18.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Ahmad Khan |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=7,718 |percentage=11.65% |change={{decrease}}13.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Farooq Ahmad Ganaie |party=Independent politician |votes=3,970 |percentage=5.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,647 |percentage=2.49% |change={{increase}}1.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Parva |party=Independent politician |votes=927 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mir Fanoon Rafiq |party=Independent politician |votes=804 |percentage=1.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Showket Hussain Mir |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference |votes=792 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Showket Ahmed Wani |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference |votes=705 |percentage=1.06% |change={{decrease}}3.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ali Mohammad Dar |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party (Bhim) |votes=528 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,161 |percentage=6.28% |change= {{increase}}4.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=66,246 |percentage=67.41% |change= {{decrease}}7.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,268 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.61 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}3.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Beerwah<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Omar Abdullah]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=23,717 |percentage=34.18% |change={{increase}}10.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazir Ahmad Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,807 |percentage=32.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shafi Ahmad Wani]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=17,554 |percentage=25.30% |change={{increase}}0.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dawood Khan Lodhi |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference |votes=3,103 |percentage=4.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rashid Banday |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,142 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=710 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=910 |percentage=1.31% |change= {{increase}}0.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,397 |percentage=74.58% |change= {{increase}}17.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,046 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.85 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}9.76 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Beerwah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shafi Ahmad Wani]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=11,720 |percentage=24.42% |change={{decrease}}41.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Majid Matoo |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=11,556 |percentage=24.08% |change={{increase}}4.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazir Ahmad Khan |party=Jammu & Kashmir Democratic Party Nationalist |votes=9,958 |percentage=20.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonaullah Dar |party=People's Democratic Front (Jammu and Kashmir) |votes=4,182 |percentage=8.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aga Syed Mahmood Almosvi |party=Independent politician |votes=3,190 |percentage=6.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmed Beigh |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference |votes=1,015 |percentage=2.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohmmad Sarfaraz Matoo |party=Independent politician |votes=968 |percentage=2.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Parveez Hilal |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=946 |percentage=1.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Ashraf Lone |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=837 |percentage=1.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Bashir Kauser |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=783 |percentage=1.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=164 |percentage=0.34% |change= {{decrease}}46.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,995 |percentage=57.18% |change= {{increase}}22.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,941 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.03 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{decrease}}41.59 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Beerwah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sarfraz Khan |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=16,886 |percentage=66.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Amin Banday |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=4,966 |percentage=19.41% |change={{decrease}}25.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmed Beigh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,274 |percentage=4.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ramzan Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=983 |percentage=3.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mustafa |party=Independent politician |votes=944 |percentage=3.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammad Dar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=530 |percentage=2.07% |change={{decrease}}6.11 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,920 |percentage=46.59% |change= {{increase}}42.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,583 |percentage=35.06% |change= {{decrease}}34.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,976 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.86 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}21.33 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Beerwah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Aga Syed Mahmood Almosvi |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=19,456 |percentage=44.68% |change={{decrease}}2.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarfarz Khan |party=Janata Dal |votes=17,798 |percentage=40.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Khaliq Mir |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,561 |percentage=8.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Hadi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=933 |percentage=2.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohi-Ud-Din |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=921 |percentage=2.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=881 |percentage=2.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,658 |percentage=3.81% |change= {{decrease}}12.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=43,550 |percentage=70.72% |change= {{decrease}}2.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,988 |ref = |change= {{increase}}39.78 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}2.61 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Beerwah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Ahmad Syed |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=15,341 |percentage=47.28% |change={{decrease}}13.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=10,016 |percentage=30.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bilal Ahmed |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=3,975 |percentage=12.25% |change={{decrease}}48.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Hyder Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=2,353 |percentage=7.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kripal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=450 |percentage=1.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rashid |party=Independent politician |votes=311 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,325 |percentage=16.41% |change= {{decrease}}31.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,446 |percentage=74.12% |change= {{increase}}16.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 45,062 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.61 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}13.73 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Beerwah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Ahmad Syed |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=13,879 |percentage=61.01% |change={{increase}}0.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Ahad Magray |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=2,903 |percentage=12.76% |change={{decrease}}47.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sarfraz Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,149 |percentage=9.45% |change={{increase}}3.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed Mir |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=2,090 |percentage=9.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Khaliq Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=1,442 |percentage=6.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Raheem Wani |party=Independent politician |votes=284 |percentage=1.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,976 |percentage=48.25% |change= {{increase}}19.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,747 |percentage=63.00% |change= {{decrease}}13.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 40,739 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}0.28 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Beerwah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ahmad Saeed |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=14,918 |percentage=60.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Ali Shah |party=Janata Party |votes=7,737 |percentage=31.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sarfraz Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,473 |percentage=6.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Altaf Hussain |party=Independent politician |votes=435 |percentage=1.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,181 |percentage=29.24% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,563 |percentage=72.91% |change= {{increase}}69.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,225 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.37 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Beerwah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Abdul Khaliq Mir |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,509 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,509 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Beerwah<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=A. Quddus |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,429 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,429 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{coord|34.015|74.591|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Budgam district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Radhanpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:25:32Z

Igurushivamy: new a data

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Radhanpur
| mla = Lavingji Muljiji Solanki
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Patan district|Patan]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Patan Lok Sabha constituency|Patan]]
| established = 1962
| electors = {{formatnum:302907}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 16
}}

'''Radhanpur''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Patan district|Patan]] district and is numbered as 16-Radhanpur. It is one of the seven seats which make up [[Patan Lok Sabha constituency]].

Currently, Raghubhai Desai of INC is the Member of Legislative Assembly from Radhanpur.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Radhanpur Taluka
# Santalpur Taluka – Entire taluka except village – Kesargadh.
# Sami Taluka (Part) Villages – Dadar, Dhadhana, Sherpura, Ranavada, Kharchariya, Gochnad, Bismillabad, Babri, Chandarni, Rampura, Jakhel, Godhana, Daudpur, Mandvi, Bhamathal, Mubarakpura, Sajupura, Nana Joravarpura, Matrota, Mota Joravarpura, Varana, Mahmadpura, Baspa, Kanij, Dadka, Umedpura, Lalpur, Adgam, Vahedpur, Sukhpura, Ved, Rupnagar, Bhadrada, Gajdinpura, Samsherpura, Sonar, Vaval, Jalalabad, Gujarvada, Jhilvana, Kathivada, Vaghpura, Rafu, Badarganj, Koddha, Anvarpura, and Nani Chandur.

==Members of Vidhan Sabha==
*1962 - Porania Devkaran Jivanlal (Congress)
*1967 - R.K. Jadeja (SWA)
*1972 - Nirmala Jhaveri (Congress)
*1985 - Khodidan Zula (Congress)
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1962 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Porania Devkaran Jivanlal
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Radhanpur Election and Results 2017, Candidate list, Winner and Runner-up |url=https://www.elections.in/gujarat/assembly-constituencies/radhanpur.html}}</ref>
|-
|[[1967 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|R. K. Jadeja
|
|SWA<ref name="auto" />
|-
|[[1972 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Nirmala Jhaveri
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radhanpur Assembly constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/radhanpur-gujarat-assembly-constituency |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Khodidan Zula
|
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Assembly Election Results in 1985 |url=https://www.elections.in/gujarat/assembly-constituencies/1985-election-results.html/ |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
|-
|[[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| [[Lavingji Thakor|Lavingji Muljiji Solanki]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| 1996•
| [[Shankarsinh Vaghela]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|rowspan=3|[[Shankar Chaudhary]]
|-
|[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| Nagarji Thakor
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Alpesh Thakor]]<ref name=election2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2019★<ref name="Gujarat Bypoll Results 2019: Congress, BJP Tie With 3 Seats Each">{{cite news |date=24 October 2019 |title=Gujarat Bypoll Results 2019: Congress, BJP Tie With 3 Seats Each |language=en |work= |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/gujara-assembly-by-poll-results-winners-list-bjp-vs-congress-3817999/ |access-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002184219/https://www.india.com/news/india/gujara-assembly-by-poll-results-winners-list-bjp-vs-congress-3817999/ |archive-date=2 October 2023}}</ref>
|Raghubhai Desai
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Lavingji Thakor]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}
★By-election

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Radhanpur Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Lavingji Thakor]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=104512|percentage=52.7|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Raghubhai Merajbhai Desai|party=Indian National Congress|votes=82045|percentage=41.37|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Thakor Lalabhai Raghubhai|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=2639|percentage=1.33|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=3571|percentage=1.8|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=11.33|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:302728}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2019 Bypoll ===
{{Election box begin | title=By-election, 2019: Radhanpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Raghubhai Desai
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 77,410
|percentage = 45.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =[[Alpesh Thakor]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 73,603
|percentage = 43.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =Goklani Farsubhai Muljibhai
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|votes = 7,200
|percentage = 4.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the Above
|party = None of the Above
|votes =2,793
|percentage = 1.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,807
|percentage = 2.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,70,109
|percentage =63.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Radhanpur<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Alpesh Thakor]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 85,777
|percentage = 48.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Lavingji Thakor]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=70,920|percentage=39.88|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=14,857|percentage=8.35|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,77,821|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2012 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Radhanpur]] }}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=9 June 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nagarji Thakor
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 69,493
|percentage = 45.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bhavsinhji Rathod
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 65,660
|percentage = 43.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,834
|percentage = 2.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,51,408
|percentage = 68.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1985 Vidhan Sabha===
* Khodidan Bhimjibhai Zula (INC) : 50,574 votes
* Valjibhai Gangaram Thakker (BJP) : 6,788

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Patan district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Patan district}}

{{coord|23.83|71.61|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Patan district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Gujarat]]

Sports in Tamil Nadu

2026-04-11T15:18:20Z

Igurushivamy: New Entry

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Lead too short|date=May 2022}}
{{Copy edit|date=December 2024|section|for=odd grammar and sentence structure}}
{{Cleanup|date=February 2025|reason=This article requires additional citations and a cleanup of current citations}}
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Sports are a significant part of life in [[Tamil Nadu]], with the southern Indian state emerging as the sports capital of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The inhabitants of Tamil Nadu enjoy participating in sports both originating from their homeland and sports born abroad. This article details these sports, both traditional and modern, that are commonly played in Tamil Nadu.

==Traditional sports==
{{See also|Traditional games of India}}

===Silambam===
{{Main|Silambam}}
Silambam is a weapon-based Indian martial art originating in Tamil Nadu incorporating both offensive and defensive techniques. Though many weapons are used, the main focus is on the bamboo staff. It has existed since the [[Sangam literature|Sangam Literature Era]]. It is the oldest martial arts practice from South India. The [[World Silambam Association]] is the official international body for the sport.

===Kabaddi===
{{Main|Kabaddi}}
[[File:Sadugudu sadugude.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Women playing Kabaddi in Tamil Nadu]]
Kabaddi is the state sport of Tamil Nadu. The word "kabaddi" is derived from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] word "kai-pudi"(கைபிடி) meaning "to hold hands".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.memidex.com/kabaddi|title=kabaddi, etymology}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wordreference.com/definition/kabaddi|title=Kabaddi, definition}}</ref> It is also known as ''sadu-gudu''. The contact sport's origins can be traced back to about 4000 years ago during the [[Mahabharata]] period. Buddhist literature has also cited Lord Buddha playing kabaddi as a recreational sport. Kabaddi is played as a warm up prior to the traditional sport [[Jallikattu]].

It is known by different names in different places such as [[Maldives|the Maldives]] where it is known as "baibalaa", [[Punjab]] where is it called "kauddi", and [[Bengal]] where it is called "hadudu". Some other states like Punjab, [[Andhra Pradesh]], and [[Telangana]] also recognize kabaddi as their state sport.

The essence of this game is for the defending team to hold onto the raiding team in their pitch. Though there are slight variations in the game played in different places, the basic rules are the same. India introduced this sport on a world platform during the 1936 Olympics in Berlin. It was popularized in Japan in 1979, Bangladesh in 1973 and Iran in 1996. It is the National Sport of Bangladesh and one of the national sports of Nepal.

Kabaddi is often called the 'game of the masses' as it holds a lot of public appeal due to its simplicity and games are watched with a great deal of gusto and raucous cheering. So far, India has been indomitable at all the international kabaddi tournaments and with seven World Cup titles and numerous Asian Games gold medals, the Indian men's team is at the pinnacle of success.

In Tamil Nadu, kabaddi is more than just a game; it's a sport that's ingrained into the minds right from childhood when all that's required is an open ground, a few friends and the enthusiasm for the game, muttering 'kabaddi, kabaddi' as they maneuver through the opponents team. Stamina and agility are two key strengths that are needed for this game and Tamil Nadu has done the country proud by producing many players who have been part of the winning national team.

===Seval Sandai===
[[File:COCK FIGHT.JPG|thumb|200px|Seval sandai, traditional cock fight in Tamil Nadu]]
Seval Sandai or Seval Porr (cockfighting) is a popular rural sport in Tamil Nadu. Three or four-inch blades are attached to the cocks' feet and the winner is decided after three or four rounds of no holds barred fighting. The sport involves major gambling in recent times. Cockfighting in Tamil Nadu is mentioned in ancient literature like Manu Needhi Sastiram, Kattu Seval Sastiram and other Sangam literature. It is referred to as the favorite pastime for the warriors of Tamil country and is acknowledged as one amongst the 64 great arts. It is now widely played in North America and Asia.

===Jallikattu===
{{Main|Jallikattu}}
[[File:A bull being tamed in Jallikattu held in palamedu.jpg|thumb|200px|Jallikattu, taming the bull]]
[[File:Rekla Race, Avaniyapuram, Madurai.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Rekla, bullock cart race]]
[[Jallikattu]] is a popular bull taming sport practiced particularly during [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] festival. Jallikattu was a popular sport since the Sangam period and Tamil classical period. Jallikattu (or sallikkattu), also known as eru thazhuvuthal and manju virattu, is a traditional spectacle in which a bull, such as the Pulikulam or Kangayam breeds, is released into a crowd of people, and participants attempt to grab the large hump on the bull's back with both arms and hang on to it while the bull attempts to escape. Participants hold the hump for as long as possible, attempting to bring the bull to a stop. In some cases, participants must ride long enough to remove flags on the bull's horns].<ref name="jallikattu_ebook">{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o56i5ymOIBkC&q=jallikattu+history&pg=PA159|title=Google books version of the book ''A Western Journalist on India: The Ferengi's Columns'' by François Gautier|isbn=9788124107959|access-date =2008-07-09|last1=Gautier|first1=François|year=2001|publisher=Har-Anand Publications }}</ref><ref name="jallikattu_nytimes">{{cite news
|url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/03/22/travel/21webletter.html|title=NY Times: ''The ritual dates back as far as 2,000 years...''
|access-date =2008-07-09| work=The New York Times| first=Daniel| last=Grushkin| date=2007-03-22}}</ref>

=== Rekla ===
[[File:Rekla Racer in Namakkal, Tamil Nadu.jpg|thumb|Rekla Racer in Namakkal, Tamil Nadu]]
The sport Rekla is a form of bullock cart racing.<ref>{{cite news|title=Madurai man wins 'rekla' race|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/16/stories/2009021656890600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220053243/http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/16/stories/2009021656890600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 February 2009|date=16 February 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Dindigul, India}}</ref>

=== Sathurangam ===
[[Chess]] is believed to have originated in [[India]], c. 280 – 550 CE,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.chessbase.com/post/hindi-and-the-origins-of-chess|title = Hindi and the origins of chess|date = 5 March 2014}}</ref><ref>Leibs (2004), p. 92</ref><ref>Robinson & Estes (1996), p. 34</ref><ref name="Murray (1913)">Murray (1913)</ref><ref>Bird (1893), p. 63</ref> where its early form in Tamil Nadu was known as ''[[chaturanga|Sathurangam]]'' literally ''four divisions'' [of the military] – [[infantry]], [[cavalry]], [[war elephant|elephants]], and [[chariot]]s, represented by the pieces that would evolve into the modern pawn, knight, bishop, and rook, respectively. During the Sangam period chess was called Vallattam. Many chess pieces have been found during excavations in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-09-28 |title=Keeladi excavations prove that ancient Tamil people played chess-like game, Stalin says |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/keeladi-excavations-prove-that-ancient-tamil-people-played-chess-like-game-stalin-says/articleshow/71349357.cms |access-date=2024-03-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Modern day chess is a widely popular game in the state and [[Tamil Nadu State Chess Association]] is the apex body for the game of chess in Tamil Nadu. The state has produced many grandmasters including [[Viswanathan Anand]], one of the greatest and most versatile players of the modern era having won the World Chess Championship five times from 2002 to 2013. Other notable players include [[R Praggnanandhaa]], [[Gukesh D]], [[S. Vijayalakshmi]], [[P. V. Nandhidhaa]], [[Aravindh Chithambaram]], [[R Vaishali]] and [[Krishnan Sasikiran]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lal (JARVIS_SL) |first=Sahil |date=2023-11-03 |title=Tamil Nadu's Chess Legacy: The Grandmaster Factory of India |url=https://www.chess.com/blog/JARVIS_SL/tamil-nadus-chess-legacy-the-grandmaster-factory-of-india |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=Chess.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Malyutham===

[[Malyutham]] is a traditional [[India]]n art of full contact [[grappling]] that originated in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It was widely practiced in [[Tamil Nadu]] since ancient times as a sport. [[Malyutham]] is one of the 64 Arts mentioned in Ancient Literature. [[Malyutham]] is one of the Traditional Sports practiced in [[Tamil Nadu]]. There is another Art named Malla - Yuddha coming from North India. Although the names are similar, Malla-Yuddha and [[Malyutham]] are two different and very distinct [[Arts]]. They are different in the nature of the techniques studied and in their external aspects as well.

===Gusthi===
[[Gusthi]] is a Traditional Sports Activity, which is practiced in Punjab since time immemorial. Gusthi is also known as Kai Kuthu Sandai. [[Gusthi]] is a form of Traditional [[Boxing]], which is slightly deviated from [[wrestling]]. [[Gusthi]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] is a derivative of [[Malyutham]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. [[Gusthi]] also includes [[Grappling]]s as well. There is another art coming from North India named Kushti. Although the names are almost same, Gusthi and Kushti are two different and two distinct arts. [[Gusthi]] is an art of [[Boxing]], while Kusthi is an art of [[wrestling]]. They are different in the nature of the techniques studied and in their external aspects as well.

===Killithattu===
{{See also|Atya patya}}
Killithattu is a game that requires quick reflexes, tactical thinking and tremendous team effort. The sport is part of Tamil heritage and preserves Tamil identity. The 'kili' or last player must stand on the centre of the first lane when the game starts.
The 'kili' player can move anywhere around the court or through the middle of the court but not horizontally. The team that is guarding the base and capturing it is chosen by a coin toss. The game is started by a whistle sound by the overseeing referee. When the game starts, each of the other members can only move sideways/horizontally. This accounts for the rest of the 5 members of the team for a total of 6 including 'kili'.

===Kho-kho===
[[Kho kho]] is a [[tag (game)|tag]] sport played by teams of twelve players who try to avoid being touched by members of the opposing team, only 9 players of the team enter the field.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tripura KHO KHO Association @ Tripura4u|url=http://www.kho-kho.tripurasports.com/|access-date=28 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822163357/http://www.kho-kho.tripurasports.com/|archive-date=22 August 2011|url-status=usurped}}</ref> It is one of the two most popular traditional tag games played in schools, the other being [[kabbadi]].<ref name="Hastie2010">{{cite book|author=Peter A. Hastie|title=Student-Designed Games: Strategies for Promoting Creativity, Cooperation, and Skill Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZzRrg49nBAC&pg=PA52|access-date=7 March 2012|date=1 July 2010|publisher=[[Human Kinetics]]|isbn=978-0-7360-8590-8|pages=52–}}</ref>

===Uriyadi===
Uriyadi involves smashing a small earthen pot with a long stick usually with a cloth wrapped around the eyes to prevent the participants from seeing the pot.<ref>{{cite news|title=Traditional sports and games mark Pongal festivities|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/traditional-sports-and-games-mark-pongal-festivities/article1096563.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 January 2011|location=Erode, India}}</ref>

===Seven-Stones===
[[Seven stones]] It is a traditional game in India as well as in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is an ancient game which is also called as ''Lagori''. It has things similar to [[Dodgeball|dodge ball]] but it has extra features than the dodge ball. They use seven stones that can be piled on top of each other and has a minimum of 2-6 player in a team.

=== Other traditional sports ===
Other minor sports include Ilavatta kal where participants lift huge spherical rocks,<ref>{{cite news |date=12 January 2013 |title=Locked horns and a flurry of feathers |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Madurai, India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/locked-horns-and-a-flurry-of-feathers/article4294435.ece}}</ref> [[Gilli-danda]] played with two pieces of sticks, Nondi played by folding one leg and hopping squares. Some of the indoor games include [[Pallanguzhi]] involving beads, [[Gaming top|Bambaram]] involving spinning of top, [[Chaupar|Dhayakattai]] which is a modified dice game, [[Aadu puli attam]], Nungu vandi and Seechangal.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 October 2012 |title=Bringing back to life the vanishing games of Tamil Nadu |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Coimbatore, India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/bringing-back-to-life-the-vanishing-games-of-tamil-nadu/article4008195.ece}}</ref>

==Modern sports==

===Cricket===
[[File:Panorama View During India VS Pakistan ODI Match.jpg|thumb|[[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]] during an ODI match between India and Pakistan.]]
[[Cricket]] is the most popular sport.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://sporteology.com/top-10-most-popular-sports-in-india/ |title=Top 10 Most Popular Sports in India |publisher=Sporteology.com |access-date=2013-10-16}}</ref> It is played by many people in open spaces throughout the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.synovate.com/news/article/2003/11/study-finds-india-sports-a-high-awareness-of-celebrity-brand-endorsements-and-sachin-is-number-one.html |title=Ipsos – Nobody's unpredictable |publisher=Synovate.com |access-date=2012-06-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414120435/http://www.synovate.com/news/article/2003/11/study-finds-india-sports-a-high-awareness-of-celebrity-brand-endorsements-and-sachin-is-number-one.html |archive-date=2012-04-14 }}</ref> [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]] is the governing body of cricket activities in the Tamil Nadu state of India and the [[Tamil Nadu cricket team]], which has won the [[Ranji Trophy]] twice and have finished Runners-up 9 times. [[Chennai Super Kings]], a franchise based out of [[Chennai]] is the most successful team in the [[Indian Premier League]]. Notable international cricketers from Tamil Nadu include [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan|Srinivas Venkataraghavan]], [[Krishnamachari Srikkanth|Kris Srikkanth]], [[Laxman Sivaramakrishnan]], [[Robin Singh (cricketer, born 1963)|Robin Singh]], [[Murali Vijay]], [[Ravichandran Ashwin]], [[Dinesh Karthik]], [[Sadagoppan Ramesh]], [[Vijay Shankar (cricketer)|Vijay Shankar]], [[Washington Sundar]], [[T. Natarajan]], [[Murali Karthik]], [[Subramaniam Badrinath]] and [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]]. Cricket administrators from the state include current [[International Cricket Council]] president [[N. Srinivasan]], former [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] presidents [[A. C. Muthiah]] and his father [[M. A. Chidambaram]].

[[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]] in [[Chennai]] is one of the oldest cricketing venues and was the host of [[Indian cricket team|India]]'s first [[test cricket]] victory. [[MRF Pace Foundation]], a coaching clinic for training fast bowlers from all over the world is based in [[Chennai]]. It was created by [[MRF Limited]] with the help of former Australian pace spearhead [[Dennis Lillee]].

===Hockey===
Hockey is one of the popular sports played in schools and colleges. [[Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium]] is a [[field hockey]] stadium at [[Chennai]] named after [[M. Radhakrishna Pillai]] and was the venue to the [[1996 Men's Champions Trophy (field hockey)|1996 Men's Champions Trophy]] and [[2005 Men's Champions Trophy (field hockey)|tournament]] tournaments. It is also the venue for all division matches of the Chennai Hockey Association and the home ground of the [[World Series Hockey]] team [[Chennai Cheetahs]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/worldserieshockey/team-profile/chennaicheetahs |title=World Series Hockey |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126083742/http://www.indianexpress.com/worldserieshockey/team-profile/chennaicheetahs |archive-date=26 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu is planning to set up a hockey academy<ref>{{cite news|title=Veteran hockey players delighted with synthetic turf in Tiruchi|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/25/stories/2011012559450200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130010059/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/25/stories/2011012559450200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 January 2011|date=25 January 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Tiruchi, India}}</ref> Notable international players include [[Vasudevan Baskaran]], [[Krishnamurthy Perumal]], [[M. J. Gopalan]], [[Dhanraj Pillay]], [[Adam Sinclair (field hockey)|Adam Sinclair]] and [[Mohammed Riaz]].

===Tennis===
[[Chennai Open]] was an ATP World Tour 250 series tournament previously held annually in January at [[SDAT Tennis Stadium]] in Chennai. It was the only ATP tournament held in the country until 2017, after which the tournament moved to [[Pune]]. Notable players are [[Ramesh Krishnan]], [[Ramanathan Krishnan]], [[Vijay Amritraj]], [[Mahesh Bhupathi]], [[Ramkumar Ramanathan]], [[Prajnesh Gunneswaran]], [[Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan]], [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]], [[N.Sriram Balaji]] and [[Nirupama Vaidyanathan]].

===Motor racing===
[[File:Racing action in Coimbatore.jpg|thumb|[[Kari Motor Speedway]]]]
[[Coimbatore]] is often referred to as the "Motor sports Capital of India" and the "Backyard of Indian Motorsports".<ref>
{{Cite news| title = City of speed | date = 24 April 2006 | url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/04/24/stories/2006042401140400.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070121173933/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/04/24/stories/2006042401140400.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 21 January 2007 | work = [[The Hindu]] | access-date = 2007-01-03}}</ref> [[S.Karivardhan]], spearheaded [[motor racing]], making Coimbatore the country's motor racing hub when he designed and built entry level race cars. Before [[Buddh International Circuit]] was constructed, the country's only two permanent race ways were the [[Kari Motor Speedway]], [[Coimbatore]] and [[Irungattukottai Race Track|Madras Motor Racing Track, Chennai]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Memories of Madras: From Sholavaram to Irungattukottai|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/memories-of-madras-from-sholavaram-to-irungattukottai/article2528390.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=11 October 2011|location=India}}</ref> MRF built is first [[Formula 3]] car in 1997.<ref name="MRF Racing">{{cite web|url=http://www.mrftyres.com/mrf-sports|title = MRF Sports}}</ref> MRF in collaboration with [[Maruti Suzuki|Maruti]] established the [[Formula Maruti]] racing, a single-seater, open wheel class motorsport racing event for race cars made in India.<ref name="NDTV">{{cite web| url = http://profit.ndtv.com/stock/mrf-ltd_mrf/reports | title = MRF Limited | publisher = NDTV | date=14 February 2015}}</ref> [[MRF Challenge]] is a [[F2000 Championship Series|Formula 2000]] open-wheel motorsport formula based series organized by [[Madras Motor Sports Club]] in association with MRF. [[Narain Karthikeyan]] and [[Karun Chandhok]], the only drivers from to represent India in [[Formula 1]] hail from the state. Other prominent racers include [[Parthiva Sureshwaren]], [[Ashwin Sundar]], [[N. Leelakrishnan]], [[Raj Bharath (racing driver)|Raj Bharath]] and [[Ajith Kumar]] represented India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ajith Kumar to drive in F2 European season 2010|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/ajith-kumar-to-drive-in-f2-european-season-2010/article304221.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 March 2010|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

===Others===
Other popular sports include [[athletics (sport)|athletics]], [[soccer]], [[basketball]], [[volleyball]], [[softball]] and [[badminton]]. [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Chennai]] and [[Nehru Stadium, Coimbatore]] are popular multipurpose football and athletics stadiums in the state. Notable volleyball players include [[A. Palaniswamy]], [[G. E. Sridharan]]. Tamil Nadu men's team won the Gol'd in National level competition held in 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tamil Nadu bags volleyball gold|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/tamil-nadu-bags-volleyball-gold/article1466227.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=18 February 2011|location=Ranchi, India}}</ref> [[Joshna Chinappa]] and [[Dipika Pallikal]] are the notable squash players who won gold at the [[Commonwealth Games]]. [[Kutraleeswaran]] is a notable swimmer, who was the first Indian to cross six channels in a single calendar year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2005/oct/06spec.htm|title=Why Kutraleeswaran stopped swimming|author=Shobha Warrier|date=6 October 2005|publisher=Rediff India - Sports|access-date=12 June 2013}}</ref> [[Archery]], [[boxing]], [[carrom]], [[shooting sports|shooting]], [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]], [[martial arts]], [[snooker]], [[golf]], [[bowling]], and [[squash (sport)|squash]] also feature among sports played. Srither won gold at Asian Archery Championship held at Indonesia in November 2009.<ref>{{cite news|title=Champion archer Srither felicitated|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/31/stories/2009123159902000.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104212832/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/31/stories/2009123159902000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 January 2010|date=31 December 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> [[A. Maria Irudayam]] and Ilavzhagi won world carrom championships.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/striking-it-right/article4506511.ece|title=Carrom champion|newspaper=The Hindu|date=14 March 2013}}</ref>
[[Santhi Soundarajan]] is the first Tamil woman to win a medal at [[Asian Games]]. [[Sathish Sivalingam]] is a commonwealth gold medalist in weightlifting. [[Mariyappan Thangavelu]] has won the gold medal in the finals of [[2016 Summer Paralympics|2016 Summer Paralympic games]] held in [[Rio de Janeiro]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportscafe.in/articles/sports/2016/sep/10/paralympics-2016-mariyappan-thangavelu-wins-indias-first-gold-in-rio|title=Paralympics 2016 {{!}} Mariyappan Thangavelu wins India's first gold in Rio|date=2016-09-10|access-date=2016-09-14}}</ref><ref name="golden_leap">{{cite news|last1=Stalin|first1=J. Sam Daniel|title=Paralympian Mariyappan Thangavelu's Golden Leap From Poverty|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/news/262708-paralympian-mariyappan-thangavelu-s-golden-leap-from-poverty|access-date=10 September 2016|work=NDTV Sports|date=10 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910123616/http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/news/262708-paralympian-mariyappan-thangavelu-s-golden-leap-from-poverty|archive-date=10 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]]
* [[List of Tamil recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
* [[List of sportspeople from Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Sport in India]]
* [[Sport in Chennai]]
* [[Indian martial arts]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sdat.tn.gov.in/index.php Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu]
* [http://tamilnaduarchery.com/ Tamil Nadu archery association]
* [http://www.tnbsa.com/index.html Tamil Nadu Billiards and Snooker Association]
* [http://tnsaa.net/ Tamil Nadu State Aquatic Association]

{{Sport in India}}
{{Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Sport in Tamil Nadu| ]]

Khamas (raga)

2026-03-29T10:27:40Z

Igurushivamy:

{{Short description|Janya raga of Carnatic music}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox ragam
| name = Khamas
| synonym =
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| mela =
| chakra =
| type =
| arohanam = {{svaraC|S|M1|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S'}}
| avarohanam = {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S}}
| jeeva =
| chhaya =
| nyasa =
| vishesha =
| equivalent =
| similar =
}}
{{Carnatic}}
'''Khamas'''<ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref><ref name="raganidhi">''Raganidhi'' by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras</ref> or '''Kamās'''/ '''Khamās''' /'''Khamāch'''/ '''Khamāj''' / '''Kamāchi''' ('''கமாச்''') '''(ఖమాస్/కమాచి)'''''' ಖಮಾಚ್''' is a [[rāga]]m in [[Carnatic music]] (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is a ''[[janya]]'' rāgam (derived scale) from the 28th ''[[melakarta]]'' scale ''[[Harikambhoji]]''. It is a ''janya'' scale, as it does not have all the seven ''[[swara]]s'' (musical notes) in the ascending scale.

It is a scale that evokes ''Shringara [[Rasa (aesthetics)|rasa]]''.<ref name="ragas" /><ref name="raganidhi" /> It is suitable for ''javali'' type compositions.<ref name="raganidhi" />

== Structure and lakshana ==
[[File:Harikambhoji scale.svg|thumb|right|300px|Parent scale ''Harikambhoji'' with ''shadjam'' at C]]

''Khamas'' is an asymmetric rāgam that does not contain ''rishabham'' in the ascending scale. It is a ''vakra-shadava-sampurna'' rāgam (''vakra-shadava'', meaning 6 notes in ascending scale with zig-zag moves).<ref name="ragas" /><ref name="raganidhi" /> Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows:

*[[Arohana|{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}]] : {{svaraC|S|M1|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S'|foot=yes}}
*[[Avarohana|{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}]] : {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|foot=yes}}

The notes used in this scale are ''shadjamam, antara gandharam, shuddha madhyamam, panchamam, chathusruthi dhaivatam'' and ''kaisiki nishadham'' in ascending scale, with ''chathusruthi rishabham'' included in descending scale. For the details of the notations and terms, see [[Swara#Svaras in Carnatic music|''swaras'' in Carnatic music]].

==Alternate versions==
Originally, ''Khamas'' was an ''upanga raga'' (uses only the notes in the parent scale). Later with the usage in ''javalis'' and other later compositions, the ''bhashanga'' type of ''Khamas'' came into use (using notes external to the scale).<ref name="ragas" /> ''Kakali nishadam'' (N3) is introduced as ''anya swara'' (external note) occasionally.<ref name="ragas" />

According to [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] school of music, ''Khamas'' is a ''[[sampurna raga]]'' with no zig-zag notes (no ''vakra'' usage).<ref name="ragas" /><ref name="raganidhi" />

Khamāj (खमाज) of Hindustani Music closely resembles Khamas raga. The Hindi film song ‘Tere Mere Milan Ki’ from the movie Abhimaan is based on Khamaj.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/endearing-khamas/article4746020.ece Hindustani music's equivalent of Khamas Raga]</ref>

==Popular compositions==
There are many compositions set to ''Khamas'' [[Raga]]. Here are some popular ''[[Kriti (music)|Kriti]]s'', ''[[Thillana]]s,'' ''[[Varnam]]s'', ''[[Swarajati]]s'', ''Padams'' and [[Carnatic music|Javalis]] composed in this [[Raga]].

*''Sambhashiva([[Swarajati]])'' by Chinnikrishna Dasar
*''Edho Paramukham([[Swarajati]])'' by Ponniah Pillai of the [[Tanjore Quartet]]
*''Mate Malaya-dhvaja pandya-sanjate(Daru[[varnam]])'' by [[Muthiah Bhagavatar]]
*''Samiyai Azhaittu Vaadi(Pada[[varnam]])'' and ''Sami Ni Rammanave(Pada[[varnam]])'' by Ponniah Pillai of the [[Thanjavur Quartet]]
*''Entaninne(Pada[[varnam]])'' by [[Subbarama Dikshitar]]
*''Sa vama rusha yatu(Pada[[varnam]]), Sarasa-sama-mukha([[Krithi]]), Sreesha Padmanabha Pahi([[Krithi]]) and Palayamamayi bho shrikanthesha([[Krithi]])'' by Maharaja [[Swathi Thirunal]]
*''Velanai Kaanbom (Pada[[varnam]]) an Velanai Ninainthal([[Krithi]])'' by Muthuswami Kavi
*''Vesariti Neeve(Pada[[varnam]])'' by Dr. [[M. Balamuralikrishna]]
*''Ma Mohalahiri(Pada[[varnam]])'' by Kadigal Namachivaaya Pulavar
*''Santanagopala Krishnam'', ''Danda Nathaya'', ''Shadanane Sakalamarpayami'', ''Sri Swaminathaya Namaste'' and ''Sarasa Dala Nayana'' by [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]]
*''Sujana Jeevana'', ''Laali Laaliyani'' and ''Seethapathe'' composed by [[Tyagaraja]]
*''Manasa Ramuni Maravakave'' by [[Venkataramana Bhagavathar]]
*''Dooru Maduvarene'', ''Mooruthiyanu Niliso'' and ''Palise Enna'' By [[Purandara Dasa]]
*''Theruvatheppo'' by [[Neelakanta Sivan]]
*''Theruvil Varano(Padam)'' by [[Muthu Thandavar]]
*''Maatada Baradeno(Jaavali)'' By [[Bangalore Nagarathnamma]]
*''Aapaduraku (Jaavali)'' By [[Pattabhiramayya|Pattbhiramayya]]
*''Rama Jogi Mandu'', ''Ivela Nannu Brovara'' and ''Rama Rara'' by [[Bhadrachala Ramadasu]]
*''Brochevaarevarura'', ''Upendram Ashrayami Santatam'' and ''Intha Paraakaelanayya'' by [[Mysore Vasudevachar]], whose use of N3 in his compositions in this raga is particularly noteworthy.
*''Konji Konji Vaa Guhane Murugane'' by [[Periyasaamy Thooran]]
*''Idathu Padam Thookki'', ''Thiruvalar Mayilaiyin'', ''Senthil Valar Sevalane'', ''Kadaikkan Paarvai'' and ''Rama Naama Amrutha Paaname'' by [[Papanasam Sivan]]
*''Amba Ninnu Korina'' by Dr. [[M. Balamuralikrishna]]
*''[[Tillana]]'' by [[Patnam Subramania Iyer]]
*''[[Tillana]]'' by Dr. [[Lalgudi Jayaraman]]
*''Dholayam Chala Dholayam Chala'' by [[Annamacharya]]
*''Shambho Mahadeva Chandrachuda'' by [[Palghat Parameswara Bhagavathar]]
*''Saraswati Sarasa-vani Sarasija-bhavunikki-rani'' by [[M. D. Ramanathan]]
*''Jayati Jayati Bharata Mata'' by [[Viswanatha Sastri|Mayuram Vishvanatha shastri]]

==Film Compositions==
===Language:[[Tamil language|Tamil]]===
{| class="wikitable"
!Song
!Movie
!Composer
!Singer
|-
|Orunaal Oru Pozhuthu
|[[Thiruneelakantar]]
|[[Papanasam Sivan]]
|rowspan=2|[[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]]
|-
|Maanida Jenmam Meendum Vandhidumo
|[[Raja Mukthi]]
|[[C. R. Subburaman]]
|-
|Naan Pesa Vanthen
|Palloti Valartha Killi
|rowspan="6"|[[Illayaraja]]
|rowspan="3"|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Pallaviye Charanam
|[[Oruvar Vaazhum Aalayam]]
|-
|Roja Ondru Mutham(Karnataka Khamas Based)
|[[Komberi Mookan]]
|-
|Margazhi Matham
|Panjami(Unreleased Movie)
|[[S. Janaki]], [[T. V. Gopalakrishnan]]
|-
|Kootathilae Kovil Pura(Karnataka Khamas Based)
|[[Idaya Kovil]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Ponnil Vaanam(Karnataka Khamas Based)
|[[Villu Pattukaran]]
|[[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Uyirum Neeye
|[[Pavithra (film)|Pavithra]]
|rowspan="2"|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[P. Unnikrishnan]]
|-
|Oru Naal Oru Pozhudu
|[[Anthimanthaarai]]
|[[Swarnalatha]]
|-
| Poo Poovaa
| [[Unnai Kann Theduthey]]
| [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Febi Mani]]
|-
| Sokka Naanum Nikkuren
| [[Boat (2024 film)|Boat]]
| [[Ghibran]]
| [[Sudha Raghunathan]]
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
{{reflist}}

{{Melakarta ragas|state=collapsed}}
{{Janya|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Janya ragas]]

Vijay Ganguly

2026-03-26T06:20:02Z

Igurushivamy:

{{Short description|Indian choreographer (born 1980)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Vijay Ganguly
| image = Vijay Ganguly.jpg
| image_size =
| birth_name = Vijay Anil Ganguly
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1980}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay, Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Choreographer
| known_for = ''[[Jagga Jasoos]]'', ''[[Andhadhun]]'', [[Love Aaj Kal (2020 film)|''Love Aaj Kal'']], ''[[Tumhari Sulu]]'', [[Stree (2018 film)|''Stree'']]
| awards = 
| relatives = [[Rupali Ganguly]] (sister)
| parents = [[Anil Ganguly]] (father)
Rajni Ganguly (mother)}}
'''Vijay Ganguly''' (born 1980) is an Indian choreographer known for ''[[Jagga Jasoos]]'' (2017), ''[[Andhadhun]]'' (2018), [[Stree (2018 film)|''Stree'']] (2018) and [[Love Aaj Kal (2020 film)|''Love Aaj Kal'']] (2020). He won the [[63rd Filmfare Awards|2018 Filmfare Award]] for [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]] for the song "Galti Se Mistake" in ''Jagga Jasoos'', for which he also won the 2018 [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA]] for [[IIFA Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]] and 2017 [[Zee Cine Awards]] for [[Zee Cine Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]].

== Biography ==
Vijay Ganguly was born in 1980<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lulla |first=Sonia |date=8 February 2020 |title=Made Ayushmann recreate Anil sir's step in Yaar bina chain remix |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/Vijay-Ganguly-on-Yaar-bina-chain-remix-Made-Ayushmann-recreate-Anil-sirs-step-22571190 |access-date=11 June 2021 |website=[[Mid-Day]] |archive-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612034324/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/Vijay-Ganguly-on-Yaar-bina-chain-remix-Made-Ayushmann-recreate-Anil-sirs-step-22571190 |url-status=live }}</ref> to his father [[Anil Ganguly]], a film director.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=24 December 2017 |title=My dream was to become filmmaker: Vijay Ganguly |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1979889537 |url-access=subscription |access-date=11 June 2021 |website=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |id={{ProQuest|1979889537}} |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003094129/https://www.proquest.com/docview/1979889537 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Jahnavi |date=13 July 2017 |title=Ranbir is phenomenal! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/ranbir-is-phenomenal/20170713.htm |access-date=11 June 2021 |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] |archive-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612034324/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/ranbir-is-phenomenal/20170713.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> He is a younger brother of actress [[Rupali Ganguly]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumaran |first=Ektaa |date=20 November 2020 |title=Check out Rupali Ganguly aka Anupama's wish for THIS special person |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/check-out-rupali-ganguly-aka-anupamaas-wish-special-person-201120 |website=Tellychakkar |access-date=30 January 2021 |archive-date=10 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210140550/https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/check-out-rupali-ganguly-aka-anupamaas-wish-special-person-201120 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" />

== Career ==
Vijay Ganguly acted in a few films as child artist including ''[[Saaheb]]'' (1985), ''[[Sadak Chhap]]'' (1987), and ''[[Dushman Devta]]'' (1991). He started his career as an assistant choreographer in 2005 with the film ''[[Bunty Aur Babli]]'', and later worked as assistant choreographer in films including ''[[Taare Zameen Par]]'' (2007), ''[[Yuvvraaj]]'' (2008), and ''[[Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol]]'' (2011). He began his career independently as choreographer in 2013. He has choreographed many songs including "Nachenge Saari Raat" from ''[[Junooniyat]]'' (2016), "[[Mere Rashk-e-Qamar|Mere Rashke Qamar]]" from ''[[Baadshaho]]'' (2017), and the album ''[[Tumhari Sulu#Soundtrack|Tumhari Sulu]]'' (2017). He rose to prominence after his works for the song "Galti Se Mistake" from ''[[Jagga Jasoos]]'' (2017), which also won him many accolades.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 July 2019 |title=Songs Are Always Be an Integral Part of Film: Vijay Ganguly, choreographer |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=Mumbai}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandya |first=Sonal |date=13 June 2017 |title='Galti Se Mistake' song: Choreographer Vijay Ganguly on how the Jagga Jasoos song came about |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2017/jun/13/6359 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603182733/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2017/jun/13/6359/ |archive-date=3 June 2021 |access-date=11 June 2021 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> He has been trained in [[Salsa (dance)|salsa]], [[Contemporary dance|contemporary]], [[Jazz dance|jazz]] and [[Hip hop dance|hip hop]].<ref name=":2" />

== Filmography ==

=== As Choreographer ===
* ''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge]]'' (2026)
* ''[[Dhurandhar]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Saiyaara (film)|Saiyaara]]'' (2025)
* ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Jigra]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Stree 2]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Munjya (film)|Munjya]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Ishq Vishk Rebound]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Teri Baaton Mein Aisa Uljha Jiya]]'' (2024)
* [[Pippa (film)|''Pippa'']] (2023)
* ''[[The Great Indian Family]]'' (2024)
* ''[[Atrangi Re]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2020 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Bhangra Paa Le]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Bala (2019 film)|Bala]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Super 30]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Badhaai Ho]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Andhadhun]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Jagga Jasoos]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Tumhari Sulu]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Baadshaho]]''
* ''[[Hate Story 3]]'' (2015)

=== As Chief Assistant Choreographer ===
* ''[[Bhaag Milkha Bhaag]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Zokkomon]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Aladdin]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Little Zizou]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Yuvvraaj]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Taare Zameen Par]]'' (2007)
* ''[[I See You (2006 film)|I See You]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Bunty Aur Babli]]'' (2005)

== Awards and nominations ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Film
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!class="unsortable" |{{Refh}}
|-
|rowspan=6|''[[Jagga Jasoos]]''
|[[Screen Awards]] 2017
|Best Choreography
|"Galti Se Mistake"
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Praising the Off-screen Heroes |url=https://www.hotstar.com/tv/star-screen-awards/s-449/a-night-to-remember/1000200193 |access-date=2 January 2019 |series=24th Star Screen Awards |network=[[Star Plus]] |date=1 January 2018 |time=10:17 |archive-date=2 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102050959/https://www.hotstar.com/tv/star-screen-awards/s-449/a-night-to-remember/1000200193 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
|"Galti Se Mistake"
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2017 |title=Zee Cine Awards 2018 complete winners list: Secret Superstar, Golmal Again and Toilet Ek Premkatha win big |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/zee-cine-awards-2018-winners-list-alia-bhatt-varun-dhawan-akshay-kumar-4990849/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=26 February 2021 |archive-date=11 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311105525/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/zee-cine-awards-2018-winners-list-alia-bhatt-varun-dhawan-akshay-kumar-4990849/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Bollywood Film Journalists Awards
|Best Choreography
|"Galti Se Mistake"
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Film Journalists Awards 2017 Result |url=http://powerbrands360.com/images/bollywoodawards/FinalVoteCount.pdf |access-date=27 July 2024 |archive-date=9 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109153919/https://www.powerbrands360.com/images/bollywoodawards/FinalVoteCount.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[19th IIFA Awards]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
|"Galti Se Mistake"
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2018 |title=IIFA 2018 full winners list: Sridevi and Irrfan are best actors of 2017 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/iifa-2018-full-winners-list-tumhari-sulu-wins-best-film-1268605-2018-06-25 |website=India Today |access-date=26 February 2021 |archive-date=25 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625103650/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/iifa-2018-full-winners-list-tumhari-sulu-wins-best-film-1268605-2018-06-25 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2018 |title=Jagga Jasoos, Bareilly Ki Barfi, Shubh Mangal Saavdhan win awards at IIFA Rocks 2018 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/jagga-jasoos-bareilly-ki-barfi-shubh-mangal-saavdhan-win-awards-at-iifa-rocks-2018/story-UKNSdqu9n9miynrVbt3FVL.html |access-date=11 June 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611171211/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/jagga-jasoos-bareilly-ki-barfi-shubh-mangal-saavdhan-win-awards-at-iifa-rocks-2018/story-UKNSdqu9n9miynrVbt3FVL.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|[[63rd Filmfare Awards]]
|rowspan=3|[[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
|"Galti Se Mistake"
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2018 |title=Winners of the Jio Filmfare Awards 2018 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2018/winners |website=Filmfare |access-date=26 February 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121125745/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2018/winners |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|"Khaana Khaake"
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the 63rd Jio Filmfare Awards 2018 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-63rd-jio-filmfare-awards-2018_-26161-18.html |website=Filmfare |access-date=27 July 2024 |archive-date=19 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119060650/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-63rd-jio-filmfare-awards-2018_-26161-18.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Tumhari Sulu]]''
|"Ban Ja Rani"
|{{nom}}
|-
|''[[Atrangi Re]]''
|[[22nd IIFA Awards]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
|"Chaka Chak"
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Citation |title=IIFA 2022 Nominations: Shershaah takes the lead with 12 Nominations, Ludo and 83 emerge as strong contenders; check out the complete list |date=1 April 2022 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/iifa-2022-nominations-shershaah-takes-lead-12-nominations-ludo-83-emerge-strong-contenders-check-complete-list/ |access-date=27 July 2024 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401133243/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/iifa-2022-nominations-shershaah-takes-lead-12-nominations-ludo-83-emerge-strong-contenders-check-complete-list/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Atrangi Re]]''
|[[67th Filmfare Awards]]
|Best Choreography
|"Chaka Chak"
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |year=2022 |title=Best Choreography |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2022/nominations/best-choreography |access-date=31 March 2023 |website=filmfare.com |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323004221/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2022/nominations/best-choreography |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm3211340}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestChoreographer}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganguly, Vijay}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]

Bar Council of Madhya Pradesh

2026-03-25T12:00:14Z

Igurushivamy: Starting some entry w/ refs

{{Short description|Legal organization in India}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Bar Council of Madhya Pradesh
| type = Statutory body
| logo =
| formed = {{start date and age|1961}}
| jurisdiction = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| headquarters = [[Jabalpur]], [[India]]
| chief1_name = Prem Singh Bhadoria<ref name="madh ref1">{{cite news |title=MP Bar Council head elected |url=http://www.uniindia.com/mp-bar-council-head-elected/north/news/2241233.html |access-date=4 October 2021 |publisher=Uniindia |date=22 November 2020}}</ref>
| chief1_position = President
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_department = [[Bar Council of India]]
| website = https://sbc.mponline.gov.in/portal/Services/SBC/Home.aspx
}}

'''Bar Council of Madhya Pradesh''' is the regulatory and statutorily representative body for [[lawyers]] practicing law in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It was constituted as per the mandatory requirement as per [[Advocates Act, 1961]] and [[Bar Council of India]]. In March 1953, S. R. Das as head of the 'All India Bar Committee', proposed the creation of the apex body as an All-India Bar Council and Bar council at state levels and submitted a report to the Central [[Government of India]]. Members of the Bar Council are elected from among members enrolled and practicing as [[lawyers]] practicing law in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and they represent the state in Bar Council of India meetings. Bar Council of a place designs standards of [[professional conduct]] to be followed by members, and designs [[etiquette]]s and has the power to enforce disciplinary guidelines over the members of bar council.

== History ==
The Bar Council of Madhya Pradesh was formed as per the requirement of Section 3 of Advocates Act, 1961 which mandates for each state of India to have its Bar Council. As per the guidelines, the legal profession in India and the standards of legal education would be regulated by the All India Bar Council. The [[Law Commission of India]] was suggested to prepare a report on judicial administration reforms in India.

== Functions ==
Section 7 of the Advocates Act, 1961 lays down the regulatory and representative requirements which are mandatory for State Bar Councils. Bar Councils of each place has following functions:

#As a statutory body regulating legal profession and education across state.
#Facilitating the election with rules for members to get elected and manage the Bar Council.<ref name="mad ref33">{{cite news |title=Madhya Pradesh: Election of Bar Council executive on September 27 |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/madhya-pradesh-election-of-bar-council-executive-on-september-27 |access-date=4 October 2021 |publisher=Free Press Journal |date=10 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
#Forwarding the names of elected members to Bar Council of India for formal approval as members.
#Facilitating the formation of managing committee like chairman, Vice-chairman and Treasurer of the Bar.<ref name="mp bar ref11">{{cite news |title=Manish Tiwari youngest candidate to win State Bar Council elections |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2020/8/13/Manish-Tiwari-youngest-candidate-to-win-State-Bar-Council-elections.html |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=thehitavada.com |date=13 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
#Designing the professional behaviours and code to be followed by [[advocate]]s who are its members.<ref name="Telangana Bar Ref11">{{cite news |title=Appointment Of HC Judges Is Made After Considering Seniority, Merit: SC |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/appointment-of-hc-judges-is-made-after-considering-seniority-merit-sc-7431531.html |access-date=9 September 2021 |publisher=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>
#Lay down guidelines for disciplinary committees and other committees formed by it.
#Supporting with financial aid in case of need.
#Protecting the advocate members rights, benefits and safeguarding their interests.<ref name="mp bar ref13">{{cite news |title=Lawyers across Madhya Pradesh to abstain from work on Nov 24 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/lawyers-across-madhya-pradesh-to-abstain-from-work-on-nov-24/story-7vluNMm1NxdKjxBw1eWfRK.html |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=20 November 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="mp bar ref12">{{cite news |title=Directive to shift MP debt tribunal to UP challenged |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/directive-to-shift-mp-debt-tribunal-to-up-challenged/articleshow/84332826.cms |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=12 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="mp bar ref10">{{cite news |title=Madhya Pradesh: Advocates across MP strike work against arrest of colleague from outside Jabalpur district court |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-advocates-across-mp-strike-work-against-arrest-of-colleague-from-outside-jabalpur-district-court |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=Free Press Journal |date=7 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
#Designing, promoting and supporting [[law reform]] as per changing circumstances.
#Handle and resolve other issues or any matter placed before it by its members in ad hoc situations.
#Design and organise [[seminar]]s on wide legal topics in the interest of members by reputed [[jurist]]s and publishing them in journals and magazines of legal circles and other sources of media.
#Facilitating [[legal aid]] to those who can't afford it.
#Ensuring that guidelines laid in various legal forums are followed by members.
#Initiating disciplinary action in case of professional misconduct.
#Supporting members with emergency services during natural calamities.
#Initiate disciplinary action in case the official premises is used for other than professional purpose.
#Fixing Annual Fee for members for enrolling in Council which includes fees for enrollment and funds towards identity card, building, library, indigent and other welfare schemes
#Organising regular meeting with local associations enrolled with council.
#Enrolling various bar associations in the state as its associate members.
#Resolving disputes between members within timeframe.
#Initiating disciplinary action against members for complying to its policies.
#Enrolling newly qualified lawyers into council.<ref name="mp bar ref14">{{cite news |title=Madhya Pradesh HC ruled BCI empower to frame rules, conditions before permitting a person to practice as an Advocate |url=https://courtexpress.in/Bar%20Council%20of%20India/2020/Oct27-Madhya%20Pradesh%20HC%20ruled%20BCI%20empower%20to%20frame%20rules%20conditions.html |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=Courts Express |date=27 October 2020}}</ref>

== Constitution ==
The council elects its own chairman and Vice-chairman<ref name="mp ref14">{{cite news |last1=Emmanuel |first1=Meera |title=State Bar Council cannot interfere in Bar Association Elections: Madhya Pradesh HC |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/state-bar-council-bar-association-elections-madhya-pradesh-hc |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=Bar and Bench |date=19 Jan 2018 |language=en}}</ref> for a period of five years from amongst its members.<ref name="mad ref33" /> Assisted by the various committees of the council, the chairman acts as the chief executive and director of the council. Voting rights in elections are available only for advocates having a Certificate of Practice. As per the Advocates Act, the bar council of the state should have 25 members in case the members on roll exceeds 10000.

Mr.Vijay Choudhary was elected as Chairman of Bar Council of Madhya Pradesh.<ref name="madh ref1" /><ref name="mp bar ref15">{{cite news |last1=Emmanuel |first1=Meera |title=Fix timelines for Senior Advocate designation process: Madhya Pradesh Bar Council Chairperson writes to CJI, Acting CJ of MP High Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/fix-timelines-senior-advocate-designation-process-madhya-pradesh-bar-council-chairperson |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=Bar and Bench |date=1 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="up bar ref11">{{cite news |title=MP bar council head elected |url=https://www.uniindia.com/mp-bar-council-head-elected/north/news/2241233.html |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=uniindia |date=22 November 2020}}</ref>

==Enrollment of advocates==
Graduates having a law degree from recognised universities permitted to impart legal education are admitted as advocates in The Bar Council of Madhya Pradesh.Law graduates can enroll online for Bar Council of Madhya Pradesh. State bar councils are empowered by Advocates Act, 1961 to frame rules according to their convenience for enrolling advocates in council. The enrollment committee formed by Councils will scrutinise a prospective member's application. Enrolled advocates of any bar council in-state are considered eligible to write the All India Bar Examination conducted by the Bar Council of India. After clearing the exam, they are certified by the Bar Council of India and issued 'a Certificate of Enrolment', which facilitates them to practice the profession of law in any High Court based in India and lower courts of the country, as an advocate. Advocates are required to qualify in the exam known as "Supreme Court Advocate on Record Examination" which is conducted by the Supreme Court exclusively to practice in the Supreme Court of Country.

== Important actions ==

1. Bar Council of Madhya Pradesh members to get Rs 5 Lakhs towards Medical Assistance Fund for treatment of chronic diseases to the kin of deceased with equal contributions from the Bar council and Madhya Pradesh Government.<ref name="mad ref2">{{cite news |title=State Bar Council members to receive Rs 5L for treatment of chronic diseases |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2019/8/5/State-Bar-Council-members-to-receive-Rs-5L-for-treatment-of-chronic-diseases.html |access-date=4 October 2021 |publisher=www.thehitavada.com |date=5 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

2. In year 2021, Bar Council of Madhya Pradesh in view of Covid situation in the state had requested the state High Court to continue virtual hearing till April 24.<ref name="mad ref3">{{cite news |title=MP HC starts virtual hearings to continue till April 24 |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/mp-hc-starts-virtual-hearings-to-continue-till-april-24 |access-date=4 October 2021 |publisher=Free Press Journal |date=9 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

3. Bar Council of Madhya Pradesh had challenged the transfer of jurisdiction of [[Debt Recovery Tribunal]] (DRT) of Jabalpur due to the unavailability of a presiding officer at Jabalpur to Debt Recovery Tribunal (DRT), Lucknow.<ref name="mad ref4">{{cite news |title=Do you intend to close tribunals, Supreme Court asks Centre amid vacancies |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/do-you-intend-to-close-tribunals-supreme-court-asks-centre-amid-vacancies-101628273340358.html |access-date=4 October 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=6 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bar Council of Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Bar Council of Telangana]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://sbc.mponline.gov.in/portal/Services/sbc/Home.aspx official website]

[[Category:Legal organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Madhya Pradesh]]

Bharat Mandapam

2026-03-23T18:48:38Z

Igurushivamy: fixed issues

{{Short description|Venue in New Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Bharatha Mandapam
| native_name = {{IAST|Bhārat Maṇḍapam}}
| native_name_lang = sa
| former_names =
| alternate_names =
| image = Bharat Mandapam Pragati Maidan.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| status =
| building_type =
| architectural_style = [[Retrofuturism]]
| location = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| address =
| location_town =
| location_country = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|28|37|10|N|77|14|33|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| groundbreaking_date =
| construction_start_date = November 2017<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/ready-to-open-revamped-pragati-maidan-convention-centre-in-delhi-to-be-among-worlds-best/articleshow/102064043.cms | title=Ready to open: Revamped Pragati Maidan convention centre in Delhi to be among world's best | work=The Times of India | date=24 July 2023 }}</ref>
| construction_stop_date =
| completion_date =
| opened_date =
| inauguration_date = {{start date and age|df=y|2023|7|26}}
| cost = ₹2,700 crores (equivalent to approximately US$320 million)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bharat-mandapam-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-grand-venue-of-g20-summit-4373769 | title=Bharat Mandapam: All You Need to Know About the Grand Venue of G20 Summit }}</ref>
| client = [[India Trade Promotion Organisation]]
| owner = [[Government of India]]
| landlord =
| current_tenants =
| height = 36.4 metres<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/featured/sunday-hans/bharat-mandapam-a-spell-binding-convergence-of-architecture-art-831671 | title=Bharat Mandapam: A Spell-binding Convergence of Architecture & Art | date=22 October 2023 }}</ref>
| floor_count =
| public_transit =  {{ric|Delhi Metro}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}} [[Supreme Court metro station|Supreme Court]]
| floor_area =
| grounds_area =
| architecture_firm = Arcop Associates [[Aedas]] (Singapore)
| main_contractor = [[NBCC (India) Limited|NBCC]] [[Shapoorji Pallonji Group|Shapoorji Pallonji & Co. Ltd.]]
| logo =
| seating_capacity =
| website = {{url|https://www.indiatradefair.com/}}
}}
[[File:PM Narendra Modi addressing gathering at the Inauguration of Grameen Bharat Mahotsav 2025 at Bharat Mandapam.jpg|thumb|PM addressing the gathering at the inauguration of Grameen Bharat Mahotsav 2025 at the Bharat Mandapam.]]
'''Bharatha Mandapam''' (English: [[Help:IPA/English|/ˈbʱaːrət̪ ˈməɳɖəpəm/]]) is an [[Convention center|exhibition hall]] located within the confines of the '''Pragati Maidan '''complex in [[New Delhi|New Delhi, India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maanvi |date=26 April 2017 |title=Losing A Heritage: A History of Pragati Maidan's 'Hall of Nations' |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/history-of-pragati-maidan-hall-of-nations |access-date=16 June 2024 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> It is one of the largest [[convention centres]] of India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://societyinteriorsdesign.com/bharat-mandapam-at-pragati-maidan-new-delhi-an-iconic-masterpiece-redesigned-by-arcop-associates-and-aedas-singapore-redefines-the-countrys-architecture/ | title=Bharat Mandapam at Pragati Maidan, New Delhi an iconic masterpiece redesigned by Arcop Associates and Aedas Singapore redefines the country's architecture - Society Interiors & Design | date=4 October 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/explainers/bharat-mandapam-pragati-maidan-new-delhi-all-about-venue-of-g20-summit-8570114.html | title=Bharat Mandapam: All About India's Largest Exhibition Hall in Pragati Maidan Hosting G20 Summit }}</ref> While the Pragati Maidan complex was inaugurated in 1972, Bharat Mandapam was unveiled in 2023 ahead of the [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit]]. It was constructed on the site of the [[Hall of Nations]], which was controversially razed in 2017 despite court proceedings underway to address the structure’s heritage status. The decision to demolish the Hall while the matter was sub judice sparked significant public outcry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maanvi |date=2017-04-26 |title=Losing A Heritage: A History of Pragati Maidan's 'Hall of Nations' |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/history-of-pragati-maidan-hall-of-nations |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

With a total built-up area of 390,000 sq. metres, the complex includes a meeting hall that can accommodate 7,000 people in a single format, along with six modern exhibition halls spanning an exhibition area of 150,000 sq. metres. The [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit]] occurred at this venue between 9-10 September, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=7 September 2023 |title=G20 Summit 2023 Delhi LIVE update: PM Modi finalises agreements with Joe Biden |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/g20-summit-2023-delhi-live-updates-dates-countries-to-participating-leaders-all-that-you-should-you-know-11694049208072.html |access-date=8 September 2023 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
===Hall of Nations===
Bharat Mandapam stands on the site of the former Hall of Nations, a distinct architectural addition to the Pragati Maidan project. Designed by architect [[Raj Rewal]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Raj Rewal - Hall of Nations |url=http://www.rajrewal.in/projects/exhibition-hall-nations.htm/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611023242/http://www.rajrewal.in/projects/exhibition-hall-nations.htm |archivedate=11 June 2013 |accessdate=30 June 2013}}</ref> the Hall was celebrated as the world’s first and then-largest [[Space frame|space-frame structure]] built in reinforced concrete. Pragati Maidan was inaugurated on November 3, 1972, by then-[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]] on the eve of the International Trade Fair called Asia 72.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-04-14/news/27661092_1_trade-fairs-industrial-fair-pragati-maidan. |work=The Times Of India |title=Developing modern fair culture |access-date=18 June 2015 |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906105912/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/defaultinterstitial.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref> The venue and the event were meant to commemorate and celebrate 25 years of India's independence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2017 |title=The Hall of Nations: A lost heritage of Delhi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/india-news/the-hall-of-nations-a-lost-heritage-of-delhi/photo-YR6omdd3ovZ5tMaQ26m5JI.html |access-date=13 April 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413034902/https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/india-news/the-hall-of-nations-a-lost-heritage-of-delhi/photo-YR6omdd3ovZ5tMaQ26m5JI.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Pragati Maidan===
Pragati Maidan comprised a vast complex of buildings, covering over 150 acres (0.61 km²) and interspersed with numerous lawns. It overlooked the historic [[Purana Qila]], which was built by the second [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Humayun]] in 1538. The fort is located opposite gate number 1. The complex housed numerous pavilions, including the Nehru Pavilion, the Defence Pavilion, the Indira Pavilion, and the Son of India Pavilion. It featured a variety of structures in eclectic shapes and sizes and includes an auditorium that frequently hosts music shows and plays. Additionally, an internal shuttle service operated within the expansive grounds.

Pragati Maidan used to house a cinema called ''Shakuntalam'', which attained popularity among college students for its comparatively cheap tickets. The complex housed 18 exhibition halls,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatradefair.com/exhi/halls.asp.htm |title=India Trade Promotion Organisation |accessdate=1 November 2017 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021233609/http://www.indiatradefair.com/exhi/halls.asp.htm |archivedate=21 October 2006 }}</ref> several buildings, eateries, performance spaces and compounds, including headquarters of the India Trade Promotion Organisation (ITPO), and hosts over 70 national and international exhibitions annually, with the largest being the [[India International Trade Fair]] that attracts over 10,000 exhibitors and over 3,000,000 visitors.<ref name="fi" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19981008/28151764.html |title=Staid Pragati Maidan to turn up market |date=8 October 1998 |publisher=Indianexpress.com |accessdate=18 June 2015 }}{{dead link|date=March 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Pragati Maidan is flanked by [[Mathura Road, Delhi|Mathura Road]] to its west and Bhairon Road on the south. To its east runs the main railway line to Central and Southern India. Situated in Central Delhi,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.india-codes.com/pin-codes/pragati-maidan-pin-code-delhi-110001 |title=Archived copy |website=www.india-codes.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034252/http://www.india-codes.com/pin-codes/pragati-maidan-pin-code-delhi-110001 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Pragati Maidan offered about 61,290 sq. metres of covered exhibition space in 16 halls, besides 10,000 sq. metres of open display area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aaharinternationalfair.com/organizer.html |title=Aahar International Food & Hospitality Fair |accessdate=15 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20101204145920/http://www.aaharinternationalfair.com/organizer.html |archivedate=4 December 2010 }}</ref> In 2006, ahead of the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], a ₹1,260-crore redevelopment plan was initiated by the [[Government of India]].<ref name="fi">{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/all-new-pragati-maidan-by-2010/156820/0|title=All new Pragati Maidan by 2010|date=24 March 2006|publisher=Financialexpress.com|accessdate=18 June 2015|archive-date=10 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110111158/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/all-new-pragati-maidan-by-2010/156820/0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-08-30/delhi/27823991_1_convention-centre-pragati-maidan-exhibition|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811063130/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-08-30/delhi/27823991_1_convention-centre-pragati-maidan-exhibition|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=Pragati Maidan to get new showcase|date=30 August 2006 |work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=18 June 2015}}</ref>
===Bharat Mandapam project and controversy===
After the [[Modi government]] came to power in 2014, it sought to revamp the Pragati Maidan. The comprehensive revamp plan of the Pragati Maidan IECC project was conceptualised by the [[ITPO]] in December 2015. In 2016, a consortium of architecture firms, Arcop (Delhi) and [[Aedas]] (Singapore), led by architects Sanjay Singh<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2018 |title=Delhi's Pragati Maidan gets a new look with 7,000-seater convention centre |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/pragati-maidan-delhi-redesign/ |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=Architectural Digest India |language=en-IN |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801095148/https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/pragati-maidan-delhi-redesign/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and Spaniard Simón Núñez de Arenas Fraile<ref>{{Citation |title=Knowledge Session on Pragati Maidan at Public Infrastructure Pavilion at iDAC Expo 3.0 | date=30 July 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiJH3KGgb-w |access-date=1 August 2023 |language=en |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801114748/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiJH3KGgb-w |url-status=live }}</ref> respectively, won the competition for the Master Plan and architectural design of the exhibition halls and the convention center. The Integrated Exhibition-cum-Convention Centre (IECC) at Pragati Maidan, developed at a cost exceeding ₹2,600 crore, was constructed by the [[NBCC (India) Limited|National Buildings Construction Corporation (NBCC)]]. NBCC subcontracted the work to the [[Shapoorji Pallonji Group]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/nbcc-gives-order-worth-rs-2150-crore-to-shapoorji-pallonji-2385649.html |title=NBCC gives order worth Rs 2150 crore to Shapoorji Pallonji |access-date=3 August 2023 |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803113010/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/nbcc-gives-order-worth-rs-2150-crore-to-shapoorji-pallonji-2385649.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs approved it in January 2017 for implementation in a mission mode. The government’s plan to demolish the [[Hall of Nations]] and replace it a new convention center was justified as a necessity for creating a 'world-class' exhibition-cum-convention facility to host the then-upcoming [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit|G20 meetings]] that India would hold a few years later, indicating the central government's clear intent to proceed with the demolition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The hostile architecture of Bimal Patel |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/government/bimal-patel-modi-builder-hostile-architecture-central-vista |access-date=16 June 2024 |website=caravanmagazine.in |language=en}}</ref> Conservationists, architects, and organisations from around the world protested the plan to demolish the iconic Hall of Nations, urging the government to preserve the renowned heritage structure.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dalvi |first=Mustansir |date=2017-04-28 |title=The demolished Hall of Nations was a terrific example of a young country's Make in India spirit |url=https://scroll.in/article/835860/the-hall-of-nations-was-a-terrific-example-of-a-young-countrys-make-in-india-spirit |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

[[Raj Rewal]], the veteran architect who designed the Hall of Nations, submitted a plea in the [[Delhi High Court]] seeking its preservation. He also stated that the Hall of Nations covered 2% of the 123-acre area of Pragati Maidan, while the three buildings cumulatively accounted for merely 7% of the total site area.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-05-01 |title=Demolition of Hall of Nations: Concerns from across the world went unheard |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/demolition-of-hall-of-nations-concerns-from-across-the-world-went-unheard/story-uPS4kozpiuAAce3xyWn1GK.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20231202001614/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/demolition-of-hall-of-nations-concerns-from-across-the-world-went-unheard/story-uPS4kozpiuAAce3xyWn1GK.html |archive-date=2023-12-02 |access-date=2025-02-13 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref> It was, however, spurned by Justice Sanjeev Sachdeva. The court's decision relied primarily on the directives constituted by the Heritage Conservation Committee—setup by the [[Supreme Court of India]] in 2004—which stated that only structures 60 years or older or those that last at least two generations would be considered for conferral with heritage designation. The verdict also stated that since no challenge was posed to the Heritage Conservation Committee's guidelines—which were, quite peculiarly, formulated in February of the same year—no legal remedy could be sought.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-24 |title=Delhi's iconic Hall of Nations demolished |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhis-iconic-hall-of-nations-demolished-4626629/ |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The [[International Union of Architects|International Union of Architects (UIA)]], representing over 3.2 million architects from 120 countries, also called on Prime Minister Modi to ensure the protection of the Hall. In its appeal, the UIA described the Hall as 'one of the largest space frames in concrete and internationally acclaimed as one of the most important buildings of the last century.' However, the appeal went unanswered.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhanj |first=Jaideep Deo |date=2017-02-20 |title='We are being ruled by people who are philistine' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/we-are-being-ruled-by-people-who-are-philistine/article17333069.ece?utm_medium=website&utm_source=archdaily.com |access-date=2025-02-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Appeals against the planned demolition courted traction from various quarters, with letters of support poring in from [[ETH Zurich]], New York's [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], and the [[Centre Pompidou]] in Paris.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-17 |title=Tearing down an icon |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/demolition-of-the-hall-of-nations-signals-a-failure-to-engage-with-history-and-public-memory-4659174/ |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> A [[Change.org]] petition amassed over 4,413 signatories too.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-23 |title=The Demolition of Delhi's Hall of Nations Reveals India's Broken Attitude to Architectural Heritage |url=https://www.archdaily.com/874154/the-demolition-of-delhis-hall-of-nations-reveals-indias-broken-attitude-to-architectural-heritage |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=ArchDaily |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage]] (INTACH), a nonprofit organisation dedicated to heritage conservation in India, lodged a petition in the [[Delhi High Court]] seeking an injunction against the planned demolition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-23 |title=The Demolition of Delhi's Hall of Nations Reveals India's Broken Attitude to Architectural Heritage |url=https://www.archdaily.com/874154/the-demolition-of-delhis-hall-of-nations-reveals-indias-broken-attitude-to-architectural-heritage |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=ArchDaily |language=en-US}}</ref> However, on April 24, 2017, despite protests, appeals, and public outcry, and amidst an ongoing legal intervention in the [[Delhi High Court]] to protect the structure, the ITPO went ahead with demolishing the Hall of Nations, Nehru Pavilion, Hall of Industry, state pavilions, and several exhibition halls during the night; by morning, they were reduced to rubble.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The hostile architecture of Bimal Patel |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/government/bimal-patel-modi-builder-hostile-architecture-central-vista |access-date=16 June 2024 |website=caravanmagazine.in |language=en}}</ref>

NBCC officials later contended that sparing the Hall of Nations would have established a precedent. They further claimed that the Hall had "outlived its existence in the last 40 years."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-04-13 |title=Activists fail to save heritage, Hall of Nations to be history |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/activists-fail-to-save-heritage-hall-of-nations-to-be-history/articleshow/51802008.cms |access-date=2025-02-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Historian and social activist [[Sohail Hashmi]] alleged that the main target of the demolition spearheaded by the [[Government of India]] was Nehru Pavilion, which was constructed to depict, exhibit, and chronicle the legacy of India's first Prime Minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. He further stated that the incumbent government, led by a right-wing Hindu nationalist party, wishes to rewrite history.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhargava |first=Shashank |date=2017-06-03 |title=The recent demolition of iconic structures in New Delhi is a huge blow on India's rich past |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/heritage-on-the-fringe/article18712563.ece |access-date=2025-02-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The complex was replaced by a new ''Bharat Mandapam'', which was inaugurated by [[Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi|Modi]] in July 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Livemint |date=2023-07-26 |title=PM Modi inaugurates new ITPO complex 'Bharat Mandapam' {{!}} WATCH {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-inaugurates-new-itpo-complex-bharat-mandapam-watch-11690377608164.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250211174241/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-inaugurates-new-itpo-complex-bharat-mandapam-watch-11690377608164.html |archive-date=2025-02-11 |access-date=2025-02-13 |work=mint |language=en}}</ref> Modi's remarks during the inauguration of Bharat Mandapam revealed his indifference to the preservation efforts. In his speech, he dismissed the critics of the new complex, claiming that opposition to the project was temporary and that, like past developments, the same voices would eventually learn to accept it. He confidently stated that the critics of the project, whom he referred to as the 'Toli' ([[Hindi]] for gang), might even end up delivering lectures at Bharat Mandapam in the future, further illustrating his disregard for the appeals to protect the heritage structure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-26 |title='Yeh Modi ki guarantee…': PM's top quotes at 'Bharat Mandapam' launch {{!}} Latest News India - Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-bharat-mandapam-inauguration-delhi-pragati-maidan-itpo-complex-top-quotes-101690387899510.html |access-date=2025-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726172106/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-bharat-mandapam-inauguration-delhi-pragati-maidan-itpo-complex-top-quotes-101690387899510.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 }}</ref>

The project spans a total built-up area of 390,000 m² and includes an iconic, world-class convention centre with a capacity for 7,000 people in a single format, six modern exhibition halls covering 150,000 m² of exhibition space, ample underground parking, and strong infrastructure connectivity. This design encourages public transportation use while also enabling quick road decongestion. Pragati Maidan is spread over 123 acres of prime land in the heart of India's capital, New Delhi. The revamped complex also includes newly built double-storied exhibition halls—Halls 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 14—along with a single-floor structure, Hall 6.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Mandapam: All You Need To Know About The Grand Venue Of G20 Summit |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bharat-mandapam-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-grand-venue-of-g20-summit-4373769 |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2023, it hosted the [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit|G20 Leader's Summit]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=G20 in India: When will 2023 New Delhi summit be held and who is attending? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/5/g20-in-india-when-will-2023-new-delhi-summit-be-held-and-who-is-attending |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

==Pragati Maidan==
[[File:Delhi Auto Show.jpg|thumb|The [[Auto Expo]], Asia's largest [[auto show]],<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/09/stories/2008010953071500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112171521/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/09/stories/2008010953071500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 January 2008 |title=Front Page : Asia's largest auto carnival begins in Delhi tomorrow |date=9 January 2008 |location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=18 June 2015}}</ref> was held biennially at Pragati Maidan]]
[[File:Pragati Maidan, Hall 6.JPG|thumb|Pragati Maidan, Hall 6]]
The Pragati Maidan complex is divided into two sections: the old hall complex, which encompasses Halls 7 to 12A, and the new hall complex, which comprises Halls 1 to 6 and Hall 14. Some of the major events held at Pragati Maidan include the [[India International Trade Fair]], a key event for showcasing global business and industry; Auto Expo,<ref>{{cite news |date=7 January 2010 |title=Auto Expo 2010 musings |url=http://www.livemint.com/2010/01/07205121/Auto-Expo-2010-musings.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329230816/http://www.livemint.com/2010/01/07205121/Auto-Expo-2010-musings.html |archive-date=29 March 2010 |accessdate=18 June 2015 |publisher=Livemint.com}}</ref> India's premier automobile exhibition; the [[New Delhi World Book Fair|World Book Fair]], one of the most prominent cultural events for book enthusiasts in the world; and AAHAR, an international exhibition focused on the food and hospitality industry.

The [[India International Trade Fair|India International Trade Fair (IITF)]], a two-week-long event, commences annually on 14 November at this venue. In 1999, during the fair, two new air-conditioned halls, 12 and 13, covering an area of 9,000 m², were opened to the public. That year, around 5,200 enterprises and over 70 companies from 14 countries participated in the event.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19991113/ige13134.html |title=Pragati Maidan madness begins tomorrow |date=13 November 1999 |publisher=Indian Express |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030923185320/http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19991113/ige13134.html |archivedate=23 September 2003 }}</ref> The 2003 edition of the IITF saw over 2.5 million visitors to Pragati Maidan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Trade-fair-ends-on-a-busy-note/articleshow/326688.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811063514/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-11-28/delhi/27212063_1_traffic-policemen-venue-india-international-trade-fair|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title=Trade fair ends on a busy note |date=28 November 2003}}</ref> The [[Northern Railways]] ran special trains to Pragati Maidan during the 2008 edition of the fair.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.zeenews.com/states/2008-11-14/483579news.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130210000455/http://www.zeenews.com/states/2008-11-14/483579news.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 February 2013|title=Northern Railway to run special trains to Pragati Maidan|date= 14 November 2008|publisher=Zee News}}</ref> The [[Delhi Metro]], in a similar vein, handled an average daily ridership of 50,000 commuters during the same period.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/DMRC-gears-up-for-International-Trade-Fair-rush/articleshow/5244740.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811063540/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-19/delhi/28085769_1_dmrc-busy-stations-pragati-maidan-metro-station|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=DMRC gears up for International Trade Fair rush|date=19 November 2009|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 June 2015}}</ref>

Straddling a corner of Pragati Maidan overlooking the Mathura Road is the ''Matka Peer'', the [[dargah]] shrine of Hazrat Sheikh Abubakr Tusi Qalandari, a mystic who arrived in Delhi from Iran around 1260 CE.<ref>{{cite web|title=The pitchers of serenity |publisher=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/The-pitchers-of-serenity/Article1-967187.aspx |author=Nivedita Khandekar |date=1 December 2012 |accessdate=23 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517130740/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/The-pitchers-of-serenity/Article1-967187.aspx |archivedate=17 May 2014 }}</ref> Further down Bhairon Road lies the National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum, and even further along stands the [[National Science Centre, Delhi|National Science Centre]]. The Pragati Maidan metro station, spanning 6,800 square meters and comprising the [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]], opened in November 2006 during the India International Trade Fair.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/20/stories/2006112004930400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210072727/http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/20/stories/2006112004930400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 February 2007|title='Over 2 lakh passengers used Pragati Maidan Metro'|date=20 November 2006|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=18 June 2015}}</ref> On its eighth day, the station accommodated over 200,000 passengers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Pragati-Maidan-will-be-the-biggest-Metro-station/articleshow/871203.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811063151/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-10-02/delhi/27148466_1_dwarka-sub-city-pragati-maidan-mandi-house|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=Pragati Maidan will be the biggest Metro station|date=2 October 2004|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 June 2015}}</ref> In December 2019, the [[Government of Delhi|Delhi Government]]'s naming committee decided to rechristen the station to [[Supreme Court metro station|Supreme Court]] owing to its proximity to the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-31 |title=Delhi: Pragati Maidan metro station renamed as Supreme Court metro station |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/pragati-maidan-metro-station-renamed-as-supreme-court-metro-station/articleshow/73046929.cms |access-date=2024-11-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Each year, the [[Income Tax Department]] opens over 150 counters for filing income tax returns.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/31/stories/2004103111320300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041225051257/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/31/stories/2004103111320300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 December 2004|title=Huge rush at Pragati Maidan counters |date=31 October 2004|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=18 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=19180|title=SPECIAL COUNTER IN PRAGATI MAIDAN FOR FILING I.T. RETURN|date=27 July 2006|publisher=PIB, Ministry of Finance|access-date=11 May 2010|archive-date=6 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606034606/http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=19180|url-status=live}}</ref> It also hosted the Wills Lifestyle Indian Fashion Week, organised by the [[Fashion Design Council of India]], in 2008 and 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pragati-maidan-to-get-fashionable-this-year/45520-19.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012043153/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pragati-maidan-to-get-fashionable-this-year/45520-19.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 October 2012|title=Pragati Maidan to get fashionable this year|date=24 July 2007|publisher=CNN-IBN|accessdate=18 June 2015}}</ref> Additionally, it features exhibitions spanning virtually all major industries, including toys, leather goods, lifestyle products and services, export items, medical equipment, sports equipment, and even a job fair.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Biggest-ever-job-fair-at-Pragati-Maidan/articleshow/822307.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811063305/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-08-21/delhi/27168964_1_timesjobs-com-pragati-maidan-india-trade-promotion-organisation|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=Biggest ever job fair at Pragati Maidan |date=21 August 2004|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 June 2015}}</ref>

==Accessibility==
Pragati Maidan is accessible via the [[Supreme Court metro station|Supreme Court station]] of [[Delhi Metro]]. It is located adjacent to Gate 10 of the complex. [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station]] of the [[Indian Railways]] network is about three kilometres away.

When exhibitions and events are underway, visitors can also enter through Gate number 4, located on Bhairon Marg.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Bharat Mandapam view from East.jpg|View from Gate No. 7
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Hall of Nations]] - Demolished in 2017
*[[Neighbourhoods of Delhi]]
*[[Auto Expo]]
*[[Pragati Maidan railway station]]
*[[Yashobhoomi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://tradeshows.qralink.com/en/venue/bombay-exhibition-centre-bec Pragati Maidan Events Information]
* [http://www.indiatradefair.com/index.html Indian Trade Promotion Organisation (ITPO), website]
* [https://veblr.com/user/itpo Indian Trade Promotion Organisation (ITPO) Official Video Channel On Veblr]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070605082405/http://www.internationalhospitalityfair.in/index.asp CII India Trade Fair]

{{commons category}}

[[Category:Convention centres in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1982]]
[[Category:Maidans in India]]
[[Category:Government buildings in Delhi]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Hawaii

2026-03-22T02:50:57Z

Igurushivamy: updated intro additionally and corrected details

{{short description|U.S. state}}
{{about|the U.S. state|the country|Hawaiian Kingdom|the archipelago|Hawaiian Islands|the largest island in the archipelago|Hawaiʻi (island)|other uses}}
{{distinguish|Hawai (disambiguation){{!}}Hawai|Kawaii}}
{{pp-move}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2025}}

{{Infobox U.S. state
| name = Hawaii
| official_name =
| native_name = <div style="padding-top:0.25em;">{{nobold|{{native name|haw|Hawaiʻi}}}}</div>
| image_flag = Flag of Hawaii.svg
| flag_link = Flag of Hawaii
| image_seal = Seal of the State of Hawaii.svg
| seal_link = Seal of Hawaii
| Former = [[Territory of Hawaii]]
| image_map = File:Hawaii in United States (US50) (+grid) (zoom) (W3).svg
| nicknames = The [[Aloha]] State (official), Paradise of the Pacific,<ref name="The Bookmark Book">{{cite book |url={{google books|tYMxBX7jlkkC|plainurl=yes|page=81}} |title=The Bookmark Book |first1=Carolyn S |last1=Brodie |first2=Debra |last2=Goodrich |first3=Paula Kay |last3=Montgomery |location=Englewood, CO |publisher=Libraries Unlimited |year=1996 |oclc=34164045 |isbn=978-1-56308-300-6 |access-date=August 5, 2015}}</ref> The Islands of Aloha, The 808 State<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mlb.com/news/play-ball-holds-memorable-1st-event-in-hawaii-c300211446|title=Play Ball holds unforgettable 1st event in Hawaii|website=MLB.com|access-date=April 6, 2020|archive-date=November 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119102424/https://www.mlb.com/news/play-ball-holds-memorable-1st-event-in-hawaii-c300211446|url-status=live}}</ref>
| motto = {{lang|haw|[[Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono]]}} ("The Life of the Land Is Perpetuated in Righteousness")<ref>{{cite web|title=Haw. Rev. Stat. § 5–9 (State motto)|author=Hawaii State Legislature|url=http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol01_Ch0001-0042F/HRS0005/HRS_0005-0009.htm|access-date=December 9, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015232149/http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol01_Ch0001-0042F/HRS0005/HRS_0005-0009.htm|archive-date=October 15, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
| anthem = {{lang|haw|[[Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī]]}} (Hawaiʻi's Own True Sons)<ref name="State Song">{{cite web|title=Haw. Rev. Stat. § 5–10 (State song) |author=Hawaii State Legislature |url=http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol01_Ch0001-0042F/HRS0005/HRS_0005-0010.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030116122656/http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol01_Ch0001-0042F/hrs0005/HRS_0005-0010.htm |archive-date=January 16, 2003 |access-date=December 9, 2013}}</ref>[[File:Hawaiʻi ponoʻī.ogg|center]]
| LargestCity = capital
| LargestMetro = [[Honolulu County, Hawaii|Honolulu]]
| OfficialLangs = {{hlist|[[English language|English]]|[[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]}}<ref>{{cite web |title=State Constitution |url=https://lrb.hawaii.gov/constitution/#articlexv |website=lrb.hawaii.gov}}</ref>
| population_demonym = Hawaii resident,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2016/pdf/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2016.pdf|title=Style Manual; An official guide to the form and style of Federal Government publishing|author=|access-date=April 27, 2020|date=2016|publisher=United States Government Publishing Office|archive-date=July 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729022842/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2016/pdf/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Hawaiian{{efn|Local usage generally reserves ''Hawaiian'' as an [[ethnonym]] referring to [[Native Hawaiians]]. ''Hawaii resident'' or ''from Hawaii'' is the preferred local form to refer to state residents in general regardless of ethnicity. ''Hawaii'' may also be used adjectivally. The ''[[AP Stylebook]]'', 42nd ed. (2007), also prescribes this usage (page 112).}}
| Governor = {{nowrap|[[Josh Green (politician)|Josh Green]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])}}
| Lieutenant Governor = {{nowrap|[[Sylvia Luke]] (D)}}
| Legislature = [[Hawaii State Legislature|State Legislature]]
| Upperhouse = [[Hawaii Senate|Senate]]
| Lowerhouse = [[Hawaii House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
| Judiciary = [[Supreme Court of Hawaii]]
| Senators = {{plainlist|
* {{nowrap|[[Brian Schatz]] (D)}}
* {{nowrap|[[Mazie Hirono]] (D)}}}}
| Representative = [[Hawaii's 1st congressional district|1]]: [[Ed Case]] (D) [[Hawaii's 2nd congressional district|2]]: [[Jill Tokuda]] (D)
| postal_code = HI
| TradAbbreviation = H.I.
| area_rank = {{ordinal|43}}
| area_total_sq_mi = 10,931
| area_total_km2 = 28,311
| area_land_sq_mi = 6,423
| area_land_km2 = 16,638
| area_water_sq_mi = 4,507
| area_water_km2 = 11,672
| area_water_percent = 41.2
| population_rank = 40th
| population_as_of = 2025
| 2020Pop = {{DecreaseNeutral}} 1,432,820<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/HI/PST045224|access-date=January 9, 2025|title= United States Census Quick Facts Hawaii}}</ref>
| population_density_rank = {{ordinal|13}}
| 2020Density = 82.6
| 2020DensityUS = 221
| MedianHouseholdIncome = ${{round|95322|-2}} (2023)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2024/demo/acsbr-023.pdf|title=Household Income in States and Metropolitan Areas: 2023|access-date=January 12, 2025}}</ref>
| IncomeRank = [[List of U.S. states and territories by income#States and territories ranked by median household income|6th]]
| AdmittanceOrder = {{ordinal|50}}
| AdmittanceDate = {{start date and age|1959|08|21}}
| timezone1 = [[Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone|Hawaii]]
| utc_offset1 = −10:00
| Longitude = 154° 48′ W to 178° 22′ W
| Latitude = 18° 55′ N to 28° 27′ N
| length_mi = 1,522
| length_km = 2,450
| elevation_max_point = [[Mauna Kea]]<ref>{{cite ngs|id=TU2314|designation=Summit USGS 1977|access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref><ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=https://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |access-date=October 21, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archive-date=October 15, 2011}}</ref>{{efn|Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]]}}{{efn|The summit of [[Mauna Kea]] is the highest point in Oceania. Mauna Kea is also the tallest mountain on Earth when measured from base to summit. The [[shield volcano]] sits on the floor of the Pacific Ocean at a depth of {{convert|5998|m|ft|0|sp=us}} for a total height of {{convert|10205.3|m|ft|0|sp=us}}.}}
| elevation_max_ft = 13,796
| elevation_max_m = 4205.0
| elevation_ft = 3,030
| elevation_m = 920
| elevation_min_point = Pacific Ocean<ref name=USGS/>
| elevation_min_ft = 0
| elevation_min_m = 0
| iso_code = US-HI
| website = hawaii.gov
| Capital = Honolulu
| Representatives =
}}
{{Infobox region symbols|country=United States
|state = Hawaii
|image_flag = Flag of Hawaii.svg
|image_seal = Seal of Hawaii.svg
|image_arms = Coat of arms of Hawaii.svg
|bird = {{lang|haw|[[Nene (bird)|Nene]]}}
|fish = {{lang|haw|[[Reef triggerfish|Humuhumunukunukuāpuaʻa]]}}
|flower = {{lang|haw|[[Hawaiian hibiscus|Pua aloalo]]}}
|insect = {{lang|haw|[[Kamehameha butterfly|Pulelehua]]}}
|tree = [[Aleurites moluccanus|{{lang|haw|Kukui|nocat=y}} tree]]
|dance = [[Hula]]
|food = [[Taro|{{lang|haw|Kalo|nocat=y}} (taro)]]
|gemstone = [[Black coral|{{lang|haw|ʻĒkaha kū moana|nocat=y}} (black coral)]]
|sport = [[Surfing|{{lang|haw|Heʻe nalu|nocat=y}} (surfing)]]
|image_route = HI-11.svg
|image_quarter = 2008 HI Proof.png
|quarter_release_date = 2008
}}

'''Hawaii''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Hawaii.ogg|h|ə|ˈ|w|aɪ|.|i}} {{respell|hə|WY|ee}};<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Hawaii|accessdate=March 8, 2024}}</ref> {{langx|haw|Hawaiʻi}} {{IPA|haw|həˈvɐjʔi, həˈwɐjʔi|}}) is an island [[U.S. state|state]] of the United States, in the [[Pacific Ocean]] about {{convert|2,000|miles|km}} southwest of [[contiguous United States|the U.S. mainland]]. One of the two [[non-contiguous United States|non-contiguous]] U.S. states (along with [[Alaska]]), it is the only state not on the North American mainland, the only state that is an [[archipelago]], the only state south of the [[Tropic of Cancer]], one of only two states, along with [[Florida]], with regions that have a [[tropical climate]], and one of the two U.S. states, along with [[Texas]], that were internationally recognized sovereign countries before becoming U.S. states.{{efn|The [[California Republic]] of 1846 was not internationally recognized.}}

Hawaii consists of 137 [[volcanic island]]s that make up almost the entire [[Hawaiian archipelago]] (the exception is [[Midway Atoll]]). Spanning {{convert|1500|mi}}, the state is [[Physical geography|physiographically]] and [[Ethnology|ethnologically]] part of the [[Polynesia]]n subregion of [[Oceania]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Is Hawaii a Part of Oceania or North America? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |url-status=live |website=WorldAtlas |date=January 12, 2018 |access-date=June 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711143815/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/is-hawaii-a-part-of-oceania-or-north-america.html |archive-date=July 11, 2019}}</ref> Hawaii's ocean coastline is consequently the [[List of U.S. states and territories by coastline|fourth-longest in the U.S.]], at about {{convert|750|mi|km}}.{{efn|After Alaska, Florida, and California}} The eight main islands, from northwest to southeast, are [[Niʻihau]], [[Kauaʻi]], [[Oʻahu]], [[Molokaʻi]], [[Lānaʻi]], [[Kahoʻolawe]], [[Maui]], and [[Hawaiʻi (island)|Hawaiʻi]], after which the state is named; the last is often called the "Big Island" or "Hawaiʻi Island" to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago. The uninhabited [[Northwestern Hawaiian Islands]] make up most of the [[Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument]], the [[List of national monuments of the United States|largest protected area]] in the U.S. and the [[List of largest protected areas|fourth-largest]] in the world.

Of the [[List of states and territories of the United States|50 U.S. states]], Hawaii is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|eighth-smallest in land area]] and the [[List of states and territories of the United States by population|11th-least populous]]; but with 1.4 million residents, it ranks [[List of states and territories of the United States by population density|13th in population density]]. Two-thirds of Hawaii residents live on Oʻahu, home to the state's capital and largest city, [[Honolulu]]. Hawaii is one of the most demographically diverse U.S. states, owing to its location in the central Pacific and over two centuries of migration. As one of nine [[Majority minority in the United States|majority-minority states]], it has the only Asian American plurality, the largest [[Buddhism in the United States|Buddhist community]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/hawaii/ |title=Religious Landscape Study |work=Pewforum.org |date=May 11, 2015 |access-date=May 27, 2018}}</ref> and largest proportion of [[multiracial people]] in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hawaii is home to the nation's largest share of multiracial Americans|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/06/17/hawaii-is-home-to-the-nations-largest-share-of-multiracial-americans/ |date=June 17, 2015 |access-date=December 14, 2020 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Consequently, Hawaii is a unique [[melting pot]] of North American and [[East Asia]]n cultures, in addition to its [[Native Hawaiians|indigenous Hawaiian]] heritage.

Settled by [[Polynesians]] sometime between 1000 and 1200 CE, Hawaii was home to numerous independent [[chiefdom]]s.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last=Kirch |first=Patrick |title=When did the Polynesians Settle Hawaii? A review of 150 years of scholarly inquiry. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260248796 |journal=Hawaiian Archaeology |volume=12 |pages=3–26 |date=2011}}</ref> In 1778, British explorer [[James Cook]] was the first known non-Polynesian to arrive at the archipelago; early British influence is reflected in the [[Flag of Hawaii|state flag]], which bears a [[Union Jack]]. An influx of European and American explorers, traders, and whalers soon arrived, leading to the decimation of the once-isolated indigenous community through the introduction of diseases such as [[syphilis]], [[tuberculosis]], [[smallpox]], and [[measles]]; the native Hawaiian population declined from between 300,000 and one million to less than 40,000 by 1890.<ref name="OHA">{{cite web|last=Office of Hawaiian Affairs|date=May 2017|title=Native Hawaiian Population Enumerations in Hawaiʻi|url=https://19of32x2yl33s8o4xza0gf14-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/RPT_Native-Hawaiian-Population-Enumerations.pdf|page=22|access-date=June 11, 2022|archive-date=January 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126112729/https://19of32x2yl33s8o4xza0gf14-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/RPT_Native-Hawaiian-Population-Enumerations.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Trask |first1=Haunani-Kay |title=Lovely Hula Lands: Corporate Tourism and the Prostitution of Hawaiian Culture |journal=Border/Lines |date=July 2016 |volume=23}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Trask |first1=Haunani-Kay |title=From a Native Daughter: Colonialism and Sovereignty in Hawaiʻi |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |date=1999}}</ref> Hawaii became a unified, internationally recognized [[Hawaiian Kingdom|kingdom]] in 1810, remaining independent until American and European businessmen [[Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom|overthrew the monarchy]] in 1893; this led to [[Newlands Resolution|annexation by the U.S.]] in 1898. As a strategically valuable [[Territory of Hawaii|U.S. territory]], Hawaii was [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|attacked by Japan]] on December 7, 1941, which brought it global and historical significance, and contributed to America's entry into World War II. Hawaii is the most recent state to [[Hawaii Admission Act|join the union]], on August 21, 1959.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title48-chapter3-front&num=0&edition=prelim |title=[USC02] 48 USC Ch. 3: Front Matter |website=uscode.house.gov |access-date=October 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029034308/http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title48-chapter3-front&num=0&edition=prelim |archive-date=October 29, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1993, the U.S. government [[Apology Resolution|formally apologized]] for its role in the overthrow of Hawaii's government, which had spurred the [[Hawaiian sovereignty movement]] and has led to ongoing efforts to obtain redress for the indigenous population.

Historically dominated by a [[plantation economy]], Hawaii remains a major agricultural exporter due to its fertile soil and uniquely tropical climate in the U.S. Its economy has gradually diversified since the mid-20th century, with tourism and military defense becoming the two largest sectors. The state attracts visitors, surfers, and scientists with its diverse natural scenery, tropical climate, abundant public beaches, oceanic surroundings, active volcanoes, and clear skies. However, since the onset of the 21st century, [[climate change]] has wrought existential threats upon Hawaii and its tourism economy, featuring increasing [[drought]] and water shortages, [[sea level rise]] and hotel flooding in Downtown Honolulu, and [[wildfire]] threats. These factors are compounded by an aging and declining population, with an exodus emigrating to the [[U.S. mainland]]. Hawaii hosts the [[U.S. Pacific Fleet]], the world's largest naval command, as well as 75,000 employees of the Defense Department.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Top 5 richest states in the US|url=https://www.worldfinance.com/wealth-management/top-5-richest-states-in-the-us|access-date=December 15, 2020|website=www.worldfinance.com|archive-date=November 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127003250/https://www.worldfinance.com/wealth-management/top-5-richest-states-in-the-us}}</ref> Hawaii's isolation results in one of the highest [[Cost of living|costs of living]] in the U.S. However, Hawaii is the third-wealthiest state,<ref name=":1" /> and residents have the longest life expectancy of any U.S. state, at 80.7 years.<ref>{{cite web |last=Arias |first=Elizabeth |date=August 23, 2022 |title=National Vital Statistics Reports |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr71/nvsr71-02.pdf |access-date=February 20, 2023 |website=CDC.gov}}</ref>{{TOC limit|3}}

==Etymology==
The State of Hawaii derives its name from the name of its largest island, {{lang|haw|[[Hawaii (island)|Hawaiʻi]]|italic=no}}. A common explanation of the name of {{lang|haw|Hawaiʻi|italic=no}} is that it was named for {{lang|haw|[[Hawaiiloa|Hawaiʻiloa]]|italic=no}}, a figure from Hawaiian oral tradition. He is said to have discovered the islands when they were first settled.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cartwright |first=Bruce |title=The Legend of Hawaii-loa |url=http://www.ethnomath.org/resources/cartwright1929.pdf |journal=Journal of the Polynesian Society |volume=38 |pages=105–121 |year=1929 |via=Ethnomathematics Digital Library (EDL) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713091306/http://www.ethnomath.org/resources/cartwright1929.pdf |archive-date=July 13, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaiischoolreports.com/symbols/origins.htm |title=Origins of Hawaii's Names |access-date=February 24, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230195509/http://www.hawaiischoolreports.com/symbols/origins.htm |archive-date=December 30, 2006}}</ref>

The [[Hawaiian language]] word {{lang|haw|Hawaiʻi}} is very similar to [[Proto-Polynesian language|Proto-Polynesian]] ''*Sawaiki'', with the [[Internal reconstruction|reconstructed]] meaning 'homeland'.{{efn|1=Pollex—a reconstruction of the Proto-Polynesian lexicon, Biggs and Clark, 1994.<ref>{{cite book |last=Biggs |first=Bruce |editor-last=Sutton |editor-first=Douglas G. |chapter=Does Māori have a closest relative? |title=The Origins of the First New Zealanders |publisher=Auckland University Press |location=Auckland, New Zealand |date=1994 |pages=96–105 |isbn=978-1-86940-098-9}} {{cite book |last=Clark |first=Ross |editor-last=Sutton |editor-first=Douglas G. |chapter=Moriori and Māori: The Linguistic Evidence |title=The Origins of the First New Zealanders |publisher=Auckland University Press |location=Auckland, New Zealand |date=1994 |pages=123–135 |isbn=978-1-86940-098-9}}</ref> The asterisk preceding the word signifies that it is a reconstructed word form.}} [[Cognate]]s of {{lang|haw|Hawaiʻi}} are found in other Polynesian languages, including [[Māori language|Māori]] ({{lang|mi|[[Hawaiki]]}}), [[Cook Islands Maori|Rarotongan]] ({{lang|rar|ʻAvaiki}}) and [[Samoan language|Samoan]] ({{lang|sm|[[Savai'i|Savaiʻi]]}}). According to linguists Pukui and Elbert,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pukui |first1=M.K. |last2=Elbert |first2=S.H. |title=Hawaiian Dictionary |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |year=1986 |page=62 |isbn=978-0-8248-0703-0}}</ref> "elsewhere in Polynesia, {{lang|haw|Hawaiʻi}} or a cognate is the name of the underworld or of the ancestral home, but in Hawaii, the name has no meaning".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pukui |first1=M.K. |last2=Elbert |first2=S.H. |last3=Mookini |first3=E.T. |title=Place Names of Hawaii |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-8248-0208-0}}</ref>

===Spelling of state name===
In 1978, Hawaiian was added to the Constitution of the State of Hawaii as an official state language alongside English.<ref>{{cite web |title=Article XV, Section 4 |website=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii |publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau |url=http://lrbhawaii.org/con/conart15.html |access-date=March 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101203129/http://lrbhawaii.org/con/conart15.html |archive-date=November 1, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The title of the state constitution is ''The Constitution of the State of Hawaii''. Article XV, Section 1 of the Constitution uses ''The State of Hawaii''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Article XV, Section 1 |website=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii |publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau |url=http://lrbhawaii.org/con/conart15.html |access-date=March 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101203129/http://lrbhawaii.org/con/conart15.html |archive-date=November 1, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Diacritic]]s were not used because the document, drafted in 1949,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii |publisher=Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau |url=http://lrbhawaii.org/con/conorg.html |access-date=March 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309102450/http://lrbhawaii.org/con/conorg.html |archive-date=March 9, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> predates the use of the {{lang|haw|[[ʻokina]]}} {{angbr|ʻ}} and the {{lang|haw|[[macron (diacritic)|kahakō]]}} in modern Hawaiian orthography. The exact spelling of the state's name in the Hawaiian language is {{lang|haw|Hawaiʻi}}.{{efn|The {{lang|haw|[[ʻokina]]}}, which resembles an apostrophe and precedes the final ''i'' in ''Hawaiʻi'', is a consonant in Hawaiian and phonetically represents the [[glottal stop]] {{IPAc-en|ʔ}}.}}

In the [[Hawaii Admission Act]] that granted Hawaiian statehood, the federal government used ''Hawaii'' as the state name, but most official Hawaiian state government publications, departments, and office titles use ''Hawaiʻi'', including the [[Governor of Hawaiʻi]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Governor Josh Green, M.D. |url=https://governor.hawaii.gov/ |website=governor.hawaii.gov |access-date=December 8, 2024 |language=en}}</ref> the [[Hawaii State Legislature|Hawaiʻi State Legislature]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Hawaiʻi State Legislature |url=https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/ |access-date=December 8, 2024}}</ref> the [[Hawaii State Judiciary|Hawaiʻi State Judiciary]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Hawaiʻi State Judiciary |url=https://www.courts.state.hi.us/|website=www.courts.state.hi.us |access-date=December 8, 2024 |language=en}}</ref> the [[University of Hawaiʻi]],<ref>{{cite web |title=University of Hawaiʻi System |url=https://www.hawaii.edu/ |website=www.hawaii.edu |access-date=December 8, 2024}}</ref> the [[Seal of Hawaii|Hawaiʻi State Seal]],<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the State Seal and Embosser |url=https://ltgov.hawaii.gov/virtual-tour-history-of-the-state-seal-and-embosser/ |website=ltgov.hawaii.gov |access-date=December 8, 2024 |language=en}}</ref> the [[Flag of Hawaiʻi]],<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Hawaiʻi Flag |url=https://ltgov.hawaii.gov/virtual-tour-history-of-the-hawai%CA%BBi-flag/ |website=ltgov.hawaii.gov |access-date=December 8, 2024 |language=en}}</ref> and the Hawaiʻi Board on Geographic Names.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hawaiʻi Board on Geographic Names |url=https://planning.hawaii.gov/gis/hbgn/ |website=planning.hawaii.gov |access-date=December 8, 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The Hawaiʻi Tourism Authority's official policy is to "recognize the importance of using these markings to preserve the indigenous language and culture of Hawaiʻi and use them in all forms of communications."<ref name=tourism>{{cite web |title=Go Hawaii |url=https://www.gohawaii.com/ |website=Go Hawaii |access-date=December 8, 2024 |language=en |date=January 20, 2017}}</ref>

{{Anchor|Geography}}

==Geography and environment==
{{Main|Hawaiian Islands}}

{{See also|List of islands of Hawaii}}
{{Main Hawaiian Islands}}

[[File:Hawaiianislandchain_USGS.png|thumb|left|360px|map of Hawaiian Islands|alt=Map of the Hawaiian islands (USCG)]]

There are eight main Hawaiian islands. Seven are inhabited, but only six are open to tourists and locals. Niʻihau is privately managed by brothers Bruce and [[Keith Robinson (environmentalist)|Keith Robinson]]; access is restricted to those who have their permission. This island is also home to native Hawaiians. Access to uninhabited [[Kahoʻolawe]] island is also restricted and anyone who enters without permission is subject to arrest. Kahoʻolawe may also be dangerous since it was a military base during the world wars and could still have unexploded ordnance.

===Topography===
[[File:Bathymetry_image_of_the_Hawaiian_archipelago.png|thumb|[[Bathymetric]] map of main Hawaiian Islands|alt=Map of the Hawaiian islands]]

The Hawaiian [[archipelago]] is {{convert|2000|mi|km|abbr=on}} southwest of the contiguous United States.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-constitutes-united-states-what-are-official-definitions |title = What constitutes the United States, what are the official definitions? |date = December 31, 1984 |publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]] |access-date = July 3, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171116081238/https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-constitutes-united-states-what-are-official-definitions |archive-date = November 16, 2017 |url-status = live}}</ref> Hawaii is the southernmost U.S. state and the second farthest west, after [[Alaska]]. Like Alaska, Hawaii borders no other U.S. state. It is the only U.S. state not in North America, as it is in [[Oceania]], and the only one completely surrounded by water and entirely an archipelago.

In addition to the eight main islands, the state has many smaller islands and islets. [[Kaʻula]] is a small island near Niʻihau. The [[Northwestern Hawaiian Islands]] is a group of nine small, older islands northwest of Kauaʻi that extends from [[Nīhoa]] to [[Kure Atoll]]; they are remnants of much larger volcanic mountains. Across the archipelago are around 130 small rocks and islets, such as [[Molokini]], which are made up of either volcanic or marine [[sedimentary rock]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Rubin |first=Ken |title=General Information about Hawaiian Shield Volcanoes |url=http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/HCV/haw_volc.html |url-status=live |access-date=December 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229054039/http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/HCV/haw_volc.html |archive-date=December 29, 2010}}</ref>

Hawaiʻi's tallest mountain, [[Mauna Kea]], is {{convert|13796|ft|m|abbr=on}} above mean sea level;<ref>{{cite web |title=Mauna Kea Volcano, Hawaii |url=https://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanoes/maunakea/ |publisher=Hvo.wr.usgs.gov |access-date=November 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021204300/http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanoes/maunakea/ |archive-date=October 21, 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> but it is taller than [[Mount Everest]] when measured from the base of the mountain, which is on the floor of the Pacific Ocean, rising about {{convert|33500|ft|m}}.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web |last1=Saunders |first1=Toby |title=What is the tallest mountain in the world? No, it's not Mount Everest |url=https://www.sciencefocus.com/planet-earth/what-is-the-tallest-mountain-in-the-world |website=BBC Science Focus Magazine |publisher=BBC |access-date=14 September 2025 |language=en |date=1 July 2023}}</ref><ref name="NOAA">{{cite web |author1=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=What is the highest point on Earth as measured from Earth's center? |url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/highestpoint.html |website=NOAA (oceanservice.noaa.gov) |publisher=US Department of Commerce |access-date=14 September 2025 |language=EN-US}}</ref>

===Geology===
{{see also|Hawaii hotspot}}

[[File:Pāhoehoe lava meets Pacific.jpg|thumb|left|{{lang|haw|Pāhoehoe}} (smooth lava) spills into the ocean, forming new rock]]

The Hawaiian islands were formed by volcanic activity initiated at an undersea [[magma]] source called the [[Hawaii hotspot|Hawaiʻi hotspot]]. The process continues to build islands; the [[tectonic plate]] beneath much of the Pacific Ocean continually moves northwest and the hotspot remains stationary, slowly creating new volcanoes. Because of the hotspot's location, all active land volcanoes are on the southern half of Hawaiʻi Island. The newest volcano, [[Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount|Kamaʻehuakanaloa]] (formerly Lōʻihi), is south of the coast of Hawaiʻi Island.

The last volcanic eruption outside Hawaiʻi Island occurred at {{lang|haw|[[Haleakalā]]|italic=no}} on Maui before the late 18th century, possibly hundreds of years earlier.<ref>{{cite web |title=Youngest lava flows on East Maui probably older than A.D. 1790 |url=https://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/1999/99_09_09.html |url-status=live |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |date=September 9, 1999 |access-date=May 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010222184841/http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/1999/99_09_09.html |archive-date=February 22, 2001}}</ref> In 1790, [[Keanakakoi eruption|Kīlauea exploded]]; it is the deadliest eruption known to have occurred in the modern era in what is now the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs074-97/ |title=Living on Active Volcanoes—The Island of Hawaii, U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 074-97 |publisher=[[U.S. Geological Survey]] |access-date=November 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025021343/http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs074-97/ |archive-date=October 25, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Up to 5,405 warriors and their families marching on [[Kīlauea]] were killed by the eruption.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Swanson |first1=D.A. |last2=Rausch |first2=J. |title=Human Footprints in Relation to the 1790 Eruption of Kīlauea |journal=American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting |volume=11 |pages=V11B–2022 |year=2008 |bibcode=2008AGUFM.V11B2022S}}</ref> Volcanic activity and subsequent erosion have created impressive geological features. Hawaii Island has the [[List of islands by highest point|second-highest point]] among the world's islands.<ref>{{cite web |title=Largest islands of the world |url=http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/islands.htm |url-status=live |publisher=Worldatlas.com |access-date=April 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321164954/http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/islands.htm |archive-date=March 21, 2011}}</ref>

On the volcanoes' flanks, slope instability has generated damaging earthquakes and related [[tsunami]]s, particularly in [[1868 Hawaii earthquake|1868]] and [[1975 Hawaii earthquake|1975]].<ref name="PTWC">{{cite web|url=http://www.prh.noaa.gov/ptwc/hawaii.php|title=Tsunami Safety & Preparedness in Hawaii|last=Pacific Tsunami Warning Center|date=November 12, 2009|access-date=November 12, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307231047/http://www.weather.gov/ptwc/hawaii.php |archive-date=March 7, 2011}}</ref> Catastrophic [[debris avalanche]]s on the ocean island volcanoes' submerged flanks have created steep cliffs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Le Bas |first=T.P. |chapter=Slope Failures on the Flanks of Southern Cape Verde Islands |editor-last=Lykousis |editor-first=Vasilios |title=Submarine mass movements and their consequences: 3rd international symposium |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |date=2007 |isbn=978-1-4020-6511-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Mitchell |first=N. |title=Susceptibility of mid-ocean ridge volcanic islands and seamounts to large scale landsliding |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=108 |issue=B8 |pages=1–23 |year=2003 |article-number=2002JB001997 |s2cid=131282494 |bibcode=2003JGRB..108.2397M |doi=10.1029/2002jb001997 |doi-access=free | issn = 0148-0227}}</ref>

{{lang|haw|[[Kīlauea]]|italic=no}} erupted in May 2018, opening 22 fissure vents on its eastern [[rift zone]]. The [[Leilani Estates]] and Lanipuna Gardens are within this territory. The eruption destroyed at least 36 buildings and this, coupled with the [[lava]] flows and the [[sulfur dioxide]] fumes, necessitated the evacuation of more than 2,000 inhabitants from their neighborhoods.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/g20264868/hawaii-volcano-eruption-2018-photos/|title=Man Whose Leg Was Shattered By Hawaii's Volcano Eruption Speaks Out|date=May 24, 2018|access-date=May 31, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601073344/https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/g20264868/hawaii-volcano-eruption-2018-photos/|archive-date=June 1, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Flora and fauna===
{{see also|Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands|List of invasive plant species in Hawaii}}
[[File:Hawaiian monk seal at French Frigate Shoals 07.jpg|thumb|alt= A Hawaiian monk seal rests at French Frigate Shoals.|A [[Hawaiian monk seal]] seen at [[French Frigate Shoals]], located in the [[Northwestern Hawaiian Islands]], protected as part of the [[Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument]].]]
The islands of Hawaiʻi are distant from other land habitats, and life is thought to have arrived there by wind, waves (i.e., ocean currents), and wings (i.e., birds, insects, and seeds they may have carried on their feathers). Hawaiʻi has more endangered species and has lost a higher percentage of its endemic species than any other U.S. state.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://nationalzoo.si.edu/publications/zoogoer/1995/1/hawaiisforestbirds.cfm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318100849/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/publications/zoogoer/1995/1/hawaiisforestbirds.cfm| archive-date=March 18, 2007| title=Hawaii's Forest Birds Sing the Blues| author=Howard Youth | access-date=October 31, 2008}}</ref> The endemic plant ''[[Brighamia]]'' now requires hand pollination because its natural pollinator is presumed to be extinct.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/hawnprop/plants/bri-insi.htm| title=Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database| access-date=December 15, 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128012940/http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/hawnprop/plants/bri-insi.htm| archive-date=November 28, 2014| url-status=live}}</ref> The two species of ''Brighamia''—''B. rockii'' and ''B. insignis''—are represented in the wild by around 120 individual plants. To ensure that these plants set seed, biologists rappel down {{Convert|3000|foot|m|adj=on}} cliffs to brush pollen onto their stigmas.<ref>{{cite book| url={{google books |plainurl=y|id=YWTZs5fSqb8C|page=133}} |title=The Forgotten Pollinators|author1=Stephen Buchmann |author2=Gary Paul Nabhan | access-date=December 17, 2013| isbn=978-1-59726-908-7| date=June 22, 2012|publisher=Island Press}}</ref>

===Terrestrial ecology===
The archipelago's extant main islands have been above the ocean's surface for less than 10 million years, a fraction of the time [[biological colonization]] and evolution have occurred there. The islands are known for the [[biodiversity|environmental diversity]] that occurs on high mountains within a trade winds field. Native Hawaiians developed complex horticultural practices to utilize the surrounding ecosystem for agriculture. Cultural practices developed to enshrine values of environmental stewardship and reciprocity with the natural world, resulting in widespread biodiversity and intricate social and environmental relationships that still persist.<ref name="LaDuke 1999">{{Cite book |last=LaDuke |first=Winona |title=All our relations: native struggles for land and life |date=1999 |publisher=South End Press |isbn=0-89608-600-3 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |oclc=41572567}}</ref> On a single island, the climate around the coasts can range from dry tropical (less than {{convert|20|in|mm|disp=or|sp=us}} annual rainfall) to wet tropical; on the slopes, environments range from [[tropical rainforest]] (more than {{convert|200|in|mm|disp=or|sp=us}} per year), through a [[temperate climate]], to [[Mountain|alpine]] conditions with a cold, dry climate. The rainy climate affects [[Soil mechanics|soil development]], which largely determines ground permeability and the distribution of streams and [[wetlands]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fletcher |first1=Charles H. |last2=Murray-Wallace |first2=Colin V. |last3=Glenn |first3=Craig R. |last4=Sherman |first4=Clark E. |last5=Popp |first5=Brian |last6=Hessler |first6=Angela |title=Age and Origin of Late Quaternary Eolianite, Kaiehu Point (Moomomi), Molokai, Hawaii |journal=Journal of Coastal Research |date=2005 |pages=97–112 |jstor=25736978}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-1-4831-9842-2.50022-5 |chapter=Halloysite and Gibbsite Formation in Hawaii |title=Clays and Clay Minerals |year=1962 |last1=Bates |first1=Thomas F. |pages=315–328 |isbn=978-1-4831-9842-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70160871 |title=Geology and ground-water resources of the island of Kauai, Hawaii |journal=Hawaii Division of Hydrography Bulletin |volume = 13|first1=Gordon A. |last1=Macdonald |first2=Dan A. |last2=Davis |first3=Doak C. |last3=Cox |date=May 27, 1960 |page=3 |bibcode=1960usgs.rept....3M |via=pubs.er.usgs.gov}}</ref>

===Protected areas===
[[File:Na Pali Coast, Kauai, Hawaii.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nā Pali Coast State Park]], Kauaʻi]]
Several areas in Hawaii are under the [[National Park Service]]'s protection.<ref>{{cite web | title = Hawaii | publisher = National Park Service | access-date = July 15, 2008 | url = https://www.nps.gov/state/hi/index.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080703061043/http://www.nps.gov/state/hi/ | archive-date = July 3, 2008 | url-status = live}}</ref> Hawaii has two national parks: [[Haleakalā National Park]], near [[Kula, Hawaii|Kula]] on Maui, which features the dormant volcano Haleakalā that formed east Maui; and [[Hawaii Volcanoes National Park]], in the southeast region of Hawaiʻi Island, which includes the active volcano Kīlauea and its rift zones.

There are three [[national historical park]]s: [[Kalaupapa National Historical Park]] in Kalaupapa, Molokaʻi, the site of a former leper colony; [[Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park|Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park]] in [[Kailua, Hawaii County, Hawaii|Kailua-Kona]] on Hawaiʻi Island; and [[Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park]], an ancient place of refuge on Hawaiʻi Island's west coast. Other areas under the National Park Service's control include [[Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail]] on Hawaiʻi Island and the [[USS Arizona Memorial|USS ''Arizona'' Memorial]] at [[Pearl Harbor]] on Oʻahu.

President [[George W. Bush]] proclaimed the [[Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument]] on June 15, 2006. The monument covers roughly {{convert|140000|mi2|km2}} of reefs, atolls, and shallow and deep sea out to {{convert|50|mi|km|-1}} offshore in the Pacific Ocean—an area larger than all the national parks in the U.S. combined.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewtrusts.org/ideas/ideas_item.cfm?content_item_id=3417&content_type_id=15&issue_name=Protecting%20ocean%20life&issue=16&page=15&name=Op-eds%20%28Pew%29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060930183659/http://www.pewtrusts.org/ideas/ideas_item.cfm?content_item_id=3417&content_type_id=15&issue_name=Protecting%20ocean%20life&issue=16&page=15&name=Op-eds%20%28Pew%29 |archive-date=September 30, 2006 |title=Treasure Islands |author=Joshua Reichert and [[Theodore Roosevelt IV]] |date=June 15, 2006}}</ref>

===Climate===
{{see also|List of Hawaii tornadoes|List of Hawaii hurricanes|Climate of Hawaii}}
[[File:ISS067-E-149917 Hawaii.jpg|thumb|Partly [[Cloud cover|cloudy]] conditions and a gentle breeze at 1:43 PM [[Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone|HDT]];<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wunderground.com/history/daily/us/hi/honolulu/PHNL/date/2022-6-24 |title=Honolulu, Hawaii Weather History: June 24, 2022 |work=wunderground.com}}</ref> north is oriented towards the lower right in this photo taken from the [[International Space Station]] on {{nowrap|June 24, 2022}}]]

Hawaiʻi has a [[tropical climate]]. Temperatures and humidity tend to be less extreme because of near-constant [[trade winds]] from the east. Summer highs reach around {{convert|88|F|C}} during the day, with lows of {{Convert|75|F|C}} at night. Winter day temperatures are usually around {{convert|83|F|C}}; at low elevation they seldom dip below {{convert|65|F|C}} at night. Snow, not usually associated with the tropics, falls at {{convert|4200|m|ft|order=flip}} on Mauna Kea and [[Mauna Loa]] on Hawaii Island in the winter. Snow rarely falls on Haleakalā. [[Mount Waiʻaleʻale]] on Kauaʻi has the second-highest average annual rainfall on Earth, about {{convert|460|in|mm}} per year. Most of Hawaii experiences only two seasons; the dry season runs from May to October and the wet season is from October to April.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prh.noaa.gov/hnl/pages/climate_summary.php |title=Climate of Hawaii |publisher=Prh.noaa.gov |access-date=November 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101041503/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/hnl/pages/climate_summary.php |archive-date=November 1, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

With [[climate change]], Hawaiʻi is getting [[Drought|drier]] and [[Global warming|hotter]].<ref name=HawaiiGettingDrier>{{cite web|url=https://climate.hawaii.gov/hi-facts/rain/#:~:text=By%20the%20end%20of%20the,species%20found%20only%20in%20Hawaiʻi.|title=Less & Heavy Rain|publisher=State of Hawaii|access-date=June 11, 2023}}</ref><ref name=HawaiiGettingHotter>{{cite web|url=https://climate.hawaii.gov/hi-facts/temperature/|title=Rising temperatures|publisher=State of Hawaii|access-date=June 11, 2023}}</ref> The highest temperature recorded in the state, in [[Pahala]] on April 27, 1931, is {{convert|100|°F}}, tied with [[Alaska]] as the lowest record high temperature observed in a U.S. state.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/scec/records|title=State Climate Extremes Committee (SCEC)|publisher=US National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Centers for Environmental Information.|access-date=February 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221174428/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/scec/records|archive-date=February 21, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Hawaiʻi's record low temperature is {{convert|12|°F}}, observed in May 1979 on the summit of [[Mauna Kea]]. Hawaiʻi is the only state to have never recorded subzero Fahrenheit temperatures.<ref name=":0" />

Climates vary considerably on each island; they can be divided into [[windward and leeward]] (''koʻolau'' and ''kona'', respectively) areas based upon location relative to the higher mountains. Windward sides face cloud cover.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wrcc.dri.edu/Climate/narrative_hi.php |title=Climate of Hawaii |publisher=Western Regional Climate Center |access-date=June 26, 2022}}</ref>

=== Environmental issues ===
Hawaii has a decades-long history of hosting more military space for the United States than any other territory or state.<ref name="Takumi 1994 8–9">{{cite journal |last=Takumi |first=Roy |date=1994 |title=Challenging U.S. Militarism in Hawaiʻi and Okinawa |journal=Race, Poverty & the Environment |volume=4/5 |issue=4/1 |pages=8–9 |jstor=41555279 |issn=1532-2874}}</ref> This military activity has taken a sharp toll on the environmental health of the Hawaiian archipelago, degrading its beaches and soil and making some places entirely unsafe due to [[unexploded ordnance]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blackford |first=Mansel G. |date=September 1, 2004 |title=Environmental Justice, Native Rights, Tourism, and Opposition to Military Control: The Case of Kaho'olawe |journal=Journal of American History |volume=91 |issue=2 |pages=544–571 |doi=10.2307/3660711 |jstor=3660711 |issn=0021-8723}}</ref> According to scholar [[Winona LaDuke]]: "The vast militarization of Hawaii has profoundly damaged the land. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, there are more federal hazardous waste sites in Hawaii—31—than in any other U.S. state."<ref>{{Cite book |last=LaDuke |first=Winona |title=All our relations: Native struggles for land and life |date=2017 |isbn=978-1-60846-661-0 |location=Chicago |oclc=946165345 |page=173}}</ref> Hawaii State Representative [[Roy Takumi]] writes in "Challenging U.S. Militarism in Hawaiʻi and Okinawa" that these military bases and hazardous waste sites have meant "the confiscation of large tracts of land from native peoples" and quotes the Hawaiian activist George Helm as asking: "What is national defense when what is being destroyed is the very thing the military is entrusted to defend, the sacred land of Hawaiʻi?"<ref name="Takumi 1994 8–9"/> Contemporary Indigenous Hawaiians are still protesting the occupation of their homeland and environmental degradation due to increased militarization in the wake of [[9/11]].<ref name="Kauanui 2004 145–150">{{Cite journal |last=Kauanui |first=J. Kehaulani |date=2004 |title=Hawaiʻi in and out of America |journal=Mississippi Review |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=145–150 |jstor=20132459 |issn=0047-7559}}</ref>

After the rise of sugarcane plantations in the mid-19th century, island ecology changed dramatically. Plantations require massive quantities of water, and European and American plantation owners transformed the land in order to access it, primarily by building tunnels to divert water from the mountains to the plantations, constructing reservoirs, and digging wells.<ref name="MacLennan 2004 37–62">{{cite journal |last=MacLennan |first=Carol |date=2004 |title=The Mark of Sugar. Hawaiʻi's Eco-Industrial Heritage |journal=Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung |volume=29 |issue=3 (109) |pages=37–62 |jstor=20761975 |issn=0172-6404}}</ref> These changes have made lasting impacts on the land and continue to contribute to resource scarcity for Native Hawaiians.<ref name="MacLennan 2004 37–62"/><ref name="Huard">{{cite web |last=Huard |first=Mallory |date=November 12, 2019 |title=In Hawaiʻi, Plantation Tourism Tastes Like Pineapple |url=https://edgeeffects.net/dole-pineapple-plantation/ |access-date=June 10, 2022 |website=Edge Effects |language=en-US}}</ref>

According to Stanford scientist and scholar Sibyl Diver, Indigenous Hawaiians engage in a reciprocal relationship with the land, "based on principles of mutual caretaking, reciprocity and sharing".<ref name="Diver 2019 400–429">{{cite journal |last1=Diver |first1=Sibyl |last2=Vaughan |first2=Mehana |last3=Baker-Médard |first3=Merrill |last4=Lukacs |first4=Heather |date=2019 |title=Recognizing "reciprocal relations" to restore community access to land and water |journal=International Journal of the Commons |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=400–429 |doi=10.18352/ijc.881 |jstor=26632726 |s2cid=150684636 |issn=1875-0281|doi-access=free |bibcode=2019IJCom..13..400D}}</ref> This relationship ensures the longevity, sustainability, and natural cycles of growth and decay, as well as cultivating a sense of respect for the land and humility towards one's place in an ecosystem.<ref name="Diver 2019 400–429"/>

The tourism industry's ongoing expansion and its pressure on local systems of ecology, cultural tradition and infrastructure creates a conflict between economic and environmental health.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Marsh |first=John S. |title=Hawaiian Tourism: Costs, Benefits, Alternatives |date=1975 |journal=Alternatives |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=34–39 |jstor=45030035 |issn=0002-6638}}</ref> In 2020, the Center for Biological Diversity reported on the plastic pollution of Hawaii's Kamilo beach, citing "massive piles of plastic waste".<ref>{{cite web |title=EPA: Waters Around Two Hawaii Beaches Impaired by Plastic Pollution |url=https://biologicaldiversity.org/w/news/press-releases/epa-waters-around-two-hawaii-beaches-impaired-plastic-pollution-2020-07-16/ |access-date=June 10, 2022 |website=Center for Biological Diversity}}</ref> [[Invasive species]] are spreading, and chemical and pathogenic runoff is contaminating groundwater and coastal waters.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mortz |first1=David |last2=Ray |first2=Chittaranjan |last3=Jain |first3=Ravi K. |date=January 1, 2005 |title=Major environmental problems facing the Hawaiian Islands: management, policy, and technology transfer options |url=https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/IJTTC.2005.005796 |journal=International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commercialisation |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=79–104 |doi=10.1504/IJTTC.2005.005796 |issn=1470-6075|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In June of 2022, a lawsuit was filed against the Hawaii Department of Transportation claiming that the state's pro-fossil fuel transportation policies violated their state constitutional rights and created "untenable levels of greenhouse gas emissions." The lawsuit, Navahine F v. Hawaii Department of Transportation, was filed by 13 young people in the state, most of whom are Indigenous. The resulting legal settlement will force the state to move more aggressively towards a zero-emission transportation system by 2045.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Noor |first1=Dharna |last2=Beckett |first2=Lois |title=Youth Activists Score Huge Climate Win in Hawaii |url=https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2024/06/youth-activists-score-huge-climate-win-in-hawaii/ |website=Mother Jones |access-date=10 December 2025 |date=22 June 2024}}</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of Hawaii}}

{{HI history}}
Hawaiʻi is one of two U.S. states, along with Texas, that were internationally recognized sovereign nations before becoming U.S. states. The [[Kingdom of Hawaii|Kingdom of Hawaiʻi]] was sovereign from 1810 until 1893, when resident American and European capitalists and landholders [[Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii|overthrew the monarchy]]. Hawaiʻi was an independent republic from 1894 until August 12, 1898, when it officially became a U.S. territory. Hawaiʻi was admitted as a U.S. state on August 21, 1959.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.netstate.com/states/government/hi_government.htm |title=Hawaii State Government |publisher=Netstate.com |access-date=November 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019022737/http://netstate.com/states/government/hi_government.htm |archive-date=October 19, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===First human settlement – Ancient Hawaiʻi (1000–1778)===
{{Main|Ancient Hawaii}}

The date of the human discovery and habitation of the Hawaiian Islands is the subject of academic debate.<ref>{{cite book | first = Patrick Vinton | last = Kirch | author-link = Patrick Vinton Kirch | title = The Evolution of the Polynesian Chiefdoms | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1989 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/evolutionofpolyn0000kirc/page/77 77–79] | isbn = 978-0-521-27316-9 | url = https://archive.org/details/evolutionofpolyn0000kirc/page/77}}</ref> Early archaeological studies suggested that Polynesian explorers from the [[Marquesas Islands]] or [[Society Islands]] may have arrived as early as the 3rd century CE.<ref>Van, James (2010). ''Ancient Sites of Oahu: A Guide to Archaeological Places of Interest''. Bishop Museum Pr. Page 5. {{ISBN|978-1581780956}}.</ref> Some archaeologists and historians think it was a later wave of immigrants from [[Tahiti]] around 1100 CE who introduced a new line of high chiefs, the [[Kapu (Hawaiian culture)|kapu]] system, the practice of human sacrifice, and the building of ''[[heiau]]''.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|date=May 18, 2017|title=Hawaii History & Civilization Growth | Timelines, Facts, Info|url=https://www.tourmaui.com/hawaii-history-timelines/|access-date=May 19, 2021|website=Valley Isle Excursions}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Buck |first=Peter H. |title=Vikings of the Sunrise |publisher=Frederick A. Stokes Company |year=1938 |location=New York |pages=257–259}}</ref> This later immigration is detailed in [[Hawaiian mythology]] (''moʻolelo'') about [[Pa'ao|Paʻao]]. Other authors say there is no archaeological or linguistic evidence of a later influx of Tahitian settlers and that Paʻao must be regarded as a myth.<ref name="auto"/> More recent archaeological studies further suggest that the first settlement of Hawaii was not until around 900–1200 CE.<ref name=":2"/>

The islands' history is marked by a slow, steady growth in population and the size of the [[chiefdoms]], which grew to encompass whole islands. Local chiefs, called [[Ali'i|aliʻi]], ruled their settlements, and launched wars to extend their influence and defend their communities from predatory rivals. Ancient Hawaiʻi was a [[Makaainana|caste]]-based society, much like that of Hindus in India.<ref>{{cite book | first = Barbara A. | last = West | year = 2009 | url = {{google books |plainurl=y|id=pCiNqFj3MQsC|page=270}} | title = Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania | publisher = Infobase Publishing | page = 270 | isbn = 978-1-4381-1913-7}}</ref> Population growth was facilitated by ecological and agricultural practices that combined upland agriculture (''manuka''), ocean fishing (''makai''), [[Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture|fishponds]] and gardening systems. These systems were upheld by spiritual and religious beliefs, like the ''lokahi'', that linked cultural continuity with the health of the natural world.<ref name="LaDuke 1999"/> According to Hawaiian scholar [[Mililani Trask]], the ''lokahi'' symbolizes the "greatest of the traditions, values, and practices of our people ... There are three points in the triangle—the Creator, ''Akua''; the peoples of the earth, ''Kanaka Maoli''; and the land, the ''ʻaina''. These three things all have a reciprocal relationship."<ref name="LaDuke 1999"/><ref name="People of the seventh fire">{{Cite book |title=People of the seventh fire |date=1996 |publisher=Akwe:kon Press |others=Dagmar Seely |isbn=1-881178-02-1 |location=Ithaca, NY |oclc=34984146}}</ref>
{{#section:History of Hawaii|Pre1778}}

===First recorded contact ===
[[File:Tereoboo, King of Owyhee, bringing presents to Captain Cook by John Webber.jpg|thumb|''[[Kalaniʻōpuʻu|Tereoboo]], King of Owyhee, bringing presents to [[James Cook|Captain Cook]]'' by [[John Webber]] (drawn in 1779, published in 1784)|alt=Drawing of single-masted sailboat with one spinnaker-shaped sail, carrying dozens of men, accompanied by at least four other canoes]]
In January 1778, British Captain [[James Cook]] encountered the Hawaiian Islands serendipitously while crossing the Pacific during his [[Third voyage of James Cook|third voyage of exploration]]. This marked the first documented contact by a European explorer with Hawaiʻi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hough |first=Richard |title=Captain James Cook: a biography |date=1997 |publisher=Norton |isbn=978-0-393-31519-6 |location=New York |pages=311–315}}</ref> Cook named the archipelago "the Sandwich Islands" in honor of his sponsor, [[John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich]]. Cook returned to the Hawaiian Islands in 1779 to resupply and overwinter, anchoring in [[Kealakekua Bay|Kealakakua]] off Hawaii Island for one month. Relations with the local people were peaceful at first, then deteriorated, and [[Death of James Cook|Cook was among those killed]] when violence broke out between the British and local Hawaiians.

After Cook, Hawaii was not visited by any foreign ships for seven years but after 1786 visits became increasingly frequent. At the end of the 18th century, the [[maritime fur trade]] developed between the northwest coast of North America and Asia, bringing ships of many nations to the North Pacific Ocean. The Hawaiian islands became established as a convenient source of supplies and destination for overwintering not only for fur traders but also ships engaged in general cross-Pacific commerce.<ref name="Kuykendall">{{Cite book |last=Kuykendall |first=Ralph S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nkXREAAAQBAJ&q=the+hawaiian+kingdom |title=The Hawaiian Kingdom 1778-1854 Vol 1 Foundation and Transformation |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=1938 |location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-8248-4322-9}}</ref>{{rp|p=20–21}}

Historian [[Ralph Simpson Kuykendall|Ralph Kuykendall]] has called the impact of these foreign visitors on the hitherto isolated Hawaiian Islands an "invasion" that "little by little overwhelmed the old culture of the islands".<ref name="Kuykendall"/>{{rp|p=12}} Over the decades after the first contact, the foreign resident population slowly grew; foreigners imported iron tools, manufactured items, and household utensils; they also introduced firearms, alcohol, tobacco, non-native plants, and—inadvertently—arthropods previously unknown to the islands such as mosquitoes and scorpions.<ref name="Kuykendall"/>{{rp|p=26–28}} Native Hawaiians were vulnerable to Eurasian diseases to which they had less resistance.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} It is estimated that the native population had declined by half 40 years after Cook's arrival and continued to decline throughout the 19th century.<ref name="OHA"/> During the 1850s, measles killed a fifth of Hawaiʻi's people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=422 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070207121510/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=422 |archive-date=February 7, 2007|title=Migration and Disease | website=Digital History}}</ref>

===Kingdom of Hawaiʻi===
{{Main|Hawaiian Kingdom}}

====House of Kamehameha====
[[File:Hawaiian unification.gif|thumb|right|300px|Evolution of kingdom borders in Hawaii during Kamehameha's conquests]]
During the 1780s and early 1790s, the Hawaiian Islands were divided among several warring chiefdoms. In 1795, the fighting ended when Kamehameha, then a chief (''aliʻi'') of Hawaii Island, conquered most of the main islands in the archipelago (including Maui and Oʻahu), then founded the [[Hawaiian Kingdom]] and the [[House of Kamehameha]] dynasty. Kauaʻi (with nearby Niʻihau) remained independent until 1810, when it [[Kauaʻi#Cession to the Kingdom of Hawaii|joined the Hawaiian Kingdom peacefully]].<ref name="Kuykendall"/>{{rp|p=29–60}}

[[File:Kamehameha Statue and flag.jpg|thumb|Kamehameha I conquered the Hawaiian Islands and established a unified monarchy across the archipelago.]]

After [[Kamehameha II]] inherited the throne in 1819, American Protestant missionaries to Hawaiʻi converted many Hawaiians to Christianity. Missionaries have argued that one function of missionary work was to "civilize" and "purify" perceived heathenism in the New World. This carried into Hawaiʻi.<ref name="FLEXNER 2016 307–331">{{Cite journal |last1=Flexner |first1=James L. |last2=McCoy |first2=Mark D. |title=After the Missionaries: Historical Archaeology and Traditional Religious Sites in the Hawaiian Islands |date=2016 |journal=The Journal of the Polynesian Society |volume=125 |issue=3 |pages=307–331 |doi=10.15286/jps.125.3.307-332 |jstor=44012072 |issn=0032-4000}}</ref><ref name="nps.gov">{{Cite web |title=Cultural History of Three Traditional Hawaiian Sites (Chapter 5) |url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/kona/history5b.htm |access-date=June 10, 2022 |website=www.nps.gov}}</ref><ref name="Medeiros">{{Cite thesis |last=Medeiros |first=Megan |date=June 2017 |title=Hawaiian History: The Dispossession of Native Hawaiians' Identity, and Their Struggle for Sovereignty |url=https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/557 |type=MA thesis |publisher=California State University, San Bernardino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meller |first=Norman |date=1958 |title=Missionaries to Hawaii: Shapers of the Islands' Government |journal=The Western Political Quarterly |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=788–799 |doi=10.2307/443652 |jstor=443652 |issn=0043-4078}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kashay |first=Jennifer Fish |date=2007 |title=Agents of Imperialism: Missionaries and Merchants in Early-Nineteenth-Century Hawaii |journal=The New England Quarterly |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=280–298 |doi=10.1162/tneq.2007.80.2.280 |jstor=20474535 |s2cid=57560408 |issn=0028-4866}}</ref> According to historical archaeologist James L. Flexner, "missionaries provided the moral means to rationalize conquest and wholesale conversion to Christianity".<ref name="FLEXNER 2016 307–331"/> But rather than abandon traditional beliefs entirely, most native Hawaiians merged their [[Hawaiian religion|Indigenous religion]] with Christianity.<ref name="FLEXNER 2016 307–331"/><ref name="nps.gov"/> Missionaries used their influence to end many traditional practices, including the ''[[Kapu (Hawaiian culture)|kapu]]'' system, the prevailing legal system before European contact, and ''heiau'', or "temples" to religious figures.<ref name="FLEXNER 2016 307–331"/><ref>{{Cite book|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=i8RdAgAAQBAJ|page=165}}|title=Traditional Storytelling Today: An International Sourcebook|last=MacDonald|first=Margaret Read|date=December 16, 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-91714-2|page=165}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=_3DrC3iFfQQC|page=15}}|title=American Aloha: Cultural Tourism and the Negotiation of Tradition|last=Diamond|first=Heather A.|date=2008|publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press|isbn=978-0-8248-3171-4|page=15}}</ref> ''Kapu'', which typically translates to "the sacred", refers to social regulations (like gender and class restrictions) based on spiritual beliefs.

Under the missionaries' guidance, laws against gambling, consuming alcohol, dancing the ''[[hula]]'', breaking the Sabbath, and polygamy were enacted.<ref name="nps.gov"/> Without the ''kapu'' system, many temples and priestly statuses were jeopardized, idols were burned, and participation in Christianity increased.<ref name="nps.gov"/><ref name="Medeiros"/> When [[Kamehameha III]] inherited the throne at age 12, his advisors pressured him to merge Christianity with traditional Hawaiian ways. Under the guidance of his ''kuhina nui'' (his mother and coregent [[Kaʻahumanu|Elizabeth Kaʻahumanu]]) and British allies, Hawaiʻi turned into a Christian monarchy with the signing of the [[1840 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii|1840 Constitution]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hooilina.org/cgi-bin/journal?e=p-0journal--00-0-0-004-Document---0-1--1en-50---20-docoptions-search-issue---001-0110escapewin&a=p&p=frameset&cl=&d=HASH0166acfd8ec6df2fa38fd161.5.2.6|title=Ho'oilina Legacy Collection|website=hooilina.org|access-date=February 12, 2017|archive-date=December 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212213916/http://hooilina.org/cgi-bin/journal?e=p-0journal--00-0-0-004-Document---0-1--1en-50---20-docoptions-search-issue---001-0110escapewin&a=p&p=frameset&cl=&d=HASH0166acfd8ec6df2fa38fd161.5.2.6|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Medeiros"/> [[Hiram Bingham I]], a prominent Protestant missionary, was a trusted adviser to the monarchy during this period. Other missionaries and their descendants became active in commercial and political affairs, leading to conflicts between the monarchy and its restive American subjects.<ref>{{Cite book|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=O_3fCgAAQBAJ|page=572}}|title=World History: Journeys from Past to Present|last1=Goucher|first1=Candice|last2=Walton|first2=Linda|date=March 12, 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-08829-3|page=572}}</ref> Missionaries from the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and from [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] were also active in the kingdom, initially converting a minority of the Native Hawaiian population, but later becoming the first and second largest religious denominations on the islands, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10524/240/JL07047.pdf?sequence=1|title=Religious Statistics of Hawaii, 1825–1972|last=Schmitt|first=Robert C.|page=43|type=Typographical error in "1950", meant to be "1850"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525013217/https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10524/240/JL07047.pdf?sequence=1|archive-date=May 25, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Wist |first=Benjamin O. |chapter=Hawaii – An Educational Experiment in American Democracy |chapter-url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=Bb0HAAAAMAAJ|page=5}}|title=Studies in the History of American Education|date=1947 |editor-last=Eggertsen |editor-first=Claude |publisher=University of Michigan School of Education |page=5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=HPyhAgAAQBAJ|page=89}}|title=Indigenous Symbols and Practices in the Catholic Church: Visual Culture, Missionization and Appropriation|last=Martin|first=Dr Kathleen J.|date=June 28, 2013|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4094-8065-5|page=89}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/rcms2010A.asp?U=15&T=state&Y=2010&S=adh|title=The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report|publisher=Thearda.com|access-date=April 19, 2021|archive-date=April 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419153651/https://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/rcms2010A.asp?U=15&T=state&Y=2010&S=adh}}</ref> Missionaries from each major group administered to the leper colony at Kalaupapa on Molokaʻi, which was established in 1866 and operated well into the 20th century. The best known were [[Father Damien]] and [[Mother Marianne Cope]], both of whom were canonized in the early 21st century as Roman [[Catholic saints]].

The death of the bachelor [[Kamehameha V|King Kamehameha V]]—who did not name an heir—resulted in the popular election of [[Lunalilo]] over [[Kalākaua]]. Lunalilo died the next year, also without naming an heir. In 1874, the election was contested within the legislature between Kalākaua and [[Queen Emma of Hawaii|Emma, Queen Consort of Kamehameha IV]]. After riots broke out, the U.S. and Britain landed troops on the islands to restore order. The [[Legislature of the Kingdom of Hawaii|Legislative Assembly]] chose [[Kalākaua|King Kalākaua]] as monarch by a vote of 39 to 6 on February 12, 1874.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0kingdom3-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book--1-010escapewin&a=d&d=D0.3&toc=0|title=Ulukau: The Hawaiian kingdom, vol. 3, 1874–1893, The Kalakaua dynasty|website=www.ulukau.org|access-date=February 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120013821/http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0kingdom3-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book--1-010escapewin&a=d&d=D0.3&toc=0|archive-date=January 20, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

====1887 Constitution and overthrow preparations====
In 1887, Kalākaua was forced to sign the [[1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii|1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi]]. Drafted by white businessmen and lawyers, the document stripped the king of much of his authority. It established a property qualification for voting that effectively disenfranchised most Hawaiians and immigrant laborers and favored the wealthier, white elite. Resident whites were allowed to vote but resident Asians were not. As the 1887 Constitution was signed under threat of violence, it is known as the Bayonet Constitution. King Kalākaua, reduced to a figurehead, reigned until his death in 1891. His sister, Queen [[Liliuokalani|Liliʻuokalani]], succeeded him; she was the last monarch of Hawaiʻi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0kingdom3-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book--1-010escapewin&a=d&d=D0.21&toc=0|title=Ulukau: The Hawaiian kingdom, vol. 3, 1874–1893, The Kalakaua dynasty|website=www.ulukau.org|access-date=February 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120043915/http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0kingdom3-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book--1-010escapewin&a=d&d=D0.21&toc=0|archive-date=January 20, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1893, Liliʻuokalani announced plans for a new constitution to proclaim herself an absolute monarch. On January 14, 1893, a group of mostly Euro-American business leaders and residents formed the [[Committee of Safety (Hawaii)|Committee of Safety]] to stage a [[Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii|coup d'état]] against the kingdom and seek annexation by the United States. U.S. Government Minister [[John L. Stevens]], responding to a request from the Committee of Safety, summoned a company of U.S. Marines. The queen's soldiers did not resist. According to historian William Russ, the monarchy was unable to protect itself.<ref name="Adam">{{cite book | last = Russ | first = William Adam | title = The Hawaiian Revolution (1893–94) | publisher=Associated University Presses | year = 1992 | page = 350 | isbn = 978-0-945636-43-4}}</ref> In ''Hawaiian Autonomy'', Liliʻuokalani wrote: <blockquote>If we did not by force resist their final outrage, it was because we could not do so without striking at the military force of the United States. Whatever constraint the executive of this great country may be under to recognize the present government at Honolulu has been forced upon it by no act of ours, but by the unlawful acts of its own agents. Attempts to repudiate those acts are vain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen. |url=https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/liliuokalani/hawaii/hawaii.html#LVII |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=digital.library.upenn.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=G. |first=Long, Michael |title=We the Resistance Documenting a History of Nonviolent Protest in the United States. |date=2021 |publisher=City Lights Publishers |isbn=978-0-87286-851-9 |oclc=1237408556}}</ref></blockquote>In a message to Sanford B. Dole, Liliʻuokalani wrote:<blockquote>Now to avoid any collision of armed forces and perhaps the loss of life, I do under this protest, and impelled by said force, yield my authority until such time as the Government of the United States shall, upon the facts being presented to it, undo the action of its representatives and reinstate me in the authority which I claim as the constitutional sovereign of the Hawaiian Islands.<ref name=":5"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1894, Appendix II, Affairs in Hawaii – Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1894app2/d82 |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref></blockquote>

===Overthrow of 1893 – Republic of Hawaiʻi (1894–1898)===
{{Main|Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii|Provisional Government of Hawaii|Republic of Hawaii}}

{{See also|List of Hawaiian sovereignty movement groups#Historical – Royalist Organizations (from 1880s)}}The treason trials of 1892 brought together the main players in the 1893 overthrow. American Minister John L. Stevens voiced support for Native Hawaiian revolutionaries; William R. Castle, a Committee of Safety member, served as a defense counsel in the treason trials; Alfred Stedman Hartwell, the 1893 annexation commissioner, led the defense effort; and Sanford B. Dole ruled as a supreme court justice against acts of conspiracy and treason.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kam |first=Ralph Thomas |date=2021 |title=The First Attempt to Overthrow Lili'uokalani |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/840139 |journal=Hawaiian Journal of History |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=41–69 |doi=10.1353/hjh.2021.0001 |s2cid=244912091 |issn=2169-7639|url-access=subscription}}</ref>[[File:Liliuokalani in 1891.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Liliuokalani|Queen Liliʻuokalani]], the last reigning monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom|alt=Queen Liliʻuokalani, seated inside ʻIolani Palace]]

On January 17, 1893, a small group of sugar and pineapple-growing businessmen, aided by the U.S. minister to Hawaii and backed by heavily armed U.S. soldiers and marines, deposed Queen Liliʻuokalani and installed a provisional government composed of members of the Committee of Safety.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Digital History |url=https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=1283 |access-date=June 10, 2022 |website=www.digitalhistory.uh.edu}}</ref> According to scholar Lydia Kualapai and Hawaii State Representative Roy Takumi, this committee was formed against the will of Indigenous Hawaiian voters, who constituted the majority of voters at the time. According to scholar J Kehaulani Kauanui, it consisted of "thirteen white men".<ref name="KUALAPAI 2005 32–62">{{Cite journal |last=Kualapai |first=Lydia |date=2005 |title=The Queen Writes Back: Lili'uokalani's Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen |journal=Studies in American Indian Literatures |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=32–62 |doi=10.1353/ail.2005.0053 |jstor=20737264 |s2cid=161123895 |issn=0730-3238}}</ref><ref name="Takumi 1994 8–9"/><ref name="Kauanui 2004 145–150"/> Stevens conspired with U.S. citizens to overthrow the monarchy.<ref name="HIgpo"/> After the overthrow, Dole, a citizen of Hawaii and cousin to James Dole, owner of Hawaiian Fruit Company, a company that benefited from the annexation of Hawaii, became president of the republic when the [[Provisional Government of Hawaii|Provisional Government of Hawaiʻi]] ended on July 4, 1894.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hawkins |first=Richard A. |journal=Hawaiian Journal of History |volume=41 |date=2007 |title=James D. Dole and the 1932 Failure of the Hawaiian Pineapple Company |url=http://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10524/12232 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coulter |first=John Wesley |date=1934 |title=Pineapple Industry in Hawaii |journal=Economic Geography |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=288–296 |doi=10.2307/140126 |jstor=140126 |issn=0013-0095}}</ref>

Controversy ensued in the following years as the queen tried to regain her throne. Scholar Lydia Kualapai writes that Liliʻuokalani had "yielded under protest not to the counterfeit Provisional Government of Hawaii but to the superior force of the United States of America" and wrote letters of protest to the president requesting a recognizance of allyship and a reinstatement of her sovereignty against the recent actions of the Provisional Government of Hawaii.<ref name="KUALAPAI 2005 32–62"/> Following the January 1893 coup that deposed Liliʻuokalani, many royalists were preparing to overthrow the white-led Republic of Hawaiʻi oligarchy. Hundreds of rifles were covertly shipped to Hawaii and hidden in caves nearby. As armed troops came and went, a Republic of Hawaiʻi patrol discovered the rebel group. On January 6, 1895, gunfire began on both sides and later the rebels were surrounded and captured. Over the next 10 days several skirmishes occurred, until the last armed opposition surrendered or were captured. The Republic of Hawaiʻi took 123 troops into custody as prisoners of war. The mass arrest of nearly 300 more men and women, including Queen Liliʻuokalani, as political prisoners was intended to incapacitate the political resistance against the ruling oligarchy. In March 1895, a military tribunal convicted 170 prisoners of treason and sentenced six troops to be "hung by the neck" until dead, according to historian Ronald Williams Jr. The other prisoners were variously sentenced to from five to thirty-five years' imprisonment at hard labor, while those convicted of lesser charges received sentences from six months' to six years' imprisonment at hard labor.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last=Williams |first=Ronald Jr. |date=2021 |title=Incarcerating a Nation: The Arrest and Imprisonment of Political Prisoners by the Republic of Hawaiʻi, 1895 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/840143 |journal=Hawaiian Journal of History |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=167–176 |doi=10.1353/hjh.2021.0005 |s2cid=244913179 |issn=2169-7639|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The queen was sentenced to five years in prison, but spent eight months under house arrest until she was released on parole.<ref>{{cite book |last=Menton |first=Linda K. |title=A History of Hawaii, Student Book |publisher=Curriculum Research & Development Group |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-937049-94-5 |edition=2nd |location=Honolulu, Hawaii}}</ref> The total number of arrests related to the 1895 Kaua Kūloko was 406 people on a summary list of statistics, published by the government of the Republic of Hawaiʻi.<ref name=":3" />

The administration of President [[Grover Cleveland]] commissioned the [[Blount Report]], which concluded that the removal of Liliʻuokalani had been illegal. Commissioner Blount found the U.S. and its minister guilty on all counts including the overthrow, the landing of the marines, and the recognition of the provisional government.<ref name=":5">{{cite book |last=Trask |first=Haunani-Kay |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780824847029/html |title=From a Native Daughter |date=May 25, 2021 |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |isbn=978-0-8248-4702-9 |doi=10.1515/9780824847029}}</ref> In a message to Congress, Cleveland wrote:<blockquote>And finally, but for the lawless occupation of Honolulu under false pretexts by the United States forces, and but for Minister Stevens' recognition of the provisional government when the United States forces were its sole support and constituted its only military strength, the Queen and her Government would never have yielded to the provisional government, even for a time and for the sole purpose of submitting her case to the enlightened justice of the United States.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> By an act of war, committed with the participation of a diplomatic representative of the United States and without authority of Congress, the Government of a feeble but friendly and confiding people has been overthrown. A substantial wrong has thus been done which a due regard for our national character as well as the rights of the injured people requires we should endeavor to repair. The provisional government has not assumed a republican or other constitutional form, but has remained a mere executive council or oligarchy, set up without the assent of the people. It has not sought to find a permanent basis of popular support and has given no evidence of an intention to do so.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /></blockquote>The U.S. government first demanded that Queen Liliʻuokalani be reinstated, but the Provisional Government refused. On December 23, 1893, the response from the Provisional Government of Hawaii, authored by President Sanford B. Dole, was received by Cleveland's representative Minister Albert S. Willis and emphasized that the Provisional Government of Hawaii "unhesitatingly" rejected the demand from the Cleveland Administration.<ref name="KUALAPAI 2005 32–62"/>

Congress conducted an independent investigation, and on February 26, 1894, submitted the [[Morgan Report]], which found all parties, including Stevens—with the exception of the queen—"not guilty" and not responsible for the coup.<ref>{{cite book| author=Kuykendall, R.S. |year=1967 |title=The Hawaiian Kingdom, 1874–1893 |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |page=648}}</ref> Partisans on both sides of the debate questioned the accuracy and impartiality of both the Blount and Morgan reports over the events of 1893.<ref name="Adam"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Kinzer |first=Stephen |title=Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change From Hawaii to Iraq |url=https://archive.org/details/overthrowamerica00kinz |publisher=Times Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8050-7861-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rush Limbaugh Sounds Off on Akaka Bill |url=http://www.hawaiireporter.com/rush-limbaugh-sounds-off-on-akaka-bill/123 |url-status=live |website=Hawaii Reporter |date=August 18, 2005 |access-date=February 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512101435/http://www.hawaiireporter.com/rush-limbaugh-sounds-off-on-akaka-bill/123 |archive-date=May 12, 2013}}</ref><ref name="HDAICS">{{cite web |last=Fein |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Fein |title=Hawaii Divided Against Itself Cannot Stand |url=https://www.angelfire.com/hi5/bigfiles3/AkakaHawaiiDividedFeinJune2005.pdf |url-status=dead |publisher=[[Grassroot Institute of Hawaii]] |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |date=June 6, 2005 |access-date=May 7, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205112419/http://www.hawaiireporter.com/file.aspx?Guid=aefef5f6-a533-486a-9459-691138355dd1 |archive-date=February 5, 2007}}</ref>

In 1993, Congress passed a joint [[Apology Resolution]] regarding the overthrow; it was signed by President [[Bill Clinton]]. The resolution apologized and said that the overthrow was illegal in the following phrase: "The Congress—on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the illegal overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi on January 17, 1893, acknowledges the historical significance of this event which resulted in the suppression of the inherent sovereignty of the Native Hawaiian people."<ref name="HIgpo">{{cite web|title=Public Law 103-150 – November 23, 1993|website=gpo.gov|url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-107/pdf/STATUTE-107-Pg1510.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407014005/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-107/pdf/STATUTE-107-Pg1510.pdf|archive-date=April 7, 2018|url-status=live|access-date=July 3, 2018}}</ref> The Apology Resolution also "acknowledges that the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States and further acknowledges that the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi or through a plebiscite or referendum".<ref name = "HDAICS"/><ref name="HIgpo"/>

===Annexation – Territory of Hawaiʻi (1898–1959)===
{{Main|Organic act#List of organic acts|Territory of Hawaii}}

[[File:1899BalanceCartoon.jpg|thumb|upright|In 1899 Uncle Sam balances his new possessions, which are racistly depicted in the [[pickaninny]] stereotype; the figures are [[Puerto Rico]], Hawaii, [[Cuba]], [[Philippines]] and "Ladrones" (the [[Mariana Islands]], including [[Guam]]).]]
After [[William McKinley]] won the 1896 U.S. presidential election, advocates pressed to annex the Republic of Hawaiʻi. The previous president, Grover Cleveland, was a friend of Queen Liliʻuokalani. McKinley was open to persuasion by U.S. expansionists and by annexationists from Hawaiʻi. He met with three non-native annexationists: [[Lorrin A. Thurston]], Francis March Hatch and [[William Ansel Kinney]]. After negotiations in June 1897, Secretary of State [[John Sherman (politician)|John Sherman]] agreed to a treaty of annexation with these representatives of the Republic of Hawaiʻi.<ref>{{cite web |website= The [[Morgan Report]] |url= http://morganreport.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=1897_Annexation_Treaty |title= 1897 Hawaii Annexation Treaty |access-date= August 14, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100825165348/http://morganreport.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=1897_Annexation_Treaty |archive-date= August 25, 2010 |url-status= live}}</ref> The [[U.S. Senate]] never ratified the treaty. Despite the opposition of most native Hawaiians,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://libweb.hawaii.edu/digicoll/annexation/pet-intro.html |title=Anti-annexation petitions—Page 1 |publisher=Libweb.hawaii.edu |access-date=March 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317183803/http://libweb.hawaii.edu/digicoll/annexation/pet-intro.html |archive-date=March 17, 2012}}</ref> the [[Newlands Resolution]] was used to annex the republic to the U.S.; it became the [[Territory of Hawaii|Territory of Hawaiʻi]]. The Newlands Resolution was passed by the House on June 15, 1898, by a vote of 209 to 91 and by the Senate on July 6, 1898, by a vote of 42 to 21.<ref>{{Cite book|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=IjZPcGb2R08C|page=209}}|title=Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawai_i?|last=Dyke|first=Jon M. Van|date=January 1, 2008|publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press|isbn=978-0-8248-3211-7|page=209}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18980616.2.60|title=Sacramento Daily Union 16 June 1898—California Digital Newspaper Collection|website=cdnc.ucr.edu|access-date=February 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213163714/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18980616.2.60|archive-date=February 13, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hrmakahinui.com/Timeline_Kingdom_of_Hawaii.php|title=Annexation Timeline—of the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii|website=hrmakahinui.com|access-date=February 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117074544/http://hrmakahinui.com/Timeline_Kingdom_of_Hawaii.php|archive-date=November 17, 2016|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

A majority of Native Hawaiians opposed annexation, voiced chiefly by Liliʻuokalani, whom Hawaiian [[Haunani-Kay Trask]] described as beloved and respected by her people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Franklin |first1=Cynthia |last2=Lyons |first2=Laura E. |title=Land, Leadership, and Nation: Haunani-Kay Trask on the Testimonial Uses of Life Writing in Hawaiʻi |date=2004 |journal=Biography |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=222–249 |jstor=23540436 |issn=0162-4962}}</ref> Liliʻuokalani wrote, "it had not entered into our hearts to believe that these friends and allies from the United States ... would ever go so far as to absolutely overthrow our form of government, seize our nation by the throat, and pass it over to an alien power" in her retelling of the overthrow of her government.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Liliuokalani, Queen of Hawaii |title=Hawaii's story by Hawaii's Queen |date=February 23, 2021 |publisher=Mint Editions |isbn=978-1-5132-0902-9 |oclc=1262093837}}</ref> According to Trask, newspapers at the time argued Hawaiians would suffer "virtual enslavement under annexation", including further loss of lands and liberties, in particular to sugar plantation owners.<ref name="Verfasser">{{Cite book |last=Trask |first=Haunani-Kay |title=From a Native Daughter: Colonialism and Sovereignty in Hawaii |year=1999 |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |isbn=978-0-8248-4702-9 |oclc=1256413351|edition=Revised}}</ref> These plantations were protected by the U.S. Navy as economic interests, justifying a continued military presence in the islands.<ref name="Verfasser"/>

In 1900, Hawaiʻi was granted self-governance and retained [[Iolani Palace|ʻIolani Palace]] as the territorial capitol building. Despite several attempts to become a state, Hawaii remained a territory for 60 years. Plantation owners and capitalists, who maintained control through financial institutions such as the [[Big Five (Hawaii)|Big Five]], found territorial status convenient because they remained able to import cheap, foreign labor. Such immigration and labor practices were prohibited in many states.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/Hawaii-Statehood-Honolulu-Star-Bulletin/7223272607/bd|title=Hawaii Statehood—Honolulu Star-Bulletin by Hawaii: Honolulu, Hawaii No binding—Seth Kaller Inc|website=www.abebooks.co.uk|access-date=February 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213164159/https://www.abebooks.co.uk/Hawaii-Statehood-Honolulu-Star-Bulletin/7223272607/bd|archive-date=February 13, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:USS SHAW exploding Pearl Harbor Nara 80-G-16871 2.jpg|thumb|left|alt=The USS Shaw explodes during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.|The Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] in 1941 was the primary event which caused the United States to enter [[World War II]].]]

[[Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii|Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaiʻi]] began in 1899, when Puerto Rico's sugar industry was devastated by [[1899 San Ciriaco hurricane|a hurricane]], causing a worldwide shortage of sugar and a huge demand for sugar from Hawaiʻi. Hawaiian [[sugarcane]] [[Sugar plantations in Hawaii|plantation]] owners began to recruit experienced, unemployed laborers in Puerto Rico. Two waves of [[Korean immigration to Hawaii|Korean immigration to Hawaiʻi]] occurred in the 20th century. The first wave arrived between 1903 and 1924; the second wave began in 1965 after President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] signed the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]], which removed racial and national barriers and resulted in significantly altering the demographic mix in the U.S.<ref>{{cite news |title=1965 immigration law changed face of America |author=Jennifer Ludden |newspaper=NPR.org |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5391395 |publisher=NPR |access-date=September 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143552/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5391395 |archive-date=October 21, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Oʻahu was the target of a surprise [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] by the [[Empire of Japan]] on December 7, 1941. The attack on Pearl Harbor and other military and naval installations, carried out by [[Warplane|aircraft]] and by [[midget submarine]]s, brought the United States into [[World War II]].

===Political changes of 1954 – State of Hawaiʻi (1959–present)===
{{Main|Hawaii Democratic Revolution of 1954|Hawaii Admission Act|Admission to the Union|List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union}}

{{See also|List of Hawaiian sovereignty movement groups#Modern – Sovereignty Organizations (1960s–present)}}
[[File:Food-Hawaii-Canning. Native girls packing pineapple into cans. - NARA - 522863.tif|thumb|alt=Three young women pack pineapples into cans in 1928.|Prior to the postwar labor movement, Hawaii was governed by plantation owners. Here, three young women pack pineapples into cans in 1928.]]

In the 1950s, the plantation owners' power was broken by the descendants of immigrant laborers, who were born in Hawaiʻi and were U.S. citizens. They voted against the [[Hawaii Republican Party|Hawaiʻi Republican Party]], strongly supported by plantation owners. The new majority voted for the [[Democratic Party of Hawaiʻi]], which dominated territorial and state politics for more than 40 years. Eager to gain full representation in Congress and the Electoral College, residents actively campaigned for statehood. In Washington, there was talk that Hawaiʻi would be a Republican Party stronghold. As a result, the admission of Hawaii was matched with the admission of Alaska, which was seen as a Democratic Party stronghold. These predictions proved inaccurate; as of 2017, Hawaiʻi almost always votes Democratic, while Alaska typically votes Republican.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/188969/red-states-outnumber-blue-first-time-gallup-tracking.aspx|title=Red States Outnumber Blue for First Time in Gallup Tracking|website=gallup.com|access-date=January 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104092539/http://www.gallup.com/poll/188969/red-states-outnumber-blue-first-time-gallup-tracking.aspx|archive-date=January 4, 2017|url-status=live|date=February 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>[ 2016 election result—Politico]</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/interest-groups-7/modern-political-parties-59/red-states-vs-blue-states-337-4262/|title=Red States vs. Blue States|last=Boundless|date=August 8, 2016|website=Boundless.com|access-date=January 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112151613/https://www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/interest-groups-7/modern-political-parties-59/red-states-vs-blue-states-337-4262/|archive-date=November 12, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://elections.nbcnews.com/ns/politics/2012/all/president/|title=2012 Presidential Race—Election Results by State—NBC News|date=December 2, 2011|website=nbcnews.com|access-date=January 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106174223/http://elections.nbcnews.com/ns/politics/2012/all/president/|archive-date=January 6, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the Cold War, Hawaiʻi became an important site for U.S. [[cultural diplomacy]], military training, research, and as a staging ground for the U.S. [[Vietnam War|war in Vietnam]].<ref name=":Cheng2">{{Cite book |last=Cheng |first=Wendy |title=Island X: Taiwanese Student Migrants, Campus Spies, and Cold War Activism |date=2023 |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |isbn=978-0-295-75205-1 |location=Seattle, Washington}}</ref>{{Rp|page=105}}

In March 1959, Congress passed the [[Hawaii Admission Act|Hawaiʻi Admissions Act]], which U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] signed into law.<ref>{{cite video |title=Video: Aloha Hawaii. islanders Celebrate Long-Sought Statehood, 1959/03/16 (1959) |url=https://archive.org/details/1959-03-16_Aloha_Hawaii |url-status=live |publisher=[[Universal Newsreel]] |year=1959 |access-date=February 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515045750/https://archive.org/details/1959-03-16_Aloha_Hawaii |archive-date=May 15, 2012}}</ref> The act excluded [[Palmyra Atoll]] from statehood; it had been part of the Kingdom and Territory of Hawaiʻi. On June 27, 1959, a referendum asked residents of Hawaiʻi to vote on the statehood bill; 94.3% voted in favor of statehood and 5.7% opposed it.<ref name="celebrating-50-years-of-statehood">{{cite web |url=http://archive.lingle.hawaii.gov/govgallery/news/files/2009/march/celebrating-50-years-of-statehood |title=Commemorating 50 Years of Statehood |website=archive.lingle.hawaii.gov |publisher=State of Hawaii |date=March 18, 2009 |access-date=March 21, 2014 |quote=On June 27, 1959, a plebiscite was held to allow Hawaiʻi residents to ratify the congressional vote for statehood. The 'yes for statehood' garnered 94.3 percent (132,773 votes) while the 'no' ballots totaled 5.7 percent (7,971 votes). |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321081230/http://archive.lingle.hawaii.gov/govgallery/news/files/2009/march/celebrating-50-years-of-statehood |archive-date=March 21, 2014}}</ref> The referendum asked voters to choose between accepting the Act and remaining a U.S. territory. The United Nations' [[Special Committee on Decolonization]] later removed Hawaiʻi from [[United Nations list of non-self-governing territories|its list of non-self-governing territories]].

After attaining statehood, Hawaiʻi quickly modernized through construction and a rapidly growing tourism economy. Later, state programs promoted Hawaiian culture.{{which|date=March 2015}} The [[1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention|Hawaiʻi State Constitutional Convention of 1978]] created institutions such as the [[Office of Hawaiian Affairs]] to promote indigenous language and culture.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Van Dyke |first=Jon |title=The Constitutionality of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/uhawlr7&div=9&id=&page= |url-status=live |journal=University of Hawaiʻi Law Review |volume=7 |page=63 |date=1985 |access-date=June 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921094007/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals%2Fuhawlr7&div=9&id=&page= |archive-date=September 21, 2020}}</ref>

===Legacy of annexation on Hawaiian land===
In 1897, over 21,000 Natives, representing the overwhelming majority of adult Hawaiians, signed anti-annexation petitions in one of the first examples of protest against the overthrow of Queen Liliʻuokalani's government.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Trask |first=Haunani-Kay |date=2000 |title=Native Social Capital: The Case of Hawaiian Sovereignty and Ka Lahui Hawaii |journal=Policy Sciences |volume=33 |issue=3/4 |pages=375–385 |doi=10.1023/A:1004870517612 |jstor=4532510 |s2cid=152872242 |issn=0032-2687}}</ref> Nearly 100 years later, in 1993, 17,000 Hawaiians marched to demand access and control over Hawaiian trust lands and as part of the modern Hawaiian sovereignty movement.<ref name="LaDuke 2017">{{Cite book |first=Winona |last=LaDuke |title=All our relations: native struggles for land and life |date=2017 |publisher=Haymarket Books |isbn=978-1-60846-661-0 |oclc=1099066009}}</ref> Hawaiian trust land ownership and use is still widely contested as a consequence of annexation. According to scholar Winona LaDuke, as of 2015, 95% of Hawaiʻi's land was owned or controlled by just 82 landholders, including over 50% by federal and state governments, as well as the established sugar and pineapple companies.<ref name="LaDuke 2017"/> The [[Thirty Meter Telescope]] is planned to be built on Hawaiian trust land, but has faced resistance as the project {{Clarify span|date=April 2023|text=interferes with Kanaka indigeneity.}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Casumbal-Salazar |first=Iokepa |date=2017 |title=A Fictive Kinship: Making 'Modernity,' 'Ancient Hawaiians,' and the Telescopes on Mauna Kea |journal=Native American and Indigenous Studies |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=1–30 |doi=10.5749/natiindistudj.4.2.0001 |jstor=10.5749/natiindistudj.4.2.0001 |s2cid=165414887 |issn=2332-1261}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
{{See also|Hawaii statistical areas}}
[[File:Hawaii population density 2020.png|thumb|upright=1.15|Population density map of Hawaii, 2020]]
{{US Census population
|1850 = 84165
|1860 = 69800
|1890 = 89990
|1900 = 154001
|1910 = 191909
|1920 = 255912
|1930 = 368336
|1940 = 423330
|1950 = 499794
|1960 = 632772
|1970 = 768561
|1980 = 964691
|1990 = 1108229
|2000 = 1211537
|2010 = 1360301
|2020 = 1455271
|estyear = 2025
|estimate = 1432820
|estref = <ref name="USCensusEst2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2024|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=December 26, 2024}}</ref>
|source=1778–1896<ref name="Schmitt1968">{{cite book|last=Schmitt|first=Robert C.|title=Demographic Statistics of Hawaii, 1778–1965|url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/30985/DemographicStatisticsHawaii.pdf|year=1968|publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press|location=Honolulu, Hawaii |hdl=10125/30985|oclc=760489664|pages=41, 69|access-date=November 23, 2020|archive-date=February 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220153411/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/30985/DemographicStatisticsHawaii.pdf}}</ref> 1910–2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=May 1, 2021 |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html}}</ref>
|footnote = 1778 (est.) = 300000, 1819 (est.) = 145000, 1835–1836 = 107954, 1872 = 56897, 1884 = 80578, 1896 = 109020
}}

After Europeans and [[Mainland United States|mainland Americans]] first arrived during the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]] period, the overall population of Hawaii—which until that time composed solely of Indigenous Hawaiians—fell dramatically. Many people of the Indigenous Hawaiian population died to foreign diseases, declining from an estimated 300,000 in the 1770s, to 60,000 in the 1850s, to 24,000 in 1920. Other estimates for the pre-contact population range from 150,000 to 1.5 million.<ref name="OHA"/> The population of Hawaii began to finally increase after an influx of primarily Asian settlers that arrived as migrant laborers at the end of the 19th century.<ref name="Hawaiian Encyclopedia">{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaiianencyclopedia.com/population-and-visitor-statist.asp |title=Hawaiian Encyclopedia: Population and Visitor Statistics |publisher=Hawaiianencyclopedia.com |date=July 1, 2002 |access-date=January 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214051108/http://www.hawaiianencyclopedia.com/population-and-visitor-statist.asp |archive-date=December 14, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1923, 42% of the population was of Japanese descent, 9% of Chinese descent, and 16% [[Native Hawaiian]] descent.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The States|url=https://time.com/vault/issue/1923-03-03/page/8/ |author= |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |page=8 |date=March 3, 1923 |access-date=March 1, 2021}}</ref>

Hawaii's population has been declining steadily since 2020. The increasing cost of living and needing to import supplies is cited as the top reason for relocating to the [[U.S. mainland]], followed by climate change, including more drought, wildfires, as well as rising seas. In 2010, 156,000 residents declared themselves to be solely of Native Hawaiian ancestry, just over half the estimated pre-contact population. An additional 371,000 declared themselves to possess Native Hawaiian ancestry in combination with one or more other races (including other Polynesian groups, but mostly [[Asian people|Asian]] or [[White American|White]]).

In 2018, the [[United States Census Bureau]] estimated the population of Hawaii to be 1,420,491, a decrease of 7,047 from the previous year but an increase of 60,190 (4.42%) since 2010. This includes a natural increase of 48,111 (96,028 births minus 47,917 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 16,956 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 30,068; migration within the country produced a net loss of 13,112 people.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Fiona|date=December 29, 2020|title=People leaving Hawaii doubled in 2020|url=https://www.sfgate.com/hawaii/article/hawaii-exodus-2020-people-leaving-doubles-15832708.php|access-date=December 29, 2020|website=SFGATE}}</ref>{{Update inline|reason=This paragraph was unsourced. It needs to be completely rewritten using this citation I added|date=December 2020}}

The center of population of Hawaii is located on the island of [[Oʻahu]]. Large numbers of Native Hawaiians have moved to [[Las Vegas]], which has been called the "ninth island" of Hawaii.<ref>{{cite web |title=Las Vegas: Bright Lights, Big City, Small Town |url=http://stateofthereunion.com/home/season-2-2/las-vegas-nv |publisher=State of the Reunion |access-date=July 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602145540/http://stateofthereunion.com/home/season-2-2/las-vegas-nv |archive-date=June 2, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hawaii's ninth island offers everything we need |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2010/Apr/11/tr/hawaii4110346.html |url-status=live |newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser |access-date=July 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110090555/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2010/Apr/11/tr/hawaii4110346.html |archive-date=January 10, 2014}}</ref>

Hawaii has a ''de facto'' population of over 1.4 million, due in part to a large number of military personnel and tourist residents. [[Oʻahu]] is the most populous island, and has the highest population density with a resident population of just under one million in {{convert|597|sqmi|km2|0}}, approximately 1,650 people per square mile.{{efn|For comparison, [[New Jersey]]—which has 8,717,925 people in {{convert|7417|sqmi|km2|0}}—is the most-densely populated state in [[United States|the Union]] with 1,134 people per square mile.}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Latest Population Estimate Data|url=https://census.hawaii.gov/home/population-estimate/|access-date=May 19, 2021|website=census.hawaii.gov}}</ref> Hawaii's 1.4 million residents, spread across {{convert|6000|mi2|-2}} of land, result in an average population density of 188.6 persons per square mile.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/15000.html |title=Hawaii Quickfacts |publisher=Quickfacts.census.gov |access-date=November 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028063456/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/15000.html |archive-date=October 28, 2011}}</ref> The state has a lower population density than [[Ohio]] and [[Illinois]].<ref name="USCB density">{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-dens-text.php#AREA_HI |title=Resident Population Data—2010 Census |website=2010 Census |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] |location=Washington, DC |access-date=May 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028061117/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-dens-text.php |archive-date=October 28, 2011}}</ref>

The average projected lifespan of people born in Hawaii in 2000 is 79.8 years; 77.1 years if male, 82.5 if female—longer than the average lifespan of any other U.S. state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/projections/MethTab2.xls|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100615135706/http://www.census.gov/population/projections/MethTab2.xls|archive-date=June 15, 2010|title=Average life expectancy at birth by state|access-date=November 5, 2011}}</ref> {{As of|2011}} the U.S. military reported it had 42,371 personnel on the islands.<ref name=Hawaii_mil>{{cite web|title=Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country (309A)|url=http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1109.pdf|website=Department of Defense|access-date=October 21, 2013|date=September 30, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019001235/http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1109.pdf|archive-date=October 19, 2012}}</ref>

According to [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development|HUD]]'s 2022 [[Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress|Annual Homeless Assessment Report]], there were an estimated 5,967 [[Homelessness|homeless]] people in Hawaii.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2007–2022 PIT Counts by State |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf|title=The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress}}</ref>

In 2018, the top countries of origin for immigrants in Hawaii were the [[Philippines]], [[China]], [[Japan]], [[Korea]], and the [[Marshall Islands]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_hawaii.pdf|title=Immigrants in Hawaii}}</ref>

===Ancestry===
{{further|Native Hawaiians|White Americans in Hawaii|Filipinos in Hawaii|Japanese in Hawaii}}
[[File:Early Japanese immigrants to Hawaii.jpg|thumb|[[Japanese people|Japanese]] immigration to Hawaii was largely fueled by the high demand for plantation labor in Hawaii post-annexation.]]

According to the 2020 United States Census, Hawaii had a population of 1,455,271. The state's population identified as 37.2% [[Asian Americans|Asian]]; 25.3% [[Multiracial Americans|Multiracial]]; 22.9% [[White Americans|White]]; 10.8% [[Native Hawaiians]] and [[Pacific Islander Americans|other Pacific Islanders]]; 9.5% [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic and Latinos]] of any race; 1.6% [[African Americans|Black or African American]]; 1.8% from some other race; and 0.3% [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American and Alaskan Native]].<ref name="U.S. Census Bureau">{{cite web|url=https://data.indystar.com/census/total-population/total-population-change/hawaii/040-15/|title=How many people live in Hawaii|author=U.S. Census Bureau|work=Indianapolis Star}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''Hawaii – Racial and ethnic composition''' {{nobold|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}}
!Race / Ethnicity (''NH = Non-Hispanic'')
!Pop 2000<ref name=2000CensusP004>{{Cite web|title=P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Hawaii |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALSF12000.P004?q=P004:+HISPANIC+OR+LATINO,+AND+NOT+HISPANIC+OR+LATINO+BY+RACE+[73]&g=040XX00US15|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date= }}</ref>
!Pop 2010<ref name=2010CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Hawaii |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2010.P2?q=p2&g=040XX00US15|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
!{{partial|Pop 2020}}<ref name=2020CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Hawaii |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020.P2?q=p2&g=040XX00US15|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
!% 2000
!% 2010
!{{partial|% 2020}}
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White]] alone (NH)
|277,091
|309,343
|style='background: #ffffe6; |314,365
|22.87%
|22.74%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |21.60%
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans|Black or African American]] alone (NH)
|20,829
|19,904
|style='background: #ffffe6; |21,877
|1.72%
|1.46%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |1.50%
|-
|[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] or [[Alaska Native]] alone (NH)
|2,539
|2,823
|style='background: #ffffe6; |2,321
|0.21%
|0.21%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.16%
|-
|[[Asian Americans|Asian]] alone (NH)
|494,149
|513,294
|style='background: #ffffe6; |531,558
|40.79%
|37.73%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |36.53%
|-
|[[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] alone (NH)
|108,441
|128,222
|style='background: #ffffe6; |149,054
|8.95%
|9.43%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |10.24%
|-
|[[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|Other race]] alone (NH)
|2,089
|1,888
|style='background: #ffffe6; |5,283
|0.17%
|0.14%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.36%
|-
|[[Multiracial Americans|Mixed race or Multiracial]] (NH)
|218,700
|263,985
|style='background: #ffffe6; |291,890
|18.05%
|19.41%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |20.06%
|-
|[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (any race)
|87,699
|120,842
|style='background: #ffffe6; |138,923
|7.24%
|8.88%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |9.55%
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''1,211,537'''
|'''1,360,301'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''1,455,271'''
|'''100.00%'''
|'''100.00%'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''100.00%'''
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
|+ Hawaii racial breakdown of population
|-
! Racial composition !! 1970<ref name="census" />
!1980<ref name="census" />!! 1990<ref name="census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States |author=Population Division, Laura K. Yax |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |archive-date=July 25, 2008}}</ref>!! 2000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusviewer.com/city/HI |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140107203104/http://censusviewer.com/city/HI |archive-date=January 7, 2014 |url-status=usurped |title=Population of Hawaii: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts}}</ref>!! 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html|title=2010 Census Data|author=Center for New Media and Promotions(C2PO)|access-date=December 9, 2017|archive-date=May 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522200920/https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html|url-status=live}}</ref>!! 2020<ref name="U.S. Census Bureau"/>
|-
|[[White American|White]] || 38.8%
|33.0%|| 33.4% || 24.3% || 24.7%|| 22.9%
|-
| [[Asian American|Asian]] || rowspan=2|57.7%
| rowspan="2" |60.5%|| rowspan="2" |61.8% || 41.6% || 38.6% || 37.2%
|-
| [[Native Hawaiian]] and [[Pacific Islander|other Pacific Islander]] || 9.4% || 10.0% || 10.8%
|-
| [[African American|Black]] || 1.0%
|1.8%|| 2.5% || 1.8% || 1.6% || 1.6%
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American and Alaskan Native]] || 0.1%
|0.3%|| 0.5% || 0.3% || 0.3% || 0.3%
|-
| [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Other race]] || 2.4%
|4.4%|| 1.9% || 1.2% || 1.2% || 1.8%
|-
| [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]] || –
| –|| – || 21.4% || 23.6% || 25.3%
|}

Hawaii has the highest percentage of Asian Americans and multiracial Americans and the lowest percentage of White Americans of any state. It is the only state where people who identify as Asian Americans are the largest ethnic group. In 2012, 14.5% of the resident population under age 1 was non-Hispanic white.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html|title=Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot|last=Exner|first=Rich|date=June 3, 2012|work=[[The Plain Dealer]]|access-date=November 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714084214/http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html|archive-date=July 14, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Hawaii's Asian population consists mainly of 198,000 (14.6%) Filipino Americans, 185,000 (13.6%) Japanese Americans, roughly 55,000 (4.0%) Chinese Americans, and 24,000 (1.8%) [[Korean American]]s.<ref name="US Census Bureau" />

Over 120,000 (8.8%) Hispanic and Latino Americans live in Hawaii. Mexican Americans number over 35,000 (2.6%); Puerto Ricans exceed 44,000 (3.2%). Multiracial Americans constitute almost 25% of Hawaii's population, exceeding 320,000 people. Hawaii is the only state to have a tri-racial group as its largest multiracial group, one that includes white, Asian and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (22% of all multiracial population).<ref>{{cite web|title=Hawaii is home to the nation's largest share of multiracial Americans|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/06/17/hawaii-is-home-to-the-nations-largest-share-of-multiracial-americans/|access-date=December 14, 2020|website=Pew Research Center|date=June 17, 2015}}</ref> The non-Hispanic White population numbers around 310,000—just over 20% of the population. The multi-racial population outnumbers the non-Hispanic white population by about 10,000 people.<ref name="US Census Bureau" /> In 1970, the Census Bureau reported Hawaii's population was 38.8% white and 57.7% Asian and Pacific Islander.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hawaii—Race and Hispanic Origin: 1900 to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |archive-date=July 25, 2008}}</ref>

There are more than 80,000 Indigenous Hawaiians—5.9% of the population.<ref name="US Census Bureau">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190521214830/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table |archive-date=May 21, 2019 |title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data |publisher=[[US Census Bureau]] |access-date=May 22, 2012}}</ref> Including those with partial ancestry, Samoan Americans constitute 2.8% of Hawaii's population, and Tongan Americans constitute 0.6%.<ref name="American FactFinder">{{cite web|title=Race Reporting for the Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Population by Selected Categories: 2010|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP9&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150328060334/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP9&prodType=table|archive-date=March 28, 2015|publisher=[[US Census Bureau]]|access-date=April 29, 2013}}</ref>

The five largest European ancestries in Hawaii are German (7.4%), Irish (5.2%), English (4.6%), Portuguese (4.3%) and Italian (2.7%). About 82.2% of the state's residents were born in the United States. Roughly 75% of foreign-born residents originate from Asia. Hawaii is a [[Majority minority in the United States|majority-minority state]]. It was expected to be one of three states that would not have a non-Hispanic white plurality in 2014; the other two are California and [[New Mexico]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-population-california-idUSBRE91006920130201 |title=California's Hispanic population projected to outnumber white in 2014 |publisher=Reuters |date=January 31, 2013 |access-date=July 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017075415/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/01/us-usa-population-california-idUSBRE91006920130201 |archive-date=October 17, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Ethnicity_in_Hawaii_(2020).jpg|thumb|Map of counties in Hawaii by racial and ethnic plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census]]
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+'''Population of Hawaii''' (2008)<ref name="factfinder.census.gov">{{cite web|author=American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_DP5&-ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&-tree_id=308&-redoLog=true&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US15&-format=&-_lang=en |title=Hawaii—ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2008 |publisher=Factfinder.census.gov |access-date=May 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200211181857/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_DP5&-ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&-tree_id=308&-redoLog=true&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US15&-format=&-_lang=en |archive-date=February 11, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US15&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_DP2&-context=adp&-ds_name=&-tree_id=308&-_lang=en&-redoLog=true&-format=|title=Hawaii|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202062818/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US15&-qr_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_DP2&-context=adp&-ds_name=&-tree_id=308&-_lang=en&-redoLog=true&-format=|archive-date=December 2, 2010}}</ref>
|- style="background:#efefef;"
!Ancestry||Percentage||Main article
|-
|[[Filipinos|Filipino]]
!13.6%
|''See [[Filipinos in Hawaii]]''
|-
| Japanese
!12.6%
|''See [[Japanese in Hawaii]]''
|-
|[[Polynesia]]n
!9.0%
|''See [[Native Hawaiians]]''
|-
|[[Germans]]
!7.4%
|''See [[German American]]''
|-
|Irish
!5.2%
|''See [[Irish Americans|Irish American]]''
|-
|English
!4.6%
|''See [[English American]]''
|-
|[[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]
!4.3%
|''See [[Portuguese immigration to Hawaii|Portuguese in Hawaii]]''
|-
|Chinese
!4.1%
|''See [[Chinese in Hawaii]]''
|-
|Korean
!3.1%
|''See [[Korean American]]''
|-
|Mexican
!2.9%
|''See [[Mexican American]]''
|-
|[[Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]]
!2.8%
|''See [[Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii|Puerto Ricans in Hawaii]]''
|-
|Italian
!2.7%
|''See Italian American''
|-
|[[African Americans|African]]
!2.4%
|''See African American''
|-
|French
!1.7%
|''See [[French American]]''
|-
|[[Samoans|Samoan]]
!1.3%
|''See [[Samoans in Hawaii]]''
|-
|[[Scottish people|Scottish]]
!1.2%
|''See [[Scottish American]]''
|}

The third group of foreigners to arrive in Hawaii were from China. Chinese workers on Western trading ships settled in Hawaii starting in 1789. In 1820, the first American missionaries arrived to preach Christianity and teach the Hawaiians Western ways.<ref name="Charles Williams">{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Charles |title=The Missionary Gazetteer: Comprising a Geographical and Statistical Account of the Various Stations of the Church, London, Moravian, Wesleyan, Baptist, and American, Missionary Societies Etc., With Their Progress in Evangelization and Civilization |others=B B Edwards |url={{google books |plainurl=y|id=V6YNAAAAQAAJ|page=42}} |access-date=May 3, 2012 |edition=America |series=CIHM/ICMH microfiche series, no. 35042 (also ATLA monograph preservation program; ATLA fiche 1988–3226) |year=1832 |orig-date=1828 |publisher=W. Hyde & Co |location=Boston, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-665-35042-9 |id={{OCLC|657191416|718098082|719990067|680518873}} |page=424}}</ref> {{As of|2015}}, a large proportion of Hawaii's population have Asian ancestry—especially Filipino, Japanese and Chinese. Many are descendants of immigrants brought to work on the sugarcane plantations in the mid-to-late 19th century. The first 153 Japanese immigrants arrived in Hawaii on June 19, 1868. They were not approved by the then-current Japanese government because the contract was between a broker and the [[Tokugawa shogunate]]—by then replaced by the [[Meiji Restoration]]. The first Japanese current-government-approved immigrants arrived on February 9, 1885, after Kalākaua's petition to [[Emperor Meiji]] when Kalākaua visited Japan in 1881.<ref name="Goto">{{cite web |url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/05/10/000016406_20070510133229/Rendered/PDF/wps4203.pdf |title=Latin Americans of Japanese Origin (''Nikkeijin'') Working in Japan—A Survey |first=Junichi |last=Goto |date=April 2007 |website=Documents & Reports—All Documents | The World Bank |publisher=World Bank |location=Washington, DC |pages=5, 48 |access-date=May 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611133213/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/05/10/000016406_20070510133229/Rendered/PDF/wps4203.pdf |archive-date=June 11, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Wao+Lani">{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaiialive.org/realms.php?sub=Wao+Lani&treasure=369&offset=0 |title=+ Hawaii Alive &#vert; Realms: Wao Lani + |website=Hawaii Alive |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |publisher=[[Bishop Museum]] |access-date=May 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426110326/http://www.hawaiialive.org/realms.php?sub=Wao+Lani&treasure=369&offset=0 |archive-date=April 26, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Almost 13,000 Portuguese migrants had arrived by 1899; they also worked on the sugarcane plantations.<ref name="Hoffman">{{cite journal |last=Hoffman |first=Frederic L. |date=September 1899 |title=The Portuguese Population in the United States |journal=Publications of the American Statistical Association |volume=6 |issue=47 |pages=327–336 |oclc=11137237 |jstor=2276463 |s2cid=128107627 |doi=10.2307/2276463}}{{Subscription required}} See pages 332–333.</ref> By 1901, more than 5,000 Puerto Ricans were living in Hawaii.<ref name="López">{{cite encyclopedia |last=López |first=Iris |editor=Ruiz, Vicki L. |editor2=Korrol, Virginia Sánchez |encyclopedia=Latinas in the United States: A Historical Encyclopedia |title=Puerto Ricans in Hawaii |series=Gale Virtual Reference Library |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=_62IjQ-XQScC |page=591}} |access-date=May 3, 2012 |date=May 3, 2006 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |volume=2 |location=Bloomington, IN |id={{OCLC|74671044|748855661|756540171}} |isbn=978-0-253-34680-3 |pages=591–95}}</ref>

===Languages===
[[File:Portuguese immigrant family in Hawaii during the 19th century.jpg|thumb|Many [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] immigrants were [[Azores|Azorean]] or [[Madeira]]n. They brought with them [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]] and Portuguese language and cuisine.]]

English and [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] are listed as Hawaii's official languages in the state's 1978 constitution, in Article XV, Section 4.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution of the State of Hawaii|url=http://lrbhawaii.org/con/constitution/CONST%200015-0004.html|access-date=February 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126122307/http://lrbhawaii.org/con/constitution/CONST%200015-0004.html|archive-date=January 26, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the use of Hawaiian is limited because the constitution specifies that "Hawaiian shall be required for public acts and transactions only as provided by law". [[Hawaiian Pidgin|Hawaiʻi Creole English]], locally referred to as "Pidgin", is the native language of many native residents and is a second language for many others.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Bu Kerry Chan Laddaran, Special to|title=Pidgin English is now an official language of Hawaii|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/11/12/living/pidgin-english-hawaii/index.html|access-date=February 17, 2021|website=CNN|date=November 12, 2015}}</ref>

The 2000 Census found that 73.4% of Hawaii residents age 5 and older exclusively spoke English at home.<ref name=mla>{{cite web |url=http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=15&mode=state_tops |title=Language Map Data Center |publisher=Mla.org |date=July 17, 2007 |access-date=November 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831190300/http://www.mla.org/map_data_results%26state_id%3D15%26mode%3Dstate_tops |archive-date=August 31, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the 2008 American Community Survey, 74.6% of Hawaii's residents older than 5 spoke only English at home.<ref name="factfinder.census.gov" /> In their homes, 21.0% of state residents speak an additional [[Languages of Asia|Asian language]], 2.6% speak Spanish, 1.6% speak other [[Indo-European language]]s and 0.2% speak another language.<ref name="factfinder.census.gov" />

After English, other languages popularly spoken in the state are [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]], and Japanese.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/census/acs/Report/Detailed_Language_March2016.pdf |title=DETAILED LANGUAGES SPOKEN AT HOME IN THE STATE OF HAWAII |publisher=Hawaii State Data Center |date=March 2016 |page=iii |access-date=June 12, 2023}}</ref> 5.4% of residents speak Tagalog, which includes non-native speakers of [[Filipino language|Filipino]], a Tagalog-based national and co-official language of the Philippines; 5.0% speak Japanese and 4.0% speak Ilocano; 1.2% speak Chinese, 1.7% speak Hawaiian; 1.7% speak Spanish; 1.6% speak [[Korean language|Korean]]; and 1.0% speak [[Samoan language|Samoan]].<ref name=mla />

====Hawaiian====
{{main|Hawaiian language}}

The Hawaiian language has about 2,000 native speakers, about 0.15% of the total population.<ref name=Lyovin /> According to the [[United States Census]], there were more than 24,000 total speakers of the language in Hawaii in 2006–2008.<ref name="Census Bureau Hawaiian Speaker estimate">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/other/detailed-lang-tables.xls |title=Table 1. Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over for the United States: 2006–2008 |date=April 2010 |website=American Community Survey Data on Language Use |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] |location=Washington, DC |access-date=May 7, 2012 |format=MS-Excel Spreadsheet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922225023/https://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/other/detailed-lang-tables.xls |archive-date=September 22, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Hawaiian is a Polynesian member of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language family]].<ref name=Lyovin>{{Cite book | last = Lyovin | first = Anatole V. | title = An Introduction to the Languages of the World | location = New York | publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc | year = 1997 | isbn = 978-0-19-508116-9|pages=257–58}}</ref> It is closely related to other [[Polynesian languages]], such as [[Marquesan language|Marquesan]], [[Tahitian language|Tahitian]], [[Māori language|Māori]], [[Rapa Nui language|Rapa Nui]] (the language of [[Easter Island]]), and less closely to [[Samoan language|Samoan]] and [[Tongan language|Tongan]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Schütz |first=Albert J. |title=The voices of Eden: a history of Hawaiian language studies |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |date=1994 |isbn=0-585-28415-6 |oclc=45733324}}</ref>

According to Schütz, the Marquesans colonized the archipelago in roughly 300 CE<ref>{{cite book |last=Schütz |first=Albert J. |title=The Voices of Eden: A History of Hawaiian Language Studies |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |year=1994 |pages=334–36; 338 ''20n'' |isbn=978-0-8248-1637-7}}</ref> and were later followed by waves of seafarers from the [[Society Islands]], [[Samoa]] and [[Tonga]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/hawaiian-language-history-phrases.html |title=Hawaiian Language: History & Phrases |access-date=May 19, 2021 |website=study.com}}</ref> These Polynesians remained in the islands; they eventually became the Hawaiian people and [[Hawaiian language#Family and origin|their languages]] evolved into the Hawaiian language.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Elbert |first1=Samuel H. |author1-link=Samuel Hoyt Elbert |first2=Mary Kawena |last2=Pukui |author2-link=Mary Kawena Pukui |title=Hawaiian Grammar |publisher=The University Press of Hawaii |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |year=1979 |pages=35–36 |isbn=0-8248-0494-5}}</ref> Kimura and Wilson say: "[l]inguists agree that Hawaiian is closely related to Eastern Polynesian, with a particularly strong link in the Southern Marquesas, and a secondary link in Tahiti, which may be explained by voyaging between the Hawaiian and Society Islands".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kimura |first1=Larry |last2=Pila |first2=Wilson |chapter=Native Hawaiian Culture |title=Native Hawaiian Study Commission Minority Report |publisher=[[United States Department of Interior]] |location=Washington, D.C. |year=1983 |pages=173–203 [185]}}</ref>

Before the arrival of Captain James Cook, the Hawaiian language had no written form. That form was developed mainly by American Protestant missionaries between 1820 and 1826 who assigned to the Hawaiian phonemes letters from the Latin alphabet. Interest in Hawaiian increased significantly in the late 20th century. With the help of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, specially designated immersion schools in which all subjects would be taught in Hawaiian were established. The [[University of Hawaiʻi]] developed a Hawaiian-language graduate studies program. Municipal codes were altered to favor Hawaiian place and street names for new civic developments.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.honolulumagazine.com/how-honolulu-gets-its-street-names-and-neighborhood-themes/ |title=How Honolulu Gets Its Street Names and Neighborhood Themes |magazine=[[Honolulu (magazine)|Honolulu]] |date=September 4, 2018 |access-date=June 26, 2022}}</ref>

Hawaiian distinguishes between [[Vowel length|long and short vowel sounds]]. In modern practice, vowel length is indicated with a [[Macron (diacritic)|macron]] (''[[Hawaiian language#Orthography|kahakō]]''). Hawaiian-language newspapers (''nūpepa'') published from 1834 to 1948 and traditional native speakers of Hawaiian generally omit the marks in their own writing. The ʻokina and kahakō are intended to capture the proper pronunciation of Hawaiian words.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.hawaii.edu/~strauch/tips/HawaiianOrthography.html |title=Using Correct Hawaiian Orthography |date=August 15, 2012 |access-date=June 26, 2022}}</ref> The Hawaiian language uses the [[glottal stop]] (''[[ʻOkina]]'') as a consonant. It is written as a symbol similar to the apostrophe or left-hanging (opening) single quotation mark.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iolanipalace.org/information/hawaiian-language/ |title=Use of the Written Hawaiian Language |publisher=Iolani Palace |access-date=June 26, 2022}}</ref>

The keyboard layout used for Hawaiian is [[QWERTY]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/dev/keyboards/layouts/haw.html|title=Layouts: Hawaiian (haw)|website=unicode.org|access-date=January 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525013041/http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/dev/keyboards/layouts/haw.html|archive-date=May 25, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Hawaiian Pidgin====
{{main|Hawaiian Pidgin}}

[[File:Hermann A. Widemann and family, ca. 1850s.jpg|thumb|Mixed Hawaiian/European-American family in Honolulu, 1850s]]'''Hawaiian Pidgin''', officially known as [[Hawaiian Pidgin|Hawaiʻi Creole English]] (HCE), is a creole language that emerged in [[Hawaii (island)|Hawaiʻi]] during the 19th century as a means of communication among diverse groups working on sugarcane plantations.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Hawaiian Pidgin History |url=https://www.dapidgin.com/history/ |access-date=March 29, 2025 |website=www.dapidgin.com}}</ref> Its lexicon is primarily derived from [[English language|English]], with significant contributions from [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]], and [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]].

The development of Hawaiian Pidgin began with [[Pidgin Hawaiian]], an earlier pidgin that formed in the 1790s during initial contact between [[Native Hawaiians]] and foreigners. As plantation laborers from various countries arrived, a new pidgin based on English evolved to facilitate communication among workers and supervisors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APiCS Online - Survey chapter: Pidgin Hawaiian |url=https://apics-online.info/surveys/71 |access-date=March 29, 2025 |website=apics-online.info}}</ref>

By the early 20th century, children of these plantation workers began acquiring '''Hawaiian Pidgin''' as their first language, leading to its creolization. This transition marked the emergence of HCE as a fully developed creole language.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hawaiʻi Creole English |url=https://www.hawaii.edu/satocenter/langnet/definitions/hce.html |access-date=May 19, 2021 |website=www.hawaii.edu}}</ref><ref name=":7" />

HCE incorporates Hawaiian words, especially in place names and terms for local flora and fauna. For instance, the Hawaiian term for tuna, "ahi," is commonly used in HCE. Additionally, certain English words have adapted meanings; "aunty" and "uncle" are used to address any respected elder, regardless of familial relation.<ref name=":8">{{cite web |last=Sood |first=Suemedha |date=April 20, 2012 |title=Surfer lingo, explained |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20120418-travelwise-surfer-lingo-explained |access-date=December 9, 2020 |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 18, 2024 |title=Know Before You Go: Pidgin and Hawaiian Language Slang |url=https://www.suite-paradise.com/blog/local-scoop/common-hawaiian-and-pidgin-slang |access-date=March 29, 2025 |website=Suite Paradise |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pidgin English in Hawaii | Hawaii Life Vacations |url=https://vacations.hawaiilife.com/blog/hawaii/eh-brah-hawaiian-pidgin-english |access-date=March 29, 2025 |website=vacations.hawaiilife.com}}</ref>

Some expressions from HCE have permeated other communities, particularly through surfing culture. Terms like "brah" (brother) and "da kine" (a versatile placeholder term) have gained recognition beyond Hawaiʻi.<ref name=":8" />

In 2015, the [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] recognized Hawaiian Pidgin as an official language in Hawaiʻi, reflecting its widespread use among residents. Despite this recognition, debates continue about its role in education and its impact on learning [[Standard English]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hawaiʻi Kriol: Toward a writing system for Hawaiʻi Creole |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/25a8f799-25da-4f99-985e-3e7ec71118cf/content |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709083050/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/25a8f799-25da-4f99-985e-3e7ec71118cf/content |archive-date=July 9, 2024 |access-date=March 29, 2025 |website=scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Hawaiʻi Sign Language====
[[Hawaiʻi Sign Language]], a [[sign language]] for the Deaf based on the Hawaiian language, has been in use in the islands since the early 1800s. It is dwindling in numbers due to [[American Sign Language]] supplanting HSL through schooling and various other domains.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chin |first=Corinne |title=The fight to save Hawaii Sign Language from extinction |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/08/americas/hawaii-sign-language-extinction-as-equals-intl-cmd/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=April 23, 2022}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{main|Hawaiian religion}}

{{see also|Kapu (Hawaiian culture)|List of figures in the Hawaiian religion|List of missionaries to Hawaii}}
[[File:Perspective view of northwest elevation - Makiki Christian Church, 829 Pensacola Street, Honolulu, Honolulu County, HI HABS HI-533-1 (cropped).tif|thumb|alt=The façade of a Christian church in downtown Honolulu.|The style of architecture for the Makiki Christian Church in Honolulu heavily draws upon [[Japanese architecture]].]]

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religious self-identification, per [[Public Religion Research Institute]]'s 2022 ''American Values Survey''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=February 24, 2023 |title=PRRI – American Values Atlas: Religious Tradition in Hawaii|url=https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2022/States/religion/m/US-HI|access-date=April 3, 2023 |website=[[Public Religion Research Institute]]}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Protestantism]]
| value1 = 42
| color1 = Blue
| label2 = [[Catholicism]]
| value2 = 13
| color2 = Purple
| label3 = [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Hawaii|Mormonism]]
| value3 = 1
| color3 = DeepSkyBlue
| label4 = [[Irreligion in the United States|Unaffiliated]]
| value4 = 37
| color4 = White
| label5 = [[Buddhism]]
| value5 = 4
| color5 = Gold
| label6 = Other
| value6 = 3
| color6 = Black
}}

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion in Hawaii (2014)<ref name="pew2014" />
| label1 = [[Protestantism]]
| value1 = 38
| color1 = DodgerBlue
| label2 = [[Catholicism]]
| value2 = 20
| color2 = #d4213d
| label3 = [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Hawaii|Mormonism]]
| value3 = 3
| color3 = DeepSkyBlue
| label4 = [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]
| value4 = 1
| color4 = Aquamarine
| label5 = Other Christian
| value5 = 1
| color5 = Pink
| label6 = [[Irreligious|No religion]]
| value6 = 26
| color6 = Honeydew
| label7 = [[Buddhism]]
| value7 = 8
| color7 = Gold
| label8 = Other religion
| value8 = 2
| color8 = Chartreuse
| label9 = Don't know
| value9 = 1
| color9 = Black
}}
Hawaii is among the most religiously diverse states in the U.S., with one in ten residents practicing a non-Christian faith.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|title=Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics|url=https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/|access-date=July 19, 2021|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|language=en-US}}</ref> Roughly one-quarter to half the population identify as unaffiliated and nonreligious, making Hawaii one of the most secular states as well.

Christianity remains the majority religion, represented mainly by various [[Protestants|Protestant]] groups and [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]]. The second-largest religion is [[Buddhism]], which comprises a larger proportion of the population than in any other state; it is concentrated in the Japanese community. Native Hawaiians continue to engage in traditional religious and spiritual practices today, often adhering to Christian and traditional beliefs at the same time.<ref name="LaDuke 1999" /><ref name="FLEXNER 2016 307–331" /><ref name="People of the seventh fire" /><ref name="nps.gov" />

The [[Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew (Honolulu)|Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew]] in Honolulu was formally the seat of the [[Church of Hawaii|Hawaiian Reformed Catholic Church]], a province of the [[Anglican Communion]] that had been the state church of the Kingdom of Hawaii; it subsequently merged into the [[Episcopal Church (USA)|Episcopal Church]] in the 1890s following the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii, becoming the seat of the [[Episcopal Diocese of Hawaii]]. The [[Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace]] and the [[Co-Cathedral of Saint Theresa of the Child Jesus (Honolulu, Hawaii)|Co-Cathedral of Saint Theresa of the Child Jesus]] serve as seats of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu|Diocese of Honolulu]]. The Eastern Orthodox community is centered around the [[Saints Constantine and Helen Greek Orthodox Cathedral of the Pacific (Honolulu)|Saints Constantine and Helen Greek Orthodox Cathedral of the Pacific]].

The largest religious denominations by membership were the Catholic Church with 249,619 adherents in 2010;<ref name="www.thearda.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/15/rcms2010_15_state_adh_2010.asp |title=The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report |publisher=www.thearda.com |access-date=November 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112160810/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/15/rcms2010_15_state_adh_2010.asp |archive-date=November 12, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Hawaii|Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] with 68,128 adherents in 2009;<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/state/hawaii |title=Facts and Statistics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523085659/https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/state/hawaii |archive-date=May 23, 2020 |work=[[Church News]] |date=2020 |access-date=March 30, 2020}}</ref> the [[United Church of Christ]] with 115 congregations and 20,000 members; and the [[Southern Baptist Convention]] with 108 congregations and 18,000 members.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Association of Religion Data Archives—Maps & Reports |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/15/rcms2010_15_state_name_2010.asp |url-status=live |access-date=April 20, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421163629/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/15/rcms2010_15_state_name_2010.asp |archive-date=April 21, 2014}}</ref> [[Nondenominational church]]es collectively have 128 congregations and 32,000 members.

According to data provided by religious establishments, religion in Hawaii in 2000 was distributed as follows:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/economic/databook/db2000 |title=State of Hawaii Data Book 2000, Section 1 Population, Table 1.47 |publisher=Hawaii.gov |access-date=November 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020193420/http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/info/economic/databook/db2000 |archive-date=October 20, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2002/Sep/21/il/il11afaith.html |title=Survey shows partial picture |newspaper=The Honolulu Advertiser |date=September 21, 2002 |access-date=November 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009103414/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2002/Sep/21/il/il11afaith.html |archive-date=October 9, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*Christianity: 351,000 (29%)
*Buddhism: 110,000 (9%)
*Judaism: 10,000 (1%)<ref>{{cite web|author=Bernard Katz|title=The Jewish Community of Maui, Hawaii|website=Museum of the Jewish People – Beit Hatfutsot|url=https://www.bh.org.il/jewish-community-maui-hawaii/|access-date=March 14, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101095528/https://www.bh.org.il/jewish-community-maui-hawaii/|archive-date=January 1, 2018}}</ref>
*Other: 100,000 (10%)
*Unaffiliated: 650,000 (51%)
{{div col end}}

{{notelist-ua}}

However, a [[Pew Research Center|Pew]] poll found that the religious composition was as follows:

{| class="wikitable sortable" font-size:80%;
|+ style="font-size:100%" | Religious affiliation in Hawaii (2014)<ref name="pew2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/hawaii/|title=Adults in Hawaii|work=Religious Landscape Study|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=October 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707121053/https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/hawaii/|archive-date=July 7, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! Affiliation
! colspan="2"|% of Hawaiʻi's population
|-
| Christian
|align=right| {{bartable|63||2||background:darkblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Protestant]]
|align=right| {{bartable|38||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;"| [[Evangelical Protestant]]
|align=right| {{bartable|25||2||background:lightblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;"| [[Mainline Protestant]]
|align=right| {{bartable|11||2||background:lightblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;"| [[Black church]]
|align=right| {{bartable|2||2||background:lightblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Catholic]]
|align=right| {{bartable|20||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Hawaii|Mormon]]
|align=right| {{bartable|3||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]
|align=right| {{bartable|1||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Eastern Orthodox]]
|align=right| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| Other Christian
|align=right| {{bartable|1||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| [[Irreligion|Unaffiliated]]
|align=right| {{bartable|26||2||background:purple}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| Nothing in particular
|align=right| {{bartable|20||2||background:#A020F0}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| Agnostic
|align=right| {{bartable|5||2||background:#A020F0}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Atheism|Atheist]]
|align=right| {{bartable|2||2||background:#A020F0}}
|-
| Non-Christian faiths
|align=right| {{bartable|10||2||background:darkgreen}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| Jewish
|align=right| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:lightgreen}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Muslim]]
|align=right| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:lightgreen}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Buddhist]]
|align=right| {{bartable|8||2||background:lightgreen}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[Hindu]]
|align=right| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:lightgreen}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| Other Non-Christian faiths
|align=right| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:lightgreen}}
|-
| Don't know
|align=right| {{bartable|1||2||background:#A020F0}}
|-
| '''Total''' || {{bartable|100||2||background:grey}}
|}

=== Birth data ===
''Note: Births in this table do not add up, because Hispanic peoples are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"
|+ Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother
|-
! [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Race]]
! 2013<ref>{{cite web|title=National Vital Statistics Reports Births: Final Data for 2013|volume=64|issue=1|date=January 15, 2015|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf|access-date=April 18, 2018|institution=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911162514/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf|archive-date=September 11, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
! 2014<ref>{{cite web |title=National Vital Statistics Reports Births: Final Data for 2014 |volume=64 |issue=12 |date=December 23, 2015 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf |access-date=April 18, 2018 |institution=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214040341/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf |archive-date=February 14, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
! 2015<ref>{{cite web|title=National Vital Statistics Reports Births: Final Data for 2015|volume=66|issue=1|date=January 5, 2017|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf|access-date=April 18, 2018|institution=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831155911/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf|archive-date=August 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
! 2016<ref>{{cite web |title=Births: Final Data for 2016 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf |website=www.cdc.gov |publisher=NVSS |access-date=May 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603002249/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf |archive-date=June 3, 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
! 2017<ref>{{cite web |title=Births: Final Data for 2017 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf |website=www.cdc.gov |publisher=NVSS |access-date=February 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201210916/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf |archive-date=February 1, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
! 2018<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=December 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128161211/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf |archive-date=November 28, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
! 2019<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=March 29, 2021}}</ref>
! 2020<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-17.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=February 20, 2022}}</ref>
! 2021<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr72/nvsr72-01.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=February 2, 2022}}</ref>
! 2022<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr73/nvsr73-02.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=April 4, 2024}}</ref>
! 2023<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr74/nvsr74-1.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=April 11, 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[Asian Americans|Asian]]
| 12,203 (64.3%)
| 11,535 (62.2%)
| 11,443 (62.1%)
| 4,616 (25.6%)
| 4,653 (26.6%)
| 4,366 (25.7%)
| 4,330 (25.8%)
| 3,940 (25.0%)
| 3,851 (24.6%)
| 3,854 (24.8%)
| 3,524 (23.8%)
|-
| [[Non-Hispanic whites|White]]
| 4,940 (26.0%)
| 4,881 (26.3%)
| 4,803 (26.1%)
| 3,649 (20.2%)
| 3,407 (19.4%)
| 3,288 (19.4%)
| 3,223 (19.2%)
| 3,060 (19.4%)
| 3,018 (19.3%)
| 2,896 (18.6%)
| 2,806 (18.9%)
|-
| [[Pacific Islands Americans|Pacific Islander]]
| ...
| ...
| ...
| 1,747 (9.7%)
| 1,684 (9.6%)
| 1,706 (10.1%)
| 1,695 (10.1%)
| 1,577 (10.0%)
| 1,371 (8.8%)
| 1,486 (9.6%)
| 1,396 (9.4%)
|-
| [[African Americans|Black]]
| 671 (3.5%)
| 617 (3.3%)
| 620 (3.3%)
| 463 (2.6%)
| 406 (2.3%)
| 424 (2.5%)
| 429 (2.6%)
| 383 (2.4%)
| 342 (2.2%)
| 326 (2.1%)
| 313 (2.1%)
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]]
| 68 (0.3%)
| 30 (0.2%)
| 35 (0.2%)
| 28 (0.1%)
| 39 (0.2%)
| 33 (0.2%)
| 27 (0.2%)
| 25 (0.1%)
| 23 (0.1%)
| 30 (0.2%)
| 31 (0.2%)
|-
| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]] (any race)
| ''3,003'' (15.8%)
| ''2,764'' (14.9%)
| ''2,775'' (15.1%)
| ''2,766'' (15.3%)
| ''2,672'' (15.3%)
| ''2,580'' (15.2%)
| ''2,589'' (15.4%)
| ''2,623'' (16.6%)
| ''2,661'' (17.0%)
| ''2,701'' (17.4%)
| ''2,610'' (17.6%)
|-
| '''Total'''
| '''18,987''' (100%)
| '''18,550''' (100%)
| '''18,420''' (100%)
| '''18,059''' (100%)
| '''17,517''' (100%)
| '''16,972''' (100%)
| '''16,797''' (100%)
| '''15,785''' (100%)
| '''15,620''' (100%)
| '''15,535''' (100%)
| '''14,808''' (100%)
|}
[[File:Hawaii population pyramid.webp|thumb|Hawaii [[population pyramid]]]]
:1) Until 2016, data for births of Asian origin, included also births of the Pacific Islander group.
:2) Since 2016, data for births of [[White Hispanic and Latino Americans|White Hispanic]] origin are not collected, but included in one ''Hispanic'' group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

===Percentage surviving===
{{Main|List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy#Data of the United States Mortality DataBase}}

[[File:Percentage Surviving to Certain Ages in Hawaii.png|thumb|Percentage surviving to certain ages in Hawaii in 2019. Life expectancy in this state is one of the highest in the US: before [[COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii|COVID-19]] it was 81.60 years.<ref name="USMDB_HI" /><ref name="harvard" />]]

The percentage surviving, is the percent of the population that would survive to certain age, if their life conditions in a given year, were extrapolated to their whole life. Data for 2019.

{{mw-datatable}}{{sticky header}}{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable mw-datatable sticky-header-multi sortable col5center" style="text-align:right;"
|-
! rowspan=2 class="unsortable" style="vertical-align:middle;"|Age
! colspan=2|Percentage surviving
! rowspan=2 style="vertical-align:middle;width:6ex;"|{{tooltip|F Δ M|Change between female and male}}
! rowspan=2 class="unsortable" style="vertical-align:middle;width:6ex;"|{{tooltip|F / M|Ratio of female survivors to male survivors}}
|-
! class="unsortable" style="vertical-align:middle;"|male
! class="unsortable" style="vertical-align:middle;"|female
|-
|style="padding-right:3ex;"| 1 ||style="color:blue;padding-right:3ex;"| 99.5 ||style="color:red;padding-right:3ex;"| 99.5 ||style="color:darkgray;padding-right:3ex;"| 0.1 ||style="color:darkgray;"| 1.00
|-
|style="padding-right:3ex;"| 5 ||style="color:blue;padding-right:3ex;"| 99.3 ||style="color:red;padding-right:3ex;"| 99.5 ||style="color:darkgray;padding-right:3ex;"| 0.1 ||style="color:darkgray;"| 1.00
|-
|style="padding-right:3ex;"| 10 ||style="color:blue;padding-right:3ex;"| 99.3 ||style="color:red;padding-right:3ex;"| 99.4 ||style="color:darkgray;padding-right:3ex;"| 0.1 ||style="color:darkgray;"| 1.00
|-
|style="padding-right:3ex;"| 15 ||style="color:blue;padding-right:3ex;"| 99.1 ||style="color:red;padding-right:3ex;"| 99.3 ||style="color:darkgray;padding-right:3ex;"| 0.2 ||style="color:darkgray;"| 1.00
|-
|style="padding-right:3ex;"| 20 ||style="color:blue;padding-right:3ex;"| 98.8 ||style="color:red;padding-right:3ex;"| 99.2 ||style="color:darkgray;padding-right:3ex;"| 0.4 ||style="color:darkgray;"| 1.00
|-
|style="padding-right:3ex;"| 25 ||style="color:blue;padding-right:3ex;"| 98.5 ||style="color:red;padding-right:3ex;"| 99.0 ||style="color:darkgray;padding-right:3ex;"| 0.5 ||style="color:darkgray;"| 1.00
|-
|style="padding-right:3ex;"| 30 ||style="color:blue;padding-right:3ex;"| 98.0 ||style="color:red;padding-right:3ex;"| 98.8 ||style="color:darkgray;padding-right:3ex;"| 0.8 ||style="color:darkgray;"| 1.01
|-
|style="padding-right:3ex;"| 35 ||style="color:blue;padding-right:3ex;"| 97.2 ||style="color:red;padding-right:3ex;"| 98.5 ||style="color:darkgray;padding-right:3ex;"| 1.3 ||style="color:darkgray;"| 1.01
|-
|style="padding-right:3ex;"| 40 ||style="color:blue;padding-right:3ex;"| 96.1 ||style="color:red;padding-right:3ex;"| 98.1 ||style="color:darkgray;padding-right:3ex;"| 2.0 ||style="color:darkgray;"| 1.02
|-
|style="padding-right:3ex;"| 45 ||style="color:blue;padding-right:3ex;"| 94.9 ||style="color:red;padding-right:3ex;"| 97.4 ||style="color:darkgray;padding-right:3ex;"| 2.6 ||style="color:darkgray;"| 1.03
|-
|style="padding-right:3ex;"| 50 ||style="color:blue;padding-right:3ex;"| 93.1 ||style="color:red;padding-right:3ex;"| 96.4 ||style="color:darkgray;padding-right:3ex;"| 3.3 ||style="color:darkgray;"| 1.04
|-
|style="padding-right:3ex;"| 55 ||style="color:blue;padding-right:3ex;"| 90.6 ||style="color:red;padding-right:3ex;"| 94.8 ||style="color:darkgray;padding-right:3ex;"| 4.2 ||style="color:darkgray;"| 1.05
|-
|style="padding-right:3ex;"| 60 ||style="color:blue;padding-right:3ex;"| 87.1 ||style="color:red;padding-right:3ex;"| 92.7 ||style="color:darkgray;padding-right:3ex;"| 5.7 ||style="color:darkgray;"| 1.07
|-
|style="padding-right:3ex;"| 65 ||style="color:blue;padding-right:3ex;"| 82.0 ||style="color:red;padding-right:3ex;"| 89.9 ||style="color:darkgray;padding-right:3ex;"| 8.0 ||style="color:darkgray;"| 1.10
|-
|style="padding-right:3ex;"| 70 ||style="color:blue;padding-right:3ex;"| 76.2 ||style="color:red;padding-right:3ex;"| 86.2 ||style="color:darkgray;padding-right:3ex;"| 10.0 ||style="color:darkgray;"| 1.13
|-
|style="padding-right:3ex;"| 75 ||style="color:blue;padding-right:3ex;"| 68.4 ||style="color:red;padding-right:3ex;"| 81.1 ||style="color:darkgray;padding-right:3ex;"| 12.7 ||style="color:darkgray;"| 1.19
|-
|style="padding-right:3ex;"| 80 ||style="color:blue;padding-right:3ex;"| 58.1 ||style="color:red;padding-right:3ex;"| 73.6 ||style="color:darkgray;padding-right:3ex;"| 15.5 ||style="color:darkgray;"| 1.27
|-
|style="padding-right:3ex;"| 85 ||style="color:blue;padding-right:3ex;"| 44.5 ||style="color:red;padding-right:3ex;"| 61.8 ||style="color:darkgray;padding-right:3ex;"| 17.3 ||style="color:darkgray;"| 1.39
|-
|style="padding-right:3ex;"| 90 ||style="color:blue;padding-right:3ex;"| 27.5 ||style="color:red;padding-right:3ex;"| 44.4 ||style="color:darkgray;padding-right:3ex;"| 16.9 ||style="color:darkgray;"| 1.61
|-
|style="padding-right:3ex;"| 95 ||style="color:blue;padding-right:3ex;"| 11.5 ||style="color:red;padding-right:3ex;"| 23.5 ||style="color:darkgray;padding-right:3ex;"| 12.1 ||style="color:darkgray;"| 2.05
|-
|style="padding-right:3ex;"| 100 ||style="color:blue;padding-right:1ex;"| 2.576 ||style="color:red;padding-right:1ex;"| 7.425 ||style="color:darkgray;"| 4.849 ||style="color:darkgray;"| 2.88
|-
|style="padding-right:3ex;"| 105 ||style="color:blue;padding-right:1ex;"| 0.253 ||style="color:red;padding-right:1ex;"| 1.090 ||style="color:darkgray;"| 0.837 ||style="color:darkgray;"| 4.31
|-
|style="padding-right:3ex;"| 110 ||style="color:blue;padding-right:1ex;"| 0.010 ||style="color:red;padding-right:1ex;"| 0.063 ||style="color:darkgray;"| 0.053 ||style="color:darkgray;"| 6.30
|}

Data source: US Mortality DataBase.<ref name="USMDB_HI">{{cite web|title=United States Mortality DataBase: Hawaii|url=https://usa.mortality.org/state.php?state=HI|access-date=2025-04-14|publisher=[[Human Mortality Database]]}}</ref><ref name="harvard">{{cite book| last1=Barbieri | first1=Magali | last2=Winant | first2=Celeste |title=U.S State Life Tables CSV + TXT 1941-2022| chapter=Social Sciences | date=2025 |chapter-url=https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/19WYUX|publisher=[[Harvard University]]| doi=10.7910/DVN/19WYUX |access-date=18 September 2025}}</ref>

===LGBTQ people===
{{see also|LGBTQ rights in Hawaii}}
Hawaii has had a long history of [[LGBTQIA+]] identities. {{Lang|haw|[[Māhū]]}} ("in the middle") were a precolonial [[third gender]] with traditional spiritual and social roles, widely respected as healers. Homosexual relationships known as ''[[aikāne]]'' were widespread and normal in ancient Hawaiian society.<ref name="Murray2002">{{cite book|author=Stephen O. Murray|title=Homosexualities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfH6Nc8HHFwC&pg=PA99|date=June 1, 2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-55195-1|pages=99–|access-date=May 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627132241/http://books.google.com/books?id=GfH6Nc8HHFwC&pg=PA99|archive-date=June 27, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kornblum2011">{{cite book|author=William Kornblum|title=Sociology in a Changing World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DtKcG6qoY5AC&pg=PT189|date=January 31, 2011|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-111-30157-6|page=165|access-date=May 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627123651/http://books.google.com/books?id=DtKcG6qoY5AC&pg=PT189|archive-date=June 27, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Klarman2012">{{cite book|author=Michael Klarman|title=From the Closet to the Altar: Courts, Backlash, and the Struggle for Same-Sex Marriage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8by2JjCqaEC&pg=PA56|date=October 18, 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-992210-9|pages=56–|access-date=May 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627123631/http://books.google.com/books?id=e8by2JjCqaEC&pg=PA56|archive-date=June 27, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Among men, ''aikāne'' relationships often began as teens and continued throughout their adult lives, even if they also maintained heterosexual partners.<ref name="EmberEmber2003">{{cite book|author1=Carol R. Ember|author2=Melvin Ember|title=Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: Men and Women in the World's Cultures Topics and Cultures A–K—Volume 1; Cultures L–Z |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUAsskBg8ywC&pg=PA207|date=December 31, 2003|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-306-47770-6|pages=207–|access-date=May 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515091537/https://books.google.com/books?id=XUAsskBg8ywC&pg=PA207|archive-date=May 15, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> While ''aikāne'' usually refers to male homosexuality, some stories also refer to women, implying that women may have been involved in ''aikāne'' relationships as well.<ref name="Zimmerman2000">{{cite book|author=Bonnie Zimmerman|title=Lesbian Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0EUoCrFolGcC&pg=PA358|year=2000|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-8153-1920-7|pages=358–|access-date=May 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205251/https://books.google.com/books?id=0EUoCrFolGcC&pg=PA358|archive-date=December 23, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Journals written by [[James Cook|Captain Cook]]'s crew record that many ''[[aliʻi]]'' (hereditary nobles) also engaged in ''aikāne'' relationships, and [[Kamehameha I|Kamehameha the Great]], the founder and first ruler of the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]], was also known to participate. Cook's second lieutenant and co-astronomer [[James King (Royal Navy officer)|James King]] observed that "all the chiefs had them", and recounts that Cook was actually asked by one chief to leave King behind, considering the role a great honor.

Hawaiian scholar [[Lilikalā Kameʻeleihiwa]] notes that ''aikāne'' served a practical purpose of building mutual trust and cohesion; "If you didn't sleep with a man, how could you trust him when you went into battle? How would you know if he was going to be the warrior that would protect you at all costs, if he wasn't your lover?"<ref name="mahu">{{cite AV media |people= Xian, Kathryn and Brent Anbe (Directors)|year= 2001|title= ''Ke Kūlana He Māhū'': Remembering a Sense of Place|medium= DVD}}</ref>

As Western colonial influences intensified in the late 19th and early 20th century, the word ''aikāne'' was [[Expurgation|expurgated]] of its original sexual meaning, and in print simply meant "friend". Nonetheless, in Hawaiian language publications its metaphorical meaning can still mean either "friend" or "lover" without stigmatization.<ref>{{cite book|author=Noenoe K. Silva|title=Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3IFQ2YAsXgC|date=2004|publisher=Duke University Press Durham & London|pages=66, 77|isbn=0-8223-8622-4|access-date=June 7, 2019|archive-date=September 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921094011/https://books.google.com/books?id=G3IFQ2YAsXgC&printsec=frontcover&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>

A 2012 Gallup poll found that Hawaii had the largest proportion of LGBTQIA+ adults in the U.S., at 5.1%, an estimated 53,966 individuals. The number of same-sex couple households in 2010 was 3,239, representing a 35.5% increase from a decade earlier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/160517/lgbt-percentage-highest-lowest-north-dakota.aspx |title=LGBT Percentage Highest in D.C., Lowest in North Dakota |date=February 15, 2013 |author1=Gates, Gary J. |author2=Newport, Frank |publisher=Gallup, Inc. |access-date=May 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621150848/http://www.gallup.com/poll/160517/lgbt-percentage-highest-lowest-north-dakota.aspx |archive-date=June 21, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/182837/estimated-780-000-americans-sex-marriages.aspx |title=An Estimated 780,000 Americans in Same-Sex Marriages |author1=Gates, Gary J. |author2=Newport, Frank |date=April 24, 2015 |access-date=May 9, 2015 |publisher=Gallup, Inc. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429162023/http://www.gallup.com/poll/182837/estimated-780-000-americans-sex-marriages.aspx |archive-date=April 29, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, Hawaii became the fifteenth U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage; this reportedly boosted tourism by $217 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hawaii Senate passes gay marriage bill|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/11/12/hawaii-gay-marriage/3510441/|newspaper=USA Today|date=November 13, 2013|access-date=August 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710204833/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/11/12/hawaii-gay-marriage/3510441/|archive-date=July 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{See also|Agriculture in Hawaii|Sugar plantations in Hawaii|Big Five (Hawaii)|Plantation economy}}
[[File:Pineapple field near Honolulu, Hawaii, 1907 (CHS-418).jpg|thumb|alt=In a pineapple field, a laborer stands with his hat in hand.|Post-annexation, Hawaii's economy and demographic changes were shaped mostly by growth in the agricultural sector.]]
[[File:'Two Surfer Girls' by William Fulton Soare, oil on canvas, c. 1935.JPG|thumb|upright|alt=A painting of two white women surfing, circa 1935.|From the end of World War II onwards, depictions and photographs, such as this one of Hawaii as a tropical, leisure paradise, encouraged the growth of tourism in Hawaii, which eventually became the largest industry of the islands.]]
[[File:US Navy 111218-N-RI884-097 The U.S. Pacific Fleet Marching Band participates in a parade through downtown Waikiki honoring Japanese-American vetera.jpg|thumb|alt=An American soldier at Schofield Barracks.|The U.S. federal government's spending on Hawaii-stationed personnel, installations, and materiel (either directly or through military personnel spending) amounts to Hawaii's second largest source of income after tourism.]]

The history of Hawaii's economy can be traced through a succession of dominant industries: [[sandalwood]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&PageID=274 |title=Hawaii sandalwood trade |publisher=Hawaiihistory.org |access-date=November 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005214518/http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&PageID=274 |archive-date=October 5, 2011}}</ref> [[whaling]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&PageID=287 |title=Whaling in Hawaii |publisher=Hawaiihistory.org |date=June 16, 1999 |access-date=November 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005214600/http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&PageID=287 |archive-date=October 5, 2011}}</ref> sugarcane, [[pineapple]], the military, tourism and education. By the 1840s, sugar plantations had gained a strong foothold in the Hawaiian economy, due to a high demand of sugar in the United States and rapid transport via steamships.<ref name="MacLennan 2004 37–62"/> Sugarcane plantations were tightly controlled by American missionary families and businessmen known as "[[Big Five (Hawaii)|the Big Five]]", who monopolized control of the sugar industry's profits.<ref name="MacLennan 2004 37–62"/><ref name="Huard"/> By the time Hawaiian annexation was being considered in 1898, sugarcane producers turned to cultivating tropical fruits like pineapple, which became the principal export for Hawaii's plantation economy.<ref name="Huard"/><ref name="MacLennan 2004 37–62"/> Since statehood in 1959, tourism has been the largest industry, contributing 24.3% of the gross state product (GSP) in 1997, despite efforts to diversify. The state's gross output for 2003 was {{US$|47}} billion; per capita income for Hawaii residents in 2014 was {{US$|54,516}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.hawaii.gov/Economic-Development/Per-capita-GDP-by-Year/qnar-gix3/data |title=Per capita GDF by year |publisher=State of Hawaii |access-date=August 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911221546/https://data.hawaii.gov/Economic-Development/Per-capita-GDP-by-Year/qnar-gix3/data |archive-date=September 11, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Hawaiian exports include food and clothing. These industries play a small role in the Hawaiian economy, due to the shipping distance to viable markets, such as the [[West Coast of the United States]]. The state's food exports include coffee, macadamia nuts, pineapple, livestock, sugarcane, and honey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaiibeekeepers.org/history.php |title=A History of Honey Bees in the Hawaiian Islands |access-date=December 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100908102027/http://www.hawaiibeekeepers.org/history.php |archive-date=September 8, 2010}}</ref>

By weight, honey bees may be the state's most valuable export.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vcstar.com/news/2012/apr/23/hawaii-honeybees-vie-for-most-valuable-export/ |title=Hawaii honeybees vie for most valuable export |work=Ventura County Star |access-date=December 15, 2011 |archive-date=March 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314184307/http://www.vcstar.com/errors/404/ |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the Hawaii Agricultural Statistics Service, in 2002 agricultural sales were {{US$|370.9}} million from diversified agriculture, {{US$|100.6}} million from pineapple,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 11, 2003 |title=Hawaii Pineapples Annual Summary |url=https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Hawaii/Publications/Archive/Pineapple/xpin02.pdf}}</ref> and {{US$|64.3}} million from sugarcane.<ref>{{cite report |date=March 2004 |title=Statistics of Hawaii Agriculture 2002 |url=https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Hawaii/Publications/Annual_Statistical_Bulletin/2000%20-%202006/2000-2006%20Hawaii%20Ag.zip |format=ZIP |publisher=Hawaii Agricultural Statistics Service |page=7 |access-date=November 20, 2025}}</ref> Hawaii's relatively consistent climate has attracted the seed industry, which is able to test three generations of crops per year on the islands, compared with one or two on the mainland.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://klewtv.com/news/nation-world/hawaiian-corn-is-genetically-engineered-crop-flash-point-11-19-2015 |title=Hawaii is genetically engineered crop flash point |date=April 19, 2014 |website=KLEW_TV |agency=Associated Press |access-date=April 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112105619/https://klewtv.com/news/nation-world/hawaiian-corn-is-genetically-engineered-crop-flash-point-11-19-2015 |archive-date=November 12, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Seeds yielded {{US$|264}} million in 2012, supporting 1,400 workers.<ref name=ny1310>{{cite news |last=Pollack |first=Andrew |title=Unease in Hawaii's Cornfields |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/08/business/fight-over-genetically-altered-crops-flares-in-hawaii.html |url-status=live |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 7, 2013 |access-date=October 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831190727/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/08/business/fight-over-genetically-altered-crops-flares-in-hawaii.html |archive-date=August 31, 2014}}</ref>

{{as of|2025|August}}, the state's unemployment rate was 2.7%.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Current Unemployment Rates for States and Historical Highs/Lows |url=https://www.bls.gov/web/laus/lauhsthl.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251122090149/https://www.bls.gov/web/laus/lauhsthl.htm |archive-date=2025-11-22 |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=Bureau of Labor Statistics |language=en-US}}</ref> The historically lowest unemployment rate of 2.0% was recorded in December 2017, and its highest, 22.0%, in April 2020.<ref name=":9" /> In 2025, 99.3% of Hawaii's businesses were [[Small business|small businesses]], employing 49.6% of the state's workforce.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025 Small Business Profile - Hawaii |url=https://advocacy.sba.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Hawaii_2025-State-Profile.pdf |access-date=February 26, 2026 |website=U.S. Small Business Administration Office of Advocacy}}</ref>

In 2009, the United States military spent {{US$|12.2}} billion in Hawaii, accounting for 18% of spending in the state for that year. 75,000 United States Department of Defense personnel live in Hawaii.<ref>{{cite news |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=http://www.navytimes.com/news/2011/06/ap-military-spending-strong-in-hawaii-060111/ |title=Study: Military spent $12B in Hawaii in 2009 |work=[[Military Times]] |date=June 1, 2011 |access-date=June 1, 2011 |archive-date=September 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904070338/http://www.navytimes.com/news/2011/06/ap-military-spending-strong-in-hawaii-060111/ |url-status=live}}</ref> According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Hawaii at that time had the fourth-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 7.2%.<ref>{{cite web |last=Frank |first=Robert |title=Top states for millionaires per capita |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/top-states-for-millionaires-per-capita.html |url-status=live |publisher=CNBC |date=January 15, 2014 |access-date=January 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122061516/http://www.cnbc.com/id/101338309 |archive-date=January 22, 2014}}</ref>

===Taxation===
Tax is collected by the Hawaii Department of Taxation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tax.hawaii.gov/|title=Department of Taxation|website=tax.hawaii.gov|access-date=January 3, 2020|archive-date=December 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231151648/https://tax.hawaii.gov/|url-status=live}}</ref> Most government revenue comes from [[Income tax|personal income taxes]] and a [[Gross receipts tax|general excise tax]] (GET) levied primarily on businesses; there is no statewide tax on sales,<ref>{{cite web|title=General Information | Department of Taxation|url=https://tax.hawaii.gov/geninfo/|access-date=July 19, 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> personal property, or stock transfers,<ref>{{Cite web|title=11 Reasons to do Business in Hawaii|url=https://invest.hawaii.gov/business/why-invest-in-hawaii/11-reasons-to-do-business-in-hawaii/|access-date=July 19, 2021|website=invest.hawaii.gov|archive-date=July 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719065055/https://invest.hawaii.gov/business/why-invest-in-hawaii/11-reasons-to-do-business-in-hawaii/}}</ref> while the effective property tax rate is among the lowest in the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hawaii Tax Rates & Rankings | Hawaii State Taxes|url=https://taxfoundation.org/state/hawaii/|access-date=July 19, 2021|website=Tax Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> The high rate of tourism means that millions of visitors generate public revenue through GET and the hotel room tax.<ref name="taxes" /> However, Hawaii residents generally pay among the most state taxes per person in the U.S.<ref name="taxes">{{cite web |url=http://starbulletin.com/2004/05/21/news/story1.html |title=Honolulu Star-Bulletin Hawaii News |publisher=Starbulletin.com |date=November 30, 2006 |access-date=November 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919004110/http://starbulletin.com/2004/05/21/news/story1.html |archive-date=September 19, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Tax Foundation of Hawaii considers the state's tax burden too high, claiming that it contributes to higher prices and the perception of an unfriendly business climate.<ref name="taxes" /> The nonprofit Tax Foundation ranks Hawaii third in income tax burden and second in its overall tax burden, though notes that a significant portion of taxes are borne by tourists.<ref>{{Cite web|title=State-Local Tax Burden Rankings|url=https://taxfoundation.org/publications/state-local-tax-burden-rankings/|access-date=July 19, 2021|website=Tax Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Former [[Hawaii Senate|State Senator]] [[Sam Slom]] attributed Hawaii's comparatively high tax rate to the fact that the state government is responsible for education, health care, and social services that are usually handled at a county or municipal level in most other states.<ref name="taxes" />

===Cost of living===
The cost of living in Hawaii, specifically Honolulu, is high compared to that of most major U.S. cities, although it is 6.7% lower than in New York City and 3.6% lower than in San Francisco.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://salary.nytimes.com/costoflivingwizard/layoutscripts/coll_start.asp |title=Cost of Living Wizard |work=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914100326/http://salary.nytimes.com/CostOfLivingWizard/layoutscripts/coll_start.asp |archive-date=September 14, 2008}}</ref> These numbers may not take into account some costs, such as increased travel costs for flights, additional shipping fees, and the loss of promotional participation opportunities for customers outside the contiguous U.S. While some online stores offer free shipping on orders to Hawaii, many merchants exclude Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico and certain other U.S. territories.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=202052360|title=Amazon.com Help: About Shipping to Alaska, Hawaii, & Puerto Rico Addresses|website=www.amazon.com|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214002438/https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=202052360|archive-date=December 14, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aimforawesome.com/moving-to-hawaii/no-free-shipping-to-hawaii/|title=(No) free shipping to Hawaii—Living in Hawaii—Moving to Oahu, Maui, Kauai, Big Island|website=www.aimforawesome.com|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618102423/https://www.aimforawesome.com/moving-to-hawaii/no-free-shipping-to-hawaii/|archive-date=June 18, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Hawaii electricity production by type.webp|thumb|Hawaii electricity production by type]]
[[File:Electricity prices by metro area.webp|thumb|Electricity prices by metro area]]
[[Hawaiian Electric Industries]], a privately owned company, provides 95% of the state's population with electricity, mostly from fossil-fuel power stations. Average electricity prices in October 2014 ({{convert|36.41|¢/kWh|¢/kWh|abbr=off|disp=out}}) were nearly three times the national average ({{convert|12.58|¢/kWh|¢/kWh|abbr=off|disp=out}}) and 80% higher than the second-highest state, Connecticut.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chesto|first1=Jon|title=House bill aims to address state's power shortfall|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2015/01/29/house-bill-aims-address-state-power-shortfall/wrlx8fjkjzLF85wDhsf6KJ/story.html|issue=February 8, 2015|newspaper=The Boston Globe|date=January 29, 2015|access-date=June 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629053521/http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2015/01/29/house-bill-aims-address-state-power-shortfall/wrlx8fjkjzLF85wDhsf6KJ/story.html|archive-date=June 29, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Median housing prices by State.webp|thumb|Median housing prices by State]]
The median home value in Hawaii in the 2000 U.S. Census was {{US$|272,700}}, while the national median home value was {{US$|119,600}}. Hawaii home values were the highest of all states, including California with a median home value of {{US$|211,500}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/hhes/www/housing/census/historic/values.html |title=Historic Housing Values |website=www.census.gov |access-date=December 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029205137/https://www.census.gov/hhes/www/housing/census/historic/values.html |archive-date=October 29, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Research from the [[National Association of Realtors]] places the 2010 median sale price of a single family home in Honolulu, Hawaii, at {{US$|607,600}} and the U.S. median sales price at {{US$|173,200}}. The sale price of single family homes in Hawaii was the highest of any U.S. city in 2010, just above that of the Silicon Valley area of California ({{US$|602,000}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.realtor.org/research/research/metroprice |title=Metropolitan Median Prices |publisher=Realtor.org |date=February 15, 2005 |access-date=November 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103194245/http://www.realtor.org/research/research/metroprice |archive-date=November 3, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Hawaii's very high [[cost of living]] is the result of several interwoven factors of the global economy in addition to domestic U.S. government trade policy. Like other regions with desirable weather year-round, such as California, [[Arizona]] and Florida, Hawaii's residents can be considered to be subject to a "[[sunshine tax]]". This situation is further exacerbated by the natural factors of geography and world distribution that lead to higher prices for goods due to increased shipping costs, a problem which many [[island country|island states and territories]] suffer from as well.

The higher costs to ship goods across an ocean may be further increased by the requirements of the [[Merchant Marine Act of 1920|Jones Act]], which generally requires that goods be transported between places within the U.S., including between the mainland U.S. west coast and Hawaii, using only U.S.-owned, built, and crewed ships. Jones Act-compliant vessels are often more expensive to build and operate than foreign equivalents, which can drive up shipping costs. While the Jones Act does not affect transportation of goods to Hawaii directly from Asia, this type of trade is nonetheless not common; this is a result of other primarily economic reasons including additional costs associated with stopping over in Hawaii (e.g. pilot and port fees), the market size of Hawaii, and the economics of using ever-larger ships that cannot be handled in Hawaii for transoceanic voyages. Therefore, Hawaii relies on receiving most inbound goods on Jones Act-qualified vessels originating from the U.S. west coast, which may contribute to the increased cost of some consumer goods and therefore the overall cost of living.<ref name="Keeping up with the Jones Act">{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaiibusiness.com/Hawaii-Business/August-2012/The-pros-and-cons-of-the-Jones-Act/ |title=Keeping up with the Jones Act |date=August 2012 |website=[[Hawaii Business]] |publisher=PacificBasin Communications |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823083544/http://www.hawaiibusiness.com/Hawaii-Business/August-2012/The-pros-and-cons-of-the-Jones-Act/ |archive-date=August 23, 2012 |url-status=live|access-date=March 14, 2014}}</ref><ref name="U.S. Law Restricting Foreign Ships Leads to Higher Gas Prices">{{cite web|url=http://www.hawaiifreepress.com/ArticlesMain/tabid/56/ID/10736/Jones-Act-Does-Not-Bar-International-Trade-From-Hawaii.aspx|title=Jones Act Does Not Bar International Trade From Hawaii|last=Hansen|first=Michael|date=October 3, 2013|publisher=Hawaiʻi Free Press|location=Honolulu, Hawaii |access-date=July 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728040004/http://www.hawaiifreepress.com/ArticlesMain/tabid/56/ID/10736/Jones-Act-Does-Not-Bar-International-Trade-From-Hawaii.aspx|archive-date=July 28, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Critics of the Jones Act contend that Hawaii consumers ultimately bear the expense of transporting goods imposed by the Jones Act.<ref name="Star-Bulletin on Jones Act">{{cite news |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/97/04/08/business/story3.html |title=U.S.-only shipping rule praised, blasted; Backers and foes of the Jones Act make their case before the Legislature |first=Russ |last=Lynch |newspaper=[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]] |date=April 4, 1997 |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |publisher=[[Black Press|Black Press Group Ltd]] |issn=0439-5271 |id={{OCLC|9188300|433678262|232117605|2268098}} |access-date=May 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013185712/http://archives.starbulletin.com/97/04/08/business/story3.html |archive-date=October 13, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of the Native Hawaiians}}

The aboriginal culture of Hawaii is Polynesian. Hawaii represents the northernmost extension of the vast [[Polynesian Triangle]] of the south and central Pacific Ocean. While traditional Hawaiian culture remains as vestiges in modern Hawaiian society, there are re-enactments of the ceremonies and traditions throughout the islands. Some of these cultural influences, including the popularity (in greatly modified form) of ''[[luau|lūʻau]]'' and ''[[hula]]'', and gestures such as the [[Shaka sign]], are strong enough to affect the wider United States.

===Cuisine===
{{Main|Cuisine of Hawaii}}

[[File:Man with a Yoke Carrying Taro by Joseph Strong, oil on canvas board, 1880, Honolulu Museum of Art, accession 12692.1.JPG|thumb|upright|alt=A painting of a man carrying taro by a yoke.|[[Taro]], or in Hawaiian ''kalo'', was one of the primary staples in Ancient Hawaii and remains a central ingredient in Hawaiian gastronomy today.]]

The [[cuisine of Hawaii]] is a fusion of many foods brought by immigrants to the Hawaiian Islands, including the earliest Polynesians and [[Native Hawaiian cuisine]], and [[Cuisine of the United States|American]], [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]], [[Philippine cuisine|Filipino]], [[Japanese cuisine|Japanese]], [[Korean cuisine|Korean]], [[Polynesian cuisine|Polynesian]], [[Puerto Rican cuisine|Puerto Rican]], and [[Portuguese cuisine|Portuguese]] origins. Plant and animal food sources are imported from around the world for agricultural use in Hawaii. ''[[Poi (food)|Poi]]'', a starch made by pounding [[taro]], is one of the traditional foods of the islands. Many local restaurants serve the ubiquitous [[plate lunch]], which features two scoops of rice, a simplified version of American [[macaroni salad]] and a variety of toppings including [[hamburger]] patties, a fried egg, and [[gravy]] of a ''[[loco moco]]'', Japanese style ''[[tonkatsu]]'' or the traditional lūʻau favorites, including ''[[kalua|kālua]]'' pork and ''[[laulau]]''. ''[[Spam musubi]]'' is an example of the fusion of ethnic cuisine that developed on the islands among the mix of immigrant groups and military personnel. In the 1990s, a group of chefs developed [[Hawaii regional cuisine]] as a contemporary fusion cuisine.

===Customs and etiquette===
{{Main|Customs and etiquette in Hawaii}}

Some key customs and etiquette in Hawaii are as follows: when visiting a home, it is considered good manners to bring a small gift for one's host (for example, a dessert). Thus, parties are usually in the form of [[potluck]]s. Most locals take their shoes off before entering a home. It is customary for Hawaiian families, regardless of ethnicity, to hold a luau{{clarify|date=June 2025}} to celebrate a child's first birthday. It is also customary at Hawaiian weddings, especially at Filipino weddings, for the bride and groom to do a money dance (also called the [[pandanggo]]). Print media and local residents recommend that one refer to residents of Hawaii who are not ethnically Hawaiian as "locals of Hawaii" or "people of Hawaii".

===Hawaiian mythology===
{{Main|Hawaiian mythology}}

[[File:Ethnologisches Museum Dahlem Berlin Mai 2006 009.jpg|thumb|upright|A stone carving of a Hawaiian deity, housed at a [[Culture of Germany|German]] museum]]

Hawaiian mythology includes the legends, historical tales, and sayings of the ancient Hawaiian people. It is considered a variant of a more general [[Polynesian mythology]] that developed a unique character for several centuries before {{circa|1800}}. It is associated with the [[Hawaiian religion]], which was officially suppressed in the 19th century but was kept alive by some practitioners to the modern day.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.civilbeat.org/2021/06/peter-apo-how-a-violent-battle-in-1819-still-impacts-hawaii-today/ |title=Peter Apo: How A Violent Battle In 1819 Still Impacts Hawaii Today |publisher=Honolulu Civil Beat |date=June 27, 2021 |access-date=June 26, 2022}}</ref> Prominent figures and terms include [[Aumakua]], the spirit of an ancestor or family god and [[Kāne]], the highest of the four major Hawaiian deities.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}

===Polynesian mythology===
{{Main|Polynesian mythology}}

[[File:Tahiti-Oro.jpg|thumb|upright|A sacred god figure wrapping for the war god [['Oro]], made of woven dried coconut fibre ([[sennit]]), made to protect a Polynesian god effigy (''to'o''), carved from wood]]

Polynesian mythology is the [[oral tradition]]s of the people of Polynesia, a grouping of Central and South Pacific Ocean island [[archipelago]]s in the [[Polynesian triangle]] together with the scattered cultures known as the [[Polynesian outliers]]. Polynesians speak languages that descend from a language reconstructed as [[Proto-Polynesian language|Proto-Polynesian]] that was probably spoken in the area around [[Tonga]] and [[Samoa]] in around 1000 BC.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kirch |first=Patrick Vinton |url=https://archive.org/details/hawaikiancestral0000kirc/page/99/mode/2up |title=Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology |author2=Roger Green |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-521-78309-5 |pages=99–119 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

Prior to the 15th century, [[Polynesian culture|Polynesian people]] migrated east to the [[Cook Islands]], and from there to other island groups such as Tahiti and the [[Marquesas]]. Their descendants later discovered the islands [[Tahiti]], [[Rapa Nui]], and later the Hawaiian Islands and [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wilmshurst|first=Janet|author-link=Janet Wilmshurst|date=December 27, 2010|title=High-precision radiocarbon dating shows recent and rapid initial human colonization of East Polynesia|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|publisher=US National Library of Medicine|volume=108|issue=5|pages=1815–1820|doi=10.1073/pnas.1015876108|pmc=3033267|pmid=21187404|bibcode=2011PNAS..108.1815W |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The Polynesian languages are part of the [[Austronesian language family]]. Many are close enough in terms of vocabulary and grammar to be [[mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]]. There are also substantial cultural similarities between the various groups, especially in terms of social organization, childrearing, horticulture, building and textile technologies. Their mythologies in particular demonstrate local reworkings of commonly shared tales. The Polynesian cultures each have distinct but related oral traditions; legends or myths are traditionally considered to recount ancient history (the time of "pō") and the adventures of gods ("[[atua]]") and deified ancestors.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}

===List of state parks===
{{Main|List of Hawaiian state parks}}

There are [[list of Hawaiian state parks|many Hawaiian state parks]].
*The [[Hawaiʻi (island)|Island of Hawaiʻi]] has state parks, recreation areas, and historical parks.
*[[Kauaʻi]] has the Ahukini State Recreation Pier, six state parks, and the [[Russian Fort Elizabeth State Historical Park]].
*[[Maui]] has two state monuments, several state parks, and the [[Polipoli Spring State Recreation Area]]. [[Moloka'i]] has the [[Pala'au State Park]].
*[[Oʻahu]] has several state parks, a number of state recreation areas, and a number of monuments, including the [[Ulu Pō Heiau State Monument]].

===Literature===
{{Main|Literature in Hawaii}}

The literature of Hawaii is diverse and includes authors [[Kiana Davenport]], [[Lois-Ann Yamanaka]], and [[Kaui Hart Hemmings]]. Hawaiian magazines include ''[[Hana Hou!]]'', ''[[Hawaii Business]]'' and ''[[Honolulu (magazine)|Honolulu]]'', among others.

===Music===
{{Main|Music of Hawaii}}

[[File:3 ukes.jpg|thumb|left|Different types of [[ukulele]]s, widely used in Hawaiian music]]
[[File:Bonnaroo08 jackjohnson2 lg.jpg|thumb|[[Jack Johnson (musician)|Jack Johnson]], a folk rock musician, was born and raised on [[North Shore (Oʻahu)|Oʻahu's North Shore]].]]

The music of Hawaii includes traditional and popular styles, ranging from native Hawaiian folk music to modern rock and [[hip hop music|hip hop]].

Styles such as [[slack-key guitar]] are well known worldwide, while Hawaiian-tinged music is a frequent part of [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] soundtracks. Hawaii also made a major contribution to [[country music]] with the introduction of the [[steel guitar]].<ref name="Unterberger">{{cite book|last=Unterberger|first=Richie|title=Music USA|isbn=978-1-85828-421-7|location=London|publisher=Rough Guides|year=1999|pages=[https://archive.org/details/musicusaroughgui0000unte/page/465 465–473]|url=https://archive.org/details/musicusaroughgui0000unte/page/465}}</ref>

Traditional Hawaiian folk music is a major part of the state's musical heritage. The Hawaiian people have inhabited the islands for centuries and have retained much of their traditional musical knowledge. Their music is largely religious in nature, and includes chanting and dance music.

Hawaiian music has had an enormous impact on the [[Polynesian music|music of other Polynesian islands]]; according to Peter Manuel, the influence of Hawaiian music is a "unifying factor in the development of modern Pacific musics".<ref name="Manuel">{{cite book|last=Manuel|first=Peter|title=Popular Musics of the Non-Western World|url=https://archive.org/details/popularmusicsofn0000manu|url-access=registration|isbn=978-0-19-506334-9|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1988|pages=[https://archive.org/details/popularmusicsofn0000manu/page/236 236–241]}}</ref> Native Hawaiian musician and Hawaiian sovereignty activist [[Israel Kamakawiwoʻole]], famous for his medley of "[[Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World]]", was named "The Voice of Hawaii" by [[NPR]] in 2010 in its 50 great voices series.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kamakawiwo|first=Israel|publisher=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2010/12/06/131812500/israel-kamakawiwo-ole-the-voice-of-hawaii|title=Israel Kamakawiwo'ole: The Voice Of Hawaii|newspaper=NPR.org|date=December 6, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416062754/http://www.npr.org/2010/12/06/131812500/israel-kamakawiwo-ole-the-voice-of-hawaii|archive-date=April 16, 2017|url-status=live|access-date=April 16, 2017}}</ref>

===Sports===
Due to its distance from the continental United States, team sports in Hawaii are characterised by youth, collegial and amateur teams over professional teams, although some professional teams sports teams have at one time played in the state. Notable professional teams include [[The Hawaiians (WFL)|The Hawaiians]], which played at the [[World Football League]] in 1974 and 1975; the [[Hawaii Islanders]], a Triple-A minor league baseball team that played at the [[Pacific Coast League]] from 1961 to 1987; and [[Team Hawaii]], a [[North American Soccer League (1968–84)|North American Soccer League]] team that played in 1977.

Notable college sports events in Hawaii include the [[Maui Invitational Tournament]], [[Diamond Head Classic]] (basketball) and [[Hawaii Bowl]] (football). The only [[NCAA Division I]] team in Hawaii is the [[Hawaii Rainbow Warriors and Rainbow Wahine]], which competes at the [[Big West Conference]] (major sports), [[Mountain West Conference]] (football) and [[Mountain Pacific Sports Federation]] (minor sports). There are three teams in NCAA Division II: [[Chaminade Silverswords]], [[Hawaii Pacific Sharks]] and Hawaii-Hilo Vulcans, all of which compete at the [[Pacific West Conference]].

[[File:Surfing contest - oahu hawaii - north shore - oct 2015.ogv|thumb|thumbtime=6|right|Surfing at [[North Shore (Oʻahu)|North Shore]] of [[Oʻahu]]]]

[[Surfing]] has been a central part of [[Polynesian culture]] for centuries. Since the late 19th century, Hawaii has become a major site for surfists from around the world. Notable competitions include the [[Triple Crown of Surfing]] and [[The Eddie]]. Likewise, Hawaii has produced elite-level swimmers, including five-time Olympic medalist [[Duke Kahanamoku]] and [[Buster Crabbe]], who set 16 swimming
world records.

Hawaii has hosted the [[Sony Open in Hawaii]] golf tournament since 1965, the [[Tournament of Champions (golf)|Tournament of Champions]] golf tournament since 1999, the [[Lotte Championship]] golf tournament since 2012, the [[Honolulu Marathon]] since 1973, the [[Ironman World Championship]] triathlon race since 1978, the [[Ultraman (endurance challenge)|Ultraman]] triathlon since 1983, the [[National Football League]]'s [[Pro Bowl]] from 1980 to 2016, the [[2000 FINA World Open Water Swimming Championships]], and the [[2008 Pan-Pacific Championship]] and [[2012 Hawaiian Islands Invitational]] soccer tournaments.

Hawaii has produced a number of notable [[Mixed Martial Arts]] fighters, such as former [[UFC Lightweight Champion]] and [[UFC Welterweight Champion]] [[B.J. Penn]], and former [[UFC Featherweight Champion]] [[Max Holloway]]. Other notable Hawaiian Martial Artists include [[Travis Browne]], [[K. J. Noons]], [[Brad Tavares]] and [[Wesley Correira]].

Hawaiians have found success in the world of [[sumo wrestling]]. [[Takamiyama Daigorō]] was the first foreigner to ever win a sumo title in Japan, while his protege [[Akebono Tarō]] became a top-level sumo wrestler in Japan during the 1990s before transitioning into a successful [[professional wrestling]] career in the 2000s. Akebono was the first foreign-born Sumo to reach [[Yokozuna]] in history and helped fuel a boom in interest in Sumo during his career.

==Tourism==
{{unbalanced|section|date=April 2025}}
{{main|Tourism in Hawaii}}

[[File:Prime Location for Hotels - Waikiki Beach Ocean Front Rows (15539764021).jpg|thumb|Tourism is Hawaii's leading employment sector, providing numerous jobs in places such as [[Waikīkī]] in [[Honolulu]] (above).]]
[[File:Punalu'u Beach, Big Island of Hawaii, Hawaii (4529499380).jpg|thumb|[[Punaluʻu Beach]], on the Big Island features black volcanic sand.]]
Tourism is an important part of the Hawaiian economy as it represents a quarter of the economy. According to the Hawaii Tourism: 2019 Annual Visitor Research Report, a total of 10,386,673 visitors arrived in 2019 which increased 5% from the previous year, with expenditures of almost $18 billion.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Hawaiʻi Tourism Authority |title=2019 Annual Visitor Research Report |url=https://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/visitor/visitor-research/2019-annual-visitor.pdf}}</ref> In 2019, tourism provided over 216,000 jobs statewide and contributed more than $2 billion in tax revenue.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Hawaiʻi Tourism Authority |title=Fact Sheet: Benefits of Hawaiʻi's Tourism Economy |url=https://www.hawaiitourismauthority.org/media/4167/hta-tourism-econ-impact-fact-sheet-december-2019.pdf}}</ref> Due to mild year-round weather, tourist travel is popular throughout the year. Tourists across the globe visited Hawaii in 2019 with over 1 million tourists from the U.S. East, almost 2 million Japanese tourists, and almost 500,000 Canadian tourists.

It was with statehood in 1959 that the Hawaii tourism industry began to grow.<ref name=":6">{{cite journal |last=Miller-Davenport |first=Sarah |date=February 13, 2017 |title=A 'Montage of Minorities': Hawaiʻi Tourism and the Commodification of Racial Tolerance, 1959–1978* |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=817–842 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X16000364 |s2cid=152041916 |issn=0018-246X|doi-access=free}}</ref>

According to Hawaiian scholar [[Haunani-Kay Trask]], tourism in Hawaii has led to the commodification and exploitation of Hawaiian culture resulting in insidious forms of "cultural prostitution". Hawaii has been used to fuel ideas of escapism yet tourism in Hawaii ignores the harm Kanaka and locals experience.<ref name=TraskBL>{{cite journal |last=Trask |first=Haunani-Kay |title=Lovely Hula Lands: Corporate Tourism and the Prostitution of Hawaiian Culture |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/bl/article/view/24958 |journal=Border/Lines |year=1991 |issue=23}}</ref> Cultural traditions such as the hula have been made "ornamental ... a form of exotica" for tourists as a way for large corporations and land owners to gain profit over the exploitation of Hawaiian people and culture.<ref name=TraskBL/>

Tourism in Hawaiʻi has been considered as an escape from reality resulting in the dismissal of violence faced by Native Hawaiians and locals living on the land. According to scholar [[Winona LaDuke]], native Hawaiians have been forced to gather "shrimp and fish from ponds sitting on resort property".<ref>{{cite book |last=LaDuke |first=Winona |chapter=Hawaiʻi: The Birth of the Land and Its Preservation by the Hands of the People |title=All Our Relations: Native Struggles for Land and Life |publisher=South End Press}}</ref> Tourism has also had damaging effects on the environment such as water shortages, overcrowding, sea level rising, elevated sea surface temperatures and micro plastics on beaches.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cooper |first1=Hannah |last2=Chen |first2=Qi |last3=Fletcher |first3=Charles |last4=Barbee |first4=Matthew |title=Assessing Vulnerability Due to Sea-level Rise in Maui, Hawaiʻi Using LiDAR Remote Sensing and GIS |journal=Climatic Change |volume=116 |issue=3–4 |pages=547–563 |date=2013 |bibcode=2013ClCh..116..547C |s2cid=545364 |doi=10.1007/s10584-012-0510-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rodgers |first1=Ku'ulei |last2=Bahr |first2=Keisha |last3=Jokiel |first3=Paul |last4=Richards Donà |first4=Angela |title=Patterns of Bleaching and Mortality following Widespread Warming Events in 2014 and 2015 at the Hanauma Bay Nature Preserve, Hawaiʻi |journal=PeerJ |volume=5 |article-number=e3355 |date=2017 |pmid=28584703 |pmc=5452947 |doi=10.7717/peerj.3355 |bibcode=2017PeerJ...5e3355R |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rey |first1=Savannah |last2=Franklin |first2=Janet |last3=Rey |first3=Sergio |title=Microplastic Pollution on Island Beaches, Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2021 |volume=16|issue=2 |article-number=e0247224 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0247224 |pmid=33600448 |pmc=7891709 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1647224R |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, tourism in Hawaiʻi came to a halt, which allowed the land, water, and animals to began to heal. Fish like the baby akule and big ulua have returned after years of not being around the bay. The coral reefs, fish, water growth, and [[Limu (algae)|limu]] (algae) growth was able to flourish without the heavy toll of tourism.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Morimoto |first1=Tianna |title=A Time For Healing: Hawaiʻi's Coral Reefs Rebound During COVID-19 |url=https://hitchcockproject.org/hawaii-coral-reefs-healing/ |website=The Hitchcock Project for Visualizing Science|date=September 2020}}</ref>

There has been pushback against tourism by Native Hawaiians, urging people not to visit the islands. A survey by the Hawaii Tourism Authority indicated over two-thirds of Hawaiians did not want tourists to return to Hawaii. Tourism had "become extractive and hurtful, with tourists coming here and taking, taking, taking, taking, without any reciprocation with locals".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mzezwa |first1=Tariro |title=In Hawaii, Reimagining Tourism for a Post-Pandemic World |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/07/travel/hawaii-covid-tourism.html |work=The New York Times|date=March 7, 2021}}</ref>

Hawaii hosts numerous cultural events. The annual [[Merrie Monarch Festival]] is an international Hula competition.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/current/il/merriemonarch05 |title=Merrie Monarch Festival 2005 |newspaper=The Honolulu Advertiser |access-date=May 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005224410/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/current/il/merriemonarch05 |archive-date=October 5, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Hawaii International Film Festival]] is the premier film festival for Pacific rim cinema.<ref name="Shane Nelson">{{cite journal |url=http://www.travelweekly.com/Hawaii-Travel/Insights/Hawaii-International-Film-Festival--Kinship-through-cinema/?a=hawaii |title=Hawaii International Film Festival: Kinship through cinema |journal=Travel Weekly |first=Shane |last=Nelson |date=August 8, 2011 |access-date=May 10, 2012 |oclc=60626324 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114045659/http://www.travelweekly.com/Hawaii-Travel/Insights/Hawaii-International-Film-Festival--Kinship-through-cinema/?a=hawaii |archive-date=November 14, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Honolulu hosts the state's long-running LGBT film festival, the [[Honolulu Rainbow Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hnlnow.com/events/index.php?com=detail&eID=10075&year=2008&month=5 |title=19th Annual Honolulu Rainbow Film Festival at Doris Duke Theatre: Honolulu Hawaii Nightlife Event Guide |publisher=Hnlnow.com |access-date=May 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827040400/http://www.hnlnow.com/events/index.php?com=detail&eID=10075&year=2008&month=5 |archive-date=August 27, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2001/05/29/features/index.html |title=Honolulu Star-Bulletin Features |publisher=Archives.starbulletin.com |date=May 29, 2001 |access-date=November 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705150332/http://archives.starbulletin.com/2001/05/29/features/index.html |archive-date=July 5, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Health==
{{Main|Hawaii Prepaid Health Care Act}}

{{As of|2009}}, Hawaii's health care system insures 92% of residents. Under the state's plan, businesses are required to provide insurance to employees who work more than twenty hours per week. Heavy regulation of insurance companies helps reduce the cost to employers. Due in part to heavy emphasis on preventive care, Hawaiians' total health care expenses measured as a percentage of state GDP are substantially lower.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ballotpedia |title=Total healthcare spending by state |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Total_healthcare_spending_by_state |website=Ballotpedia }}</ref> Proponents of [[universal health care]] elsewhere in the U.S. sometimes use Hawaii as a model for proposed federal and state health care plans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baumgartner |first=E. T. |last2=Grossmann |first2=B. |last3=Fuddy |first3=L. |date=1993 |title=Hawaii's near-universal health insurance--lessons learned |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8353211 |journal=Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=194–202 |doi=10.1353/hpu.2010.0461 |issn=1049-2089 |pmid=8353211}}</ref>

==Education==
===Public schools===
{{Main|Hawaii Department of Education}}

{{See also|List of elementary schools in Hawaii|List of middle schools in Hawaii|List of high schools in Hawaii}}
[[File:Waianae High School (5888481033).jpg|thumb|alt=Façade of a public high school.|[[Waianae High School]], located in [[Waianae, Hawaii|Waiʻanae]], houses an educational community media center]]

Hawaii has the only school system within the U.S. that is unified statewide. Policy decisions are made by the fourteen-member state [[Hawaii Board of Education|Board of Education]], which sets policy and hires the superintendent of schools, who oversees the [[Hawaii Department of Education]]. The Department of Education is divided into seven districts; four on Oʻahu and one for each of the other three counties.

Public elementary, middle and high school test scores in Hawaii are below national averages on tests mandated under the [[No Child Left Behind Act]]. The Hawaii Board of Education requires all eligible students to take these tests and report all student test scores. This may have unbalanced the results that reported in August 2005 that of 282 schools across the state, 185 failed to reach federal minimum performance standards in mathematics and reading.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehawaiichannel.com/education/4870699/detail.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318182117/http://www.thehawaiichannel.com/education/4870699/detail.html |archive-date=March 18, 2007 |title=Two-Thirds of Hawaii Schools Do Not Meet Requirements—Education News Story—KITV Honolulu |publisher=Thehawaiichannel.com |date=August 18, 2005 |access-date=May 15, 2010}}</ref> The [[ACT (examination)|ACT college placement tests]] show that in 2005, seniors scored slightly above the national average (21.9 compared with 20.9),<ref>Honolulu Advertiser, August 17, 2005, page B1</ref> but in the widely accepted [[SAT]] examinations, Hawaii's college-bound seniors tend to score below the national average in all categories except mathematics.

The first native controlled public charter school was the [[Kanu O Ka Aina New Century Charter School]].<ref>{{cite book |title=US: Hawaii Investment and Business Guide Volume 1 |date=March 20, 2009 |publisher=Intl Business Pubns USA |isbn=978-1-4387-2188-0 |page=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGndCwAAQBAJ&q=The+first+native+controlled+public+charter+school+was+the+Kanu+O+Ka+Aina+New+Century+Charter+School&pg=PA34 |access-date=October 30, 2019 |archive-date=September 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921094011/https://books.google.com/books?id=aGndCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34&lpg=PA34&dq=The+first+native+controlled+public+charter+school+was+the+Kanu+O+Ka+Aina+New+Century+Charter+School&hl=en |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Private schools===
Hawaii has the highest rates of private school attendance in the nation. During the 2011–2012 school year, Hawaii public and charter schools had an enrollment of 181,213,<ref name="DOE">{{cite web |url=http://lilinote.k12.hi.us/STATE/COMM/DOEPRESS.NSF/a1d7af052e94dd120a2561f7000a037c/81c3aa4a36044f930a257927007ab8d5?OpenDocument |title=News—Official 2011–12 Public and Charter School Enrollment |publisher=[[Hawaiʻi Department of Education]] |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |website=Hawaii Public Schools |date=October 12, 2011 |access-date=May 12, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309125225/http://lilinote.k12.hi.us/STATE/COMM/DOEPRESS.NSF/a1d7af052e94dd120a2561f7000a037c/81c3aa4a36044f930a257927007ab8d5?OpenDocument |archive-date=March 9, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> while private schools had 37,695.<ref name="HAIS">{{cite web |url=http://www.hais.org/uploads/file/about_stats_hcpsenrollrpt12.pdf#page=3 |title=Private School Enrollment Report 2011–2012 |author=Jordan, Cynthia |website=Hawaii Association of Independent Schools |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |date=October 10, 2011 |page=3 |access-date=May 12, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117104733/http://www.hais.org/uploads/file/about_stats_hcpsenrollrpt12.pdf#page=3 |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Private schools educated over 17% of students in Hawaii that school year, nearly three times the approximate national average of 6%.<ref name="NCES">{{cite web |url=http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2009/2009062.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919172601/http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2009/2009062.pdf |archive-date=September 19, 2009 |title=Projections of Education Statistics to 2018 |author1=Hussar, William J. |author2=Bailey, Tabitha M. |website=National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) Home Page, a part of the U.S. Department of Education |publisher=National Center for Education Statistics |location=Washington, DC |date=September 11, 2009 |page=6 (22 out of 68)|access-date=May 12, 2012}}</ref> According to Alia Wong of ''[[Honolulu Civil Beat]]'', this is due to private schools being relatively inexpensive compared to ones on the mainland as well as the overall reputations of private schools.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wong |first=Alia |title=Living Hawaii: Many Families Sacrifice to Put Kids in Private Schools |url=https://www.civilbeat.org/2014/03/living-hawaii-many-families-sacrifice-to-put-kids-in-private-schools/ |work=[[Honolulu Civil Beat]] |date=March 17, 2014 |access-date=October 7, 2020}}</ref>

It has four of the largest independent schools; [[Iolani School|ʻIolani School]], [[Kamehameha Schools]], [[Mid-Pacific Institute]] and [[Punahou School]]. [[Pacific Buddhist Academy]], the second Buddhist high school in the U.S. and first such school in Hawaii, was founded in 2003.

Independent schools can select their students, while most public schools of HIDOE are open to all students in their attendance zones. The Kamehameha Schools are the only schools in the U.S. that openly grant admission to students based on ancestry; collectively, they are one of the wealthiest schools in the United States, if not the world, having over eleven billion US dollars in estate assets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ksbe.edu/assets/annual_reports/KS_Annual_Report_2014.pdf |title=Kamehameha Schools 2013–2014 Annual Report |access-date=September 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603160954/http://www.ksbe.edu/assets/annual_reports/KS_Annual_Report_2014.pdf |archive-date=June 3, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2005, Kamehameha enrolled 5,398 students, 8.4% of the Native Hawaiian children in the state.<ref>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.ksbe.edu/pase/pdf/Reports/K-12/05_06_8.pdf
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100527133819/http://www.ksbe.edu/pase/pdf/Reports/K-12/05_06_8.pdf
|archive-date = May 27, 2010
|title = Official Enrollment
|author = Ishibasha, Koren
|date = November 2005
|access-date = December 1, 2009
}}</ref>

===Colleges and universities===
{{See also|List of colleges and universities in Hawaii}}
[[File:Stone marking the entrance to University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.jpg|alt=A large stone or landmark made of a marble-like material reads "UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA", with the seal of the university at the top.|thumb|267x267px|Main entrance of the [[University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa]]]]
The largest institution of higher learning in Hawaii is the [[University of Hawaiʻi System]], which consists of the research university at [[University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa|Mānoa]], two comprehensive campuses at [[University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo|Hilo]] and [[University of Hawaiʻi at West Oʻahu|West Oʻahu]], and seven community colleges. Private universities include [[Brigham Young University–Hawaii]], [[Chaminade University of Honolulu]], [[Hawaii Pacific University]], and [[Wayland Baptist University]]. [[Saint Stephen Diocesan Seminary, Honolulu|Saint Stephen Diocesan Center]] is a [[seminary]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu]]. Kona hosts the [[University of the Nations]], which is not an [[educational accreditation|accredited]] university.

==Transportation==
{{main|Transportation in Hawaii}}

{{See also|Hawaii Department of Transportation|List of airports in Hawaii|Aviation in Hawaii}}
[[File:Daniel K. Inouye International Airport Air Traffic Control Tower 2025.jpg|thumb|Daniel K. Inouye International Airport]]

A [[List of Hawaii state highways|system of state highways]] encircles each main island. Only Oʻahu has federal highways, and is the only area outside the contiguous 48 states to have signed [[Interstate Highway System|Interstate highways]]. Narrow, winding roads and congestion in populated places can slow traffic. Each major island has a public bus system.

[[Daniel K. Inouye International Airport]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|IATA]]: HNL), which shares runways with the adjacent [[Hickam Field]] (IATA: HIK), is the major commercial aviation hub of Hawaii. The airport was previously known as Honolulu International Airport, before its official renaming on May 30, 2017, after the late U.S. Senator [[Daniel Inouye|Daniel K. Inouye]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hidot.hawaii.gov/blog/2017/05/30/hawaiis-biggest-airport-officially-renamed-daniel-k-inouye-international-airport/|title=Department of Transportation—Hawaii's biggest airport officially renamed Daniel K. Inouye International Airport|website=hidot.hawaii.gov|access-date=July 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706081700/http://hidot.hawaii.gov/blog/2017/05/30/hawaiis-biggest-airport-officially-renamed-daniel-k-inouye-international-airport/|archive-date=July 6, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The commercial aviation airport offers intercontinental service to North America, Asia, Australia and Oceania. [[Hawaiian Airlines]] and [[Mokulele Airlines]] use jets to provide services between the large airports in Honolulu, Līhuʻe, Kahului, Kona and Hilo. These airlines also provide air freight services between the islands.

Until air passenger services began in the 1920s,<ref name="Hawaii Aviation">{{cite web |url=http://hawaii.gov/hawaiiaviation/hawaii-commercial-aviation/inter-island-airways-hawaiian-airlines |title=Inter-Island Airways/Hawaiian Airlines—Hawaii Aviation |first=William J. |last=Horvat |website=Hawaii's Aviation History |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |publisher=State of Hawaii |access-date=May 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153623/http://hawaii.gov/hawaiiaviation/hawaii-commercial-aviation/inter-island-airways-hawaiian-airlines |archive-date=March 14, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> private boats were the sole means of traveling between the islands. Seaflite operated [[hydrofoils]] between the major islands in the mid-1970s.<ref>{{cite news |author=Cataluna, Lee |title=Nothing Smooth on Seaflite |newspaper=[[The Honolulu Advertiser]] |date=December 23, 2005 |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2005/Dec/23/ln/FP512230359.html |access-date=August 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009110605/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2005/Dec/23/ln/FP512230359.html |archive-date=October 9, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Hawaii Superferry]] operated between Oʻahu and Maui between December 2007 and March 2009, with additional routes planned for other islands. Protests and legal problems over environmental impact statements ended the service, though the company operating Superferry has expressed a wish to recommence ferry services in the future.<ref name="Alakai">{{cite news |newspaper=[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]] |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/content/20090329_Aloha_Superferry |title=Aloha, Superferry Alakai leaves Hawaii to find job |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |publisher=[[Black Press|Black Press Group Ltd]] |issn=0439-5271 |id={{OCLC|9188300|433678262|232117605|2268098}} |date=March 29, 2009 |access-date=May 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013185707/http://archives.starbulletin.com/content/20090329_Aloha_Superferry |archive-date=October 13, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Currently there is a passenger ferry service in [[Maui County]] between Lanaʻi and Maui,<ref name="Lana'i Ferry">{{cite web |url= https://ssl.go-lanai.com/ |title= Expeditions: Maui—Lanaʻi Ferry Service |access-date= May 5, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120509054306/https://ssl.go-lanai.com/ |archive-date= May 9, 2012 |url-status= live}}</ref> which does not take vehicles; a passenger ferry to Molokaʻi ended in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2016/10/molokai-ferry-ends-service-this-month/|title=Molokai ferry ends service this month | News, Sports, Jobs—Maui News|access-date=October 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028172749/https://www.mauinews.com/news/local-news/2016/10/molokai-ferry-ends-service-this-month/|archive-date=October 28, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Currently [[Norwegian Cruise Lines]] and [[Princess Cruises]] provide passenger cruise ship services between the larger islands.<ref name="NCL">{{cite web |url=http://www2.ncl.com/cruise-destination/hawaii/overview |title=Hawaii Cruises Cruise Overview | Hawaii Cruises Cruise Destinations & Vacation Packages |website=Norwegian Cruise Line |location=Miami-Dade County, FL |access-date=May 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503161613/http://www2.ncl.com/cruise-destination/hawaii/overview |archive-date=May 3, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Princess Cruises">{{cite web |url=http://www.princess.com/learn/destinations/hawaii/index.html |title=Hawaii, Tahiti, & South Pacific Cruises |website=Princess Cruises |location=Santa Clarita, California |access-date=May 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505050333/http://www.princess.com/learn/destinations/hawaii/index.html |archive-date=May 5, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Rail===
At one time Hawaii had a network of railroads on each of the larger islands that transported farm commodities and passengers. Most were {{RailGauge|3ft}} [[narrow gauge]] systems but there were some {{RailGauge|2ft6in}} gauge on some of the smaller islands. The standard gauge in the U.S. is {{RailGauge|4ft8.5in}}. By far the largest railroad was the [[Oahu Railway and Land Company]] (OR&L) that ran lines from Honolulu across the western and northern part of Oʻahu.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |title=Hawaiian Railway Album—WW II Photographs Vol 2 |author1=Norton Jr., Victor |author2=Treiber, Gale E. |year=2005 |publisher=Railroad Press |location=Hanover, PA}}</ref>

The OR&L was important for moving troops and goods during World War II. Traffic on this line was busy enough for signals to be used to facilitate movement of trains and to require [[wigwag (railroad)|wigwag]] signals at some railroad crossings for the protection of motorists. The main line was officially abandoned in 1947, although part of it was bought by the U.S. Navy and operated until 1970. {{convert|13|mi|km|spell=In}} of track remain; preservationists occasionally run trains over a portion of this line.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

[[Skyline (Honolulu)|Skyline]] is an elevated passenger rail line operated by [[Honolulu Authority for Rapid Transportation|HART]], a semi-autonomous agency of the [[Honolulu County, Hawaii|City and County of Honolulu]]. It was built with the intention to relieve highway congestion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/HI_Honolulu_HCT_Profile_FY17_0.pdf |title=High Capacity Transit Corridor Project: Honolulu, Hawaii |publisher= |date=December 2015 |access-date=June 26, 2022}}</ref> A portion of Skyline opened for service in 2023, with the next phase expected to open in October 2025, and the final phase in 2031.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Aquino |first1=Jamm |last2=Russell |first2=Cindy Ellen |date=June 30, 2023 |title=Ridership commences on Honolulu's rail system |url=https://www.staradvertiser.com/2023/06/30/photo-gallery/ridership-commences-on-honolulus-rail-system/ |access-date=July 2, 2023 |website=[[Honolulu Star-Advertiser]]}}</ref>

==Governance==
===Political subdivisions and local government===
{{See also|List of counties in Hawaii}}
[[File:Washington Place Honolulu HI.jpg|thumb|The [[Governor of Hawaii]] officially resides at [[Washington Place]], an old American-built residence]]

The movement of the Hawaiian royal family from Hawaiʻi Island to Maui, and subsequently to Oʻahu, explains the modern-day distribution of population centers. [[Kamehameha III]] chose the largest city, Honolulu, as his capital because of its natural harbor—the present-day [[Honolulu Harbor]]. Now the state capital, Honolulu is located along the southeast coast of Oʻahu. The previous capital was [[Lahaina, Hawaii|Lahaina]], Maui, and before that [[Kailua-Kona]], Hawaiʻi. Some major towns are [[Hilo, Hawaii|Hilo]]; [[Kaneohe, Hawaii|Kaneohe]]; [[Kailua, Honolulu County, Hawaii|Kailua]]; [[Pearl City, Hawaii|Pearl City]]; [[Waipahu, Hawaii|Waipahu]]; [[Kahului, Hawaii|Kahului]]; [[Kailua, Hawaii County, Hawaii|Kailua-Kona]]. [[Kihei, Hawaii|Kīhei]]; and [[Lihue, Hawaii|Līhuʻe]].

Hawaii has five counties: the [[Honolulu County, Hawaii|City and County of Honolulu]], [[Hawaiʻi County, Hawaii|Hawaiʻi County]], [[Maui County, Hawaii|Maui County]], [[Kauaʻi County, Hawaii|Kauaʻi County]], and [[Kalawao County, Hawaii|Kalawao County]].

Hawaii has the fewest local governments among U.S. states.<ref name="USCensus2010">{{cite web | url=http://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2010/compendia/statab/130ed/tables/11s0427.pdf | title=Number of Local Governments by Type | publisher=U.S. Census Bureau | access-date=December 4, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208152305/http://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2010/compendia/statab/130ed/tables/11s0427.pdf | archive-date=December 8, 2015 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="USCensus2007">{{cite web | url=http://www2.census.gov/govs/cog/2007/hi.pdf | title=Hawaii | publisher=U.S. Census Bureau | access-date=December 4, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202644/http://www2.census.gov/govs/cog/2007/hi.pdf | archive-date=March 4, 2016 | url-status=live}}</ref> Unique to this state is the lack of [[Municipal corporation|municipal governments]]. All local governments are generally administered at the [[County (United States)|county]] level. The only incorporated area in the state is [[Honolulu County, Hawaii|Honolulu County]], a [[consolidated city–county]] that governs the entire island of Oʻahu. County executives are referred to as mayors; these are the [[Mayor of Hawaiʻi County]], [[Mayor of Honolulu]], [[Mayor of Kauaʻi]], and the [[Mayor of Maui]]. The mayors are all elected in [[Non-partisan democracy|nonpartisan]] elections. Kalawao County has no elected government,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chem.hawaii.edu/uham/counties.html|title=Hawaii's 4 (or 5) Counties|access-date=January 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805013928/http://www.chem.hawaii.edu/uham/counties.html|archive-date=August 5, 2007}}</ref> and as [[#Education|mentioned above]] there are no local [[school district]]s; instead, all local public education is administered at the state level by the [[Hawaii Department of Education]]. The remaining local governments are [[Special-purpose district|special districts]].<ref name="USCensus2010"/><ref name="USCensus2007"/>

===State government===
{{Further|Category:State agencies of Hawaii}}
[[File:Hawaii State Capitol, Honolulu.jpg|thumb|left|[[Hawaii State Capitol]] building]]

The state government of Hawaii is modeled after the federal government with adaptations originating from the kingdom era of Hawaiian history. As codified in the [[Constitution of Hawaii]], there are three [[branches of government]]: executive, legislative, and judicial, although the [[Office of Hawaiian Affairs]] is often referred to as the fourth branch of government as it does not fall under the other three branches. The executive branch is led by the [[Governor of Hawaii]], who is assisted by the [[Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii]], both of whom are elected on the same ticket. The governor is the only state public official elected statewide; all others are appointed by the governor. The lieutenant governor acts as the [[Secretary of State of Hawaii|Secretary of State]]. The governor and lieutenant governor oversee twenty agencies and departments from offices in the [[Hawaii State Capitol|State Capitol]]. The official residence of the governor is [[Washington Place]].

The legislative branch consists of the [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Hawaii State Legislature]], which is composed of the 51-member [[Hawaii House of Representatives]] led by the [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker of the House]], and the 25-member [[Hawaii Senate]] led by the [[President of the Senate]]. The Legislature meets at the [[Hawaii State Capitol|State Capitol]]. The unified judicial branch of Hawaii is the [[Hawaii State Judiciary]]. The [[State supreme court|state's highest court]] is the [[Supreme Court of Hawaii]], which uses [[Aliiolani Hale|Aliʻiōlani Hale]] as its chambers.

===Federal government===
<gallery class="center" heights="200" widths="145" caption="Congressional delegation for the [[118th United States Congress]]">
File:Brian Schatz, official portrait, 113th Congress 2.jpg|Senator [[Brian Schatz]]
File:Mazie Hirono, official portrait, 113th Congress.jpg|Senator [[Mazie Hirono]]
File:Ed Case, official portrait, 117th Congress.jpg|Representative [[Ed Case]] ([[Hawaii's 1st congressional district|HI-1]])
File:Rep. Jill Tokuda official photo, 118th Congress (1).jpg|Representative [[Jill Tokuda]] ([[Hawaii's 2nd congressional district|HI-2]])
</gallery>

Hawaii is represented in the [[United States Congress]] by two senators and two [[United States House of Representatives|representatives]]. {{As of|2023}}, all four seats are held by Democrats. Former representative [[Ed Case]] was elected in 2018 to the [[Hawaii's 1st congressional district|1st congressional district]]. [[Jill Tokuda]] represents the [[Hawaii's 2nd congressional district|2nd congressional district]], representing the rest of the state, which is largely rural and semi-rural.<ref name="Representative Jill Tokuda">{{Cite web |title=tokuda.house.gov |date=January 3, 2023 |url=https://tokuda.house.gov/about |access-date=February 19, 2023}}</ref>

[[Brian Schatz]] is the senior United States senator from Hawaii. He was appointed to the office on December 26, 2012, by Governor [[Neil Abercrombie]], following the death of former senator [[Daniel Inouye]]. Schatz then won the 2014 special election, and the 2016 and 2022 regular elections in Hawaii as Senator.

The state's junior senator is [[Mazie Hirono]], the former representative from the second congressional district. She won in the 2012, 2018, and 2024 elections for Senator in Hawaii, following the retirement of [[Daniel Akaka]]. Hirono is the first female Asian American senator and the first Buddhist senator.

Hawaii incurred the biggest [[Seniority in the United States Senate|seniority]] shift between the [[112th United States Congress|112th]] and [[113th United States Congress|113th]] Congresses. The state went from a delegation consisting of senators who were first and twenty-first in seniority{{efn|Senator Inouye, who ranked first in seniority, died in December 2012. Senator [[Daniel Akaka]], who ranked 21st of the Senate's one hundred members, retired in January 2013 after serving twenty-three years in the Senate.}} to their respective replacements, relative newcomers Schatz and Hirono.<ref>{{cite web |last=Blackwell |first=Sarah |url=http://tv.msnbc.com/2013/01/04/the-junior-senior-senators/ |title=msnbc's ''The Daily Rundown'', 23 December 2009, accessed 6 January 2012 |publisher=nbcnews.com |date=January 4, 2013 |access-date=January 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109163428/http://tv.msnbc.com/2013/01/04/the-junior-senior-senators/ |archive-date=January 9, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Federal officials in Hawaii are based at the [[Prince Kuhio Federal Building|Prince Kūhiō Federal Building]] near the [[Aloha Tower]] and Honolulu Harbor. The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]], [[Internal Revenue Service]] and the [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] maintain their offices there; the building is also the site of the [[United States federal courts|federal]] [[United States District Court for the District of Hawaii|District Court for the District of Hawaii]] and the [[United States Attorney for the District of Hawaii]].

===Politics===
{{Main|Politics of Hawaii}}

{{See also|Political party strength in Hawaii|United States presidential elections in Hawaii}}
[[File:Obama signs Zadroga Act.jpg|thumb|Hawaii-born President [[Barack Obama]] signs the [[Zadroga Act]] in [[Kailua, Hawaii]]]]

Since gaining statehood and participating in its first election in [[1960 United States presidential election|1960]], Hawaii has supported Democrats in all but two presidential elections: [[1972 United States presidential election in Hawaii|1972]] and [[1984 United States presidential election in Hawaii|1984]], both of which were landslide reelection victories for Republicans [[Richard Nixon]] and [[Ronald Reagan]] respectively. In Hawaii's statehood tenure, only Minnesota has supported Republican candidates fewer times in presidential elections. The 2022 [[Cook Partisan Voting Index]] ranks Hawaii as the third-most heavily Democratic state in the nation.<ref>{{cite web |title=2022 Cook PVI: State Map and List |url=https://www.cookpolitical.com/cook-pvi/2022-partisan-voting-index/state-map-and-list |website=The Cook Political Report with Amy Walter |date=July 12, 2022 |access-date=April 24, 2024}}</ref>

Hawaii has not elected a Republican to represent the state in the U.S. Senate since [[Hiram Fong]] in 1970; since 1977, both of the state's U.S. Senators have been Democrats.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kaste|first=Martin|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2012/09/13/161096416/can-a-republican-win-a-senate-seat-in-blue-hawaii|title=Can A Republican Win A Senate Seat in Blue Hawaii?|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=September 13, 2012|access-date=May 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526130428/http://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2012/09/13/161096416/can-a-republican-win-a-senate-seat-in-blue-hawaii|archive-date=May 26, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Bernstein|first=Adam|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A13805-2004Aug18.html|title=Hiram Fong Dies; One of First Hawaiian Senators|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=August 19, 2004|access-date=May 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903230441/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A13805-2004Aug18.html|archive-date=September 3, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[2004 United States presidential election|2004]], [[John Kerry]] won the state's four electoral votes by a margin of nine percentage points with 54% of the vote. Every county supported the Democratic candidate. In 1964, [[favorite son]] candidate senator Hiram Fong of Hawaii sought the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] presidential nomination, while [[Patsy Mink]] ran in the Oregon primary in 1972.
[[File:John Richardson and David Ige 161207-N-AT895-171 (30656444724).jpg|thumb|Governor [[David Ige]] with U.S. Navy admiral [[John M. Richardson (admiral)|John Richardson]] at the 75th Commemoration Event of the Pearl Harbor and Oʻahu attacks in 2016]]
Honolulu-born [[Barack Obama]], then serving as a [[United States senator]] from [[Illinois]], was elected the [[List of presidents of the United States|44th]] president of the United States on [[2008 United States presidential election|November 4, 2008]], and was re-elected for a second term on [[2012 United States presidential election|November 6, 2012]]. Obama had won the Hawaii Democratic caucus on February 19, 2008, with 76% of the vote. He was the third Hawaii-born candidate to seek the nomination of a major party, the first presidential nominee and first president from Hawaii.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rudin |first=Ken |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/politicaljunkie/2009/12/todays_junkie_segment_on_totn_5.html |title=NPR's ''Political Junkie'' |newspaper=NPR |publisher=Npr.org |date=December 23, 2009 |access-date=May 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511153042/http://www.npr.org/blogs/politicaljunkie/2009/12/todays_junkie_segment_on_totn_5.html |archive-date=May 11, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=96126355 |title=Asian Writer Ponders First Asian President Too |publisher=Npr.org |date=October 29, 2008 |access-date=May 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217191156/http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=96126355 |archive-date=February 17, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In a 2020 study, Hawaii was ranked as the 6th easiest state for citizens to vote in.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=J. Pomante II |first1=Michael |last2=Li |first2=Quan |title=Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020 |journal=Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy |date=December 15, 2020 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=503–509 |doi=10.1089/elj.2020.0666 |s2cid=225139517 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Law enforcement===
Hawaii has a statewide sheriff department under its [[Hawaii Department of Public Safety|Department of Public Safety]] that provides law enforcement protection to government buildings and [[Daniel K. Inouye International Airport]] as well as correction services to all correctional facilities owned by the state.

Counties have their own respective police departments with their own jurisdictions:

*[[Kauaʻi County Police Department]] for the island of Kauaʻi
*[[Honolulu Police Department]] for Oʻahu
*[[Maui County Police Department]] for Molokaʻi, Maui and Lānaʻi
*[[Hawaiʻi County Police Department]] for the Big Island

Forensic services for all agencies in the state are provided by the [[Honolulu Police Department]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scientific Investigation Section |url=https://www.honolulupd.org/organization/divisions/scientific-investigation/ |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Honolulu Police Department |language=en-US}}</ref>

In January 2022, state officials proposed legislation that would split the sheriff department from the Department of Public Safety and consolidate it with the criminal investigation division from the [[State of Hawaii Department of the Attorney General|Department of the Attorney General]] to create a new Department of Law Enforcement that would create a statewide police agency with the ability to investigate crimes.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 8, 2022|title=Hawaii Proposes Statewide Law Enforcement Agency|url=https://www.civilbeat.org/2022/01/hawaii-proposes-statewide-law-enforcement-agency/|access-date=February 6, 2022|website=Honolulu Civil Beat}}</ref>

==Hawaiian sovereignty movement==
{{main|Hawaiian sovereignty movement|List of Hawaiian sovereignty movement groups|Legal status of Hawaii}}

[[File:Kaniakapupu Ruins (15095487633).jpg|thumb|[[Kaniakapupu]] royal summer palace ruins in [[Honolulu County]]]]
While Hawaii is internationally recognized as a state of the United States while also being broadly accepted as such in mainstream understanding, the [[Legal status of Hawaii|legality of this status]] has been questioned in U.S. District Court,<ref name=district/> the U.N., and other international forums.<ref name=UN-forum/> Domestically, the debate is a topic covered in the [[Kamehameha Schools]] curriculum,<ref name=curriculum/> and in classes at the [[University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catalog.hawaii.edu/schoolscolleges/hawaiian/kamakakuokalani.htm|publisher=University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201051929/http://www.catalog.hawaii.edu/schoolscolleges/hawaiian/kamakakuokalani.htm|archive-date=December 1, 2017|access-date=November 24, 2017|title=Kamakakuokalani Center for Hawaiian Studies}}</ref>

Political organizations seeking some form of sovereignty for Hawaii have been active since the late 19th century. Generally, their focus is on [[self-determination]] and [[self-governance]], either for Hawaii as an independent nation (in many proposals, for "Hawaiian nationals" descended from subjects of the Hawaiian Kingdom or declaring themselves as such by choice), or for people of whole or part [[native Hawaiian]] ancestry in an indigenous "''nation to nation''" relationship akin to [[tribal sovereignty]] with [[US federal recognition of Native Hawaiians]]. The pro-federal recognition [[Akaka Bill]] drew substantial opposition among Hawaiian residents in the 2000s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/11/us/11hawaii.html|title=Hawaiians Weigh Options as Native-Status Bill Stalls|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 11, 2006|access-date=July 3, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703191002/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/11/us/11hawaii.html|archive-date=July 3, 2018}}</ref><ref name="HIunpo">{{cite web|url=http://www.unpo.org/article/2089|title=Ka Lahui Hawaiʻi: Akaka Bill Has Plenty of Vocal Opposition|date=March 8, 2005|access-date=July 3, 2018|archive-date=September 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921094016/https://www.unpo.org/article/2089|url-status=live}}</ref> Opponents to the tribal approach argue it is not a legitimate path to Hawaiian nationhood; they also argue that the U.S. government should not be involved in re-establishing Hawaiian sovereignty.<ref>{{cite web|author=Imani Altemus-Williams|date=December 7, 2015|url=https://intercontinentalcry.org/towards-hawaiian-independence|work=IC|publisher=Center for World Indigenous Studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703190909/https://intercontinentalcry.org/towards-hawaiian-independence|archive-date=July 3, 2018|title=Towards Hawaiian Independence: Native Americans warn Native Hawaiians of the dangers of Federal Recognition|access-date=July 3, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Perkins">{{cite magazine|author=ʻUmi Perkins|date=January 16, 2015|title=Is Hawaiʻi an Occupied State?|website=The Nation|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/hawaii-occupied-state/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708074420/https://www.thenation.com/article/hawaii-occupied-state/|archive-date=July 8, 2018|access-date=July 7, 2018}}</ref>

The [[Hawaiian sovereignty movement]] views the [[overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii]] in 1893 as illegal, and views the subsequent [[Newlands Resolution|annexation of Hawaii by the United States]] as illegal as well; the movement seeks some form of greater autonomy for Hawaii, such as [[associated state|free association]] or independence from the United States.<ref name="HIunpo"/><ref name="Hawaii1893">{{cite web|url=http://hawaii-nation.org/rape.html|title=The Rape of Paradise: The Second Century Hawaiʻians Grope Toward Sovereignty As The U.S. President Apologizes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191212/http://hawaii-nation.org/rape.html|archive-date=March 3, 2016|work=Perceptions Magazine|author=Johnny Liberty|author2=Richard Neff Hubbard|date=March–April 1996|pages=18–25|via=Hawai`i Independent & Sovereign|access-date=October 30, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Hawaiisov">{{cite news|url=http://www.govexec.com/state-local/2014/08/hawaii-sovereignty-department-interior-hearings/91247/|title=As Feds Hold Hearings, Native Hawaiians Press Sovereignty Claims|date=August 12, 2014|publisher=Government Executive|agency=Government Executive|last1=Grass|first1=Michael|access-date=October 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007091037/http://www.govexec.com/state-local/2014/08/hawaii-sovereignty-department-interior-hearings/91247/|archive-date=October 7, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=8ep_MtL5BacC|page=153}}|title=Hawaii—The Fake State|publisher=Trafford Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4251-7524-5|page=153|author=Aran Alton Ardaiz}}</ref>

Some groups also advocate some form of redress from the United States for the [[Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii|1893 overthrow]] of [[Liliuokalani|Queen Liliʻuokalani]], and for what is described as a prolonged [[military occupation]] beginning with the 1898 annexation. The [[Apology Resolution]] passed by US Congress in 1993 is cited as a major impetus by the movement for Hawaiian sovereignty.<ref name="Hawaii1893" /> The sovereignty movement considers Hawaii to be an illegally occupied nation.<ref name="Hawaiisov"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Aran Alton Ardaiz|title=Hawaii—The Fake State|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=8ep_MtL5BacC|page=153}}|year=2008|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-4251-7524-5|page=153}}</ref><ref name="Perkins"/>

==International sister relationships==
*{{Flagicon|Ehime}} [[Ehime Prefecture|Ehime]], Japan, 2003<ref>{{cite web |title=International exchange activated with globalization|publisher=[[Ehime Prefecture]]|url=http://www.pref.ehime.jp/h30100/global/industry/grobal.html|access-date=October 27, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930043647/http://www.pref.ehime.jp/h30100/global/industry/grobal.html|archive-date=September 30, 2018}}</ref>
*{{Flagicon|Fukuoka}} [[Fukuoka Prefecture|Fukuoka]], Japan, 1981<ref>{{cite web |title=ハワイアンフェスティバル in 福岡 2018|publisher=[[Fukuoka Prefecture]]|url=http://www.pref.fukuoka.lg.jp/contents/hawaii20180721.html|language=ja|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414133940/http://www.pref.fukuoka.lg.jp/contents/hawaii20180721.html|archive-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref>
*{{Flagicon|Hiroshima}} [[Hiroshima Prefecture|Hiroshima]], Japan, 1997<ref>{{cite web |title=広島県・ハワイ州友好提携20周年記念（展示会）広島から世界へ―移住の歴史と日系人の暮らし― を開催しました。|publisher=[[Hiroshima Prefecture]]|url=https://www.pref.hiroshima.lg.jp/soshiki/38/hawaii-imin.html|language=ja|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414133235/https://www.pref.hiroshima.lg.jp/soshiki/38/hawaii-imin.html|archive-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref>
*{{Flagicon|Hokkaido}} [[Hokkaido]], Japan, 2017<ref>{{cite web |title=Hokkaido Sister City and Affiliated Regions Round Table Meeting|publisher=[[Hokkaido]]|url=http://www.pref.hokkaido.lg.jp/ss/tsk/RTMENGLISH.htm|access-date=March 5, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305222132/http://www.pref.hokkaido.lg.jp/ss/tsk/RTMENGLISH.htm|archive-date=March 5, 2019}}</ref>
*{{Flagicon|Okinawa}} [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]], Japan, 1985<ref>{{cite web |title=沖縄・ハワイ州姉妹提携30周年記念式典(10月9日)|publisher=[[Okinawa Prefecture]]|url=https://www.pref.okinawa.jp/site/chijiko/kohokoryu/koho/topic/201510091.html|language=ja|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414134639/https://www.pref.okinawa.jp/site/chijiko/kohokoryu/koho/topic/201510091.html|archive-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref>
*{{Flagicon|Yamaguchi}} [[Yamaguchi Prefecture|Yamaguchi]], Japan, 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=HAWAII'S SISTER-STATES |url=https://invest.hawaii.gov/international/sister-states/ |website=Business Development and Support Division logo Business Development and Support Division |publisher=State of Hawaii |access-date=March 30, 2024}}</ref>
*{{Flagicon|China}} [[Guangdong]], China, 1985<ref name="Hawaii's Sister-States">{{cite web |title=Hawaii's Sister-States|publisher=[[State of Hawaiʻi]]|url=https://invest.hawaii.gov/international/sister-states/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016200107/https://invest.hawaii.gov/international/sister-states/|archive-date=October 16, 2020}}</ref>
*{{Flagicon|China}} [[Hainan]], China, 1992<ref name="Hawaii's Sister-States"/>
*{{Flagicon|Jeju}} [[Jeju Province|Jeju]], South Korea, 1986<ref name="Hawaii's Sister-States"/>
*{{Flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Taiwan]], Republic of China, 1993<ref name="Hawaii's Sister-States"/>
*{{Flagicon|Cebu}} [[Cebu Province|Cebu]], Philippines, 1996<ref name="Hawaii's Sister-States"/>
*{{Flagicon|Isabela}} [[Isabela Province|Isabela]], Philippines, 2006<ref name="Hawaii's Sister-States"/>
*{{Flagicon|Pangasinan}} [[Pangasinan Province|Pangasinan]], Philippines, 2002<ref name="Hawaii's Sister-States"/>
*{{Flagicon|Ilocos Sur}} [[Ilocos Sur Province|Ilocos Sur]], Philippines, 1985<ref name="Hawaii's Sister-States"/>
*{{Flagicon|Ilocos Norte}} [[Ilocos Norte Province|Ilocos Norte]], Philippines, 2005<ref name="Hawaii's Sister-States"/>
*{{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Rabat_Sale_province.svg}} [[Rabat-Salé-Zemmour-Zaër]], Morocco, 2011<ref name="Hawaii's Sister-States"/>
*{{Flagicon|Azores}} [[Azores|Azores Islands]], Portugal, 1982<ref name="Hawaii's Sister-States"/>
*{{Flagicon|Bali}} [[Bali Province|Bali]], Indonesia, 2014<ref name="Hawaii's Sister-States"/>
*{{Flagicon image|Flag of Goa.svg}} [[Goa State|Goa]], India, 2018<ref name="Hawaii's Sister-States"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Hawaii|United States|Islands}}
*[[Index of Hawaii-related articles]]
*[[List of cemeteries in Hawaii]]
*[[Outline of Hawaii]]
*[[USS Hawaii|USS ''Hawaii'']], two ships
{{Clear}}

==References==
===Informational notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
<references>
<ref name=UN-forum>{{cite web|url=http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/hawaii-and-united-nations|title=Hawaiʻi and the United Nations|website=Cultural Survival|date=April 2, 2010 |access-date=October 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008170705/http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/hawaii-and-united-nations|archive-date=October 8, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=curriculum>{{cite journal|url=https://hawaii.academia.edu/UmiPerkins/Papers/1061013/Maori_and_Native_Hawaiian_Education|title=Maori and Native Hawaiian Education|author=Umi Perkins|journal=Fulbright.org.nz|access-date=December 3, 2017|archive-date=September 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921094012/https://www.academia.edu/1016384/Maori_and_Native_Hawaiian_Education|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=district>{{Cite web|url=https://hawaiiankingdom.org/sai-obama.shtml|title=Hawaiian Kingdom—David Keanu Sai v. Barack Obama, et al|website=hawaiiankingdom.org|access-date=October 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028172751/https://hawaiiankingdom.org/sai-obama.shtml|archive-date=October 28, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
</references>

===Bibliography===
{{Further|History of Hawaii#Bibliography}}
*Beechert, Edward D. ''Working in Hawaii: A Labor History'' (University of Hawaii Press, 1985).
*{{cite book|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=pKBhBxgKxs8C}}|title=The Gifts of Civilization: Germs and Genocide in Hawai?i|last=Bushnell|first=Oswald A.|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0-8248-1457-1}}
*Kuykendall, Ralph S. ''A History of Hawaii'' (Macmillan, 1926) [https://books.google.com/books?id=W7Nb1uj0SLgC&dq=history++HAWAII&pg=PP16 online].
*Russ Jr., William Adam (1961) ''The Hawaiian Republic (1894–98) and Its Struggle to Win Annexation''. Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania: Susquehanna University Press.
*Schmitt, Robert C. ''Historical Statistics of Hawaii''. (University Press of Hawaii, 1977).
*Schmitt, Robert C. "Religious statistics of Hawaii, 1825–1972". ''Hawaiian Journal of History'' (1973), volume 7, pp 41–47.
*Schmitt, Robert C. ''Demographic Statistics of Hawaii''. (University of Hawaii Press, 2021).
*Tabrah, Ruth M. ''Hawaii: a history'' (WW Norton & Company, 1984).

===Guides===
*Cooperm, Jeanne, and Natalie Schack. ''Frommer's Hawaii'' (2022) [https://www.amazon.com/Frommers-Hawaii-Complete-Guides-Martha/dp/1628875070/ excerpt]
*Doughty, Andrew. ''Hawaii the Big Island Revealed: The Ultimate Guidebook'' (2021) [https://www.amazon.com/Hawaii-Big-Island-Revealed-Guidebook/dp/1949678105/ excerpt]
*FODOR. ''Fodor's Essential Hawaii'' (2020) [https://www.amazon.com/Fodors-Essential-Hawaii-Full-color-Travel/dp/1640973168/ excerpt]

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Hawaii}}
*{{Official website|1=http://portal.ehawaii.gov/index.html}}
*[https://guides.loc.gov/hawaii-state-guide Hawaii State Guide from the Library of Congress]
*[https://data.ers.usda.gov/reports.aspx?StateFIPS=15&StateName=Hawaii&ID=17854 Hawaiʻi State Fact Sheet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214003424/https://data.ers.usda.gov/reports.aspx?StateFIPS=15&StateName=Hawaii&ID=17854 |date=February 14, 2022}} from the U.S. Department of Agriculture
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20101104233304/https://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=HI USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Hawaii]}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080609213401/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=HI Energy Data & Statistics for Hawaii]}}
*[https://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/3000/3510/image05292003_lrg.jpg Satellite image of Hawaiian Islands] at [[NASA]]'s [[Earth Observatory]]
*[https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/research/online-documents/hawaii-statehood Documents relating to Hawaii Statehood, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library]
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/21/opinion/21theroux.html Happily a State, Forever an Island] by ''The New York Times''
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20101103095527/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/50681/hawaii-then-and-now "Hawaiʻi Then and Now"]}}—slideshow by ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine (Archived from [http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/50681/hawaii-then-and-now the original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103095527/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/50681/hawaii-then-and-now |date=November 3, 2010}} on November 3, 2010)
*{{OSM relation|166563}}
*[https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/110.html Hawaiian Imprint Collection] From the [https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/ Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress]

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[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Shrinivas Pokale

2026-03-15T04:37:55Z

Igurushivamy: New Article

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shrinivas Pokale
| birth_place = [[Amravati]], Maharashtra, India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2010|03|31}}
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2018–present
| mother =
}}
'''Shrinivas Pokale''' (born 31 March 2010)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://marathi.latestly.com/entertainment/marathi/66th-national-film-awards-2019-take-a-look-at-the-unknown-facts-of-child-actor-shrinivas-pokale-from-the-movie-naal-87913.html |title=66th National Film Awards 2019: वाचा नाळ चित्रपटातील बाल कलाकार 'श्रीनिवास पोकळे' याच्या काही मजेशीर गोष्टी |date=23 December 2019 |work=latestly.com|language=mr|access-date=13 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113013835/https://marathi.latestly.com/entertainment/marathi/66th-national-film-awards-2019-take-a-look-at-the-unknown-facts-of-child-actor-shrinivas-pokale-from-the-movie-naal-87913.html |archive-date=13 November 2023}}</ref> is an Indian child actor who works primarily in [[Marathi language]] films. He was debuted in the 2018 with the film [[Naal (film)|''Naal'']], for which he won the [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]] award at the [[66th National Film Awards]] in 2018 and also won Best Child Artist award at [[Maharashtra State Film Award]]. He also won Best Child Artist award at [[8th Filmfare Awards Marathi]] for the movie ''[[Naal 2]]'', the sequel of ''[[Naal (film)|Naal]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/shrinivas-pokale-wins-best-child-artist-at-national-film-awards-for-naal/articleshow/70605315.cms?frmapp=yes&from=mdr |title=National Film Awards 2018: Shrinivas Pokale wins Best Child Artist award for 'Naal' |date=9 August 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112160030/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/shrinivas-pokale-wins-best-child-artist-at-national-film-awards-for-naal/articleshow/70605315.cms?frmapp=yes&from=mdr |archive-date=12 November 2023}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
! Ref(s)
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Naal (film)|Naal]]'' || Chaitanya "Chaitya" Bhosale || Film debut||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1027994/start-the-week-with-a-film-in-naal-a-young-boy-confronts-a-family-secret |title=Start the week with a film: In 'Naal', a young boy confronts a family secret |date=11 July 2022 |work=[[Scroll.in]]|language=en|access-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111134121/https://scroll.in/reel/1027994/start-the-week-with-a-film-in-naal-a-young-boy-confronts-a-family-secret |archive-date=11 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[George Reddy (film)|George Reddy]]'' || young [[George Reddy]] ||Telugu debut||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/naal-fame-actor-shrinivas-pokale-will-be-seen-george-reddy-telagu-film/497416 |title='नाळ' सिनेमातील 'चैत्या'चे तेलुगू सिनेमात पदार्पण |date=20 November 2019 |work=[[Zee News]]|language=mr|access-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120131307/https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/naal-fame-actor-shrinivas-pokale-will-be-seen-george-reddy-telagu-film/497416 |archive-date=20 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Naal 2]]'' || Chaitanya "Chaitya" Bhosale || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/naal-2-going-to-release-on-10th-november-2023-latest-entertainment-news/755193 |title='नाळ 2' 'या' तारखेला प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला, चैत्या उलगडणार आठवणींचा खजिना |date=21 October 2022 |work=[[Zee News]]|language=mr|access-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112175356/https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/naal-2-going-to-release-on-10th-november-2023-latest-entertainment-news/755193 |archive-date=12 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024
|''[[Malhar (film)|Malhar]]''
|Bhairav
|Hindi and Marathi
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/sharib-hashmi-starrer-malhar-to-release-next-month/cid/2021777|title=Sharib Hashmi-starrer Malhar to release next month|date=23 May 2024|work=The Telegraph}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sangharsh Yoddha Manoj Jarange Patil]]''
|Jarange's son
|Based on [[Manoj Jarange-Patil|Manoj Jarange Patil]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-04 |title='आलो तर तुआ, गेलो तर समाजाचा'; 'संघर्ष योद्धा मनोज जरांगे पाटील' चित्रपटाचा Teaser प्रदर्शित, 'या' तारखेला होणार प्रदर्शित |url=https://marathi.timesnownews.com/entertainment/sangharsh-yoddha-manoj-jarange-patil-movie-teaser-released-latest-entertainment-news-in-marathi-article-108200027 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=TimesNowMarathi |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}} || {{Pending film|Choomantar}} || {{TBA}} || Best Child Artist award at [[Maharashtra State Film Award]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/shrinivas-pokale-to-play-suvrat-and-prarthanas-son-in-upcoming-film/articleshow/79069522.cms |title=Shrinivas Pokale to play Suvrat and Prarthana's son in upcoming film |date=6 November 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=12 November 2023|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925215921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/shrinivas-pokale-to-play-suvrat-and-prarthanas-son-in-upcoming-film/articleshow/79069522.cms |archive-date=25 September 2022}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|10191204}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pokale, Shrinivas}}
[[Category:2010 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]
[[Category:Best Child Artist National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]

{{India-actor-stub}}

IFA Shield

2026-03-09T05:48:23Z

Igurushivamy: enhance article and corrected details

{{Short description|Association football competition in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox football tournament
| name = IFA Shield আইএফএ শিল্ড
| image = IFA Shield.png
| organiser = [[Indian Football Association]] (West Bengal)
| founded = {{Start date and age|1893}}
| abolished =
| region = India ({{small|primarily}} [[West Bengal]])
| number of teams = ''Various''
| related comps = [[Women's IFA Shield]]
| current champions = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] (21st title)
| most successful club = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] (29 titles)
| broadcasters =
| website = {{URL|https://ifawb.in/}}
| current = [[2025 IFA Shield|2025]]
}}

The '''IFA Shield''' is a [[association football|football]] competition organized by the [[Indian Football Association]], the [[association football|football]] governing body in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/calcutta-football-league-history-winners-list |title=Calcutta Football League: East Bengal kings of Asia's oldest league competition — full winners list |website=olympics.com |publisher=The Olympics Football |last1=Nag |first1=Utathya |date=19 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505071647/https://olympics.com/en/news/calcutta-football-league-history-winners-list |archive-date=5 May 2023 }}</ref> The [[Indian Football Association|IFA]] came into existence in 1893,<ref>{{Cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/ifashield.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the IFA-Shield|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|language=en|access-date=20 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007084853/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/ifashield.html|archive-date=7 October 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> and was named after the association. The IFA Shield tournament was started in the same year. It is the [[Football in India|third oldest football tournament in India]], after [[Durand Cup]] and [[Trades Cup]], and is among the [[List of oldest football competitions|oldest football competitions in the world]].<ref>{{cite web|title=FOOTBALL IN BENGAL|url=http://ifawb.com/archives.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306042849/http://www.ifawb.com/archives.php|archive-date=6 March 2016|access-date=14 January 2021|website=www.ifawb.com|publisher=The [[Indian Football Association]] (West Bengal)}}</ref>

==History==
The royal houses of [[Maharaja of Patiala|Patiala]] and [[Cooch Behar State|Cooch Behar]], A.A. Apcar of [[Armenians in India|Armenian]] Club and J Sutherland of [[Dalhousie AC]] had financially contributed for the inception of the Shield. The coveted shield was designed by Walter Locke & Co. ([[Kolkata|Calcutta]]) and made by [[Elkington & Co.|Messrs Elkington & Co.]] ([[London]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-25|title=Nagendra Prasad Sarbadhikari — The first visionary of Indian football|url=https://www.footballparadise.com/nagendra-prasad-sarbadhikari-the-first-visionary-of-indian-football/|access-date=2021-02-26|website=Football Paradise|language=en-US|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922065949/https://www.footballparadise.com/nagendra-prasad-sarbadhikari-the-first-visionary-of-indian-football/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Mohun Bagan 1911 IFA shield winning team.jpg|thumb|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]], the first all-Indian side to lift the IFA Shield.]]
During the initial years of the competition, the IFA Shield was dominated by British Army teams and the [[Royal Irish Rifles]] defeated W.D.R.A. to lift the first IFA Shield in 1893. However, their stranglehold over the Shield was broken in 1911,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sengupta|first=Somnath|title=Tactical Evolution Of Indian Football (Part One): Profiling Three Great 2—3—5 Teams|url=https://thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-one-profiling-three-great-2-3-5-teams/|location=Kolkata|date=29 July 2011|access-date=2021-03-16|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|language=en-US|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009112727/https://thehardtackle.com/2011/tactical-evolution-of-indian-football-part-one-profiling-three-great-2-3-5-teams/}}</ref> when [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] became the first all-Indian side to win the IFA Shield by defeating [[East Yorkshire Regiment]] by 2–1.<ref>{{cite book |last=Majumdar, Boria |first=Bandyopadhyay, Kausik |date=1 February 2006 |title=Goalless: The Story of a Unique Footballing Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i55oAAAACAAJ |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin India]] |isbn=9780670058747 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408140616/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Goalless_the_Story_of_a_Unique_Footballi.html?id=i55oAAAACAAJ&redir_esc=y |archive-date=8 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/chronology|title=Chronology of Important Sports Events — West Bengal|website=wbsportsandyouth.gov.in|publisher=Government of West Bengal – Department of youth services and sports|date=2017|access-date=25 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013092944/https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/chronology|archive-date=13 October 2022|location=Kolkata}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Basu |first1=Jaydeep |title=A victory for India? Why Mohun Bagan's historic 1911 IFA Shield win was purely about football |url=https://scroll.in/field/968849/why-mohun-bagans-historic-1911-ifa-shield-win-should-be-judged-purely-from-a-football-perspective#:~:text=Manchester%20Guardian%20reported%20there%20were,%2C%20however%2C%20viewed%20it%20differently. |website=Scroll |date=29 July 2020 |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505210600/https://scroll.in/field/968849/why-mohun-bagans-historic-1911-ifa-shield-win-should-be-judged-purely-from-a-football-perspective#:~:text=Manchester%20Guardian%20reported%20there%20were,%2C%20however%2C%20viewed%20it%20differently. |url-status=live }}</ref> That was a historic moment for Indian football as well the struggle for [[Independence of India|independence]], as the natives beat the Englishmen in their own game. While the [[Royal Irish Rifles]] remains the most successful [[British Army]] side with 5 titles, [[East Bengal Club]] has won the IFA Shield a record 29 times.

[[File:East Bengal FC 1949 IFA Shield.jpg|thumb|The 1949 IFA Shield won by [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]], the most successful club in the tournament's history.]]
From 2015 to [[2018 IFA Shield|2018]], the IFA Shield was designed as an youth tournament wherein youth teams of all divisions were allowed to participate.<ref>{{cite news|title=IFA Shield now U-19 tournament|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150110/jsp/sports/story_19317306.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127203503/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150110/jsp/sports/story_19317306.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 January 2016|access-date=16 February 2016|work=Telegraph India|date=10 January 2015}}</ref> The decision was taken by [[Indian Football Association|IFA]] due to busy schedule of [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] which includes [[Indian Super League]], [[I-League]], [[I-League 2]], [[Indian State Leagues|State leagues]] and [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]] among others. In [[2020 IFA Shield|2020]], the tournament was once again organised as a senior event.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2020/nov/12/ifa-shield-set-for-return-as-senior-eventfour-i-league-clubs-set-to-participate-2222947.html|title=IFA Shield set for return as senior event|date=12 November 2020|work=The Indian Express|access-date=12 December 2020|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927060122/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2020/nov/12/ifa-shield-set-for-return-as-senior-eventfour-i-league-clubs-set-to-participate-2222947.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Results==
===Pre-independence era (1893–1946)===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
!Year
!width="270"|Winner
!Score
!width="270"|Runner-up
!Notes
|-
|1893
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Royal Irish Rifles]]'''
| 1–0
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Western Division, Royal Artillery|W.D.R.A.]]
|
|-
|1894
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Royal Irish Rifles]]''' (2)
| 2–0
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Rifle Brigade]]
|
|-
|1895
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Royal Welch Fusiliers]]'''
| 1–0
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[King's Shropshire Light Infantry]]
|
|-
|1896
| {{flagicon|British India}} '''[[Calcutta Football Club|Calcutta]]'''
| 3–0
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[King's Shropshire Light Infantry]]
|
|-
|1897
| {{flagicon|British India}} '''[[Dalhousie AC|Dalhousie]]'''
| 4–0
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} 31st Field Battalion
|
|-
|1898
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Gloucestershire Regiment]]'''
| 1–0
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[42nd Regiment of Foot|42nd Highlanders]]
|
|-
|1899
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[South Lancashire Regiment]]'''
| 2–0
| {{flagicon|British India}} Barrackpore Artillery
|
|-
|1900
| {{flagicon|British India}} '''[[Calcutta Football Club|Calcutta]]''' (2)
| 0–0; 6–0
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[Dalhousie AC|Dalhousie]]
|
|-
|1901
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Royal Irish Rifles]]''' (3)
| 4–0
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Black Watch]]
|
|-
|1902
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[93rd (Sutherland Highlanders) Regiment of Foot|93rd Highlanders]]'''
| 3–0
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[Dalhousie AC|Dalhousie]]
|
|-
|1903
| {{flagicon|British India}} '''[[Calcutta Football Club|Calcutta]]''' (3)
| 0–0; 1–1; 2–1
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[King's Own Scottish Borderers]]
|
|-
|1904
| {{flagicon|British India}} '''[[Calcutta Football Club|Calcutta]]''' (4)
| 1–0
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)|King's Own Royal Regiment]]
|
|-
|1905
| {{flagicon|British India}} '''[[Dalhousie AC|Dalhousie]]''' (2)
| 4–3
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[Calcutta Football Club|Calcutta]]
|
|-
|1906
| {{flagicon|British India}} '''[[Calcutta Football Club|Calcutta]]''' (5)
| 1–0
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Highland Light Infantry]]
|
|-
|1907
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Highland Light Infantry]]'''
| 0–0; 1–0
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[Calcutta Football Club|Calcutta]]
|
|-
|1908
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Gordon Highlanders]]'''
| 2–0
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[Calcutta Customs Club|Calcutta Customs]]
|
|-
|1909
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Gordon Highlanders]]''' (2)
| 0–0; 3–0
| {{nowrap|{{flagicon|British India}} [[Calcutta Customs Club|Calcutta Customs]]}}
|
|-
|1910
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Gordon Highlanders]]''' (3)
| 0–0; 2–0
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[Calcutta Football Club|Calcutta]]
|
|-
|1911
| {{flagicon|British India}} '''[[Mohun Bagan]]'''
| 2–1
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[East Yorkshire Regiment]]
|{{ref|n3|3}}
|-
|1912
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Royal Irish Rifles]]''' (4)
| 1–0
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Black Watch]]
|
|-
|1913
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Royal Irish Rifles]]''' (5)
| 2–0
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[91st (Argyllshire Highlanders) Regiment of Foot|91st Highlanders]]
|
|-
|1914
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)|King's Own Royal Regiment]]'''
| 1–0
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[Calcutta Football Club|Calcutta]]
|
|-
|1915
| {{flagicon|British India}} '''[[Calcutta Football Club|Calcutta]]''' (6)
| 0–0; 3–0
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[Calcutta Customs Club|Calcutta Customs]]
|
|-
|1916
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[North Staffordshire Regiment]]'''
| 2–1
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[Calcutta Football Club|Calcutta]]
|
|-
|1917
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment]]'''
| 2–0
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[List of battalions of the South Wales Borderers|Brecknockshire Battalion]]
|
|-
|1918
| {{flagicon|British India}} '''Training Reserve Battalion'''
| 1–0
| {{flagicon|British India}} Signal Service Depot
|
|-
|1919
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Brecknockshire Battalion|1st Battalion of Brecknockshire]]'''
| 3–1
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[Calcutta Football Club|Calcutta]]
|
|-
|1920
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Black Watch]]'''
| 2–0
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[Kumartuli]]
|
|-
|1921
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Brecknockshire Battalion|3rd Battalion of Brecknockshire]]''' (2)
| 3–1
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[Calcutta Football Club|Calcutta]]
|
|-
|1922
| {{flagicon|British India}} '''[[Calcutta Football Club|Calcutta]]''' (7)
| 1–0
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[Dalhousie AC|Dalhousie]]
|
|-
|1923
| {{flagicon|British India}} '''[[Calcutta Football Club|Calcutta]]''' (8)
| 3–0
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mohunbagangorbo.com/mohun-bagan-ac/legends-corner/indian-players/umapati-kumar/|title=Mohun Bagan Athletic Club: Umapati Kumar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428162211/http://mohunbagangorbo.com/mohun-bagan-ac/legends-corner/indian-players/umapati-kumar/|archive-date=28 April 2016|access-date=26 January 2015|website=mohunbagangorbo.com|location=Kolkata}}</ref>
|-
|1924
| {{flagicon|British India}} '''[[Calcutta Football Club|Calcutta]]''' (9)
| 5–1
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} 23rd Brigade of Royal Engineers Association
|
|-
|1925
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Royal Scots Fusiliers|2nd Battalion of Royal Scots Fusiliers]]'''
| 5–1
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Cheshire Regiment]]
|
|-
|1926
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Sherwood Foresters]]'''
| 5–1
|
|-
|1927
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Sherwood Foresters]]''' (2)
| 2–0
| rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|British India}} [[Dalhousie AC|Dalhousie]]
|
|-
|1928
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Sherwood Foresters]]''' (3)
| 2–0
|
|-
|1929
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Royal Ulster Rifles|2nd Battalion Royal Ulster Rifles]]''' (6)
| 2–0
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[Finance and Revenue F.C.|Rangoon Customs]]
|
|-
|1930
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Seaforth Highlanders]]'''
| 3–0
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Royal Regiment of Fusiliers|Royal Regiment]]
|
|-
|1931
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Highland Light Infantry]]'''
| 1–1; 2–1
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Durham Light Infantry]]
|
|-
|1932
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Essex Regiment|2nd Battalion Essex Regiment]]'''
| 2–1
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Seaforth Highlanders]]
|
|-
|1933
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry]]'''
| 2–1
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[King's Royal Rifle Corps|King's Royal Rifles]]
|
|-
|1934
|colspan=3 style="text-align:center;"|''Tournament declared void ({{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[King's Royal Rifle Corps|King's Royal Rifles]] and {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Durham Light Infantry]]: 2–2)''
| {{ref|n4|4}}
|-
|1935
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[East Yorkshire Regiment]]'''
| 1–0
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Royal Regiment
|
|-
|1936
| {{flagicon|British India}} '''[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]'''
| 0–0; 0–0; 2–1
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[Calcutta Football Club|Calcutta]]
|
|-
|1937
| {{flagicon|British India}} '''6th Fire Brigade'''
| 4–1
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[Kolkata Police|Police]]
|
|-
|1938
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''[[East Yorkshire Regiment]]''' (2)
| 1–1; 1–1; 2–0
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|
|-
|1939
| {{flagicon|British India}} '''[[Kolkata Police|Police]]'''
| 2–1
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[Calcutta Customs Club|Calcutta Customs]]
|
|-
|1940
| {{flagicon|British India}} '''[[Techno Aryan F.C.|Aryan]]'''
| 4–1
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|1941
| {{flagicon|British India}} '''[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]''' (2)
| 2–0
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[King's Own Scottish Borderers]]
|
|-
|1942
| {{flagicon|British India}} '''[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]''' (3)
| 1–0
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|
|-
|1943
| {{flagicon|British India}} '''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]'''
| [[1943 IFA Shield Final|3–0]]
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[Kolkata Police|Police]]
|
|-
|1944
| {{flagicon|British India}} '''[[Eastern Railway FC|Eastern Bengal Railway]]'''
| 1–0
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|
|-
|1945
| {{nowrap|{{flagicon|British India}} '''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]''' (2)}}
| [[1945 IFA Shield Final|1–0]]
| {{flagicon|British India}} [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|1946
|colspan=3 style="text-align:center;" |''Not held''
|{{ref|n1|1}}
|}

===Post-independence era (1947–present)===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
!Year
!width="270"|Winner
!Score
!width="270"|Runner-up
!Notes
|-
|1947
| '''[[Mohun Bagan]]''' (2)
| 1–0
| [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|
|-
|1948
| '''[[Mohun Bagan]]''' (3)
| 1–1; 2–1
| [[Bhawanipore F.C.|Bhawanipore]]
|
|-
|1949
| '''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]''' (3)
| [[1949 IFA Shield Final|2–0]]
| [[Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|1950
| '''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]''' (4)
| [[1950 IFA Shield Final|3–0]]
| [[Services football team|Services]]
|
|-
|1951
| '''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]''' (5)
| [[1951 IFA Shield Final|0–0; 2–0]]
| [[Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|1952
|colspan=4 style="text-align:center;"|''Tournament declared void ([[Mohun Bagan]] and Rajasthan Club: 0–0; 2–2)''
|-
|1953
| '''Indian Culture League'''
| 0–0; 0–0; 1–1
| [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| {{ref|n5|5}}
|-
|1954
| '''[[Mohun Bagan]]''' (4)
| 1–0
| [[Hyderabad City Police FC|Hyderabad Sporting]]
|
|-
|1955
| '''Rajasthan Club'''
| 0–0; 1–0
| [[Techno Aryan F.C.|Aryan]]
|
|-
|1956
| '''[[Mohun Bagan]]''' (5)
| 4–0
| [[Techno Aryan F.C.|Aryan]]
|
|-
|1957
| '''[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]''' (4)
| 3–0
| [[Eastern Railway FC|Railways SC]]
|
|-
|1958
| '''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]''' (6)
| [[1958 IFA Shield Final|1–1; 1–0]]
| [[Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|1959
|colspan=4 style="text-align:center;"|''Abandoned due to dispute over date of finals''
|-
|1960
| '''[[Mohun Bagan]]''' (6)
| 1–0
| [[Indian Navy (football team)|Indian Navy]]
|
|-
|1961
| '''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]''' (7) and '''[[Mohun Bagan]]''' (7)
| [[1961 IFA Shield Final|0–0]]
| –
| {{ref|n2|2}}
|-
|1962
| '''[[Mohun Bagan]]''' (8)
| 3–1
| [[Hyderabad City Police FC|Hyderabad XI]]
|
|-
|1963
| '''[[Bengal Nagpur Railway FC|Bengal Nagpur Railway]]'''
| 1–0
| [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|
|-
|1964
|colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|''Tournament declared void ([[Mohun Bagan]] and [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]: 1–1)''
|-
|1965
| '''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]''' (8)
| [[1965 IFA Shield Final|1–0]]
| [[Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|1966
| '''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]''' (9)
| 1–0
| [[Bengal Nagpur Railway FC|Bengal Nagpur Railway]]
|
|-
|1967
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |''Tournament declared void ([[Mohun Bagan]] and [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]: 0–0)''
|-
|1968
|colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|''Abandoned due to court injunction''
|-
|1969
| '''[[Mohun Bagan]]''' (9)
| 3–1
| [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|
|-
|1970
| '''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]''' (10)
| [[1970 IFA Shield Final|1–0]]
| {{flagicon|IRN|1964}} [[PAS Tehran F.C.|PAS Tehran]]
|
|-
|1971
| '''[[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]''' (5)
| 2–0
| [[Tollygunge Agragami]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2012/mohammedan_sporting_club_history.html|title=Mohammedan Sporting Club, Kolkata: A New Horizon|first=Kushal|last=Chakrabarty|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182733/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2012/mohammedan_sporting_club_history.html|archive-date=9 July 2021|website=kolkatafootball.com|publisher=Kolkata Football|date=12 July 2012|access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
|1972
| '''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]''' (11)
| 0–0; 0–1
| [[Mohun Bagan]]
| {{ref|n6|6}}
|-
|1973
| '''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]''' (12)
| [[1973 IFA Shield Final|3–1]]
| {{flagicon|PRK}} [[Pyongyang Sports Club|Pyongyang]]
|
|-
|1974
| '''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]''' (13)
| [[1974 IFA Shield Final|1–0]]
| [[Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|1975
| '''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]''' (14)
| [[1975 IFA Shield Final|5–0]]
| [[Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|1976
| '''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]''' (15) and '''[[Mohun Bagan]]''' (10)
| 0–0
| –
| {{ref|n2|2}}
|-
|1977
| '''[[Mohun Bagan]]''' (11)
| 1–0
| [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|
|-
|1978
| '''[[Mohun Bagan]]''' (12) and {{flagicon|URS}} '''[[FC Ararat Yerevan|Ararat Yerevan]]'''
| 2–2
| –
| {{ref|n2|2}}
|-
|1979
| '''[[Mohun Bagan]]''' (13)
| 1–0
| [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|
|-
|1980
|colspan=4 style="text-align:center"|''Tournament abandoned''
|-
|1981
| '''[[Mohun Bagan]]''' (14) and '''[[East Bengal]]''' (16)
| 2–2
| –
| {{ref|n2|2}}
|-
|1982
| '''[[Mohun Bagan]]''' (15)
| 2–1
| [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|
|-
|1983
| '''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]''' (17) and '''[[Techno Aryan F.C.|Aryan]]''' (2)
| 0–0
| –
| {{ref|n2|2}}
|-
|1984
| '''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]''' (18)
| 1–0
| [[Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|1985
| {{flagicon|URU}} '''[[Peñarol]]'''
| 1–0
| {{flagicon|URS}} [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]
|
|-
|1986
| '''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]''' (19)
| 0–0 {{Pso|4–2}}
| [[Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|1987
| '''[[Mohun Bagan]]''' (16)
| 1–0
| [[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|
|-
|1988
|colspan=3 style="text-align:center;" |''Not held''
|{{ref|n1|1}}
|-
|1989
| '''[[Mohun Bagan]]''' (17)
| 1–0
| [[Tata Football Academy]]
|
|-
|1990
| '''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]''' (20)
| 1–0
| [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| {{ref|n7|7}}
|-
|1991
| '''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]''' (21)
| 3–1
| [[Army Red football team|Army XI]]
|
|-
|1992
|colspan=3 style="text-align:center;" |''Not held''
|{{ref|n1|1}}
|-
|1993
| {{flagicon|UZB}} '''[[Pakhtakor Tashkent FK|Pakhtakor Tashkent]]'''
| 1–1 {{Pso|5–4}}
| {{flagicon|KAZ}} [[FC Irtysh Pavlodar|Irtysh Pavlodar]]
|
|-
|1994
| '''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]''' (22)
| 2–1
| [[Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|1995
| '''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]''' (23)
| 1–1 {{Pso|3–1}}
| {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Dhaka)|Mohammedan Dhaka]]
|
|-
|1996
| '''[[JCT FC|JCT]]'''
| 1–0
| {{flagicon|IRQ|1991}} [[Al-Karkh SC|Al-Karkh]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india97.html#nfl1|title=India 1996/97 – List of Champions: 102nd IFA Shield|website=[[RSSSF]]|date=13 February 2014|first1=Arunava|last1=Chaudhuri|first2=Mikael|last2=Jönsson|first3=Josef|last3=Bobrowsky|archive-date=18 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018092132/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india97.html}}</ref>
|-
|1997
| '''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]''' (24)
| 3–2
| [[FC Kochin|Kochin]]
|
|-
|1998
| '''[[Mohun Bagan]]''' (18)
| 2–1
| [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|
|-
|1999
| '''[[Mohun Bagan]]''' (19)
| 1–0
| [[Tollygunge Agragami]]
|
|-
|2000
| '''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]''' (25)
| [[2000 IFA Shield Final|1–1]] {{Pso|4–1}}
| [[Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|2001
| '''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]''' (26)
| 1–0
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras B|Palmeiras B]]
| {{ref|n8|8}}
|-
|2002
| '''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]''' (27)
| [[2002–03 IFA Shield Final|0–0]] {{Pso|5–4}}
| [[Churchill Brothers SC|Churchill Brothers]]
|
|-
|2003
| '''[[Mohun Bagan]]''' (20)
| 0–0 {{Pso|5–3}}
| [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|
|-
|2004
| {{flagicon|Burma|1974}} '''[[Finance and Revenue FC|Finance and Revenue]]'''
| 1–1 {{Pso|4–2}}
| [[Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|2005
| {{flagicon|GER}} '''[[FC Bayern Munich II|Bayern Munich II]]'''
| 5–1
| [[United Sports Club|Eveready]]
|
|-
|2006
| '''[[Mahindra United]]'''
| 1–0
| [[Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|2007
|colspan=3 style="text-align:center;" |''Not held''
|{{ref|n1|1}}
|-
|2008
| '''[[Mahindra United]]''' (2)
| 3–1
| {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Santos F.C. (South Africa)|Santos]]
|
|-
|[[2009 IFA Shield|2009]]
| '''[[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]'''
| 2–0
| [[Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|2010
|colspan=3 style="text-align:center;" |''Not held''
|{{ref|n1|1}}
|-
|[[2011 IFA Shield|2011]]
| '''[[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]''' (2)
| 2–1
| [[Mohun Bagan]]
|
|-
|[[2012 IFA Shield|2012]]
| '''[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]''' (28)
| [[2012 IFA Shield Final|4–2]]
| [[United Sports Club|Prayag United]]
|
|-
|[[2013 IFA Shield|2013]]
| '''[[United Sports Club|Prayag United]]'''
| 1–0
| [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|
|-
|[[2014 IFA Shield|2014]]
| '''[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]''' (6)
| 1–1 {{Pso|4–3}}
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club|Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi]]
|
|-
|2015
| '''[[United SC|United U19]]''' (2)
| 2–1
| {{nowrap|[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal U19]]}}
|{{ref|n9|9}}
|-
|[[2016 IFA Shield|2016]]
| '''[[Tata Football Academy]]'''
| 3–2 {{aet}}
| [[AIFF Elite Academy|AIFF U19]]
| {{ref|n9|9}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2016/03/07/21068672/ifa-shield-tata-football-academy-wins-the-120th-ifa-shield|title=IFA Shield: Tata Football Academy wins the 120th IFA Shield|date=7 March 2016|access-date=14 March 2016|archive-date=10 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310135108/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2016/03/07/21068672/ifa-shield-tata-football-academy-wins-the-120th-ifa-shield|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[2017 IFA Shield|2017]]
| '''[[FC Pune City Reserves and Academy|Pune City U19]]'''
| 3–0
| [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan U19]]
|{{ref|n9|9}}
|-
|[[2018 IFA Shield|2018]]
| {{nowrap|'''[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal U19]]''' (29)}}
| 1–1 {{Pso|4–2}}
| [[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan U19]]
|{{ref|n9|9}}
|-
|2019
|colspan=3 style="text-align:center;" |''Not held''
|{{ref|n1|1}}
|-
| [[2020 IFA Shield|2020]]
| '''[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]'''
| 2–1
| [[George Telegraph S.C.|George Telegraph]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-19|title=IFA Shield 2020 FULL MATCH Real Kashmir Make History, Beat George Telegraph In Final {{!}} The Fan Garage (TFG)|url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/17834-ifa-shield-2020-full-match--real-kashmir-make-history-beat-george-telegraph-in-final|access-date=2020-12-19|website=thefangarage.com|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122083916/https://thefangarage.com/articles/17834-ifa-shield-2020-full-match--real-kashmir-make-history-beat-george-telegraph-in-final|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[2021 IFA Shield|2021]]
| '''[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]''' (2)
| 2–1
| [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/real-kashmir-fc-defends-ifa-shield-title-beats-sreenidi-deccan-fc-in-a-thriller/article37961449.ece|title=Real Kashmir FC defends IFA Shield title, beats Sreenidi Deccan FC in a thriller|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|date=15 December 2021|access-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215143325/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/real-kashmir-fc-defends-ifa-shield-title-beats-sreenidi-deccan-fc-in-a-thriller/article37961449.ece|archive-date=15 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2022
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |''Not held''
|
|-
|2023
|
|-
|2024
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/football/news/kings-offered-co-host-ifa-shield-3220231|title=Kings offered to co-host IFA Shield|website=thedailystar.net|publisher=The Daily Star|date=13 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[2025 IFA Shield|2025]]
| '''[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]''' (21)
| 1–1 {{Pso|5–4}}
| [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|
|}

'''Notes:'''
:1. {{note|n1}}Tournament not held.
:2. {{note|n2}}Joint winners.
:3. {{note|n3}}An all-Indian side won the Shield for the first time.
:4. {{note|n4}}The final was abandoned due to a dispute between the finalists over extra time.<ref>{{cite news |title=Soccer Sensation |publisher=Malaya Tribune |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/maltribune19340811-1.2.112 |website=[[NewspaperSG]] |date=11 August 1934 |access-date=28 December 2022 }}</ref>
:5. {{note|n5}}A scheduled fourth match was scratched and Indian Culture League were awarded the Shield as East Bengal played with an unregistered player in the third match.<ref name="shield"/>
:6. {{note|n6}}The replay was abandoned due to torrential rain, but [[Mohun Bagan]] objected to a third match and refused to play: the third match was scratched and East Bengal were awarded the Shield.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian football: Instances when the Kolkata derby got abandoned |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-instances-when-the-kolkata-derby-got-abandoned/1u7macomvii3q199rmaibjhwhc |website=Goal.com |last=Banerjee |first=Ritabrata |date=26 March 2020 |access-date=28 December 2022 }}</ref>
:7. {{note|n7}}The final was abandoned at half-time after [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] refused to continue, and East Bengal were awarded the Shield.<ref>{{cite news |title=It's Mohammedan Sporting vs Dhanmondi in IFA Shield final |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/its-mohammedan-sporting-vs-dhanmondi-in-ifa-shield-final/articleshow/30234725.cms |website=The Times of India |date=11 February 2014 |access-date=28 December 2022 }}</ref>
:8. {{note|n8}}The final was abandoned after 35 minutes after [[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras B|Palmeiras]] started a violent brawl, with Palmeiras fans also throwing chairs onto the pitch: East Bengal were awarded the Shield, and the IFA ordered that [[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras B|Palmeiras]]' results be deleted from the records.<ref>{{cite news |title=East Bengal declared IFA Shield winners |url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2001/oct/12ifa.htm |website=Rediff |date=12 October 2001 |access-date=28 December 2022 }}</ref><ref name="shield">{{cite web |last1=Sengupta |first1=Somnath |title=The Glorious History Of IFA Shield |url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/the-glorious-history-of-ifa-shield/ |website=Thehardtackle.com |date=8 March 2011 |access-date=16 February 2016 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181925/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/the-glorious-history-of-ifa-shield/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
:9. {{note|n9}}Organised as an Under-19 tournament.

==Performance by teams==
===Performance by Indian teams===
Though the tournament was dominated by the [[British Army]] teams during its initial years, yet [[British India|British Indian]] teams too participated representing [[India]] prior to the [[Independence of India|independence]], but very few were an all-Indian side. [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan AC]] the first all-Indian side to win the tournament in 1911.
====Top 10 Indian teams in IFA Shield====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
!No.
!Team
!Championships (''Latest'')
!{{nowrap|Runner-ups}}
|-
|1
|[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|29 (''[[2018 IFA Shield|2018]]'')
|12
|-
|2
|[[Mohun Bagan]]
|21 (''[[2025 IFA Shield|2025]]'')
|20
|-
|3
|[[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta]]
|9 (''1924'')
|8
|-
|4
|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|6 (''[[2014 IFA Shield|2014]]'')
|4
|-
|5
|[[Dalhousie AC|Dalhousie]]
|2 (''1905'')
|5
|-
|rowspan=2|6
|[[Churchill Brothers SC|Churchill Brothers]]
|2 (''[[2011 IFA Shield|2011]]'')
|1
|-
|[[United SC|United]]
|2 (''2015'')
|1
|-
|rowspan=2|8
|[[Mahindra United]]
|2 (''2008'')
|0
|-
|[[Real Kashmir]]
|2 (''[[2021 IFA Shield|2021]]'')
|0
|-
|rowspan=2|10
|[[Aryan FC|Aryan]]
|2 (''1983'')
|2
|-
|[[Kolkata Police|Police]]
|1 (''1939'')
|2
|}

===Performance by Overseas teams===
*'''Winners:'''
**{{flagicon|URS}} [[FC Ararat Yerevan]] (1978)
**{{flagicon|URU}} [[Peñarol|Club Atlético Peñarol]] (1985)
**{{flagicon|UZB}} [[Pakhtakor Tashkent FK]] (1993)
**{{flagicon|Burma|1974}} [[Finance and Revenue FC]] (2004)
**{{flagicon|GER}} [[FC Bayern Munich II]] (2005)

*'''Runners-up:'''
**{{flagicon|IRN|1964}} [[PAS Tehran FC]] (1970)
**{{flagicon|PRK}} [[Pyongyang Sports Club|Pyongyang SC]] (1973)
**{{flagicon|URS}} [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk]] (1985)
**{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[FC Irtysh Pavlodar|Irtysh Pavlodar FK]] (1993)
**{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Dhaka)|Mohammedan SC Dhaka]] (1995)
**{{flagicon|IRQ}} [[Al-Karkh SC]] (1996)
**{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras B|Palmeiras B]] (2001)
**{{flagicon|SAF}} [[Santos Football Club (South Africa)|Santos FC]] (2008)
**{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club]] ([[2014 IFA Shield|2014]])

==Awards==
Since the [[2020 IFA Shield|123rd edition]] of the tournament, the awards for the Best Coach of the tournament, the Best Player of the tournament, the highest goalscorer of the tournament and Fair Play has been renamed in honour of India's football icons- [[P. K. Banerjee]], [[Chuni Goswami]] and [[Krishanu Dey]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mohamed|first=Farzan|date=2020-12-03|title=IFA Shield 2020|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/ifa-shield-2020-preview-fixtures-match-timings-telecast|access-date=2020-12-20|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709105147/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/ifa-shield-2020-preview-fixtures-match-timings-telecast|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title="Krishanu Dey Memorable Highest Scorar Trophy" for 123RD IFA Shield 2020 । পিকে-চুনীর পর এবার IFA শিল্ডে কৃশানু দে-র নামে পুরস্কার|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/sports/krishanu-dey-memorable-highest-scorar-trophy-for-123rd-ifa-shield-2020_356826.html/amp|access-date=2020-12-20|website=zeenews.india.com|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927060122/https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/sports/krishanu-dey-memorable-highest-scorar-trophy-for-123rd-ifa-shield-2020_356826.html/amp|url-status=live}}</ref> and renowned [[Sports photography|sports photojournalist]] – Ronojoy 'Ronny' Roy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shield's Fair Play trophy renamed in honour of Ronny Roy|url=https://www.aajkaal.in/news/sports/ifa-fair-play-award-goes-to-ronny-roy-name-qckh|access-date=2020-12-20|website=aajkaal.in|language=en|archive-date=6 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206121647/https://www.aajkaal.in/news/sports/ifa-fair-play-award-goes-to-ronny-roy-name-qckh|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=123RD IFA SHIELD RESULTS 2020–21: Awards after the FINAL (VYBK)|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/123_ifa_shield_2020-21/shield_result.html|date=19 December 2020|access-date=2020-12-20|website=kolkatafootball.com|publisher=Kolkata Football|language=en|archive-date=21 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121071852/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/123_ifa_shield_2020-21/shield_result.html}}</ref>
===Krishanu Dey Memorial Award===
''{{As of|December 2020}}''
{| class="wikitable sortable" , sortable="yes;"
!Year
!Player
!Goals
!Club
|-
|[[2020 IFA Shield|2020]]
|{{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Lukman Adefemi|Abegunrin Adefemi Lukman]]
| rowspan="2" |5
|[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|-
|[[2021 IFA Shield|2021]]
|{{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Rahim Osumanu]]
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|}

===P. K. Banerjee Memorial Award for the Best Coach===
''{{As of|December 2020}}''
{| class="wikitable sortable" , sortable="yes;"
!Year
!Head Coach
!Club
|-
|[[2020 IFA Shield|2020]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Ranjan Bhattacharya
|[[George Telegraph S.C.|George Telegraph]]
|}

===Chuni Goswami Memorial Award for the Best Player===
''{{As of|December 2020}}''
{| class="wikitable sortable" , sortable="yes;"
!Year
!Player
!Club
|-
|[[2020 IFA Shield|2020]]
| rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Mason Robertson]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|-
|[[2021 IFA Shield|2021]]
|}

===Ronny Roy Fair Play Award===
''{{As of|December 2021}}''
{| class="wikitable sortable" , sortable="yes;"
!Year
!Club
|-
|[[2020 IFA Shield|2020]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Real Kashmir FC]]
|-
|[[2021 IFA Shield|2021]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Indian Arrows]]
|}

==See also==
*[[List of oldest football competitions]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ|title=History of Indian Football: Upto 2009–10|first=Nirmal|last=Nath|year=2011|publisher=Readers Service|isbn=9788187891963|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722172604/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/History_of_Indian_Football.html?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=22 July 2022}}
*{{cite web|url=https://ifawb.org/footballs-passage/|title=The passage of football in India|website=ifawb.org|publisher=[[Indian Football Association]]|location=Kolkata|access-date=11 September 2022|archive-date=29 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129163914/https://ifawb.org/footballs-passage/}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/team/1911ifashield.html|title=The Mohun Bagan AC winning Team at the 1911 IFA-Shield|archive-date=4 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204000719/http://www.indianfootball.de/team/1911ifashield.html|date=2008|access-date=26 November 2016|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|url-status=dead}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.ifawb.org}} of the [[Indian Football Association]] (IFA)
* [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-ifahist.html India – List of IFA Shield Finals] on [[RSSSF]]
* [http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/the-glorious-history-of-ifa-shield/ The Glorious History Of IFA Shield By Somnath Sengupta], thehardtackle.com

{{IFA Shield}}
{{Football in India}}
{{Football in West Bengal}}

[[Category:IFA Shield| ]]
[[Category:Football cup competitions in India]]
[[Category:Football competitions in Kolkata]]
[[Category:1893 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1893]]

Cheluvina Chittara

2026-03-03T21:40:39Z

Igurushivamy: refined citations for accuracy also and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Cheluvina Chittara
| image = Cheluvina Chittara.jpg
| caption = movie poster
| director = [[S. Narayan]]
| writer = [[Balaji Sakthivel]]
| producer = S. Narayan
| based_on = ''[[Kaadhal]]''
| starring = [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]] [[Amoolya]]
| music = [[Mano Murthy]]
| cinematography = G. Renu
| editing = P.R. Sounderraj
| released = {{Film date|2007|06|22|df=y}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| budget =
| gross = {{INR}}30 crore<ref name ="sify">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bangalore-box-office-news-kannada-kkfuolcihhhsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007062750/http://www.sify.com/movies/bangalore-box-office-news-kannada-kkfuolcihhhsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-10-07|title=Cheluvina Chittara collected 30 crore in 25 weeks|website=[[Sify]] |agency=www.sify.com}}</ref>
}}
'''''Cheluvina Chittara''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಚೆಲುವಿನ ಚಿತ್ತಾರ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation}} ''Galant Design'') is a 2007 [[Kannada]]-language film directed and produced by [[S. Narayan]]. [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]], [[Amoolya]] played the lead roles. The music was composed by [[Mano Murthy]]. This film is a remake of Tamil film ''[[Kaadhal]]''.

== Plot ==
Maadesha works as a mechanic in a garage. He is liked by an innocent college-going girl Aishwarya who is the daughter of a local don Potharaju. Aishwarya is deeply in love with him and they elope. Later the gang members of Potharaju are in search of the couple. The lovers are lured by the bride's uncle, and they are taken back to Potharaju. An enraged Potharaju beats up Maadesha and takes out the Mangalsutra of Aishwarya to forcibly get her married to a person she was engaged to earlier.

After a few years, Aishwarya while travelling with her husband and her child, comes across Maadesha; she finds him as a mentally deranged beggar roaming near a traffic signal. Aishwarya faints realizing that the beggar is Maadesha and gets admitted to the nearby hospital. At night she runs from the hospital to the same signal in search of Maadesha and she finds him sitting over there. Aishwarya cries to Maadesha and feels bad that she was responsible for his pathetic situation. Aishwarya's husband also comes to the spot and understands his wife's situation. He admits Maadesha in a mental health centre and also takes care of him.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]] as Maadesha
* [[Amoolya]] as Aishwarya (Aishu)
* [[Komal Kumar]]
* [[R. G. Vijayasarathy]]
* Kaadhal Krishnamurthy
* Suresh Chandra
* Manikantha Surya
* Appu Venkatesh
* Sardhar Sathya
* Pipeline Ramesh
* Asharani
* Gowramma
* Jaishri Raj
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Cheluvina Chittara
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mano Murthy]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtracks cover
| released = 1 April 2007
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 20:03
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer = [[Mano Murthy]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

[[Mano Murthy]] composed the music for the film and soundtracks. The album has six soundtracks.<ref>{{cite web |title= Cheluvina Chittara (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url= https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/cheluvina-chittara-original/id597632636 |publisher= iTunes |date= 7 June 2009 |access-date= 21 August 2014 |archive-date= 7 September 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140907081044/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/cheluvina-chittara-original/id597632636 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

The song "Janumada Gelathi" is reused from the original soundtrack "Unakena Irupen" composed by Joshua Sridhar.

{{tracklist
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 28:05
| title1 = Kanaso Idu
| lyrics1 = S.Narayan
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| length1 = 5:34
| title2 = Ullasada Hoomale
| lyrics2 = S.Narayan
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 = 4:03
| title3 = Iralare Cheluve
| lyrics3 = S.Narayan
| extra3 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], Shreya Ghoshal
| length3 = 5:09
| title4 = Kendowle Kane Chendadlu Kane
| lyrics4 = S.Narayan
| extra4 = [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadarshini]]
| length4 = 4:34
| title5 = Bytu Coffee
| lyrics5 = S.Narayan
| extra5 = [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadarshini]], [[Chetan Sosca]], [[Nanditha]], Stephen
| length5 = 4:22
| title6 = Janumada Gelathi
| lyrics6 = S.Narayan
| extra6 = Chetan Sosca
| length6 = 4:23
| all_writing =
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| title11 =
| length11 =
| title12 =
| length12 =
| title13 =
| length13 =
| title14 =
| length14 =
| title15 =
| length15 =
| title16 =
| length16 =
| title17 =
| length17 =
| title18 =
| length18 =
| title19 =
| length19 =
| title20 =
| length20 =
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "Brilliant director S. Narayan seems to have lost his magic touch, as his latest film ''Cheluvina Chittara'', a remake of that brilliant Tamil film ''Kadhal'' is unimpressive and lacks nativity".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/cheluvina-chittara-review-kannada-pclwqUjehghhj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225082102/https://www.sify.com/movies/cheluvina-chittara-review-kannada-pclwqUjehghhj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 February 2022|title = Cheluvina Chittara|work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "''Cheluvina Chiththaara'' will certainly work for the family audience as it is clean and natural, but its success will depend on how the audience accepts the last few reels of the film".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jun/25sschel.htm|title=Cheluvina Chiththaara has nothing original|date=25 June 2007|work=[[Rediff.com]]|author=RG Vijayasarathy|access-date=23 August 2022|archive-date=23 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823072117/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jun/25sschel.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Box-office ==
It completed 175 days and grossed an approximately {{INR}}30 crore.<ref name ="sify"/> After the success of this film, Ganesh earned the moniker 'Golden Star'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/cheluvina-chittara-completes-14-years-of-its-release/articleshow/83739551.cms|title=Cheluvina Chittara completes 14 years of its release|date=22 June 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 February 2023|archive-date=18 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218115340/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/cheluvina-chittara-completes-14-years-of-its-release/articleshow/83739551.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=3171702}}
* [http://chitraloka.com/cheluvinachithara/ Official site]

{{S. Narayan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheluvina Chittara}}
[[Category:2007 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mano Murthy]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. Narayan]]

{{2000s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Kolaiyuthir Kaalam

2026-03-03T03:02:23Z

Igurushivamy: slightly update details based on references and corrected details

{{Short description|2019 film directed by Chakri Toleti}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{for|the novel|Kolaiyuthir Kaalam (novel)}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kolaiyuthir Kaalam
| image = Kolaiyuthir Kaalam poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Chakri Toleti]]
| producer = [[Etcetera Entertainment|V. Mathiyalagan]]
| writer = Adam Hiebeler, Carl Lauricella
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Hush (2016 feature film)|Hush]]''|[[Mike Flanagan (filmmaker)|Mike Flanagan]]}}
| starring = [[Nayanthara]] [[Bhumika Chawla]] [[Pratap K. Pothen]] [[Rohini Hattangadi]]
| cinematography = Cory Greyak
| music = [[Achu Rajamani]] Satya Manik Afsar
| editing = Rameshwar S. Bhagat
| studio = [[Etcetera Entertainment]]
| released = {{film date|2019|8|9|df=y}}
| runtime = 100 minutes<ref name="BBFC">{{Cite web |title=Kolaiyuthir Kaalam |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/kolaiyuthir-kaalam-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mde4mdk |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |quote=KOLAIYUTHIR KAALAM is a Tamil language horror thriller in which a masked man tries to drive a young woman away from the large UK property she has inherited.}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Kolaiyuthir Kaalam''''' ({{translation|Season of murders}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[horror film|horror]] [[thriller film]]<ref name=BBFC/> directed by [[Chakri Toleti]] and produced by V. Mathiyalagan. A remake of the 2016 American film ''[[Hush (2016 feature film)|Hush]]'', where a deaf and mute woman must fight for her life when a killer appears at her door. It stars [[Nayanthara]], [[Bhumika Chawla]], [[Pratap K. Pothen]], and [[Rohini Hattangadi]] and began production in November 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nayanthara's "Kolayuthir Kalam" a remake of 'Hush' |url=http://www.madhayamam.com/en/entertainment/2016/dec/19/nayantharas-kolayuthir-kalam-remake-hush |website=www.madhayamam.com}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The film was released on 9 August 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kolaiyuthir Kalam Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Kolaiyuthir Kalam by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kolaiyuthir-kalam/movie-review/70617173.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2019 |title='Kolaiyuthir Kaalam' film review: A textbook example on how not to make a slasher flick |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/aug/15/kolaiyuthir-kaalam-film-review-a-textbook-example-on-how-not-to-make-a-slasher-flick-2019409.html}}</ref> The film was a disaster at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2019 |title=Kolaiyuthir Kaalam box office collection |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/kolaiyuthir-kaalam/kolaiyuthir-kaalam-box-office-aug-18.html}}</ref> The film was remade again by Toleti in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Khamoshi (2019 film)|Khamoshi]]'' (2019), which released before this film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2017 |title=Actor Prabhas to make a cameo in 'Khamoshi'? |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-prabhas-make-cameo-khamoshi-64308}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Kolaiyuthir Kaalam" postponed once again! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kolaiyuthir-kaalam-postponed-once-again-news-tamil-thykNycbbcjdd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724155533/https://www.sify.com/movies/kolaiyuthir-kaalam-postponed-once-again-news-tamil-thykNycbbcjdd.html |archive-date=24 July 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> It was Toleti's last film as a director.

==Plot==
Shruthi is a deaf and mute girl who grew up in an [[Orphans in India|orphanage]] in [[Chennai]]. Impressed with her personality and talent, a millionaire from the UK adopts her and makes her his legal heir. When She arrives in [[London]], after the death of her adopted mother, trouble arises in the form of a home invasion. A strange man chases her inside the bungalow after killing all of the houses staff, along with Anand, and also sets the will on fire. After being chased, She attempts to kill the man but Mrs. Anand steps in and shoots him. It is revealed that Mrs. Anand set up the attack in order to take all the assets for herself. When Shruthi refuses to agree to her demands, Mrs. Anand shoots her in the shoulder. He wakes up and kills Mrs. Anand. The following day, the police show up while Shruthi is waiting. Paramedics take her into the ambulance, and the masked man is missing. When getting medical attention in the ambulance, the paramedic has a skull tattoo and Shruthi seems distraught. The film ends without showing if Shruthi dies and the true identity of the masked man remains undisclosed.

== Cast ==
*[[Nayanthara]] as Shruthi Lawson
*[[Bhumika Chawla]] as Mrs. Sawant
*[[Pratap K. Pothen]] as Business Manager
*[[Rohini Hattangadi]] as Cook
*[[K. S. G. Venkatesh]] as Caretaker
*Prem Kathir as Mr. Sawant
*Julian Freund as James
*Jo Ellis as Darla
*Richard Banks as Paramedic
*Ruthvi as Abha Lawson

== Production ==
In mid-November 2016, Chakri Toleti began working on his fourth feature film, following the bilingual ''[[Unnaipol Oruvan (2009 film)|Unnaipol Oruvan]]'' (2009) and ''[[Billa 2]]'' (2012). [[Nayanthara]] was selected to play the leading role, and it was revealed that the film would be a heroine-centric project.<ref name="behindwoods">{{Cite web |date=12 November 2016 |title=Chakri Toleti to direct Nayanthara's next |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/chakri-toleti-to-direct-nayantharas-next.html |access-date=2016-11-18 |publisher=behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress">{{Cite web |date=16 November 2016 |title=Nayan might be seen in an action flick- The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/nov/15/nayanthara-might-be-seen-in-a-woman-centric-action-flick-1538935.html |access-date=2016-11-18 |publisher=newindianexpress.com}}</ref> A first look poster was subsequently released on 18 November 2016, coinciding with Nayanthara's birthday, with it being revealed that the film would mark the first production of venture of musician [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] and the first Tamil film production for Pooja Entertainments' [[Vashu Bhagnani]] and Deepshikha Deshmukh. Later, [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] and the other producers opted out of the project. V. Mathiyalagan of Etcetera Entertainment took over the production of the film. [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] reprised Nayanthara's role in the [[Hindi]] remake titled ''[[Khamoshi (2019 film)|Khamoshi]]'', which released on June 14, 2019.<ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite news |title=nayanthara: Nayanthara's next with Chakri Toleti titled "Kolaiyuthir Kaalam" |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Nayantharas-next-with-Chakri-Toleti-titled-Kolaiyuthir-Kaalam/articleshow/55494950.cms |access-date=2016-11-18 |work=The Times of India |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref name="indiaglitz">{{Cite web |date=18 November 2016 |title=Nayanthara play lead role in Kolaiyuthir Kaalam directed by Chakri toleti – Tamil Movie News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/nayanthara-play-lead-role-in-kolaiyuthir-kaalam-directed-by-chakri-toleti-tamil-news-171608.html |access-date=2016-11-18 |website=IndiaGlitz.com |archive-date=25 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225205927/https://www.indiaglitz.com/nayanthara-play-lead-role-in-kolaiyuthir-kaalam-directed-by-chakri-toleti-tamil-news-171608.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was scheduled to release in India on 14 June 2019, but was delayed because the film shares its name with [[Kolaiyuthir Kaalam (novel)|a novel]] by [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]], and director [[Balaji K. Kumar]] paid {{INRConvert|10|l|lk=|year=2019}} for the novel's rights. The plea for the film's release was held on June 21.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Madras High Court issues interim injunction against Nayanthara's Kolaiyuthir Kaalam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/madras-high-court-issues-interim-injunction-against-nayanthara-s-kolaiyuthir-kaalam-1546606-2019-06-11 |work=India Today |agency=Ist}}</ref> The film then went through multiple release date changes, before eventually being released on 9 August.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 August 2019 |title='கொலையுதிர் காலம் - 9வது அறிவிப்பாக 9ம் தேதி ரிலீஸ் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/80325/cinema/Kollywood/Kolaiyuthirkaalam-release-date-postponed-to-Aug-9.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805075305/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/80325/cinema/Kollywood/Kolaiyuthirkaalam-release-date-postponed-to-Aug-9.htm |archive-date=5 August 2019 |access-date=6 August 2019 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2019 |title=Friday Fury – August 8 |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-august-8-news-tamil-tijrVFacejbai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809075841/https://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-august-8-news-tamil-tijrVFacejbai.html |archive-date=9 August 2019 |access-date=2019-08-09 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Chakri Toleti}}

[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s psychological horror films]]
[[Category:2010s serial killer films]]
[[Category:2010s slasher films]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2019 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about deaf people]]
[[Category:Films about home invasion]]
[[Category:Films about orphans]]
[[Category:Films about writers]]
[[Category:Films directed by Chakri Toleti]]
[[Category:Films scored by Achu Rajamani]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in country houses]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Films set in orphanages]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Indian crime films]]
[[Category:Indian horror drama films]]
[[Category:Indian horror film remakes]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological horror films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Indian serial killer films]]
[[Category:Indian Sign Language films]]
[[Category:Indian slasher films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language psychological thriller films]]

Kill Dil

2026-03-02T09:33:40Z

Igurushivamy: correct citations and improved wording

{{short description|2014 film by Shaad Ali}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kill Dil
| image = Kill Dil.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Shaad Ali]]
| writer = [[Nitesh Tiwari]] Shreyas Jain Nikhil Mehrotra
| story =
| producer = [[Aditya Chopra]]
| starring = [[Ranveer Singh]] [[Ali Zafar]] [[Parineeti Chopra]] [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]
| cinematography = [[Avik Mukhopadhyay]]
| editing = Ritesh Soni
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] '''Score:''' Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy Jim Satya
| studio = [[Yash Raj Films]]
| distributor = Yash Raj Films
| released = {{film date|2014|11|13|df=yes}}
| runtime = 127 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/kill-dil-film |title=KILL DIL |work=bbfc.co.uk |access-date=27 November 2014 |archive-date=24 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024120440/https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/kill-dil-film |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}40 crore<ref name="BOI Report">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2400 |title=Kill Dil – Movie – Box Office India |access-date=19 November 2016 |archive-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610042621/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2400 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}52.1 crore<ref name="BOI Report"/>
}}
'''''Kill Dil''''' ({{Translation|Kill heart}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Crime film|crime comedy film]] directed by [[Shaad Ali]] and produced by [[Aditya Chopra]] under the [[Yash Raj Films]] banner. The film stars [[Ranveer Singh]], [[Ali Zafar]], [[Parineeti Chopra]], and [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]].<ref name="Antagonist">{{cite web |title=Govinda in a negative role in Kill Dil |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1789768 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613110201/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1789768 |archive-date=13 June 2013 |access-date=21 April 2013 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The film was released on 13 November 2014 and received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web |title=The date shuffle |publisher=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/the-date-shuffle/ |author=Ankita R Kanabar |date=24 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006174122/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/the-date-shuffle/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
Tutu ([[Ali Zafar]]) and Dev Sharma ([[Ranveer Singh]]) are two orphans who were raised by a local gangster, Bhaiyaji ([[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]), to be assassins. Their lives take a turn when they meet Disha ([[Parineeti Chopra]]) at a club, after few days especially after the Birthday Party of Disha, Disha and Dev fall in love with each other.

Tutu gets Dev a fake MBA degree which helps Dev join an insurance company. Dev and Disha make plans to get married, while Disha is unaware of Dev's past. Bhaiyaji on learning the truth about Dev's job decides to play a trick to get him back. He sends one of his goons, Batuk, to kill Dev and informs Tutu. He also calls up Disha and tells her about Dev and Tutu's real identities. Just when Batuk is about to kill Dev, Tutu shoots him down in front of Disha. Disha is shocked with the reality and breaks up with Dev. This results in Dev again becoming an assassin.

Bhaiyaji gives them a fresh contract to kill his arch-enemy Baban Pehlwan. Dev and Tutu record a video telling the tale of how they became gangsters and send it to Disha. During a shootout, Dev is again unable to fire the gun and gets shot. Tutu takes him to the hospital, where after an operation, Dev finds Disha waiting for him and they both reconcile. Bhaiyaji gets killed by Baban Pehlwan. Dev and Disha get married while Tutu has a job interview at the same insurance company with a fake MBA degree.

==Cast==
* [[Ranveer Singh]] as Dev Sharma
* [[Ali Zafar]] as Tutu Sharma
* [[Parineeti Chopra]] as Disha Sharma
* [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] as Bhaiyaji, a gangster
* [[Alok Nath]] as Jeewan Sambandh Insurance Owner
* [[Jass Bhatia]] as Chimsy
* [[Maanvi Gagroo]] as Jenny
* [[Brijendra Kala]] as Jeweller
* [[Sukhwinder Singh]] as Dulha in the song "Happy Budday" (special appearance)

==Production==
In February 2014, many scenes were filmed at [[Gautam Buddha University]], [[Galgotias Campus One]], and [[The Grand Venice Mall]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=John|first=Anita|date=3 June 2014|title=Ranveer Singh Parineeti Chopra and Ali Zafar shoot with 600 cakes for Kill Dil|url=https://bollywoodgaram.com/27304/ranveer-singh-parineeti-chopra-ali-zafar-shoot-600-cakes-kill-dil/|access-date=30 June 2021|website=Bollywood Garam|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=22 June 2017|title=Another feather in Greater Noida's cap, Galgotias University becomes preferred destination for film shootings and promotions|url=https://tennews.in/another-feather-greater-noidas-cap-ms-dhoni-director-neeraj-pandey-shoot-greater-noida-next/|access-date=6 December 2021|website=tennews.in: National News Portal - Breaking News, Live News, Delhi News, Noida News, National News, Politics, Business, Education, Medical, Films, Features|language=en-US|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206193239/https://tennews.in/another-feather-greater-noidas-cap-ms-dhoni-director-neeraj-pandey-shoot-greater-noida-next/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was shot across various locations in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kill Dil in Delhi |publisher=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/kill-dil-in-delhi/ |date=26 March 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |archive-date=26 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426234858/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/kill-dil-in-delhi/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2014, a schedule of the film with Zafar, Singh, and Chopra was shot at [[Lavasa]] and [[Kharghar]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ranveer Singh, Parineeti Chopra start shooting for 'Kill Dil' |publisher=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranveer-singh-parineeti-chopra-start-shooting-for-kill-dil/ |date=21 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |archive-date=18 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018221355/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranveer-singh-parineeti-chopra-start-shooting-for-kill-dil/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Spotted: Ranveer and Parineeti don desi avatar on Kill Dil sets |publisher=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ranveer-singh-parineeti-chopra-kill-dil-shaad-ali-190055-2014-04-22 |date=22 April 2014 |access-date=25 April 2014 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006164924/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ranveer-singh-parineeti-chopra-kill-dil-shaad-ali/1/357047.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It was the first Indian film to release in [[4DX]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/arts-entertainment/film/movie-news/kill-dil-to-screen-in-4dx-1.1410881|title=Kill Dil to screen in 4DX|author=|date=11 November 2014|access-date=4 September 2018|archive-date=10 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110160913/http://gulfnews.com/arts-entertainment/film/movie-news/kill-dil-to-screen-in-4dx-1.1410881|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception==
Sukanya Verma of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' said "It has random songs, birdbrained logic and a romance that's about as exciting as toothpaste".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-kill-dil-is-a-disaster/20141114.htm |title=Review: Kill Dil is a disaster! |date=14 November 2014 |work=Rediff |access-date=27 March 2015 |archive-date=20 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220194856/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-kill-dil-is-a-disaster/20141114.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Saibal Chaterjee from ''[[NDTV]]'' gave the film 2 stars and wrote "Watch ''Kill Dil'' if you have plenty of time to kill. It is unlikely to deliver much joy to your dil, though".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/kill-dil-movie-review-1059 |title=Kill Dil Movie Review |work=NDTVMovies.com |access-date=27 March 2015 |archive-date=6 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406151131/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/kill-dil-movie-review-1059 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[DNA India|D''NA India'']] gave 2 out of 5 stars, writing that it fails to connect with audiences, while praising Govinda's performance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-film-review-kill-dil-fails-to-connect-with-the-audience-should-have-had-more-of-govinda-2035078 |title=Film Review: 'Kill Dil' fails to connect with the audience, should have had more of Govinda! |work=dna}}</ref>

==Box office==
The film grossed {{INRConvert|200|m}} in India on its opening weekend, recouping most of its budget.<ref name="boxofficeindia">{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/kill_dil#.VNkoVPmUfng |title=Boxoffice |work=boxofficeindia.com |access-date=9 February 2015 |archive-date=9 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209234954/http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/kill_dil#.VNkoVPmUfng |url-status=live }}</ref> Overseas, it collected {{INRConvert|80.8|m}} across its opening weekend, making {{INRConvert|281|m}} worldwide in its first three days.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/overseas/id/551 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119020253/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/overseas/id/551 |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 November 2014 |title='Kill / Dil' average in overseas territoriesBox Office Overseas Report |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> In [[Pakistan]], ''Kill Dil'' had the third-highest opening weekend gross of 2014 behind ''[[Kick (2014 film)|Kick]]'' and ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]''.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kill-dil-gets-killed-officially-collects-a-mere-rs-13-crore-in-opening-weekend/ |title='Kill Dil' gets 'kill'ed officially; collects a mere Rs 20 crore in opening weekend |date=17 November 2014 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=17 November 2014 |archive-date=20 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220142823/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kill-dil-gets-killed-officially-collects-a-mere-rs-13-crore-in-opening-weekend/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brecorder.com/arts-a-leisure/50-movies/204962-ali-zafar%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98kill-dil%E2%80%99-houseful-in-pakistan.html |title=Ali Zafar's 'Kill Dil' houseful in Pakistan |work=Business Recorder |date=15 November 2014 |access-date=15 November 2014 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129030142/http://www.brecorder.com/arts-a-leisure/50-movies/204962-ali-zafar%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98kill-dil%E2%80%99-houseful-in-pakistan.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In its first week it collected a total of {{INRConvert|290|m}} according to [[Box Office India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/killdilhaslowfirstweektotal#.VG9fDDSUfkU |title=Boxoffice |work=boxofficeindia.com |access-date=21 November 2014 |archive-date=24 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141124050933/http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/killdilhaslowfirstweektotal#.VG9fDDSUfkU |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kill Dil
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2014|10|9}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=36|s=34}}
| label = [[Yash Raj Films|YRF Music]]
| producer =[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| prev_title = [[2 States (2014 film)|2 States]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Dil Dhadakne Do]]
| next_year = 2015
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Kill Dil
| type = Soundtrack
| single1 = Kill Dil
| single1date = 25 September 2014
| single2 = Sweeta
| single2date = 2 October 2014
}}
}}

The music of the film was composed by [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] ([[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Ehsaan Noorani]] and [[Loy Mendonsa]]), with lyrics by [[Gulzar]]. The soundtrack comprises 8 songs. The soundtrack was released on 9 October 2014.

The title song of the film sung by [[Sonu Nigam]] and Shankar Mahadevan was released on 25 September 2014. Another single, "Sweeta", sung by [[Adnan Sami]], was released on 2 October 2014.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = {{Duration|m=36|s=34}}
| title1 = Kill Dil
| note1 = title song
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Gulzar]]
| length1 = 5:50
| title2 = Happy Budday
| extra2 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], Shankar Mahadevan
| length2 = 4:29
| title3 = Sajde
| extra3 = [[Arijit Singh]], [[Nihira Joshi|Nihira Joshi Deshpande]], Gulzar
| length3 = 5:25
| title4 = Bol Beliya
| extra4 = Shankar Mahadevan, [[Siddharth Mahadevan]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| length4 = 4:57
| title5 = Sweeta
| extra5 = [[Adnan Sami]]
| length5 = 2:03
| title6 = Daiyaa Maiyaa
| extra6 = [[Udit Narayan]], Shankar Mahadevan, Rasika Shekar, [[Javed Jaffrey]]
| length6 = 3:22
| title7 = Baawra
| extra7 = Shankar Mahadevan, Nihira Joshi Deshpande, [[Loy Mendonsa]], Gulzar
| length7 = 6:35
| title8 = Nakhriley
| extra8 = Shankar Mahadevan, [[Ali Zafar]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]], Gulzar
| length8 = 5:14
}}

== Awards and nominations ==

=== [[Stardust Awards]] ===
* [[Stardust Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] - Govinda

=== [[Producers Guild Film Awards]] ===
* Best Villain - Govinda

==See also==
*[[List of 4DX motion-enhanced films]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3380264}}

{{Shaad Ali}}

[[Category:Indian 3D films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:2014 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Yash Raj Films films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 3D films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:2014 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2014 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shaad Ali]]
[[Category:2010s romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian 4DX films]]

Swati Thiyagarajan

2026-03-02T02:21:32Z

Igurushivamy: New A Entry

{{short description|Indian conservationist, documentary filmmaker, and environmental journalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = 
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Conservation movement|Conservationist]]|[[documentary film]]maker|[[environmental journalist]]}}
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse = [[Craig Foster (filmmaker)|Craig Foster]]
}}

'''Swati Thiyagarajan''' is an Indian [[Conservation movement|conservationist]], [[documentary filmmaker]] and [[environmental journalist]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Doshi|first=Tishani|date=2 August 2017|title=Soul of the jungle|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/conservationist-journalist-swati-thiyagarajans-new-book-recounts-her-experiences-of-over-two-decades-in-the-wild/article19408678.ece|access-date=26 December 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web|editor-last=Sahgal|editor-first=Bittu|editor-link=Bittu Sahgal|title=Meet Swati Thiyagarajan|url=https://www.sanctuarynaturefoundation.org/article/meet-swati-thiyagarajan#:~:text=Swati%20Thiyagarajan%20is%20one%20of,wilds%20of%20India%20and%20Africa.|access-date=26 December 2020|website=[[Sanctuary Nature Foundation]]|language=en}}</ref> based in [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]] and [[New Delhi]], [[India]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Swati Thiyagrajan|url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/author/swati-thiyagrajan/|access-date=26 December 2020|website=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|language=en}}</ref> She is a core team member of the Sea Change Project in South Africa and environmental editor at the Indian television news network of [[NDTV]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Raga|first=Pippa|date=September 2020|title=Craig Foster Brought Us the Most Touching Nature Documentary of the Year|url=https://www.distractify.com/p/craig-foster-my-octopus-teacher|access-date=26 December 2020|website=Distractify|language=en}}</ref> Thiyagarajan is a recipient of the [[Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung|Carl Zeiss Award]], [[Earth Heroes Award]] and two [[Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Amrita|date=15 February 2018|title=Quick Five: Swati Thiyagarajan|url=https://www.natureinfocus.in/interviews/quick-five-swati-thiyagarajan|access-date=26 December 2020|website=Nature inFocus|language=en}}</ref> Her work as the environmental editor at NDTV has been acclaimed internationally and she has been described as the [[doyenne]] of environmental journalism in India.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Rego|first=Anoushka|date=7 September 2020|title=Craig Foster, My Octopus Teacher: Is He Married? Who is Craig Foster's Wife?|url=https://www.thecinemaholic.com/my-octopus-teachers-craig-foster/|access-date=26 December 2020|website=The Cinemaholic|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Swati Thiyagarajan grew up in the city of [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]],<ref name=":1" /> and is the daughter of Kannan Thiyagarajan, a student of Sishya School, Chennai and [[Rishi Valley School]], the latter of which was founded and mentored by the philosopher [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Padmanabhan|first=Geeta|date=6 January 2014|title=The class meets again|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-class-meets-again/article5545120.ece|access-date=26 December 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In her testimony, she states that her father was influenced by Krishnamurti, which led him to become passionate about nature and wildlife. She also states that her father introduced her to his best friend Siddharth Butch who was an [[ornithologist]] and photographer.<ref name=":02" /> Butch mentored her and initiated her in nature while on a beach in Chennai when she was a child.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Lal|first=Ranjit|date=4 October 2017|title=Natural Instincts|url=https://openthemagazine.com/lounge/books/natural-instincts-2/|access-date=26 December 2020|website=[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open The Magazine]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> She learned to identify species of birds at the park of [[Theosophical Society Adyar]], visited the [[Madras Crocodile Bank Trust]] where she held a snake for the first time, and visited the [[Guindy National Park]] to witness a tiger in the wild.<ref name=":1" /> Thiyagarajan was also the granddaughter of the classical [[Carnatic music]]ian [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 April 2008|title=Bangalore happenings|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/rUiV1RggzclOlIg4NkbfWM/Bangalore-happenings.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230075549if_/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/rUiV1RggzclOlIg4NkbfWM/Bangalore-happenings.html|archive-date=30 December 2020|website=[[Livemint]]|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
In 1997, Thiyagarajan joined the television news network NDTV as a journalist.<ref name=":2" /> She states that she proposed the idea of a series on wildlife, environment, and conservation issues to the network in 2000; her idea was accepted and she was assigned an all-woman team consisting of a co-anchor, a cameraperson, and an editor.<ref name=":02" /> She was the script writer, director, and presenter of the show,<ref name=":3" /> which featured half-hour documentaries on wildlife and conservation issues in locations around India and Africa,<ref name=":4" /> airing at [[prime time]] on NDTV.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramesh|first=Mridula|date=10 July 2015|title=An Urban Conundrum|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/climaction-an-urban-conundrum/article7403479.ece|access-date=29 December 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The series, entitled ''Born Wild'', was broadcast by the network for 15 years.<ref name=":02" /> Ostensibly, it is the only documentary series on conservation that ran for more than ten years on an Indian television news network.<ref name=":3" />

In 2012, Thiyagarajan directed the documentary film ''The Animal Communicator'',<ref name=":3" /> which investigated the claims of [[interspecies communication]] by the conservationist [[Anna Breytenbach]] while examining her works.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Merwe|first=Marelise Van Der|date=28 January 2016|title=The human question(s): 20 of the best|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2016-01-28-the-human-questions-20-of-the-best/|access-date=26 December 2020|website=[[Daily Maverick]]|language=en}}</ref>

In 2017, Thiyagarajan authored the book ''[[Born Wild (book)|Born Wild]]'' which was based on her experiences on the field as a reporter and filmmaker.<ref name=":1" /> The book, published by [[Bloomsbury Publishing]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Thiyagrajan|first=Swati|title=Born Wild: Journeys into the Wild Hearts of India and Africa|date=2017|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=978-93-87146-05-1|pages=iii|language=en}}</ref> is divided into chapters about various species and features an interview with the [[natural historian]] [[David Attenborough]].<ref name=":4" />

Thiyagarajan was the production manager for the [[Netflix]] film ''[[My Octopus Teacher]]'',<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=22 September 2020|title=SA filmmaker's documentary captivates the world|url=https://www.algoafm.co.za/entertainment/sa-filmmaker-s-documentary-captivates-the-world|access-date=26 December 2020|website=[[Algoa FM]]|language=en}}</ref> which featured her husband as the human subject and his diving experiences with octopuses in the [[kelp forest]] of [[False Bay]], off the western shore of South Africa.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 September 2020|title=Where was 'My Octopus Teacher' on Netflix Filmed?|url=https://internewscast.com/where-was-my-octopus-teacher-on-netflix-filmed/|access-date=26 December 2020|website=[[Internews]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> The film won the [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] for the Best Documentary Feature, the [[Wildscreen]] Award presented by the [[World Wide Fund for Nature]] and was the winning nomination at the [[Jackson Wild]] Festival for 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Fiza|date=13 September 2020|title=Why 2020 is a good year for Indians at the Oscars and Emmys of wildlife film festivals|url=https://theprint.in/features/why-2020-is-a-good-year-for-indians-at-the-oscars-and-emmys-of-wildlife-film-festivals/501566/|access-date=26 December 2020|website=[[ThePrint]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

Thiyagarajan has become a core team member of the Sea Change Project, a conservation effort founded by Craig Foster and Ross Frylinck.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
Thiyagarajan married the South African wildlife documentary filmmaker [[Craig Foster (filmmaker)|Craig Foster]], who has a son from a previous marriage.<ref name=":5" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thiyagarajan, Swati}}
[[Category:Indian conservationists]]
[[Category:Indian women journalists]]
[[Category:Indian women documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Annamma Betta

2026-02-23T15:52:47Z

Igurushivamy: Starting the details from scratch.

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}
'''Sri Hanumagiri kshetra''' is a major [[Hindu]] pilgrim centre in the city of [[Bengaluru]] (Bangalore), [[Karnataka]], and is situated in the [[Uttarahalli]] and Arehalli hill ranges. This hillock is also referred to as Annamma Betta or Yesu Betta or even Shilube Betta by some folk.

The hillock is famous for bearing two sacred Hindu temples at the top. A small hanuman temple near the peak which naturally gives rise to the Hill's name.

A bigger temple dedicated to [[Arakeshwara swamy]](shiva) is located a hundred metres away and is considered a special place by devotees.

== Legend ==
{{unsourced section|date=February 2026}}
According to Indian folklore, the hill is where the sage [[Mandavya]] undertook his ‘Tapas’ (meditation) and prayed for the well-being of the world. Local people hold that ‘Hanumagiri’ is part of [[Sanjeevani (plant)|Sanjeevini]] mountain. The hill is believed to have originated after it was "dropped" by Lord Hanuman as he was bringing it to cure [[Rama|Lord Ram]] and his brother, [[Lakshmana|Lakshman]], who were injured during [[Ramayana]].

== Events ==
{{unsourced section|date=February 2026}}
Hallmark celebrations at the hill top include few annual events where scores of people throng the hillock.

Karthika deepotsavam where a giant lantern akin to the one atop Arunachalam hill at Tiruvannamalai is lit as per shastras on pournami day is a delight to the eyes and is visible till tens of kilometres away.
The event is accompanied by grand poojas and festivities and attracts scores of devotees.

Mahashivaratri is another major festivity at the Arakeshwara temple.
On the day of hanuma jayanti, pooja and japa are offered at the hanuman temple.

Sri Rama Navami is also celebrated yearly at the location since lord hanuman is considered the most ardous devotee of Lord Ram.

== Surroundings ==
{{unsourced section|date=February 2026}}
The place was untouched with natural beauty for a long time and was a paradise for birdwatchers. The place was filled with diverse flora and fauna, especially peacocks which were plenty in number but their numbers have dwindled significantly thanks to human activities.

These days the trees are uprooted and the lush greenery is blackened around the hill, and the same is the fate of small hillocks in and around Bengaluru as a side effect of rapid development.

A huge government degree college is being set up on the route downhill and is projected to be a major educational centre in the area.

Adjacent to the college, a popular temple complex dedicated to Venkateswara Swamy is present. The main garbhagudi griha carries a tall murthy of Venkateshwara swamy and attracts regular visitors on a daily basis. Devotees can also find temples dedicated to narasimha swamy, parvathi devi and sri ganesh in the premises.

== Activities ==
{{unsourced section|date=February 2026}}
This hill is the centre of other activities such as celebrating International Yoga Day and a kite festival.

== Alternative beliefs ==
{{unsourced section|date=February 2026}}
The legend of Annamma dates back to [[Tipu Sultan]]'s era. Uttarahalli then a Christian pocket was lying by the side of Tipu's cavalry path. During that period according the legend the lonely girl Annamma had fallen prey to the Mysuru soldiers and in the bid of escape she fell down from the hill. Repenting on this the soldiers have buried Annamma and erected a cross on the grave. Thus Annamma became the [[village deity]] and people from all walks started adoring her. Till today the hill is popularly called as Annamma Betta (betta = hill) and one can see a huge steel cross on the tip of the hill erected by Rev.Fr. [[Briand]].

During [[Lent]] the [[Christians]] follow the [[Way of the Cross]]. The pictures showing [[Jesus]] accepting the death sentence and carrying the cross to the [[Mount Calvary]] or [[Golgotha]] is being recited along the 14 stations is called the 'Way of the Cross'. Every Friday evenings during Lent the Churches witness this performance of the Cross procession. The same Way of the Cross if performed in the hillock Annamma Betta.

Annamma Betta is the seat of the [[Stations of the Cross]] for two centuries. The day that is the fifth Sunday (this year it is on 21 March 2021) of the Lent the surface of the mountain will be filled with the devotees climbing the mountain surface.

At the foot of the hill is the legendary Annamma's cemetery and there is also a [[Catholic Church]] and an [[adoration chapel]]. Carrying his own cross, mourning at 14 different stations gives a bare witness to a man scaling his life overcoming all the hurdles. Thus the Way of the Cross at the Annamma betta unveils the different faces of devotion.

==Further reading==
* Talwadi, Dr. BS. ''Kannada Chraistara Habba mattu Jatregalu'' (Bengaluru: Karnataka Chraista Janapada Kendra, 1996, pp. 100–101)
* Lingaiah, D. ''Bengaluru Darshana'' (Bengaluru: Udayabhanu Kannada Sangha, vol.II - Jathregalu)
* Ramesh, Dr. SC Ramesh. ''Karnatakada Janapada Acharanegalu'' (Hampi: Kannada University, 2010)
* Talwadi, Dr. BS. ''Chraista Kannada Janapada'' (Bengaluru: Annapoorna Prakashana)
* Nandagaon, FM. ''Shilubeyatreya Vishishta Jaatre'' (Prajavani: Saapthahika Puravani, 03 Mar 2003)
* ''Shilube Bettadalondu Sambhramada Jaatre'' (Prajavani: Saapthahika Puravani, 04 Apr 2006)
* Talwadi, BS. ''Annammana Bettada Jaatre'' (Vijayakarnataka, 16 Apr 2006)
* Marie Joseph, C. ''Bhanuvara Annamma Bettada Jaatre'' (Prajavani: Metro,27 Mar 2009)
* Nandagaon, FM `Uttarahalli Annamma - A Christian Folklore study' (Bengaluru: CVG Books,2018)
* Nandagaon, FM `A Lenten Pilgrimage' (Bengaluru: CVG Books, 2016)
* Nandagaon, FM `Annamma Bettada Shilibe Yatre (Bengaluru: Vanachinnappa Prakashan 2006)

{{coord|12.917478|77.537423|display=title}}

[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Bengaluru]]

Jason Gillespie

2026-02-17T13:08:40Z

Igurushivamy: minor cleanup

{{short description|Australian cricketer (born 1975)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Australian English|date=September 2012}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Jason Gillespie
| image = Jason Gillespie Portrait.jpg
| country = Australia
| fullname = Jason Neil Gillespie
| nickname = [[Dizzy Gillespie|Dizzy]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|4|19|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Sydney]], New South Wales, Australia
| heightcm = 195
| role = [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]]
| international = true
| internationalspan = 1996–2006
| testdebutdate = 29 November
| testdebutyear = 1996
| testdebutagainst = West Indies
| testcap = 370
| lasttestdate = 16 April
| lasttestyear = 2006
| lasttestagainst = Bangladesh
| odidebutdate = 30 August
| odidebutyear = 1996
| odidebutagainst = Sri Lanka
| odicap = 127
| odishirt = 4
| lastodidate = 12 July
| lastodiyear = 2005
| lastodiagainst = England
| oneT20I = true
| T20Idebutdate = 13 June
| T20Idebutyear = 2005
| T20Idebutagainst = England
| T20Icap = 12
| club1 = [[South Australia cricket team|South Australia]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|1994/95–2007/08}}
| club2 = [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]]
| year2 = 2006–2007
| club3 = [[Glamorgan County Cricket Club|Glamorgan]]
| year3 = 2008
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 71
| runs1 = 1,218
| bat avg1 = 18.73
| 100s/50s1 = 1/2
| top score1 = 201[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 14,234
| wickets1 = 259
| bowl avg1 = 26.13
| fivefor1 = 8
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 7/37
| catches/stumpings1 = 27/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 97
| runs2 = 201
| bat avg2 = 12.56
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 44[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 5,144
| wickets2 = 142
| bowl avg2 = 25.42
| fivefor2 = 3
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 5/22
| catches/stumpings2 = 10/–
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 189
| runs3 = 3,742
| bat avg3 = 19.59
| 100s/50s3 = 3/10
| top score3 = 201[[not out|*]]
| deliveries3 = 35,372
| wickets3 = 613
| bowl avg3 = 26.98
| fivefor3 = 22
| tenfor3 = 2
| best bowling3 = 8/50
| catches/stumpings3 = 68/–
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 192
| runs4 = 640
| bat avg4 = 14.22
| 100s/50s4 = 0/0
| top score4 = 44[[not out|*]]
| deliveries4 = 10,048
| wickets4 = 255
| bowl avg4 = 27.40
| fivefor4 = 3
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 5/22
| catches/stumpings4 = 31/–
| coachclub1 = [[Mid West Rhinos]]
| coachyear1 = 2010–2012
| coachclub2 = [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]]
| coachyear2 = 2012–2016
| coachclub3 = [[Papua New Guinea national cricket team|Papua New Guinea]] (interim)
| coachyear3 = 2017
| coachclub4 = [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]]
| coachyear4 = 2018–2020
| coachclub5 = [[South Australia cricket team|South Australia]]
| coachyear5 = 2020–2024
| coachclub6 = [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]]
| coachyear6 = 2024
| coachclub7 = [[Kingsmen Hyderabad|Hyderabad Houston Kingsmen]]
|coachyear7 = 2026-present
| date = 17 November
| year = 2025
| source = http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/australia/content/player/5392.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Jason Neil Gillespie''' (born 19 April 1975) is an [[Australia national cricket team|Australian]] cricket coach and former international [[cricket]]er who played all three formats of the game. A right-arm [[fast bowling|fast bowler]], he was also a competent lower-order [[Batting (cricket)|batsman]] whose unbeaten 201 in his last Test match is the highest score by a [[Nightwatchman (cricket)|night-watchman]] in international cricket.

Gillespie made his [[One Day International]] debut against [[Sri Lankan cricket team|Sri Lanka]] at [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground|Colombo]] in the [[1996 Singer World Series|Singer World Series in August 1996]], and his Test debut against the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] at [[Sydney Cricket Ground|Sydney]] in [[West Indian cricket team in Australia in 1996–97|November 1996]]. He also played for [[Southern Redbacks|South Australia]], [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]] and [[Glamorgan County Cricket Club|Glamorgan]] at first-class level, and was an AIS [[Australian Cricket Academy]] scholarship holder in 1995.<ref>{{cite book|title=Excellence : the Australian Institute of Sport|year=2002|publisher=[[Australian Sports Commission]]|location=Canberra}}</ref> Gillespie was the first acknowledged [[Indigenous Australians|Indigenous]] male cricketer to represent Australia in Test cricket.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-10 |title='Making Test cricket look easy': 'Dizzy' heaps praise on Boland, reflects on Indigenous heritage |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-01-10/jason-gillespie-on-being-first-male-aboriginal-test-cricketer/100747690 |access-date=2025-12-16 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref>

Gillespie announced his retirement from first-class cricket in Australia in February 2008. He then played in the unauthorised [[Indian Cricket League]] for the Ahmedabad Rockets.<ref name="Cricket Country-2014"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cricket.indiatimes.com/News/News/Australias_Gillespie_announces_retirement/articleshow/2824991.cms |title=Cricket on Times of India. Live Cricket Score, Cricket News, India Cricket |language=fr |publisher=Cricket.indiatimes.com |access-date=2013-06-26}}</ref> At the end of the 2008 English domestic season he retired from all first-class cricket.<ref>[http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/australia/content/story/372193.html Gillespie happy with retirement decision], ESPNcricinfo, Retrieved on 9 November 2008</ref>

== Personal life ==
Jason Gillespie is a descendant on his father's side of the [[Kamilaroi]] people of [[Indigenous Australians]], and is the first acknowledged Aboriginal male to become a Test cricketer (the first Indigenous Test cricketer was [[Faith Thomas]] in 1958).<ref name="Cricket Country-2014">{{cite web | url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/jason-gillespie-a-high-quality-fast-bowler-who-signed-off-with-a-test-double-century-25394 | title=Jason Gillespie: A high-quality fast bowler who signed off with a Test double century! | publisher=Cricket Country | date=22 August 2014 | access-date=14 December 2019 | author=Vaidya, Jaideep }}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23225434 | title=Aboriginal cricket: The first Australian tour of England, 1868 | date=9 July 2013 | access-date=9 July 2013 | publisher=BBC News}}</ref> His mother has [[Greeks|Greek]] heritage and Jason is the eldest of the three children.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/07/15/1058035013172.html | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | title=Darwin dreaming inspires Gillespie | date=16 July 2003}}</ref> He attended [[Cabra Dominican College]] in [[Adelaide]], South Australia. Gillespie married Anna (née McEvoy) in 2003. The couple have four children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.users.bigpond.com/lnord/McEvoys.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040502011343/http://www.users.bigpond.com/lnord/McEvoys.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 May 2004|title=McEvoy Family Tree, Cungena, SA, P. 1|date=2 May 2004|access-date=8 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSKS9lsvU9M&feature=em-uploademail | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501074206/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSKS9lsvU9M| archive-date=2013-05-01 | url-status=dead|title=Alison's Tea Break: Gillespie – 'Three different formats is the biggest challenge for bowlers today' |publisher=YouTube |date=2013-04-19 |access-date=26 June 2013}}</ref>
Gillespie has another daughter from a previous relationship.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aussiebubblog.wordpress.com/2007/10/22/another-son-arrives-for-jason-anna-gillespie/ |title=Another son arrives for Jason & Anna Gillespie. Aussie Bub Blog |publisher=Aussiebubblog.Wordpress.com |date=22 October 2007 |access-date=26 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103100428/http://aussiebubblog.wordpress.com/2007/10/22/another-son-arrives-for-jason-anna-gillespie/ |archive-date=3 November 2012}}</ref>

Gillespie is a [[Veganism|vegan]] and has criticised dairy farming and the use of leather [[cricket ball|balls]]. While coaching [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]], Gillespie said of the club being sponsored by a dairy: "Yes, they are a sponsor but it doesn't mean I agree with what they do. It's out of my control, just like the fact that cricket balls are made of leather".<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/07/yorkshires-vegan-cricket-coach-angers-sponsors-after-calling-for/|title=Yorkshire's vegan cricket coach stumps sponsors after questioning use of leather balls and calling for entire dairy industry to be shut down|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=7 June 2016 |access-date=2016-06-09|last1=Watson |first1=Leon }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Woodward|first1=Grant|title=Yorkshire's Jason Gillespie on cricket, family and why he's battling for veganism|url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/analysis/yorkshire-s-jason-gillespie-on-cricket-family-and-why-he-s-batting-for-veganism-1-7945035|website=[[Yorkshire Post]] |access-date=4 February 2018 |date=6 June 2016 }}</ref>

==International career==
=== Bowling ===
Gillespie took 259 wickets in 71 Tests (at an average of 26.13) making him currently Australia's 11th-highest wicket-taker, and giving him the 14th best bowling average for Australian bowlers who have taken more than a hundred wickets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_career_bowling_average.html?class=1;id=2;type=team |title=Cricket Records. Records. Australia. Test matches. Best averages. |publisher=Stats.cricinfo.com |date=1 January 1970 |access-date=26 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901161340/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_career_bowling_average.html?class=1%3Bid%3D2%3Btype%3Dteam |archive-date=1 September 2009}}</ref>

Gillespie seldom dominated a Test series (the most wickets he took in a series is 20), but he was a reliable support bowler over several years for his more famous teammates [[Glenn McGrath]] and [[Shane Warne]]. For his performances in 2004, he was named both in the [[ICC Test Team of the Year|World Test XI]] and [[ICC ODI Team of the Year|ODI XI]] by the ICC.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/23121796/ | title=Rahul Dravid is the ICC's player of the year | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | date= 8 September 2004 | access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref>

=== Batting ===
[[Glenn McGrath]] (61) and Gillespie (54*) shared a last-wicket stand of 114 [[New Zealand cricket team in Australia in 2004–05|against New Zealand in 2004]] at [[Brisbane Cricket Ground|the Gabba]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/14935/scorecard/64107/australia-vs-new-zealand-1st-test-new-zealand-tour-of-australia-2004-05|title=Full Scorecard of Australia vs New Zealand 1st Test 2004 - Score Report |work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=2020-01-26}}</ref> to the hilarity and acclaim of their teammates. It was the first time that either of them had made a 50 in either Test or ODI versions of the game.<ref>{{youTube|QuPxBt1Rro0|'We were just laughing': The McGrath-Gillespie batting masterclass}}, [[Cricket Australia]]</ref>

In the second Test against [[Bangladeshi cricket team|Bangladesh]] at Chittagong on 19 April 2006, Gillespie (201 not out) set the world record (on his 31st birthday) for the highest individual score by a [[nightwatchman (cricket)|nightwatchman]]. This was his maiden first-class century. He also shared a fourth-wicket partnership of 320 runs with [[Michael Hussey]]. Gillespie was awarded man-of-the-match honours for his double century in the first innings and he was also named man of the series for his efforts that included eight wickets, at an average of 11.3. Due to injury, it was his final match in international cricket.<ref name="theguardian.com">{{Cite web|date=2006-11-06|title=Cricket: Jason Gillespie ruled out of Prime Minister's XI game with shoulder injury|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/nov/06/ashes2006.cricket1|access-date=2021-09-27|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> As of 2025, Gillespie is the only nightwatchman to score a double century in a Test match.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282904.html|title=Records. Test matches. Batting records. Most runs in an innings by a nightwatchman |newspaper=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramsey |first1=Andrew |title=Downpours, dust-ups and Dizzy's double: Pt I |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/feature/australia-banglaesh-test-chittagong-2006-gillespie-gilchrist-ponting/2016-04-18 |website=cricket.com.au |publisher=Cricket Australia |access-date=4 January 2020 |date=18 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramsey |first1=Andrew |title=Downpours, dust-ups and Dizzy's double: Pt II |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/feature/australia-bangladesh-test-chittagong-2006-jason-gillespie-nightwatchman-andrew-ramsey/2016-04-19 |website=cricket.com.au |publisher=Cricket Australia |access-date=4 January 2020 |date=19 April 2016}}</ref>

=== Injuries ===
[[File:GillespieBowl.JPG|thumb|350px|right|Jason Gillespie preparing to bowl for [[Southern Redbacks|South Australia]] against [[Western Warriors|Western Australia]] in January 2007]]
He played only 52 from a possible 92 Tests following his debut to his axing during the [[2005 Ashes series]].<ref name="The Sydney Morning Herald 2005">{{cite web | title=Gillespie's Ashes series is over | website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] | date=20 August 2005 | url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/cricket/gillespies-ashes-series-is-over-20050821-gdlwxz.html | access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="Earle 2007">{{cite web | last=Earle | first=Richard | title=Punter sorry to hurt Diz | website=[[Herald Sun]] | date=10 October 2007 | url=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/cricket/punter-sorry-to-hurt-diz/news-story/f39caf6d4c2f46ddfe9cef364b0eaf4b | access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> Despite these problems, he was both accurate and economical.

In Australia's 1999 tour of [[Sri Lanka]], he was involved in a sickening outfield collision when both he and [[Steve Waugh]] were running to take a catch. Waugh was running from the infield towards the outfield, while Gillespie was running in. Waugh dived for the ball resulting in his nose and Gillespie's right leg being broken. The catch was not taken.<ref name="Sengupta 2012">{{cite web | last=Sengupta | first=Arunabha | title=Memories of the horrific on-field collision between Steve Waugh and Jason Gillespie | website=Cricket Country | date=13 September 2012 | url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/memories-of-the-horrific-on-field-collision-between-steve-waugh-and-jason-gillespie-17887 | access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="CricTracker 2018">{{cite web | title=September 10, 1999 – Steve Waugh and Jason Gillespie suffer horrific injuries after a collision | website=CricTracker | date=10 September 2018 | url=https://www.crictracker.com/september-10-1999-steve-waugh-and-jason-gillespie-suffer-horrific-injuries-after-a-collision/ | access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="RahulKargal 2016">{{cite web | author=Kargal, Rahul | title=When the Steve Waugh-Jason Gillespie collision rattled Australia | website=Sports Keeda | date=20 July 2016 | url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/when-the-steve-waugh-jason-gillespie-collision-rattled-australia | access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> Gillespie's career was cut short by a shoulder injury while fielding for [[South Australia cricket team|South Australia]], leading to his retirement.<ref name="theguardian.com"/>

==Coaching career==
Gillespie became a coach in [[Zimbabwe]] in August 2010. He worked primarily with the [[Mid West Rhinos]], but also on "[[grassroots]]" activities to improve the performance of young players in Zimbabwe.<ref>{{cite web|last=ESPNcricinfo staff|title=Donald and Gillespie bullish about Zimbabwe|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/southafrica/content/story/473150.html|publisher=ESPN|access-date=6 December 2010|date = 18 August 2010}}</ref>

Gillespie was drafted in as the bowling coach of [[Indian Premier League]] team [[Kings XI Punjab]] after their opening match against [[Pune Warriors]] in April 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gillespie joins Kings XI Punjab as bowling coach |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-premier-league-2011-jason-gillespie-joins-kings-xi-punjab-as-bowling-coach-510154 |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 March 2024 |date=9 April 2011}}</ref>

In November 2011, he was named first-team coach of [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]] after a shake up in the club's coaching system.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/15742183 Jason Gillespie named Yorkshire coach and batsman Phil Jaques returns], [[BBC]], Retrieved 22 May 2012</ref> In his first season with Yorkshire, they were promoted from Division Two of the [[County Championship]]; in the second they were runners-up in the first division; and they won the title in 2014 and 2015, when he was one of the candidates to coach England.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/news/11531314/ECB-set-to-lose-out-on-head-coach-target-Jason-Gillespie.html ECB set to lose out on head coach target Jason Gillespie], [[Daily Telegraph]], Retrieved 13 April 2015</ref> He returned to Australia after Yorkshire narrowly missed out on a third successive title in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yorkshireccc.com/news/view/5109/gillespie-to-leave-yorkshire-at-end-of-season|title=Gillespie to leave Yorkshire at end of season|work=YorkshireCCC.com|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-date=26 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626053935/https://yorkshireccc.com/news/view/5109/gillespie-to-leave-yorkshire-at-end-of-season|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In April 2015, Gillespie was named as the coach of the Adelaide Strikers team in the Big Bash League.

In July 2017, Gillespie was appointed as the interim head coach for the [[Papua New Guinea national cricket team|Papua New Guinea national team]] replacing former New Zealand Test player, [[Dipak Patel (cricketer, born 1958)|Dipak Patel]].<ref name="PNG">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/png/content/story/1110839.html |title=Jason Gillespie named interim PNG coach |access-date=13 July 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In 2018, Gillespie took up the position of head coach of Sussex.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jason Gillespie appointed new head coach of Sussex |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/jason-gillespie-sussex-new-head-coach-england-cricket-a8065176.html |access-date=31 August 2019 |date=20 November 2017}}</ref>

In August 2020, Gillespie was appointed the new coach of [[South Australia cricket team|South Australia]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cherney |first1=Daniel |title=Hodge, Rogers fight it out for Vics job as Gillespie named SA coach |url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/cricket/hodge-rogers-fight-it-out-for-vics-job-as-gillespie-named-sa-coach-20200819-p55nb2.html |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=19 August 2020 |publisher=Fairfax Media |access-date=5 January 2021}}</ref>

In 2021, Gillespie was named an [[Australian Legends|Australia Post Legend]] of Cricket.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Australia Post honours Australian Living Legends of Cricket|url=https://australiapostcollectables.com.au/articles/australia-post-honours-australian-living-legends-of-cricket|access-date=2021-02-16|website=Australia Post Collectables|language=en|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410222115/https://australiapostcollectables.com.au/articles/australia-post-honours-australian-living-legends-of-cricket|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Pakistan (2024)===
In April 2024, the [[Pakistan Cricket Board]] announced Gillespie as the head coach of the [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan men's team]] in the [[test cricket]] for a two-year period.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gary Kirsten and Jason Gillespie named head coaches for white, red-ball cricket |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1830180/gary-kirsten-and-jason-gillespie-named-head-coaches-for-white-red-ball-cricket |work=DAWN |date=28 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
In October 2024, Gillespie was appointed coach of the white ball team on an interim basis following the departure of South Africa's Gary Kirsten.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/articles/cvgk6r7v57yo |website=BBC |access-date=1 November 2024 |title=Gary Kirsten resigns as Pakistan coach & Jason Gillespie steps in |date=28 October 2024 }}</ref> He subsequently led a white-ball tour to Australia in Kirsten's absence, securing victory in the one-day series but losing the T20 series. [[Aqib Javed]] replaced him for the following tour to Zimbabwe. On 12 December 2024, he resigned as head coach of Pakistan's Test team.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-12 |title=Jason Gillespie: Ex-Australia bowler resigns as Pakistan Test team coach |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/articles/cjr27z53x58o |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Jason Gillespie quits as Pakistan red-ball coach. |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/jason-gillespie-quits-as-pakistan-red-ball-coach-1464747 |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

==Career best performances==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!|
! colspan="4"|Bowling
|-
!
!Figures
!Fixture
!V
|-
|'''[[Test cricket|Test]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"|7/37
|[[England cricket team|England]] v [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]
|[[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], [[Leeds]]
|align="centre"|1997<ref name="ESPNcricinfo - 24–28 July 1997 - Australia tour of England and Scotland, 1997 - England v Australia">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63757.html|title= Australia tour of England and Scotland, 1997 – England v Australia Scorecard|date=28 July 1997|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[One Day International|ODI]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"|5/22
|[[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] v [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]]
|[[Gymkhana Club Ground]], [[Nairobi]]
|align="center"|2002<ref name="ESPNcricinfo - 30 August 2002 - PSO Tri-Nation Tournament 2002, 2nd Match - Australia v Pakistan">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66344.html|title= PSO Tri-Nation Tournament 2002, 2nd Match – Australia v Pakistan Scorecard|date=30 August 2002|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[Twenty20 International|T20I]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"|1/49
|[[England cricket team|England]] v [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]
|[[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|Rose Bowl]], [[Southampton]]
|align="center"|2005<ref name="ESPNcricinfo - 13 June 2005 - Australia tour of England and Scotland, 2005 - England v Australia">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/211028.html|title= Australia tour of England and Scotland, 2005 – England v Australia Scorecard|date=13 June 2005|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[First-class cricket|FC]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"|8/50
|[[New South Wales cricket team|New South Wales]] v [[South Australia cricket team|South Australia]]
|[[Sydney Cricket Ground|SCG]], [[Sydney]]
|align="center"|2001<ref name="ESPNcricinfo - 26–28 October 2001 - Pura Cup, 2001/02 - NSW v SA">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sheffield-shield-2015-16/engine/match/357808.html|title= Pura Cup, 2001/02 – NSW v SA Scorecard|date=28 October 2001|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[List A cricket|LA]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"|5/13
|[[Glamorgan County Cricket Club|Glamorgan]] v [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club|Warwickshire]]
|[[Sophia Gardens (cricket ground)|Sophia Gardens]], [[Cardiff]]
|align="center"|2008<ref name="ESPNcricinfo - 22 August 2008 - Pro40 Division Two, 2008 - Glamorgan v Warwickshire">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/countycricket2008/engine/match/320078.html|title= Pro40 Division Two, 2008 – Glamorgan v Warwickshire Scorecard|date=22 August 2008|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[Twenty20 cricket|T20]]'''
| style="text-align:center;"|2/19
|[[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]] v [[Derbyshire County Cricket Club|Derbyshire]]
|[[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], [[Leeds]]
|align="center"|2007<ref name="ESPNcricinfo - 6 July 2007 - Twenty20 Cup, North Division, 2007 - Yorkshire v Derbyshire">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/268464.html|title= Twenty20 Cup, North Division, 2007 – Yorkshire v Derbyshire Scorecard|date=6 July 2007|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 January 2016}}</ref>
|}

== Recognition ==
[[File:Jason Gillespie statue, Adelaide Oval, 22 August 2020.jpg|thumb|Statue of Gillespie at Adelaide Oval.]]
A statue of Gillespie, by sculptor [[Ken Martin (Australian sculptor)|Ken Martin]] was unveiled at the Adelaide Oval in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jason Gillespie, Adelaide Oval |url=https://www.kenmartin.com.au/case-studies/jason-gillespie |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Ken Martin Sculptor |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cricinfo}}

{{Hyderabad Houston Kingsmen squad}}
{{Pakistan national cricket team coaches}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gillespie, Jason}}
[[Category:Australia One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Australia Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Australia Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:Gamilaraay]]
[[Category:South Australia cricketers]]
[[Category:Yorkshire cricketers]]
[[Category:Australian expatriate cricketers in England]]
[[Category:Glamorgan cricketers]]
[[Category:Wisden Cricketers of the Year]]
[[Category:Indigenous Australian cricketers]]
[[Category:Australian people of Greek descent]]
[[Category:Sportspeople of Greek descent]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Sydney]]
[[Category:Ahmedabad Rockets cricketers]]
[[Category:Australian cricketers]]
[[Category:Australian cricket coaches]]
[[Category:Australian Institute of Sport cricketers]]
[[Category:Veganism in Australia]]
[[Category:Australian atheists]]
[[Category:Coaches of the Papua New Guinea national cricket team]]
[[Category:Australian expatriate sportspeople in Wales]]
[[Category:Australian expatriate cricketers in India]]
[[Category:Adelaide Strikers coaches]]
[[Category:20th-century Australian sportsmen]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian sportsmen]]

Khodao Yanthan

2026-02-12T15:30:45Z

Igurushivamy: put up first details added tags - done

{{Infobox Politician
| name = Khodao Yanthan
| death_date = 1 March 2010
| death_place = [[Lakhüti]], [[Wokha District]], [[Nagaland]]
| birth_date = 25 August 1923
| birth_place = [[Lakhüti]], [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills District]], [[Assam Province]], British India ''{{small|(Now in [[Nagaland]], India)}}''
| office1 = Vice President, [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] (I-M)
| term1 = 10 April 1996 – 1 March 2010
}}

'''Khodao Yanthan''' (25 August 1923 – 1 March 2010) was a Naga liberation leader and a member of the [[Naga National Council]] (NNC).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/nscni-m-vice-chairman-khodao-passes-away/675577|title=NSCN(I-M) Vice-Chairman Khodao Passes Away|date=1 March 2010|work=Outlook|access-date=6 February 2020}}</ref> He was popularly called, “the grand old man of Naga political struggle”.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://morungexpress.com/wounded-tiger-papers-khodao-yanthan-released|title='Wounded Tiger: The Papers of Khodao Yanthan' released|date=19 August 2017|work=The Morung Express|access-date=6 February 2020}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He was born to Nthîo Yanthan on 25 August 1923 at Lakhuti village in the erstwhile Naga Hills District (present, [[Wokha district]]).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nagalimvoice.com/news/nscn-vice-chairman-khodao-passes-away/|title=NSCN Vice Chairman Khodao passes away|date=1 March 2010|work=Nagalim: Voice of Naga people|access-date=6 February 2020}}</ref> He was the second eldest amongst five male siblings.<ref name=":0" /> He attended the village [[Morung]] until he went to formal school in [[Jorhat]] at the age of eight. In 1943, he joined the Mission High School in [[Jorhat]].

Yanthan's grandfather, Moyuthung Yanthan, was the last chief of the Kyong (now [[Lotha Naga]]) tribe. During the [[World War II|Second World War]], he joined the Naga Labour Corps as a Quartermaster in 1942 (aged 19) and worked to combat the advancing Japanese forces in Northeast India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Haksar |first=Nandita |author-link=Nandita Haksar |title=Kuknalim - Naga Armed Resistance: Testimonies of Leaders, Pastors, Healers and Soldiers |publisher=Speaking Tiger |year=2019 |isbn=9789388874915 |location=New Delhi |pages=153–167}}</ref> Initially, he was posted in [[Tamu, Myanmar]]. When still in 9th standard, ETD Lambert (police officer and Chief Intelligence Officer, Jorhat) visited his school and asked for volunteers who could speak English. He along with three other [[Lotha Naga]] police constables helped the 14th Division of the British Army to reach the Naga Hill from [[Mariani, Jorhat]] traversing through tea gardens and forests.<ref name=":0" />

After the war, he finished his matriculation from Jorhat Mission School and proceeded to [[Serampore College]] for his Intermediate Arts.<ref name=":0" /> In March 1951, he took up a teaching position at the Wokha High School.<ref name=":0" />

== Political life ==
In 1951, Yanthan was elected President of the Lotha Tribal Council. He was a member of the central executive body of the NNC.

When the [[Shillong Accord of 1975|Shillong Accord]] lost its legitimacy among the Naga people, the NNC split into two groups: one under the leadership of Yanthan (NNC-K) and another under Adino Phizo (NNC-A).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=John |title=Evangelising the Nation: Religion and the formation of Naga Political Identity |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |location=New Delhi |isbn=9781138639928 |page=176 |edition=First}}</ref>

== Lobbying for Naga Independence ==
On arrival in London, Yanthan along with Gen. Sukhai Kaito, Maj. Gen. Mowu, and Yong Kong were briefly detained at the London airport. On 11 September 1962, they were freed from detention and admitted as citizens of the British Commonwealth. The four initially planned to travel to the United Nations to attempt a hearing before the General Assembly.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=12 September 1962|title=Britain Grants Admission To Four Naga Tribesmen|page=21|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> They immediately met George Patterson of the International Committee for the Study of Group Rights, and [[Angami Zapu Phizo]], the President of the [[Naga National Council]], along with their legal advisers. The four men arrived in London via Karachi,<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 September 1962|title=Nagas allowed to enter: Citizens of the Commonwealth|page=1|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> after passing through the Indo-Burma areas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=12 September 1962|title=Britain Grants Admission To Four Naga Tribesmen|page=21|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

In London, Khodao and Phizo worked towards informing people about the Naga situation and urged them to get involved. This included writing to newspapers. People he worked with included [[David Astor]], the Archbishop of Canterbury, and bishop [[David Jenkins (bishop)|David Jenkins]]. Abraham Lotha writes, "For Khodao and the leaders, the ideas of independence and sovereignty are interchangeable. 'The Nagas are NOT demanding an independence from the British-made India. Nagas are defending their independence from India.' This was his mantra throughout his life."
{{sfn|Lotha|2017|p=8}}

=== Everyday Life in London ===
In London, Yanthan took the name 'Charles Lamb.' Living a difficult life, he moved 14 times into various residents between 1962 and 2000. There were periods when he was nearly homeless. On several occasions, his Jewish landlords helped him search a new apartment and move. Yanthan worked at different jobs, including twice at restaurants. Eventually, he asked the British Government in assisting him with formal training to qualify for another kind of job. He then got a position at the [[British Broadcasting Corporation World Service]] in 1971, where he worked until his retirement in 1988. He qualified for pension from both the state and BBC.{{sfn|Lotha|2017|p=7}}

== Death ==
Yanthan died on 1 March 2010 in his ancestral village, [[Lakhüti]].

On his death, his body was planned to be airlifted from [[Lakhüti]] to [[Dimapur]]. Ralanthung Yanthan, then Deputy Speaker of the Nagaland State Assembly, was on the [[Pawan Hans]] helicopter to escort the body to Dimapur with permission from the Nagaland Chief Minister's office to assist. However, the pilots insisted that the orders they received said that they should not go beyond [[Wokha]]. The helicopter returned to Dimapur without Khodao Yanthan's body. Thereafter, it was taken to Dimapur by road.{{sfn|Lotha|2017|p=11}} In the wee hours of 3 March, Khodao's funeral convoy reached Camp Hebron. Indian security forces as well as [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland|National Socialist Council of Nagaland (I-M)]] lined the road to the camp. A large stage was built to accommodate around 100 VIP mourners. White and pink flowers in cane vases tied to bamboo poles adorned the coffin. After the eulogy, the NSCN-IM choir sang 'I will meet you in the morning' by [[Albert E. Brumley]].
{{sfn|Kikon & McDuie-Ra|2021|p=186-189}} After the funeral service in Camp Hebron, [[Dimapur]], Yanthan's remains were returned to [[Lakhüti]]. Along the way, crowds gathered to pay their final tributes.{{sfn|Lotha|2017|p=11}}

The [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] declared a seven-day mourning from 1 March to 7 March to honour Yanthan who was the Vice President of the organisation. Reflecting on Yanthan's life and death, [[Sanjay Barbora]] writes,<blockquote>History has also shown us that with every act of renunciation comes an opportunity for renewal. Yanthan’s life was a remarkable sacrifice for a people and cause that now has to engage with serious questions for the future. This is the time for politics to begin to search for an ethical voice, in a manner of which he could have been proud.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=[[Sanjay Barbora]]|date=1 April 2010|title=Big man in a small place|url=https://www.himalmag.com/big-man-in-a-small-place/|journal=[[Himal Southasian]]|volume=23|issue=4 }}</ref></blockquote>

=== Resting place ===
Yanthan's grave lies at Aitepyong in [[Lakhüti]] village.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khodao Yanthan remembered on 12th death anniversary |url=https://morungexpress.com/khodao-yanthan-remembered-on-12th-death-anniversary |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=MorungExpress}}</ref> Before Yanthan died, he constructed his own tomb and authored his epitaph,
<blockquote>Here lies unsung a Naga patriot.

Praise the Lord

for giveth my life to serve for

the nation's cause.

[[Kuknalim]].

Khodao Yanthan 1923-200-

Warning:

The survival of the Nagas

depend on their nationhood.

If the Nagas had failed to

uphold their ancestral sovereign nation,

they would become a lost tribes

and vanish in their disappearing

nation.

May God forbid it.

KY{{sfn|Lotha|2017|p=12}}
</blockquote>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Cited works==
*{{Cite book|last=Lotha|first=Abraham|author-link=Abraham Lotha|title=Wounded Tiger: The Papers of Khodao Yanthan|publisher=Heritage Publishing House|year=2017|isbn=9789380500973|location=Dimapur}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Kikon |first=Dolly |author1-link=Dolly Kikon |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31943 |title=Ceasefire City: Militarism, Capitalism, and Urbanism in Dimapur |last2=McDuie-Ra |first2=Duncan |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2021 |isbn=978019012973-6 |location=New Delhi |pages=186–189 |ref={{harvid|Kikon & McDuie-Ra|2021}}}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yanthan, Khodao}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Nagaland]]
[[Category:Naga nationalism]]
[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:Wokha district]]

Jitu Bhagat

2026-02-07T12:41:44Z

Igurushivamy: put up first page v1

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Jitu Bhagat''' alias '''Jitendrakumar Ramanlal Patel''' (born 1962)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jitendrakumar Ramanlal Patel (Jitu Bhagat)(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- NARANPURA(AHMEDABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=6247 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from Gujarat. He is a Member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Naranpura Assembly constituency]] in [[Ahmedabad district]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] since December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |title=Naranpura Election Result 2022LIVE: BJP के JITENDRAKUMAR RAMANLAL PATEL (JITU BHAGAT) की हुई जीत, BSP के SENMA SHAILESHKUMAR BHIKHALAL (GIRISH RAVAT) रहें दूसरे नंबर पर |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/naranpura-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news-2276740 |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=ABP News |date=8 December 2022 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Naranpura, Gujarat Election Result: नारणपुरा में BJP के जीतेन्द्र पटेल 92 हजार वोटों से जीते, जानें किसे कितने वोट मिले |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/gujarat/naranpura-vidhansabha-seat-result-gujarat-election-result-bjp-candidate-jitendra-patel-won-congress-sonal-patel-pankaj-patel-lost-know-looser-winner-5000059.html |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> He is also the general secretary of BJP in Ahmedabad.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

== Early life and education ==
Patel is from [[Naranpura Assembly constituency|Naranpur]], Ahmedabad district, Gujarat. He is the son of Ramanlal Patel. He studied Class 12 and passed the HSC examinations conducted by Gujarat Madyamik Education Board in 1978. Later, he discontinued his studies.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Patel won from Naranpur Assembly constituency representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Gujarat Assembly Election Results 2022: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-elections-2022-winning-candidates-constituency-8312674/ |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He polled 108,160 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Sonal Patel of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 92,800 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Gujarat Election 2022: Winning candidates from BJP, Congress, AAP |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/gujarat-assembly-polls-2022/story/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winning-candidates-parties-across-182-seats-2306611-2022-12-08 |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS0645.htm?ac=45 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131173338/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS0645.htm?ac=45 |archive-date=2023-01-31 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhagat, Jitu}}
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Charu Sharma (athlete)

2026-02-06T06:17:50Z

Igurushivamy: Created some bio more to come

{{short description|Indian athlete and performer (born 1992)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Charu Sharma
| image =
| image size =
| alt = Charu Sharma
| caption = Charu Sharma
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1992|03|24}}
| birth_place = [[Jaipur]], India
| other_names =
| known_for = [[Power Woman 2012]], [[National Bravery Award]]
| occupation = Explorer, Athlete, Performer, Writer
| education = [[Mount Holyoke College]], United States
|website = {{URL|http://charusharma.com/|CharuSharma.com}}
}}
'''Charu Sharma''' (born 24 March 1992) is an Indian athlete and performer. She has a whole chapter on her in Hindi textbooks<ref name="TOI Jan 2010">{{cite news | title = Siblings battled robbers, now they're a textbook example of success| work = The Times of India| url =http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/Siblings-battled-robbers-now-theyre-a-textbook-example-of-success/articleshow/5493700.cms }}</ref> in [[Maharashtra]], she is one of India's young achievers.

==Early life and education==

Charu Sharma was born on 24 March 1992 in [[Jaipur]] in a family of civil servants, doctors, and engineers.

==Awards and accolades==

Sharma is a recipient of 5 National Awards in bravery and academic achievement.
*
*
*
*
*

==Train robbery episode==

Charu Sharma (9 at the time) and her brother Chinmay Sharma (6 at the time) fought in a train robbery and saved women in a [[Mumbai]] local train in April 2002. They were honored by the [[National Bravery Award]] by the then Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] on [[Republic Day]] 26 January 2003. The President [[Dr. Abdul Kalam]] awarded them the President's Medal for Gallantry the same year. This story was incorporated as a chapter 'Sibling Gallantry' in the English textbook of Class IX in Maharashtra.<ref name ="TOI Jan 2010"/>

==References==

{{Reflist
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Charu}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Jaipur]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Students in India]]

Vishnu Madav Ghatage

2026-02-05T03:49:01Z

Igurushivamy: New A Details

{{Short description|Indian aeronautical engineer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vishnu Madav Ghatage
| image = VM Ghatge HAL.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Photograph of a 1949 photograph of Dr. V. M. Ghatge displayed at HAL Museum, Bengaluru
| birth_date = 24 October 1908
| birth_place = [[Hasur, Maharashtra|Hasur]], [[Kolhapur State]], [[British Raj]] (now in [[Maharashtra]], India)
| death_date = 6 December 1991 (aged 83)
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Aeronautical engineer
| yearsactive = 1936 - 1991
| known for = Aeronautical engineering
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] National Design Award Sir Walter Pucky Prize
}}

'''Vishnu Madav Ghatage''' (24 October 1908 – 6 December 1991) was an Indian aeronautical engineer, known for his pioneering conceptual and engineering contributions to Indian aeronautics.<ref name="Aircraft Industry Pioneer: an obituary of Vishnu Madhav Ghatge">{{cite journal | issn=0011-3891 | url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/84720/ | title=Aircraft Industry Pioneer: an obituary of Vishnu Madhav Ghatge | author=Raj Mahindra | journal=Current Science | year=1992 | volume=62 | issue=9 | pages=637–638}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=वक्टे |first1=अनघा |title=कुतूहल : पहिले भारतीय विमानरचना शास्त्रज्ञ |url=https://www.loksatta.com/navneet/loksatta-kutuhal-indian-aeronautical-scientist-vishnu-madhav-ghatge-zws-70-2935913/ |access-date=10 June 2022 |work=[[Loksatta]] |date=May 20, 2022 |language=mr}}</ref> He led the team which designed and developed [[HAL HT-2]], the first Indian designed and built aircraft.<ref name="Aircraft Industry Pioneer: an obituary of Vishnu Madhav Ghatge" /><ref name="History of Aviation in India: Spanning the Century of Flight">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dhOFQgAACAAJ&q=%22Diamonds+in+the+Sky%22+pushpinder+singh | title=History of Aviation in India: Spanning the Century of Flight | publisher=Society for Aerospace Studies | author=Pushpindar Singh | year=2003 | pages=330 | isbn=9788190191500}}</ref> He was honoured by the [[Government of India]] in 1965, with the award of [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest Indian civilian award for his services to the nation.<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Shri | publisher=Padma Shri | date=2015 | access-date=11 November 2014 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Biography==
[[File:HAL HT-2 (1).jpg|thumb|HAL HT-2 at [[Indian Institute of Science|IISc, Bangalore]]]]
Vishnu Madav Ghatage was born on 24 October 1908<ref name="Indian Academy of Sciences">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/php/pfell_all.php3?alpha=G | title=Indian Academy of Sciences | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | date=2015 | access-date=4 May 2015}}</ref> at [[Hasur, Maharashtra|Hasur]], a small village in the [[princely state]] of [[Kolhapur]], now in the western Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="Current Science">{{cite web | url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_062_09_0637_0638_0.pdf | title=Current Science | publisher=Current Science | date=2015 | access-date=4 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="ICast">{{cite web | url=http://icast.org.in/news/2003/dec03/dec06tb.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225244/http://icast.org.in/news/2003/dec03/dec06tb.html | url-status=usurped | archive-date=3 March 2016 | title=ICast | publisher=ICast | date=2015 | access-date=4 May 2015}}</ref> His early schooling was at Kolhapur after which he graduated (BSc) from [[Sir Parshurambhau College]], Pune and joined [[The Institute of Science, Mumbai|Institute of Science, Mumbai]] (formerly known as Royal Institute of Science) for post graduate studies.<ref name="Current Science" /> He passed MSc from there with distinction which made him eligible for scholarship for overseas studies.<ref name="Current Science" /> After completing his post graduate thesis on ''Formation of Vortex'' from [[Colaba Observatory]], he joined [[Kaiser Wilhelm Society]], [[Göttingen]] in 1933 for doctoral research on ''Model experiments for the relative motion of air columns of different temperature'' under the guidance of [[Ludwig Prandtl]] and secured a doctoral degree (DPhil) in 1936.<ref name="Indian Academy of Sciences" /><ref name="INSA">{{cite web | url=http://www.insaindia.org.in/deceaseddetail.php?id=N500260 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812223645/http://www.insaindia.org.in/deceaseddetail.php?id=N500260 | url-status=usurped | archive-date=12 August 2016 | title=INSA | publisher=INSA | date=2015 | access-date=4 May 2015}}</ref> His research was funded by the [[Rhön-Rossitten Gesellschaft|Gliding Society of Germany]] as his thesis was related to [[cumulus clouds]], a subject of interest to the sport of gliding.<ref name="Current Science" />

In 1936, Ghatage returned to India and worked as a professor at the [[University of Pune]] and at the [[University of Mumbai]] for four years.<ref name="Current Science" /> He joined [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL) in 1940<ref name="ICast" /> for a two-year stint and moved to the [[Indian Institute of Science|Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru]] (IISC) in 1942 as a professor<ref name="General Knowledge 10">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8QhCmE2nIAC&q=Vishnu+Madhav+Ghatge&pg=PA59 | title=General Knowledge 10 | publisher=Jeevandeep Prakashan | author=Neeraj}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-15 |title=vm ghatage: VM Ghatage: Indian aircraft industry's 'Bhishma Pitamaha' was an avid painter, golfer - The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/vm-ghatage-indian-aircraft-industrys-bhishma-pitamaha-was-an-avid-painter-golfer/articleshow/66456451.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-10-15 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015092301/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/vm-ghatage-indian-aircraft-industrys-bhishma-pitamaha-was-an-avid-painter-golfer/articleshow/66456451.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=15 October 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> to establish post graduate courses in aeronautical engineering and taught fluid dynamics,<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/roddam-goes-down-memory-lane-in-iisc/article287210.ece | title=The Hindu | website=[[The Hindu]] | date=10 May 2009 | access-date=4 May 2015}}</ref> solid mechanics and aircraft design and organised wind tunnel experiments there till 1948.<ref name="Current Science" /> He returned to HAL that year as the chief designer and was involved with aircraft design and development till 1967 reaching the post of a deputy director.<ref name="General Knowledge 10" /> He retired from HAL as its general manager and managing director in 1970.<ref name="Current Science" /><ref name="ICast" />

Post retirement, he was involved with his private venture, Designers Private Limited, a Bangalore-based engineering design firm.<ref name="Indian Academy of Sciences" /><ref name="INSA" /> Known to be a golf enthusiast, he helped found the Karnataka Golf Association and was its founder vice president.<ref name="KGA">{{cite web | url=http://www.kga.in/about-kga/committees/past-committees/ | title=KGA | publisher=KGA | date=2015 | access-date=5 May 2015 | archive-date=21 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521235251/http://www.kga.in/about-kga/committees/past-committees/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Ghatage died, aged 81, in [[Bengaluru]] on 6 December 1991<ref name="INSA" /> succumbing to cancer.<ref name="ICast" />

==Legacy and honours==
[[File:HUL-26 Pushpak at HAL Museum 7858.JPG|left|thumb|[[HAL Pushpak]] at HAL Museum]]
[[File:Hindustan HJT-16 Kiran II Krivchikov 2007.jpg|thumb|[[HAL Kiran]].]]
[[File:HAL-HF-24-Marut.jpg|left|thumb|[[HAL Marut]].]]
[[File:HAL Krishak.JPG|thumb|[[HAL Krishak]].]]
After joining HAL, Ghatage was entrusted with the responsibility of developing a glider and he developed a troop-carrying glider.<ref name="INSA" /> This was followed by the design and development of [[HAL HT-2]],<ref name="History of Aviation in India: Spanning the Century of Flight"/> a trainer aircraft and the first Indian designed and developed aircraft.<ref name="Current Science" /><ref name="ICast" /> The next project was [[HAL Pushpak]], a piston engine twin seater aircraft which was followed by [[HAL Kiran]], a jet trainer for the Indian Air Force.<ref name="Current Science" /><ref name="INSA" /> Later, he developed the prototype of the [[HAL Marut]], a 2500 lb thrust straight jet engine aircraft.<ref name="Current Science" /><ref name="INSA" /> However, this project was later entrusted to Kurt Wolfgang Tank, a German aerospace engineer and Ghatage's team was moved to Germany to assist Tank. By the time the project was accomplished, Ghatage had retired from HAL.<ref name="Bharat Rakshak">{{cite web | url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1950s/Kapil-Glider.html | title=Bharat Rakshak | publisher=Bharat Rakshak | date=2015 | access-date=5 May 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407084138/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1950s/Kapil-Glider.html | archive-date=7 April 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> He was also behind the development of [[HAL Krishak]], a small aircraft used for agricultural purposes.<ref name="ICast" />

Ghatage, credited with modernising the Indian aircraft industry,<ref name="General Knowledge 10" /> was the founder Head of the Department of Aeronautical Engineering at the [[Indian Institute of Science]]<ref name="ICast" /> and was known to have inspired many young Indian aerospace engineers like [[Roddam Narasimha]] during his teaching days there.<ref name="The Hindu" /> His contributions were also reported in the establishment of the [[National Aerospace Laboratories]], the second largest aerospace laboratory facility in India.<ref name="NAL">{{cite web | url=http://www.nal.res.in/pages/initiation.htm | title=NAL | publisher=NAL | date=2015 | access-date=5 May 2015}}</ref>
{{clear left}}

==Awards and honours==
Ghatage was an elected Fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (1945),<ref name="Indian Academy of Sciences" /> the [[Indian National Science Academy]] (1950),<ref name="INSA" /> the [[Aeronautical Society of India]], the [[Royal Aeronautical Society|Royal Aeronautical Society of London]] and the National Institute of Sciences, India.<ref name="Current Science" /> He was a member of the [[Institution of Engineers (India)]], the [[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics]], USA and the [[Maharashtra Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Current Science" /><ref name="INSA" />

Ghatage was a recipient of the ''National Design Award'' from the [[Government of India]].<ref name="Current Science" /><ref name="INSA" /> In 1965, the government followed it up with the fourth highest Indian civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="ICast" /><ref name="INSA" /> Four years later, he received Sir Walter Pucky Prize.<ref name="Current Science" /><ref name="INSA" /> [[Hindustan Aeronautics|HAL]], [[Indian Institute of Science]] and the [[Aeronautical Society of India]] jointly honoured him on his 75th birthday by holding a seminar on ''Design and Development in Aeronautics''.<ref name="Current Science" />

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[HAL HT-2]]
* [[HAL Pushpak]]
* [[HAL Kiran]]
* [[HAL Marut]]
* [[HAL Krishak]]
* [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]
* [[Indian Institute of Science]]
* [[Kaiser Wilhelm Society]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Science}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal | issn=0011-3891 | title=Aircraft Industry Pioneer: an obituary of Vishnu Madhav Ghatge | author=Raj Mahindra | journal=Current Science | year=1992 | volume=62 | issue=9 | pages=637–638}}
* {{cite book | title=History of Aviation in India: Spanning the Century of Flight | publisher=Society for Aerospace Studies | author=Pushpindar Singh | year=2003 | pages=330 | isbn=9788190191500}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZpEVtxbgH0g | title=HT 2 Trainer Aircraft Plane V O C Park Coimbatore | publisher=Swaminathan Natarajan | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=24 September 2010 | access-date=4 May 2015}}

{{1900s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghatage, Vishnu Madav}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kolhapur district]]
[[Category:Indian aerospace engineers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Engineers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]

Chagallu, East Godavari district

2026-01-18T21:17:16Z

Igurushivamy: Created a place added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chagallu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline = File:Chagallu railway station board.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Chagallu railway station signboard
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = East Godavari
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Chagallu
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 13
| population_total = 21,703
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 534342
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08813
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Chagallu''' is a village in [[East Godavari district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise list of villages in East Godavari district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/westgodavari.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=8 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208134347/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/westgodavari.pdf|archivedate=8 February 2015}}</ref> It is located in Chagallu [[mandal]] in [[Kovvur revenue division]].

==Economy==
This town has two big industries, but present they are closed (due to some economical problem to management) 
one is VVS Sugars Ltd<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jeyporesugars.com/about_us.htm |title=:: Jeypore Sugars Company :: |accessdate=2013-04-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629182146/http://www.jeyporesugars.com/about_us.htm |archivedate=2013-06-29 }}</ref> (The Jeypore Sugars Ltd), and another one is the Distillery Division of the Jeypore Sugars Ltd.

Agriculture is the second bone for ECONOMY in that region, most farmers prefer to grow sugarcane and Paddy's (rice) after shutting down sugarcane factory, people are preferring other crops but paddy is the ever green crop in that region.

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], Chagallu had a population of 21703. The total population constitute, 10843 males and 10860 females with a sex ratio of 1002 females per 1000 males. 2210 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, with sex ratio of 937. The average literacy rate stands at 73.62%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/588283-chagallu-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Chagallu Population Census|accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref>

==Railways==
[[Chagallu railway station]] in the [[South Coast Railway zone]] is located near Chagallu around 7 km away.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{East Godavari district}}

[[Category:Villages in East Godavari district]]

Priyanka Prabhakara

2026-01-16T14:47:34Z

Igurushivamy: new info

{{Short description|Indian basketball player}}
{{Indian name|Priyanka|Prabhakara}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

'''Priyanka Prabhakara''' (3 October 1998)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-12 |title=Priyanka Prabhakara (India) - Basketball Stats, Height, Age {{!}} FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/229974-priyanka-prabhakara |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=www.fiba.basketball |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian [[basketball]] player from [[Karnataka]]. She plays for the [[India women's national basketball team]] as a shooting guard.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priyanka Prabhakara - India - Player profile - FIBA Asia U18 Championship for Women {{!}} FIBA Basketball Events |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/271-fiba-u18-womens-asia-cup/6321/players/229974-priyanka-prabhakara |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=www.fiba.basketball |language=en}}</ref> She plays for Karnataka team in the domestic tournaments. She is also a 3x3 player.<ref name=":1">https://play.fiba3x3.com/players/021edbfe-a2c0-4f34-9a4b-7bb416454078</ref>

== Early life ==
Priyanka is from [[Mysore|Mysuru]], Karnataka, India.<ref name=":1" /> She is the daughter of T. Prabhakara and Geethanjali, a former [[Kerala]] athlete and kabaddi player. She was initiated into basketball due to her height following a suggestion from her school coach Satyanarayana, and later joined the Vidyanagar Sports Hostel in [[Hosahalli]], [[Mandya district]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=A big leap for young cager |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/a-big-leap-young-cager-1991381 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> She did her graduation at [[Reva University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priyanka Prabhakara a bangalore student has become the first Indian girl to be at BWB Global camp |url=https://bookofachievers.com/articles/priyanka-prabhakara-a-bangalore-student-has-become-the-first-indian-girl-to-be-at-bwb-global-camp |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=BookOfAchievers |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Career ==
Priyanka made her Junior India debut as an Indian Youth player in the 2016 FIBA Asia U18 Championship for Women.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-12 |title=Priyanka Prabhakara (India) - Basketball Stats, Height, Age {{!}} FIBA Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/229974-priyanka-prabhakara |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=www.fiba.basketball |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2017, Priyanka represented Karnataka women in the Senior Women's National Basketball Championships in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. An NBA spotter, was present along with the Indian selectors at the Puducherry Nationals. She was selected to be part of the third annual [[Basketball Without Borders]] (BWB) Global Camp comprising 67 players from across the world. It was held from February 17 to 19 at the [[New Orleans Pelicans]]’ practice facility as part of the [[NBA All-Star Game|NBA All Star Game]] 2017.<ref name=":0" />

In July 2018, she represented the Indian under 18 team in the William Jones Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eurobasket |title=Priyanka Prabhakara, Basketball Player, News, Stats - asia-basket |url=https://www.eurobasket.com/index.aspx |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Eurobasket LLC}}</ref> In August 2018, she was selected for the Indian team to take part in the [[2018 Asian Games|Asian Games]], Jakarta, [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-12 |title=Asian Games: Mandya's Bhandavya, Bengaluru's Priyanka in Indian squad |url=https://starofmysore.com/asian-games-mandyas-bhandavya-bengalurus-priyanka-in-indian-squad/ |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhakara. Priyanka}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Mysore]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian women's basketball players]]
[[Category:Basketball players from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Basketball players at the 2018 Asian Games]]

Brajarajnagar

2026-01-14T00:10:47Z

Igurushivamy: slightly correct article for consistency further and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{Short description|Town in Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Brajrajnagar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = or
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.82|N|83.92|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 216
| population_total = 80403
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =768216<ref>{{cite web | title = Pin Code: Sr Brajarajnagar, Jharsuguda, Orissa|publisher=Pincode.net.in | url = http://pincode.net.in/ORISSA/JHARSUGUDA/S/SR_BRAJARAJNAGAR#.UsYvP9IW1D0
| access-date = 2014-01-03}}</ref>
| registration_plate = OD-23
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 06645
| website = {{URL|odisha.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Brajrajnagar''' is a town and a [[municipality]] in [[Jharsuguda district]] in the state of [[Odisha]], [[India]]. Popular legend says the town was named after Braj Mohan Birla after he set up Orient Paper Mills in 1936. It is a small sleepy town on rocky terrain, built on the banks of IB river, with temples mostly built by the Birlas. Later it became famous for [[Mahanadi Coalfields Limited|MCL]]-owned coal mines after [[Orient Paper Mills]] of [[Birla family|Birlas]] managed by dulichand Hanuman Prasad shah closed down in 1999.

Most of the population in this city were working for [[Orient Paper Mills]], which belonged to [[Aditya Birla Group|Birla Group]] of industries. Brajrajnagar has in its vicinity numerous open-cast and underground coal mines of [[IB Valley Coalfield]] and [[Orient Colliery Area]] belonging to government-owned [[Mahanadi Coalfields Limited]] (MCL).

==History==
The Brajrajnagar Police Station was established in 1936,<ref>{{cite web | title = History | publisher = Jharsuguda Police | url = http://jharsuguda.nic.in/police/ps-brajrajnagar.htm | access-date = 2014-01-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140103154653/http://jharsuguda.nic.in/police/ps-brajrajnagar.htm | archive-date = 3 January 2014 | url-status = dead }}</ref> in the same year, when the [[Orient Paper Mills]] of [[Birla family|Birlas]] was established here. The mill started functioning in 1939, leading to the growth of township around it, inhabited by the employees. which was managed by dulichand Hanuman Prasad shah.

Eventually, Brajrajnagar became a [[Nagar Panchayat (Notified Area Council)]] (NAC) in 1968, and in 1989 it was made a [[Nagar Palika (Municipality)]], spread over an area of 42.73 km2. and includes seven [[revenue village]]s, Lamtibahal, Telenpali, Remja, Lajkura, Gandghora, Katabaga and Sanjob.<ref name=mun>{{cite web| title = Information About Brajrajnagar| publisher = Odisha eMunicipality Services| url = https://www.ulbodisha.gov.in/or/ulb012/home| access-date = 2014-01-03| pages = 1–2| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140104065346/https://www.ulbodisha.gov.in/or/ulb012/home| archive-date = 4 January 2014| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Geography==
Brajarajnagar is located at {{Coord|21.82|N|83.92|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/21/Brajarajnagar.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Brajarajnagar]</ref> It has an average elevation of 216 metres (708 feet). [[Ib River]], which is a tributary of [[Mahanadi river]], flows to the east of the town.<ref name=mun/>

Brajrajnagar vidhan sabha consists of vast area of Brajrajnagar, Belpahar, Bandhbahal, Gopalpur, Kanaktura border of Chhattisgarh. Moreover, Brajrajnagar forest range also has very large area which includes area in Remenda, Banharpali, Kudopali, Tilya, Sonari, Rajpur, Rampur, Loising, Barakhandia, Pathrapali, etc.
Brajrajnagar also has very large area which includes many villages like Remja, Telenpali, Khaliakani, Gandaghora, Khaliamal, Nuadihi, Gandhichowk, Badheikata, Barghat Quarter, Junenmunda, 9number, Lamtibahal, Mandalia, Hilltop colony, BhootBanglouw, GMcomplex, Minesrescue station, Sanjob, Badjob, Kusamunda, ESIchowk, Sargimal, Baghrachaka, Ainlapali, Amdarha, Baghiaberna, Balangibahal, Baliput, Barpali, Beleidhuda, Bhoimunda, Bundia, Chandnimal, Charbhati, Chelkuthi, Chichinda, Deogaon, Ghusuramunda, Gourmal, Kandakuda, Katapali, Kechhobahal, Koilaga, Kudopali, Loising, Madhupur, Naikdihi, Niktimal, Nuamunda, Rajpur, Rankata, Tharkaspur and Tileimal.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India census,<ref>http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=427062 {{Dead link|date=May 2022}}</ref> Brajarajnagar had a population of 80,403. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Brajarajnagar has an average literacy rate of 69%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 77% and female literacy of 60%. 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

== Place of Interest ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Me7qcWNZZTQ Chandi Mandir], Brajrajnagar
* Laxmi Narayan Temple, Brajrajnagar
* Birla Temple ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WqohlnyhBNU Shiv Mandir]), near Lamtibahal, Brajrajnagar
* IB Bridge
* Lal Pathar
* Satya Sai Mandir
* Barghat Mandir
* Underground and Open cast Mines
* Cineplex (Vikram Talkies) - Single screen advanced cinema hall
* Maa MulaBhudi Mandir (Gandaghora)
* Maa Samalei Mandir (Rajpur)
* Shiv Mandir (Nuadihi)
*Shirdi Sai Mandir (Gandhichowk)

==Industry==
Brajrajnagar had one large paper mill named [[Orient Paper Mills]] of [[Birla family|Birlas]] (managed by '''dulichand Hanuman Prasad shah''' )which happens to be the oldest industry in the state of Odisha, having set up in the year 1936 and production being started in 1939. Though since 1999, the O.P.M of Brajrajnagar has been shut down. Since then, thousand of workers have either shifted to the O.P.M. at [[Amlai]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] or are working at [[Mahanadi Coalfields Limited|MCL]] Brajrajnagar.<ref>{{cite web| last1 = Com| first1 = Moneycontrol| title = Orient Paper and Industries: Company History| url = http://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/orientpaperindustries/history/OPI|publisher= Money Control|date= 3 January 2014|access-date = 2014-01-03 }}</ref>

The IB Valley Coal Area is also in Brajrajnagar and nearby areas. Prior to nationalization in the year 1973, three underground mines were operational in Brajrajnagar. Post nationalization, the IB valley Opencast Mines were opened from 1984 onwards. At present IB Valley Area consists of three Opencast Mines namely Lajkura Opencast mine, Samleswari Opencast mine and Lilari Opencast mine.<ref>{{cite web | title = Industry: Mahanadi Coalfields Ltd | url = http://jharsuguda.nic.in/industry-MCL.htm | publisher = Jharsuguda district website | access-date = 2014-01-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110218235148/http://jharsuguda.nic.in/industry-MCL.htm | archive-date = 18 February 2011 | url-status = dead }}</ref> And all the underground mines are operational in Orient Colliery Area.

[[National Aluminium Company]] Ltd, a government owned company, is planning to set up an [[Aluminium smelter]] plant and one of the largest power plant near the town.

'''[https://www.trlkrosaki.com/about-us/corporate-profile.aspx TRL Krosaki Refractories Limited]''' (formerly Tata Refractories Limited, )[1] is an Indian refractory company. It was established in 1958 in Belpahar, a city in Jharsuguda district of Odisha.

It mainly produces basic, dolomite, high alumina, monolithics, silica, flow control products and tap hole clay refractories having a consolidated installed capacity of 304,760 tonnes per annum.

==Transport==

===Road===
Brajarajnagar falls on [[National Highway 49]] (NH 49) which connects [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], of [[Chhattisgarh]] to [[Kharagpur]] in [[West Bengal]]. Many Private buses runs daily service to major cities of Odisha such as [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Cuttack]], [[Berhampur]], [[Rourkela]] and [[Sambalpur]].

===Railways===
Brajrajnagar Railways Station (BRJN) is a station on the [[Tatanagar–Bilaspur section]] of [[Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line]]. It is managed by Bilaspur division of [[South East Central Railway]]. It serves as important loading point for various coal-mines located in this area of [[Odisha]]. Brajrajnagar railway station is well connected with trains from [[Howrah]], [[Mumbai]], [[New Delhi]], [[Bhubaneswar]] and [[Ahmedabad]]. [[Jharsuguda]] which is 11 km away is connected from the rest of the country including Chennai and Bangalore. It has another railway station, IB which is 1.5 km away from Brajrajnagar.

===[[Jharsuguda Airport|Airport]]===
The closest airports are the Veer Surendra Sai Airport, [[Jharsuguda Airport|Jharsuguda]] (15 km), Bilasa Devi Kenvat Airport, [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] (219 km), [[Swami Vivekananda Airport]], [[Raipur]] (319 km), [[Birsa Munda Airport]], [[Ranchi]] (351 km) and [[Biju Patnaik International Airport]], [[Bhubaneswar]] (360 km).<ref>{{cite web| title = Nearest airport to Brajrajnagar, India
|publisher=travelmath.com| url = http://www.travelmath.com/nearest-airport/Brajrajnagar,+India| access-date = 2014-01-03}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web| title = Nearest Airport to brajrajnagar| url = http://holyindia.org/temple/brajrajnagar/brajrajnagar_airport|publisher=holyindia.org| access-date = 2014-01-03}}</ref>

In 2009, the [[Airports Authority of India]] decided to set-up the second domestic airport in the state of [[Odisha]] at [[Jharsuguda]]. After completion in 2012, [[Jharsuguda Airport]] became the nearest airport to reach [[Brajrajnagar]] (20 km).<ref>{{cite news| title = AAI plans 2nd airport in state |newspaper= Business Standard India|publisher= Business Standard| url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/aai-plans-2nd-airport-in-state-109010701071_1.html |date=7 January 2009| access-date = 2014-01-03 }}</ref> [[Air Odisha]] launched non-scheduled commercial flights between [[Rourkela]], [[Jharsuguda]] and [[Bhubaneswar]] on 2 November 2012.<ref>{{cite web | title = Air Odisha launched commercial flights between Rourkela, Jharsuguda, Bhubaneswar | publisher = Orissa Diary | url = http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=37524 | date = 2 November 2012 | access-date = 2014-01-03 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130311172855/http://orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=37524 | archive-date = 11 March 2013 }}</ref>

==Communication and Internet==

===2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, Broadband===
Brajrajnagar has Reliance Jio, [[BSNL]], Airtel, Idea 4G services for fast Internet services as well as BSNL Broadband Internet services. There are various 3G, 2G service providers in brajrajnagar like Aircel, Airtel, BSNL, Reliance, Vodafone, Docomo, Idea and much more. BSNL landline also provides telephone services.

==Politics==
The current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Brajarajnagar (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Brajarajnagar Assembly Constituency]] is Mr. Suresh pujari of [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP<ref>{{cite web | title=Brajarajnagar Constituency Election Results 2024: Brajarajnagar Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner | website=[[The Times of India]] | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/odisha/constituency-show/brajarajnagar }}</ref>]], who won the seat in State general elections of 2024. he defeating Mrs Alka who won the seat in State by-elections of 2022(which was held after sudden demise of her husband) Mr [https://www.facebook.com/anupsai.brjn/ Anup Kumar Sai] is three times MLA in Brajraj Nagar assembly constituency from 2001to2014 Mr. Keshba Chandra Sahu had won this seat in 1999 for 17 months and before him, Mr. Prasanna Kumar Panda of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] had won this seat in 1995, 1990 and in 1985. Mr. Upendra Dikshit had won this seat as INC(I) candidate in 1980 and as INC candidate in 1977.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/March2004/pollupd/ac/states/s18/Partycomp129.htm
|title = State Elections 2004 - Partywise Comparison for 129-Brajarajnagar Constituency of Odisha
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|access-date = 2008-09-27
}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cong, BJP heavyweights bite the dust in Orissa |url=http://election.rediff.com/report/2009/may/17/loksabhapoll-cong-bjp-heavyweights-bite-the-dust-in-orissa.htm |date=17 May 2009 |work=[[Rediff.com]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=List of MLAs from Jharsugda district |url=http://jharsuguda.nic.in/state%20assembly.htm |publisher=[[Jharsuguda district]] website |access-date=11 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330075947/http://jharsuguda.nic.in/state%20assembly.htm |archive-date=30 March 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It was a part of [[Deogarh (Lok Sabha constituency)]],<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf
|title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies of Odisha
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|access-date=2008-09-27
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304184320/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf
|archive-date=2009-03-04
}}</ref> though now it is a part of [[Bargarh (Lok Sabha constituency)]], after a new [[Lok Sabha]] constituency was created after 2008 [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies based on the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliament |url=http://jharsuguda.nic.in/parliament.htm |publisher=[[Jharsuguda district]] website |access-date=11 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721045533/http://jharsuguda.nic.in/parliament.htm |archive-date=21 July 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mr.Suresh Pujari of [[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]] is currently the [[Member of Parliament|M.P.]] from [[Bargarh (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Education==
# Believers Church Residential School
# Gandghora High School
# Neheru Memorial M.E. School, Rajpur
# Rampur Colliery High School
# Bundia High School
# Kudopali High School
# O.P.M Boys High School
# O.P.M Girls High School
# H Line Girls High School
# Lamtibahal High School
# Siksha Niketan
# DAV public school
# Daniel Public School
# Little Angels' SR. Sec School
# Srima Arabina High School
# Saraswati Shishu Vidya Mandir
There are also other secondary schools.

==Festivals observed==
Major festivals celebrated in the Brajrajnagar are:

*[[Nuakhai]]: This is an important festival for the people of Western Odisha. An agricultural festival celebrated to welcome the new rice of the season. Families gather during this period and eat together. After that, the younger take the blessings of elders and dance with friends.
* Bhai Jiyuntia: A festival observed by the women of this region where a sister prays for the betterment of her brother.
* Rath Yatra: Rath Yatra is celebrated in the town & near by villages of Brajarajnagar.
* [[Durga Puja]]: Durga Puja has been celebrated in public pandals in the town for more than half a century. Specially Durga pandals of Gandhi Chowk, Black Diamond (Mandalia), Hill Top Colony and ESI Chowk is very devotional. The puja pandal of OPM (Golchakkar) is one of the oldest celebrated Durga puja of town. Besides these it is also celebrated in various temples of town.
* [[Ganesh Puja]]: Ganesh Puja is celebrated all over the town including various schools and colleges.
* Diwali and Chath: It is celebrated with great pomp and show.
* [[Makar Sankranti]]: It is celebrated with great pomp and show in Khaliakani of the town.
* Gokulashtami (Prathamastami) Yatra is one of the oldest celebrated festival observed in Rajpur village.
* Nagachaturthi Yatra is one of the oldest celebrated in Nuadihi village.
* Shirdi Sai Palki Yatra is a festival observed on the day of Makar Sankranti.

=={{anchor|Places of Interest}}Places of interest==
# Chandi Mandir, Brajrajnagar
# Laxmi Narayan Temple, Brajrajnagar
# Birla Temple (Shiv Mandir), near Lamtibahal, Brajrajnagar
# IB Bridge
# Lal Pathar
# Satya Sai Mandir
# Barghat Mandir
# Underground and Open cast Mines
# Cineplex (Vikram Talkies) - Single screen advanced cinema hall
# Maa MulaBhudi Mandir (Gandaghora)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*Orient Paper Mill to reopen ( http://jsglive.in/2017/05/11/orient-paper-mill-brajrajnagar-is-likely-to-be-re-open/)
* [http://jharsuguda.nic.in/ Jharsuguda district, Official website]
* [http://wikimapia.org/country/India/Orissa/Brajrajnagar/ Brajarajnagar]

{{Jharsuguda district}}
{{Industrial hubs in Odisha}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Jharsuguda district]]
[[Category:Mining communities in India]]

5th Filmfare Awards Bangla

2026-01-11T19:40:05Z

Igurushivamy: Starting some details v1.

{{Short description|Indian film awards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film awards
| number = 5
| award = Filmfare Awards Bangla
| image =
| caption = 5th Filmfare Awards Bangla
| date = 18 March 2022
| site = [[Kolkata]]
| host = [[Abir Chatterjee]] [[Sohini Sarkar]] [[Anirban Bhattacharya]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-bangla-2021/|Filmfare Awards Bangla 2020}}
| producer =
| director =
| best_film = ''[[Borunbabur Bondhu]]'' and ''[[Tonic (film)|Tonic]]''
| best_critic = ''[[Binisutoy]]''
| most_wins =
| most_nominations =
| network = [[Zee Bangla]]
| duration =
| ratings =
| last = 4th
| next = 6th
}}

The '''5th Filmfare Awards Bangla''' ceremony, presented by [[The Times Group]], honor the best [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2021|Bengali language]] Indian films of 2020–2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Video: The 5th edition of Joy Filmfare Awards Bangla 2021 is underway |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/video-the-5th-edition-of-joy-filmfare-awards-bangla-2021-is-underway-52664.html |access-date=20 March 2022 |work=Filmfare |date=13 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The nominations were announced on 14 March 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nominations for the Joy Filmfare Awards Bangla 2021 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-joy-filmfare-awards-bangla-2021_-52674.html |access-date=20 March 2022 |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=14 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The ceremony was held on 17 March 2022 in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Joy Filmfare Awards Bangla 2021: Complete Winners List |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/joy-filmfare-awards-bangla-2021-complete-winners-list/articleshow/90296780.cms |access-date=20 March 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Borunbabur Bondhu]]'' and ''[[Tonic (film)|Tonic]]'' shared the award for Best Film.<ref>{{cite news |title='Boronbabur bondhu' & Tonic get Filmfare Bangla best film award |url=https://theprint.in/india/boronbabur-bondhu-tonic-get-filmfare-bangla-best-film-award/880623/ |access-date=20 March 2022 |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=20 March 2022}}</ref> The Award Show was aired on 24 and 30 April 2022 on [[Zee Bangla]] and [[Zee Bangla Cinema]] respectively. The show was hosted by [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Sohini Sarkar]] and [[Anirban Bhattacharya]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Winners of the Joy Filmfare Awards Bangla 2021 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-joy-filmfare-awards-bangla-2021_-52721-1.html |access-date=20 March 2022 |work=Filmfare |date=18 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Superlatives==
{{Empty section|date=March 2025}}

==Winners and nominees==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="3"| [[Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Film| Best Film]]
! colspan="3"| Best Director
|-
| colspan="3"; valign=top|
*'''''[[Borunbabur Bondhu]]'' – [[Surinder Films]]'''
*'''''[[Tonic (film)|Tonic]]'' – Dev Entertainment Ventures'''
**''[[Dwitiyo Purush]]'' – [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
**''[[Golondaaj]]'' – Shree Venkatesh Films
**''[[Hiralal (film)|Hiralal]]'' – Easel Movies
**''[[Switzerland (2020 film)|Switzerland]]'' – Jeetz Filmworks & Grassroot Entertainment
| colspan="3"; valign=top|
*'''[[Anik Dutta]] –''' '''''[[Borunbabur Bondhu]]'''''
**[[Arun Roy]] – ''[[Hiralal (film)|Hiralal]]''
**[[Avijit Sen]] – ''[[Tonic (film)|Tonic]]''
**Dhrubo Banerjee – ''[[Golondaaj]]''
**[[Srijit Mukherji]] – ''[[Dwitiyo Purush]]''
**[[Supriyo Sen]] – ''[[Tangra Blues]]''
|-
! colspan="3"| [[Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
! colspan="3"| [[Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|-
| colspan="3"; valign=top|
*'''[[Paran Bandopadhyay]] –''' '''''[[Tonic (film)|Tonic]]'' as Jaladhar Sen'''
**[[Abir Chatterjee]] – ''[[Switzerland (2020 film)|Switzerland]]'' as Shibu Saha
**[[Anirban Bhattacharya]] – ''[[Dwitiyo Purush]]'' as Khoka / Paltan
**[[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] – ''[[Golondaaj]]'' as Nagendra Prasad Sarbadhikary
**Kinjal Nanda – ''[[Hiralal (film)|Hiralal]]'' as Hiralal Sen
**[[Parambrata Chatterjee]] – ''[[Tangra Blues]]'' as Sanjib Mondal
| colspan="3"; valign=top|
*'''[[Jaya Ahsan]] –''' '''''[[Binisutoy]]'' as Srabani Barua'''
**[[Aparajita Auddy]] – ''[[Ekannoborti]]'' as Malini Chatterjee
**[[Koel Mallick]] – ''[[Rawkto Rawhoshyo]]'' as RJ Swarnaja
**[[Ritabhari Chakraborty|Ritabhari]] – ''[[Brahma Janen Gopon Kommoti]]'' as Shabari Chakraborty
**[[Rukmini Maitra]] – ''[[Switzerland (2020 film)|Switzerland]]'' as Rumi Mitra-Saha
|-
! colspan="3"| Best Supporting Actor
! colspan="3"| [[Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| colspan="3"; valign=top|
*'''Samiul Alam –''' '''''[[Tangra Blues]]'' as Chalu'''
**[[Kharaj Mukhopadhyay]] – ''[[Habu Chandra Raja Gobu Chandra Montri]]'' as Mantri Gobu Chondro
**[[Paran Bandopadhyay]] – ''[[Borunbabur Bondhu]]'' as Sukumar
**Partha Sarathi Deb – ''[[Tokhon Kuasa Chilo]]'' as
**[[Riddhi Sen]] – ''[[Anusandhan (2021 film)|Anusandhan]]'' as
**[[Rwitobroto Mukherjee]] – ''[[Dwitiyo Purush (film)|Dwitiyo Purush]]'' as young Khoka
**[[Saswata Chatterjee]] - ''[[Shororipu 2: Jotugriho]]'' as Debraj
| colspan="3"; valign=top|
*'''[[Aparajita Auddy]] –''' '''''[[Cheeni]]'' as Mishti'''
**[[Alokananda Roy]] – ''[[Ekannoborti]]'' as Malini's mother
**[[Basabdatta Chatterjee]] – ''[[Tokhon Kuasa Chilo]]'' as
**Chandreyee Ghosh – ''[[Mukhosh (2021 film)|Mukhosh]]'' as Kaberi Bose
**[[Poulomi Basu]] – ''[[Dictionary (film)|Dictionary]]'' as Sreemati Chatterjee
**Tannishtha Biswas - ''[[Hiralal (film)|Hiralal]]'' as Kusum Kumari Devi
|-
! colspan=6|Debut Awards
|-
! colspan=2 |Best Male Debut
! colspan=2 |Best Female Debut
! colspan=2 |Best Debut Director
|-
|colspan=2; valign=top|
*'''Kinjal Nanda –''' '''''[[Hiralal (film)|Hiralal]]''''' '''as [[Hiralal Sen]]'''
**Arna Mukhopadhyay - ''[[Dictionary (film)|Dictionary]]'' as Suman
**Soumya Mukherjee - ''[[Prem Tame]]'' as Pablo
|colspan=2; valign=top|
*'''Oindrila Sen –''' '''''[[Magic (2021 film)|Magic]]''''' '''as Kriti'''
**Ananya Sen – ''[[Ekannoborti]]'' as Pinky Chatterjee
**Anuska Chakraborty – ''[[Hiralal (film)|Hiralal]]'' as Hemangini
**Oishani Dey - ''[[Tangra Blues]]'' as Pori
**Susmita Chatterjee - ''[[Prem Tame]]'' as Raji
**Tannishtha Biswas - ''[[Hiralal (film)|Hiralal]]'' as Kusum Kumari Devi
|colspan=2; valign=top|
*'''[[Avijit Sen]] –''' '''''[[Tonic (film)|Tonic]]'''''
*'''Supriyo Sen –''' '''''[[Tangra Blues]]'''''
**Aritra Mukherjee – ''[[Brahma Janen Gopon Kommoti]]''
**Ujjwal Basu – ''Doodhpither Gachh''
**Sauvik Kundu - ''[[Switzerland (2020 film)|Switzerland]]''
|-
! colspan=6|Writing Awards
|-
! colspan=2 |Best Story
! colspan=2 |Best Screenplay
! colspan=2 |Best Dialogue
|-
| colspan=2; valign=top|
*'''Arjun Dutta –''' '''''[[Abyakto]]'''''
**Arindam Bhattacharya – ''[[Antardhaan]]''
**Ayan Chakraborti – ''[[Shororipu 2: Jotugriho]]''
**Sauvik Kundu – ''[[Switzerland (2020 film)|Switzerland]]''
**Suvonkar Banerjee and [[Srijit Mukherjee]] - ''[[Dwitiyo Purush (film)|Dwitiyo Purush]]''
| colspan=2; valign=top|
*'''Dhrubo Banerjee –''' '''''[[Golondaaj]]'''''
*[[Srijit Mukherji]] – ''[[Dwitiyo Purush (film)|Dwitiyo Purush]]''
**Aniket Chaterjee – ''[[Habu Chandra Raja Gobu Chandra Montri]]''
**Arun Roy – ''[[Hiralal (film)|Hiralal]]''
**[[Atanu Ghosh]] - ''[[Binisutoy]]''
**[[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]] - ''[[Anusandhan (2021 film)|Anusandhan]]''
**Saibal Mitra - ''[[Tokhon Kuasa Chilo]]''
**Subhrajit Mitra - ''[[Avijatrik]]''
| colspan=2; valign=top|
*'''Anik Dutta and Utsav Mukherjee –''' '''''[[Borunbabur Bondhu]]'''''
**Dhrobo Banerjee and Anirban Bhattacharya – ''[[Golondaaj]]''
**Samragnee Bandyopadhyay – ''[[Brahma Janen Gopon Kommoti]]''
**Sounava Bose – ''[[Hiralal (film)|Hiralal]]''
**Subhrajit Mitra - ''[[Avijatrik]]''
**Shaket Banerjee and Sreejib - ''[[Mukhosh (2021 film)|Mukhosh]]''
|-
|}

== Critics' Awards ==
=== Critics’ Award For Best Actor (Male) ===
* [[Anirban Bhattacharya]] (''[[Dwitiyo Purush (film)|Dwitiyo Purush]]'')
* [[Arjun Chakraborty]] (''[[Avijatrik]]'')

=== Critics’ Award For Best Actor (Female) ===
* [[Arpita Chatterjee]] (''[[Abyakto]]'')

=== Critics' Award For Best Film ===
* [[Atanu Ghosh]] (''[[Binisutoy]]'')

== Music Awards ==
=== Best Music Album ===
* [[Shantanu Moitra]], [[Anupam Roy]], Prasenjit Mukherjee, Shibabrata Biswas (''[[Prem Tame]]'')

=== Best Lyrics ===
* Nilanjan Chakraborty- Behaya (''Ekannoborti'')

=== Best Playback Singer (Male) ===
* Ishan Mitra - Mayar Kangal (''Olpo Holeo Sotti'')

=== Best Playback Singer (Female) ===
* Lagnajita Chakraborty - Behaya (''Ekannoborti'')

=== Best Background Score ===
* Bickram Ghosh (''[[Avijatrik]]'')

== Technical Awards ==

=== Best Sound Design ===
* Anindit Roy & Adeep Singh Manki (''[[Tangra Blues]]'')

=== Best Production Design ===
* Tapan Kumar Sheth (''Hiralal'')

=== Best Editing ===
* Sujay Datta Ray (''[[Binisutoy]]'')

=== Best Cinematography ===
* Supratim Bhol (''[[Avijatrik]]'')

== Lifetime Achievement Award ==
* [[Ranjit Mallick]]

== Other Awards ==
=== Best Costume ===
* Ruma Sengupta (''Hiralal'')

=== Best Choreography ===
* Baba Yadav - Mon Anmone (''[[Magic (2021 film)|Magic]]'')

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Filmfare Awards Bangla}}
{{Filmfare Awards}}
{{The Times Group}}

[[Category:Filmfare Awards Bangla]]
[[Category:2021 film awards|F]]
[[Category:March 2022 in India]]
[[Category:Events of The Times Group]]

CISF Unit Delhi Metro Rail Corporation

2025-12-29T12:36:04Z

Igurushivamy: Created new stub basic info

{{use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{short description|CISF unit - DMRC}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = CISF Unit Delhi Metro Rail Corporation
| nativename =
| nativenamea = केऔसुब इकाई दिल्ली मेट्रो रेल कॉर्पोरेशन
| nativenamer =
| commonname =
| abbreviation = CISF Unit DMRC
| fictional =
| patch =
| patchcaption =
| logo = CISF LOGO.svg
| logocaption = Logo of CISF
| badge =
| badgecaption =
| flag =
| flagcaption =
| imagesize =
| motto = ''Protection and Security''
| mottotranslated =
| formedmonthday =
| formedyear = 2007
| preceding1 = 
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| employees = 12,528 (sanctioned strength)
| volunteers =
| budget =
| legalpersonality =
| country = India
| countryabbr = IN
| national =
| federal = yes
| international = 
| divtype = City
| divname = [[Delhi]]
| divdab =
| subdivtype =
| subdivname =
| subdivdab =
| map =
| mapcaption =
| dmap =
| sizearea =
| sizepopulation =
| legaljuris =
| governingbody = [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]
| governingbodyscnd =
| constitution1 = 
| police =
| local =
| military =
| provost =
| gendarmerie =
| religious =
| speciality1 = 
| secret =
| overviewtype =
| overviewbody =
| headquarters = [[Shastri Park]], Delhi
| hqlocmap =
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| hqlocmappoptitle =
| sworntype =
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| unsworntype =
| unsworn =
| multinational = 
| electeetype =
| minister1name =
| minister1pfo = 
| chief1name = mr AKHILESH KUMAR [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| chief1position = Deputy Inspector General
| parentagency = [[Central Industrial Security Force]]
| child1agency = 
| unittype =
| unitname = 
| officetype =
| officename = 
| provideragency =
| uniformedas =
| stationtype =
| stations = 
| airbases = 
| lockuptype =
| lockups = 
| vehicle1type =
| vehicles1 = 
| boat1type =
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| aircraft1type =
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| animal1type =
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| person1name =
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}}

'''CISF Unit Delhi Metro Rail Corporation''' (abbreviated as '''CISF Unit DMRC''') is a [[Central Industrial Security Force]] (CISF) unit responsible for providing security cover to [[Delhi Metro]], Delhi, India. The Unit is headed by a [[Deputy Inspector General]] who is an [[Indian Police Service]] officer; the incumbent is mr AKHILESH KUMAR, a 2007 IPS officer from AGMUT cadre.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.cisf.gov.in/cisfeng/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/766.pdf|title= APPOINTMENT ON PROMOTION TO THE RANK OF DEPUTY INSPECT GENERAL|date= 10 August 2020|website= cisf.gov.in|publisher= CISF |access-date=23 October 2021}}</ref> The Headquarters of the Unit is situated at Shastri Park near [[Delhi IT Park]].<ref name="MetroSecurity">{{cite web | url = http://www.delhimetrorail.com/Metro_Securities.aspx | title = Metro Security | publisher = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] | website = Delhimetrorail.com | access-date = 4 August 2019}}</ref> It is the single largest unit of CISF in the country with sanctioned strength of 12,528 personnel. The Unit operates two [[control room]]s for better monitoring and coordination and has different specialised wings such as the Quick Reaction Team, Dog Squad and Bomb Detection Squad.

==Induction==
Delhi Metro is a [[rapid transit]] system serving Delhi and its satellite cities in the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] since the inauguration of its [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|first line]] in 2002. Initially the security coverage to the Delhi Metro network was provided by the [[Delhi Police]] until 2007. However, on 15 April 2007 the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], Government of India, handed over the security of metro to the Central Industrial Security Force.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/CISF-to-take-over-Delhi-Metro-security/articleshow/1730990.cms?referral=PM | title=CISF to take over Delhi Metro security | agency=[[Press Trust of India]] | work = [[The Times of India]] | date=7 March 2007 | access-date=4 August 2019 }}</ref> The Unit provides security and protection to all the [[List of Delhi Metro stations|metro stations]], depots and [[Electrical substation|railway substations]].

==Security threats in Delhi Metro==
Delhi Metro has a large network of [[List of Delhi Metro lines|10 different lines]] consisting of 253 stations with track length {{Convert|347.66|km|abbr=on}}. Even though crime rate, including pickpocketing, walking on the metro track and carrying illegal arms and ammunition, in the metro system is rising but the manpower to provide security is not enough.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/delhi-metro-security-going-off-track-with-rising-crime-suicide-attempts-1388803-2018-11-15 | title = Delhi Metro security going off track with rising crime, suicide attempts | last = Mehta | first = Kanika | date = 15 November 2018 | place = New Delhi | work = [[India Today]] }}</ref> The present deployed strength of the CISF Unit DMRC is of around 9,000 personnel out of which 7,000 are posted and rest are on 'internal security' duty. In 2019, the Ministry of Home Affairs approved 5,000 additional personnel for the Unit. With the sanctioned strength of total 12,528 personnel, the Unit has become the largest single-unit under the security cover of the CISF in the country.<ref>{{ cite magazine | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-metro-government-5-000-cisf-dig-security-1559199-2019-06-30 | title = Government approves additional 5,000 CISF troops, new DIG post for security in Delhi Metro | agency = [[Press Trust of India]] | date = 30 June 2019 | access-date = 10 August 2019 | magazine = [[India Today]] }}</ref>

==Security coverage==
[[File:Double frisking by CISF personnel at JLN metro station (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Security point of CISF at Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Metro Station]]
[[File:Yamuna Bank.jpg|thumb|Commuters waiting in a queue for security check at [[Yamuna Bank metro station|Yamuna Bank]]]]
The CISF personnel are responsible for [[access control]] of passengers inside the metro stations and each passenger must go through a [[metal detector|door frame metal detector]] (DFMD) before being frisked by a CISF personnel. Double-layered frisking is carried out when threat perception is high like on the [[national day]]s viz the [[Independence Day (India)|Independence]] and the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] in which a commuter is also frisked even before entering the DFMD.<ref name="MetroSecurity"/><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/independence-day-cisf-to-frisk-passengers-twice-before-entering-delhi-metro/articleshow/48471166.cms?from=mdr | title = Independence day: CISF to frisk passengers twice before entering Delhi Metro | date = 13 July 2018 | access-date = 5 August 2018 | work=[[The Economic Times]] | agency = [[Press Trust of India]] }}</ref>

The Unit operates two centralised control rooms, Operational Control Centres (OCC), at Barakhamba Road and Shastri Park that are connected with CCTV cameras installed across the Delhi Metro network for better monitoring and coordination. The control rooms are the centres where important information is gathered from the different locations across the network and communicated to the senior officials and the subsequent orders on urgent matters and relevant information are passed over to the respective officers deployed in the field.<ref name="ControlRoom">{{cite news | url = https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/cisf-sets-new-control-room-enhance-delhi-metro-security | title = CISF sets up new control room to enhance Delhi Metro security | work = [[The Sunday Guardian]] | last = Mondal | first = Dibyendu | date = 11 August 2018 | access-date = 6 August 2019 }}</ref>

Periodic security mock drills are carried out by the Unit at stations and on trains to ensure preparedness and coordination of different agencies – DMRC, [[Delhi Police|police]], [[Delhi Fire Service|fire brigade]] and medical service – during potential emergency situations.<ref>{{ cite news | url = https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/mock-drill-conducted-at-delhi-metro-stations/article20475782.ece1 | title = Mock drill conducted at Delhi Metro stations | agency = [[Press Trust of India]] | date = 28 July 2012 | work = [[Business Line]] | access-date = 6 August 2019 }}</ref>

Several Quick Reaction Teams (QRTs) are deployed by the Unit to counter any potential man-made threat to the security of the metro system.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cisf-seeks-more-personnel-gadgets-for-metro-security/articleshow/3132315.cms?from=mdr | title = CISF seeks more personnel, gadgets for Metro security | work = [[The Economic Times]] | last = Jain | first = Bharat | date = 16 June 2008 | access-date = 9 August 2019 | location = New Delhi}}</ref> On average five stations are assigned as area of responsibility to each QRT and it keeps swinging between these stations focusing especially in the area excluded from [[paid area]] of a metro station.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.firstpost.com/india/cisf-directs-quick-reaction-teams-to-increase-patrols-at-delhi-metro-stations-to-check-crime-against-women-4216011.html | title = CISF directs quick reaction teams to increase patrols at Delhi metro stations to check crime against women | work = [[Firstpost]] | date = 18 November 2017 | access-date = 9 August 2019 | agency = [[Press Trust of India]] }}</ref>

A special Dog Squad Wing headed by an inspector-rank officer is maintained by the Unit which employs more than 60, mostly female, [[detection dog|sniffer dogs]] of five [[dog breed|breeds]]: [[Labrador Retriever]], [[German Shepherds]], [[Cocker Spaniels]], [[Golden Retriever]] and [[Malinois dog|Belgian Malinois]]. All the dogs are kept at Unit's kennel in Shastri Park and each one of them is cared and managed by its designated handler of the rank of head constable or constable who receives at least two months of basic training in this regard. The dogs undergo training at either [[Border Security Force]]'s National Training Center for Dogs, [[Tekanpur, India|Tekanpur]] or [[Central Reserve Police Force]]'s Dog Breeding And Training School, [[Bangalore]]. They are trained to assist the personnel in detecting arms, explosives and narcotics. These dogs are considered part of the force and treated as [[sepoy]] with four-hour working shift in a day. After a service of 10 years the dogs get retired and the Unit gives them up for adoption through [[Non-government organisation|NGO]]s without any charges.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/as-metro-expands-cisf-dog-squad-gets-new-members/article23284563.ece | title = As Metro expands, CISF dog squad gets new members | work = [[The Hindu]] | last = Trivedi | first = Saurabh | date = 18 March 2018 | access-date = 9 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/meet-khoj-the-most-expensive-member-of-cisfs-dog-squad-for-protecting-delhi-metro-2237231.html | title = Meet 'Khoj,' the Most Expensive Member of CISF's Dog Squad for Protecting Delhi Metro | work = [[News18 India]] | date = 19 July 2019 | access-date = 9 August 2019 | quote='Khoj', a dog from the Belgian Malinois breed, which is believed to have accompanied the US Navy Seal team that killed Osama bin Laden, is set to become the first track dog to join the force in protecting Delhi Metro.}}</ref>

The Bomb Detection Squad (BDS) Wing of the Unit equipped with required electronic devices has a responsibility to [[Explosive detection|detect]] any potential explosives or [[Improvised Explosive Device|IED]]s.<ref name="BDS">{{ cite news | title = Plain luck and canine unit keep metro's bomb squad running | work = [[The Hindustan Times]] | date = 2 August 2018 | last = Srivastava | first = Anvit | location = Delhi }}</ref><ref>{{ cite web | url = http://www.uniindia.com/cisf-conducts-mock-drill-on-bomb-threat-call-at-okhla-bird-sanctuary-metro-station/india/news/1101222.html | title = CISF conducts mock drill on 'bomb threat call' at Okhla Bird Sanctuary Metro Station | agency = [[United News of India]] | website = Uniindia.com | date = 9 January 2018 | access-date = 10 August 2019 | location = New Delhi}}</ref> The vehicle-borne BDS teams regularly conduct anti-sabotage checks in the metro network.<ref name="MetroSecurity"/> As per the standard operating procedure for dealing with any unattended bag or item in the metro premises, the BDS team is called whenever any such article is found.<ref name="BDS"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{URL|delhimetrorail.com|Delhi Metro Official Website}}
* {{URL|cisf.gov.in|CISF Official Website}}

[[Category:Central Industrial Security Force units|Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro]]
<references responsive="0" />

Vautha fair

2025-12-22T19:26:55Z

Igurushivamy: New New Article

{{Short description|Gathering in Gujarat, India}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox recurring event
|native_name = ''Vautha Fair''
|native_name_lang = hi
|image =File:Vautha fair gujarat.jpg
|alt =
|caption = Donkey market at Vautha Fair
|status = 
|genre = Cultural and religious festival
|date=
|begins = [[Kartika (month)|Kartika]] Sud [[Ekadashi]]
|ends = [[Kartika (month)|Kartika]] Sud [[Purnima]]
|frequency = Annual
|location = Vautha Village, [[Ahmedabad district]], [[Gujarat]]
|coordinates =
|country = [[India]]
|participants =
|attendance =
|url=
|activity =
}}

'''Vautha fair''' is one of the important [[fair]]s held in [[Gujarat]]. Vautha is located on the border of [[Dholka Taluka|Dholka taluka]] of [[Ahmedabad district]] and Matar taluka of [[Kheda district]]. Vautha fair is the largest fair in [[Ahmedabad district]].<ref name="A">{{cite book|title=ગુજરાતની લોકસંસ્કૃતિ|last=Sedani|first=Hasutaben Shashikant|publisher=University Granth Nirman Board - [[Gujarat]]|year=2015|isbn=97-89-381265-97-0|location=[[Ahmedabad]]|pages=84–85}}</ref><ref name="Vyas">{{cite book|title=ગુજરાતની અસ્મિતા|last=Vyas|first=Rajni|publisher=Akshar Publication|year=2012|edition=5th|location=[[Ahmedabad]]|pages=326–327}}</ref>

== Place ==
Vautha fair is held at Vautha village of [[Dholka Taluka|Dholka taluka]] of [[Ahmedabad]] in [[Gujarat]], [[India]].<ref name="S">{{cite book|title=ગુજરાતની લોકસંસ્કૃતિક વિરાસત|last=Jadav|first=Joravarsinh|publisher=Directorate of Information/ GujaratState|year=2010|isbn=|volume=|location=[[Gandhinagar]]|pages=181}}</ref> The place of the fair is known as ''Saptasangam'' - the confluence of seven rivers. In fact, only the [[Sabarmati River|Sabarmati]] and [[Vatrak River|Vatrak rivers]] meet at Vautha. These two rivers formerly meet the river at Sabarmati and the [[Khari River|Khari]], [[Meshwo River|Meshwo]], [[Mohar River|Mohar]], Mazam and Shedhi rivers at [[Vatrak River|Vatrak]], hence the confluence of seven rivers here.<ref name="Vyas"/><ref name="z">{{cite book|title=ગુજરાતના લોકોત્સવો અને મેળા|last=Kalariya|first=Ashok|publisher=Directorate of Information/ GujaratState|year=2019–20|isbn=|volume=|location=[[Gandhinagar]]|pages=42–43}}</ref>

== Time ==
The fair is held from [[Kartika (month)|Kartika]] Sud [[Ekadashi]] to [[Kartika (month)|Kartika]] Sud [[Purnima]] (Dev Deepavali).<ref name="A"/>

== History ==
The importance of this place in the center of [[Gujarat]] is in the [[Puranas]]. Viratnagar in the [[Mahabharata]] which is now in [[Dholka]], where the [[Pandava]]s stayed to go into Agyatvas after a long exile of thirteen years.<ref name="z"/>
[[File:Sabarmati river view at proposed bridge location near Vautha - village - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|Sabarmati river view at proposed bridge location near Vautha - village]]
There are many myths about this ancient temple of Mahadev in Vautha that [[Kartik Swami]], the eldest son of Lord [[Shiva|Shankara]], who travels all over the world, comes to bathe in the holy festival of Kartik Purnima. Kartik's ''Charanpaduka'' is still worshiped in Vautha.<ref name="z"/>

== Importance ==
Bathing in Saptasangam on the day of Karthiki Purnima is considered very sacred and people experience spiritual bliss by bathing on that day.<ref name="Vyas"/> This fair of Vautha has many small and big shops, entertainment equipments, Madari([[juggler]]), [[magic (illusion)|magic]]ians, nuts([[rope-dancer]]), bhavaiyas as well as circus, wheelbarrow etc. entertainment equipments.<ref name="Vyas"/> Apart from Bhajan Mandali at night, a cultural program is also organized by Taluka Panchayat Dholka.<ref name="A"/>

People of [[Bhal]] and Nalkantha area as well as [[Thakor]], Rana, Darbar, Kachhiya Patel and [[Rajput]] castes camp there and stay for two-three days.<ref name="z"/>

== Donkey Market ==
The main attraction of this fair is the donkey market. The best and highest quality donkeys are brought here for sale, the ''Vanzara community'' brings more than four thousand [[donkeys]] for sale here. [[Camels]] are also traded at the Vautha fair. Donkeys are painted red, pink and orange on the neck and back.<ref name="z"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:Festivals in Gujarat]]

Nigaar Khan

2025-11-25T06:57:48Z

Igurushivamy: new stub

{{Short description|Indian actress (b. 1979)}}
{{Distinguish|Negar Khan}}

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nigaar Khan
| image = Nigaar Khan.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Nigaar Zafar Khan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1979|05|02}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2002–2017
| spouse = {{marriage|Khayaam Sheikh|2015}}
| relatives = [[Gauahar Khan]] (sister)
}}

'''Nigaar Khan''' (born 2 May 1979)<ref name="Birth Year">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/TV-show-on-Gauhar-and-Nigaar-Khan/Article1-758767.aspx |title=TV show on Gauhar and Nigaar Khan |last=Navdeep Kaur Marwah |date=18 October 2011 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=12 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112211158/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/TV-show-on-Gauhar-and-Nigaar-Khan/Article1-758767.aspx |archive-date=12 November 2014}}</ref> is an Indian television actress mainly known for her portrayal of negative characters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/I-was-born-to-do-negative-roles-Nigaar-Khan/articleshow/29551203.cms |title=I was born to do negative roles: Nigaar Khan - Times Of India |work=The Times of India |date=30 January 2014 |access-date=11 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Nigaar-Khan-joins-Taarak-Mehta-Ka-Ooltah-Chashmah/articleshow/29505409.cms |title=Nigaar Khan joins Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah - Times Of India |work=The Times of India |date=28 January 2014 |access-date=11 February 2014}}</ref>

== Early life ==
[[File:Nigaar and Gauhar Khan.jpg|thumb|Khan with sister [[Gauahar Khan]] in 2011]]
Khan was born and brought up in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]. She is the elder sister of model-actress [[Gauahar Khan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Negaar-Gauhar-Khan-The-Indian-Kardashians/articleshow/10385848.cms |title=Negaar & Gauhar Khan: The Indian Kardashians|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Tanishaa-Gauahar-can-be-good-friends-Nigaar-Khan/articleshow/28060302.cms?intenttarget=no |title=Tanishaa-Gauahar can be good friends: Nigaar Khan - The Times of India |date=28 December 2013 |work=The Times of India |access-date=11 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Nigar-and-Gauhar-Khans-sister-pact/articleshow/11790087.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928033909/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-07/tv/31033060_1_sibling-khan-sisters-nigar-khan |url-status=live |archive-date=28 September 2013 |title=Nigar and Gauhar Khan's sister pact |date=7 February 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=26 February 2013}}</ref>

==Career==
In 2008, Khan participated in the dancing competition show ''[[Ek Khiladi Ek Haseena (TV series)|Ek Khiladi Ek Haseena]]'' along with Indian cricketer [[Dinesh Karthik]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/stars/nigaar-khan/articleshow/4056312.cms |title=Nigaar Khan 2 of 7 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=31 January 2009 |access-date=27 February 2013 |author=Bandekar, Prathamesh}}</ref> Their dance in one of the episodes on the song "Woh Ladki Hai Kaha" (''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]'') was well appreciated by the judges, [[Sushmita Sen]] and [[Wasim Akram]], and the audience.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/When-Nigaar-got-emotional/articleshow/3574213.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214142457/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-09/tv/27893434_1_dinesh-and-nigaar-nigaar-z-khan-weakest-contenders |url-status=live |archive-date=14 December 2013 |title=When Nigaar got emotional |date=9 October 2008 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 February 2013}}</ref>

In 2011, the [[reality TV]] show ''The Khan Sisters'' focused on the lives of Khan and her sister [[Gauahar Khan|Gauahar]]. The following year Khan appeared in the show [[Sacch Ka Saamna (season 2)|''Sacch Ka Saamna'']]. She also hosted the show ''Love Story'',<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/I-am-not-ashamed-of-my-life-Nigaar-Khan/articleshow/14776647.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924175831/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-10/tv/32605608_1_nigaar-khan-khan-sisters-reality-bites |url-status=live |archive-date=24 September 2013 |title=I am not ashamed of my life: Nigaar Khan |date=10 July 2012 |access-date=26 February 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |author=Patel, Ano}}</ref> showcased some love stories of [[Bollywood]]. Khan presented the stories and interviewed various celebrities.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/I-dont-like-the-term-item-girl-Nigaar-Khan/articleshow/14993929.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927030808/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-16/tv/32697399_1_songs-term-popular-actor |url-status=live |archive-date=27 September 2013 |title=I don't like the term – item girl: Nigaar Khan |date=16 July 2012 |access-date=27 February 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |author=Patel, Ano}}</ref>

In 2013, Khan appeared on the reality show ''[[Welcome – Baazi Mehmaan-Nawaazi Ki]]'' along with [[VJ Andy]], [[Ragini Khanna]] and [[Sanaya Irani]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Fact-and-fiction-meet-in-a-new-show-on-DD/Article1-1005191.aspx |title=Fact and fiction meet in a new show on DD |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 February 2013 |access-date=26 February 2013 |author=Saxena, Poonam |location=New Delhi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228221533/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Fact-and-fiction-meet-in-a-new-show-on-DD/Article1-1005191.aspx |archive-date=28 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dining-with-the-stars/1067632/0 |title=Dining with the Stars |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=1 February 2013 |access-date=26 February 2013 |author=Dipti Nagpaul-D'Souza}}</ref> Since September 2013, Khan has appeared in the mythological show ''[[Buddha (TV series)|Buddha]]'' based on life of [[Gautama Buddha]]. She plays the role of Buddha's aunt and [[Devadatta]]'s mother.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/news/I-cant-dance-in-a-two-piece-Nigaar-Z-Khan/articleshow/22991742.cms |title=I can't dance in a two-piece: Nigaar Z. Khan |work=The Times of India |date=25 September 2013 |access-date=10 December 2013}}</ref>

In November 2014, Nigaar participated in [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 8)|Bigg Boss 8]] as wild card entrant. She survived for 2 weeks.

In June 2016, she made a comeback on television in the children's show ''[[Baal Veer]]'' on SAB TV as an evil fairy called Prachandika to create hurdles in the life of Baal Veer.

==Personal life==
Nigaar Khan married her long-time boyfriend and [[Pakistan]]i business man Khayyam Sheikh in [[Dubai]] on 23 July 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/model-actor-nigaar-khan-ties-the-knot-with-long-time-boyfriend-khayyam-sheikh/ |title=Model, actor Nigaar Khan ties the knot with long time boyfriend Khayyam Sheikh |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/celebs-hush-hush-weddings/articleshow/48212117.cms |title=Celebs' hush-hush weddings |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Nigaar has moved to [[Dubai]] post her marriage.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/tv-star-nigaar-khan-all-set-to-marry-a-dubai-based-businessman-khayaam-sheikh-on-july-23-259967-2015-06-27 |title=TV star Nigaar Khan all set to marry Dubai-based businessman}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/TV-actress-Nigaar-to-tie-the-knot-in-July/articleshow/46623475.cms |title=TV actress Nigaar to tie the knot in July - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

==Television==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Notes
! Ref
|-
| 2002–2004
| ''[[Lipstick (TV series) | Lipstick]]''
| Sheetal Singhania
| Negative Role
|
|-
| 2004–2005
| ''[[Prratima]]''
| Anjali Thakur / Anjali Atul Roy
| Negative Role
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Stree Teri Kahani]]''
|
|
|
|-
| 2004–2005
| ''Hum 2 Hain Na !''
|
|
|
|-
| 2005–2006
| ''[[India Calling]]''
| Kamini Khanna
| Negative Role
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Kasamh Se]]''
| Pranali
| Negative Role
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
| Neha
|
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Ek Ladki Anjaani Si (TV series)|Ek Ladki Anjaani si]]''
|
| Negative role
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Ek Khiladi Ek Haseena (TV series)|Ek Khiladi Ek Haseena]]''
| Contestant
|
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Har Ghar Kuch Kehta Hai]]''
|
| Negative role
|
|-
| 2009
| ''Yes Boss''
| Angelina
|
|
|-
| 2009–2010
| ''Mitwa Phool Kamel Ke''
| Rajbala
| Negative Role
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
| ''[[Sajan Ghar Jaana Hai]]''
| Mohini
|
|
|-
|''[[Comedy Circus]]''
|Contestant
|
|
|-
|2011
|''The Khan Sisters''
|Herself
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012
|''[[Sacch Ka Saamna]]''
|Herself
|
|
|-
|''Sapno Ke Bhawar Mein''
|Rangoli
|Negative Role
|
|-
|''Love Story''
|Host
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2013
|''[[Welcome – Baazi Mehmaan-Nawaazi Ki]]''
|Contestant
|
|
|-
|''Jane Bhi Do''
|Host
|
|
|-
| ''[[Hongey Judaa Na Hum]]''
| Simran Rajpal
|
|
|-
| ''[[Savitri - Ek Prem Kahani]]''
| Yakshini
|Negative Role
|
|-
| ''[[Buddha (TV series) | Buddha]]''
| Mangala
| Negative Role
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/nigaar-khan-in-awe-of-her-character-in-buddha/419507-44-124.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909084152/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/nigaar-khan-in-awe-of-her-character-in-buddha/419507-44-124.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 September 2013 |title=Nigaar Khan in awe of her character in 'Buddha' |date=4 September 2013 |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |access-date=10 December 2013}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]''
|Various Characters
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
| ''[[Main Naa Bhoolungi]]''
| Madhurima Jagganath
| Negative Role
|<ref name="Garima3">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Garima-Jain-joins-Nigaar-Khan-in-Main-Naa-Bhoolungi/articleshow/29907349.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140211060419/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-02-05/news-interviews/47048449_1_nigaar-khan-aishwarya-sakhuja-main-naa-bhoolungi |url-status=live |archive-date=11 February 2014 |title=Garima Jain joins Nigaar Khan in Main Naa Bhoolungi |author=Bhopatkar, Tejashree |date=5 February 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 February 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 8)|Bigg Boss 8]]''
|Contestant
|
|
|-
|''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''
|Sophia
|
|<ref name="Garima3"/>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Baal Veer]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://baalveer-info.com/baalveer/ |title=Baalveer Returns: Watch Baal Veer fight evil with a new partner |website=Baal Veer |language=en-US |access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref>
| Prachandika
| Negative Role
|
|-
| 2017
|''Khwaabon Ke Darmiyaan''
|
|
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}

{{Indian Telly Award Best Negative Actress}}
{{Bigg Boss 8}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Nigaar}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]

Daulat Beg Oldi

2025-11-25T05:49:21Z

Igurushivamy: small edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Daulat Beg Oldi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Military Base
| image_skyline = File:Indian Air Force Antonov An-32 taking off from Daulat Beg Oldi ALG.jpg
| image_caption = [[Indian Air Force]] [[Antonov An-32]] taking off from Daulat Beg Oldi ALG
| pushpin_map = India Ladakh#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ladakh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|35.390|N|77.925|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Leh district|Leh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 5100
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| website =
| official_name =
}}

'''Daulat Beg Oldi''' (also Oldie, '''DBO''') is a traditional campsite and current military base located in the midst of the [[Karakoram]] Range in northern [[Ladakh]], India. It is on the historic [[trade route]] between Ladakh and the [[Tarim Basin]], and is the last campsite before the [[Karakoram Pass]]. It is said to be named after [[Sultan Said Khan]] ("Daulat Beg" [''The Statesman'']) of the [[Yarkent Khanate]], who died here on his return journey from an invasion of Ladakh and Kashmir. [[Chip Chap River]], the main headwater of the [[Shyok River]], flows just to the south. The [[Line of Actual Control]] with Chinese-controlled [[Aksai Chin]] is five miles to the east.

An Indian border outpost was established here in the summer of 1960.{{sfnp|Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis|1990|p=95}} An [[India-China Border Roads#AGL|Advance Landing Ground]] was also constructed here, one of the world's highest airstrips. DBO has two road links constructed by the [[Border Roads Organization]], the 235 km-long [[Darbuk-Shyok-DBO Road]],<ref name="Tribune DS-DBO">[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/india-completes-vital-ladakh-road-762332# India completes vital Ladakh road], The Tribune, 23 April 2019.</ref> and the [[Sasoma–Saser La Road|Sasoma–Saser La-DBO Road]] which provides an alternate and the shortest route to DBO from the [[Nubra Valley]].<ref name=sssgd1/><ref name="tridbo2"/>

==Location and physical conditions==
{{OSM Location map
| coord = {{coord|35.25|78.02}} 
| float = right
| zoom = 9
| width = 300
| height = 290
| caption = <div class="center">Daulat Beg Oldi and Depsang Plains 
(and the "traditional customary boundary" declared by China in 1960).<ref name=declaration>{{citation |editor=India, Ministry of External Affairs |title=Report of the Officials of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AP4ruQEACAAJ |year=1962 |publisher=Government of India Press}}, {{cite report |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/ORC_01-32_Part1.pdf |title=Chinese Report, Part 1 |pages=4–5}} 
The location and terrain features of this traditional customary boundary line are now described as follows in three sectors, western, middle and eastern. ... The portion between Sinkiang and Ladakh for its entire length runs along the Karakoram Mountain range. Its specific location is as follows: From the Karakoram Pass it runs eastwards along the watershed between the tributaries of the Yarkand River on the one hand and the Shyok River on the other to a point approximately 78° 05' E, 35° 33' N, turns southwestwards and runs along a gully to approximately 78° 01' E, 35° 21' N; where it crosses the Chipchap River. It then turns south-east along the mountain ridge and passes through peak 6,845 (approximately 78° 12' E, 34° 57' N) and peak 6,598 (approximately 78° 13' E, 34° 54' N).
</ref></div>
| map-data = Q230830

| mark-coord1 = {{coord|35.5134588|77.8227031}}
| mark1 = Mountain pass 12x12 ne.svg
| mark-size1 = 10
| label1 = Karakoram Pass
| label-size1 = 10
| label-color1 = grey
| label-pos1 = top |label-offset-x1 = 0 |label-offset-y1 = 0
| mark-title1 = [[Karakoram Pass]]
| mark-image1 =
| mark-description1 = Border pass between China and India

| mark-coord2 = {{coord|35.3914432|77.9211371}}
| mark2 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size2 = 6
| label2 = DBO |labela2 =
| label-size2 = 10
| label-color2 = hard red
| label-pos2 = right |label-offset-x2 = 0 |label-offset-y2 = 0
| mark-title2 = Daulat Beg Oldi (DBO)
| mark-image2 =
| mark-description2 = Indian Army base with an Advanced Landing Ground

| mark-coord3 = {{coord|35.3297|78.1786}}
| mark3 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size3 = 6
| label3 = Tianwendian
| label-size3 = 10
| label-color3 = hard red
| label-pos3 = top |label-offset-x3 = 0 |label-offset-y3 = 0
| mark-title3 = [[Tianwendian]]
| mark-image3 =
| mark-description3 = Military camp in Chinese-administered Aksai Chin

| mark-coord4 = {{coord|35.3123975|77.7588802}}
| mark4 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size4 = 6
| label4 = Gapshan
| label-size4 = 10
| label-color4 = hard red
| label-pos4 = top |label-offset-x4 = 0 |label-offset-y4 = 0
| mark-title4 = Gapshan
| mark-image4 =
| mark-description4 = Campsite in Indian-administered Ladakh

| mark-coord5 = {{coord|35.2391804|77.9831325}}
| mark5 = Mountain pass 12x12 n.svg
| mark-size5 = 10
| label5 = Depsang La
| label-size5 = 10
| label-color5 = hard red
| label-pos5 = left |label-offset-x5 = 0 |label-offset-y5 = -10
| mark-title5 = Depsang La
| mark-image5 =
| mark-description5 = Low pass in Depsang Plains

| mark-coord6 = {{coord|35.2330663|77.9781827}}
| mark6 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size6 = 6
| label6 = Qizil Langar 
| label-size6 = 10
| label-color6 = hard red
| label-pos6 = left |label-offset-x6 = 0 |label-offset-y6 = 0
| mark-title6 = Qizil Langar
| mark-image6 =
| mark-description6 = Campground close to the LAC

| mark-coord8 = {{coord|35.1199040|78.0379510}}
| mark8 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size8 = 6
| label8 = Burtsa |labela8 =
| label-size8 = 10
| label-color8 = hard red
| label-pos8 = left |label-offset-x8 = 0 |label-offset-y8 = 0
| mark-title8 = Burtsa
| mark-image8 =
| mark-description8 = Military camp close to the LAC

| mark-coord9 = {{coord|35.0414263|77.9373021}}
| mark9 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size9 = 6
| label9 = Murgo
| label-size9 = 10
| label-color9 = hard red
| label-pos9 = left |label-offset-x9 = 0 |label-offset-y9 = 0
| mark-title9 = [[Murgo]]
| mark-image9 =
| mark-description9 = Village in the Nubra tehsil

| mark-coord10 = {{coord|34.9637458|78.0026936}}
| mark10 = Black pog.svg
| mark-size10 = 6
| label10 = Sultan |labela10 = Chhushku
| label-size10 = 10
| label-color10 = grey
| label-pos10 = left |label-offset-x10 = 0 |label-offset-y10 = -5
| mark-title10 = Sultan Chhushku
| mark-image10 =
| mark-description10 = Campground in the Nubra tehsil

| mark-coord12 = {{coord|35.2745|78.0111}}
| mark12 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size12 = 0
| label12 = DEPSANG PLAINS |labela12 =
| label-angle12 = 10
| label-size12 = 12
| label-color12 = grey
| label-pos12 = top |label-offset-x12 = 0 |label-offset-y12 = 0
| mark-title12 = Depsang Plains
| mark-image12 =
| mark-description12 = Depsang Plains


| mark-coord21 = {{coord|35.3016|78.2704}}
| mark21 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size21 = 10
| label21 = Chip Chap |labela21 = River
| label-size21 = 10
| label-color21 = hard blue
| label-pos21 = bottom
| mark-title21 = [[Chip Chap River]]
| mark-image21 =
| mark-description21 = Tributary of the Shyok River

| mark-coord22 = {{coord|35.3775|77.8448}}
| mark22 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size22 = 10
| label22 = Chip Chap |labela22 =
| label-size22 = 10
| label-color22 = hard blue
| label-pos22 = top |label-offset-x22 = -5 |label-offset-y22 = 0
| mark-title22 = [[Chip Chap River]]
| mark-image22 =
| mark-description22 = Tributary of the Shyok River

| mark-coord23 = {{coord|35.3314|77.6472}}
| mark23 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size23 = 10
| label23 = Shyok |labela23 = River
| label-size23 = 10
| label-color23 = hard blue
| label-pos23 = bottom
| mark-title23 = [[Shyok River]]
| mark-image23 =
| mark-description23 = Tributary of the Indus River

| mark-coord24 = {{coord|35.2007|77.7166}}
| mark24 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size24 = 10
| label24 = |labela24 =
| label-size24 = 10
| label-color24 = hard blue
| label-pos24 = top
| mark-title24 = [[Shyok River]] flowing south
| mark-image24 =
| mark-description24 = Tributary of the Indus River

| mark-coord25 = {{coord|35.0633|78.0266}}
| mark25 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size25 = 10
| label25 = Burtsa Nala
| label-size25 = 10
| label-color25 = hard blue
| label-pos25 = bottom
| mark-title25 = Burtsa Nala
| mark-image25 =
| mark-description25 = Tributary of the Shyok River, via the Murgo Nala

| mark-coord26 = {{coord|35.156|78.1612}}
| mark26 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size26 = 10
| label26 = Raki Nala
| label-size26 = 10
| label-color26 = hard blue
| label-pos26 = right
| mark-title26 = Raki Nala
| mark-image26 =
| mark-description26 = Tributary of the Shyok River

| mark-coord27 = {{coord|35.03|78.2307}}
| mark27 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size27 = 10
| label27 = Jeong Nala |labela27 =
| label-size27 = 10
| label-color27 = hard blue
| label-pos27 = top |label-offset-x27 = 20 |label-offset-y27 = 0
| mark-title27 = Jeong Nala
| mark-image27 =
| mark-description27 = Tributary of the Shyok River

| mark-coord29 = {{coord|34.9504|78.5595}} 
| mark29 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size29 = 10
| label29 = Karakash
| label-size29 = 10
| label-color29 = hard blue
| label-pos29 = top |label-offset-x29 = 0 |label-offset-y29 = 0
| mark-title29 = [[Karakash River]]
| mark-image29 =
| mark-description29 = Drains into the Tarim Basin

| mark-coord30 = {{coord|35|33|N|78|05|E}}
| mark30 = Pin location context.svg
| mark-size30 = 14
| shape30 =
| shape-color30 = yellow
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| label-size30 = 10
| label-color30 = black
| label-pos30 = bottom |label-offset-x30 = 0 |label-offset-y30 = 0
| mark-title30 = Chinese boundary point
| mark-image30 =
| mark-description30 = Declared in the ''Report of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question'', 1960

| mark-coord31 = {{coord|35|21|N|78|01|E}}
| mark31 = Pin location context.svg
| mark-size31 = 14
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| shape-color31 = yellow
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| label-size31 = 10
| label-color31 = black
| label-pos31 = bottom |label-offset-x31 = 0 |label-offset-y31 = 0
| mark-title31 = Chinese boundary point
| mark-image31 =
| mark-description31 = Declared in the ''Report of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question'', 1960

| mark-coord32 = {{coord|34|57|N|78|12|E}}
| mark32 = Pin location context.svg
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| shape-color32 = yellow
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| label-size32 = 10
| label-color32 = black
| label-pos32 = bottom |label-offset-x32 = 0 |label-offset-y32 = 0
| mark-title32 = Chinese boundary point
| mark-image32 =
| mark-description32 = Declared in the ''Report of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question'', 1960

| mark-coord33 = {{coord|34|54|N|78|13|E}}
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| mark-title33 = Chinese boundary point
| mark-image33 =
| mark-description33 = Declared in the ''Report of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question'', 1960

| mark-coord34 = {{coord|34|46|N|78|13|E}}
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| label-color34 = black
| label-pos34 = bottom |label-offset-x34 = 0 |label-offset-y34 = 0
| mark-title34 = Chinese boundary point
| mark-image34 =
| mark-description34 = Declared in the ''Report of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question'', 1960

| mark-coord35 = {{coord|34|32|N|78|26|E}}
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| mark-title35 = Chinese boundary point
| mark-image35 =
| mark-description35 = Declared in the ''Report of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question'', 1960

| mark-coord36 = {{coord|34|22|N|78|53|E}}
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| mark-title36 = Chinese boundary point
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| mark-description36 = Declared in the ''Report of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question'', 1960
}}
Daulat Beg Oldi (DBO) lies at the northeastern corner of the [[Karakoram Range]], at the northern edge of [[Depsang Plains]] at an elevation of {{convert|5100|m}}. The international border with China is 8 km to the north and the [[Line of Actual Control]] with Chinese-controlled [[Aksai Chin]] is 9 km to the east. Other than [[Siachen Glacier]] military bases, DBO is India's northernmost settlement. The nearest civilian town is [[Murgo]] to the south, which has a small population of [[Balti people|Baltis]].<ref>{{Cite news
| title = Chinese troops intrude into Indian territory in Ladakh, erect a tented post
| author = PTI
| work = The Economic Times
| date = 19 April 2013
| access-date = 2 January 2020
| url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/chinese-troops-intrude-into-indian-territory-in-ladakh-erect-a-tented-post/articleshow/19638804.cms
| quote = The nearest inhabited town is Murgo to the south, which has a small population of Baltis who primarily depend on apricot farming and yak rearing.
}}</ref>

The temperature plummets as low as -55 C in the winters. The weather deteriorates frequently with strong icy winds lashing much of DBO. DBO has very little if any vegetation or wildlife. Communication is possible only through [[INMARSAT]] (satellite) phones.

==History==
=== Expedition of Said Khan (Etymology)===
[[File:China West 1906-08 Sven Hedin.jpg|thumb|right|Map of the expeditions of [[Sven Hedin]] (1906-8) including Daulat Beg Oldi (labeled as Daulat Beguldi) ([[Royal Geographical Society|RGS]], early 20th century)]]
[[File:Map India and Pakistan 1-250,000 Tile NI 43-4 Chulung.jpg|thumb|right|Map including Daulat Beg Oldi ([[Army Map Service|AMS]], 1953){{efn|From map: "THE DELINEATION OF INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES ON THIS MAP MUST NOT BE CONSIDERED AUTHORITATIVE"}}]]

Daulat Beg Oldi literally means "spot where the great and rich man died"<ref name="swami">{{Cite web
| title = Ladakh incursion: India, China face-off at the 'gate of hell'
| first = Praveen
| last = Swami
| work = Firstpost
| date = 23 April 2013
| access-date = 2 January 2020
| url = https://www.firstpost.com/world/irans-gen-qassem-soleimani-killed-in-us-airstrike-in-baghdad-pentagon-confirms-trump-ordered-killing-after-attack-on-embassy-7854051.html
| quote = Daulat Beg Oldi, the spot where the great and rich man died}}</ref> in [[Chagatai language|Turki]].<ref name="Trotter1878">{{cite journal|last1=Trotter|first1=H.|title=On the Geographical Results of the Mission to Kashghar, under Sir T. Douglas Forsyth in 1873-74|journal=Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London|volume=48|year=1878|pages=177|issn=0266-6235|doi=10.2307/1798763|jstor=1798763|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2150950|quote=Daulat Beguldi (Turki for "Daulat Beg died", an appropriate name for so desolate a spot)}}</ref> There are various folklore about whom this refers to—such as the tale about this place being the location where a large caravan was destroyed,<ref name="Kapur1987">{{cite book|author=Teg Bahadur Kapur|title=Ladakh, the Wonderland: A Geographical, Historical, and Sociological Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBMbyunREY4C&pg=PA28|year=1987|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-011-6|page=28|quote=Daulat Beg and his large caravan was entirely destroyed about eighteen miles from the Karakoram pass on the Indian side.}}</ref> or the tale about this place being the burial site of a rich man and his treasure.<ref name="Kapadia2005">{{cite book|last=Kapadia|first=Harish|title=Into the Untravelled Himalaya: Travels, Treks, and Climbs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5l1RhMStxgC&pg=PA186|year=2005|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-181-8|page=186|quote=It was believed that the rich man, Daulat Beg was buried here with his treasure.}}</ref>

According to British colonial-era surgeon [[Henry Walter Bellew]],<ref name="Kohli2000"/><ref name="bellew_kashgharia"/> Daulat Baig Oldi means "the lord of the state died here", and the "lord" was early 16th-century [[Sultan Said Khan]] of the [[Yarkent Khanate]].<ref name="Kohli2000">{{cite book|last=Kohli|first=Harish|title=Across the Frozen Himalaya: The Epic Winter Ski Traverse from the Karakoram to Lipu Lekh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJK0A1pZHt8C&pg=PA66|year=2000|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-106-1|pages=66–67|quote=According to H.W. Bellew, he was no ordinary traveller but a great warrior, a partisan of Babur, the conqueror of Ferghana and the king of Yarkand and Kashgar.}}</ref> Said Khan purportedly died at this place while returning to Yarkent from a campaign in Ladakh.<ref name="Coq2018">{{cite book|author=Albert von Le Coq|title=Buried Treasures of Chinese Turkestan: An Account of the Activities and Adventures of the Second and Third German Turfan Expeditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UXt_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT292|date=14 December 2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-429-87141-2|page=292|quote=Daulat Bak Oldi (the royal prince died here), close to the Karakorum pass, is so called because Sultan Said Khan of Kashgar, on his return from a successful campaign against West Tibet, died here from mountain sickness (Plate 50)}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Howard |first1=Neil |last2=Howard |first2=Kath |chapter=Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley, Eastern Ladakh, and a Consideration of Their Relationship to the History of Ladakh and Maryul |editor1-first=Erberto |editor1-last=Lo Bue |editor2-first=John |editor2-last=Bray |title=Art and Architecture in Ladakh: Cross-cultural Transmissions in the Himalayas and Karakoram |year=2014 |isbn=9789004271807 |pages=68–99 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJCfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68}}: "When his Khan decided to return home because of ill health, leaving Mirza Haidar to destroy "the idol temple of Ursang (i.e. Lhasa)", he "set out from Maryul in Tibet, for Yarkand". He "crossed the pass of Sakri", which must be that above Sakti (not the Kardung pass as Elias and Ross suggest), descended to Nubra and died at a camping place named Daulat Beg Uldi which is two-and-a-half hours below the Karakoram Pass."</ref><ref name="bhattacharji"/> He is sometimes given the title of [[Ghaza]] for his military expeditions.<ref name="bhattacharji">{{Cite book
| title = Ladakh - Changing, yet Unchanged
| first = Romesh
| last = Bhattacharji
| date = 7 June 2012
| publisher = Rupa Publications Pvt Ltd
| url = https://www.academia.edu/3575075
| isbn = 978-8129117618
| quote = Some 400 years earlier, in ad 1527, a Yarkandi invader, Sultan Saiad Khan Ghazi (also known as Daulat Beg) of Yarkand, briefly conquered Kashmir after fighting a battle along this pass. He died in 1531 at Daulat Beg Oldi (meaning, where Daulat Beg died) at the foot of the Karakoram pass, after he was returning from an unsuccessful attempt to invade Tibet.
}}</ref>

The account of this military expedition was recorded by his general, [[Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat]], who was the Sultan's first cousin, in the history titled ''Tarikh-i-Rashidi'' (تاریخ رشیدی) (''History of Rashid'').<ref name="bellew_kashgharia">{{cite book|first = Henry Walter|last=Bellew|location=Calcutta|publisher=Foreign Department Press|title=The history of Káshgharia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3kcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA66|year=1875|pages=66–67|quote=(p66) Daulat Beg Uild ... "The lord of the State died" ... (p67) Hydar ... wrote the Tarikhi Rashidi from which these details are derived}}</ref>

In autumn 1531 (Safar 938 [[Islamic calendar|AH]]), Sultan Said Khan left Yarkand with Haidar and a few thousand men. On first crossing the Karakorum, the Sultan fell ill with severe [[altitude sickness]], but managed to recover. In the course of a few months of campaigning, they were able to devastate [[Nubra Valley]]. As winter approached, they split forces. The Sultan left for [[Baltistan]]; Haidar left for Kashmir. In Baltistan, the Sultan encountered a population of friendly Muslims, but he turned on them, killing and enslaving them, possibly because they were Shiites which orthodox Yarkandi Sunnis considered heretic. On the way to Kashmir, Haider defeated the [[Dras]] near [[Zoji La]]. In Kashmir, he and his troops were hosted by the king of [[Srinagar]]. In the spring, the two parties met up again in [[Maryul]], and the Sultan decided to return to Yarkand, but instructed Haider to conquer Tibet for Islam before his departure.<ref name="Kohli2000"/><ref name="bellew">{{Cite web
| title = Kashmir and Kashghar. A narrative of the journey of the embassy to Kashghar in 1873-74
| first = Henry Walter
| last = Bellew
| publisher = Trubner & Co
| date = 1875
| pages = 95–98
| access-date = 3 January 2020
| url = https://archive.org/details/kashmirkashgharn00bellrich/page/160
| via = Internet Archive
}}</ref>

On his way back to Yarkand in the summer of 1533 (end of 939 [[Islamic calendar|AH]]), the Sultan once again suffered severe altitude sickness. This time he succumbed near [[Karakoram Pass]]. Bellew argues that the location of his death was at Daulat Beg Oldi. News of the sultan's death led to a bloody struggle for the succession, ending in the ascension of [[Abdurashid Khan]]. Abdurashid Khan recalled the forces in Tibet and exiled Haidar. By then, Haidar had had some successes against the [[Changpa]] Tibetans of [[Payang Town|Baryang]], but his forces suffered greatly from the altitude and elements. By the time the army returned to Yarkand, of the original several thousands, fewer than a dozen were left. The exiled Haidar took refuge with his maternal aunt in Badakhshan. He eventually joined the ranks of the [[Mughal Empire]], where he wrote the ''Tarikh-i-Rashidi''.<ref name="Kohli2000"/><ref name="bellew"/><ref name="book_Cent">{{Cite book
| title = Central Asia on Display: Proceedings of the VII Conference of the European Society for Central Asian Studies
| first = Gabriele
| last = Rasuly-Paleczek
| editor-first = Julia
| editor-last = Katschnig
| volume = 2
| date = 2005
| publisher = LIT Verlag Münster
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wdneenPO-uEC&pg=PA29
| access-date = 2 January 2020
| isbn = 978-3-8258-8586-1
| page = 29
| quote = On the 16th dhu-l-hiddjja 939/July 9th, 1533, on the way back from campaign in Minor Tibet (Ladakh) the founder of the Moghuliyya-Chaghataid state in Eastern Turkestan, Sultan Said-khan died.
}}</ref>

=== Modern era ===
The trade route via the Karakoram Pass was used by caravans traveling between Leh and the [[Tarim Basin]]. Daulat Beg Oldi was a halting point for the caravans. [[Filippo de Filippi (explorer)|Filippo de Filippi]], who explored the area in 1913–1914, described:<ref name=Filippi>{{citation |first=Filippo de |last=Filippi |title=The Italian Expedition to the Himalaya, Karakoram and Eastern Turkestan (1913-1914) |location=London |publisher=Edward Arnold & Co. |year=1932 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43716/page/n7/mode/2up |via=archive.org |pages=311–312}}</ref>
{{blockquote|But on the other hand the caravans come and go incessantly, in the summer, in astonishing numbers. The first one of the season passed on June 28th, coming from Sanju on the Yarkand road; then more and larger ones came; in July there were four in one day, almost all travelling from Central Asia toward Leh—the Ladakhis usually do their trading at home. The caravans were of all sizes, from small groups of 3 or 4 men with 5 or 6 animals to large parties with 40 or more pack-animals; the men on foot or riding asses, the better-to-do merchants on caparisoned horses ...}}
Filippi also wrote that the experienced caravaners passed through the Depsang Plains without stopping, travelling a distance of 31 miles between Daulat Beg Oldi and [[Murgo]] in a single day.<ref name=Filippi/> Others stopped, either at Qizil Langar to the south of Depsang La, or at [[Burtsa]] further south.

The trading caravans declined during the 1940s during tensions in [[Xinjiang Autonomous Region|Xinjiang]] (Chinese Turkestan) and completely stopped in the 1950s.<ref>
{{citation |last=Fewkes |first=Jacqueline H. |title=Trade and Contemporary Society Along the Silk Road: An Ethno-history of Ladakh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAmUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA140 |year=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-97309-4 |pages=140–142}}
</ref> In 1953, the Indian consulate in [[Kashgar]] was closed down. Indian prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] told the Parliament that the Chinese wished to treat [[Xinjiang]] as a "closed area". Subsequently, China built the [[Xinjiang–Tibet Highway]] through [[Aksai Chin]].<ref>Claude Arpi, [https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/columnists/we-shut-our-eyes-once-lets-not-do-so-again.html We shut our eyes once, let's not do so again], The Pioneer, 23 March 2017. {{ProQuest|1879722382}}</ref>

== Sino-Indian border dispute ==
[[File:1947 ROC claim line in Ladakh.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Ladakh border claimed by the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] in a 1947 map.{{efn|Even though the map is of very low resolution, it is apparent that the [[Chip Chap River]] is shown entirely within Ladakh. Qaratagh-su, a stream that flows down from the Qaratagh Pass and joins the [[Karakash River]] is shown as the source of Karakash. {{harvtxt|Karackattu, The Corrosive Compromise|2020|loc=Figure 1}} gives more detailed maps showing Samzungling and Galwan river as part of Ladakh.}}]]
[[File:Depsang Bulge claim lines (1962).jpg|thumb|right|260px|Chinese claim lines in the Depsang Plains: 1956 claim line in green, 1960 claim line in dark brown, 1962 ceasefire line in orange.{{efn|Map by the US Army Headquarters in 1962. In addition to the two claim lines, the blue line indicates the position in 1959, the purple line that in September 1962 prior to the Sino-Indian War, and the orange line, which largely coincides with the dark brown line, the position the end of the war. The dotted lines bound a 20-km demilitarisation zone proposed by China after the war.}}{{efn|The purple line's intersection with the Galwan valley indicates the location of a Chinese 'Day 9' post, whose domination by an Indian post on higher ground caused an "apogee of tension".}}]]

The [[Republic of China (1912–1949)]], having faced a revolution in Tibet in 1911, apparently made secret plans to acquire Aksai Chin plateau in order to create a road link between Xinjiang and Tibet. These plans began to get manifested in public maps only towards the end of its rule.<ref>{{harvp|Hudson, Aksai Chin|1963|pp=17–18}}: "As a part of India, it [Aksai Chin] formed an awkward salient projecting between Sinkiang and Tibet; to get rid of this salient must be an objective of Chinese policy whenever opportunity might offer".
</ref>

While the Republic of China claims included the Aksai Chin proper, they stopped well behind the Karakoram mountains, leaving all the rivers that flow into the Shyok River within India, including the [[Chip Chap River]]. (See map.) Communist China also published the "Big Map of the People's Republic of China" in 1956 with a similar boundary, now called the [[Sino-Indian border dispute#Aksai Chin|1956 claim line]].<ref>{{harvp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=103}}: 'However, the ''"Big Map of the People's Republic of China"'' published in 1956, reverted to the alignment shown on the 1947 Kuomintang map. It is important to note that Chou En-lai, in a letter of 17 December 1959, stated that the 1956 map "correctly shows the traditional boundary between the two countries in this sector."'</ref><ref name=Hoffmann/>

However, in 1960 China advanced its claim line further west, dissecting the Chip Chap River.<ref name=Hoffmann>{{harvp|Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis|1990|pp=76, 93}}</ref> The Chinese said little by way of justification for this advancement other than to claim that it was their "traditional customary boundary" which was allegedly formed through a "long historical process". They claimed that the line was altered in the recent past only due to "British imperialism".{{efn|But the military justification for the advancement is not hard to see. The 1956 claim line ran along the watershed dividing the Shyok River basin and the Lingzitang lake basin. It conceded the strategic higher ground of the Karakoram Range to India. The 1960 claim line advanced it to the Karakoram ridge line despite the fact that it did not form a dividing line of watersheds.}}<ref>
{{harvp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|pp=7–8}}: "When questioned on the divergence between the two maps, Chen Yi, the Chinese Foreign Minister, made the demonstrably absurd assertion that the boundaries as marked on both maps were equally valid. There is only one interpretation that could make this statement meaningful: this was an implied threat to produce another map claiming additional Indian territory if New Delhi continued in its stubborn refusal to cede Aksai Chin."
</ref><ref>{{harvp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=266}}: "Beijing insisted that there was no disparity between its maps of 1956 and 1960, a claim that only served to reinforce Delhi’s opinion that the Chinese were untrustworthy. By the summer of 1960 meaningful diplomacy juddered to a halt."
</ref><ref>
{{harvp|Van Eekelen, Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute |1967|pp=101–102}}: "The Chinese officials maintained ... [the] traditional customary line, reflected in their map, was formed gradually through a long historical process, mainly by the extent up to which each side had exercised administrative jurisdiction;... Without admitting any inconsistency they also argued that the line of actual control differed from the traditional customary line because of British imperialism and the recent pushing forward of India. These factors apparently could not contribute to the continuous process of change."
</ref>

Meanwhile, India continued to claim the entire Aksai Chin plateau.

===1960–1962===
A border post was established at Daulat Beg Oldi (DBO) in 1960 under the supervision of the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB). By September 1961, the Chinese had established a post in the [[Chip Chap River|Chip Chap Valley]] about 4 miles east of the DBO post as well as roads leading to it.{{sfnp|Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis|1990|p=95}}{{sfnp|Kler, Unsung Battles of 1962|1995|pp=350–351}} The Indian Army then set up posts at Burtsa, Qizil Langar, at a 'track junction' in the Depsang Plains and at Sultan Chushku. These were intended to block any further extension of Chinese roads. The Intelligence Bureau post at DBO was also reinforced with an Army unit.{{sfnp|Kler, Unsung Battles of 1962|1995|pp=350–351}}

The DBO post was fired upon by Chinese forces during the [[Sino-Indian War]] on 21 July and 4 August 1962.<ref>{{citation |last=Deepak |first=B. R. |title=India and China: Foreign Policy Approaches and Responses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iko5DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT116 |year=2016 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-85563-46-1 |page=116}}</ref>

=== 1962–present ===
In April 2013, a platoon-sized contingent of the [[People's Liberation Army]] [[2013 Daulat Beg Oldi Incident|established]] a campsite 30 km southeast of DBO,<ref name="30 km">{{cite news
| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/world/neighbours/story/china-india-china-incursion-indo-china-border-160085-2013-04-25
| title = India is no Pushover
| access-date = 7 May 2013}}</ref> a location in the Indian military's "DBO sector." In reference to their own perception of the LAC's location, India initially claimed that the Chinese camp was 10 km on their side, later revising this to a 19 km claim,<ref name="Indian LAC perception">{{cite news
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chinas-Ladakh-intrusion-well-planned-but-govt-playing-it-down/articleshow/19733737.cms
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130430035158/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-26/india/38842635_1_pla-troops-indian-military-delegation-lt-general-b-s-jaswal
| url-status = live
| archive-date = 30 April 2013
| title = China's Ladakh Incursion Well-planned
| access-date = 7 May 2013
| work=The Times of India}}</ref> and claimed that Chinese military helicopters had violated Indian airspace during the incident.<ref>{{cite news
|title=China's Helicopters Violate Indian Airspace
|access-date=7 May 2013
|url-status=dead
|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/JAndK/China-s-helicopters-violate-Indian-airspace/Article1-1049762.aspx
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513104344/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/JAndK/China-s-helicopters-violate-Indian-airspace/Article1-1049762.aspx
|archive-date=13 May 2013
}}</ref> In early May, both sides withdrew their units further back.

== Telecommunications==

High-speed public 4G/5G mobile and internet connectivity was made available in early 2025.<ref name=contt1>[https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/india/troops-in-ladakh-get-4g-5g-connectivity-at-high-altitude-posts-even-up-to-siachen-glacier/articleshow/120434416.cms लद्दाख में सैनिकों को ऊंचाई वाली चौकियों पर मिली 4जी/5जी कनेक्टिविटी, सियाचिन ग्लेशियर तक सिग्नल], navbharattimes, 19 Apr 2025.</ref>

== Transportation ==
===Advanced Landing Ground===
{{Infobox airport
| name = Daulat Beg Oldi Advanced Landing Ground
| ensign = Flag of India.svg
| type = Military
| IATA =
| ICAO = 
| operator = [[Indian Airforce]]
| location = [[Ladakh]], India
| elevation-f = 16730 
}}
[[File:China India western border 88.jpg|thumb|Daulat Beg Oldi shown in the northernmost part of [[Ladakh]] (1988 [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] map).]]

The [[Indian Army]] maintains helipads and a gravel airstrip here, the highest airstrip in the world. Routine sorties are carried out using [[An-32]] aircraft to provide relief and supplies to the troops stationed nearby.<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshowarchive.cms?msid=3088577 |title=IAF Aircraft lands at the highest airstrip in the world |date=31 May 2008 |access-date=31 May 2008 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=3 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003094608/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshowarchive.cms?msid=3088577 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The base was established during the Sino-Indian conflict in 1962, with the first landing by Squadron Leader C.K.S Raje who set a record for the world's highest aircraft landing at the time. It was operated with American-supplied [[C-82 Packet|Fairchild Packets]] from 1962 to 1966, when
it had to be closed down suddenly when an earthquake caused loosening of the surface soil, making the area unsuitable for fixed-wing aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/IAF_reopens_old_airbase_in_Ladakh_region/rssarticleshow/3088683.cms
|title=IAF reopens old airbase in Ladakh region |date=31 May 2008 |access-date=31 May 2008 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Work was undertaken to make the airfield operational again, and was marked on 31 May 2008, when an [[Indian Air Force]] [[An-32]] landed.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/IAF-reopens-old-air-base-near-China-border/articleshow/3088108.cms |title=IAF reopens old air base near China border |date=31 May 2008 |access-date=31 May 2008 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=22 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022112111/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-31/india/27753377_1_air-base-iaf-plans-air-maintenance |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Indian Air Force]] first landed transports here between 1962 and 1965 and then after a gap for 43 years, the IAF started landing at DBO in 2008. In a significant demonstration of its capabilities, the Indian Air Force landed a [[C-130J Super Hercules]] transport aircraft in Daulat Beg Oldi on 20 August 2013, thirty kilometers from where the [[2013 Daulat Beg Oldi Incident]] took place in April 2013. This landing could qualify as a world record for a medium-lift aircraft landing at this altitude.<ref>{{cite news |title=IAF's C-130J transporter lands near India-China border |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/iaf-s-c-130j-transporter-lands-near-india-china-border-113082000835_1.html |access-date=20 August 2013 |newspaper=Business Standard |date=20 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=10 reasons why IAF's C-130J Super Hercules landing in Daulat Beg Oldie, Ladakh is important |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-air-force-super-hercules-c-103j-landing-daulat-beg-oldie-ladakh-china-174397-2013-08-19 |access-date=20 August 2013 |newspaper=India Today |date=20 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=In show of strength to China, Air Force lands C 130J-30 at Daulat Beg Oldie |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/in-show-of-strength-to-china-air-force-lands-c-130j-30-at-daulat-beg-oldie-408107?curl=1377023374 |access-date=20 August 2013 |newspaper=NDTV |date=20 August 2013}}</ref>

=== DS-DBO Road ===
In 2001, the Indian government decided to construct a motorable road from Leh to Daulat Beg Oldi. The road was completed in 2019. The 255-km is [[Darbuk-Shyok-DBO Road]] (DS-DBO Road) runs at elevations between 4,000 and 5,000 metres (13,000–16,000 ft). It follows the old winter caravan route via the Shyok River valley going via [[Murgo]], Burtsa Nala and Depsang Plains. The travel time is said to be six hours.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/india-completes-vital-ladakh-road-762332 |title=India completes vital Ladakh road}}</ref>

===Sasoma–Saser La-DBO Road===

[[Sasoma–Saser La Road]] to DBO provides a much shorter alternative access from [[Nubra Valley]] to DBO as compared to the longer 230 km route via "DS-DBO Road",<ref name=sssgd1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/alternate-alignment-to-daulat-beg-oldi-road-gets-wildlife-board-nod/articleshow/91160241.cms Alternate alignment to Daulat Beg Oldi Road gets wildlife board nod], Economic Times, 29 Apr 2022.</ref><ref name="tridbo2">[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-working-on-two-roads-in-ladakh-amid-border-row/story-lAh4LPrp20Z1wxX4AU9EON.html India working on two roads in Ladakh amid border row], Hindustan Times, 9 July 2020.</ref> reducing the travel time between Nubra valley and DBO from 2 days to mere 6 hours.<ref name=ssroute2>[https://thediplomat.com/2023/10/the-bros-mega-project-in-eastern-ladakh-a-new-road-to-daulat-beg-oldi/ The BRO’s Mega Project in Eastern Ladakh: A New Road to Daulat Beg Oldi], The Diplomat, 6 October 2023.</ref>

=== Connection with Border Personnel Meeting Hut ===
While an alternate route to connect Daulat Beg Oldi with the Border Personnel Meeting Hut was approved by the Standing Committee of the [[National Board for Wildlife]] (SC-NBWL) in October 2024 for quick troop and logistics movement, the actual construction of a {{Convert|10.26|km|abbr=on}}-stretch of a road link for this purpose was approved later, in July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-11 |title=Ladakh to Arunachal, 30 Defence projects get wildlife panel nod |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ladakh-to-arunachal-30-defence-projects-get-wildlife-panel-nod-10119131/ |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The overall {{Convert|130|km|mi|abbr=on}}-long link named '''Sasoma–Sasser La–Sasser Brangsa–Gapshan–DBO link''' would serve as an alternative to the DS-DBO Road and will aid troop movement between DBO and [[Siachen Base Camp (India)|Siachen Base Camp]]. The road has nine bridges which are currently capable of carrying weights of up to {{Convert|40|t|lbs|abbr=on}} with plans to convert then to Class-70 bridges in coming future to assist in movements of heavy armoured vehicles. The construction and maintenance is being assigned to the [[Border Roads Organisation]] (BRO) under [[Border Roads Organisation#Projects and initiatives|Project Vijayak]] (Sasoma–Sasser Brangsa) at cost of {{INRConvert|300|c|lk=on|year=2025}} and [[Border Roads Organisation#Projects and initiatives|Himank]] (Sasser Brangsa–DBO) at a cost of {{INRConvert|200|c|lk=|year=2025}}.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

As of July 2025, the road's construction was complete from [[Sasoma]] to Sasser Brangsa and until east of [[Murgo]] and Gashpan. All types of artillery guns were transported upto the point to test the capacity and all have been a success. While 70% of the works are completed, the road is expected to be operationalised by October–November 2026, following which it will serve between March and September during the summers. However, a tunnel at {{Convert|17800|ft|m|abbr=on}} [[Sasser La]] is being proposed to provide all-year, all-weather service. Following clearance by government, an estimated 4–5 years is expected to operationalise the proposed tunnel.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=India Fighter Airbase in Ladakh: Nyoma Base Ready for October Takeoff |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/indias-fighter-airbase-in-eastern-ladakh-set-for-october-takeoff-2-3638767 |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2025-07-19 |title=Alternate route to strategic Depsang, DBO to be operational by end of 2026 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jul/19/alternate-route-to-strategic-depsang-dbo-to-be-operational-by-end-of-2026 |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

As of September 2025, India has accelerated infrastructure at Daulat Beg Oldi, including new road alignments, 70-tonne bridge upgrades, and [[Optical fiber|optical fibre]] connectivity to forward posts. These measures reduce travel time, enhance logistics, and strengthen operational preparedness along the [[Line of Actual Control]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sentinels |first=India |title=India’s strategic alternative road to Daulet Beg Oldie to open by November 2026 |url=https://www.indiasentinels.com/defence-ministry/bro/indias-strategic-alternative-road-to-daulet-beg-oldie-to-open-by-november-2026-6932 |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=www.indiasentinels.com}}</ref>

==India-China Border Meeting point==
{{Further |Border Personnel Meeting point#Daulat Beg Oldi - Tianwendian}}
Daulat Beg Oldi – [[Tianwendian]] is the highest of the five officially agreed [[Border Personnel Meeting point]]s between the [[Indian Army]] and the [[People's Liberation Army]] of China for regular consultations and interactions between the two armies, which helps in defusing stand-offs.<ref name=n18>{{cite web |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/indian-chinese-armies-decide-to-improve-ties-at-functional-level-1184462.html |title=Indian, Chinese armies decide to improve ties at functional level |website=News18 |date=2 January 2016 |access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref> The first meeting at this location was held on 1 August 2015 ([[PLA Day]]). The events included a Chinese cultural programme and other ceremonies meant to improve relations. Later in the month, India hosted a delegation from the PLA on the occasion of [[Indian Independence Day]] and celebrated with traditional songs and dances from Indian culture, [[Gatka]] martial arts, and motorcycle acrobatics performed by the [[Indian Army Corps of Signals]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/new-border-meeting-point-at-daulat-beg-oldie-in-ladakh-sector/ |title=New Indo-China border meeting point at Daulat Beg Oldie in Ladakh sector |date=15 Aug 2015 |first=Adil |last=Akhzer |newspaper=The Indian Express |access-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> The first ceremonial BPM ever held on New Year's Day was here in 2016.<ref name=n18/>

A meeting hut was constructed approximately a year after the meeting point was opened.<ref>{{cite news |title=India, China hold meet in Ladakh on Independence Day |url=http://indiaatmelbourne.com.au/india/india-china-hold-meet-in-ladakh-on-independence-day/ |access-date=19 November 2017 |work=India at Melbourne |date=16 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030357/http://indiaatmelbourne.com.au/india/india-china-hold-meet-in-ladakh-on-independence-day/ |archive-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Fukche Advanced Landing Ground]]
*[[China National Highway 219]]
*[[Depsang Plains]]
*[[Thoise]]
*[[Tianwendian]]
*[[India-China Border Roads]]
* [[List of locations in Aksai Chin]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |last1=Fisher |first1=Margaret W. |last2=Rose |first2=Leo E. |last3=Huttenback |first3=Robert A. |title=Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh |date=1963 |publisher=Praeger |url=https://archive.org/details/himalayanbattleg0000unse/mode/2up |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963}}}}
* {{citation |last=Hoffmann |first=Steven A. |title=India and the China Crisis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BpSRwC5_EPUC |year=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-06537-6 |ref={{sfnref|Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis|1990}}}}
* {{citation |last=Kler |first=Gurdip Singh |title=Unsung Battles of 1962 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hciHTVUILb4C&pg=PA110 |year=1995 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1-897829-09-7 |ref={{sfnref|Kler, Unsung Battles of 1962|1995}}}}
* {{citation |last=Hudson |first=G. F. |chapter=Aksai Chin |title=Far Eastern Affairs |series=St. Antony's Papers |volume=14 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |location=London |year=1963 |chapter-url=http://pahar.in/?wpfb_dl=20160 |ref={{sfnref|Hudson, Aksai Chin|1963}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Karackattu |first1=Joe Thomas |title=The Corrosive Compromise of the Sino-Indian Border Management Framework: From Doklam to Galwan |journal=Asian Affairs |volume=51 |issue=3 |year=2020 |pages=590–604 |issn=0306-8374 |doi=10.1080/03068374.2020.1804726 |s2cid=222093756 |ref={{sfnref|Karackattu, The Corrosive Compromise|2020}}}}
* {{citation |first=B. N. |last=Mullik |title=My Years with Nehru: The Chinese Betrayal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGRuAAAAMAAJ |year=1971 |publisher=Allied Publishers |ref={{sfnref|Mullik, The Chinese Betrayal|1971}}}}
* {{cite book |last1=Raghavan |first1=S. |title=War and Peace in Modern India |date=27 August 2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-0-230-24215-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtY6zwEACAAJ |language=en |ref={{harvid|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Sandhu |first1=P. J. S. |last2=Shankar |first2=Vinay |last3=Dwivedi |first3=G. G. |title=1962: A View from the Other Side of the Hill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=boBNCgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-84464-37-0 |ref={{sfnref|Sandhu, Shankar & Dwivedi, 1962 from the Other Side of the Hill|2015}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Van Eekelen |first1=Willem Frederik |title=Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8eTzBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA163 |year=1967 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-017-6555-8 |ref={{sfnref|Van Eekelen, Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute|1967}}}}
** {{citation |last=Van Eekelen |first=Willem |title=Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China: A New Look at Asian Relationships |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3nsCgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-30431-4 |ref={{sfnref|Van Eekelen, Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute|2015}}}}

{{Ladakh}}
{{Indian Air Force}}

== External links==
* [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/iaf-to-have-7-operational-advanced-landing-grounds-in-arunachal-pradesh-in-a-month/articleshow/49809013.cms?from=mdr IAF's ALG]

[[Category:Geography of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force bases]]

2021 Kolkata Knight Riders season

2025-10-30T03:47:27Z

Igurushivamy: Starting basic post needs work

{{Short description|Kolkata Knight Riders in 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Kolkata Knight Riders
| season = [[2021 Indian Premier League|2021]]
| coach = [[Brendon McCullum]]
| captain =[[Eoin Morgan]]
| ground = [[Eden Gardens]]
| comp1 = [[2021 Indian Premier League]]
| comp1 result = Runner up
| most runs = [[Shubman Gill]] (478)
| most wickets = [[Varun Chakravarthy]] (18)
| prevseason = [[Kolkata Knight Riders in 2020|2020]]
| nextseason = [[Kolkata Knight Riders in 2022|2022]]
}}

The 2021 season was the 14th season for the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) franchise [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (KKR). They were one of the eight teams that competed in the [[2021 Indian Premier League|2021 IPL]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=IPL 2021 Auction: VIVO Remains The Title Sponsor As BCCI Releases The Player Auction List|url=https://cricket.yahoo.net/news/ipl-2021-auction-vivo-remains-175508420|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=12 February 2021|website=Yahoo! Cricket}}</ref> The franchise won the tournament in [[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]] and [[2014 Indian Premier League|2014]].<ref name="IPl-Schedule. net">{{cite web|url = http://www.ipl-schedule.net/ipl-2012-final-kolkata-knight-riders-win-ipl-5-beat-chennai-super-kings/|title = Kolkata Knight Riders win IPL 5, beat Chennai Super Kings|access-date = 13 October 2012|archive-date = 2 June 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120602070808/http://www.ipl-schedule.net/ipl-2012-final-kolkata-knight-riders-win-ipl-5-beat-chennai-super-kings/|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Records / Twenty20 matches / Team records / Most consecutive wins|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/305308.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2 October 2014}}</ref> The team was captained by [[Eoin Morgan]] with [[Brendon McCullum]] as the team coach. They finished their 2021 IPL campaign as runners-up.

==Background==
=== Player retention and transfers ===
{{Main|List of 2021 Indian Premier League personnel changes}}
The franchise retained 17 players and released six players.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|title=IPL 2021 PLAYER RETENTIONS LIST|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/228284/ipl-2021-player-retentions-list|access-date=20 January 2021|date=20 January 2021|publisher=IPLt20}}</ref>

;Retained: [[Eoin Morgan]], [[Andre Russell]], [[Dinesh Karthik]], [[Kamlesh Nagarkoti]], [[Kuldeep Yadav]], [[Lockie Ferguson]], [[Nitish Rana]], [[Prasidh Krishna]], [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]], [[Sandeep Warrier]], [[Shivam Mavi]], [[Shubman Gill]], [[Sunil Narine]], [[Pat Cummins]], [[Rahul Tripathi]], [[Varun Chakravarthy]], [[Tim Seifert]]

;Released: [[Chris Green (cricketer)|Chris Green]], [[Harry Gurney]], [[M Siddharth]], [[Nikhil Naik]], [[Siddhesh Lad]], [[Tom Banton]]

;Added: [[Harbhajan Singh]], [[Shakib Al Hasan]], [[Sheldon Jackson (cricketer)|Sheldon Jackson]], [[Vaibhav Arora]], [[Venkatesh Iyer]], [[Karun Nair]], [[Ben Cutting]]

== Squad ==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center;"| No.
! style="text-align:center;"| Name
! style="text-align:center;"| Nationality
! style="text-align:center;"| Birth date
! style="text-align:center;"| Batting style
! style="text-align:center;"| Bowling style
! style="text-align:center;"| Year signed
! style="text-align:center;"| Salary
! style="text-align:center;"| Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"|Batsmen
|-
|16|| '''[[Eoin Morgan]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1986|9|10|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm medium || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|5.25|c|-3}} || Overseas; [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
|-
|18|| '''[[Gurkeerat Singh]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1990|06|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;" | {{INRConvert|50|l|-3}} || Replacement for Rinku Singh<ref>{{Cite web|title=KKR sign Gurkeerat as replacement for injured Rinku|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/116912/kkr-sign-gurkeerat-as-replacement-for-injured-rinku|access-date=2021-04-04|website=Cricbuzz|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|27|| '''[[Nitish Rana]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1993|12|27|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3.4|c|-3}} ||
|-
|35|| [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1997|10|12|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|80|l|-3}} || Unavailable due to knee injury<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gurkeerat Singh Mann signs up with Kolkata Knight Riders as replacement for Rinku Singh|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/228485/gurkeerat-singh-mann-signs-up-with-kolkata-knight-riders-as-replacement-for-rinku-singh|access-date=2021-04-04|website=www.iplt20.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|52|| [[Rahul Tripathi]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1991|3|2|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|60|l|-3}} ||
|-
|66|| '''[[Karun Nair]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1991|12|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l|-3}} ||
|-
|77|| '''[[Shubman Gill]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1999|9|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.8|c|-3}} ||
|-! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-Rounders
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-Rounder
|-
|12|| '''[[Andre Russell]]''' || {{cr|Jamaica}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1988|4|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|7|c|1}} || Overseas, Injured
|-
|15|| '''[[Pawan Negi]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1993|1|6|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Left-arm orthodox|orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l|-3}} ||
|-
|25|| [[Venkatesh Iyer]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1994|12|25|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|31|| '''[[Ben Cutting]]''' || {{cr|Australia}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1987|1|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|75|l|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|75|| '''[[Shakib Al Hasan]]''' || {{cr|Bangladesh}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1987|3|24|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Left-arm orthodox|orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3.2|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-Keepers
|-
|19|| '''[[Dinesh Karthik]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1985|6|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|7.4|c|1}} || Vice-captain
|-
|21|| [[Sheldon Jackson (cricketer)|Sheldon Jackson]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1986|9|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|43|| '''[[Tim Seifert]]''' || {{cr|New Zealand}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1994|12|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} || Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Spin-Bowlers
|-
|3|| '''[[Harbhajan Singh]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1980|7|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c}} ||
|-
|23|| '''[[Kuldeep Yadav]]''' || {{cr|India}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1994|12|14|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Slow left-arm wrist-spin|unorthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|5.8|c|-3}}||
|-
|29|| '''[[Varun Chakravarthy]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1991|8|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4|c}} ||
|-
|74|| '''[[Sunil Narine]]''' || {{cr|Trinidad}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1988|5|26|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|8.5|c|1}} || Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Pace Bowlers
|-
|5|| [[Kamlesh Nagarkoti]] || {{cr|India}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1999|12|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3.2|c|-3}} ||
|-
|14|| [[Vaibhav Arora]] || {{cr|India}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1997|12|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|24|| '''[[Prasidh Krishna]]''' || {{cr|India}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1996|02|19|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|26|| [[Shivam Mavi]] || {{cr|India}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1998|11|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3|c|-3}} ||
|-
|30|| '''[[Pat Cummins]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1993|5|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|15.5|c}} || Overseas, Unavailable due to Personal reasons<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/pat-cummins-to-jos-buttler-list-of-players-who-have-pulled-out-of-ipl-2021s-2nd-leg-in-uae/802042|title=Pat Cummins to Jos Buttler: List of players who have pulled out of IPL 2021's 2nd leg in UAE|work=Times Now News|access-date=22 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|43|| '''[[Tim Southee]]''' || {{cr|New Zealand}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1988|12|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2021 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|75|l|-3}} || Overseas, Replacement for Pat Cummins<ref>{{Cite web|title=KKR sign Tim Southee for remainder of IPL 2021|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/amp/cricket-news/118740/kkr-sign-tim-southee-for-remainder-of-ipl-2021-cricbuzzcom|access-date=26 August 2021|website=CricBuzz|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|63|| '''[[Sandeep Warrier]]''' || {{cr|India}} || {{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1991|04|04|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|69|| '''[[Lockie Ferguson]]''' || {{cr|New Zealand}} ||{{birth date and age2|2021|04|11|1991|06|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.6|c}} || Overseas
|-! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"|
|-
! colspan="9" style="text-align: center;"| Source: [https://www.kkr.in/players KKR Players]
|}

==Administration and support staff==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center;"| Position
! style="text-align:center;"| Name
|-
| Owner|| [[Shah Rukh Khan]] ([[Red Chillies Entertainment]]), [[Jay Mehta]] ([[Mehta Group]])
|-
|CEO and Managing Director|| [[Venky Mysore]]
|-
|Team manager|| Wayne Bentley
|-
|Head coach|| [[Brendon McCullum]]
|-
|Assistant coach|| [[Abhishek Nayar]]
|-
|Mentor|| [[David Hussey]]
|-
|Bowling coach|| [[Kyle Mills]]
|-
|Fielding coach|| [[James Foster (cricketer, born 1980)|James Foster]]
|-
|Head Physiotherapist|| Kamlesh Jain
|-
|Strength and Conditioning coach|| [[Chris Donaldson]]
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| Source: [https://www.kkr.in/players KKR Staff]
|}

==Kit manufacturers and sponsors==

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!Kit manufacturer
!Shirt sponsor (chest)
!Shirt sponsor (back)
!Chest Branding
|-
|[[Wrogn|Wrogn Active]]
|MPL
|Unacademy
|[[Lux Cozi]]
|-
! colspan="4" style="text-align:right;"|Source :[https://www.kkr.in/ kkr.in] 
|}
{{col-2}}
|{{Cricket uniform
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _yellowshoulders
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = 4B0082
| body = 4B0082
| rightarm = 4B0082
| pants = 4B0082
| title = T20 uniform
}}
{{col-end}}

==Teams and standings==
=== Results by match ===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b
|header=Round
|label2= Result
| res2=
W/L/L/L/L/W/L/W/W/L/W/L/W/W

|label3= Position
| pos3=
2/5/6/6/8/5/7/5/4/4/4/4/4/4

| color_W = green2|text_W=Win
| color_NR = yellow2|text_NR=No Result
| color_L = red2|text_L=Loss
| color_1-2=green1| color_3-4=#ffc
| source = Fixtures
}}

===League table===
{{2021 Indian Premier League Points table|showteam=KKR}}

==League stage==
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])}}
The full schedule was published on the IPL website on 7 March 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/228478/bcci-announces-schedule-for-vivo-ipl-2021|title=IPL schedule|access-date=7 March 2021}}</ref>

{{main|2021 Indian Premier League #League stage}}

=== Matches ===
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match3}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match5}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match10}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match15}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match18}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match21}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match25}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match31}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match34}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match38}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match41}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match45}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match49}}
----
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match54}}

==Playoffs==
{{main|2021 Indian Premier League #Playoffs}}
;Eliminator
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match58}}
----
;Qualifier 2
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match59}}
----
;Final
{{#section:2021 Indian Premier League|match60}}

==Statistics==

===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Match
! Inns
! NO
! Runs
! HS
! Ave.
! BF
! SR
! 100s
! 50s
! 0s
! 4s
! 6s
|-
| 1 ||[[Shubman Gill]]|| 17 || 17 || 0
! 478
|| 94 || 45.11 || 402 || 118.90 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 39 || 11
|-
| 2 ||[[Rahul Tripathi]] || 17 || 16 || 2
! 397
|| 74[[Not out|*]] || 28.35 || 283 || 140.28 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 41 || 11
|-
| 3 ||[[Nitish Rana]]|| 17 || 16 || 3
! 383
|| 80 || 29.46 || 314 || 121.97 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 34 || 17
|-
| 4 ||[[Venkatesh Iyer]] || 10 || 10 || 1
! 370
|| 67 || 41.11 || 288 || 128.47 || 0 || 4|| 0 || 37 || 14
|-
| 5 ||[[Dinesh Karthik]] || 17 || 15 || 5
! 223
|| 40 || 22.30 || 170 || 131.17 || 0 || 0|| 1 || 22 || 7
|-
| 6 ||[[Andre Russell]] || 10 || 9 || 2
! 183
|| 54 || 26.14 || 120 || 152.50 || 0 || 1|| 0 || 14 || 14
|-
| 7 ||[[Eoin Morgan]] || 17 || 16 ||4
! 133
|| 47[[Not out|*]] || 11.08 || 139 || 95.68 || 0 || 0|| 4 || 8 || 6
|-
| 8 ||[[Pat Cummins]] || 7 || 5 || 2
! 93
|| 66[[Not out|*]] || 31.00 || 56 || 166.07 || 0 || 1|| 1 || 5 || 8
|-
| 9 ||[[Sunil Narine]] || 14 || 10 || 2
! 62
|| 26 || 7.75 || 47 || 113.91 || 0 || 0|| 3 || 3 || 5
|-
| 10 ||[[Shakib Al Hasan]] || 8 || 6 || 1
! 47
|| 26 || 9.40 || 48 || 97.91 || 0 || 0|| 2 || 3 || 1
|-
|11
|[[Shivam Mavi]]
|9
|2
|0
!25
|20
|12.50
|20
|125.00
|0
|0
|0
|2
|2
|-
|}
* '''Source:''' ESPNcricinfo<ref>{{Cite web|title=KKR Most runs in IPL 2021|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?class=6&id=2021&team=4341&type=year|access-date=4 October 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Match
! Inns
! Overs
! Maidens
! Runs
! Wickets
! BBI
! Avg.
! Econ.
! SR
! 4W
! 5W
|-
| 1 || [[Varun Chakravarthy]] || 17 || 17 || 68.0 || 0 || 448
! 18
|| 3/13 || 24.88 || 6.58 || 22.66 || 0 || 0
|-
| 2 || [[Sunil Narine]] || 14 || 14 || 56.0 || 0 || 361
! 16
|| 4/21 || 22.56 || 6.44 || 21.0 || 1 || 0
|-
| 3 || [[Lockie Ferguson]] || 8 || 8 || 30.0 || 0 || 224
! 13
|| 3/18 || 17.23 || 7.46 || 13.84 || 0 || 0
|-
| 4 || [[Prasidh Krishna]] || 10 || 10 || 38.3 || 0 || 351
! 12
|| 3/30 || 29.25 || 9.11 || 19.25 || 0 || 0
|-
| 5 || [[Shivam Mavi]] || 9 || 9 || 32.1 || 0 || 233
! 11
|| 4/21 || 21.18 || 7.24 || 17.54 || 1 || 0
|-
| 6 || [[Andre Russell]] || 10 || 8 || 19.0 || 0 || 188
! 11
|| 5/15 || 17.09 || 9.89 || 10.36 || 0 || 1
|-
| 7 || [[Pat Cummins]]|| 7 || 7 || 26.5 || 0 || 237
! 9
|| 3/24 || 26.33 || 8.83 || 17.88 || 0 || 0
|-
| 8 || [[Shakib Al Hasan]] || 8 || 8 || 26.0 || 0 || 187
! 4
|| 1/1 || 46.75 || 7.19 || 39.0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 9 || [[Venkatesh Iyer]]|| 10 || 4 || 8.3 || 0 || 69
! 3
|| 2/29 || 20.00 || 8.11 || 17.00 || 0 || 0
|-
| 10 || [[Tim Southee]]|| 3 || 3 || 12.0 || 0 || 95
! 3
|| 2/26 || 31.66 || 7.91 || 24.00 || 0 || 0
|-
|}
* '''Source:''' ESPNcricinfo<ref>{{Cite web|title=KKR Most wickets in IPL 2021|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?class=6&id=2021&team=4341&type=year|access-date=4 October 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Player of the match awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! No.
! Date
! Player
! Opponent
! Result
! Contribution
! Ref.
|-
| 1 || {{dts|1=2021|2=4|3=11|format=dmy}} ||[[Nitish Rana]] || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] ||Won by 10 runs || 80 (56) ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rana, Tripathi, Prasidh star in KKR's opening win|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/sunrisers-hyderabad-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-3rd-match-1254060/match-report|access-date=11 April 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2 || {{dts|1=2021|2=4|3=26|format=dmy}} ||[[Eoin Morgan]] || [[Punjab Kings]] ||Won by 5 Wickets || 47[[not out|*]] (40) ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Morgan, bowlers lift Kolkata Knight Riders off bottom of IPL points table |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/punjab-kings-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-21st-match-1254078/match-report |access-date=26 April 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 3 || {{dts|1=2021|2=9|3=20|format=dmy}} ||[[Varun Chakravarthy]] || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] ||Won by 9 Wickets || 3/13 (4) ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Varun Chakravarthy, Andre Russell rout Royal Challengers Bangalore for 92 to set up big win |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-31st-match-1254087/match-report |access-date=20 September 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 4 || {{dts|1=2021|2=9|3=23|format=dmy}} ||[[Sunil Narine]] || [[Mumbai Indians]] ||Won by 7 Wickets || 1/20 (4) ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iyer, Tripathi put KKR in top four after bowlers rein Mumbai in |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/mumbai-indians-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-34th-match-1254096/match-report|access-date=24 September 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 5 || {{dts|1=2021|2=9|3=28|format=dmy}} ||[[Sunil Narine]] || [[Delhi Capitals]] ||Won by 3 Wickets || 2/18 (4) and 21 (10) ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=All-star bowling, key blows from Narine and Rana give Knight Riders win |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-delhi-capitals-41st-match-1254092/match-report |access-date=28 September 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 6 || {{dts|1=2021|2=10|3=3|format=dmy}} ||[[Shubman Gill]] || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] ||Won by 6 Wickets || 57 (51) ||<ref>{{Cite web|title= Shubman Gill, bowlers boost KKR's playoffs chances |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-49th-match-1254109/match-report |access-date=3 October 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|-
| 7 || {{dts|1=2021|2=10|3=7|format=dmy}} ||[[Shivam Mavi]] || [[Rajasthan Royals]] ||Won by 86 runs || 4/21 (4 overs) ||<ref>{{Cite web|title= Clinical Knight Riders in line for final playoff spot after Royals demolition job |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-rajasthan-royals-54th-match-1254106/match-report |access-date=7 October 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 8 || {{dts|1=2021|2=10|3=11|format=dmy}}: Eliminator ||[[Sunil Narine]] || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || Won by 4 wickets || 4/21 (4 overs) and 26 (15) ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Narine stars with bat and ball, puts KKR in Qualifier 2, ends Kohli's tenure as RCB captain with defeat |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-eliminator-1254115/match-report |access-date=11 October 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 9 || {{dts|1=2021|2=10|3=13|format=dmy}}: Qualifier 2 ||[[Venkatesh Iyer]] || [[Delhi Capitals]] || Won by 3 wickets || 55 (41) ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rahul Tripathi's dramatic six takes nervy Knight Riders into final |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/delhi-capitals-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-qualifier-2-1254116/match-report |access-date=13 October 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2021 Indian Premier League}}
{{Kolkata Knight Riders}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kolkata Knight Riders in 2021}}
[[Category:Kolkata Knight Riders seasons|2021]]
[[Category:2021 Indian Premier League]]

Ashok Kumar Bal

2025-09-29T21:41:18Z

Igurushivamy: Starting the bio initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Korei Assembly constituency|Korei]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2024
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Pritiranjan Gharai]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| image =
}}
'''Ashok Kumar Bal''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He was a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]], representing [[Korei Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Korei Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/korei-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916716.html |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Korei Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Korei Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/korei-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar Bal, Ashok}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Zafar Saifullah

2025-09-07T21:45:50Z

Igurushivamy: revised

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
'''Zafar Saifullah Sanglikar''' (c. 1936 – 25 July 2014) was appointed [[Cabinet Secretary#India|Cabinet Secretary]] of the [[Government of India]] from 1993 to 1994.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newkerala.com/news/2014/fullnews-86118.html#.U9kYLYBdXeV |title=Ex-cabinet secretary Zafar Saifullah is dead |work=New Kerala |date=30 July 2014 |access-date=12 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Roshni |editor=Nalin Mehta |title=Television in India: Satellites, Politics and Cultural Change |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LfQdZBH8UZYC&q=%22Zafar+Saifullah%22&pg=PT102 |access-date=12 April 2015 |date=30 May 2008 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-0-203-89559-7 |page=92 |chapter=Muslims on Television}}</ref>

He belonged to the [[Karnataka]] cadre of [[Indian Administrative Service]] officers.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/oct/02states.htm |title=Smaller states: Does size matter? |date=2 October 1998 |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=22 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="Minorities">{{Cite book |last=Mahmood |first=Tahir |title=Minorities Commission : minor role in major affairs |publisher=Pharos Media & Pub |location=New Delhi |year=2001 |pages=56, 82 |isbn=978-81-7221-018-2 |oclc=48508180}}</ref> Prior to his role as Cabinet Secretary, he held a variety of positions including that of Member Secretary of the [[National Commission for Minorities|Minorities Commission of India]],<ref name="Minorities" /> Advisor to the [[Governor of Haryana]],<ref>{{Cite journal |journal=Data India |publisher=[[Press Trust of India]] |location=New Delhi |page=35 |issn=0377-6832 |oclc=1797778}}</ref> Secretary of Rural Development, Government of Karnataka,<ref>{{Cite journal |year=1981 |title=Karnataka |journal=[[India Today]] |publisher=[[Living Media]] |location=Delhi |volume=6 |issn=1544-6689 |oclc=40894687}}</ref> among others.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=CCLP.BO&officerId=959938 |title=Saifullah, Zafar: Brief Biography |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=22 January 2010}}</ref>

In 2008, Saifullah edited and published a book, ''Sulaimanis – Lives Less Ordinary''. The book was released by the [[Vice-President of India]] [[Hamid Ansari]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=42151 |title=Vice President Releases a Book 'Sulaimanis -Lives Less Ordinary' |date=1 September 2008 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |access-date=22 January 2010}}</ref>

Zafar Saifullah is first Muslim IAS officer who served as [[Cabinet Secretary of India]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saifullah, Zafar}}
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Ismailis]]
[[Category:Sulaymani Bohras]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Cabinet secretaries of India]]
[[Category:1930s births]]

{{Karnataka-politician-stub}}

Kenjakura

2025-08-17T01:49:46Z

Igurushivamy: put up basic stub v1 - done

{{Short description|Village in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
'''Kenjakura''' is a village in [[Bankura district|Bankura]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2023 |title=Kenjakura |url=https://bankura.gov.in/public-utility/kenjakura/ |access-date=2 November 2023 |website=Bankura}}</ref> The village is under the [[Bankura I]] block.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2023 |title=Kenjakura Village {{!}} Map of Kenjakura Village in Bankura I Tehsil, Bankura of West Bengal |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/west-bengal/bankura/bankura-i/kenjakura.html |access-date=2 November 2023 |website=Maps of India}}</ref> It is surrounded by the [[Dwarakeswar River]] in the west to south. The village's economy is mostly dependent on rice farming and brassware.<ref>{{Cite news |last=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় |first=প্রীতম |date=18 September 2023 |title=Vishwakarma Puja : 'জৌলুস' হারিয়েছে কাঁসা, বাঁকুড়ার 'শিল্প গ্রামে' টিমটিমে বিশ্বকর্মা |pages=1 |work=[[Ei Samay Sangbadpatra]] |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/others/bankura-kenjakura-silpa-gram-lose-its-good-time-of-brass-alloy-industries/articleshow/103746853.cms |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref> The 2011 census stated the village had a population of 3955, of which 2050 were male and 1905 were female.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2 November 2023 |title=Kenjakura Population - Bankura, West Bengal |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/326893-kenjakura-west-bengal.html |journal=Census 2011 |volume=1 |issue=1}}</ref>

== Culture ==
The residents of Kenjakura primarily worship [[Vishvakarma]], reflecting the village's significant involvement in bell metal and brassware production, as well as engineering works. Kenjakura has gained regional attention for its export of various goods, including handloom textiles, brass utensils, and a local delicacy known as Giant ''[[Jalebi|Jilipis]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goswami |first=Joyjibon |date=19 September 2022 |title=Kenjakura Sweet-Trader's 2kg Jumbo Jalebi Gains Popularity Across West Bengal |pages=1 |work=News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/kenjakura-sweet-traders-2kg-jumbo-jalebi-gains-popularity-across-west-bengal-5990131.html |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=With poverty and no govt support, Tant weavers in Bankura forced to switch |pages=1 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/with-poverty-and-no-govt-support-tant-weavers-in-bankura-forced-to-switch-101617088133671.html |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Giri |first=Anil |date=16 September 2021 |title=Kenjakura Jalebi : প্যাঁচে কেঞ্জাকুড়ার মেগা জিলিপ! ব্যবসায় করোনার কামড় |pages=1 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/west-bengal/photo/kenjakura-jalebi-bankura-covid-hits-sweet-market-abk-298011-2021-09-16 |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref>

== Geography ==

The village is situated at a longitude of 86.874, and latitude of 23.25241.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2023 |title=Kenjakura, (West Bengal) Map |url=https://indiamapia.com/Bankura/Kenjakura.html |access-date=2 November 2023 |website=IndiaMapia}}</ref> The nearest railway station from Kenjakura is [[Chhatna railway station]]. [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]] is the nearest International airport at a distance of 186.2km. The postal code number of Kenjakura is 722139.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2023 |title=Kenjakura pin code |pages=1 |work=[[ABP News]] |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/west-bengal/bankura/kenjakura-pincode-722139.html |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref>

== Festivals and rituals ==
[[Dwarakeswar River]] is a holy place for the people in Kenjakura. The village god Sanjivani is believed to be reside here near the bank of Dwarakeswar river. Kenjakura and the surrounding villagers celebrate a whole-day festival at 'Maagh 4th' of [[Bengali calendars|Bengali calendar]]. They celebrate the day with a family picnic with puffed rice and raw vegetables.<ref>{{Cite news |last=জোয়ারদার |first=সায়নী |date=18 January 2022 |title=Muri Mela: ধামা ভরা মুড়ির সঙ্গে চপ-বেগুনি-জিলিপি-মিঠাই! ফি বছর দ্বারকেশ্বরের চরে বসে মুড়ি মেলা |pages=1 |work=TV9 Bangla |url=https://tv9bangla.com/west-bengal/bankura/muri-mela-of-bankura-kenjakura-organised-every-year-bengali-month-magh-496894.html |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=News Desk |date=27 November 2022 |title=Kenjakura Muri Mela: মাঠের মাঝে মুড়ি উৎসব, পুঁটলিতে থাকে লোভনীয় খাবার! স্বাদ পাবেন বাঁকুড়ায় |pages=1 |work=Prothom Kolkata |url=https://prothomkolkata.com/muri-festival-in-the-field-there-is-tempting-food-in-putli-you-will-get-the-taste-in-bankura/ |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nath |first=Poulomi |date=20 January 2023 |title=Muri Mela: সঞ্জীবনী মাতার মন্দির ঘিরে মুড়ির মেলা! |pages=1 |url=https://eisamay.com/videos/news/people-gathering-in-muri-mela-of-kenjakura-village-bankura-see-the-bengali-video/videoshow/97178526.cms |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref> The Giant Jilipis are a type of sweet made of gram flour fried in oil and then dipped in a suger sauce. Usually the Giant jilipis weighs around 1 to 3 kg per piece.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ananda |first=ABP |date=17 September 2023 |title=Bankura: ২ কেজির জিলিপি! বিশ্বকর্মা পুজোয় 'ডেস্টিনেশন' কেঞ্জাকুড়া |pages=1 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/district/bankura-on-the-eve-of-vishwakarma-puja-and-bhadu-puja-jumbo-jalebi-is-made-in-kenjakura-village-1009826 |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=চক্রবর্তী |first=দেবদীপ |date=17 September 2023 |title=Jalebi : প্যাঁচে প্যাঁচে রস! কেঞ্জাকুড়ায় সুপারহিট 'জাম্বো জিলিপি', কীভাবে হয় জানেন? |pages=1 |work=[[Ei Samay Sangbadpatra]] |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/others/biggest-jalebi-is-the-main-attraction-at-kenjakura-village-fair-bankura/articleshow/103737341.cms |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Bankura district]]

Medipally Nakkartha

2025-07-07T06:12:22Z

Igurushivamy: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Medipally Nakkartha, Telangana]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Chudakarana

2025-07-01T21:09:12Z

Igurushivamy: cleanup

#REDIRECT [[Head shaving in Hinduism]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

TransStadia University

2025-06-02T07:48:58Z

Igurushivamy: New A Stub

{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian universities specializing in education and research}}
{{Infobox university
| name = TransStadia University
| image = TransStadia University logo.svg
| motto =
| established = 2022
| type = Private
| city = Ahmedabad
| state = Gujarat
| country = India
| campus = Urban
| colors = {{color box|#0060aa}}{{color box|#ef7f1a}}{{color box|#009846}} Blue, Orange & Green
| website = {{URL|https://tsuniv.edu.in/}}
}}
{{Portal|India|Schools}}
'''TransStadia University''' is a private university located in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. It was established in 2022 after being granted university status by the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]. The university is part of the TransStadia Group and focuses on education in sports, management, and technology.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ahmedabad’s TransStadia Stares at Bleak Future as Promoters Falter |work=Vibes of India |date=2024-07-04 |url=https://www.vibesofindia.com/ahmedabads-transstadia-stares-at-bleak-future-as-promotors-faulter/ |access-date=2025-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TransStadia Accorded Private University Status by Gujarat Assembly |work=The Times of India |date=2022-04-08 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/off-the-field/transstadia-accorded-private-university-status-by-gujarat-assembly/articleshow/90712386.cms |access-date=2025-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NCSSR, TransStadia University to Host Bharat Sports Science Conclave on February 28 |work=Careers360 |date=2024-02-26 |url=https://news.careers360.com/ncssr-transstadia-university-host-bharat-sports-science-conclave-on-february-28 |access-date=2025-03-20}}</ref>

== Academics ==
The university offers undergraduate programs through its various schools:
* School of Sports Studies – Courses in sports management and business.
* School of Management – Focused on business and leadership.
* School of Computer Science & AI – Offers programs in computing and artificial intelligence, in collaboration with IBM.

== Campus ==
The university is located near Kankaria Lake in Ahmedabad and features a 1.4 million sq. ft. facility with modern sports infrastructure and technology-driven classrooms.<ref>{{cite web |title=TransStadia University Collaborates with NCSSR to Create Bharat Sports Science Conclave |work=EventFAQs |date=2024-02-26 |url=https://www.eventfaqs.com/news/ef-20186/transstadia-university-collaborates-with-ncssr-to-create-bharat-sports-science-conclave |access-date=2025-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=TransStadia accorded private university status by Gujarat assembly, first private sports varsity in state
|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/transstadia-accorded-private-university-status-by-gujarat-assembly-first-private-sports-varsity-in-state-101649344042181.html
|work=Hindustan Times
|date=8 April 2022
|access-date=17 May 2025
}}</ref>

== Leadership ==
TransStadia University is led by Founder and Chairman '''Udit Sheth''', with a focus on experiential learning aligned with the New Education Policy (NEP 2020).

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official Website}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}
{{Universities in Gujarat}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Private universities in Gujarat]]

[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2022]]

2023 Khelo India Para Games

2025-05-23T07:56:49Z

Igurushivamy:

{{Infobox games|name=Khelo India Para Games 2023|logo=Khelo India Logo English.png|size=|caption=|host_city=[[New Delhi]], [[India]]|motto=|teams=|athletes=1350+|events=(7 sports)|opening=10 December 2023|closing=17 December 2023|opened_by=|closed_by=|athlete_oath=|judge_oath=|torch_lighter=|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Nehru Stadium]], [[Dr. Karni Singh Shooting Range]], and [[Indira Gandhi Arena]]|website=|previous=|next=[[2025 Khelo India Para Games|2025]]}}The inaugural '''2023 [[Khelo India Para Games]]''' will be held from 10 to 17 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first=|date=2023-11-26 |title=Anurag Singh Thakur unveils Ujjwala, the sparrow, as mascot for Khelo India Para Games 2023 |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/anurag-singh-thakur-khelo-india-para-games-2023/article67576881.ece |access-date=2023-11-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=First-Ever Khelo India Para Games 2023 Logo, Mascot Launched |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/first-ever-khelo-india-para-games-2023-logo-mascot-launched-sports-minister-anurag-thakur-4607956 |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

There will be more than 1350 athletes from across the country, competing in athletics, shooting, archery, football, badminton, table tennis and weightlifting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2023-11-23 |title=First-ever Khelo India Para Games to be held in New Delhi |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/khelo-india-para-games-2023-announced-new-delhi-december-anurag-thakur/article67564702.ece |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> The disciplines will be contested in the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Nehru Stadium]], [[Dr. Karni Singh Shooting Range]], and [[Indira Gandhi Arena|Indira Gandhi Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-11-26 |title=Anurag Singh Thakur unveils Ujjwala, the sparrow, as mascot for Khelo India Para Games 2023 |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/anurag-singh-thakur-khelo-india-para-games-2023/article67576881.ece |access-date=2023-11-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-11-23 |title=First Khelo India Para Games in Delhi from December 10 to 17 |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/first-khelo-india-para-games-in-delhi-from-december-10-to-17/article67566111.ece |access-date=2023-11-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Khelo India}}

[[Category:Khelo India Para Games]]
[[Category:Multi-sport events in India]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian sport]]

Kuzhithura railway station

2025-03-02T23:34:12Z

Igurushivamy: minor adjusted structure per sources and updated info

{{Short description|Railway station in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Kuzhithurai
| type = [[Light rail]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = குழித்துறை தொடருந்து நிலையம்.jpg
| image_caption = The entrance of the station
| address = [[Marthandam]], [[Marthandam]], [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = India
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| coordinates = {{coord|8.301111|77.218611|type:railwaystation_region:IN-TN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|19|m|ft}}
| line = [[Thiruvananthapuram–Nagercoil–Kanyakumari line]]
| other = {{rint|bus}} Bus, auto & taxi stand [[Marthandam]] bus station of the TNSTC
| structure = Standard
| platform = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking = Available
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|1979|4|15}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes [[25 kV AC]] [[Utility frequency|50 Hz]]
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = KZT
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| division = [[Trivandrum]]
}}
| operator =
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers = 50000
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
}}
'''Kuzhithurai railway station''' (Station code: KZT) is the second-biggest station in [[Kanyakumari district]] (NSG 5 Category). For train transportation the [[Marthandam]] is the main hub for [[Kalkulam]] and [[Vilavancode]] talukas. The [[Kalkulam]] and Vilavancode talukas have the population around seven lakes. The Kuzhithurai station is found to be centered between [[Trivandrum]]–[[Kanniyakumari]] railway route. This railway station collection is more than seven crore per annum and a daily passenger patronage of more than 50,000 people. The station has two platforms and falls on the Kanniyakumari–Trivandrum line in the [[Thiruvananthapuram railway division|Trivandrum division]] of the [[Southern Railway zone]]. Most of all daily trains passing through the station halt in Kuzhithurai station

== Projects and development ==
It is one of the 73 stations in Tamil Nadu to be named for upgradation under ''Amrit Bharat Station Scheme'' of Indian Railways.<ref>{{cite news |title=AMRIT BHARAT STATIONS |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1897980 |access-date=6 April 2024 |work=Press Information Bureau |date=10 Feb 2023 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

== Demanded Rail Services ==

*Extension of Trivandrum–[[Mangalore]] 16603/16604 [[Maveli Express|Mavali Express]] up to [[Nagercoil]]<ref>{{cite web|date=24 February 2010|title=Railway users seek more trains, facilities|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/24/stories/2010022462570400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301120042/http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/24/stories/2010022462570400.htm|archive-date=1 March 2010|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=8 February 2010|edition=Nagercoil|newspaper=[[Dina Thanthi|The Daily Thanthi]]}}{{full citation needed|date=July 2016}}</ref>
* A new overnight express from [[Velankanni]] to [[Kollam]] via [[Thanjavur]], [[Trichy]], [[Pudukkottai]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Nagercoil]], [[Kuzhithura]] and Trivandrum<ref>{{cite web|date=27 July 2010|title=Operate special train|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/27/stories/2010072757920300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012085332/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/27/stories/2010072757920300.htm|archive-date=12 October 2013|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[Kanniyakumari]] to [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]] daily train via Trivandrum and [[Ernakulam]]<ref>{{cite news|date=10 March 2010|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|location=Nagercoil}}{{full citation needed|date=July 2016}}</ref>
* [[Kochuveli]]–[[Bangalore]] Overnight Express train via Kuzhithura, [[Nagercoil]], [[Madurai]], [[Erode]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] and [[Hosur]]<ref>{{cite news|date=2 June 2010|edition=Nagercoil|newspaper=[[Dinakaran]]}}{{full citation needed|date=July 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Eraniel railway station]]
* [[Viranialur railway station]]
* [[Southern Railway zone]]
* [[Indian Railways]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* [http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/802 Satellite Map of Martandam Railway Station]
* [http://www.indiantrains.org/station-details/?code=KZT&name=Kuzhithura Kuzhithura Railway Station details]

{{Railway stations in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1979]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Thiruvananthapuram railway division]]

Hemareddy Mallamma

2025-02-04T14:09:07Z

Igurushivamy: minor adjusted intro after review for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hemareddy Mallamma
| image =
| caption =
| director = S. Soundarya Rajan G. R. Rao
| producer = [[Gubbi Veeranna]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Bellave Narahari Shastri
| starring = [[B. Jayamma]] [[Honnappa Bhagavathar]] [[Gubbi Veeranna]] C. B. Mallappa
| music = [[V. Nagayya]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1946|1|14|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Releasing on 14 January: Gubbi's Hemareddy Mallamma|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19460112&printsec=frontpage|website=The Indian Express|accessdate=10 April 2017|page=8|date=12 January 1946}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Hemareddy Mallamma''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಹೇಮರೆಡ್ಡಿ ಮಲ್ಲಮ್ಮ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1946 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film, directed by S. Soundarya Rajan and produced by [[Gubbi Veeranna]]. The film stars [[B. Jayamma]], [[Honnappa Bhagavathar]], Veeranna and C. B. Mallappa. The film has musical score by [[V. Nagayya]].<ref name=chiloka>{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/hemareddy-mallamma-1945|title=Hemareddy Mallamma|accessdate=2015-02-09|publisher=chiloka.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[B. Jayamma]] as Mallamma
* [[Honnappa Bhagavathar]]
* [[Gubbi Veeranna]] as Hemareddy
* C. B. Mallappa
* [[K. R. Seetharama Sastry]]

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[V. Nagayya]].<ref name=chiloka /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/Hemareddy-Mallamma-K0000976|title=Hemareddy Mallamma Songs|accessdate=2015-02-09|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Mallikaarjuna Palsu" || [[B. Jayamma]] || H. S. Rao || 03:05
|-
| 2 || "Shivane Ninna Neneye Namma" || [[S. Janaki]] || Dr. Rao || 03:19
|-
| 3 || "Shubhadathe Gomaathe" || B. Jayamma || H. S. Rao || 02:26
|-
| 4 || "Jagame Maya" || C. Honnappa Bhagavathar || || 02:24
|}

== See also ==
* [[Hemareddy Mallamma (saint)]] subject of the film
* ''[[Mahasadhvi Mallamma]]'' 2005 film

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0332108|Hemareddy Mallamma}}
* {{YouTube|qPmX5XbP084|Mallikarjuna Palsu}} - A song by B. Jayamma

[[Category:1940s Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. Rama Rao]]

{{1940s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Gurunath Reddy

2024-11-24T02:16:32Z

Igurushivamy: put up some entry w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}

'''Gurunath Reddy''' is five time legislator in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/brs-leader-r-gurunath-reddy-meets-telangana-congress-leader-a-revanth-reddy-likely-to-join-congress/articleshow/97391157.cms|title=BRS leader R Gurunath Reddy meets Telangana Congress leader A Revanth Reddy, likely to join Congress|newspaper=The Times of India |date=28 January 2023}}</ref> from the [[Indian National Congress]]. On all five occasions, he represented [[Kodangal Assembly constituency]]. He is a current chairman of the Telangana State Police Housing Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.siasat.com/telangana-appoints-chairpersons-for-35-state-run-corporations-3058035/|title=Telangana appoints chairpersons for 35 state-run corporations|first=Indo-Asian News|last=Service|date=8 July 2024|website=The Siasat Daily}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Gurunath}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Mahbubnagar district]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1978–1983]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1983–1985]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1989–1994]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]

{{Telangana-politician-stub}}

Howrah - Puri Vande Bharat Express

2023-10-01T10:05:29Z

Igurushivamy: updated details

#REDIRECT [[Howrah–Puri Vande Bharat Express]]

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