Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Makar-class catamaran

2026-05-06T13:57:36Z

Igorzen:

{{Short description|Catamarans of the Indian Navy}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}{{italic title|string=Makar}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS Makar (J31) at sea.jpg
| image_caption = INS ''Makar''
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/class overview
| name = ''Makar'' class
| builders = Alcock Ashdown Gujarat Ltd<ref name=in15d/>
| operators = {{navy|India}}
| class_before = [[Sandhayak-class survey ship (1981)]]
| class_after = [[Sandhayak-class survey vessel (2023)]]
| subclasses =
| cost = {{INRConvert|800|c|0}}<ref name=dnai3m>{{cite news|title=Gujarat builds 1st survey catamarans for Indian navy|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-gujarat-builds-1st-survey-catamarans-for-indian-navy-1354613|access-date=15 December 2013|newspaper=DNA India|date=3 March 2010}}</ref>
| built_range =
| in_service_range =
| in_commission_range =
| total_ships_building =
| total_ships_planned = 6
| total_ships_completed = 1
| total_ships_canceled = 5
| total_ships_active = 1
| total_ships_laid_up =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class =
| type = [[Catamaran]]
| tonnage =
| displacement = 500 tons<ref name="alcockshipyard">{{cite web|title=Vessels Under Execution - Survey Vessel, Indian Navy|url=http://www.alcockshipyard.com/projects1.htm|publisher=Alcock Shipyard|access-date=1 September 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215192638/http://www.alcockshipyard.com/projects1.htm|archive-date=15 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| length = {{cvt|53.15|m|ftin}}<ref name="alcockshipyard" />
| beam = {{cvt|16.0|m|ftin}}<ref name="alcockshipyard" />
| height =
| draught = {{cvt|2.2|m|ftin}}
| depth = {{cvt|4.5|m|ftin}}<ref name="alcockshipyard" />
| hold_depth =
| decks =
| deck_clearance =
| ramps =
| power = 4 × {{cvt|1007|kW}} [[Cummins]] KTA 38M2
| propulsion = Two bow thrusters<ref name=in15d>{{cite web|title=Indigenously Built INS Makar Commissioned into Indian Navy|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/node/1571|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=15 December 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816210137/http://indiannavy.nic.in/node/1571|archive-date=16 August 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| sail_plan =
| speed = Maximum speed: {{convert|18|kn}}<ref name=gm4m>{{cite news|title=Alcock Ashdown Gujarat Ltd develops first Survey Catamarans for Indian navy|url=http://gujaratmoney.com/2010/03/04/alcock-ashdown-gujarat-ltd-develops-first-survey-catamarans-for-indian-navy/|access-date=15 December 2013|newspaper=Gujarat Money|date=4 March 2010}}</ref>
| range = {{cvt|3000|nmi|lk=in}} at economic cruising
| endurance =
| test_depth =
| boats = Carries two motor boats, also carries autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs)<ref name=in15d/>
| capacity =
| troops =
| complement = 6 officers and 44 sailors,<ref name="indiannavy">{{cite web|title=Indigenously Built INS Makar Commissioned into Indian Navy|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/node/1571|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=1 September 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816210137/http://indiannavy.nic.in/node/1571|archive-date=16 August 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and 6 scientists<ref name=gm4m/>
| crew =
| time_to_activate =
| sensors = Advanced Electronic Positioning System, Multi-beam Swath Sounding Systems and Sub-Bottom Profiler. Equipped with modern oceanographic and land survey equipment.<ref name=in15d/>
| EW =
| armament =
| armour =
| aircraft =
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes =
}}
}}

The '''''Makar''-class survey catamarans''' were a series of six 500-ton steel hull/aluminium [[superstructure]] hydrographic survey [[catamaran]]s being built by Alcock Ashdown ([[Gujarat]]) Ltd at its [[Bhavnagar]] shipyard for the [[Indian Navy]]. The ships are designed by an Australian naval architecture firm Sea Transport Solutions, which is based in [[Queensland]]'s [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]]. The deal was canceled due to the extensive delays as the Navy was not satisfied with the timeline<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17987/Indian_Navy_Likely_To_Cancel__1_1_billion_Makar_Class_Vessels_Deal_Over_Delay_Issues#.XYcC9CgzZPY|title=Indian Navy Likely To Cancel $1.1 billion Makar-Class Vessels Deal Over Delay Issues|website=www.defenseworld.net|access-date=2019-09-22}}</ref> and a fresh award for construction of another class of survey vessels to the GRSE has also been undertaken.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/grse-to-build-four-survey-vehicles-for-indian-navy-contract-inked/articleshow/66431579.cms?from=mdr|title=GRSE to build four survey vehicles for Indian Navy, contract inked|date=2018-10-30|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-09-22}}</ref> Only one ship was constructed.

==Description==
The ships are intended to undertake coastal hydrographic survey, required for production of nautical charts and publications aimed at improving navigation through waters closer to coasts. The ships are also capable of limited coastal defence role in an emergency, limited search and rescue and limited ocean research. The ships are equipped with standard hydrographic survey equipment such as advanced electronic positioning system, multi-beam swath sounding systems and sub-bottom profiler. The ships also carry two survey motor boats along with Kongsberg Maritime's Hugin 1000 autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) for closer investigations.<ref name=in15d/>

The catamarans are propelled by four Cummins engines as well as two bow thrusters. The entire propulsion, navigational and power management packages of the vessels are integrated in a L&T supplied single state-of-art integrated platform management system. The ship is also equipped with sophisticated Integrated Bridge System from L&T. The ships have ergonomic accommodation for the six officers and 44 sailors.<ref name=in15d/>

==Construction==
Alcock Ashdown (Gujarat) Ltd was awarded this contract, worth {{INRConvert|800|c|0}}<ref name=dnai3m/> on 28 December 2006 through open competitive bidding, beating others like [[Larsen & Toubro]], [[ABG Shipyard]] and [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]]. As per original term of contract, the first vessel was to be delivered by 6 April 2009, while the remaining five vessels were to be delivered within a year from 6 July 2009. This was later rescheduled, the revised delivery period of vessels is from September 2011 to March 2013.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}
INS ''Meen'' is under construction. The remaining four are awaiting administrative clarification.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bcshippingnews.com/ships-shipyards/makar-class-survey-catamaran-indian-navy|title = BC Shipping News – Magazine| date=6 June 2021 }}</ref>

==Ships of the class==
{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="2" style="margin:auto; border-collapse:collapse;"
|- style="background:#069; color:white;"
! Name
! Pennant
! Laid down
! Launched
! Sea trials
! Commissioning
! Homeport
! Notes
|-
|{{INS|Makar|J31|6}}
|J 31
|2008
|February 2010
|
|21 September 2012
|[[INS Kadamba|Karwar]]
|<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|title=Hydrographic survey vessel commissioned|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/hydrographic-survey-vessel-commissioned/article3925097.ece|access-date=1 September 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 September 2012}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Cancellation of the deal ==
Indian Navy cancelled ₹8,000 crore (US$1.1 billion) deal with Alcock Ashdown over ten-year delays in a contract to supply of the six vessels. According to Navy officials only one of the vessels has been delivered and there is no sign or any timeline for the other five ships.<ref name=":0" />

Further, the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] has awarded another contract for the construction of four survey vessels for the Indian Navy to [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] (GRSE) Limited, Kolkata after it became the L1 bidder in the competitive bidding.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=184472|title=MOD signs contract with GRSE for supply of four survey vessels for Indian Navy|website=pib.gov.in|access-date=2019-09-22}}</ref> These ships have a displacement of 3,300 tonnes. Therefore, these ships are likely to be more advanced and outperform the ''Makar'' class which has a displacement of only 500 tonnes.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

==See also==
*{{sclass2|L&T|fast interceptor craft|1}}
*[[Solas Marine fast interceptor boat]]
*[[ABG fast interceptor craft]]
*[[Couach fast interceptor boats]]
*[[GSL/GRSE series of Interceptor Boats]]
* {{sclass|Aadesh|patrol vessel|1}}
*{{sclass2|ABG|training ship|1}}
*{{sclass|Rani Abbakka|inshore patrol vessel|1}}
*{{sclass|Samarth|offshore patrol vessel|1}}
*{{sclass|Manoram|ferry}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://deshgujarat.com/2012/05/31/in-pictures-made-in-gujaratfirst-hydrographic-survey-vessel-makar-handed-over-to-the-indian-navy/ In pictures: Made in Gujarat, first hydrographic survey vessel ‘Makar’ supplied to Navy]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131215192638/http://www.alcockshipyard.com/projects1.htm Official website]

{{Ship classes of the Indian Navy}}

[[Category:Auxiliary ships of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Ships built in India]]
[[Category:Auxiliary research ship classes]]
[[Category:Military catamarans]]

2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election

2026-05-06T03:37:20Z

Igorzen: Entry!

{{short description|Assembly elections in Haryana}}
{{For|Lok Sabha elections|2024 Indian general election in Haryana}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| ongoing = no
| turnout = 67.99% ({{decrease}} 0.21 [[percentage point|pp]])
| previous_year = 2019
| previous_election = 2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election
| election_date = 5 October 2024
| next_year = 2029
| next_election = Next Haryana Legislative Assembly election
| seats_for_election = All 90 seats in the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 46
| outgoing_members = 14th Haryana Assembly#Members of Legislative Assembly
| elected_members = 15th Haryana Assembly#Members of Legislative Assembly
| opinion_polls = 2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election#Opinion polls
| image_size = 100px
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Nayab Singh Saini 2018.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=116|cHeight=150|oTop=0|oLeft=4}}
| leader1 = [[Nayab Singh Saini]]
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader_since1 = 2024
| leaders_seat1 = [[Ladwa Assembly constituency|Ladwa]]
| last_election1 = 36.49%, 40 seats
| seats1 = '''48'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} '''8'''
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Shri Bhupinder Singh Hooda.jpg|bSize=150|cWidth=116|cHeight=150|oTop=10|oLeft=15}}
| leader2 = [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| leader_since2 = 2005
| leaders_seat2 = [[Garhi Sampla-Kiloi Assembly constituency|Garhi Sampla-Kiloi]]
| last_election2 = 28.08%, 31 seats
| seats2 = 37
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 6
| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image=The MP, Lok Sabha, Haryana, Shri Dushyant Chautala calling on the Union Minister for Railways, Shri Suresh Prabhakar Prabhu, in New Delhi on February 03, 2016 (cropped).jpg|bSize=150|cWidth=116|cHeight=150|oTop=0|oLeft=25}}
| leader5 = [[Dushyant Chautala]]
| colour5 =
| party5 = [[Jannayak Janta Party|JJP]]
| leader_since5 = 2018
| leaders_seat5 = [[Uchana Kalan Assembly constituency|Uchana Kalan]] ''(lost)''
| last_election5 = 14.8%, 10 seats
| seats5 = 0
| seat_change4 = {{increase}} 1
| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Abhay Singh Chautala (cropped).jpg|bSize=171|cWidth=116|cHeight=150|oTop=0|oLeft=25}}
| leader4 = [[Abhay Singh Chautala]]
| colour4 =
| party4 = [[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]]
| leaders_seat4 = [[Ellenabad Assembly constituency|Ellenabad]] ''(lost)''
| leader_since4 = 2014
| last_election4 = 2.44%, 1 seats
| seats4 = 2
| map_image = 2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly Election Results Map.svg
| map_size = 300px
| map2_image = File:India Haryana Legislative Assembly 2024.svg
| map2_caption = Structure of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] after the election
| map_caption = Seatwise Result Map of the election
| title = [[List of chief ministers of Haryana|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Nayab Singh Saini]]
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| posttitle = [[List of chief ministers of Haryana|Chief Minister]] after election
| after_election = [[Nayab Singh Saini]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance1 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| alliance2 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| alliance4 = [[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]]+
| alliance5 = [[Jannayak Janta Party|JJP]]+
| percentage1 = '''39.94%'''
| percentage2 = 39.09%
| percentage4 = 4.14%
| percentage5 = 0.90%
| swing1 = {{increase}} 3.45 [[percentage point|pp]]
| swing2 = {{increase}} 11.01 [[percentage point|pp]]
| swing4 = {{increase}} 1.70 [[percentage point|pp]]
| swing5 = {{decrease}} 13.90 [[percentage point|pp]]
| popular_vote1 = '''55,48,800'''
| popular_vote2 = 54,30,602
| popular_vote4 = 5,75,192
| popular_vote5 = 1,25,022
| seat_change5 = {{decrease}} 10
}}

'''2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election''' was held on [[2024 elections in India|5 October 2024]] to elect all [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly|90 members]] of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]].

The schedule of the election was announced by the [[Election Commission of India]] on 16 August 2024. The ballots were counted and the results were declared on 8 October 2024. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] won a majority with 48 seats and secured victory for the third consecutive time, becoming the first party in the state's history to achieve this feat. Although the [[popular vote]] total differed by less than one [[percentage point]], the Congress managed to win only 37 seats.

The tenure of the [[14th Haryana Assembly]] was slated to end on 3 November 2024. In the [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|previous Assembly elections]] held in October 2019, BJP the emerged as the single largest party and formed a coalition government with [[Jannayak Janta Party]]. Prior to the elections, [[Nayab Singh Saini]] of the BJP was the incumbent [[Chief Minister of Haryana|Chief Minister]].

== Background ==
The tenure of the [[14th Haryana Assembly]] was slated to end on 3 November 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Terms of the Houses |url=https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328103956/https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=13 February 2022 |work=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref> The [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|previous Assembly elections]] were held in October 2019, in which the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] emerged as the single largest party. After the election, the BJP formed a [[coalition government]] with the [[Jannayak Janta Party]] (JJP) with [[Manohar Lal Khattar]] becoming the [[List of chief ministers of Haryana|Chief Minister]] and [[Dushyant Chautala]] as his [[Deputy Chief Minister of Haryana|deputy]].<ref>{{cite news|date=27 October 2019|title=Manohar Lal Khattar takes oath as Haryana CM for second term, Dushyant Chautala as his deputy|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/manohar-lal-khattar-takes-oath-as-haryana-cm-for-second-term/story-60kJdGeIKo9oFLC3EEuRbK.html|access-date=9 August 2022|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=29 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829232645/https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/manohar-lal-khattar-takes-oath-as-haryana-cm-for-second-term/story-60kJdGeIKo9oFLC3EEuRbK.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 12 March 2024, Khattar resigned as the Chief Minister after the coalition between the BJP and JJP came to an end.<ref>{{cite news|date=12 March 2024|title=Haryana CM Khattar, ministers resign; BJP-JJP alliance over|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/haryana-cm-khattar-ministers-resign-bjp-jjp-alliance-over-101710225733627.html|access-date=13 July 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404003156/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/haryana-cm-khattar-ministers-resign-bjp-jjp-alliance-over-101710225733627.html|url-status=live }}</ref> [[Nayab Singh Saini]] of the BJP was sworn in as the new Chief Minister on the same day with the support of [[Independent politician|independents]].<ref>{{cite news|date=12 March 2024|title=Nayab Singh Saini takes oath as new Haryana chief minister|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nayab-saini-to-be-new-haryana-chief-minister-101710232198447.html|access-date=13 July 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329031432/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nayab-saini-to-be-new-haryana-chief-minister-101710232198447.html |url-status=live}}</ref> After three independents withdrew their support to the BJP government in May 2024, Saini led a [[minority government]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Takkar|first=Jatin|date=8 May 2024|title=BJP Haryana govt in minority as 3 independents withdraw their support|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-haryana-govt-in-minority-as-3-independents-withdraw-their-support/articleshow/109927209.cms?from=mdr|access-date=25 August 2024|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|issn=0013-0389|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825080133/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-haryana-govt-in-minority-as-3-independents-withdraw-their-support/articleshow/109927209.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=21 June 2024|title=Nayab Saini govt. in 'minority', Congress tells Haryana Governor; seeks dissolution of House|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/haryana/nayab-saini-govt-in-minority-congress-tells-haryana-governor-seeks-dissolution-of-house/article68315164.ece|access-date=25 August 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|issn=0971-751X |archive-date=25 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825080132/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/haryana/nayab-saini-govt-in-minority-congress-tells-haryana-governor-seeks-dissolution-of-house/article68315164.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[2024 Indian general election in Haryana|2024 Lok Sabha elections]] held earlier in the year, the BJP which had held all the seats following the [[2019 Indian general election in Haryana|2019]], retained five seats while the [[Indian National Congress]] won the remaining five seats.<ref>{{cite news|date=30 June 2024|title=In Haryana LS seats, BJP, Congress in even split, but INDIA hits magic number ahead of Assembly polls |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/in-haryana-ls-seats-bjp-congress-in-even-split-but-india-hits-magic-number-ahead-of-assembly-polls-9423364/ |access-date=13 July 2024|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=13 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713112617/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/in-haryana-ls-seats-bjp-congress-in-even-split-but-india-hits-magic-number-ahead-of-assembly-polls-9423364/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Schedule ==
[[File:2024 General Election to Legislative Assembly of Haryana.jpg|350x350px|thumb|right|Single phase schedule of 2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
The schedule of the election was announced by the [[Election Commission of India]] on 16 August 2024.<ref>{{cite news|date=16 August 2024|title=Haryana Assembly Election 2024: EC Announces Dates For Polling & Result. Check Details Here |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/haryana-assembly-elections-2024-polling-date-results-election-commission-1710683|access-date=25 August 2024|work=[[ABP News]]|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825201442/https://news.abplive.com/news/india/haryana-assembly-elections-2024-polling-date-results-election-commission-1710683 |url-status=live}}</ref> The election was scheduled to be held in a single phase on 1 October.<ref>{{cite news|date=1 August 2024|title=Haryana assembly elections to be held on October 1 in single phase: Full schedule |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/haryana-assembly-elections-to-be-held-on-october-1-in-single-phase-full-schedule/articleshow/112566691.cms |access-date=25 August 2024|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825201442/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/haryana-assembly-elections-to-be-held-on-october-1-in-single-phase-full-schedule/articleshow/112566691.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 31 August, the Election Commission announced that the elections would be held on 5 October and that the votes would be counted on 8 October.<ref>{{cite news|date=31 August 2024|title=Haryana Poll Date Moved To October 5; J&K and Haryana Results Now On October 8|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/haryana-poll-date-moved-to-october-5-jk-and-haryana-results-now-set-for-october-8-article-112952021|access-date=31 August 2024|work=[[Times Now]]|archive-date=31 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831134119/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/haryana-poll-date-moved-to-october-5-jk-and-haryana-results-now-set-for-october-8-article-112952021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=31 August 2024|title=Haryana Assembly Election: EC Revises Polling Date To October 5, Counting On October 8|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/haryana-assembly-election-date-revised-ec-shifts-polling-date-to-october-5-counting-on-october8-10184539|access-date=31 August 2024|work=[[Jagran Prakashan|English Jagran]]|archive-date=31 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831134119/https://english.jagran.com/india/haryana-assembly-election-date-revised-ec-shifts-polling-date-to-october-5-counting-on-october8-10184539|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Table alignment}}
{|class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter col1left" style="font-size: 90%"
|-
! Poll event
! Schedule
|-
| Notification
| 5 September 2024
|-
| Last day for filing nominations
| 12 September 2024
|-
| Scrutiny of nominations
| 13 September 2024
|-
| Last day for withdrawal of nominations
| 16 September 2024
|-
| Polling
! 5 October 2024
|-
| Counting of votes
! 8 October 2024
|}

== Parties and alliances ==
The BJP contested in 89 seats.<ref name="Candidates">{{cite report|title=List of candidates|url=https://ceoharyana.gov.in/Website/ELECTIONCOMMISSION/Images/00dcabab-8405-4743-aa41-1bab280b7e1c.pdf|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=20 September 2024|archive-date=4 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204063800/https://ceoharyana.gov.in/Website/ELECTIONCOMMISSION/Images/00dcabab-8405-4743-aa41-1bab280b7e1c.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> On 12 September, the Congress announced an alliance with the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref>{{cite news|date=12 September 2024|title=Haryana Assembly Elections 2024: Congress leaves Bhiwani seat for CPI(M); talks with CPI fail|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/haryana/haryana-assembly-elections-2024-congress-leaves-bhiwani-seat-for-cpim-talks-with-cpi-fail-3187716|access-date=21 September 2024|newspaper=[[The Deccan Herald]]|archive-date=12 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912140409/https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/haryana/haryana-assembly-elections-2024-congress-leaves-bhiwani-seat-for-cpim-talks-with-cpi-fail-3187716|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=13 September 2024|title=Congress contesting 89 seats in Haryana, gives one to ally CPM|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Sep/13/congress-contesting-89-seats-in-haryana-gives-one-to-ally-cpm|access-date=21 September 2024|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=16 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916125249/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Sep/13/congress-contesting-89-seats-in-haryana-gives-one-to-ally-cpm|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2024, the [[Indian National Lok Dal]] (INLD) and [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP) announced an alliance for the assembly elections, with [[Abhay Singh Chautala]] as the chief ministerial face.<ref>{{cite news|date=11 July 2024|title=Haryana assembly elections 2024: BSP allies with INLD, Abhay Singh Chautala to be CM face |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/haryana-assembly-elections-2024-bsp-allies-with-inld-abhay-singh-chautala-to-be-cm-face-436748-2024-07-11|access-date=11 July 2024|newspaper=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 July 2024|title=BSP, INLD tie up in Haryana, Abhay Chautala to be CM face|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/bsp-inld-tie-up-in-haryana-abhay-chautala-to-be-cm-face/articleshow/111671139.cms |access-date=11 July 2024|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=17 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717221504/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/bsp-inld-tie-up-in-haryana-abhay-chautala-to-be-cm-face/articleshow/111671139.cms|url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2024, the JJP announced an alliance with the [[Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)]] (ASP) for the elections.<ref>{{cite news|date=27 August 2024|title=Haryana Assembly elections: Jannayak Janta Party and Azad Samaj Party form alliance-seat sharing finalised |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/haryana-assembly-elections-jannayak-janta-party-and-azad-samaj-party-form-alliance-seat-sharing-finalised/articleshow/112834078.cms|access-date=27 August 2024|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|issn=0971-8257|archive-date=27 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827210843/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/haryana-assembly-elections-jannayak-janta-party-and-azad-samaj-party-form-alliance-seat-sharing-finalised/articleshow/112834078.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 August 2024|title=Haryana Elections: Jannayak Janta Party and Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram) announce alliance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/haryana-assembly/haryana-elections-jannayak-janta-party-and-azad-samaj-party-kanshi-ram-to-form-alliance/article68572525.ece|access-date=27 August 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=27 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827210843/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/haryana-assembly/haryana-elections-jannayak-janta-party-and-azad-samaj-party-kanshi-ram-to-form-alliance/article68572525.ece|url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly Election INDIA Alliance Seat Sharing.svg|thumb|Seat sharing of [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]] bloc]]

{{Table alignment}}
{|class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter col3left" style="font-size: 100%"
|+Alliances<ref name="Candidates"/>
!Alliance
!colspan="2"|Party
!Symbol
!Leader
!colspan="2"|Seats contested
|-
|NDA
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[File:BJP election symbol.png|50px|center]]
|[[Nayab Singh Saini]]
|colspan="2"|89
|-
|rowspan="2"|INC+CPIM Alliance
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[File:INC Hand.svg|50px|center]]
|[[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]
|89
|rowspan="2"|90
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|[[File:CPIM election symbol.png|50px|center]]
|Surendra Singh Malik<ref>{{cite news|date=27 August 2024|title=CPM holds workers' meeting in Rohtak, chalks out poll plans|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/cpm-holds-workers-meeting-in-rohtak-chalks-out-poll-plans/|newspaper=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]|access-date=12 September 2024|archive-date=12 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912205713/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/cpm-holds-workers-meeting-in-rohtak-chalks-out-poll-plans/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|1
|-
|rowspan="2"|INLD-BSP Alliance
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|[[File:INLD1.svg|50px|center]]
| style="text-align:center" |[[Abhay Singh Chautala]]
| 51
|rowspan="2"|86
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|50px|center]]
|Rajbir Sorkhi<ref>{{cite news|date=12 July 2023|title=Mayawati to stay put in Delhi, to meet leaders from various states |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/mayawati-to-stay-put-in-delhi-to-meet-leaders-from-various-states/articleshow/101683880.cms|access-date=11 July 2024|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|issn=0971-8257|archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218200350/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/mayawati-to-stay-put-in-delhi-to-meet-leaders-from-various-states/articleshow/101683880.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|35
|-
|rowspan="2"|JJP-ASP Alliance
|{{Full party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|[[File:Indian election symbol Key.svg|50px|center]]
|style="text-align:center" |[[Dushyant Chautala]]
|66
|rowspan="2"|78
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Kettle.jpg|50px|center]]
|[[Chandrashekhar Azad (politician)|Chandrashekhar Azad]]
|12
|-
|rowspan="8"|Others
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[File:Jhadu.png|50px]]
|[[Sushil Gupta]]<ref>{{cite news|date=25 May 2023|title=AAP revamps Haryana unit, RS MP Sushil Kr Gupta to be state chief|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aap-revamps-haryana-unit-rs-mp-sushil-kr-gupta-to-be-state-chief/articleshow/100510209.cms|access-date=25 August 2024|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|issn=0971-8257|archive-date=25 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825204654/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aap-revamps-haryana-unit-rs-mp-sushil-kr-gupta-to-be-state-chief/articleshow/100510209.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|colspan="2"|88
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Haryana Lokhit Party}}
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Ship.png|50px|centre]]
|[[Gopal Kanda]]
|colspan="2"|4
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|[[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px|center]]
|Dariyav Singh Kashyap<ref>{{cite news|date=2 July 2024|title=CPI state secretary Dariyav Singh Kashyap presented report|url=https://bolpanipat.com/cpi-state-secretary-dariyav-singh-kashyap-presented-the-review-report-of-the-states-lok-sabha-elections/|access-date=12 September 2024|work=BolPanipat|language=hi|archive-date=12 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912205711/https://bolpanipat.com/cpi-state-secretary-dariyav-singh-kashyap-presented-the-review-report-of-the-states-lok-sabha-elections/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|colspan="2"|2
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|dab=yes}}
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Man Blowing Turha.png|50px|center]]
|Virender Verma
|colspan="2"|1
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Clock.png|50px|center]]
|Ranbir
| colspan="2"|1
|-
|}

== Candidates ==

* The BJP released its first list of 67 candidates on 4 September followed by the second list of 21 candidates on 10 September and the third list of 3 candidates on 11 September.<ref>{{cite news|date=4 September 2024|title=Haryana assembly elections 2024: BJP announces first list of 67 candidates|url=https://www.news9live.com/india/haryana-assembly-elections-2024-bjp-announces-first-list-of-67-candidates-2682300|access-date=1 October 2024|work=News9live|archive-date=16 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916035732/https://www.news9live.com/india/haryana-assembly-elections-2024-bjp-announces-first-list-of-67-candidates-2682300|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=10 September 2024|title=Haryana elections: BJP releases second list of 21 candidates|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/haryana-elections-bjp-releases-second-list-of-21-candidates/articleshow/113223554.cms|access-date=10 September 2024|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|issn=0971-8257|archive-date=10 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910100607/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/haryana-elections-bjp-releases-second-list-of-21-candidates/articleshow/113223554.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=11 September 2024|title=Haryana Assembly Elections: BJP Releases Third List With 3 Names, Fields THIS Candidate From Si|url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/haryana-assembly-elections-bjp-releases-third-candidates-list-1716640|access-date=11 September 2024|work=[[ABP News]]|archive-date=11 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911175259/https://news.abplive.com/elections/haryana-assembly-elections-bjp-releases-third-candidates-list-1716640|url-status=live}}</ref>
*The Congress released its first list of 32 candidates on 6 September and the second list of nine candidates on 8 September.<ref>{{cite news|date=6 September 2024|title=Haryana Assembly Elections 2024: Congress releases first list of candidates|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/haryana-assembly-elections-2024-congress-releases-first-list-of-candidates-fields-vinesh-phogat-from-julana-19472463.htm|access-date=6 September 2024|work=[[CNBCTV18]]|archive-date=6 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906193246/https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/haryana-assembly-elections-2024-congress-releases-first-list-of-candidates-fields-vinesh-phogat-from-julana-19472463.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=6 September 2024|title=Haryana polls: Congress releases first list of candidates, fields Vinesh Phogat from Julana|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Sep/06/haryana-polls-congress-releases-first-list-of-candidates-fields-vinesh-phogat-from-julana|access-date=7 September 2024|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=6 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906233447/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Sep/06/haryana-polls-congress-releases-first-list-of-candidates-fields-vinesh-phogat-from-julana|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=8 September 2024|title=Haryana Elections: Congress Releases Second List Of 9 Candidates For Assembly Polls|url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/haryana-assembly-elections-congress-send-list-of-9-candidates-1715932|access-date=8 September 2024|work=[[ABP News]]|archive-date=8 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908180419/https://news.abplive.com/elections/haryana-assembly-elections-congress-send-list-of-9-candidates-1715932|url-status=live}}</ref> The party released its third list of 40 candidates on 11 September and the candidates for eight seats on 12 September.<ref>{{cite news|date=11 September 2024|title=Haryana Elections: Congress Releases 3rd List Of 40 Candidates|url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/haryana-assembly-elections-congress-releases-3rd-list-of-40-candidates-1716644|access-date=12 September 2024|work=[[ABP News]]|archive-date=11 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911212600/https://news.abplive.com/elections/haryana-assembly-elections-congress-releases-3rd-list-of-40-candidates-1716644|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=12 September 2024|title=Congress releases fourth list of 5 candidates for Haryana Assembly polls|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/haryana-assembly-elections-congress-fourth-list-parimal-pari-sachin-kundu-2598265-2024-09-12|access-date=12 September 2024|work=[[India Today]]|archive-date=12 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912030600/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/haryana-assembly-elections-congress-fourth-list-parimal-pari-sachin-kundu-2598265-2024-09-12|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=12 September 2024 |title=Haryana Assembly Elections: Congress released another list of 2 candidates, see here |url=https://anytvnews.com/latest-news/haryana-assembly-elections-congress-released-another-list-of-2-candidates-see-here/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |work=AnyTV News |archive-date=10 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010035451/https://anytvnews.com/latest-news/haryana-assembly-elections-congress-released-another-list-of-2-candidates-see-here/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=12 September 2024|title=Congress clears last candidate in Haryana as nomination closes|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/congress-announces-4th-list-for-haryana-elections-fields-journalist-from-rania/|newspaper=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]|access-date=12 September 2024|archive-date=12 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912043625/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/congress-announces-4th-list-for-haryana-elections-fields-journalist-from-rania/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*The BSP released its first list of four candidates on 27 August.<ref>{{cite news|date=27 August 2024|title=BSP names four candidates in its first list for Haryana polls|url=https://theprint.in/india/bsp-names-four-candidates-in-its-first-list-for-haryana-polls/2241216/|access-date=28 August 2024|work=[[The Print]]|archive-date=28 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828110506/https://theprint.in/india/bsp-names-four-candidates-in-its-first-list-for-haryana-polls/2241216/|url-status=live}}</ref> The INLD released its first list of seven candidates on 1 September.<ref>{{cite news|date=1 September 2024|title=INLD announces 7 candidates for Haryana Assembly polls, Abhay Chautala's son to contest from Rania |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-assembly-polls-inld-candidates-abhay-chautala-son-9545033/|access-date=1 September 2024|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=1 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901234738/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-assembly-polls-inld-candidates-abhay-chautala-son-9545033/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*The JJP-ASP alliance released its first list of 19 candidates on 4 September followed by a second list of 12 candidates on 9 September.<ref>{{cite news|date=4 September 2024|title=JJP's first list: Dushyant Chautala, brother Digvijay Singh to contest Haryana Assembly polls |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/jjp-first-list-dushyant-chautala-brother-digvijay-singh-contest-haryana-assembly-polls-9550401/|access-date=4 September 2024|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=4 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904141546/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/jjp-first-list-dushyant-chautala-brother-digvijay-singh-contest-haryana-assembly-polls-9550401/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=9 September 2024|title=Haryana polls: JJP, ASP alliance releases second list of 12 candidates|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/haryana-polls-jjp-asp-alliance-releases-second-list-of-12-candidates/articleshow/113199485.cms|access-date=9 September 2024|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|issn=0971-8257|archive-date=9 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909145756/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/haryana-polls-jjp-asp-alliance-releases-second-list-of-12-candidates/articleshow/113199485.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The alliance announced candidates for 34 more seats on 11 September.<ref>{{cite news|date=11 September 2024|title=Haryana polls: JJP-Azad Samaj Party alliance names 18 more candidates in 3rd list|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/haryana-polls-jjp-azad-samaj-party-alliance-names-18-more-candidates-in-3rd-list/articleshow/113253525.cms|access-date=11 September 2024|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|issn=0013-0389|archive-date=11 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911082226/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/haryana-polls-jjp-azad-samaj-party-alliance-names-18-more-candidates-in-3rd-list/articleshow/113253525.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=11 September 2024|title=Haryana polls JJP-Azad Samaj Party alliance names 34 more candidates|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2024/09/12/del152-hr-polls-2ndld-jjp.html|access-date=12 September 2024|work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|archive-date=12 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912062403/https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2024/09/12/del152-hr-polls-2ndld-jjp.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The final lists of candidates contesting in 21 seats were released in three phases on 12 September.<ref>{{cite news|date=12 September 2024|title=Haryana assembly polls: JJP-ASP release sixth list of 13 candidates|url=https://thenewsmill.com/2024/09/haryana-assembly-polls-jjp-asp-release-sixth-list-of-13-candidates/|access-date=12 September 2024|work=The News Mill|archive-date=12 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912062403/https://thenewsmill.com/2024/09/haryana-assembly-polls-jjp-asp-release-sixth-list-of-13-candidates/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=12 September 2024|title=In Haryana, JJP-ASP alliance 7th candidate list announce|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/haryana/haryana-jjp-asp-candidates-7th-list-released-advocate-vinod-sharma-contest-from-ladwa-against-cm-nayab-saini-assembly-election-2024-2781721|access-date=12 September 2024|work=[[ABP News]]|language=hi|archive-date=12 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912114221/https://www.abplive.com/states/haryana/haryana-jjp-asp-candidates-7th-list-released-advocate-vinod-sharma-contest-from-ladwa-against-cm-nayab-saini-assembly-election-2024-2781721|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=12 September 2024|title=8 people get tickets in JJP-ASP alliance|url=https://haryana.punjabkesari.in/haryana/news/jjp-asp-alliance-released-the-8th-list-of-candidates-2032999|access-date=12 September 2024|newspaper=[[Punjab Kesari]]|language=hi|archive-date=12 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912124206/https://haryana.punjabkesari.in/haryana/news/jjp-asp-alliance-released-the-8th-list-of-candidates-2032999|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter" style="font-size: 90%"
|+ Candidates of major alliances<ref name="Candidates"/>
! District
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" | [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
! colspan="3" | [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
! colspan="3" | [[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD+]]
! colspan="3" | [[Jannayak Janta Party|JJP+]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Panchkula district|Panchkula]]
!1
| [[Kalka Assembly constituency|Kalka]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shakti Rani Sharma
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Pardeep Chaudhary]]
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Charan Singh
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
!2
| [[Panchkula Assembly constituency|Panchkula]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Gian Chand Gupta]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Chander Mohan Bishnoi|Chander Mohan]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Kshitij Chaudhary
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Sushil Garg
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Ambala district|Ambala]]
!3
| [[Naraingarh Assembly constituency|Naraingarh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Pawan Saini]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Shalley Chaudhary]]
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Harbilas Singh
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
!4
| [[Ambala Cantonment Assembly constituency|Ambala Cant.]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Anil Vij]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Parimal Pari
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Onkar Singh
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Avtar Kardhan
|-
!5
| [[Ambala City Assembly constituency|Ambala City]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Aseem Goel]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Nirmal Singh (Haryana politician)|Nirmal Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Malkit Singh
|{{Party name with color|Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}
|Parul Nagpal
|-
!6
|[[Mulana Assembly constituency|Mulana]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Santosh Sarwan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Pooja Chaudhary]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Parkash Bharti
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Ravindra Dheen
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Yamunanagar district|Yamunanagar]]
!7
| [[Sadhaura Assembly constituency|Sadhaura]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Balwant Singh (Haryana politician)|Balwant Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Renu Bala]]
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Brij Pal
|{{Party name with color|Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}
|Sohail
|-
!8
| [[Jagadhri Assembly constituency|Jagadhri]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Kanwar Pal Gujjar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Akram Khan (politician)|Akram Khan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Darshan Lal Kheda
|{{Party name with color|Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}
|Ashok Kashyap
|-
!9
| [[Yamunanagar Assembly constituency|Yamunanagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ghanshyam Dass]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Raman Tyagi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Dilbag Singh
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Intezaar Ali Gurjar
|-
!10
| [[Radaur Assembly constituency|Radaur]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shyam Singh Rana
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Bishan Lal Saini]]
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Dharampal Tigga
|{{Party name with color|Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}
|Mandeep Topra
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Kurukshetra district|Kurukshetra]]
!11
| [[Ladwa Assembly constituency|Ladwa]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Nayab Singh Saini]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mewa Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Sapna Barshami
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Vinod Sharma
|-
!12
| [[Shahbad Assembly constituency|Shahbad]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Subhash Kalsana
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Ram Karan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Chander Bhan
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Rajita Singh
|-
!13
| [[Thanesar Assembly constituency|Thanesar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Subhash Sudha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ashok Kumar Arora
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Tanuja
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Surya Pratap Singh Rathod
|-
!14
| [[Pehowa Assembly constituency|Pehowa]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Jai Bhagwan Sharma
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mandeep Singh Chatha
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Baldev Singh Warraich
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Dr Sukhvinder Kaur
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Kaithal district|Kaithal]]
!15
| [[Guhla Assembly constituency|Guhla]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Kulwant Ram Bazigar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Devinder Hans
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Poonam Sultaniya
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Krishna Bazigar
|-
!16
| [[Kalayat Assembly constituency|Kalayat]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Kamlesh Dhanda]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Vikas Saharan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|[[Rampal Majra]]
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Pritam Mehra Kolekhan
|-
!17
| [[Kaithal Assembly constituency|Kaithal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Leela Ram]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Aditya Surjewala
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Anil Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Sandeep Garhi
|-
!18
| [[Pundri Assembly constituency|Pundri]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Satpal Jamba
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sultan Singh Jadola
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Hisam Singh
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|{{efn|JJP-ASP alliance extended support to independent candidate Sajjan Dhul in [[Pundri Assembly constituency|Pundri]].<ref>{{cite news|date=12 September 2024|title=Haryana Assembly Elections Heat Up as Parties Announce Final Candidates|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/politics/3084809-haryana-assembly-elections-heat-up-as-parties-announce-final-candidates|access-date=12 September 2024|work=Devdiscourse|archive-date=12 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912201245/https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/politics/3084809-haryana-assembly-elections-heat-up-as-parties-announce-final-candidates|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Karnal district|Karnal]]
!19
| [[Nilokheri Assembly constituency|Nilokheri]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bhagwan Das KabirPanthi|Bhagwan Das]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Dharam Pal Gonder]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Balwan Balmiki
|{{Party name with color|Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}
|Karn Singh Bhukkal
|-
!20
| [[Indri Assembly constituency|Indri]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ram Kumar Kashyap]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rakesh Kumar Kamboj
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Surender Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Kuldeep Mandhan
|-
!21
|[[Karnal Assembly constituency|Karnal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Jagmohan Anand
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sumita Virk
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Surjeet Singh Pehalwan
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Jitendra Rayal
|-
!22
| [[Gharaunda Assembly constituency|Gharaunda]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Harvinder Kalyan]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Virender Singh Rathore
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Mannu Kashyap
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Rajpal
|-
!23
| [[Assandh Assembly constituency|Assandh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Yogender Singh Rana]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Shamsher Singh Gogi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Gopal Singh Rana
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Panipat district|Panipat]]
!24
| [[Panipat Rural Assembly constituency|Panipat Rural]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Mahipal Dhanda]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sachin Kundu
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Ranbir Singh
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Raghunath Kashyap
|-
!25
| [[Panipat City Assembly constituency|Panipat City]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Parmod Kumar Vij]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Varinder Kumar Shah
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Saroj Bala
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
!26
| [[Israna Assembly constituency|Israna]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Krishan Lal Panwar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Balbir Singh (Haryana politician)|Balbir Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Suraj Bhan Nara
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Sunil Saudapur
|-
!27
| [[Samalkha Assembly constituency|Samalkha]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Manmohan Bhadana
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Dharam Singh Chhoker]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Rajesh Jhattipur
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Gangaram Swami
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Sonipat district|Sonipat]]
!28
| [[Ganaur Assembly constituency|Ganaur]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Devender Kaushik
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Kuldeep Sharma (politician)|Kuldeep Sharma]]
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Nar Singh
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Anil Tyagi
|-
!29
| [[Rai Assembly constituency|Rai]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Krishna Gahlawat
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Jai Bhagwan Antil
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Pramod Dahiya
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Bijender Antil Murthal
|-
!30
| [[Kharkhauda Assembly constituency|Kharkhauda]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Pawan Kharkhauda
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Jaiveer Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Pritam Khokhar
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Ramesh Khatak
|-
!31
| [[Sonipat Assembly constituency|Sonipat]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Nikhil Madan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Surender Panwar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Shradha Ram
|{{Party name with color|Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}
|Rajesh
|-
!32
| [[Gohana Assembly constituency|Gohana]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Arvind Kumar Sharma|Arvind Sharma]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Jagbir Singh Malik]]
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Dinesh Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Kuldeep Malik
|-
!33
|[[Baroda Assembly constituency|Baroda]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Pradeep Sangwan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indu Raj Narwal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Dharambir Singh
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Deepak Malik
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Jind district|Jind]]
!34
| [[Julana Assembly constituency|Julana]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Captain Yogesh Bairagi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Vinesh Phogat]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Surender Lathar
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|[[Amarjeet Dhanda]]
|-
!35
| [[Safidon Assembly constituency|Safidon]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ram Kumar Gautam]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Subhash Gangoli]]
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Pinki
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
| Sushil Bairagi
|-
!36
| [[Jind Assembly constituency|Jind]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Krishan Lal Middha]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mahabir Gupta
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Narendra Nath Sharma
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Dharampal Prajapat
|-
!37
| [[Uchana Kalan Assembly constituency|Uchana Kalan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Devender Attri
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Brijendra Singh ( politician, born 13 May 1972)|Brijendra Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Vinod Pal
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|[[Dushyant Chautala]]
|-
!38
| [[Narwana Assembly constituency|Narwana]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Krishan Kumar Bedi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Satbir Dublain
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Bidya Rani
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Santosh Danoda
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Fatehabad district|Fatehabad]]
!39
| [[Tohana Assembly constituency|Tohana]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Devender Singh Babli]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Paramvir Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Kunal Karan Singh
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Hawa Singh Khobra
|-
!40
| [[Fatehabad, Haryana Assembly constituency|Fatehabad]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Dura Ram]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Balwan Singh Daulatpuria
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Sunaina Chautala
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Subhash Gorchhiya
|-
!41
| [[Ratia Assembly constituency|Ratia]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sunita Duggal]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Jarnail Singh (Haryana politician)|Jarnail Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Chhindwara Pal
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Ramesh Kumar Od
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Sirsa district|Sirsa]]
!42
| [[Kalanwali Assembly constituency|Kalanwali]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rajinder Singh Desujodha
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Shishpal Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Gurtej Singh Sukhchain
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Gurjant Tigri
|-
!43
| [[Dabwali Assembly constituency|Dabwali]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Baldev Singh Mangiana
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Amit Sihag]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Aditya Sihag Chautala
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Digvijay Chautala
|-
!44
| [[Rania Assembly constituency|Rania]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shishpal Kamboj
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sarva Mitra Kamboj
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Arjun Singh Chautala
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|{{efn|JJP-ASP alliance extended support to independent candidate [[Ranjit Singh Chautala]] in [[Rania Assembly constituency|Rania]].<ref>{{cite news|date=11 September 2024|title=JJP-ASP alliance supports Ranjit Chautala in Rania|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/haryana-assembly/jjp-asp-alliance-supports-ranjit-chautala-in-rania/article68631390.ece|access-date=16 September 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=16 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916171052/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/haryana-assembly/jjp-asp-alliance-supports-ranjit-chautala-in-rania/article68631390.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
|-
!45
| [[Sirsa Assembly constituency|Sirsa]]
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|{{efn|BJP extended support to [[Haryana Lokhit Party|HLP]] candidate [[Gopal Goyal Kanda]] in [[Sirsa Assembly constituency|Sirsa]].<ref>{{cite news|date=16 September 2024|title=BJP candidate from Sirsa withdraws his nomination|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/bjp-candidate-from-sirsa-withdraws-his-nomination-1503343862.html|access-date=16 September 2024|newspaper=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|archive-date=16 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916171325/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/bjp-candidate-from-sirsa-withdraws-his-nomination-1503343862.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Gokul Setia
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|{{efn|INLD-BSP extended support to [[Haryana Lokhit Party|HLP]] candidate [[Gopal Goyal Kanda]] in [[Sirsa Assembly constituency|Sirsa]].<ref>{{cite news|date=13 September 2024|title=Abhay Chautala announces to back Gopal Kanda from Sirsa seat|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/abhay-chautala-announces-to-back-gopal-kanda-from-sirsa-seat-101726171171284.html|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|access-date=20 September 2024|archive-date=9 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209110533/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/abhay-chautala-announces-to-back-gopal-kanda-from-sirsa-seat-101726171171284.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Pawan Sherpura
|-
!46
| [[Ellenabad Assembly constituency|Ellenabad]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Amir Chand Mehta
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Bharat Singh Beniwal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|[[Abhay Singh Chautala]]
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Anjani Ladha
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Hisar district|Hisar]]
!47
| [[Adampur, Haryana Assembly constituency|Adampur]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bhavya Bishnoi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Chander Prakash (politician)|Chander Parkash]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Randeep
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Krishna Gangwa
|-
!48
| [[Uklana Assembly constituency|Uklana]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Anoop Dhanak]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Naresh Selwal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Balraj Sabhwal
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Rohtash Kandul
|-
!49
| [[Narnaund Assembly constituency|Narnaund]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Captain Abhimanyu]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Jassi Petwar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Umed Lohan
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Yogesh Gautam
|-
!50
| [[Hansi Assembly constituency|Hansi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Vinod Bhayana]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rahul Makkar
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Ravindra Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Shamsher Dhul
|-
!51
| [[Barwala Assembly constituency|Barwala]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ranbir Singh Gangwa]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ram Niwas Ghorela
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Sanjana Gahlot
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Anantram
|-
!52
| [[Hisar Assembly constituency|Hisar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Kamal Gupta]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ram Niwas Rara
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Shyam Lal
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Ravi Ahuja
|-
!53
| [[Nalwa Assembly constituency|Nalwa]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Randhir Parihar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Anil Mann
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Sarwan Verma
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Virendra Chaudhary
|-
|[[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]]
!54
| [[Loharu Assembly constituency|Loharu]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Jai Parkash Dalal]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rajbir Singh Fartiya
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Bhoop Singh
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Alka Arya
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Charkhi Dadri district|Charkhi Dadri]]
!55
| [[Badhra Assembly constituency|Badhra]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Umed Patuwas
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Somveer Sangwan]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Vijay Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Yashveer Singh Sheoran
|-
!56
| [[Dadri, Haryana Assembly constituency|Dadri]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sunil Sangwan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Manisha Sangwan
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Anand Singh
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Rajdeep Phogat
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]]
!57
| [[Bhiwani Assembly constituency|Bhiwani]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ghanshyam Saraf]]
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Om Prakash
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
| Karambir Yadav
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
!58
| [[Tosham Assembly constituency|Tosham]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Shruti Choudhry]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Anirudh Chaudhry]]
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Om Singh
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Rajesh Bhardwaj
|-
!59
| [[Bawani Khera Assembly constituency|Bawani Khera]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kapur Valmiki
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Pradeep Narwal
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Sandeep Singh
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Guddi Langyan
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Rohtak district|Rohtak]]
!60
| [[Meham Assembly constituency|Meham]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Deepak Niwas Hooda]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Balram Dangi
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Hawa Singh
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
!61
| [[Garhi Sampla-Kiloi Assembly constituency|Garhi Sampla-Kiloi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Manju Hooda
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Krishan
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Sushila Deshwal
|-
!62
| [[Rohtak Assembly constituency|Rohtak]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Manish Grover]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Bharat Bhushan Batra]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Dillour
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Jitendra Balhara
|-
!63
| [[Kalanaur Assembly constituency|Kalanaur]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Renu Dabla
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Shakuntla Khatak]]
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Poonam
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Mahendra Sudana
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Jhajjar district|Jhajjar]]
!64
| [[Bahadurgarh Assembly constituency|Bahadurgarh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Dinesh Kaushik
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Rajinder Singh Joon]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Sheela Rathi
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
!65
| [[Badli, Haryana Assembly constituency|Badli]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Om Prakash Dhankhar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Kuldeep Vats]]
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Krishna Silana
|-
!66
| [[Jhajjar Assembly constituency|Jhajjar]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kaptan Birdhana
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Geeta Bhukkal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Dharambir Singh
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Naseeb Valmiki
|-
!67
| [[Beri Assembly constituency|Beri]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sanjay Kablana
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Raghuvir Singh Kadian]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Permod
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Sunil Dujana
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Mahendragarh district|Mahendragarh]]
!68
| [[Ateli Assembly constituency|Ateli]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Arti Singh Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Anita Yadav
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Thakur Attar Lal
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Ayushi Abhimanyu Rao
|-
!69
| [[Mahendragarh Assembly constituency|Mahendragarh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Kanwar Singh Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Rao Dan Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Surender Kaushik
|{{Party name with color|Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}
|Shashi Kumar
|-
!70
| [[Narnaul Assembly constituency|Narnaul]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Om Parkash Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rao Narinder Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Nar Singh
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Suresh Saini
|-
!71
| [[Nangal Chaudhry Assembly constituency|Nangal Chaudhry]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Abhe Singh Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Manju Choudhary (politician)|Manju Choudhary]]
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Om Prakash
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Rewari district|Rewari]]
!72
| [[Bawal Assembly constituency|Bawal]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Krishna Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|M L Ranga
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Sampat Ram
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
!73
| [[Kosli Assembly constituency|Kosli]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Anil Dahina
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Jagdish Yadav
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Raj Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Lavinder Singh Yadav
|-
!74
| [[Rewari Assembly constituency|Rewari]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Laxman Singh Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Chiranjeev Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Somany Vijay
|{{Party name with color| Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}
|Moki Yadav
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]]
!75
| [[Pataudi Assembly constituency|Pataudi]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bimla Chaudhary
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Pearl Chaudhary
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Pawan Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Amar Nath
|-
!76
|[[Badshahpur Assembly constituency|Badshahpur]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Rao Narbir Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Vardhan Yadav
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Joginder Singh
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Surendra Kumar
|-
!77
| [[Gurgaon Assembly constituency|Gurgaon]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Mukesh Sharma
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mohit Grover
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Gaurav Bhatia
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Ashok Jangra
|-
!78
| [[Sohna Assembly constituency|Sohna]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Tejpal Tanwar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rohtash Khatana
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Surender Bhadana
|{{Party name with color|Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}
|Vinesh Gurjar
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Nuh district|Nuh]]
!79
| [[Nuh Assembly constituency|Nuh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sanjay Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Aftab Ahmed (Indian politician)|Aftab Ahmed]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Tahir Hussain
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Birender Singh Gangoli
|-
!80
| [[Ferozepur Jhirka Assembly constituency|Ferozepur Jhirka]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Naseem Ahmed]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Mamman Khan]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Mohd Habir
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Jan Mohammad
|-
!81
| [[Punahana Assembly constituency|Punahana]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Aizaz Khan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Mohammad Ilyas (Indian politician)|Mohammad Ilyas]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Dayawati
|{{Party name with color|Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}
|Ataullah
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Palwal district|Palwal]]
!82
| [[Hathin Assembly constituency|Hathin]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Manoj Rawat
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mohd Israil
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Taiyab Hussain Bhimsika
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Ravindra Sehrawat
|-
!83
| [[Hodal Assembly constituency|Hodal]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Harinder Singh (Haryana politician)|Harinder Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Udai Bhan]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Sunil Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Satveer Tanwar
|-
!84
| [[Palwal Assembly constituency|Palwal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Gaurav Gautam
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Karan Dalal
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Abhisek Deshwal
|{{Party name with color|Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}
|Harit Bainsla
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Faridabad district|Faridabad]]
!85
|[[Prithla Assembly constituency|Prithla]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Tek Chand Sharma
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Raghubir Tewatia
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Surender Basistha
|{{Party name with color|Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}
|Giriraj Panghal
|-
!86
| [[Faridabad NIT Assembly constituency|Faridabad NIT]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Satish Fagna
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Neeraj Sharma
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|Nagender Bhadana
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janta Party}}
|Haji Kamarat Ali
|-
!87
| [[Badkhal Assembly constituency|Badkhal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Dhanesh Adlakha
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Vijay Pratap
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Manoj
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Parvinder Singh
|-
!88
| [[Ballabgarh Assembly constituency|Ballabgarh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Mool Chand Sharma]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Parag Sharma
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
!89
| [[Faridabad Assembly constituency|Faridabad]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vipul Goel
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Lakhan Kumar Singla
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
| NP Singh Baghel
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
!90
| [[Tigaon Assembly constituency|Tigaon]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Rajesh Nagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rohit Nagar
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Lal Chand Sharma
|{{Party name with color|Jannayak Janata Party}}
|Teeka Ram Bhardwaj
|}

== Major issues ==
=== Farmer Protest and demands ===
The three [[2020 Indian agriculture acts|farm laws]] by the BJP-led [[Government of India|central government]] in 2020 have been a major point of contention with the farmers across various states. The farmers in Haryana also participated in the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|protests]] with the demand for the repeal of these laws, claiming that they adversely affect their crop sales and income was a prominent issue of that time.<ref>{{cite news|date=13 February 2024|title=Why India farmers are protesting again|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68282270|access-date=20 August 2024|work=[[BBC News]]|archive-date=20 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820140302/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68282270|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Farmer">{{cite news|date=27 July 2024|title=Farmers' agitation reignites ahead of Haryana Assembly election|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/farmers-agitation-reignites-ahead-of-haryana-assembly-election-2572479-2024-07-27|access-date=8 September 2024|work=[[India Today]]|archive-date=8 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908124233/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/farmers-agitation-reignites-ahead-of-haryana-assembly-election-2572479-2024-07-27|url-status=live}}</ref> Another significant issue prior to the elections was the demand for a [[Minimum support price (India)|Minimum Support Price (MSP)]] for farmers. Farmer unions advocated the government to ensure that MSPs are legally mandated, arguing that it will provide a safety net for their produce and ensure fair prices. The demand arose from concerns that the farmers might face financial instability due to fluctuating market prices without such guarantees. The issue was part of broader discontent with the existent agricultural policies and became a key topic in the electoral debates.<ref>{{cite news|date=6 August 2024|title=Farmers cold to Haryana 'all under MSP' promise: 'Most of 10 added crops not grown widely' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/haryana-farmers-msp-nayab-singh-saini-crops-bjp-congress-9497390/|access-date=20 August 2024|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=20 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820134800/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/haryana-farmers-msp-nayab-singh-saini-crops-bjp-congress-9497390/|url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Agnipath scheme ===
The [[Agnipath Scheme]] was a [[tour of duty]] style scheme introduced by the central government in June 2022, which proposed a four-year term recruitment into the [[Indian Army]], after which 25% of them would continue their service in the army and rest would be dismissed. The scheme was seen as a move away from permanent recruitment and became a contentious issue in Haryana with concerns that it may lead to instability in employment for the soldiers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=26 June 2024|title=Will the Agnipath scheme be revamped? Explained |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/will-the-agnipath-scheme-be-revamped-explained/article68333308.ece|access-date=20 August 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|issn=0971-751X |archive-date=20 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820134801/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/will-the-agnipath-scheme-be-revamped-explained/article68333308.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Government of Haryana|state government]] introduced a quota for such relieved soldiers in certain state government jobs.<ref>{{cite news|date=17 July 2024|title=Haryana announces 10% quota for Agniveers in police, mining guard jobs|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/haryana-reservation-agniveers-government-jobs-army-recruitment-scheme-2568076-2024-07-17|access-date=8 September 2024|newspaper=[[India Today]]|archive-date=8 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908124817/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/haryana-reservation-agniveers-government-jobs-army-recruitment-scheme-2568076-2024-07-17|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Unemployment ===
Unemployment was raised as a significant issue in the state as indicated by a survey by [[India Today]].<ref>{{cite news|date=23 August 2024|title=BJP facing anti-incumbency in Haryana, unemployment main issue: Survey|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/haryana-assembly-election-2024-bjp-nayab-singh-saini-performance-cvoter-survey-2586584-2024-08-23|access-date=8 September 2024|work=[[India Today]]|archive-date=7 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907225400/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/haryana-assembly-election-2024-bjp-nayab-singh-saini-performance-cvoter-survey-2586584-2024-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Opposition parties questioned the effectiveness of government policies in creating job opportunities for the youth, which made it a central debating topic in the elections.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 August 2024|title=BJP brought drug addiction, crime, corruption, unemployment in Haryana': Congress' Deepender Hooda |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-brought-drug-addiction-crime-corruption-unemployment-in-haryana-congress-deepender-hooda/videoshow/112623880.cms?from=mdr|access-date=20 August 2024|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|archive-date=20 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820134800/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-brought-drug-addiction-crime-corruption-unemployment-in-haryana-congress-deepender-hooda/videoshow/112623880.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Issues">{{cite news|date=17 July 2024|title=For Congress, inflation and job losses to be key in Haryana elections campaign|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/for-cong-inflation-and-job-losses-to-be-key-in-haryana-campaign-101721155430980.html|access-date=8 September 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=17 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717043145/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/for-cong-inflation-and-job-losses-to-be-key-in-haryana-campaign-101721155430980.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Inflation ===
Rising prices of essential goods and services was also raised as a major election issue by the opposition parties.<ref name="Issues"/> They claimed that the inflation has significantly impacted the cost of living in Haryana and questioned the government's ability to manage inflation and provide relief to affected citizens.<ref>{{cite news|title=Assembly Election: Congress MP Criticises BJP, Says They Brought Haryana To The Top In Unemployment, Corruption |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/assembly-election-congress-mp-criticises-bjp-says-they-brought-haryana-to-the-top-in-unemployment-corruption-2779812.html|access-date=20 August 2024|work=[[Zee News]]|archive-date=20 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820134800/https://zeenews.india.com/india/assembly-election-congress-mp-criticises-bjp-says-they-brought-haryana-to-the-top-in-unemployment-corruption-2779812.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Wrestler protests ===
Haryana has a longstanding tradition in [[wrestling]] and sends the highest number of wrestlers who represent India at major international events.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/olympics/aman-wrestling-and-the-quest-for-glory-101723310249656.html|title=Aman, wrestling and the quest for glory|date=11 August 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=14 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814204316/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/olympics/aman-wrestling-and-the-quest-for-glory-101723310249656.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A group of wrestlers have been protesting against the earlier chief of [[Wrestling Federation of India]] BJP's [[Brij Bhushan Sharan Singh]], who had sexual abuse charges filed against him. The wrestlers accused Singh of failing to provide them with safety and demanded justice against the same.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mishra|first=Ishita|date=21 May 2024|title=Brij Bhushan misused his position as WFI chief to exert control over victims, notes court while framing charges |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-court-frames-charges-against-ex-wfi-chief-brij-bhushan-singh-in-sexual-harassment-case/article68199335.ece|access-date=20 August 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=20 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820134800/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-court-frames-charges-against-ex-wfi-chief-brij-bhushan-singh-in-sexual-harassment-case/article68199335.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> For the [[Khelo India]], which aims to promote sports at the grassroots level, the state was allocated only 3% of the total budget, leading to dissatisfaction and criticism from the sports community due to a perceived imbalance in the distribution of resources and support for athletes in the state.<ref>{{cite news|title=Haryana receives just 3% of Khelo India budget|url=https://www.amarujala.com/chandigarh/haryana-got-only-three-percent-budget-in-khelo-india-chandigarh-news-c-16-pkl1010-480679-2024-07-31|date=31 July 2024|access-date=20 August 2024|work=[[Amar Ujala]]|language=hi|archive-date=20 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820134800/https://www.amarujala.com/chandigarh/haryana-got-only-three-percent-budget-in-khelo-india-chandigarh-news-c-16-pkl1010-480679-2024-07-31|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Campaigns ==

=== Bharatiya Janata Party ===
The BJP focused its campaign on highlighting its record of merit-based job creation and infrastructure development, and allegations of corruption during the previous Congress rule. [[Narendra Modi]] addressed four rallies and called the Congress the most "dishonest and deceitful" party.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=Ashok|date=3 October 2024|title=Campaign ends in Haryana amid slanging match between BJP, Congress|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/haryana-assembly/poll-campaign-ends-in-haryana-amid-slanging-match-between-bjp-congress/article68713948.ece|access-date=9 October 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=9 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009080220/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/haryana-assembly/poll-campaign-ends-in-haryana-amid-slanging-match-between-bjp-congress/article68713948.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The BJP had earlier reshuffled its leadership
and limited the campaigning of former chief minister Khattar, who had faced opposition for his views.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 August 2024|title=In Haryana, BJP reaps benefits of a clinical campaign, while Opposition failed to read pulse of the people|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/haryana-bjp-benefits-campaign-opposition-failed-pulse-people-9609919/|access-date=9 October 2024|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=9 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009020149/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/haryana-bjp-benefits-campaign-opposition-failed-pulse-people-9609919/|url-status=live}}</ref> Saini, who was not part of the earlier government, became the chief minister few months before the election. He had implemented several populist measures including merit-based recruitment for new government jobs, distribution plots to families below the [[poverty line]], free bus travel to the poor, and regularisation of unauthorized colonies. The party emphasised the schemes and also frequently highlighted his background as an OBC leader.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jyoti|first=Dhrubo|title=Calculative vs emotive campaigns that may have swung the vote in Haryana|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/calculative-vs-emotive-campaigns-that-may-have-swung-the-vote-in-haryana-101728414024572.html|date=9 October 2024|access-date=9 October 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=9 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009022551/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/calculative-vs-emotive-campaigns-that-may-have-swung-the-vote-in-haryana-101728414024572.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, the BJP dropped a third of its sitting legislators to counter the anti-incumbency sentiment and fielded more than 20 new candidates.<ref>{{cite news|date=9 October 2024|title=Haryana Shocker: A BJP win, a Congress self-goal|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/story/opinion-assembly-election-results-haryana-shocker-bjp-congress-2613810-2024-10-09|access-date=9 October 2024|work=[[India Today]]|archive-date=9 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009050311/https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/story/opinion-assembly-election-results-haryana-shocker-bjp-congress-2613810-2024-10-09|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Indian National Congress ===
In July, the Congress released a charge sheet criticising the BJP government on issues like unemployment, unfilled government positions, increased crime, and alleged mistreatment of farmers. On 15 July, it launched the ''Haryana Maange Hisab Abhiyan'' campaign, which was aimed at visiting all 90 Assembly constituencies, exposing the government failures and gathering suggestions from the public for its election manifesto.<ref>{{cite news|date=12 July 2024|title=Congress announces 'Haryana Maange Hisab' campaign with 'charge sheet' against BJP govt|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/congress-announces-haryana-maange-hisab-campaign-with-charge-sheet-against-bjp-govt-9448260/|access-date=8 August 2024|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=8 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808115303/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/congress-announces-haryana-maange-hisab-campaign-with-charge-sheet-against-bjp-govt-9448260/|url-status=live }}</ref> Former chief minister [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]] and state Congress chief [[Udai Bhan]] announced a 'Rath Yatra' after 20 August as a part of the campaign.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gill will travel on foot from today under the Haryana Maange Hisaab campaign|url=https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/jind/gill-will-travel-on-foot-from-today-under-haryana-maange-hisaab-jind-news-c-199-1-sroh1006-121182-2024-08-08|date=8 August 2024|access-date=8 August 2024|work=[[Amar Ujala]]|language=hi|archive-date=8 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808115304/https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/jind/gill-will-travel-on-foot-from-today-under-haryana-maange-hisaab-jind-news-c-199-1-sroh1006-121182-2024-08-08|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Manifestos ==
=== Bharatiya Janata Party ===
The BJP's manifesto was titled ''Non-Stop Haryana ka Sankalp Patra'', which outlined 20 key promises to address various issues across the state. The party promised to provide {{INRconvert|2100}} monthly assistance to women under the "Lakshmi Yojana" scheme and health insurance coverage of up to {{INRconvert|1|m}} per family under the "Nirogi-Ayushman Yojana". The party also promised a minimum support price for 24 crops. It further pledged to create job opportunities for local youth in ten industrial cities, including a special provision for 50,000 new jobs and guaranteed government jobs for 2 lakh youths without an exam. The manifesto also included guarantees of affordable housing for 5 lakh individuals in urban and rural areas, availability of gas cylinders for {{INRconvert|500}} under the "[[Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana]]", free tablets for students under the "Awasiya Balika Yojana", and the construction of five Olympic class stadiums. Additionally, the party promised new airports, high-speed rail corridors between major cities and industrial expressways. It also aimed to raise social pensions based on scientific formulas and provide loans up to {{INRconvert|2.5|m}} for the [[other backward classes]] (OBC) for starting new business. Other promises include increased medical and engineering opportunities for OBC students, interest-free loans for agricultural education, and the creation of a sports university and cultural center in the state.<ref>{{cite news|last=R.|first=Lavanya|date=19 September 2024|title=Haryana Assembly Elections 2024: BJP Launches Election Manifesto as Voting Date Approaches|url=https://www.newsx.com/national/haryana-assembly-elections-2024-bjp-launches-election-manifesto-as-voting-date-approaches/|access-date=19 September 2024|work=[[NewsX]]|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919071920/https://www.newsx.com/national/haryana-assembly-elections-2024-bjp-launches-election-manifesto-as-voting-date-approaches/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Indian National Congress ===
The Congress's manifesto focused on women empowerment, support for the elderly and disabled, job security for the youth, and improvement of the lives of families, farmers, and OBCs. It promised {{INRconvert|2000}} per month assistance for women and gas cylinders for {{INRconvert|500}}. It also guaranteed pensions of {{INRconvert|6000}} to the elderly, disabled, and widows, and that the restoration of the old pension scheme for the government employees. For the youth, the party promised 2 lakh government jobs and eradication of drugs from the state. It also promised 300 units of free electricity, medical coverage up to {{INRconvert|2.5|m}}, a 100-yard plot and a two-room house costing {{INRconvert|0.35|m}} for the poor. The farmers were promised a legal guarantee of MSP and quick compensation for crop losses. The OBCs were promised a caste based survey and an increase in the [[creamy layer]] limit to {{INRconvert|1|m}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=MSN|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/haryana-election-congress-promises-legal-msp-6-000-pension-in-7-guarantees/ar-AA1qLmF7?ocid=BingNewsSerp|date=18 September 2024|access-date=18 September 2024|archive-date=6 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206064016/https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/haryana-election-congress-promises-legal-msp-6-000-pension-in-7-guarantees/ar-AA1qLmF7?ocid=BingNewsSerp|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Surveys and polls ==
The exit polls were released on 5 October 2024 after the polling ended. Most of the exit polls predicted a victory for the Congress.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/congress-win-in-haryana-hung-house-in-j-k-poll-of-exit-polls-6723388|title=Congress To Win Haryana, Hung House In Jammu And Kashmir: Poll Of Exit Polls|work=[[NDTV]]|date=5 October 2024|access-date=5 October 2024|archive-date=5 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005135822/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/congress-win-in-haryana-hung-house-in-j-k-poll-of-exit-polls-6723388|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in actual result the BJP formed the government.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px;"
! rowspan="2" |Polling agency
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |
| style="background:gray;" |
! rowspan="2" |Majority
|-
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
![[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
!Others
|-
|[[Dainik Bhaskar]]<ref name="Poll">{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/haryana-exit-poll-2024-result-will-bjp-clinch-hat-trick-or-will-congress-return-after-10-years-9074480.html|title=Haryana Exit Poll 2024 Result: Congress Predicted to Oust BJP from Power With Big Win|work=[[News18]]|date=5 October 2024|access-date=5 October 2024|archive-date=5 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005130529/https://www.news18.com/elections/haryana-exit-poll-2024-result-will-bjp-clinch-hat-trick-or-will-congress-return-after-10-years-9074480.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|19-29
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |'''44-54'''
|1-6
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |'''INDIA'''
|-
|People's Insight
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''53'''
|31
|6
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''BJP'''
|-
|DHRUV<ref name="Poll"/>
|27
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |'''57'''
|6
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |'''INDIA'''
|-
|Matrize<ref name="Poll"/>
|18-24
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |'''55-62'''
|5-14
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |'''INDIA'''
|-
|[[India Today (TV channel)|India Today]] - [[CVoter]]<ref name="CVoter">{{cite news|date=5 October 2024|title=Congress to reclaim Haryana, INDIA edge in J&K tight fight: India Today exit poll|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/haryana-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-2024-india-today-cvoter-exit-polls-result-congress-bjp-2611927-2024-10-05|access-date=5 October 2024|work=[[India Today]]|archive-date=5 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005152450/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/haryana-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-2024-india-today-cvoter-exit-polls-result-congress-bjp-2611927-2024-10-05|url-status=live}}</ref>
|20-28
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |'''50-58'''
|10-16
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |'''INDIA'''
|-
|Politique Marquer<ref name="Poll"/>
|31
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |'''56'''
|3
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |'''INDIA'''
|-
|South First - People's Pulse<ref name="SF">{{cite news|date=5 October 2024|title=People's Pulse exit poll: Coalition government in Jammu and Kashmir, Congress in Haryana|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/news/peoples-pulse-exit-poll-coalition-government-in-jammu-and-kashmir-congress-in-haryana/|access-date=5 October 2024|work=The South First|archive-date=5 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005132002/https://thesouthfirst.com/news/peoples-pulse-exit-poll-coalition-government-in-jammu-and-kashmir-congress-in-haryana/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|26±6
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |'''55±6'''
|5-9
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |'''INDIA'''
|-
!Actual Result
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''48'''
!37
!5
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''BJP'''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px;"
! rowspan="2" |Polling agency
| bgcolor="{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |
| style="background:gray;" |
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
![[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
!Others
|-
|[[India Today (TV channel)|India Today]] - [[CVoter]]<ref name="CVoter"/>
|37.2%
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |'''43.8%'''
|19.0%
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |'''6.6%'''
|-
|South First - People's Pulse<ref name="SF"/>
|38.0%
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |'''45.0%'''
|17.0%
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}" |'''7.0%'''
|-
!Actual Result
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''39.94%'''
!39.34%
!20.72%
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''0.6%'''
|}

== Results ==
The [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] achieved its third consecutive victory in Haryana following the vote count for the October 5, 2024, assembly election, held on Tuesday. The party overcame 10 years of anti-incumbency and defied exit polls that had forecasted a decisive win for the opposition Congress. The BJP secured 48 seats in the 90-member assembly, while Indian National Congress, won 37 seats. Three independents and two candidates from the [[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]] also emerged victorious.<ref>{{Cite web |first= |title=Haryana Election Result Highlights: BJP gets third term with 48 seats; Cong 37 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haryana-election-result-2024-live-updates-manohar-lal-khattar-bhupinder-singh-hooda-congress-bjp-vidhan-sabha-chunav-res-101728315823204.html |access-date=9 October 2024 |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009174917/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/haryana-election-result-2024-live-updates-manohar-lal-khattar-bhupinder-singh-hooda-congress-bjp-vidhan-sabha-chunav-res-101728315823204.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-10-08 |title=Haryana election result Highlights: Congress says results 'totally unexpected, surprising' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/haryana-assembly/haryana-assembly-election-results-saini-hooda-selja-live-updates-october-8-2024/article68728591.ece |access-date=2024-10-09 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009134747/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/haryana-assembly/haryana-assembly-election-results-saini-hooda-selja-live-updates-october-8-2024/article68728591.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== By alliance/party ===
{{Pie chart|caption='''Vote Share by alliance'''|other=yes|value1=39.94|label1=[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]|color1={{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|value2=39.34|label2=[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]|color2={{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}|value3=5.96|label3=[[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD+]]|color3={{party color|Indian National Lok Dal }}|value4=1.00|label4=[[Jannayak Janta Party|JJP+]]|color4={{party color|Jannayak Janta Party}}|value5=0.38|label5=[[None of the above|NOTA]]|color5=Black"}}
{{Pie chart
| caption = '''Seat Share'''
| value1 = 53.34
| label1 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| color1 = {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}
| value2 = 41.12
| label2 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| color2 = {{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}|
| value3 = 2.22
| label3 = [[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD+]]
| color3 = {{party color|Indian National Lok Dal }}
| value4 =
| label4 =
| color4 =
| other = 1.24
}}
{| style="width:80%; text-align:center;"
!'''Party'''
|'''BJP'''
|'''INC'''
|'''INLD'''
|'''IND'''
|-
!'''Seats'''
| bgcolor="{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" style="width:53.33%;" |'''48'''
| bgcolor="{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}" style="width:41.11%;" |'''37'''
| bgcolor="{{Party color|Indian National Lok Dal}}" style="width:2.22%;" |'''2'''
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independents}}" style="width:3.34%;" |'''3'''
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter" style="font-size: 90%"
|+Result by alliance/party<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/partywiseresult-S07.htm|title=Party wise result|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2024|archive-date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008033600/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/partywiseresult-S07.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Alliance/ Party
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
!colspan="3"|Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|colspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|'''5,548,800'''
|'''39.94'''
|'''{{increase}} 3.45'''
|'''89'''
|'''48'''<ref name="Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - BJP">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - BJP |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/partywisewinresult-369S07.htm |access-date=9 October 2024 |date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009163632/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/partywisewinresult-369S07.htm |archive-date=9 October 2024}}</ref>
|{{increase}}'''8'''
|-
|rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|rowspan="3"|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|5,430,602
|39.09
|{{increase}} 11.01
|89
|37<ref name="Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - INC">{{cite news |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - INC |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/partywisewinresult-742S07.htm |access-date=9 October 2024 |date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009163834/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/partywisewinresult-742S07.htm |archive-date=9 October 2024}}</ref>
|{{increase}} 6
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|34,373
|0.25
|{{increase}} 0.18
|1
|0
|{{no change}}
|-
!colspan="2"style="background:#e5f7fd""|Total
!style="background:#e5f7fd"|5,464,975
!style="background:#e5f7fd"|39.34
!style="background:#e5f7fd"|{{increase}} 11.19
!style="background:#e5f7fd"|90
!style="background:#e5f7fd"|37
!style="background:#e5f7fd"|{{increase}} 6
|-
|rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|rowspan="3"|[[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD+]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|575,192
|4.14
|{{increase}} 1.70
|51
|2<ref name="Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - INLD">{{cite news |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - INLD |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/partywisewinresult-748S07.htm |access-date=9 October 2024 |date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009163931/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/partywisewinresult-748S07.htm |archive-date=9 October 2024}}</ref>
|{{increase}} 1
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|252,671
|1.82
|{{decrease}} 2.39
|35
|0
|{{no change}}
|-
!colspan="2"style="background:#e5f7fd"|Total
!style="background:#e5f7fd"|827,863
!style="background:#e5f7fd"|5.96
!style="background:#e5f7fd"|{{decrease}} 0.69
!style="background:#e5f7fd; text-align:center;"|86
!style="background:#e5f7fd"|2
!style="background:#e5f7fd"|{{increase}} 1
|-
|rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|Jannayak Janta Party}}
|rowspan="3"|[[Jannayak Janta Party|JJP+]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jannayak Janta Party}}
|125,022
|0.90
|{{decrease}} 13.90
|66
|0
|{{decrease}} 10
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)|dab=yes}}
|19,534
|0.10
|New
|12
|0
|{{no change}}
|-
!colspan="2"style="background:#e5f7fd"|Total
!style="background:#e5f7fd"|144,556
!style="background:#e5f7fd"|1.00
!style="background:#e5f7fd"|{{decrease}}13.80
!style="background:#e5f7fd; text-align:center;"|78
!style="background:#e5f7fd"|0
!style="background:#e5f7fd"|{{decrease}} 10
|-
|{{Party color cell|Others}}
|colspan="3"|[[#Others|Other parties]]
|
|
|
|{{n/a}}
|0
|{{decrease}} 1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3"|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
|
|
|
|{{n/a}}
|3<ref name="Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - INDP">{{cite news |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - INDP |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/partywisewinresult-743S07.htm |access-date=9 October 2024 |date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009164036/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/partywisewinresult-743S07.htm |archive-date=9 October 2024}}</ref>
|{{decrease}} 4
|-
|bgcolor="Black"|
|colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|53,300
|0.38
|{{decrease}} 0.15
!colspan="3" {{n/a}}
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!
!100%
!{{n/a}}
!90
!90
!{{n/a}}
|}

=== By district ===
{{Table alignment}}
{|class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter col1left" style="font-size: 90%"
|+Result by district<ref name="Results">{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/statewiseS071.htm|title=State wise result|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2024|archive-date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008042223/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/statewiseS071.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
! District
! Seats
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! [[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]]
! Others
|-
|[[Panchkula district|Panchkula]]
!2
|1
|1
|0
|0
|-
|[[Ambala district|Ambala]]
!4
|1
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3
|0
|0
|-
|[[Yamunanagar district|Yamunanagar]]
!4
|2
|2
|0
|0
|-
|[[Kurukshetra district|Kurukshetra]]
!4
|1
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3
|0
|0
|-
|[[Kaithal district|Kaithal]]
!4
|1
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3
|0
|0
|-
|[[Karnal district|Karnal]]
!5
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |5
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Panipat district|Panipat]]
!4
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |4
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Sonipat district|Sonipat]]
!6
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |4
|1
|0
|1
|-
|[[Jind district|Jind]]
!5
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |4
|1
|0
|0
|-
|[[Fatehabad district|Fatehabad]]
!3
|0
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3
|0
|0
|-
|[[Sirsa district|Sirsa]]
!5
|0
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3
|2
|0
|-
|[[Hisar district|Hisar]]
!7
|3
|3
|0
|1
|-
|[[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]]
!4
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |3
|1
|0
|0
|-
|[[Charkhi Dadri district|Charkhi Dadri]]
!2
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |2
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Rohtak district|Rohtak]]
!4
|0
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|4
|0
|0
|-
|[[Jhajjar district|Jhajjar]]
!4
|0
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3
|0
|1
|-
|[[Mahendragarh district|Mahendragarh]]
!4
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |3
|1
|0
|0
|-
|[[Rewari district|Rewari]]
!3
|style="background:{{party color|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]}} ; color:white;" |3
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]]
!4
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |4
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Nuh district|Nuh]]
!3
|0
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3
|0
|0
|-
|[[Palwal district|Palwal]]
!3
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |2
|1
|0
|0
|-
|[[Faridabad district|Faridabad]]
!6
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |5
|1
|0
|0
|-
!Total
!90
!style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |48
!37
!2
!3
|}

=== By constituency ===
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;font-size:94%;"
! colspan="3" |Constituency & Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner<ref name="Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024: Constituency-wise winners list">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024: Constituency-wise winners list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/election-results-2024-winners-loser-candidates-list-from-haryana-assembly-elections/articleshow/114029115.cms |access-date=9 October 2024 |date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009163250/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/election-results-2024-winners-loser-candidates-list-from-haryana-assembly-elections/articleshow/114029115.cms |archive-date=9 October 2024}}</ref>
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number|Margin
|-
!#
!Name
!%
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type="number" |Votes
!%
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type="number" |Votes
!%
|-
! colspan="14" |[[Panchkula district]]
|-
|1
|[[Kalka Assembly constituency|Kalka]]
|72.12
|[[Shakti Rani Sharma]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|60,612
|41.53
|[[Pardeep Chaudhary]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|49,729
|34.07
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |10,883
|-
|2
|[[Panchkula Assembly constituency|Panchkula]]
|59.37
|[[Chander Mohan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|67,397
|47.97
|[[Gian Chand Gupta]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|65,400
|46.55
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress }} ; color:white;" |1,997
|-
! colspan="14" |[[Ambala district]]
|-
|3
|[[Naraingarh Assembly constituency|Naraingarh]]
|73.14
|[[Shalley Chaudhary]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|62,180
|44.01
|[[Pawan Saini]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|47,086
|33.33
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress }} ; color:white;" |15,094
|-
|4
|[[Ambala Cantonment Assembly constituency|Ambala Cantonment]]
|64.36
|[[Anil Vij]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|59,858
|44.90
|[[Chitra Sarwara]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|52,581
|39.44
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |7,277
|-
|5
|[[Ambala City Assembly constituency|Ambala City]]
|63.04
|[[Nirmal Singh (Haryana politician)|Nirmal Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|84,475
|50.98
|[[Aseem Goel]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|73,344
|44.26
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |11,131
|-
|6
|[[Mulana Assembly constituency|Mulana]] (SC)
|70.93
|[[Pooja Chaudhary]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|79,089
|49.48
|[[Santosh Chauhan Sarwan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|66,224
|41.43
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |12,865
|-
! colspan="14" |[[Yamunanagar district]]
|-
|7
|[[Sadhaura Assembly constituency|Sadhaura]] (SC)
|78.51
|[[Renu Bala]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|57,534
|33.04
|[[Balwant Singh (Haryana politician)|Balwant Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|55,835
|32.06
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |1,699
|-
|8
|[[Jagadhri Assembly constituency|Jagadhri]]
|78.14
|[[Akram Khan (politician)|Akram Khan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|67,403
|36.83
|[[Kanwar Pal Gujjar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|60,535
|33.07
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |6,868
|-
|9
|[[Yamunanagar Assembly constituency|Yamunanagar]]
|67.42
|[[Ghanshyam Dass]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|73,185
|44.62
|Raman Tyagi
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|50,748
|30.94
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |22,437
|-
|10
|[[Radaur Assembly constituency|Radaur]]
|73.09
|[[Shyam Singh Rana]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|73,348
|47.93
|[[Bishan Lal Saini]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|60,216
|39.35
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |13,132
|-
! colspan="14" |[[Kurukshetra district]]
|-
|11
|[[Ladwa Assembly constituency|Ladwa]]
|75.07
|[[Nayab Singh Saini]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|70,177
|47.40
|Mewa Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|54,123
|36.55
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |16,054
|-
|12
|[[Shahbad Assembly constituency|Shahbad]] (SC)
|70.43
|[[Ram Karan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|61,050
|50.37
|Subhash Kalsana
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|54,609
|45.05
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |6,441
|-
|13
|[[Thanesar Assembly constituency|Thanesar]]
|65.44
|[[Ashok Kumar Arora]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|70,076
|48.93
|[[Subhash Sudha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|66,833
|46.67
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |3,243
|-
|14
|[[Pehowa Assembly constituency|Pehowa]]
|68.60
|[[Mandeep Chatha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|64,548
|50.19
|Jai Bhagwan Sharma
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|57,995
|45.10
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |6,553
|-
! colspan="14" |[[Kaithal district]]
|-
|15
|[[Guhla Assembly constituency|Guhla]] (SC)
|69.47
|[[Devender Hans]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|64,611
|48.26
|[[Kulwant Ram Bazigar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|41,731
|31.17
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |22,880
|-
|16
|[[Kalayat Assembly constituency|Kalayat]]
|74.57
|[[Vikas Saharan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|48,142
|30.01
|[[Kamlesh Dhanda]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|34,723
|21.65
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |13,419
|-
|17
|[[Kaithal Assembly constituency|Kaithal]]
|75.50
|[[Aditya Surjewala]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|83,744
|49.64
|[[Leela Ram]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|75,620
|44.82
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |8,124
|-
|18
|[[Pundri Assembly constituency|Pundri]]
|70.41
|[[Satpal Jamba]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|42,805
|31.48
|Satbir Bhana
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent Politician|IND]]
|40,608
|29.86
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |2,197
|-
! colspan="14" |[[Karnal district]]
|-
|19
|[[Nilokheri Assembly constituency|Nilokheri]] (SC)
|63.57
|[[Bhagwan Das KabirPanthi|Bhagwan Das]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|77,902
|52.34
|[[Dharam Pal Gonder]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|59,057
|39.68
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |18,845
|-
|20
|[[Indri Assembly constituency|Indri]]
|71.42
|[[Ram Kumar Kashyap]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|80,465
|51.39
|Rakesh Kamboj
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|65,316
|41.71
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |15,149
|-
|21
|[[Karnal Assembly constituency|Karnal]]
|56.52
|[[Jagmohan Anand]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|90,006
|59.66
|Sumita Virk
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|56,354
|37.35
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |33,652
|-
|22
|[[Gharaunda Assembly constituency|Gharaunda]]
|71.93
|[[Harvinder Kalyan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|87,236
|49.92
|Virender Singh Rathore
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|82,705
|47.33
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |4,531
|-
|23
|[[Assandh Assembly constituency|Assandh]]
|66.67
|[[Yogender Singh Rana]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|54,761
|33.74
|[[Shamsher Singh Gogi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|52,455
|32.32
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |2,306
|-
! colspan="14" |[[Panipat district]]
|-
|24
|[[Panipat Rural Assembly constituency|Panipat Rural]]
|69.40
|[[Mahipal Dhanda]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|1,01,079
|50.25
|Sachin Kundu
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|50,867
|25.29
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |50,212
|-
|25
|[[Panipat City Assembly constituency|Panipat City]]
|62.72
|[[Parmod Kumar Vij]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|81,750
|55.66
|Varinder Kumar Shah
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|46,078
|31.37
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |35,672
|-
|26
|[[Israna Assembly constituency|Israna]] (SC)
|70.29
|[[Krishan Lal Panwar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|67,538
|52.09
|[[Balbir Singh (Haryana politician)|Balbir Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|53,643
|41.37
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |13,895
|-
|27
|[[Samalkha Assembly constituency|Samalkha]]
|73.06
|[[Manmohan Bhadana]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|81,293
|48.35
|[[Dharam Singh Chhoker]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|61,978
|36.87
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |19,315
|-
! colspan="14" |[[Sonipat district]]
|-
|28
|[[Ganaur Assembly constituency|Ganaur]]
|72.20
|[[Devender Kadyan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|77,248
|54.77
|[[Kuldeep Sharma (politician)|Kuldeep Sharma]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|42,039
|29.81
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}} ; color:black;" |35,209
|-
|29
|[[Rai Assembly constituency|Rai]]
|69.97
|[[Krishna Gahlawat]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|64,614
|46.08
|Jai Bhagwan Antil
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|59,941
|42.75
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |4,673
|-
|30
|[[Kharkhauda Assembly constituency|Kharkhauda]] (SC)
|63.77
|[[Pawan Kharkhoda|Pawan Kharkhauda]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|58,084
|51.08
|Jaiveer Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|52,449
|46.12
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |5,635
|-
|31
|[[Sonipat Assembly constituency|Sonipat]]
|57.52
|[[Nikhil Madan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|84,827
|58.59
|[[Surender Panwar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|55,200
|38.13
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |29,627
|-
|32
|[[Gohana Assembly constituency|Gohana]]
|66.54
|[[Arvind Kumar Sharma|Arvind Sharma]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|57,055
|43.62
|[[Jagbir Singh Malik]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|46,626
|35.65
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |10,429
|-
|33
|[[Baroda Assembly constituency|Baroda]]
|68.12
|[[Indu Raj Narwal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|54,462
|41.90
|Kapoor Singh Narwal
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|48,820
|37.56
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |5,642
|-
! colspan="14" |[[Jind district]]
|-
|34
|[[Julana Assembly constituency|Julana]]
|74.49
|[[Vinesh Phogat]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|65,080
|46.86
|Yogesh Bairagi
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|59,065
|42.53
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |6,015
|-
|35
|[[Safidon Assembly constituency|Safidon]]
|74.64
|[[Ram Kumar Gautam]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|58,983
|40.22
|[[Subhash Gangoli]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|54,946
|37.47
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |4,037
|-
|36
|[[Jind Assembly constituency|Jind]]
|66.10
|[[Krishan Lal Middha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|68,920
|50.96
|Mahabir Gupta
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|53,060
|39.24
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |15,860
|-
|37
|[[Uchana Kalan Assembly constituency|Uchana Kalan]]
|75.59
|[[Devender Attri]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|48,968
|29.50
|[[Brijendra Singh ( politician, born 13 May 1972)|Brijendra Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|48,936
|29.48
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |32
|-
|38
|[[Narwana Assembly constituency|Narwana]] (SC)
|70.99
|[[Krishan Kumar (Narwana politician)|Krishan Kumar Bedi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|59,474
|37.22
|Satbir Dablain
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|47,975
|30.02
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |11,499
|-
! colspan="14" |[[Fatehabad district]]
|-
|39
|[[Tohana Assembly constituency|Tohana]]
|77.68
|[[Paramvir Singh (politician)|Paramvir Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|88,522
|49.05
|[[Devender Singh Babli]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|77,686
|43.05
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |10,836
|-
|40
|[[Fatehabad (Haryana Assembly constituency)|Fatehabad]]
|75.21
|[[Balwan Singh Daulatpuria]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|86,172
|44.13
|[[Dura Ram]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|83,920
|42.98
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |2,252
|-
|41
|[[Ratia Assembly constituency|Ratia]] (SC)
|72.18
|[[Jarnail Singh (Haryana politician)|Jarnail Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|86,426
|52.54
|[[Sunita Duggal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|64,984
|39.50
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |21,442
|-
! colspan="14" |[[Sirsa district]]
|-
|42
|[[Kalanwali Assembly constituency|Kalanwali]] (SC)
|76.13
|[[Shishpal Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|66,728
|47.47
|Rajinder Singh Desujodha
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|43,769
|31.13
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |22,959
|-
|43
|[[Dabwali Assembly constituency|Dabwali]]
|78.34
|[[Aditya Devilal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Lok Dal}}" |
|[[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]]
|56,074
|34.42
|[[Amit Sihag]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|55,464
|34.04
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Lok Dal}} ; color:white;" |610
|-
|44
|[[Rania Assembly constituency|Rania]]
|76.17
|[[Arjun Chautala]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Lok Dal}}" |
|[[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]]
|43,914
|30.41
|Sarva Mitra Kamboj
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|39,723
|27.51
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Lok Dal}} ; color:white;" |4,191
|-
|45
|[[Sirsa Assembly constituency|Sirsa]]
|68.05
|[[Gokul Setia]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|79,020
|50.00
|[[Gopal Goyal Kanda]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Haryana Lokhit Party}}" |
|[[Haryana Lokhit Party|HLP]]
|71,786
|45.43
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |7,234
|-
|46
|[[Ellenabad Assembly constituency|Ellenabad]]
|80.90
|[[Bharat Singh Beniwal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|77,865
|49.14
|[[Abhay Chautala]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Lok Dal}}" |
|[[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]]
|62,865
|39.67
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |15,000
|-
! colspan="14" |[[Hisar district]]
|-
|47
|[[Adampur, Haryana Assembly constituency|Adampur]]
|75.80
|[[Chander Prakash Jangra]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|65,371
|48.17
|[[Bhavya Bishnoi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|64,103
|47.24
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |1,268
|-
|48
|[[Uklana Assembly constituency|Uklana]] (SC)
|66.79
|[[Naresh Selwal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|78,448
|54.21
|[[Anoop Dhanak]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|50,356
|34.80
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |28,092
|-
|49
|[[Narnaund Assembly constituency|Narnaund]]
|76.34
|[[Jassi Petwar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|84,801
|51.37
|[[Captain Abhimanyu]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|72,223
|43.75
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |12,578
|-
|50
|[[Hansi Assembly constituency|Hansi]]
|69.60
|[[Vinod Bhayana]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|78,686
|55.30
|Rahul Makkar
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|57,226
|40.22
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |21,460
|-
|51
|[[Barwala Assembly constituency|Barwala]]
|73.84
|[[Ranbir Singh Gangwa]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|66,843
|47.72
|Ram Niwas Ghorela
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|39,901
|28.48
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |26,942
|-
|52
|[[Hisar Assembly constituency|Hisar]]
|61.71
|[[Savitri Jindal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|49,231
|43.76
|Ram Niwas Rara
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|30,290
|26.93
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}} ; color:black;" |18,941
|-
|53
|[[Nalwa Assembly constituency|Nalwa]]
|71.61
|[[Randhir Parihar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|66,330
|51.20
|Anil Mann
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|54,186
|41.83
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |12,144
|-
! colspan="14" |[[Bhiwani district]]
|-
|54
|[[Loharu Assembly constituency|Loharu]]
|79.73
|[[Rajbir Singh Fartiya]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|81,336
|48.96
|[[Jai Parkash Dalal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|80,544
|48.49
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |792
|-
! colspan="14" |[[Charkhi Dadri district]]
|-
|55
|[[Badhra Assembly constituency|Badhra]]
|71.36
|[[Umed Singh (Haryana politician)|Umed Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|59,315
|41.17
|[[Somveer Sangwan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|51,730
|35.90
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |7,585
|-
|56
|[[Dadri (Haryana Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dadri]]
|67.04
|[[Sunil Satpal Sangwan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|65,568
|46.08
|Manisha Sangwan
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|63,611
|44.70
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |1,957
|-
! colspan="14" |[[Bhiwani district]]
|-
|57
|[[Bhiwani Assembly constituency|Bhiwani]]
|60.90
|[[Ghanshyam Saraf]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|67,087
|46.19
|Om Prakash
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|34,373
|23.66
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |32,714
|-
|58
|[[Tosham Assembly constituency|Tosham]]
|71.86
|[[Shruti Choudhry]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|76,414
|47.55
|[[Anirudh Chaudhry]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|62,157
|38.68
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |14,257
|-
|59
|[[Bawani Khera Assembly constituency|Bawani Khera]] (SC)
|70.33
|[[Kapoor Singh|Kapoor Valmiki]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|80,077
|52.21
|Pradeep Narwal
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|58,298
|38.01
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |21,779
|-
! colspan="14" |[[Rohtak district]]
|-
|60
|[[Meham Assembly constituency|Meham]]
|73.92
|[[Balram Dangi]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|56,865
|38.04
|[[Balraj Kundu]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|38,805
|25.96
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |18,060
|-
|61
|[[Garhi Sampla-Kiloi Assembly constituency|Garhi Sampla-Kiloi]]
|66.58
|[[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,08,539
|72.72
|Manju Hooda
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|37,074
|24.84
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |71,465
|-
|62
|[[Rohtak Assembly constituency|Rohtak]]
|60.17
|[[Bharat Bhushan Batra]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|59,419
|49.25
|[[Manish Grover]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|58,078
|48.14
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |1,341
|-
|63
|[[Kalanaur Assembly constituency|Kalanaur]] (SC)
|65.71
|[[Shakuntla Khatak]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|69,348
|48.41
|Renu Dabla
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|57,116
|39.87
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |12,232
|-
! colspan="14" |[[Jhajjar district]]
|-
|64
|[[Bahadurgarh Assembly constituency|Bahadurgarh]]
|64.38
|[[Rajesh Joon (politician)|Rajesh Joon]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|73,191
|46.00
|Dinesh Kaushik
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|31,192
|19.61
|style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}} ; color:black;" |41,999
|-
|65
|[[Badli, Haryana Assembly constituency|Badli]]
|69.55
|[[Kuldeep Vats]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|68,160
|51.52
|[[Om Prakash Dhankhar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|51,340
|38.81
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |16,820
|-
|66
|[[Jhajjar Assembly constituency|Jhajjar]] (SC)
|63.84
|[[Geeta Bhukkal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|66,345
|53.66
|Kaptan Birdhana
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|52,790
|42.70
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |13,555
|-
|67
|[[Beri Assembly constituency|Beri]]
|63.88
|[[Raghuvir Singh Kadian]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|60,630
|50.96
|Sanjay Kablana
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|25,160
|21.15
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |35,470
|-
! colspan="14" |[[Mahendragarh district]]
|-
|68
|[[Ateli Assembly constituency|Ateli]]
|70.06
|[[Arti Singh Rao|Aarti Singh Rao]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|57,737
|39.75
|Attar Lal
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|54,652
|37.63
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |3,085
|-
|69
|[[Mahendragarh Assembly constituency|Mahendragarh]]
|72.40
|[[Kanwar Singh Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|63,036
|40.56
|[[Rao Dan Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|60,388
|38.86
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |2,648
|-
|70
|[[Narnaul Assembly constituency|Narnaul]]
|67.17
|[[Om Parkash Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|57,635
|54.08
|Rao Narinder Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|40,464
|37.97
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |17,171
|-
|71
|[[Nangal Chaudhry Assembly constituency|Nangal Chaudhry]]
|70.05
|[[Manju Choudhary (politician)|Manju Chaudhary]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|61,989
|52.32
|[[Abhe Singh Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|55,059
|46.47
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |6,930
|-
! colspan="14" |[[Rewari district]]
|-
|72
|[[Bawal Assembly constituency|Bawal]] (SC)
|67.55
| [[Krishan Kumar (Bawal politician)|Krishan Kumar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|86,858
|55.28
|M. L. Ranga
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|66,847
|42.54
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |20,011
|-
|73
|[[Kosli Assembly constituency|Kosli]]
|69.74
|[[Anil Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|92,185
|51.76
|Jagdish Yadav
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|74,976
|42.10
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |17,209
|-
|74
|[[Rewari Assembly constituency|Rewari]]
|65.62
|[[Laxman Singh Yadav]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|83,747
|49.95
|Chiranjeev Rao
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|54,978
|32.79
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |28,769
|-
! colspan="14" |[[Gurgaon district]]
|-
|75
|[[Pataudi Assembly constituency|Pataudi]] (SC)
|61.22
|[[Bimla Chaudhary]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|98,519
|62.40
|Pearl Chaudhary
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|51,989
|32.93
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |46,530
|-
|76
|[[Badshahpur Assembly constituency|Badshahpur]]
|54.08
|[[Rao Narbir Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|1,45,503
|51.54
|Vardhan Yadav
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|84,798
|30.04
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |60,705
|-
|77
|[[Gurgaon Assembly constituency|Gurgaon]]
|51.87
|[[Mukesh Sharma (Haryana politician)|Mukesh Sharma]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|1,22,615
|53.29
|Naveen Goyal
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|54,570
|23.72
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |68,045
|-
|78
|[[Sohna Assembly constituency|Sohna]]
|70.81
|[[Tejpal Tawar|Tejpal Tanwar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|61,243
|30.09
|Rohtash Khatana
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|49,366
|24.25
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |11,877
|-
! colspan="14" |[[Nuh district]]
|-
|79
|[[Nuh Assembly constituency|Nuh]]
|74.41
|[[Aftab Ahmed (Indian politician)|Aftab Ahmed]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|91,833
|59.26
|Tahir Hussain
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Lok Dal}}" |
|[[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]]
|44,870
|28.96
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |46,963
|-
|80
|[[Ferozepur Jhirka Assembly constituency|Ferozepur Jhirka]]
|73.21
|[[Mamman Khan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,30,497
|72.03
|[[Naseem Ahmed]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|32,056
|17.69
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |98,441
|-
|81
|[[Punahana Assembly constituency|Punahana]]
|70.86
|[[Mohammad Ilyas (Indian politician)|Mohammad Ilyas]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|85,300
|58.31
|[[Rahish Khan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|53,384
|36.49
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |31,916
|-
! colspan="14" |[[Palwal district]]
|-
|82
|[[Hathin Assembly constituency|Hathin]]
|77.76
|[[Mohd Israil]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|79,907
|42.45
|Manoj Rawat
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|47,511
|25.24
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |32,396
|-
|83
|[[Hodal Assembly constituency|Hodal]] (SC)
|71.20
|[[Harinder Singh (Haryana politician)|Harinder Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|68,865
|48.79
|[[Udai Bhan]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|66,270
|46.95
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |2,595
|-
|84
|[[Palwal Assembly constituency|Palwal]]
|71.59
|[[Gaurav Gautam]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|1,09,118
|56.57
|[[Karan Singh Dalal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|75,513
|39.15
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |33,605
|-
! colspan="14" |[[Faridabad district]]
|-
|85
|[[Prithla Assembly constituency|Prithla]]
|73.65
|[[Raghubir Tewatia]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|70,262
|42.02
|Tek Chand Sharma
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|49,721
|29.74
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;" |20,541
|-
|86
|[[Faridabad NIT Assembly constituency|Faridabad NIT]]
|60.19
|[[Satish Kumar Phagna]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|91,992
|47.54
|[[Neeraj Sharma]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|58,775
|30.38
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |33,217
|-
|87
|[[Badkhal Assembly constituency|Badkhal]]
|48.15
|[[Dhanesh Adlakha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|79,476
|49.68
|Vijay Pratap Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|73,295
|45.81
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |6,181
|-
|88
|[[Ballabgarh Assembly constituency|Ballabgarh]]
|53.31
|[[Mool Chand Sharma]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|61,806
|42.16
|Sharda Rathore
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|44,076
|30.06
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |17,730
|-
|89
|[[Faridabad Assembly constituency|Faridabad]]
|53.79
|[[Vipul Goel]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|93,651
|65.45
|Lakhan Kumar Singla
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|45,263
|31.63
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |48,388
|-
|90
|[[Tigaon Assembly constituency|Tigaon]]
|54.36
|[[Rajesh Nagar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|94,229
|46.26
|[[Lalit Nagar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Ind]]
|56,828
|27.90
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;" |37,401
|}

==Allegations and controversy==
{{See|2025 Indian electoral controversy}}

On 5 November, 2025 Congress leader and [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Leader of Opposition]] [[Rahul Gandhi]] alleged vote fraud in the 2024 Haryana legislative assembly elections. He claimed theft of over 25 lakh votes in Haryana. He presented evidence including repeated use of the same photographic images in voter rolls and cited the case of a Brazilian mode's image, which appeared on multiple voter IDs across Haryana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-07 |title=Rahul Gandhi's 'vote chori' claim: Brazilian woman becomes face of India fake voters row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crmx89jkgw7o |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-05 |title=Who is the Brazilian model that Rahul Gandhi says voted 22 times in Haryana Assembly election? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/who-is-the-brazilian-model-whom-rahul-gandhi-says-voted-22-times-in-haryana-assembly-election-10347944/ |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Surya |first=Jisha |date=2025-11-05 |title=Brazilian photo for 22 voters in Haryana: Rahul says lakhs of votes were rigged |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2025/11/05/brazilian-photo-appears-as-22-voters-in-haryana-rahul-says-lakhs-of-votes-were-rigged |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=Newslaundry |language=en}}</ref>

Rahul Gandhi mentioned a specific example of a BJP sarpanch from Uttar Pradesh in his allegations regarding fake voters in Haryana during the 2024 Assembly elections. He claimed that thousands of voters were registered both in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, violating electoral laws. Among these, he cited a BJP sarpanch named Dalchand, whose name and his son's name appeared on the voter lists in both UP and Haryana. Rahul pointed out that most of these dual-registered voters were BJP supporters or local leaders.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eshwar |date=2025-11-05 |title='25 Lakh Fake Votes; 100s With Same Address': Rahul's Haryana 'Vote Chori' Data |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/rahul-gandhi-vote-chori-hydrogen-bomb-haryana-election-commission-gyamesh-kumar |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahuja|first=Nakul|date=2025-11-05 |title=AAP backs Rahul Gandhi’s vote theft in Haryana polls charge: Fraud is in BJP's DNA |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aap-backs-rahul-gandhis-vote-theft-in-haryana-polls-charge-fraud-is-in-bjps-dna-2814099-2025-11-05 |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-05 |title=‘Vote Chori’: Rahul Gandhi Claims BJP Leaders Voting In Both Haryana And UP |url=https://indianexpress.com/videos/elections-video/vote-chori-rahul-gandhi-claims-bjp-leaders-voting-in-both-haryana-and-up/ |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

At the press conference, Rahul Gandhi showed the prior statement of Haryana Chief Minister Nayab Singh Saini confidently stated that he had the "system" (''vayvastha (in hindi)'') in place to ensure the BJP’s victory. He claimed that all arrangements were made properly for the BJP to win the election.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Deka |first=Kaushik |date=2025-11-07 |title=Haryana poll fraud {{!}} H-bomb or firecracker? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20251117-haryana-poll-fraud-h-bomb-or-firecracker-rahul-gandhi-vote-chori-allegations-2815195-2025-11-07 |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-06 |title=Behind claim that Haryana election ‘stolen’, Rahul points to 5 ‘methods’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/behind-claim-that-haryana-election-stolen-rahul-points-to-5-methods-10347415/ |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

He also pointed to BJP leaders voting in multiple locations, addresses listed as "''House no. Zero''" being used fraudulently, and irregularities with postal ballots never seen before in Haryana. He stated that the Congress party physically verified some of these "''House No. 0''" addresses and found actual houses there, showing that the explanation by [[Chief Election Commissioner of India|Chief Election Commissioner]] [[Gyanesh Kumar]] was false and misleading. He also dismissed Ganesh Kumar's claim that "''House No. 0''" voters were poor or homeless, saying this was a method to hide fraudulent voters. He presented examples such as a two-storey house registered as "''House No. 0''" and cases where multiple voters were registered at one address that physically could not exist. Gandhi accused the Election Commission of India (ECI) of colluding with the BJP in this "''systematic theft of democracy''," presenting what he called "''100% proof''" to back his claims.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-06 |title=‘H-Files’: Rahul Gandhi alleges voter manipulation in Haryana; lists 10 points |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/h-files-rahul-gandhi-alleges-voter-manipulation-in-haryana-lists-10-points/articleshow/125106832.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-11-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Why Several Voters' Homes Listed As "House Number 0"? Poll Body Clarifies |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/why-several-voters-homes-listed-as-house-number-0-poll-body-clarifies-9103988 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828131810/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/why-several-voters-homes-listed-as-house-number-0-poll-body-clarifies-9103988 |archive-date=2025-08-28 |access-date=2025-11-08 |work=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

Although none of these allegations have been justified by a court or any news outlet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-06 |title=Behind claim that Haryana election ‘stolen’, Rahul points to 5 ‘methods’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/behind-claim-that-haryana-election-stolen-rahul-points-to-5-methods-10347415/ |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Reactions ==
While the BJP celebrated their victory and hailed the elections as historic, the Congress rejected the Haryana election results, citing irregularities in certain districts and raising concerns about the functioning of EVMs. During a press conference, Congress spokesperson Pawan Khera declared that the party would not fully accept the outcome,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Hindustan |title=Congress Rejects Haryana Election Results, Cries EVM Conspiracy After Big Upset By BJP |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/videos/news/congress-rejects-haryana-election-results-cries-evm-conspiracy-after-big-upset-by-bjp-hooda-saini-101728404794152.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=LiveMint |title=Election Results Key Highlights: Congress refuses to accept Haryana verdict; JKN makes impressives show in J&K |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-election-2024-results-key-highlights-haryana-jammu-and-kashmir-latest-news-bjp-congress-8-october-2024-politics-11728290863161.html |access-date=10 October 2024 |archive-date=10 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010021157/https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-election-2024-results-key-highlights-haryana-jammu-and-kashmir-latest-news-bjp-congress-8-october-2024-politics-11728290863161.html |url-status=live }}</ref> though senior state leaders have conceded. Congress leader [[Jairam Ramesh]] suggested that in constituencies where more EVMs which were found to have high battery levels (99%) during the counting process, the BJP had won while in those with lower levels, the Congress won; EVM batteries last the full election cycle.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Its stalwarts concede defeat, Cong says won't accept Haryana results, flags 'manipulation' of EVMs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/wont-accept-haryana-results-evms-rigged-congress-9610434/ |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009224441/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/wont-accept-haryana-results-evms-rigged-congress-9610434/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-09 |title=Congress alleges 'conspiracy' in Haryana polls: How an EVM battery works |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-politics/haryana-election-congress-how-evm-battery-works-9611498/ |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission of India (ECI)]] has denied that it had received complaints about EVM batteries from candidates or polling agents during the process. The ECI also dismissed earlier complaints from the Congress about a slowdown in result updates as ill-founded.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-09 |title=EVMs not tampered, no link between battery strength and results: EC sources |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/evms-not-tampered-no-link-between-battery-strength-and-results-ec-sources/articleshow/114055825.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-10 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

Several leaders and political parties have raised concerns about EVM manipulation over the preceding years, while the ECI has consistently maintained that EVMs cannot be manipulated. In April 2024, the Supreme Court had rejected a plea which sought either a return to paper ballots or 100% [[VVPAT]] slip counting.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-01 |title=Legal Digest {{!}} Why the allegation of EVM tampering is unfounded - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/legal/supreme-court-verdict-allegation-of-evm-tampering-afforestation-fund-compulsory-service-by-doctors-legal-digest-19405244.htm |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501180813/https://www.cnbctv18.com/legal/supreme-court-verdict-allegation-of-evm-tampering-afforestation-fund-compulsory-service-by-doctors-legal-digest-19405244.htm/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The BJP alleges that the opposition makes these accusations when they face defeat.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 April 2017 |title=Nothing wrong with EVM when Opposition wins, only when they lose: Centre |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/nothing-wrong-with-evm-when-opposition-wins-only-when-they-lose-centre-117041500735_1.html |work=Business Times |pages=2–3 |archive-date=20 April 2017 |access-date=30 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420003239/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/nothing-wrong-with-evm-when-opposition-wins-only-when-they-lose-centre-117041500735_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Politics of Haryana]]
* [[2025 Haryana local elections]]
* [[2025 Indian electoral controversy]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Haryana elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Haryana]]
[[Category:2020s in Haryana]]
[[Category:2024 State Assembly elections in India|Haryana]]
[[Category:October 2024 in India|Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]

Suppression of enemy air defenses

2026-05-05T14:28:59Z

Igorzen: New a article

{{Short description|Military tactic}}
{{Redirect|SEAD|other uses|Sead (disambiguation)}}{{Globalize|date=February 2026|2=Western world}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2019}}
[[File:US Navy An E-A-18G Growler from Electronic Attack Squadron (VAQ) 129 N40562-21.jpg|thumb|300px|A [[US Navy]] [[Boeing EA-18G Growler|EA-18G Growler]], loaded with [[AGM-88 HARM]] [[anti-radiation missiles]] ]]

'''Suppression of enemy air defenses''' ('''SEAD''' {{IPAc-en|'|s|iː|-|æ|d}}), also known in the United States as "[[Wild Weasel]]" and (initially) "Iron Hand" operations, are military actions to suppress enemy surface-based [[anti-aircraft warfare|air defense]]s, including [[surface-to-air missile]]s (SAMs), [[anti-aircraft artillery]] (AAA), and related systems such as [[early-warning radar]] and [[command, control and communication]] functions.

Suppression can be accomplished by physically destroying the systems or by disrupting and deceiving them through [[electronic warfare]]. In modern warfare, SEAD missions can constitute up to 30% of [[sortie]]s launched in the first week of combat and continue at a reduced rate through the rest of a campaign.<ref name="Tucker">Tucker, Spencer C. (Editor), ''The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts'', ABC-CLIO, 2010, pp. 61–62.</ref> One-quarter of American combat sorties in recent conflicts have been SEAD missions.<ref>Bolkcom, Christopher. [https://fas.org/man/crs/RS21141.pdf "Military Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD): Assessing Future Needs."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165327/http://fas.org/man/crs/RS21141.pdf |date=March 3, 2016 }} CRS Report for Congress, 2005, p. 5.</ref> They are generally associated with aircraft, but may be performed using any means, including ground forces.

In some contexts, '''destruction of enemy air defenses''' ('''DEAD''') refers to physical destruction of air defense targets, while SEAD applies to sorties which discourage enemy use of air-defense radar assets out of fear of placing the assets in jeopardy.

Primitive operations akin to SEAD emerged during the [[Second World War]]: efforts to degrade enemy ground radar stations. The [[Vietnam War]] saw the first SEAD missions performed by dedicated aircraft. Other early conflicts with SEAD efforts included the 1982 [[Falklands War]], over [[Port Stanley]], and the [[1982 Lebanon War]], in the [[Beqaa Valley]]. The 1990s saw extensive use of SEAD, particularly during the [[Gulf War]]. During the [[Kosovo War]] in 1999, air defenses proved less vulnerable and more effective with the [[1999 F-117A shootdown|downing of an F-117A Nighthawk]] marking the first combat loss of a stealth aircraft. In the [[Iraq War]] of the 2000s, coalition aircraft targeted Iraqi SAMs during the opening phase of the conflict, yet aerial strikes were usually performed from stand-off distances to avoid these defenses, and low-level flight was avoided. In the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]], while many Ukrainian air defense facilities were reportedly destroyed or damaged in the first days of [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|full-scale invasion]] by Russian air strikes, Russia may not have been able to gain aerial superiority; it has been alleged that Ukrainian mid-range SAM sites have forced planes to fly low, but this makes them vulnerable to [[shoulder-launched surface-to-air missile]]s.

==History==

===Pre-Vietnam War===
Before the Vietnam War, SEAD was an undefined mission: although attempts to destroy enemy air defense sites were undertaken, they were done so by individual aircraft against specific targets or operations, not as part of an overall strategy or doctrine of defense suppression.<ref>Brungess, James, ''Setting the Context – Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses and Joint War Fighting in an Uncertain World'', Air University Press, June 1994, p. 7.</ref> Near the end of the Second World War, US Navy pilots developed a doctrine that could be considered the first example of SEAD. When attacking enemy warships, US Navy fighters would attack enemy warships with machine guns and rockets to distract and or kill the enemy anti aircraft gunners while the torpedo and dive bombers could move in and more accurately target the ship. While crude, these tactics were frequently effective for their time.<ref>Brungess, p. 55.</ref>

====World War II====
During the [[Battle of Britain]], the [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[Luftwaffe]] attempted to destroy Great Britain's [[Chain Home]] radar stations in order to degrade the British air defense network. However, [[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht|German High Command]] failed to realize the efficiency of not only the radar stations themselves but the [[Dowding system|command and control system]] directing Britain's air defenses. After initial optimism regarding the radar sites' destruction, it was eventually decided to halt these attacks altogether except for exceptional circumstances.<ref>Hough, Richard Alexander and Denis Richards, ''The Battle of Britain: The Greatest Air Battle of World War II'', W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1989, pp. 138–143, 220.</ref> As the air war in [[European theatre of World War II|Europe]] shifted in favor of the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], the Germans relied heavily on their AAA to defend against bombing attacks. This was borne out in Allied aircraft losses between 1943 and 1944, where losses to enemy fighters were cut in half but losses to [[flak]] increased tenfold.<ref>Hewitt, William A., ''Planting the Seeds of SEAD: The Wild Weasel in Vietnam'', School of Advanced Airpower Studies, Air University, May 1992, p. 5.</ref>

Understanding the importance of [[Kammhuber Line|Germany's radar sites]], the Allies directed attacks against these installations and introduced new technology to counteract the effects of radar-directed AAA, including [[Chaff (countermeasure)|CARPET (US) and WINDOW (UK)]]. A change in tactics saw bomber formations flying higher and more spread out to avoid the effects of flak. Bombing missions were also carried out to accomplish the physical destruction of AAA sites, using [[imagery intelligence]] to locate the weapons and employing both [[heavy bombers]] and [[fighter-bomber]]s to destroy them. The [[P-47 Thunderbolt]] in particular was chosen for this task due to its ability to survive enemy fire. The effect of these missions varied, with losses suffered by fighter-bombers much higher—up to 40% in some cases—on account of their low-altitude attacks.<ref name="Hewitt6-9">Hewitt, pp. 6–9.</ref> [[Artillery]] also played a major role in suppressing air defenses, with the [[British Army during the Second World War|British Army]] the first to develop what became known as counterflak or "Apple Pie" missions. These missions were first employed to limited effect during the [[Battle of France]] but matured as the war progressed. The largest SEAD mission in history took place on March 24, 1945, when artillery forces of the [[British XII Corps]] attempted to knock out the local German air defense network in support of [[Operation Varsity]]. Although twenty-four thousand [[artillery shell]]s were fired over the course of twenty-two minutes at some one hundred targets, the mission was unsuccessful due to inaccurate targeting data and insufficient firepower.<ref name="Baily76">Bailey, Johnathan B. A., ''Field Artillery and Firepower'', Naval Institute Press, 2004, p. 76.</ref>

In the [[Pacific Theater of World War II|Pacific Theater]], the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] had made only limited progress in developing radar for air defense and what systems they did have were primitive and easy to avoid. Nevertheless, as the Americans began the [[Air raids on Japan|bombing campaign against Japan]] there was concern over the large number of radar sites located on the home islands. For this purpose [[B-24 Liberators]] and [[B-29 Superfortress]]es were fitted with radar-homing devices to conduct "ferret" missions to locate and identify radar transmissions. The information brought back from these missions was used to outfit other B-29s with radar jammers and [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] to confuse Japanese air defense radars as they conducted their missions.<ref>Norman Polmar, Thomas B. Allen, ''World War II: the Encyclopedia of the War Years, 1941–1945'', Courier Dover Publications, 2012, pp. 274–275</ref> [[B-25 Mitchell]]s were also outfitted with radar-homing equipment and used to lead "hunter-killer" teams of other B-25s in locating and destroying Japanese early-warning radar sites.<ref>Cleaver, Thomas McKelvey, ''Air Combat Annals'', Pacifica Military History, 2011.</ref>

====Korean War====
While there were some technological changes between World War II and the [[Korean War]], many of the tactics for dealing with enemy air defenses remained the same. For aircraft performing missions at low altitudes, AAA remained a constant danger; in fact, it was less dangerous for a [[United Nations Command|UNC]] pilot to engage in air-to-air combat than it was to attack ground targets.<ref>Olsen, John Andreas, ''A History of Air Warfare'', Potomac Books, Inc., 2010, p. 89.</ref> The terrain and weather of the [[Korean Peninsula]] also contributed to the dangers associated with ground-attack missions. Nevertheless, the advent of [[jet aircraft]] brought about many changes. Compared to [[propeller aircraft]], jets were much faster, could climb more steeply, were more resistant to damage and were quieter in operation. They were thus able to more effectively attack ground targets and escape, and while both jet- and propeller-driven aircraft participated in the Korean War the latter suffered heavier losses and were largely phased out by the end of the conflict.<ref>Olsen, p. 92.</ref>

As the war progressed, the Communists developed a highly centralized integrated air defense network, incorporating early-warning radars, [[ground-controlled interception]] (GCI) and AAA. The potency of this network compelled UNC bombers to conduct bombing missions at altitudes beyond the reach of ground-based weapons, although this impacted the accuracy of their bombs. The UNC also possessed an effective air defense network, but the [[KPAF|North Korean Air Force]] had been largely destroyed early in the war and the [[PLAAF|Chinese Air Force]] was almost exclusively focused on the mission of [[air superiority]] rather than attacking UNC ground forces.<ref>Olsen, pp. 98–100.</ref>

===Vietnam War===
{{see also|Wild Weasel}}
[[File:F-105G landing at Korat Dec 1972.jpg|thumb|left|An F-105G Thunderchief 'Wild Weasel' carrying AGM-45 and AGM-78 missiles taking off from [[Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base]].]]
The Vietnam War saw the evolution of what would become known as SEAD over the course of the conflict. At the start of [[Operation Rolling Thunder]], [[North Vietnam]]'s air defenses were only dealt with in a piecemeal fashion, in spite of intelligence indicating that the [[North Vietnam Army]] was developing an integrated air defense system (IADS) dedicated to [[air denial|air deniability]]. This included the construction of sixty [[SA-2 Guideline]] SAM sites by the end of 1965 which, though only accomplishing one hit for every thirteen missiles fired, were responsible for shooting down nearly 15% of American aircraft lost that year. Early attempts to counter this system consisted of modified [[F-100 Super Sabre]]s using crude homing equipment to locate and bomb radar-guided SAM and AAA sites, but these missions incurred heavy losses and the threat to American aircraft continued to grow.<ref>Brungess, pp. 4–5</ref> In 1966 a task force was put together to analyze the challenges presented by the NVA's air defense network and recommend ways to counter it. One of these was for aircraft to operate at low altitudes (below 500 meters) where the missiles were less effective. This also put the aircraft well within range of AAA, which would account for nearly 85% of all American aircraft losses during Rolling Thunder.<ref name="Brungess6-8">Brungess, pp. 6–8.</ref>

Eventually new SEAD-dedicated aircraft were introduced, the [[United States Air Force|Air Force's]] [[Republic F-105 Thunderchief#Wild Weasel|EF-105F/F-105G Thunderchief]] and [[United States Navy|Navy's]] [[Grumman A-6 Intruder#A-6B|A-6B Intruder]], which mounted more sophisticated detection equipment and carried the [[AGM-45 Shrike]] and [[AGM-78 Standard ARM|AGM-78 Standard]] [[anti-radiation missile]]s (ARMs). These fighter-bombers became very adept at tracking down and destroying ground-based air defense weapons, such that it became common for a vast majority of NVA SAM operators to turn off their radars whenever an F-105G was spotted. While this prevented the SAM from physically being destroyed, it essentially accomplished the same mission of suppressing air defenses around the target. [[Electronic warfare aircraft]] were also used to suppress air defenses by jamming NVA radars, with first the [[EB-66 Destroyer]] joined later by the [[EA-6B Prowler]].<ref name="Brungess6-8"/> By the end of Rolling Thunder these changes had caused a significant degradation in the effectiveness of SAMs: only one SA-2 missile out of every forty-eight fired resulted in a hit.<ref name="F105vsSA2">Davies, Peter, ''F-105 Wild Weasel vs SA-2 'Guideline' SAM'', Osprey Publishing, 2011, p. 71.</ref> In spite of these changes, SEAD remained a primarily tactical function throughout Rolling Thunder, with American leadership either unaware or unappreciative of North Vietnam's IADS.<ref name="Brungess6-8"/>

Losses suffered by F-105 Wild Weasels spurred on the development of a new variant based on the [[F-4C Phantom II]], the EF-4C Phantom Wild Weasel IV. The first thirty-six of these were delivered to Southeast Asia in 1969 and so missed taking part in Rolling Thunder. While carrying the same electronics as in the F-105G, the dense internal structure of the F-4 Phantom prevented the EF-4C from efficiently mounting this equipment, which meant it could not carry the superior AGM-78 Standard missile.<ref>Hannah, Craig C., ''Striving for Air Superiority: The Tactical Air Command in Vietnam'', Texas A&M University Press, 2002, pp. 85–86.</ref><ref name="F4PII17">Davies, Peter, ''USAF McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II'', Osprey Publishing, 2013, p. 17.</ref> By the start of [[Operation Linebacker]], Wild Weasel missions were both more and less effective. Tactics and technology had evolved which improved the suppression of individual SAM sites, however the American military still failed to consider the integrated nature of North Vietnam's air defense network. Not only did the network possess thousands of radar- and optical-guided AAA and SAM sites, it also consisted of early-warning radars, intelligence-gathering agencies, and hundreds of ground-controlled interceptors. Thus, while fewer American aircraft were lost to SAMs during Linebacker, many more were lost in air-to-air combat.<ref>Brungess, pp. 8–9.</ref>

[[Operation Linebacker II]] started off similarly to Linebacker I with regards to SEAD tactics but was remarkable for the introduction of [[B-52 Stratofortress]] bombers in the defense-suppression role. During the early part of the operation, a combination of poor tactical employment and overconfidence on the part of [[Strategic Air Command]] resulted in the loss of a number of B-52s to SA-2 missiles, enough to force a rethink in how to counteract the enemy's air defenses. The latter part of Linebacker II finally saw a concerted effort made to suppress the entire North Vietnamese IADS and significantly reduced the losses suffered.<ref name="Brungess9-11">Brungess, pp. 9–11.</ref> Only one SA-2 missile for every sixty-eight fired resulted in a hit, the lowest ratio of the entire war.<ref name="F105vsSA2"/> The SEAD tactics displayed at the end of Linebacker II, involving the combination of traditional understanding of SEAD with [[electronic warfare]] and C3 countermeasures, laid the groundwork for future development.<ref name="Brungess9-11"/>

===Post-Vietnam Wars===
[[File:A-7E VA-72 on USS America (CV-66) Apr 1986.JPEG|thumb|An [[LTV A-7 Corsair II|A-7E]] from the [[USS America (CV-66)|USS ''America'']] is armed with [[AGM-45 Shrike|AGM-45 Shrike ARMs]], in preparation of [[1986 United States bombing of Libya|Operation El Dorado Canyon]]]]
With the phase-out of the F-105G, the US Air Force was in need of a new SEAD-dedicated aircraft. This effort was given more urgency in 1973 when, during the [[Yom Kippur War]], [[Egypt]] employed a Soviet-built IADS that severely mauled the [[Israeli Air Force]]. After a series of tests, the new F-4G 'Wild Weasel V' first took flight in 1975 and became operational in 1978. Built on the F-4E airframe, the F-4G removed the [[M61 Vulcan]] pod to make room for specialized detection and jamming equipment and could carry the latest anti-radiation missile, the [[AGM-88 HARM]].<ref name="F4PII17"/><ref>Davies, ''F-4 Phantom II'', pp. 40–41.</ref> The F-4G Wild Weasel was then joined by [[EF-111A Raven]] and [[EC-130H Compass Call]] to become part of the USAF's "triad" of electronic combat aircraft. Each aircraft performed its own role in the overall mission of SEAD: the F-4G with seeking out and destroying enemy air defenses, the EC-130 with degrading the enemy's C3 capabilities, and the EF-111A with jamming enemy early-warning and target-acquisition radars. Additional aircraft often part of SEAD missions included the [[E-3 Sentry]], [[EC-130E Commando Solo]] and [[Boeing RC-135|RC/EC-135]].<ref>Brungess, p. 104.</ref>

On the other hand, the [[Soviet Air Forces|Soviets]] did not treat SEAD as an independent air operation but as a tactical role to be performed as part of a larger mission, namely an overwhelming air assault against [[NATO]]. This role was not carried out by SEAD-specific aircraft but normal bombers and fighter aircraft, such as the [[Tupolev Tu-16]] and [[Tupolev Tu-22M]], which could carry Soviet anti-radiation missiles. These aircraft would be organized into several strike groups whose mission was to lay down "chaff corridors" 40–50 kilometers across at intervals of 10 kilometers, including directly on top of suspected SAM sites. A small number of aircraft in these groups would be equipped with ARMs to physically destroy the sites. These missions were conducted against pre-planned targets which had been previously identified by [[signals intelligence]] and other reconnaissance efforts, rather than having aircraft seek out targets of opportunity. The closest the Soviets came to dedicated SEAD platforms were modified stand-off [[interceptor aircraft|interceptors]] like the [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25#Reconnaissance and strike versions|Mikoyan MiG-25BM]] and [[attack aircraft]] like the [[Sukhoi Su-24#Variants|Sukhoi Su-24M]].<ref>Pace, Phillip E., ''Detecting and Classifying Low Probability of Intercept Radar'', Artech House, 2009, pp. 578–584.</ref>

The first example of a post-Vietnam SEAD campaign was by the United Kingdom during the 1982 [[Falklands War]]. The RAF Avro Vulcan B.Mk-2 was initially planned to be retired in early 1982 but the outbreak of the Falklands War, in April that year postponed it.{{sfn|Burden|Draper|Rough|Smith|1986|p=363}} The Falklands conflict was the only time that the Vulcan performed SEAD missions, flying very long-range missions against Port Stanley, armed with AGM-45 Shrike missiles mounted on makeshift underwing pylons and carrying a AN/ALQ-101 pod for jamming.<ref name="burdp36357">{{cite book |last1 = Burden |first1 = Rodney A. |first2 = Michael A. |last2 = Draper |first3 = Douglas A. |last3 = Rough |first4 = Colin A. |last4 = Smith |first5 = David |last5 = Wilton |title = Falklands: The Air War |year = 1986 |location = Twickenham, UK |publisher = British Air Review Group |isbn = 0-906339-05-7}} pp. 363, 365, 367.</ref>

Shortly afterwards was Israel's [[Operation Mole Cricket 19]], launched at the start of the [[1982 Lebanon War]]. During the prior [[Yom Kippur War]] of 1973, Egyptian and Syrian SAM batteries proved to be costly to attack for the [[Israeli Air Force]] (IAF), such as during [[Operation Model 5]]; during the first three days of the war alone, the IAF lost 50 aircraft in about 1,220 sorties, a loss rate of four percent.<ref name="schlein" /> The IAF found it challenging to provide air support to ground forces. Shortly after the conflict's end, the service stated a multiyear project, active between 1973 and 1978, specifically to devise an effective counter to the SAM threat.<ref name="schlein">{{Cite journal |volume = 145 |issue = June 2002 |last = Schlein |first = Lior |author2 = Noam Ophir |title = Six Days in June |journal = IAF Magazine |access-date = 10 September 2008 |url = http://www.iaf.org.il/Templates/Journal/Journal.In.aspx?lang=HE&lobbyID=50&folderID=621&subfolderID=623&docfolderID=625&docID=19927 |language = he |archive-date = 12 July 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090712022115/http://www.iaf.org.il/Templates/Journal/Journal.In.aspx?lang=HE&lobbyID=50&folderID=621&subfolderID=623&docfolderID=625&docID=19927 |url-status = live}}</ref> By 1982, the [[Bekaa Valley]] had been heavily reinforced by the [[Syrian Armed Forces]] with a modern Soviet-style air defense network consisting of multiple radar installations, GCI facilities, SAM and AAA sites, and a redundant C3 network. Prior to the start of the operation, Israel conducted an extensive intelligence-gathering effort, consisting of [[reconnaissance aircraft]], [[remotely piloted vehicle]]s (RPVs) and electronic surveillance aircraft, to paint an expansive picture of where Syrian air defense sites were located and which radar frequencies they were using.<ref name="grant">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/PDF/MagazineArchive/Documents/2002/June%202002/0602bekaa.pdf|title=The Bekaa Valley War|last=Grant|first=Rebecca|date=June 2002|volume=85|issue=6|magazine=[[Air & Space Forces Magazine]]|access-date=22 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031094834/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/PDF/MagazineArchive/Documents/2002/June%202002/0602bekaa.pdf|archive-date=31 October 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = "brung 1625"/>

Israel's attack on the SAMs was inadvertently assisted by the Syrians, who often placed their sites in sub-optimal positions and failed to move their equipment, use dummy radars or maintain active [[combat air patrol]]. When the operation began, efficient coordination of jamming/deception efforts with attacks against air defense sites effectively neutralized the ground component of the Bekaa Valley IADS. In response to the attacks, the Syrians launched a large number of fighter aircraft, however without the aid of their radar and GCI facilities, these forces were "flying blind" and suffered crippling losses in the resulting air-to-air combat. So complete and disturbing was the Israeli dismantling of the Bekaa Valley IADS that the deputy commander of the [[Soviet Air Defense Forces]] was sent to investigate what had gone wrong. Part of Israel's success was due to extensive reconnaissance and preparations prior to the battle, incompetence on the part of the Syrians, and desert conditions conducive to SEAD operations.<ref>Chun, Clayton K. S., ''Aerospace Power in the Twenty-First Century: A Basic Primer'', United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, pp. 243–250.</ref><ref name = "brung 1625">Brungess, pp. 16–25.</ref>

[[Operation El Dorado Canyon]], the United States' response to the [[1986 Berlin discotheque bombing]], employed lessons learned from the Bekaa Valley campaign, including extensive planning and practice runs. In contrast to the Israeli mission though the goal of El Dorado Canyon was not the destruction of [[Libya]]'s IADS itself but to conduct a [[punitive expedition|punitive strike]] against [[Muammar Gaddafi]].<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/15/politics/15REAG.html |work = The New York Times |title = U.S. Jets Hit 'Terrorist Centers' in Libya; Reagan Warns of New Attacks If Needed |first = Bernard |last = Weinraub |date = 15 April 1986}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1986/Strike-on-Qaddafi-and-Soviet-Espionage/12297050136623-4/ |title = 1986 Year in Review: Strike on Qaddafi |work = UPI |access-date = 28 October 2014}}</ref> Suppressing the IADS through non-lethal means would help accomplish this mission and, just as important after the Vietnam War, reduce casualties suffered by the strike group. For this reason, electronic jamming played a more prominent role in the operation than at Bekaa Valley and was carried out by both EF-111A Ravens and EA-6B Prowlers in the first ever joint US Air Force-Navy SEAD operation. For several reasons, F-4G Wild Weasels could not take part in El Dorado Canyon, requiring the use of the Navy's carrier-borne [[A-7E Corsair II]]s and [[F/A-18 Hornet]]s to attack Libyan SAM sites. Their lack of the Wild Weasel's specialized equipment required these fighters to fire their HARMs preemptively at Libyan SAM sites, a costly and wasteful method which nevertheless was effective due to the limited nature of the raid. For their part, the Libyans and their Soviet advisers had also learned lessons from the Bekaa Valley campaign: their IADS was constructed with multiple redundancies (including overlapping radar coverage and hardened landlines between defense sites) and a wider array of both Soviet and Western radar systems able to operate on multiple frequencies to avoid jamming. In the end, US forces succeeded in suppressing the Libyan IADS and conducted their punitive strike with minimal casualties suffered.<ref>Brungess, pp. 25–34.</ref><ref name=whp>{{cite journal |last = Parks |first = W. Hays |year = 1986 |title = Crossing the Line |journal = Proceedings |volume = 112 |issue = 11 |pages = 40–52 |publisher = [[United States Naval Institute]] }}</ref>

===Gulf War===
[[File:An F-4G Phantom II wild weasel 1991.jpg|thumb|left|The [[List of McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II variants#Variants|F-4G Wild Weasel]] played a major role during the war.]]

Intense aerial attacks of Iraq's integrated air defenses were conducted during [[Operation Instant Thunder]], the Coalition's aerial attacks at the start of the conflict; Iraqi SAM operators regularly resorted to firing missiles with minimal or no guidance due to fears that radar use brought quick retaliation.
All Iraqi air defenses in the south were destroyed, although the skies remained unsafe for low altitude flight.

[[Coalition of the Persian Gulf War|Coalition]] forces made extensive use of SEAD during the [[Gulf War]] against [[Iraq]] in order to counter its – at least on paper – formidable IADS. By 1990 Iraq was protected by approximately 3,700 SAMs, organized into 105 firing batteries, and approximately 7,000 AAA pieces, supported by hundreds of overlapping early warning, search and acquisition radars. In the air the [[Iraq Air Force]] was the sixth largest in the world, including hundreds of [[Interceptor aircraft|interceptors]] which were housed and protected within hardened [[bunker]]s. At the center of the Iraqi IADS was Kari, an automated [[command and control]] system developed by Iraq and built by French contractors in the wake of [[Operation Opera]] (Kari in turn is the French spelling of Iraq backwards). Kari tied the entire IADS to a single location, the national Air Defense Operations Center (ADOC) located in an underground bunker in [[Baghdad]], and in turn divided the country into four defense sectors each overseen by a Sector Operations Center (SOC) located at [[H-3 Air Base|H-3]], [[Kirkuk Air Base|Kirkuk]], [[Taji]] and [[Talil Air Base|Talil]]; a fifth SOC was added at [[Ali Al Salem Air Base|Ali Al Salem]] to cover the recently conquered Kuwait. Each SOC oversaw the local airspace and commanded anywhere from two to five Intercept Operations Centers (IOCs) per sector. The IOCs were located in bunkers constructed at Iraqi Air Force bases and tied into local radar systems, whose information they could pass on to their SOC and thence on to Baghdad. In this way a SOC was capable of simultaneously tracking 120 aircraft and selecting for the appropriate weapon system to engage them. The SOC could automatically target for SA-2 and [[SA-3]] SAM systems in their sector, which meant the SAMs did not have to turn on their own radar and reveal their position, or an IOC could direct local interceptors to engage the targets. Baghdad itself was one of the most heavily defended cities in the world – more heavily defended several times over than [[Hanoi]] during the Vietnam War – protected by 65% of Iraq's SAMs and over half of its AAA pieces.<ref name="Davis172">Davis, Richard G., ''On Target: Organizing and Executing the Strategic Air Campaign Against Iraq'', DIANE Publishing, 2002, pp. 172–179</ref><ref name="Knights25">Knights, Michael, ''Cradle of Conflict: Iraq and the Birth of Modern U.S. Military Power'', Naval Institute Press, 2005, pp. 25–27</ref>

However, the Iraqi IADS had several fatal flaws of which Coalition air forces were able to take advantage. The system was primarily oriented towards defending against much smaller attacks from Iraq's most likely enemies – [[Iran]], Syria and Israel – and focused on [[point defense]] rather than area defense. This meant there were significant gaps in its coverage, particularly on the orientation from [[Saudi Arabia]] straight to Baghdad, and attacking aircraft would be able to approach their target from multiple directions. Much of the Iraqi air defense equipment was also quite outdated: Iraqi SA-2 and SA-3 systems were nearing the end of their operational lifespan and their countermeasures well known at this point, while what [[SA-6]], [[SA-8]] and [[Roland (missile)|Roland]] systems they possessed weren't much younger either. Likewise a majority of Iraq's interceptor force were less-capable [[MiG-21]]s, with fewer more modern variants including export versions of the [[MiG-29]] and [[Dassault Mirage F1#Mirage F1E|F1 Mirage]]. Furthermore, the IADS was centralized to a fault. Although each IOC was datalinked to their respective SOC and in turn back to the ADOC, the defense sectors couldn't share information between each other. If a SOC was knocked out of action the attached air defense weapons lost all ability to coordinate their response; its respective SAM batteries would be forced to rely on their own radar systems while most AAA guns lacked any radar guidance. Training was also poor, with Iraqi pilots overly reliant on ground-control instructions such that if the IOCs were disabled they lost [[situation awareness]] and became easy targets.<ref name="Davis172" /><ref name="Knights25" />
[[File:US Air Force F-117 Nighthawk.jpg|thumb|An F-117A Nighthawk flying over the Persian Gulf.]]
Suppression of the Iraqi IADS played a prominent role in [[Operation Instant Thunder]], the preliminary air campaign plan against Iraq which served as the basis for Operation Desert Storm's [[Gulf War air campaign|air campaign]]. In its initial limited form, Instant Thunder called for three dedicated SEAD squadrons which would significantly degrade the IADS enough to allow decimating strikes against Iraq's military and political leadership and other strategic targets.<ref>Davis, pp. 77–79</ref> This role for SEAD was further expanded as the mission grew in scope, involving a larger number of aircraft to completely destroy the air defenses protecting southern Iraq and Kuwait.<ref>Davis, p. 105</ref> Planning for this mission was helped when the [[CIA]] contacted the French engineer responsible for designing the Kari IADS and passed along information about its vulnerabilities and limitations.<ref name="Knights48">Knights, pp. 48–49</ref> In its final form, Phase II of the Desert Storm air campaign sought to decimate the southern Iraqi IADS within two days of the start of hostilities. F-4G Wild Weasels and other aircraft capable of carrying HARM missiles would destroy air defense sites themselves, electronic warfare aircraft would disrupt radars and other systems, and additional targets would be struck in order to support this mission, such as temporarily knocking out Iraq's electrical infrastructure.<ref name="Knights48" /><ref>Davis, pp. 157–158</ref> In addition to traditional SEAD systems the Persian Gulf War would also see the use of unconventional assets in knocking out Iraq's air defenses, in particular [[cruise missile]]s and [[F-117A Nighthawk]]s, which would be used to attack sensitive targets.<ref>Davis, p. 178</ref>

The opening shots of Operation Desert Storm were fired on January 17 in pursuit of defense-suppression: at 2:20AM local time Task Force Normandy, a group of twelve American helicopters, infiltrated into Iraq with the goal of destroying two early-warning radar sites. Three [[MH-53J Pave Low]]s guided nine [[AH-64 Apache]]s to the targets, which the gunships destroyed, opening a hole in the Iraqi IADS for the initial wave of aircraft to exploit. Two F-117As knocked out the [[Nukhayb]] IOC, further widening the gap, although their next attack against the H-3 SOC was unsuccessful. Among the first targets hit by F-117As attacking into Baghdad, bombs damaged the [[Al Taqaddum]] IOC and Talil SOC, shortly followed by [[Tomahawk (missile family)|Tomahawk]] strikes that disabled the electrical grid upon which Kari depended; reportedly some used special [[Graphite bomb|warheads]] filled with carbon fiber bundles to short-circuit the network. For the next several hours dozens of Coalition aircraft poured into Iraq. Those which weren't specifically directed to suppress air defenses had significant SEAD escort, including the use of [[BQM-74]] drones and [[ADM-141 TALD]] decoys which would both "take the hit" for the manned airplanes and cause the Iraqis to reveal their position when they tracked or fired upon the lure. The first night's largest sortie was a joint US Air Force-Navy SEAD mission consisting of fifty aircraft designed to look like a bombing raid on Baghdad but which instead were fitted out with decoys, drones and HARMs to destroy air defenses protecting the city. With Kari degraded due to the disabling of the civilian electrical grid the Iraqi SAMs were forced to use their organic radar, producing what one pilot called "HARM Heaven". A total of 67 HARMs were fired over the course of twenty minutes, causing a significant reduction in Iraqi air defenses around the capital based on follow-up missions.<ref>Davis, p. 182–190</ref>

Throughout the rest of the first night additional air-defense targets were hit by Coalition aircraft with varying levels of success while strikes against other targets consisted of a high ratio of SEAD and escort to strike aircraft. This pace of attack against air-defense and other targets continued into the first day, involving a variety of different aircraft, and spread to targets in Kuwait. [[A-10 Thunderbolt II]]s were used to attack early-warning radars and similar sites along the border in operations known humorously as "Wart Weaseling" (a play on the Wild Weasel and the A-10 "Warthog" nicknames).<ref>Davis, p. 196</ref> Unable to use Kari and fearful of turning their own radars on, Iraqi SAM operators resorted to firing their missiles with minimal or no guidance. Furthermore, units of the [[Iraqi Army]] – even the elite [[Republican Guard (Iraq)|Republican Guard]] – possessed inadequate SAM defenses by NATO or Soviet standards. This allowed Coalition aircraft to attack them from the relative safety of higher altitudes.<ref>Davis, p.197</ref>

[[File:Destroyed Iraqi radar in the desert.JPEG|thumb|left|An Iraqi radar site destroyed by the French [[6th Light Armoured Brigade (France)|6th Light Armoured Division]] during Operation Desert Storm.]]

By the end of the first forty-eight hours of Desert Storm, the Coalition had achieved its goal of significantly degrading Kari, including the destruction of all air defenses in the south. Although the Iraqis would replace most destroyed radars and bring back many IOCs and SOCs to at least partial operation, this was done so in an unorganized manner, with the Coalition continuing to bomb any reactivated sites.<ref name=Davis218>Davis, p. 217–218</ref> In effect, combined with the failure of Iraq's air force to defend its airspace, the Coalition had gained air supremacy in the skies over Iraq from nearly the outset of the conflict.<ref name=Davis218 />

Coalition aircraft conducting [[strategic bombing]] and [[air interdiction|interdiction]] inside Iraq were now free to operate at medium altitudes of {{convert|10000|ft|abbr=on}} and higher with no danger of SAM activity. This also put them beyond the effective range of most of Iraq's AAA pieces, which remained a threat.<ref>Davis, p. 221–222</ref> Baghdad's heavy AAA defenses also continued to make it a difficult target to attack, as Coalition forces found out during an attempted [[Package Q Strike|strike]] on January 19 against the [[Tuwaitha Nuclear Research Center]]. A variety factors, including the threat of AAA and ballistic SAMs, resulted in the strike's failure and loss of two aircraft.<ref>Davis, p. 249</ref>

By January 27, no C3 activity was detected at the SOC level by Coalition forces, and only limited activity at the IOC level. At the end of the conflict, the [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]] estimated Kari was operating at 25% its original capacity, and that it would take at least ten years to rebuild the system and another five to retrain the personnel needed to operate it. In total, the SEAD campaign by the Coalition was an unequivocal success, allowing Coalition aircraft to fly at medium and high altitudes over Kuwait and Iraq with impunity. The only losses Coalition aircraft suffered to Iraqi air defenses after the first two days occurred when they operated at low altitudes, primarily conducting [[close air support]] or other missions to assist ground forces.<ref>Davis, pp. 299–300</ref>

===Operation Allied Force===
{{main|NATO bombing of Yugoslavia#Air Defence Suppression Operations}}

[[File:Defense.gov News Photo 990517-O-9999M-004.jpg|thumb|Post-strike [[bomb damage assessment]] of a SAM site in [[Kragujevac]], [[Serbia]]]]
The bombing campaign of the [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] during mid-1999, dubbed [[Operation Allied Force]], was an overall success for NATO forces, but the mission to suppress Yugoslav air defenses proved to be more difficult than prior operations during the Gulf War. SEAD operations for NATO were principally carried out by the US Air Force, with fifty [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#F-16CJ/DJ Block 50D/52D|F-16CJ Block 50 Fighting Falcons]], and the US Navy and Marines, with 30 EA-6B Prowlers; additional support was provided by Italian and German [[Tornado ECR]]s, a purpose-developed SEAD model.<ref name=KOSOVO10>Lambeth, Dr. Benjamin S. "Kosovo and the Continuing SEAD Challenge." [[Air and Space Power Journal]]. Summer 2002. pp. 10–11.</ref> Many NATO aircraft were furnished with new [[w:Category:Towed decoys|towed decoys]] designed to lure away any missiles fired at them, and reportedly for the first time [[cyberwarfare]] was used to target Yugoslav air defense computer systems.<ref name=KOSOVO16>Lambeth, p. 16.</ref>

However, a number of deficiencies in NATO's SEAD operations were revealed during the course of the bombing campaign. The US Air Force had allowed its electronic warfare branch to atrophy in the years after the Gulf War, resulting in greater response times to engaging a SAM threat.<ref name=KOSOVO17>Lambeth, p. 17.</ref> Airspace restrictions and [[rules of engagement]] limited where NATO aircraft could fly and what targets they could hit, leaving some air defense systems untouched.<ref name=KOSOVO10/><ref>Lambeth, p. 9.</ref> Kosovo's mountainous terrain also made it difficult for NATO to locate and target Yugoslav air defenses, while at the same time the region's poor infrastructure limited where Yugoslav SAM and AAA sites could be placed.<ref>Lambeth, p. 14.</ref> Furthermore, according to a post-conflict US intelligence report, Yugoslavia had a spy in NATO's headquarters in Brussels who in the early part of the conflict leaked flight plans and target details to the Yugoslav military, allowing Yugoslav military assets to be relocated to avoid detection; NATO responded by limiting the number of people with access to its plans, which appeared to be successful.<ref name="GUA2000">{{cite news |last1=Little |first1=Alan |last2=Norton-Taylor |first2=Richard |title=Nato spy leaked bombing raid plans to the Serbs |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/mar/09/balkans2 |access-date=22 June 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=9 March 2000}}</ref>

Yugoslavia had a much smaller IADS than Iraq during the Gulf War, but took greater steps at preserving it from NATO's bombing campaign. The Yugoslav integrated air defence system (IADS) was extensive, including underground command sites and buried landlines, which allowed for information to be shared between systems; thus, active radar in one area could target NATO aircraft for SAMs and AAA in another area with no active radar, further limiting NATO's ability to target air defences.<ref name=KOSOVO15>Lambeth, p. 15.</ref> By focusing on its operational survival, Yugoslav air defenses ceded a certain amount of air superiority to NATO forces. Yet the persistence of their credible SAM threat forced NATO to allocate greater resources to continued SEAD operations rather than conducting other missions, while Yugoslav AAA and MANPADS forced NATO aircraft to fly at {{convert|15000|ft|abbr=on}} or higher. NATO reportedly fired 743 HARMs during the course of the 78-day campaign, but could confirm the destruction of only three of the original 25 SA-6 batteries. At the same time, over 800 SAMs were fired by Yugoslav forces at NATO aircraft, including 477 SA-6s and 124 confirmed MANPADS, for the downing of only two aircraft and several more damaged. That one of the two aircraft shot down was an [[1999 F-117A shootdown|F-117A Nighthawk]] marked the first combat loss ever of a stealth aircraft and typified some of the issues NATO faced during the campaign.<ref name=KOSOVO16/><ref name="Serb discusses 1999 downing of stealth">{{cite news |title=Serb discusses 1999 downing of stealth |work=USA Today |date=26 October 2005 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-10-26-serb-stealth_x.htm |access-date=8 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518131932/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-10-26-serb-stealth_x.htm |archive-date=18 May 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2003 US invasion of Iraq===
{{main|2003 invasion of Iraq}}

[[File:RAF Tornado GR4 Iraq.JPEG|thumb|Tornado GR4 ''ZA557'' of [[No. 15 Squadron RAF|No. XV (Reserve) Squadron]] in flight over Iraq during [[Operation Telic]], August 2004]]

At the onset of the [[Iraq War]], Iraq's IADS was a fraction of what it had been during the Gulf War, though it was still one of the densest defense networks in the world. Over 200 SAM systems were still operational, mainly the older SA-2s, SA-3s and SA-6s, along with over 2,000 MANPADS and large numbers of AA guns. Improvements had been made to Kari, including greater usage of fiber optic cables, and more advanced equipment such as [[GPS]] guidance jammers were acquired. In addition to the ADOC and four original SOCs, a fifth SOC was created in Baghdad and specifically assigned to defend Saddam's palaces, the Republican Guards, and key security facilities.<ref name=IW32>Cordesman, Anthony H. "The Iraq War: Strategy, Tactics, and Military Lessons" CSIS, 2003. pp. 32–36.</ref>

Still, the defense network was relatively outdated and thus unable to seriously challenge the [[Multi-National Force – Iraq|Coalition]]'s dominance of Iraqi airspace, which had not only succeeded in suppressing Iraqi defenses during the Gulf War but continued to do so during the enforcement of [[Iraqi no-fly zones]].<ref>Michael Smith, "RAF Bombing Raids Tried to Goad Saddam into War," ''The Sunday Times'', 29 May 2005.</ref><ref>Marshall, Andrew. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/iraq-fires-missiles-at-raf-tornado-1194972.html?CMP=ILC-refresh "Iraq fires missiles at RAF Tornado."] ''The Independent'', 31 December 1998.</ref> Starting on March 1, aggressive "enforcement" of the no-fly zones accounted for the destruction of as many as a third of Iraq's missile launchers and radars by the time the invasion commenced on March 20.<ref name=IW32/><ref>{{cite news |title=The war before the war |publisher=News Statesman |date=30 May 2005 |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/uncategorized/2005/05/the-war-before-the-war}}</ref> Numerous aircraft, such as the [[Panavia Tornado]] fighter-bomber, penetrated Iraqi airspace to conduct bombing raids during the opening phase of the conflict, striking at Iraqi installations.<ref>Payne, Stewart. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1425246/Missile-alerts-at-Tornado-base-after-bombing-raids.html "Missile alerts at Tornado base after bombing raids."] ''The Telegraph'', 21 March 2003.</ref>

During the course of the invasion, there were 1,660 reports of SAM launches and similar numbers of AAA firings, for the loss of [[List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Iraq War|very few aircraft]]. While Iraq largely failed to shoot down many Coalition aircraft, the sheer numbers of their air defenses still made them dangerous until the final stages of the invasion. This was true in particular for its large number of short-range missile and AAA weapons, which made low-altitude missions deadly and were harder to suppress. Where possible, Coalition forces conducted stand-off strikes from outside the range of these defenses.<ref name=IW32/> The unsuccessful [[2003 attack on Karbala]] exemplifies the dangers faced by aircraft operating at low altitudes around air defenses.<ref>[http://defense-update.com/newscast/0207/analysis/analysis-100207.htm Deadly Scourge of the US Helicopter Pilots in Iraq] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512135809/http://www.defense-update.com/newscast/0207/analysis/analysis-100207.htm |date=2013-05-12 }} by Colonel David Eshel</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/347556641.html?dids=347556641:347556641&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jun+13%2C+2003&author=ERIK+SCHECHTER&pub=Jerusalem+Post&desc=Choppers+on+the+chopping+block%3F&pqatl=google |title=Choppers on the Chopping Block? |first=Erik |last=Schechter |work=Jerusalem Post |date=13 June 2003 |access-date=5 July 2017 |archive-date=25 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025055353/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/347556641.html?dids=347556641:347556641&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jun+13,+2003&author=ERIK+SCHECHTER&pub=Jerusalem+Post&desc=Choppers+on+the+chopping+block%3F&pqatl=google |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Russo-Ukrainian War===
[[File:Russian warplane with bombs shot down over Chernihiv, Ukraine (5 March 2022).jpg|thumb|The remnants of a Russian [[Su-34]] shot down over [[Chernihiv]], Ukraine.]]
Many Ukrainian air defense facilities were reportedly destroyed or damaged in the first days of [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|the full-scale invasion]] by Russian air strikes.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61106245 |title=Ukraine's battle for control of its skies |first=Jonathan |last=Beale |work=[[BBC News]] |date=14 April 2022 |access-date=19 April 2022}}</ref> On 5 March 2022, the [[Russian Aerospace Forces]] (VKS) declared that it had achieved air superiority, 11 days after the beginning of the invasion,<ref>[[Deutsche Welle]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x0tUvSjAJto (5 March 2022) War in Ukraine: A week that shook the world ]</ref>{{rp|minute 17:35}} but not [[air supremacy]].<ref>ROBERT BURNS and LOLITA C. BALDOR [https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-kyiv-europe-moscow-world-war-ii-81b2f12c177810ee8fef7c4ce832fd6f (9 Mar 2022) Ukraine war at 2-week mark: Russians slowed but not stopped] "Moscow’s main objective — toppling the Kyiv government and replacing it with Kremlin-friendly leadership — remains elusive, and its overall offensive has been slowed by an array of failings, including a lack of coordination between air and ground forces and an inability to fully dominate Ukraine’s skies."</ref>{{efn|name= rusi|1= "During Russia’s participation in the Syrian Civil War, only one of its aircraft, the Su-34 fighter-bomber, regularly used precision-guided munitions, Bronk explained, and even that aircraft often used unguided bombs and rockets."<ref name= bronk>David Roza [https://taskandpurpose.com/news/how-big-is-the-russian-air-force/ (3 Mar 2022) Where is the Russian Air Force? Experts break down why they might be hiding] "It is clear to us that Russia is losing aircraft and helicopters at a damaging rate." —Justin Bronk, RUSI</ref><ref name=seadDead >Not What You Think [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KpzUCSdxi7k (Mar 11, 2022) Why Russia is INCAPABLE of Air Superiority in Ukraine] DEAD=Destruction of enemy air defenses, SEAD=Suppression of enemy air defenses</ref>}} However, that same day, Russia lost at least ten aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |last=Trevithick |first=Joseph |title=The Russian Air Force Just Had A Terrible Day Over Ukraine |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/44602/the-russian-air-force-just-had-a-terrible-day-over-ukraine |access-date=5 March 2022 |work=The Drive}}</ref> On 11 March 2022, retired United States Air Force Lieutenant General [[David Deptula]] stated in ''[[The New York Times]]'' that the Russian Air Force had not achieved air superiority, noting that supposedly vulnerable Ukrainian drones had continued to operate against Russian forces.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/11/us/politics/ukraine-military-drones-russia.html| title=Over Ukraine, Lumbering Turkish-Made Drones Are an Ominous Sign for Russia| quote=[The Russian Air Force's] failure to secure air superiority has been reflected by their slow and ponderous actions on the ground. Conversely, the Ukrainian air force performing better than expected has been a big boost to the morale of the entire country.| date=11 March 2022| author1=Dave Phillipps| author2=Eric Schmitt| work=The New York Times}}</ref>

While several early air strikes on Yavoriv in Western Ukraine were performed by Russian bombers, their munitions were firing from a distance while flying within Russian air space, rather than entering Ukrainian air space; on 13 March 2022, dozens of air-launched cruise missiles were launched from within Russia to reach Western Ukraine, because it was allegedly too dangerous for the Russian Air Force to fly over Ukrainian space due to Ukrainian air defenses.<ref name= vergun >David Vergun [https://www.war.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/2965939/russians-pounding-ukraine-cities-with-long-range-fires-says-official/ (14 Mar 2022) Russians Pounding Ukraine Cities With Long-Range Fires, Says Official  ] From 24 February to 14 March 2022, Russia has launched more than 900 missiles at Ukraine.</ref><ref name= cbsNews >David Martin, CBS news [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sRw9RBQSWrc (14 Mar 2022) Where things stand for the Russian military in the war in Ukraine]</ref>{{rp|7:00}} Ukrainian mid-range SAM sites forced planes to fly low, making them vulnerable to [[FIM-92 Stinger|Stinger]] and other [[shoulder-launched surface-to-air missile]]s, while a lack of training and flight hours for Russian pilots allegedly rendered them inexperienced for the type of close ground support missions typical of modern air forces.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 March 2022 |title=The curious case of Russia's missing air force |url=https://www.economist.com/interactive/2022/03/08/curious-case-russias-missing-air-force |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |access-date=9 March 2022 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> On 18 May 2022, near [[Izyum]], a Russian [[R-330Zh Zhitel|Zhitel]] electronic warfare apparatus was detected, located, and disabled by Ukraine's ground and air forces.<ref name= Zhitel >Mia Jankowicz [https://www.businessinsider.com/video-ukraine-blows-up-hidden-russia-radio-jammer-2022-5 (19 May 2022) Video shows Ukraine blowing up a sophisticated radar-jamming machine that Russia tried to hide] R-330Zh Zhitel</ref>

On 30 August 2022, Command of [[Ukrainian Air Force]] (KPS ZSU) released a video of its MiG-29 jets firing [[AGM-88 HARM]] missiles against Russian air defenses,<ref>{{Cite web |title=One of the 🇺🇦 pilots has made a footage of the MiG-29 fighter jets combat operations. |url=https://twitter.com/kpszsu/status/1564531365600690176 |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ukrainian Air Force has released video showing for the first time ever US-supplied AGM-88 HARM anti-radar missiles being fired from their MiG-29 jets. |url=https://twitter.com/uaweapons/status/1564539358451044353 |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> one day after an alleged attack on Russian radar site for [[S-400]] SAM batteries near Sevastopol in Russian-occupied Crimea.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian coastal radar site burning south of Sevastopol, Crimea |url=https://twitter.com/osinttechnical/status/1563990046503575552 |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> Earlier in the summer some the remains of AGM-88 missiles had been found.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apparently, the Ukrainian army may have received American AGM-88 anti-radar missiles – fragments were reportedly found at Russian positions |url=https://twitter.com/uaweapons/status/1556286860128931843 |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Another wrecks of the American AGM-88 HARM was found in Ukraine. |url=https://twitter.com/uaweapons/status/1562889397980512257 |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> The U.S. government acknowledged the previously undisclosed transfer of AGM-88 missiles to Ukraine on August 8, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Oren Liebermann |title=Pentagon acknowledges sending previously undisclosed anti-radar missiles to Ukraine |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/08/politics/anti-radar-missiles-ukraine-russia-pentagon/index.html |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=CNN|date=August 9, 2022 }}</ref>

There were reports of M31A1 GMLRS guided rockets fired from [[M142 HIMARS]] rocket artillery been used by Ukrainian military against Russian air defense systems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A valuable Russian 48Ya6-K1 Podlet-K1 low-altitude S-band surveillance radar was destroyed by a Ukrainian rocket strike on Nova Kakhovka, Kherson Oblast. It appears that M31A1 guided rockets were used. |url=https://twitter.com/uaweapons/status/1549458529752432641 |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref>

On 15 February 2023 the [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] (IISS) wrote that neither the [[Russian Air Force]] (VVS) nor the [[Ukrainian Air Force]] (PS ZSU) have gained [[air superiority]].<ref name= noAirSuperiority >Chris Gordon [https://www.airandspaceforces.com/russian-air-force-lot-of-capability-left-ukraine-invasion/ (15 Feb 2023) Russian Air Force 'Has Lot of Capability Left' One Year On From Ukraine Invasion]</ref><ref name= iadSead >Michael Marrow [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/in-ukraine-fight-integrated-air-defense-has-made-many-aircraft-worthless-us-air-force-general/ (7 Mar 2023) In Ukraine fight, integrated air defense has made many aircraft 'worthless': US Air Force general]</ref>

===2025 India-Pakistan conflict===
{{main|2025 India-Pakistan conflict}}

During the [[2025 India-Pakistan conflict]], the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) conducted SEAD/DEAD operations against Pakistan’s air defense systems. On 8 May, through an official statement, it was revealed that IAF destroyed an air defence system at [[Lahore]].<ref>{{cite news|title= PAKISTAN'S BID TO ESCALATE NEGATED - PROPORTIONATE RESPONSE BY INDIA |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2127670 |work= Press Information Bureau, Delhi|date=2025-05-08|access-date=2025-05-08}}</ref> [[IAI Harop]] [[loitering munitions]] were reportedly used to destroy a LY80 Radar system, part of the Chinese-made [[HQ-16]] medium-range SAM system.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ahlawat|first=Sumit|title= Israeli Harop Drone Makes "Spectacular" Combat Debut In South Asia By Crippling Pakistan's AD System, India Says |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/israeli-harop-drone-makes-spectacular-combat-debut-in-south-asia/?amp |work=The Eurasian Times|date=2025-05-08|access-date=2025-05-12}}</ref> On 11 May, through a press briefing,<ref>{{cite video |title= Press Briefing on Operation Sindoor |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VUXwnp_6vB8&pp=ygUMbW9kIGJyZWFmaW5n |publisher=PIB, India |date=2025-05-11|access-date=2025-05-12}}</ref> an IAF official revealed using satellite imagery, that air defence radars at multiple locations across Pakistan were destroyed. These locations included [[Begum Nusrat Bhutto International Airport|PAF Base Sukkur]], [[Pasrur]], [[Chunian]] and [[Arif Wala]]. It is considered the first large-scale DEAD campaign in South Asia.

==Weapons==
[[File:HARM 88 mock up.jpg|thumb|left|A mock-up of the [[AGM-88 HARM#AGM-88E AARGM|AGM-88E AARGM]]]]
The weapons most often associated with this mission are [[anti-radiation missile]]s (ARMs), which work by homing in on radio emission sources like radar antennae. These missiles are equipped with relatively small warheads, limiting collateral damage, but can easily destroy radar antennae and thus cripple an enemy's air defense system. Early examples of ARMs could be fooled by turning off the radar system, which would cease emitting radiation for the missile to track; more recent missiles are fitted with fire-control systems which "remember" where the source was and continue towards that location.<ref>Tucker, Spencer C., pp. 115–116.</ref> Anti-radiation missiles proved particularly effective during the Vietnam War where, despite the small number carried relative to other munitions, they accounted for 46% of all SA-2 batteries destroyed.<ref>Zaloga, Steven J., ''Red SAM: The SA-2 Guideline Anti-Aircraft Missile'', Osprey Publishing, 2011, p. 19.</ref><ref name="IAPR6 p135">Davis, Larry. "Warplane Classic: Republic F-105 Thunderchief". ''International Air Power Review'', Volume 6, Autumn/Fall 2002, pp. 120–155. Norwalk, Connecticut, US: AIRtime Publishing. {{ISBN|1-880588-46-3}}. ISSN 1473-9917. p. 135.</ref>

However, a weapon need not be designed specifically for SEAD missions to be used to damage or destroy a component of an air defense system. A [[Paveway|Paveway LGB]] for example is not a SEAD-specific munition, but when used to destroy a radar antenna it still achieves the desired effect. The American [[AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon]] is a valuable SEAD weapon due to its fairly long standoff range which allows the launching aircraft to avoid being threatened by all but the longest-range missiles, and its relatively large area of destruction against lightly armored targets.<ref name="Tucker"/><ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |url=http://www.raytheon.com/products/stellent/groups/public/documents/content/cms01_055754.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061020015633/http://www.raytheon.com/products/stellent/groups/public/documents/content/cms01_055754.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2006 |title=JSOW - Family of Precision Strike Weapons |publisher=Raytheon }}</ref>

Possibly the most effective type of unguided ("dumb") weapon used during SEAD strikes are [[cluster bomb]]s. This is due to the fact many SAM sites are dispersed over a fairly wide area (in order to increase the difficulty of inflicting serious damage on the [[Artillery Battery|battery]]) and the relative "softness" of the targets (unarmored [[Transporter erector launcher|missile launchers]], exposed radar antennas, etc.). The [[Mk-20 Rockeye II]] anti-armor cluster munition and the [[CBU-87]] general-purpose cluster munition are typical examples of these types of weapons.<ref>Davies, Peter, ''F-105 vs SA-2'', p. 27</ref><ref>Owen, Robert C., ''Deliberate Force: A Case Study in Effective Air Campaigning'', Air University Press, 2000, p. 265.</ref>

[[Artillery]] is also used to conduct SEAD missions. After World War II, the [[combined arms]] nature of warfare meant an increased role in ground forces performing SEAD missions in support of air operations. During the [[Cold War]] the American military developed a joint definition of SEAD responsibilities, with the Army responsible for all SEAD missions within the range of observable fire and the Air Force for all missions further away. The [[Soviet Union]] placed less emphasis on using artillery to conduct SEAD missions, although where possible artillery would be used to clear a path for [[attack helicopter]]s. Because of their superior range, [[rocket artillery]] such as [[M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System|MLRS]] are the ideal weapon for conducting SEAD operations.<ref>Bailey, pp. 77–78.</ref><ref name="whnmlrs">[https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/military-history/multiple-launch-rocket-system/ The Multiple Launch Rocket System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031094723/https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/military-history/multiple-launch-rocket-system/ |date=2018-10-31 }}. ''Warfare History Network''. 30 October 2018.</ref>

[[Loitering Munition]]s and [[Unmanned Aerial Vehicle]]s (UAVs) play an increasingly vital role in conducting SEAD missions. Due to the dangerous nature of attacking air defenses, the use of UAVs can provide a more cost-effective and less risky method of conducting SEAD. This is especially true since the pilot is not directly at risk and so a commander may be more willing to sacrifice UAVs to accomplish the mission.<ref>Chun, pp. 295–296.</ref> The first UAVs used in the SEAD role occurred during the Vietnam War, when versions of the [[Ryan Model 147|Lightning Bug]] were adapted to carry chaff and other electronic countermeasures.<ref>Newcome, Laurence R., ''Unmanned Aviation: A Brief History of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles'', American Institute of Aeronautics and Astornautics 2004, pp. 83–86.</ref> Modern examples of SEAD-specific loitering munitions include the [[IAI Harpy]] which loiters over areas with potential SAM activity, searches for SAM activity, and then crashes (with in-built warhead) into the target.

==By country==

=== Africa ===

==== Algeria ====
* Sukhoi Su-30MKA equipped with Kh-31P anti-radiation missiles.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
* Su-24MK2 equipped with Kh-58U and Kh-31P anti-radiation missiles.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

==== Egypt ====
* [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]] equipped with [[AGM-88 HARM|AGM-88]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Al Quwwat al Jawwiya Ilmisriya/Egyptian Air Force |url=https://www.f-16.net/f-16_users_article4.html |access-date=2022-08-07 |website=F-16.net}}</ref>

==== Morocco ====
* [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]] equipped with [[AGM-88 HARM|AGM-88]] (B/C/E variants)<ref>{{Cite press release |url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/96339/morocco-buys-%24155m-arms-package-for-f_16s.html |date=11 July 2008 |publisher=US Defense Security Cooperation Agency |title=Morocco – Weapons and Related Support for F-16 Aircraft |via=Defense-Aerospace.com |access-date=2018-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220152234/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/96339/morocco-buys-%24155m-arms-package-for-f_16s.html |archive-date=2018-02-20 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== America ===

==== Brazil ====
* [[AMX International AMX|AMX International]] equipped with the Brazilian [[MAR-1]] missile<ref>{{Cite report |url=http://www.iae.cta.br/publicacoes/Relatorio_de_atividadades_2010.pdf |title=Relatório de Atividades: 2010 |last1=Morais |first1=Ana |last2=Filho |first2=José |date=2011 |publisher=Brazilian Aeronautics and Space Institute |page=67 |language=Portuguese |last3=Mallaco |first3=Lais |last4=Brito |first4=Márcia |url-status=dead |accessdate=4 September 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716153138/http://www.iae.cta.br/publicacoes/Relatorio_de_atividadades_2010.pdf |archivedate=16 July 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==== United States ====

===== USAF =====
In the [[United States Air Force|US Air Force]], the aircraft designed for these missions is known as the ''"[[Wild Weasel]]"''. It describes aircraft tasked with SEAD missions with [[anti-radiation missile]]s. Several platforms have fulfilled this role by the past.
* Wild Weasel I, based on the [[North American F-100 Super Sabre|F-100 Super Sabre]]<ref>Michel III p. 35</ref><ref>Hobson p. 43</ref> The first Wild Weasel squadron ever was the [[354th Tactical Fighter Squadron]] based in Thailand, for missions over North Vietnam.
* Wild Weasel II, based on the [[McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II|F-4C Phantom]]<ref>{{cite news |last=LeMieux |first=Lawrence |title=SoWW Historian}}</ref>. This lasted for a very short time as it wasn't a performant platform for this mission.
* Wild Weasel III, based on the [[F-105F|F-105F and G]] (two-seat variant), operational from 1965 to early 1984<ref name="Dorr de p60-1">Dorr and Bishop 1996, pp. 60–61.</ref> It was known as the "Thud" by the crew. It was a well performing variant. It is the first SEAD dedicated platform of the USAF.
* Wild Weasel IV, based on the [[F-4C Phantom II]] known as the EF-4C<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_fighters/f4_8.html|title=McDonnell EF-4C Phantom II|website=www.joebaugher.com}}</ref> An order for the modification of 36 Phantom II in Wild Weasel IV dedicated variants was made because of the attrition of the F-105 Wild Weasel III.
* Wild Weasel V, based on the [[F-4E|F-4E Phantom II]], known as the [[F-4G Phantom II|F-4G]], operational from 1978 until 1996. 134 F-4E were modified for the SEAD mission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=McDonnell Douglas F-4G Wild Weasel |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/196736/mcdonnell-douglas-f-4g-wild-weasel/https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/196736/mcdonnell-douglas-f-4g-wild-weasel/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=National Museum of the United States Air Force™ |language=en-US}}{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* Wild Weasel VI, based on the [[F-16 Fighting Falcon#F-16C/D|F-16 C/D – Block 50/52]], known as the [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#F-16CJ/DJ Block 50D/52D|F-16CJ/DJ]] and operational since 1991, and it remains the dedicated SEAD variant, using the [[AGM-88 HARM]].<ref>The F-16C is the only aircraft in the Air Force current inventory to use the AGM-88. https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104574/agm-88-harm/</ref>

===== US Navy =====
* [[EA-6B Prowler]]
* [[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet|F/A-18A/B/C/D Hornet]]
* [[F/A-18E/F Super Hornet]]
* [[Boeing EA-18G Growler]]

===== US Marine Corps =====
* [[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet|F/A-18A/B Hornet]]
* [[McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II]]

=== Asia ===

==== Australia ====

* [[Boeing EA-18G Growler]] equipped with [[AGM-88 HARM]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=EA-18G Growler {{!}} Air Force |url=https://www.airforce.gov.au/aircraft/ea-18g-growler |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120121951/https://www.airforce.gov.au/aircraft/ea-18g-growler |archive-date=2024-01-20 |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=airforce.gov.au}}</ref> and [[AGM-88G AARGM-ER]] missiles<ref name=":5" />

==== Bahrain ====
* F-16 Block 70 equipped with [[AGM-88F]], refurbished from 50 AGM-88B<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 3, 2019 |title=Weapons to Support F-16 Block 70/F-16V Aircraft Fleet |url=https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/bahrain-weapons-support-f-16-block-70f-16v-aircraft-fleet |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=Defense Security Cooperation Agency}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Contracts for May 23, 2019 |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Contracts/Contract/Article/1856970/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205222031/https://www.defense.gov/News/Contracts/Contract/Article/1856970/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 5, 2022 |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=U.S. Department of Defense |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== China ====
* [[Xi'an JH-7|Xian JH-7]] equipped with [[YJ-91]] anti-radiation missiles<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=nonothai |date=2016-11-20 |title=YJ-91 anti-radiation missile Aegis destroyer kille |url=https://thaimilitaryandasianregion.wordpress.com/2016/11/20/j-10b-fires-yj-91-anti-radiation-missile-and-hits-target/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Thai Military and Asian Region |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Chengdu J-10]] equipped with [[YJ-91]] anti-radiation missiles<ref name=":1" />
* [[Shenyang J-11|J-11]]BS (2-seat variant) equipped with [[CM-102]] anti-radiation missiles<ref name="Newdick">{{Cite web |last=Newdick |first=Thomas |date=2020-11-09 |title=This May Be Our First Glimpse Of China's New Air-Launched Anti-Radiation Missile |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/37513/we-may-just-have-got-the-first-glimpse-of-chinas-new-air-launched-anti-radiation-missile |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=The Drive |language=en}}</ref>

==== Republic of China (Taiwan) ====

* [[AIDC F-CK-1 Ching-kuo]] equipped with [[Sky Sword II|Sky Sword IIA]]
* [[F-16 Fighting Falcon]] (F-16AM/BM Block 20 and F-16V Block 70) equipped with [[AGM-88 HARM]]

==== India ====
[[File:Rudram-1.jpg|thumb|A [[Rudram (missile)|Rudram missile]] on an [[Indian Air Force]] fighter.]]
* [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]] equipped with [[Rudram (missile)|Rudram I]], [[Rudram (missile)|Rudram II]] and [[Kh-31]]P [[anti-radiation missile]]s.
* [[HAL Tejas|Tejas Mk.1/1A]] equipped with [[Rudram (missile)|Rudram I]] and [[Kh-31]]P [[anti-radiation missile]]s.
* [[Dassault Mirage 2000]] equipped with [[Rudram (missile)|Rudram I]] [[anti-radiation missile]]s.
* [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MiG-29UPG]] equipped with [[Rudram (missile)|Rudram I]] and [[Kh-31]]P [[anti-radiation missile]]s.

==== Pakistan ====
* [[CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder|JF-17]] equipped with [[MAR-1]] missiles, and the [[LD-10]]<ref name="Newdick"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=JF-17 – LD-10 Anti-Radiation Missile – UOAF Codex |url=https://codex.uoaf.net/index.php/JF-17_-_LD-10_Anti-Radiation_Missile |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=codex.uoaf.net}}</ref>

==== Saudi Arabia ====
* [[Panavia Tornado GR4|Panavia Tornado]] equipped with the [[ALARM]] missile<ref>[https://www.defensenews.com/articles/uk-supplied-precision-weapons-prove-popular-in-saudi-led-yemen-campaign UK-Supplied Precision Weapons Prove Popular in Saudi-Led Yemen Campaign] – Defensenews.com, 17 October 2016</ref>

==== Vietnam ====

* [[Sukhoi Su-17|Su-22]]M4 equipped with [[Kh-25]]MP/MPU anti-radiation missiles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quang Minh |date=2014-06-10 |title=Kh-25 - Tên lửa đối đất chủ lực của Su-22 Việt Nam |url=https://soha.vn/quan-su/kh-25-ten-lua-doi-dat-chu-luc-cua-su-22-viet-nam-20140610144751653.htm |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=Soha |language=vi}}</ref>
* [[Sukhoi Su-30MKK|Su-30MK2]] equipped with [[Kh-31]]P anti-radiation missiles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-02 |title='Sát thủ' diệt hạm và rada - tên lửa KH-31 Việt Nam |url=https://tienphong.vn/post-619275.tpo |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=Báo điện tử Tiền Phong |language=vi}}</ref>

=== Europe ===

==== Turkey ====
* [[151st Squadron (Turkey)|151st Squadron "Bronzes"]] is the sole combatant unit of the [[Turkish Air Force]] with SEAD capabilities. The squadron is equipped with [[AGM-88 HARM]] anti-radiation missiles. As of 2024, 192 more missiles are on order from the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Türkiye – F-16 Aircraft Acquisition and Modernization {{!}} Defense Security Cooperation Agency |url=https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/turkiye-f-16-aircraft-acquisition-and-modernization |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=www.dsca.mil}}</ref>

==== France ====
* No aircraft in the French military is currently equipped with an anti-radiation missile, there is no proper SEAD capable aircraft.
* The [[Dassault Mirage III|Mirage III]] was equipped with the [[Martel (missile)|Martel]] missile.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Martel AS-37(Armat) antiradar missile {{!}} Missilery.info |url=https://en.missilery.info/missile/martel-as37 |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=en.missilery.info}}</ref>
* The [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F1]] was equipped with the [[Martel (missile)|Martel]] missile, but the missile was retired in 1997.<ref name=":2" />

==== Germany ====
[[File:AGM-88 and AIM-9 on Tornado.jpg|thumb|German [[German Air Force|Luftwaffe]] [[Panavia Tornado|Tornado ECR]]]]
* [[Panavia Tornado ECR]] equipped with [[AARGM|AARGM missiles]] and electronic warfare capabilities, operational since 1990. Germany manufactured 35 new Tornado for this mission<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Panavia Tornado ECR (Electronic Combat / Reconnaissance) |url=https://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/detail.php?aircraft_id=342 |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=www.militaryfactory.com}}</ref>
* Eurofighter T2, T3 and T4 equipped with AGM-88E<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-28 |title=Neue Anti-Radar-Lenkflugkörper AGM-88E2 für Luftwaffe -... |url=https://www.bundeswehr-journal.de/2021/neue-anti-radar-lenkflugkoerper-agm-88e2-fuer-luftwaffe/ |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=bundeswehr-journal |language=en}}</ref>

==== Greece ====
* Older [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]] equipped with AGM-88B Block IIIA and ADM-88E
* Modernised F-16V to be equipped with AARGM that have been ordered

==== Italy ====
* [[Panavia Tornado ECR]] equipped with [[AARGM|AARGM missiles]] and electronic warfare capabilities, operational since 1990. Italy modified 16 of its Tornado IDS.<ref name=":3" />

==== Netherlands ====
* [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35A]] to receive [[AARGM-ER]] on order<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.navair.navy.mil/product/AARGM|title=AARGM}}</ref>

==== Spain ====
* [[EF-18]] equipped with [[AGM-88 HARM]] and currently in use<ref name="HighBeam">{{cite web |date=25 May 1990 |title=Spain buying HARMs for use on EF-18 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-9075687.html|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924165051/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-9075687.html |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2015-08-08 |work=Defense Daily }}</ref>

==== United Kingdom ====
* The former [[Panavia Tornado GR4]] was equipped with the [[ALARM]] missile for its SEAD missions.
* The former [[British Aerospace Sea Harrier]] was equipped with the [[Martel (missile)|AS37 Martel]] missile.

== Systems in development ==

=== Aircraft ===
* [[Eurofighter Typhoon|'''Eurofighter Typhoon ECR''']]<ref>{{Cite web |last=ES&T editorial team |date=2023-01-04 |title=Air Force: Number of ECR Eurofighters to increase to 30 |url=https://esut.de/en/2023/01/fachbeitraege/38914/luftwaffe-zahl-der-ecr-eurofighter-soll-auf-30-steigen/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=esut.de |language=en}}</ref>''':''' It is the successor of the [[Panavia Tornado ECR|Panavia Tornado ECR / SEAD]] for the [[German Air Force]]. The program is known in Germany as LUWES (''"Luftgestätze Wirkung im Elektromagnetischen Spektrum"''). It is planned to reach its IOC by 2029. It is a 2-seat Eurofighter. [[Airbus Defence and Space|Airbus Defence]] is the leading company for the development of the aircraft. In the SEAD/DEAD configuration it is planned to be equipped with:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Valpolini |first=Paolo |date=2019-11-16 |title=The Eurofighter ECR and the Luftwaffe Electronic Attack concept |url=https://www.edrmagazine.eu/the-eurofighter-ecr-and-the-luftwaffe-electronic-attack-concept |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=EDR Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref>
** 2 GaN Escort Jammer Pods from Saab, based on the Arexis system, with a 360° coverage<ref>{{Cite web |last=ESD |date=2023-06-16 |title=Saab's Arexis EW Suite Selected for Luftwaffe's Eurofighter EKs |url=https://euro-sd.com/2023/06/news/32356/saabs-arexis-ew-suite-selected-for-luftwaffes-eurofighter-eks/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=euro-sd.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
** Emitter Location System
** 6 missiles [[SPEAR 3|SPEAR EW]]
** 4 long-range air-to-air missiles Meteor
** 2 short range air-to-air missiles IRIS-T
** 3 fuel tanks
* [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|'''F-35''']]
** [[United States Air Force|US Air Force]] The F-35A will be the future "[[Wild Weasel]]" of the Air Force, it will therefore replace the [[F-16 Fighting Falcon variants#F-16CJ/DJ Block 50D/52D|F-16CJ Fighting Falcon]]. A program for a new missile is ongoing (look at the section "Missiles" below).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leone |first=Dario |date=2020-06-03 |title=Lockheed Martin to retrofit F-35 Joint Strike Fighters for SEAD/DEAD mission |url=https://theaviationgeekclub.com/lockheed-martin-to-retrofit-f-35-joint-strike-fighters-for-sead-dead-mission/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=The Aviation Geek Club |language=en-GB}}</ref> Some structural modifications were needed to integrate sensors and the new munition planned. Those modifications were applied to the Lots 14 in 15 of F-35 production.
** [[British Armed Forces]] The F-35B will fulfil the SEAD role with the integration of the [[SPEAR 3|SPEAR EW]] missiles as describes below.

=== Missiles ===
* '''Spear EW'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=SPEAR-EW {{!}} Air Dominance, TACTICAL STRIKE |url=https://www.mbda-systems.com/product/spear-ew/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=MBDA |language=en-US}}</ref>
*: It is a new missile being developed by [[MBDA UK]] designed for SEAD missions. It is targeting integrated ground air defence (static and mobile), as well as the radar systems of ships. It uses next-gen miniature electronic warfare payloads (jammer and decoy). It is based on the [[SPEAR 3|SPEAR]] physical and electrical systems, but the seeker is replaced, the warhead is smaller, it embarks more fuel, and a modular EW payload with loitering capabilities. It will equip the British [[F-35B]], 4 missiles will be able to fit in the missile bay.
* '''Stand-in Attack Weapon (SiAW)''' '''program'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marrow |first=Michael |date=2023-03-17 |title=Air Force program for new F-35 missile will knock out at least one prime in FY24 |url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2023/03/air-force-program-for-new-f-35a-missile-will-knock-out-at-least-one-prime-in-fy24/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Breaking Defense |language=en-US}}</ref>
*:A new program of the US Air Force for a new SEAD / DEAD weapon. Contracts have been issued to fund the initial development with [[Lockheed Martin]], [[L3Harris|L3 Harris Technologies]] and [[Northrop Grumman]] that are in competition. During the Phase 1, the USAF is aligning the capabilities of the missile systems to the needs of the air force and to the technical requirements of the F-35. The end goal is 3,000 SiAW missiles for US$8.6 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wolfe |first=Frank |date=2022-08-26 |title=USAF Awards Contracts for Next Phase of Stand-in Attack Weapon to Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman and L3Harris |url=https://www.defensedaily.com/usaf-awards-contracts-for-next-phase-of-stand-in-attack-weapon-to-lockheed-martin-nothrop-grumman-and-l3harris/air-force/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Defense Daily |language=en-US}}</ref>
*:* Northrop Grumman is offering the [[AGM-88G AARGM-ER|AARGM-ER]], the latest variant of the [[AGM-88 HARM]] that is being developed for the US Navy after having been selected. Its low rate initial production started, and it is being integrated to the [[F-35C]].
*:* Lockheed is starting the program from scratch with a new digital design. Lockheed leverages the advanced digital solutions developed by Skunk Works for other programs in this project. The concept is an open, agile, digital weapon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Starting a Program from (Digital) Scratch |url=https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/2022/starting-a-program-from-digital-scratch.html |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=Lockheed Martin |language=en}}</ref>
*:* L3 Communications, part of L3 Harris acquired a radar / sensor supplier back in 2017, Mustang Technology Group LP, and with the new consolidated competence center, it is developing its new offer for this program.
* '''[[AGM-88G AARGM-ER]]''':<ref name=":4" />
*: It is the latest variant of the AGM-88, and is being integrated to the US Navy [[Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet|F/A-18E/F Super Hornet]] and the [[Boeing EA-18G Growler|EA-18G Growler]]. The Australian government approved the purchase of 60 missiles for $431 million in August 2023.<ref name=":5">{{Cite press release |date= 21 August 2023 | url=https://www.minister.defence.gov.au/media-releases/2023-08-21/australia-invests-powerful-new-high-tech-missiles | title=Australia invests in powerful new high-tech missiles | publisher=[[Australian Defence Ministry]]}}</ref> The [[Royal Netherlands Air Force|Netherlands Air force]] announced the purchase of the missile in June 2023 for its [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35A]].<ref>{{cite web |date=5 June 2023 |title=Nieuwe munitie F-35's vergroot slagkracht – Nieuwsbericht|website= Defensie.nl |url=https://www.defensie.nl/actueel/nieuws/2023/06/05/nieuwe-munitie-f-35s-vergroot-slagkracht}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==External links==
{{wikisourcecat|Vietnam War|Audio recordings and transcripts with comments of actual Wild Weasel combat missions over Vietnam.}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050213190456/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict/data/s/05187.html U.S. Department of Defense definition]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020811080535/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj02/sum02/lambeth.html Description of SEAD environment over Kosovo]
* [http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1976/nov-dec/alberts.html A 1976 discussion of differing opinions on (then) future threats to western aircraft] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315132836/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1976/nov-dec/alberts.html |date=March 15, 2014 }}

[[Category:Aerial warfare strategy]]
[[Category:Aerial warfare tactics]]

Chelari

2026-04-30T19:07:15Z

Igorzen: starting initial pg w/ infobox.

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chelari
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Mele Chelari Thazhe Chelari
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|11.107720|N|75.890427|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Malappuram
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 10483
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="OVI">[http://ourvillageindia.org/Place.aspx?PID=268543 Thenhippalam]. OurVillageIndia.org. Retrieved on 2008-08-02.</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 673 637
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Malappuram]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Vallikkunnu]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Chelari''', also known as '''Mele Chelari''' (upper side) and '''Thazhe Chelari''' (lower side), is a census-designated town in [[Tenhipalam]] [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]], [[Tirurangadi]] [[taluk]] in [[Malappuram district]] of [[Kerala]], India. It has a population of 19,483 as of the 2001 census.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DISTRICT URBANISATION REPORT MALAPPURAM |url=https://townplanning.kerala.gov.in/town/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/dur_malappuram.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422115643/https://townplanning.kerala.gov.in/town/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/dur_malappuram.pdf |archive-date=2021-04-22 |website=townplanning.kerala.gov.in}}</ref> Chelari formed a portion of the [[Malappuram metropolitan area]] as of [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]]. [[Chelari Airport]] is the first airport in the [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]] region. It is the commercial center of Tenhipalam panchayat.

==Geography==
Chelari Town is in the north-west of [[Malappuram district]], about 35 km away from district headquarters [[Malappuram]], and 11 km north of Taluk headquarters [[Tirurangadi]]. It shares its borders with [[Chelembra]] panchayat to the north, Pallikkal and Peruvalloor panchayats to the east, and [[Kadalundi River]] separates [[Vallikkunnu]] panchayat in the west. The southern border is against Mooniyoor panchayat. It is located 24 km south of [[Kozhikode]] on the [[Mangalore]]–[[Edapally]] National Highway 66.

==Mele Chelari and Thazhe Chelari ==
Locally, Chelari is divided into Mele Chelari (upper side) and Thazhe Chelari (lower side), also known as East Chelari and West Chelari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Local Self Government Department {{!}} Local Self Government Department |url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/lbelection/electdmemberdet/2020/968 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=lsgkerala.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=CSCIndia.info |title=Digital Seva CSC - List of Common Service Centres (CSC) in India |url=https://cscindia.info/digital-seva-csc-thazhe-chelari/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Common Service Centres (CSC) in India}}</ref> The two areas are divided by the national highway. The road from Mele Chelari goes through Alungal, Chenakkalangadi, Pallippuraya, Nechinathil, Kolathode and terminates at Irumbothingal Kadavu.

==Transport==
Chelari has good road access to the rest of Kerala. National Highway 66 passes through Tenhipalam, bisecting Chelari. All rural localities in the panchayat are well connected to the arterial National Highway by good quality roads. Minibuses operate from rural areas to nearby small towns such as [[Chemmad]], and [[Kondotty]]. Private buses operate between [[Thrissur]] and [[Kozhikode]]. [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] buses, which operate between [[Kozhikode]] and various southern towns and cities in Kerala also stop at the university en route to Tenhipalam. There are seven towns and one corporation in the 35 km circle around Thenhipalam.

The nearest railway stations are Vallikkunnu (station code VLI), [[Parappanangadi]], and [[Feroke]], which are located {{cvt|10|km}} west, {{cvt|12|km}} southwest and {{cvt|16|km}} northwest respectively from the centre of Chelari. The major railway station of [[Kozhikode]] is located {{cvt|20|km}} away.

[[Calicut International Airport]] at Karipur is located {{cvt|10|km}} east of Chelari.

===Chelari Airport===
{{main| Chelari Airport}}
Chelari Airport <ref>{{Cite web |last=ഡെസ്ക് |first=വെബ് |date=2020-08-08 |title=1969ലും വിമാനം തകർന്നു; ചേളാരി 'വിമാനത്താവളത്തിൽ'... {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/flight-crash-in-chelari-548599 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=ml}}</ref> was an airstrip built in 1962 in Chelari, then owned by the [[Aditya Birla Group|Birla group]] corporation, which used this airport for traveling to their factory in [[Kozhikode|Calicut]].

== Education ==
Chelari is also known for being home to the head office of the Samastha Kerala Islam matha Vidyabhysaa Board, which is sometimes referred to as [[Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (EK Sunnis)|Chelari Samastha]]. The Board has more than 10,000 madrassas (schools) throughout the world.

St Paul's English medium Higher Secondary School-Kohinoor is located in Thenhipalam.

The main campus of the [[University of Calicut]] is located near Chelarim with a Government Model Higher Secondary School within the university campus.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=University of Calicut |url=http://www.universityofcalicut.info/about/start.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805130553/http://www.universityofcalicut.info/about/start.htm |archive-date=2008-08-05 |access-date= |website=www.universityofcalicut.info}}</ref> A Government Vocational Higher Secondary School is also active within at Chelari which provides vocational education in addition to Higher Secondary Education.

==Notable people==
* [[Anees Nadodi]] Actor.

==Notable events==
* On 17 January 1969, A [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|Douglas C-47A VT-DTH]] cargo plane crashed at the Chelari Airport. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-08 |title=കരിപ്പൂരിനുമുമ്പ് യന്ത്രപക്ഷികളിറങ്ങിയ ചേളാരി; ചേളാരിയിലെ വിമാനത്താവളവും 1969 ലെ അപകടവും |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/kerala/facebook-riyas-aboobacker-post-about-chelari-airport-constructed-in-1962-nj-270623.html |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=News18 മലയാളം |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-08 |title=ചേളാരി വിമാനത്താവളവും ചേളാരിയിലെ വിമാന അപകടവും - Boolokam |url=https://boolokam.com/chelari-airport-and-chelari-plane-crash/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Chelari Airport]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Parappanangadi area]]

Krishna Shroff

2026-04-21T22:35:49Z

Igorzen: stub!

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur (born 1993)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Krishna Shroff
| image = Krishna Shroff snapped at The Phantom of the Opera event (cropped).jpg
| caption = Shroff in 2025
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|01|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| known_for = {{ubl|
*Founder of [[Matrix Fight Night]]
*[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 14| Khatron Ke Khiladi 14]]
*[[The 50 (Hindi TV Series) |The 50 season 1]]}}
| education = [[SAE Institute]]
| occupation = {{hlist|TV presenter|investor|filmmaker}}
| years_active = 2024–present
| title =
| boards =
| spouse =
| children =
| father = [[Jackie Shroff]]
| mother = [[Ayesha Dutt]]
| relatives = [[Tiger Shroff]] (brother)
| website =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
}}

'''Krishna Shroff''' (born 21 January 1993) is an Indian entrepreneur, [[documentary filmmaker]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jackie Shroff's Daughter Makes Documentary on Trans-Gender Community|url=https://m.imdb.com/news/ni57989015/|date=2014|website=IMDb}}</ref> and television personality.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-20 |title=Krishna Shroff reveals how her brother Tiger Shroff reacted to her participation in Khatron Ke Khiladi 14: 'He was in shock…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/krishna-shroff-reveals-how-her-brother-tiger-shroff-reacted-to-her-participation-in-khatron-ke-khiladi-14-9340951/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 14: Krishna Shroff abuses Abhishek Kumar, he gets into ugly fight with Nimrit Kaur Ahluwalia. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/khatron-ke-khiladi-14-krishna-shroff-abuses-abhishek-kumar-he-gets-into-ugly-fight-with-nimrit-kaur-ahluwalia-9373178/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She is the founder of [[Matrix Fight Night]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive Interview :Krishna Shroff on being an entrepreneur, her gym MMA Matrix, fitness & more|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-exclusive-interview-krishna-shroff-on-being-an-entrepreneur-her-gym-mma-matrix-fitness-more-3022432/|date=March 26, 2023|website=Financial Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Krishna shroff is currently the brand ambassador of Monster Energy and Muscleblaze|url=https://www.mfnofficial.com/about/|date=2024|website=MFN}}</ref> She is the younger sister of actor [[Tiger Shroff]] and the daughter of actor [[Jackie Shroff]] and film producer [[Ayesha Dutt]]. She is known for participating in reality shows including ''[[Khatron Ke Khiladi 14|Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 14]]'' and ''Chhoriyan Chali Gaon'', finishing as runner-up in both, and as a finalist in ''[[The 50 (Hindi TV Series)|The 50 Season 1]]''.

==Early and Personal Life==
Krishna Shroff was born on 21 January 1993 in [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India. She completed her education at the American School of Mumbai. She then went on to complete her bachelor's degree in [[Filmmaking|film production]] at [[SAE Institute]] in [[Dubai]]. She is the younger sister of [[Bollywood]] actor [[Tiger Shroff]] and the daughter of actor [[Jackie Shroff]] and film producer [[Ayesha Dutt]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=To "Sister" Krishna Shroff, An Aww-Dorable Birthday Post From Disha Patani|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/check-out-disha-patani-s-wish-for-rumoured-ex-boyfriend-tiger-shroff-s-sister-4904069|date=Jan 21, 2024|website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title="Looking Like Wow": Tiger Shroff's Sister On Afghanistan's Show vs Australia. Watch|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023/looking-like-a-wow-viral-reaction-of-tiger-shroffs-sister-on-afghanistans-show-vs-australia-watch-4555529|date=November 8, 2023|website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-23 |title=Jackie Shroff's daughter Krishna Shroff's first salary cheque was the same as her driver's. What is her main income source today? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/jackie-shroffs-daughter-krishna-shroffs-first-salary-cheque-was-the-same-as-her-drivers-what-is-her-main-income-source-today/articleshow/123467239.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-10-03 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

Shroff has been in a long-term relationship with and is engaged to [[Abdul Azim Badakhshi]], a professional MMA fighter from [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Krishna Shroff shares romantic pics with Abdul Azim Badakhshi!|url=https://asianmma.com/krishna-shroff-shares-romantic-pics/|date=2023|website=The Asian MMA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Adarsh|last=Ojha|title=Tiger Shroff's Intense Striking Training Leaves MMA Fighter Badakshi, MFN Chief Krishna Shroff, Prateek Babbar and Others Thrilled- "LFGG"|url=https://www.insidesport.in/ufc/tiger-shroffs-intense-striking-training-leaves-mma-fighter-badakshi-mfn-chief-krishna-shroff-prateek-babbar-and-others-thrilled-lfgg/|date=2024|website=Inside Sport}}</ref>

==Career==
In 2024, she participated in the reality show ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 14]]'' on [[Colors TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 14: Jackie Shroff turns cheerleader for daughter Krishna; says 'mere mein itna taakat nahi hai ke jaake main KKK karoon, magar tereko maanta hoon, bhidu'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khatron-ke-khiladi-14-jackie-shroff-turns-cheerleader-for-daughter-krishna-says-mere-mein-itna-taakat-nahi-hai-ke-jaake-main-kkk-karoon-magar-tereko-maanta-hoon-bhidu/articleshow/111358315.cms|date=Jun 29, 2024|website=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jackie Shroff's daughter Krishna on Khatron Ke Khiladi 14: 'Ready to show the world who I am'|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/jackie-shroff-daughter-krishna-on-khatron-ke-khiladi-14-2549938-2024-06-06|date=June 6, 2024|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 14: Krishna Shroff gets eliminated; Rohit Shetty says, 'I had a lot of expectations from you' |newspaper=The Times of India |date=12 August 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khatron-ke-khiladi-14-krishna-shroff-gets-eliminated-rohit-shetty-says-i-had-a-lot-of-expectations-from-you/articleshow/112449183.cms}}</ref> In 2025, she participated in the reality show ''Chhoriyan Chali Gaon'' on [[Zee TV]].

Shroff has also produced a documentary about the lives of transgender individuals. She owns the MMA Matrix fitness center in [[Mumbai]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Krishna Shroff: Turning MMA Into A Mainstream Sport|url=https://www.mansworldindia.com/lifestyle/sports/krishna-shroff-turning-mma-into-mainstream-sport|date=December 22, 2023|website=Mans World India}}</ref> which focuses on mixed martial arts training and overall fitness. She has also worked as a [[basketball]] coach for young athletes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-16 |title=Tiger Shroff's sister Krishna Shroff opens up about her brutal first break-up: 'I lost myself' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tiger-shroffs-sister-krishna-shroff-brutal-first-break-up-7625371/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Shroff has been featured on the covers of several fashion and fitness magazines.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shweta |last=Sharma |date=2022-09-14 |title='I'm not getting paid even half of what Tiger is to look the way he does!': Krishna Shroff |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fitness/krishna-shroff-fitness-cheat-meals-body-shaming-brother-tiger-shroff-8140955/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jackie Shroff On Daughter Krishna Shroff's Bollywood Plans: 'For Now, She Is Saying No But If She Gets Something That Agrees With Her Thought Process, She Might Do It'-EXCLUSIVE|url=https://sg.style.yahoo.com/jackie-shroff-daughter-krishna-shroff-071325211.html|date=September 1, 2021|website=Yahoo News}}</ref>

== Reality Shows ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Television
|-
! Year
! Show
! Notes
!Ref.
|-
| 2024
| [[Khatron Ke Khiladi 14|''Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 14'']]
| rowspan="2" | Runner-up
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 14 full and final list of contestants with photos |url=https://www.siasat.com/khatron-ke-khiladi-14-full-and-final-list-of-contestants-with-photos-3026344/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=The Siasat Daily |date=14 May 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''Chhoriyan Chali Gaon''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive {{!}} Krishna Shroff on Chhoriyan Chali Gaon: I once tried milking a cow, its not easy |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/exclusive-krishna-shroff-on-seeking-advice-from-dad-jackie-shroff-for-chhoriyan-chali-gaon-23585368 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=Mid-day |date=18 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''[[The 50 (Hindi TV Series)|The 50]]''
|Finalist
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-23 |title=Krishna Shroff opens up about joining 'The 50': I'm my own biggest competitor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/krishna-shroff-opens-up-about-joining-the-50-im-my-own-biggest-competitor/articleshow/127270423.cms |access-date=2026-01-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

==Awards==
In March 2024, Shroff received the Woman Fitness Leader of the Year award from Asian Talks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Entrepreneur Krishna Shroff delivers inspiring speech post 'Woman Fitness Leader of the Year' award win|url=https://theasiantalks.com/entrepreneur-krishna-shroff-delivers-inspiring-speech-post-woman-fitness-leader-of-the-year-award-win/|date=March 4, 2024|website=Asian Talk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Krishna Shroff delivers inspiring speech post 'Woman Fitness Leader of the Year' win|url=https://telanganatoday.com/krishna-shroff-delivers-inspiring-speech-post-woman-fitness-leader-of-the-year-win|access-date=June 27, 2024|website=Telangana Today|date=5 March 2024 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shroff, Krishna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Indian people of Belgian descent]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]

Prantij Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:22:10Z

Igorzen: New First Entry More To Come

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Prantij
| mla = [[Gajendrasinh Parmar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Sabarkantha district|Sabarkantha]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sabarkantha Lok Sabha constituency|Sabarkantha]]
| established = 2007
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:259317}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 33
}}

'''Prantij''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Sabarkantha district|Sabarkantha]] district.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Prantij Taluka
# Talod Taluka – Entire taluka except village – Charanvanta

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
*2007 - [[Jay Chauhan]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*2012 - [[Mahendrasinh Baraiya]], [[Indian National Congress]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Gajendrasinh Parmar]]<ref name=election2017/> || rowspan="2" |
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party | rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Prantij Assembly constituency<ref>{{cite news |title=AAP's 6th List For Gujarat Polls Out, 73 Names Out Of 182 Seats Revealed |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aaps-6th-list-for-gujarat-polls-out-73-names-out-of-182-seats-revealed-3450225 |access-date=21 October 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=21 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2023 |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Gajendrasinh Parmar|Gajendrasinh Udesinh Parmar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 105324
|percentage = 57.23
|change = +10.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bahecharsinh Harisinh Rathod
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 40702
|percentage = 22.12
|change = -23.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Alpeshkumar Nareshbhai Patel
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 32139
|percentage = 17.46
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jyotiben Ashokbhai Rathod
|party = Right to Recall Party
|votes = 621
|percentage = 0.34
|change = N/A
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 3114
|percentage = 1.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 35.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:258879}}
|ref=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Prantij<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gajendrasinh Parmar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 83,482
|percentage = 47.15
|change = +3.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mahendrasinh Baraiya
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 80,931
|percentage = 45.70
|change = -2.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajendrasinh Zala
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|votes = 3,718
|percentage = 2.10
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,551
|percentage = 1.45
|change = -2.95
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,77,073
|percentage = 74.61
|change = -0.59
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=9 June 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mahendrasinh Baraiya
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 76097
|percentage = 47.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jaysinhji Chauhan
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 69083
|percentage = 43.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7014
|percentage = 4.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 159303
|percentage = 75.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|23.44|72.85|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Sabarkantha district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2007]]

LVM3-M3

2026-04-19T11:48:54Z

Igorzen: stub!

{{Short description|2023 Indian satellite launch}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox rocket launch
| name = LVM3-M3
| image = LVM3 M3, OneWeb India-2 - Lift off from Second Launch Pad of SDSC-SHAR 09.webp
| rocket = LVM-3
| launch = 26 March 2023 09:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC]] +5:30)
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| pad = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre#Second Launch Pad|SDSC SLP]]
| payload = {{Hlist | 36 [[Oneweb]] Gen-1}}
| outcome = Success
| succession = [[List of LVM3 launches#Launch history|List of LVM3 launches]]
| previous = [[LVM3-M2]]
| next = [[LVM3-M4]]
}}

The '''LVM3-M2''' was the sixth launch of India's [[LVM3]] launch vehicle. It was the second commercial launch of the rocket under [[NewSpace India Limited|NSIL]] and it was a multi-satellite mission to [[Low Earth orbit|low earth orbit]]. The cryogenic stage performed multiple reorientation and velocity addition maneuvers to sequentially dispose the satellites.

==Payload==
On 20 April 2022 OneWeb announced a deal with [[NewSpace India Limited]], the commercial arm of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=OneWeb agrees satellite launch programme with New Space India |url=https://oneweb.net/resources/oneweb-agrees-satellite-launch-programme-new-space-india |access-date=2022-06-07 |website=OneWeb |language=en}}</ref> OneWeb satellites were to be deployed by [[LVM 3]] <ref>{{cite web |date=27 March 2023 |title=Successful launch of 36 OneWeb Satellites with ISRO/NSIL marks key milestone to enable global connectivity |url=https://oneweb.net/resources/successful-launch-36-oneweb-satellites-isronsil-marks-key-milestone-enable-global |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326102616/https://oneweb.net/resources/successful-launch-36-oneweb-satellites-isronsil-marks-key-milestone-enable-global |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=27 March 2023 |publisher=OneWeb}}</ref> using a lightly modified version of the satellite dispenser previously used on Soyuz rockets, a plan cancelled after the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=William |date=2022-10-22 |title=OneWeb resumes launches with first commercial GSLV Mk.III |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/10/oneweb-gslv-mk-iii/ |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=NASASpaceFlight.com |language=en-US}}</ref>The mission was also referred to as Oneweb India-2 campaign.

The flight carried a second batch of 36 [[Eutelsat OneWeb|OneWeb]] Gen-1 satellites to [[Low Earth orbit|low earth orbit]] of 450 km with 87.4° inclination. The launch featured a newer white coat of insulation on the [[Cryogenic rocket engine|cryogenic stage]] (C25) which has more environmental-friendly manufacturing processes, better insulation properties and the use of lightweight materials.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO's C25 cryogenic stage now sports white, ditches black; What's the science behind it? |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/isros-c25-cryogenic-stage-now-sports-white-ditches-black-whats-the-science-behind-it-575318 |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref>The vehicle took off with a total payload of 5,805 kg at 09:00:20 hours IST from the second launch pad at SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota. It achieved satellite injection conditions in about 17 minutes and began injecting the satellites from the twentieth minute. The vehicle performed a sophisticated manoeuvre to orient in orthogonal directions and injected the satellites into precise orbits with defined time-gaps to avoid collision of the satellites.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LVM3-M3 / OneWeb India-2 Mission |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/LVM3M3MissionLandingPage.html |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>It was Oneweb's 18th launch and brought the constellation to 618 satellites.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LVM3 M3/OneWeb India-2 mission accomplished successfully |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/LVM3_M3_OneWeb_India2_mission_successful.html |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:LVM3 M3, OneWeb India-2 campaign 25.webp
File:LVM3 M3, OneWeb India-2 campaign 29.webp
File:LVM3 M3 OneWeb India-2 Mission - Satellite seperation telemetry plot.jpg
File:LVM3 M3 OneWeb India-2 Mission Flight Sequence.jpg
File:LVM3 M3, OneWeb India-2 campaign Brochure 04.png
</gallery>

== Mission overview ==
* '''Mass''':
** ''Payload weight:''  5,805 kg<ref name=":0">https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3_M3_OneWeb_India2_Brochure_V9.pdf</ref>
* '''Overall height''': {{cvt|43.5|m}}<ref name=":0" />
* '''Propellant''':<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=LVM3 - ISRO |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/lvm3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225031155/http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/lvm3 |archive-date=2014-12-25 |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=www.isro.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>
** ''Boosters (S200) :'' [[HTPB]]/[[Ammonium perchlorate composite propellant|AP]]
** ''Stage 1 (L110) :'' [[Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine|UDMH]]/[[N2O2|N2O2]]
** ''Stage 2 (C-25):'' [[Liquid oxygen|LOX]]/ [[Liquid hydrogen|LH2]]
* '''Propellant mass''':<ref name=":1" />
** ''Stage 1:'' {{cvt|205000 |kg}}
** ''Stage 2:'' {{cvt|116000|kg}}
** ''Stage 3:'' {{cvt|28000|kg}}
* '''Altitude''': 450km<ref name=":0" />
* '''Inclination''': 87.4'''°'''<ref name=":0" />
* '''Semi Major Axis''': 6828.137km<ref name=":0" />
* '''Launch Azimuth''':138'''°'''<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[ISRO]]
*[[Starlink]]
* [[PSLV]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian space programme}}
{{orbital launches in 2023}}
{{Portal bar|India|Rocketry|Spaceflight}}

[[Category:Rocket launches in 2023]]
[[Category:March 2023 in India]]
[[Category:Launch Vehicle Mark-3]]

Madgaon Express

2026-04-18T14:53:53Z

Igorzen: added a details

{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Kunal Khemu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Madgaon Express
| image = Madgaon Express film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Kunal Khemu]]
| writer = Kunal Khemu
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = [[Farhan Akhtar]] [[Ritesh Sidhwani]]
| starring = {{ubl|
*[[Divyenndu]]
*[[Pratik Gandhi]]
*[[Avinash Tiwary]]
*[[Nora Fatehi]]
*[[Upendra Limaye]]
*[[Chhaya Kadam]]
}}
| cinematography = Adil Afsar
| editing = Anand Subaya Sanjay Ingle
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Sharib Sabri|Sharib]]-[[Toshi Sabri|Toshi]] Ankur Tewari [[Kunal Khemu]] Sagar Desai Sameer Uddin [[Ajay–Atul]] '''Score:''' Sameer Uddin
| studio = [[Excel Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|03|22}}
| runtime = 143 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/madgaon-express-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde5otg0 |title=''Madgaon Express'' (15) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=15 March 2024 |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315054936/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/madgaon-express-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde5otg0 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|30 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2024 |title=Decoding Economics of Madgaon Express: Kunal Kemmu's film budget, box office, & verdict |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/decoding-the-economics-of-madgaon-express-kunal-kemmus-directorials-budget-box-office-verdict-more-1297166 |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420114008/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/decoding-the-economics-of-madgaon-express-kunal-kemmus-directorials-budget-box-office-verdict-more-1297166 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|57.34}} crore<ref name="bo">{{Cite web |title=Madgaon Express Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/madgaon-express/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=8 April 2024 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324071738/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/madgaon-express/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Madgaon Express''''' is a 2024 [[Hindi-language]] [[crime comedy film]] written and directed by [[Kunal Khemu]], in his directorial debut, and produced by [[Excel Entertainment]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kunal Kemmu On His Directorial Debut Madgaon Express: "Never Thought I'd Be Directing This" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/i-never-thought-kunal-kemmu-on-his-directorial-debut-madgaon-express-5185058/ |date=6 March 2024 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=9 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307220555/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/i-never-thought-kunal-kemmu-on-his-directorial-debut-madgaon-express-5185058 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Madgaon Express: Divyenndu, Pratik, Avinash go for 'mad trip' to Goa in Kunal's debut directorial, fans say 'laugh riot' |url=https://www.google.com/s/www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-madgaon-express-kunal-kemmu-directorial-is-divyenndu-sharma-pratik-gandhi-avinash-tiwary-mad-trip-to-goa-3080477/ |date=5 March 2024 |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=9 March 2024}}</ref> It stars an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Divyenndu]], [[Pratik Gandhi]], [[Avinash Tiwary]], [[Nora Fatehi]], [[Upendra Limaye]] and [[Chhaya Kadam]].<ref>{{cite web |title='Madgaon Express' trailer: Divyenndu, Pratik Gandhi, Avinash's Goa trip dream turns into nightmare |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/madgaon-express-trailer-divyenndu-pratik-gandhi-avinashs-goa-trip-dream-turns-nightmare-23338453 |date=5 March 2024 |work=Mid Day |access-date=9 March 2024 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309104434/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/madgaon-express-trailer-divyenndu-pratik-gandhi-avinashs-goa-trip-dream-turns-nightmare-23338453 |url-status=live}}</ref>

''Madgaon Express'' was theatrically released on 22 March 2024 to positive reviews from critics and grossed ₹57 crore worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kunal-kemmus-directorial-debut-madgaon-express-released-theaters-march-20-2024-first-poster/ |title=Kunal Kemmu's directorial debut Madgaon Express to be released in theatres on March 20, 2024; first poster out |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=19 January 2024 |access-date=9 March 2024 |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311203606/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kunal-kemmus-directorial-debut-madgaon-express-released-theaters-march-20-2024-first-poster/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name ="bo" /><ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Kharbanda |first=Navya |date=19 April 2024 |title=Kunal Kemmu on his directorial debut Madgaon Express getting rave reviews: My hard work got recognised after a long time |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/kunal-kemmu-on-his-directorial-debut-madgaon-express-getting-rave-reviews-my-hard-work-got-recognised-after-a-long-time-101713343496819.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419114211/https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/kunal-kemmu-on-his-directorial-debut-madgaon-express-getting-rave-reviews-my-hard-work-got-recognised-after-a-long-time-101713343496819.html |archive-date=19 April 2024 |access-date=19 April 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=Mumbai |quote=Actor Kunal Kemmu talks about making his directorial debut with Madgaon Express, which is also receiving praises.}}</ref>
It received four nominations at [[70th Filmfare Awards]] including [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Gandhi) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Debut Director|Best Debut Director]] (Khemu) .<ref>{{cite news |title=Nominations for The 70th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2025 With Gujarat Tourism: Full List Out
|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-70th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2025-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-78037.html|date=26 September 2025|website=Filmfare}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=December 2024}}
In 1998 in [[Mumbai]], Dhanush "Dodo" Sawant, Pratik "Pinku" Garodia and Ayush Gupta, who have just passed 10th standard, dream of going to [[Goa]] after their [[Board examination|board examinations]]. Due to their parents' reluctance, they are unable to do so. In 2003, the friends again plan the trip after their graduation. But they meets with an accident as soon as they begin their journey. The plan is yet again put on the back burner.

A few years later, Pinku moves to [[Cape Town]] and Ayush to [[New York City]]. Pinku and Ayush have succeeded in life, earning well and leading comfortable lives. Meanwhile, Dodo is struggling to keep a steady job. He keeps in touch with Pinku and Ayush on [[social media]]. To catch up, Dodo starts faking a glamourous lifestyle on social media using editing software.

In 2015, Pinku and Ayush decide to fly down to Mumbai. They inform Dodo about it and also tell him that they will stay at his 'penthouse'. Dodo gets tense and suggests that, instead, they should fulfill their plan of visiting Goa. Pinku and Ayush agree. Unable to afford expensive flight tickets, Dodo books three tickets to the Madgaon Express train. Pinku and Ayush hate the idea, but agree on the condition that they will return by flight only. Before boarding the train, Pinku’s bag accidentally gets swapped with another man. They discover that the bag contains a cash, a gun and a key to a hotel room. They agree to get rid of the bag.
Upon reaching their destination, they head straight to the beach. A drug dealer gives them [[psychedelic drug]] pills and after consuming it, they party together and spend the night with prostitutes at a hotel. Upon waking up the next morning, Ayush is upset at Dodo for bringing prostitutes with them as he did not want to cheat on his [[Long-distance relationship|long-distance]] online girlfriend Nisha. Dodo confesses that he had secretly kept the hotel room key from the stranger's bag, along with the cash and had brought them to the same hotel room. This angers Ayush and Pinku and during an altercation, Pinku falls down hard on top of the bed and they discover a stash of [[cocaine]] hidden underneath it. Later, Kanchan Kombdi, a lady gangster, arrives with her gang and mistakens Ayush for Ganapath, whose bag got exchanged with Pinku.

Kanchan Kombdi asks him to meet her at her place and her gang surrounds the entire hotel premises. The three escape the place by jumping off the window. Pinku begins to act strangely due to overdosing on cocaine. They start looking for a doctor to help Pinku. They meet a young woman Tasha, who takes them to Dr. Danny. Dr. Danny gives Pinku an injection which heals him. It is revealed that the cocaine found at the hotel room belongs to Mendoza Bhai, a ruthless gangster. Upon returning to the hotel, the three are shocked to discover that the cocaine is missing. The police arrive and they escape the place. Meanwhile, Ganapath reaches the hotel and is angry to find the cocaine missing, which he had hidden underneath the bed. He discovers Pinku's cellphone inside his bag and sees text messages from his girlfriend Mariam.

Ayush and Pinku blame Dodo for their predicament and say they no longer trust him. Dodo admits his social-media persona was all an act because he felt like a “nobody” and didn’t want to embarrass them. Hearing this, they reassure him that he’ll always be their friend and forgive him. It is revealed that Mendoza Bhai and Kanchan Kombdi used to love each other and were married, but Mendoza Bhai fell in love with and married another woman, which angered Kanchan Kombdi, leading to her embarking on a journey of vengeance. Kanchan Kombdi had found the cocaine in the hotel room and had stolen it, planning to sell it and earn money, to get even with Mendoza Bhai. Ganapath is revealed to be a member of Mendoza Bhai's gang, but is secretly working with Kanchan Kombdi.

The three decide to leave Goa, but discover that the police are looking for them and posters, with their sketches, are stuck everywhere. Dodo receives a phone call from Tasha, who asks them to meet her if they want to leave safely. Upon reaching, they discover that Tasha is held hostage by Mendoza Bhai and it was a setup to bring them to Mendoza Bhai. Mendoza Bhai orders Dodo and Pinku to go to Kanchan Kombdi's place to retrieve the cocaine, disguised as women, to blend in with her gang members. Mendoza Bhai adds that Ayush and Tasha would remain with him and that he would kill them if they cannot retrieve the cocaine.

Dodo and Pinku reach Kanchan Kombdi's place and begin to look for the cocaine. One of the gang members finds out Pinku's identity, which leads to an altercation in which Pinku's finger is chopped. The place is raided by Dr. Danny, who is actually an undercover cop, along with his team and a massive shootout ensues. Dodo and Pinku manage to escape the place with the cocaine. Ayush and Tasha also escape while Mendoza and his gang are asleep. Tasha develops a liking towards Ayush. The four are united and plan to finally leave the place, but Pinku receives a call from Ganapath, saying that he has taken Mariam hostage and demands that they return his money and the cocaine. They decide to meet Ganapath on board the Madgaon Express and return the goods to him. The next day, they board the train and Ganapath arrives there with Mariam.

However, Mendoza Bhai and Kanchan Kombdi also arrive and demands to return the cocaine. They return the bag to them, but the cocaine is not there inside the bag. It is revealed that with the help of Danny, they had informed the police about everything and had handed over the cocaine to them. The police arrive and arrest Mendoza Bhai, Kanchan Kombdi and Ganapath, while the three along with Mariam finally leave Goa. Before Ayush boards his flight back to New York, Dodo confesses that his online girlfriend Nisha is actually Dodo, who chatted with him online pretending to be a girl, as a practical joke. This upsets Ayush, though he gives Dodo a hug before leaving, seemingly forgiving him.

A year later, Pinku introduces Mariam to his mother and they plan to get married. Dodo wins the [[lottery]] and becomes rich. Ayush removes "Nisha" as a friend from his social media account and receives a friend request from Tasha. Dodo, now rich, reaches Ayush's house and says that they should go to [[Las Vegas]] together.

== Cast ==
* [[Divyenndu]] as Dhanush Sawant "Dodo"
**[[Aryan Prajapati]] as young Dodo
* [[Pratik Gandhi]] as Pratik Garodia "Pinku/Pinkya"
** Jewel Narigara as Young Pinku
* [[Avinash Tiwary]] as Ayush Gupta
* [[Nora Fatehi]] as Tasha
* [[Upendra Limaye]] as Mendoza Bhai
* [[Chhaya Kadam]] as Kanchan Kombdi
* [[Remo D'Souza]] as Dr. Danny (Special appearance)
* Raviraj Kande as Ganpat
* Sameer Patil as Dodo’s father
* Vipul Deshpande as Police inspector
* Umesh Jagtap as Constable Santosh Sathe

Additionally, writer and director [[Kunal Khemu]] makes a cameo appearance as a drug peddler.

==Production==
[[Principal photography]] commenced in August 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2022 |title=Kunal Kemmu announces his debut directorial Madgaon Express on the auspicious occasion of Ganesh Chaturthi |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kunal-kemmu-announces-debut-directorial-madgaon-express-auspicious-occasion-ganesh-chaturthi/ |access-date=9 March 2024 |work=Bollywood Hunagama |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309104433/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kunal-kemmu-announces-debut-directorial-madgaon-express-auspicious-occasion-ganesh-chaturthi/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[wrap (filming)|wrapped]] in February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2023 |title=Kunal Kemmu concludes shoot of his maiden directorial project Madgaon Express; calls it "an incredible journey |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kunal-kemmu-concludes-shoot-maiden-directorial-project-madgaon-express-calls-incredible-journey/ |access-date=9 March 2024 |work=Bollywood Hunagama |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122222903/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kunal-kemmu-concludes-shoot-maiden-directorial-project-madgaon-express-calls-incredible-journey/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Madgaon Express
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Sharib Sabri|Sharib]]-[[Toshi Sabri|Toshi]] Ankur Tewari, [[Kunal Khemu]], Sagar Desai, Sameer Uddin and [[Ajay–Atul]]
| released = 13 March 2024<ref name="jiosaavn">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2024 |title=Madgaon Express– Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/madgaon-express/ZTYhPaIdZHg_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=14 March 2024 |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314040526/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/madgaon-express/ZTYhPaIdZHg_ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| recorded = 2022
| length = 20:20
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio|{{YouTube|scudktjApzU|Madgaon Express - Full Album}}
}}
}}

The music of the film is composed by [[Sharib Sabri|Sharib]]-[[Toshi Sabri|Toshi]], Ankur Tewari, [[Kunal Khemu]], Sagar Desai, Sameer Uddin and [[Ajay–Atul]]. Lyrics are written by [[Kumaar]], Kalim Sheikh and [[Kunal Khemu]].<ref name="jiosaavn"/>

The song ''Baby Bring It On'' is a remake of [[Baby Bring It On|same title]] song which was composed by Ajay–Atul for the 2016 Marathi film [[Jaundya Na Balasaheb]].<ref>{{cite news |access-date=9 March 2024 |title='Madgaon Express': Nora Fatehi Brings Electrifying Moves In Teaser Of First Track 'Baby Bring It On' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/madgaon-express-nora-fatehi-brings-electrifying-moves-in-teaser-of-first-track-baby-bring-it-on/articleshow/108303964.cms |work=The Times of India |date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309014840/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/madgaon-express-nora-fatehi-brings-electrifying-moves-in-teaser-of-first-track-baby-bring-it-on/articleshow/108303964.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |access-date=9 March 2024 |title='Madgaon Express': Nora Fatehi brings electrifying moves in teaser of first track 'Baby Bring It On' |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/madgaon-express-nora-fatehi-brings-electrifying-moves-in-teaser-of-first-track-baby-bring-it-on20240307145958/ |work=ANI News |date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307094844/https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/madgaon-express-nora-fatehi-brings-electrifying-moves-in-teaser-of-first-track-baby-bring-it-on20240307145958/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 20:20
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = [[Baby Bring It On#Hindi version|Baby Bring It On]]
| extra1 = [[Ajay Gogavale]], [[Nikhita Gandhi]]
| lyrics1 = [[Kumaar]]
| music1 = [[Ajay–Atul]]
| length1 = 3:36
| title2 = Raaton Ke Nazaare
| extra2 = Sharib-Toshi, [[Benny Dayal]]
| lyrics2 = Kalim Sheikh
| music2 = [[Sharib Sabri|Sharib]]-[[Toshi Sabri|Toshi]]
| length2 = 3:33
| title3 = Not Funny
| extra3 = Shaarib, [[Akasa Singh]]
| lyrics3 = Kalim Sheikh
| music3 = Sharib-Toshi
| length3 = 2:42
| title4 = Hum Yahin
| extra4 = [[Kunal Khemu]], Nathan D’Souza
| lyrics4 = [[Kunal Khemu]]
| music4 = Ankur Tewari, [[Kunal Khemu]]
| length4 = 3:21
| title5 = Bohot Bhaari
| extra5 = [[Toshi Sabri]], D'Evil
| music5 = Sharib-Toshi
| lyrics5 = [[Kunal Khemu]], D'Evil
| length5 = 2:24
| title6 = Who’s Your Mommy
| extra6 = Srushti Tawade, Sameer Uddin, [[Nora Fatehi]]
| lyrics6 = Sameer Uddin, Abhishek Nailwal, Srushti Tawade
| music6 = Sameer Uddin
| length6 = 2:18
| title7 = Mamo Chitte
| extra7 = Sagar Desai
| lyrics7 = Sagar Desai
| music7 = Sagar Desai
| length7 = 2:26
}}

==Release==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was theatrically released on 22 March 2024.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kunal-kemmus-directorial-debut-madgaon-express-released-theaters-march-20-2024-first-poster/ |title=Kunal Kemmu's directorial debut Madgaon Express to be released in theaters on March 20, 2024; first poster out |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=19 January 2024 |access-date=9 March 2024 |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311203606/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kunal-kemmus-directorial-debut-madgaon-express-released-theaters-march-20-2024-first-poster/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film was premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] from 17 May 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 May 2024 |title=Pratik Gandhi, Avinash Tiwary, Divyenndu Sharma starrer Madgaon Express premieres on Amazon Prime Video |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/pratik-gandhi-avinash-tiwary-divyenndu-sharma-starrer-madgaon-express-premieres-amazon-prime-video/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=17 May 2024 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517085213/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/pratik-gandhi-avinash-tiwary-divyenndu-sharma-starrer-madgaon-express-premieres-amazon-prime-video/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception==

===Critical response===
''Madgaon Express'' received positive reviews from critics.<ref name=":0" /> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=73|count=11|average=6.2|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=19 April 2024}}

Mayur Sanap of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated 3/5 stars and applauded "''Madgaon Express'' understands that its charm lies in its inherent silliness and then works around as pure unadulterated entertainment, which makes it imminently watchable".<ref>{{Cite web |first=Mayur |last=Sanap |title=Madgaon Express Review: Silly Done Right |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/madgaon-express-review/20240322.htm |date=22 March 2024 |website=Rediff |access-date=22 March 2024 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322130332/https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/madgaon-express-review/20240322.htm |url-status=live}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> [[NDTV]]'s [[Saibal Chatterjee]] rated the film 3/5 and wrote "''Madgaon Express'' is a wild and wacky comedy of errors that rarely, if ever, pauses for a breather. The film is deliriously funny as it moves effortlessly and incessantly between slapstick and sparkling silver-tongued wit."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Saibal |last=Chatterjee |title=Madgaon Express Review: A Deliriously Funny Bro-Mantic Laugh Riot |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/madgaon-express-review-a-deliriously-funny-bro-mantic-laugh-riot-3-stars-5289656 |date=22 March 2024 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=22 March 2024 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322131208/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/madgaon-express-review-a-deliriously-funny-bro-mantic-laugh-riot-3-stars-5289656 |url-status=live}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Conversely, [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 1.5 stars out of 5 and stated that "too many of the jokes end in a clunk. A song line about not having fun attempts to spice up a scene when the bad guys are sleeping and the good men are trying to get away. That may have served as a summary of the entire movie".<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shubhra |last=Gupta |title=Madgaon Express movie review: A unfunny, unfulfilling Dil Chahta Hai wannabe |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/madgaon-express-movie-review-a-unfunny-unfulfilling-dil-chahta-hai-wannabe-9228448/ |date=22 March 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327134341/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/madgaon-express-movie-review-a-unfunny-unfulfilling-dil-chahta-hai-wannabe-9228448/ |url-status=live}}{{rating|1.5|5}}</ref>
== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Nominee/Work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="4" |2025
| rowspan="4" |[[70th Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Debut Director|Best Debut Director]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Kunal Khemu]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Nominations for The 70th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2025 With Gujarat Tourism: Full List Out
|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-70th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2025-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-78037.html|date=26 September 2025|website=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor (Critics)]]
|[[Pratik Gandhi]]
|{{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt26745657}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes | madgaon_express }}

[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Films set in Goa]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2024 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Excel Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

Radaur Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:54:16Z

Igorzen: New Some Stub Basic Info

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Haryana State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Radaur
|type= SLA
| map_image = Radaur Assembly constituency map.svg
|alliance = 
| latest_election_year = 
|region =
|division =
|constituency_no = 10
|established = 
|abolished = 
| mla = [[Shyam Singh Rana]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Haryana]]
| district = [[Yamunanagar district|Yamunanagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kurukshetra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kurukshetra]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,08,790
}}
'''Radaur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Haryana]] state in [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=The Election Commission of India |pages=6, 148–157}}</ref> And Shyam Singh Rana Wins In 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Radaur, Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Shyam Singh Rana defeats INC's Dr. Bishan Lal Saini with 2733 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/radaur-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612782-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

It is part of [[Yamunanagar district|Yamunanagar]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radaur Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/radaur.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Lehri Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Ram Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || [[Rattan Lal Kataria]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || Lehri Singh || {{Full party name with color|Haryana Vikas Party}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || rowspan=2 | Banta Ram || {{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || Ishwar Singh Palaka
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Bishan Lal Saini]]
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Shyam Singh Rana]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Bishan Lal Saini]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Shyam Singh Rana]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Radaur<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Radaur, Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Shyam Singh Rana defeats INC's Dr. Bishan Lal Saini with 2733 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/radaur-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612782-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shyam Singh Rana]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=73,348 |percentage=47.93% |change={{increase}}11.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bishan Lal Saini|Dr. Bishan Lal Saini]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=60,216 |percentage=39.35% |change={{increase}}1.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharampal Tigra |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=11,182 |percentage=7.31% |change={{decrease}}5.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim Singh Rathi |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=3,245 |percentage=2.12% |change={{increase}}1.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mandeep Topra |party=Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram) |votes=2,959 |percentage=1.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=538 |percentage=0.35% |change={{decrease}}0.44 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,132 |percentage=8.58% |change= {{increase}}6.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,53,018 |percentage=73.28% |change= {{increase}}0.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,08,790 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.23 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}9.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Radaur<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bishan Lal Saini]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=54,087 |percentage=38.05% |change=25.05% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karan Dev |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=51,546 |percentage=36.26% |change=-9.19% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahipal Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=18,567 |percentage=13.06% |change=5.88% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manga Ram |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=7,161 |percentage=5.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajbeer |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=3,687 |percentage=2.59% |change=-16.63% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbans Kumar |party=Loktanter Suraksha Party |votes=2,589 |percentage=1.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Lal |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,419 |percentage=1.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,126 |percentage=0.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravi Kumar |party=Sarva Hit Party |votes=779 |percentage=0.55% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,541 |percentage=1.79% |change=-24.44% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,42,147 |percentage=73.00% |change= -9.03% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,94,726 |change =8.23% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= -7.40% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Radaur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shyam Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=67,076 |percentage=45.45% |change=33.59% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar Bubka |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=28,369 |percentage=19.22% |change=-6.48% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Chaudhry |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,184 |percentage=13.00% |change=-8.88% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=10,594 |percentage=7.18% |change=-7.32% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohit Kait |party=Independent politician |votes=7,732 |percentage=5.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajay Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=5,402 |percentage=3.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rishi Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=3,850 |percentage=2.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuldeep Singh S/O Jai Singh |party=Haryana Kranti Dal |votes=1,329 |percentage=0.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balwant |party=Communist Party of India |votes=928 |percentage=0.63% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=38,707 |percentage=26.23% |change=22.41% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,47,571 |percentage=82.02% |change= 3.48% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,79,911 |change =22.73% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= 19.75% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Radaur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bishan Lal Saini]] |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=29,593 |percentage=25.70% |change=-1.71% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,198 |percentage=21.88% |change=-0.17% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashwani Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=16,698 |percentage=14.50% |change=10.15% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shyam Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,657 |percentage=11.86% |change=-3.81% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Randhir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=7,090 |percentage=6.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mam Raj |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=6,093 |percentage=5.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harish Chander |party=Independent politician |votes=5,597 |percentage=4.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjeev Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=3,507 |percentage=3.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daya Nand |party=Independent politician |votes=2,932 |percentage=2.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rishi Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,970 |percentage=1.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satish Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=688 |percentage=0.60% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,395 |percentage=3.82% |change=-1.54% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,15,143 |percentage=78.55% |change= -2.19% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,46,594 |change =20.44% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= -1.71% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Radaur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar Singh Palaka |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=26,933 |percentage=27.41% |change=-20.31% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lehri Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,670 |percentage=22.05% |change=-17.55% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=17,724 |percentage=18.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Bedi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,401 |percentage=15.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajbir |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes=6,588 |percentage=6.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Attar Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,281 |percentage=4.36% |change=1.10% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Singara Singh |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=1,850 |percentage=1.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Simru Ram |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,228 |percentage=1.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,161 |percentage=1.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhbir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=779 |percentage=0.79% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,263 |percentage=5.36% |change=-2.76% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=98,266 |percentage=80.73% |change= 4.15% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,21,718 |change =14.50% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= -20.31% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Radaur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Banta Ram |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=38,551 |percentage=47.72% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,996 |percentage=39.60% |change=14.23% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Priti Lal |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=5,787 |percentage=7.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,632 |percentage=3.26% |change=-10.28% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rishala Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=548 |percentage=0.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=536 |percentage=0.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhbir Alahar |party=Independent politician |votes=427 |percentage=0.53% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,555 |percentage=8.11% |change=-3.36% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=80,793 |percentage=76.58% |change= -1.81% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,06,300 |change =-3.11% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Samata Party |swing= 14.50% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Radaur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Banta Ram |party=Samata Party |votes=30,765 |percentage=36.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,184 |percentage=25.38% |change=-0.73% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,700 |percentage=14.02% |change=10.32% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=11,301 |percentage=13.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chhote Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,551 |percentage=1.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Puran Chand |party=Janata Dal |votes=937 |percentage=1.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shanta Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=919 |percentage=1.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hisam Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=858 |percentage=1.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Nath |party=Independent politician |votes=697 |percentage=0.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Parkash |party=Independent politician |votes=566 |percentage=0.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Niwas |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=555 |percentage=0.66% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,581 |percentage=11.48% |change=7.91% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=83,477 |percentage=78.39% |change= 7.68% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,09,716 |change =14.34% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Samata Party |loser=Haryana Vikas Party |swing= 3.64% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Radaur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lehri Singh |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=21,645 |percentage=33.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Banta Ram |party=Janata Party |votes=19,321 |percentage=29.65% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,010 |percentage=26.10% |change=8.94% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,409 |percentage=3.70% |change=-49.12% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kura Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=2,130 |percentage=3.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=449 |percentage=0.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mehar Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=335 |percentage=0.51% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,324 |percentage=3.57% |change=-30.26% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,167 |percentage=70.71% |change= -3.17% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,960 |change =14.61% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Haryana Vikas Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= -19.61% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Radaur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=32,215 |percentage=52.82% |change=37.88% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lehri Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=11,586 |percentage=19.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chand Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,469 |percentage=17.17% |change=-13.55% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jasmer |party=Independent politician |votes=2,571 |percentage=4.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagmal |party=Independent politician |votes=814 |percentage=1.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baldev Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=542 |percentage=0.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=423 |percentage=0.69% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,629 |percentage=33.82% |change=20.76% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,990 |percentage=73.88% |change= 1.45% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,724 |change =19.96% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= 9.04% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Radaur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=21,759 |percentage=43.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lahri Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,265 |percentage=30.72% |change=12.75% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,424 |percentage=14.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shanta Ram |party=Janata Party |votes=2,544 |percentage=5.12% |change=-46.96% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balak Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,696 |percentage=3.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem |party=Independent politician |votes=531 |percentage=1.07% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,494 |percentage=13.07% |change=-16.13% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=49,696 |percentage=72.43% |change= 4.13% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,794 |change =23.62% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Janata Party |swing= -8.29% }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Radaur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lehri Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=19,868 |percentage=52.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=8,728 |percentage=22.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mula Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,853 |percentage=17.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Barkha Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=827 |percentage=2.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakha |party=Independent politician |votes=689 |percentage=1.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=643 |percentage=1.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=440 |percentage=1.15% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,140 |percentage=29.20% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=38,153 |percentage=68.30% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,460 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Yamunanagar district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}

{{coord|30.03|77.15|display=title}}

[[Category:Yamunanagar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Haryana]]

Kamalasagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:33:32Z

Igorzen: pg!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Tripura State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kamalasagar
| mla = [[Antara Sarkar Deb]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| established = 1972
| constituency_no = 15
| state = [[Tripura]]
| district = [[Sipahijala district|Sipahijala]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/tripura2018/|title=List of constituencies (District Wise)}}</ref>
| loksabha_cons = [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura West]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:43634}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2023 - Tripura - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
| type = SLA
| map_image = Kamalasagar Assembly constituency map.svg
}}

'''Kamalasagar''' is one of the 60 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Tripura]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/7249-tripura/ |title=Delimitation Commission of India - Notification |website=eci.gov.in |date=12 May 2005 |author=Shangara Ram |accessdate= 25 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=district-AC-Map>{{cite web |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |title=District/AC Map - Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura |website=ceotripura.nic.in |access-date= 23 January 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405133941/http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |archive-date=5 April 2014}}</ref> It is in [[Sipahijala district]] and a part of [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)|West Tripura Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/kamalasagar.html Sitting and Previous MLAs from Kamalasagar Assembly Constituency]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/ECI_Main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/TRP2013_Reports.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2013 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF TRIPURA]</ref><ref>[http://infoelections.com/infoelection/index.php/ne/6133-list-of-assembly-constituency-of-tripura.html List of assembly constituency of Tripura]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Bichitra Mohan Saha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || rowspan=4 | [[Matilal Sarkar]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]]
|-
| [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || rowspan=5 | Narayan Chandra Chowdhury || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Antara Sarkar Deb]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kamalasagar<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220141112/https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |archive-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Antara Sarkar Deb]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,052 |percentage=47.39% |change={{increase}}2.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Hiranmay Narayan Debnath|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=17,308|percentage=43.06%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ashis Das|party=Tipra Motha Party|votes=2,311|percentage=5.75%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sutapa Ghosh|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=858|percentage=2.13%|change={{increase}}1.09}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=670|percentage=1.67%|change={{increase}}0.52}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,744 |percentage=4.34% |change= {{decrease}}0.65 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=40,199|percentage=92.21%|change={{decrease}}2.00}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,634 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.93 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}2.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kamalasagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2018 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228163855/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayan Chandra Chowdhury |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=18,847 |percentage=49.99% |change={{decrease}}6.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arun Bhowmik |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,968 |percentage=45.00% |change={{increase}}43.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=433 |percentage=1.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Biswanath Ghosh |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=394 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sankar Deb |party=Indian National Congress |votes=358 |percentage=0.95% |change={{decrease}}39.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subal Sarkar |party=Amra Bangali |votes=248 |percentage=0.66% |change={{decrease}}0.33 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,879 |percentage=4.98% |change= {{decrease}}10.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,705 |percentage=93.09% |change= {{decrease}}0.56 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 40,056 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.48 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}6.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kamalasagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2013 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165655/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayan Chandra Chowdhury |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=19,808 |percentage=56.13% |change={{increase}}3.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dipak Kumar Roy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,393 |percentage=40.79% |change={{decrease}}3.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sujit Sarkar |party=Independent politician |votes=371 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tulsi Banik |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=367 |percentage=1.04% |change={{decrease}}0.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shubhendu Sarkar |party=Amra Bangali |votes=349 |percentage=0.99% |change={{increase}}0.35 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,415 |percentage=15.35% |change= {{increase}}6.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,288 |percentage=94.76% |change= {{increase}}0.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,268 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}3.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kamalasagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayan Chandra Chowdhury |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=17,042 |percentage=52.52% |change={{decrease}}2.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Matilal Sarkar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,209 |percentage=43.79% |change={{increase}}2.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tulsi Banik |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=405 |percentage=1.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babul Sarkar |party=Independent politician |votes=324 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chitta Ranjan Das |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=262 |percentage=0.81% |change={{decrease}}0.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subal Sarkar |party=Amra Bangali |votes=208 |percentage=0.64% |change={{decrease}}1.57 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,833 |percentage=8.73% |change= {{decrease}}4.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,450 |percentage=94.13% |change= {{increase}}11.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,596 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}2.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kamalasagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2003 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165918/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayan Chandra Chowdhury |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=13,936 |percentage=54.86% |change={{increase}}5.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arun Bhowmik |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,615 |percentage=41.79% |change={{decrease}}5.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhuban Bijoy Majumder |party=Amra Bangali |votes=562 |percentage=2.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chitta Ranjan Das |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=288 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,321 |percentage=13.07% |change= {{increase}}10.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,401 |percentage=82.10% |change= {{increase}}0.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,992 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.78 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}5.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kamalasagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayan Chandra Chowdhury |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=10,907 |percentage=49.82% |change={{increase}}4.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Matilal Sarkar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,296 |percentage=47.02% |change={{decrease}}5.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandan Roy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=543 |percentage=2.48% |change={{increase}}1.60 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=611 |percentage=2.79% |change= {{decrease}}4.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,895 |percentage=82.70% |change= {{increase}}2.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,001 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.39 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kamalasagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065326/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Matilal Sarkar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,813 |percentage=52.53% |change={{increase}}5.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayan Chandra Chowdhury |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=9,339 |percentage=45.37% |change={{decrease}}6.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Das |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=182 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,474 |percentage=7.16% |change= {{increase}}2.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,586 |percentage=80.16% |change= {{decrease}}7.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,115 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.97 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1988 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kamalasagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006100546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Matilal Sarkar]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=9,487 |percentage=51.51% |change={{increase}}0.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deba Prasad Chowdhury |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,702 |percentage=47.25% |change={{decrease}}0.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pradip Bikash Roy |party=Independent politician |votes=229 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=785 |percentage=4.26% |change= {{increase}}1.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,418 |percentage=87.31% |change= {{increase}}2.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,411 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kamalasagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006044341/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Matilal Sarkar]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=7,601 |percentage=50.85% |change={{decrease}}7.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Monoranjan Laskar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,170 |percentage=47.97% |change={{increase}}33.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harendra Das |party=Independent politician |votes=177 |percentage=1.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=431 |percentage=2.88% |change= {{decrease}}35.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,948 |percentage=84.88% |change= {{increase}}4.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,907 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.16 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kamalasagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613130016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Matilal Sarkar]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=7,041 |percentage=58.12% |change={{increase}}27.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoranjan Laskar |party=Janata Party |votes=2,451 |percentage=20.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bichitra Mohan Saha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,722 |percentage=14.21% |change={{decrease}}38.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sajal Kanti Laskar |party=Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee |votes=900 |percentage=7.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,590 |percentage=37.89% |change= {{increase}}16.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,114 |percentage=79.99% |change= {{increase}}5.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,416 |ref = |change= {{increase}}50.69 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kamalasagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bichitra Mohan Saha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,936 |percentage=52.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nagendra Deb |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,316 |percentage=30.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sajal Kanti Laskar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,020 |percentage=13.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hemendra Bijoy Roy |party=Independent politician |votes=216 |percentage=2.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,620 |percentage=21.63% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,488 |percentage=75.41% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,230 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
* [[West Tripura district]]
* [[Kamalasagar]]
* [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

{{coord|23.74|91.17|display=title}}

[[Category:West Tripura district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Tripura]]

Peringalam Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:34:50Z

Igorzen: New The Entry V1

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Peringalam
| established = 1965
| abolished = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,48,842 (2006)<ref name="e2006"/>
| district = [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
}}
'''Peringalam State Assembly constituency''' was one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]], before the [[Delimitation Commission of India|2008 delimitation of constituencies]]. It was one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Vatakara Lok Sabha constituency]] until the 2008 delimitation.<ref name="a">{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/
|website = eci.gov.in
|title = Constituencies (1976-2008)
}}</ref> The last election to the constituency was conducted in [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]], and the MLA was [[K. P. Mohanan]] of [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]].

After the delimitation in 2008, [[Kariyad]], Kunnothuparamba, [[Mokeri]], [[Panoor (Municipality)|Panoor]], [[Pattiom]], [[Peringalam]], and [[Thrippangottur]] [[Gram Panchayat]]s became a part of [[Kuthuparamba Assembly constituency]], whereas Chokli and [[Panniyannur]] were added to [[Thalassery Assembly constituency]].<ref name="b">{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kannur.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Kannur District
|access-date = 5 March 2021
|archive-date = 23 April 2021
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210423160037/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kannur.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

==Local self-governed segments==
Peringalam Assembly constituency was composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref name="a"/><ref name="b"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="20px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="50px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
!width="175px" |Now part of
|-
|1
|[[Kariyad]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Thalassery]]
|[[Kuthuparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Kuthuparamba constituency]]
|-
|2
|Kunnothuparamba
|Grama panchayat
|Thalassery
|[[Kuthuparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Kuthuparamba constituency]]
|-
|3
|[[Mokeri]]
|Grama Panchayat
|Thalassery
|[[Kuthuparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Kuthuparamba constituency]]
|-
|4
|[[Panoor (Municipality)|Panoor]]
|Grama panchayat (Now municipality)
|Thalassery
|[[Kuthuparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Kuthuparamba constituency]]
|-
|5
|[[Pattiom]]
|Grama panchayat
|Thalassery
|[[Kuthuparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Kuthuparamba constituency]]
|-
|6
|[[Peringalam]]
|Grama panchayat
|Thalassery
|[[Kuthuparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Kuthuparamba constituency]]
|-
|7
|[[Thrippangottur]]
|Grama panchayat
|Thalassery
|[[Kuthuparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Kuthuparamba constituency]]
|-
|8
|Chokli
|Grama panchayat
|Thalassery
|[[Thalassery (State Assembly constituency)|Thalassery constituency]]
|-
|9
|[[Panniyannur]]
|Grama panchayat
|Thalassery
|[[Thalassery (State Assembly constituency)|Thalassery constituency]]
|}

==Election history==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Election
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Votes polled
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan=4 |Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan=4 |Runner-up 1
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan=4 |Runner-up 2
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2"|Margin of victory
|-
! Year
!
! Name
! Party
! colspan="2"|Votes
! Name
! Party
! colspan="2"|Votes
! Name
! Party
! colspan="2"|Votes
! Votes
! Percent
|-
| colspan =17|[[Delimitation Commission of India|'''''Constituency defunct as a result of delimitation (2011)''''']]
|-
! [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| 111366 (74.8%)
| [[K. P. Mohanan]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}|[[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 57840
| 51.94%
| Abdul Khader
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 38604
| 34.66%
| A. Ashokan
| {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 9381
| 8.42%
| 19236
| 17.27%<ref name="e2006">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3762-kerala-2006/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 2006 |access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
! [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 111728 (77.3%)
| [[K. P. Mohanan]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}|[[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 52657
| 47.14%
| K. K. Muhammad
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 45679
| 40.89%
| K. Satyaprakasan Master
| {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 9702
| 8.69%
| 6978
| 6.25%<ref name="e2001">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3760-kerala-2001/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 2001 |access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
! [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| 108621 (71.1%)
| [[P. R. Kurup]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|[[Janata Dal|JD]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 51921
| 50.02%
| K. M. Soopy
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 37841
| 36.45%
| Panniannur Chandran
| {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 10306
| 9.93%
| 14080
| 13.57%<ref name="e1996">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3759-kerala-1996/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1996 |access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
! [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| 103745 (73.4%)
| K. M. Soopy
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 49183
| 48.81%
| [[P. R. Kurup]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|[[Janata Dal|JD]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 47534
| 47.17%
| O. K. Vasu Master
| {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 2186
| 2.17%
| 1649
| 1.64%<ref name="e1991">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3758-kerala-1991/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1991 |access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
! [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| 91676 (79.4%)
| [[P. R. Kurup]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Janata Party}}|[[Janata Party|JNP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 41694
| 45.77%
| [[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 41338
| 45.38%
| Gopalan Parambath
| {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 7658
| 8.41%
| 356
| 0.39%<ref name="e1987">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3756-kerala-1987/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1987 |access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 1985*
| 91676 (79.4%)
| [[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|All-India Muslim League}}|[[Muslim League (Opposition)|AIML]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 42410
|
| P. K. Muhammad
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 30668
|
| C. K. Sreenivasan
| {{legend2|{{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent (politician)|Ind.]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 4865
|
| 11742
| <ref name="e1985">{{cite web |url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/lac-details.html |website=ceo.kerala.gov.in |title=Kerala Niyamasabha byelection 1985 |access-date=5 March 2021 |archive-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208112116/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/lac-details.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| 68444 (72.7%)
| N. A. Mammoo Haji
| {{legend2|{{party color|All-India Muslim League}}|[[Muslim League (Opposition)|AIML]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 38825
| 57.25%
| K. Janardhanan
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 19973
| 29.45%
| Gopalan Parambath
| {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 7914
| 11.67%
| 18852
| 27.80%<ref name="e1982">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3755-kerala-1982/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1982 |access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
! [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| 71349 (76.9%)
| [[A. K. Saseendran]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress (U)}}|[[Indian National Congress (U)|INC (U)]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 33863
| 68.32%
| K. C. Marar
| {{legend2|{{party color|Janata Party}}|[[Janata Party|JNP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 32159
| 45.26%
| Pattiom Sathyan
| {{legend2|{{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent (politician)|Ind.]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 840
| 1.18%
| 1704
| 23.06%<ref name="e1980">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3754-kerala-1980/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1980 |access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
! [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| 66790 (78.3%)
| [[P. R. Kurup]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 33916
| 51.49%
| B. K. Achuthan
| {{legend2|{{party color|Janata Party}}|[[Janata Party|JP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 31958
| 48.51%
| colspan=4|''Only two candidates contested''
| 1958
| 2.98%<ref name="e1977">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3753-kerala-1977/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1977 |access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
| colspan =17|[[Delimitation Commission of India|'''''Major delimitation of constituency''''']]
|-
! [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
| 60685 (76.3%)
| K. M. Soopy
| {{legend2|{{party color|Socialist Party (India)}}|[[Indian Socialist Party |ISP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 34003
| 57.09%
| V. Ashokan
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 25559
| 42.91%
| colspan=4|''Only two candidates contested''
| 8444
| 14.18%<ref name="e1970">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3752-kerala-1970/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1970 |access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
! [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| 53360 (78.2%)
| [[P. R. Kurup]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}|[[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 38701
| 74.81%
| N. M. Nambiar
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 13034
| 25.19%
| colspan=4|''Only two candidates contested''
| 25667
| 49.62%<ref name="e1967">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3751-kerala-1967/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1967 |access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
! [[1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1965]]
| 55341 (80.8%)
| [[P. R. Kurup]]
| {{legend2|{{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}|[[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 34580
| 63.59%
| N. Madhusoodhanan Nambiar
| {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| 19797
| 36.41%
| colspan=4|''Only two candidates contested''
| 14783
| 27.18%<ref name="e1965">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3749-kerala-1965/ |website=eci.gov.in |title= Kerala Niyamasabha election 1965 |access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref>
|}
{{notelist}}* Bypoll

==Election results==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

=== 2006===
There were 1,48,842 registered voters in Peringalam Constituency for the 2006 Kerala Niyamasabha Election.<ref name="e2006"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Peringalam]]<ref name="e2006"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|candidate = [[K. P. Mohanan]]
|votes = 57,840
|percentage = 51.94%
|change = {{gain}}4.80
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = Abdul Khader
|votes = 38,604
|percentage = 34.66%
|change = {{loss}}6.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Anilkumar
|votes = 9,381
|percentage = 8.42%
|change = {{loss}}0.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Mohanan S/O Pokkan
|votes = 2,684
|percentage = 2.41%
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Mohanan S/O Kumaran
|votes = 1,082
|percentage = 0.97%
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Abdul Khader S/O Moideen Haji
|votes = 932
|percentage = 0.84%
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Abdul Khader Musliyar
|votes = 843
|percentage = 0.76%
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 19,236
|percentage = 17.27%
|change = {{gain}}11.02
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,11,366
|percentage = 74.83%
|change = {{loss}}2.46
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal (Secular)
|loser = Indian Union Muslim League
|swing = {{gain}}11.02
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
There were 1,44,564 registered voters in Peringalam Constituency for the 2001 Kerala Niyamasabha Election.<ref name="e2001"/>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Peringalam]]<ref name="e2001"/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|candidate = [[K. P. Mohanan]]
|votes = 52,657
|percentage = 47.14%
|change = {{gain}}47.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = K. K. Muhammad
|votes = 45,679
|percentage = 40.89%
|change = {{gain}}4.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = P. Satyaprakashan Master
|votes = 9,702
|percentage = 8.69%
|change = {{loss}}1.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Kunhiparambath K. P. Mohanan
|votes = 1,382
|percentage = 1.24%
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Chathoth Muhammad
|votes = 1,327
|percentage = 1.19%
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Kattilparambath K. P. Mohanan
|votes = 956
|percentage = 0.86%
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 6,978
|percentage = 6.25%
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,11,728
|percentage = 77.29%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal (Secular)
|loser = Janata Dal
|swing = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Peringalam]]
* [[Kuthuparamba (State Assembly constituency)]]
* [[Kannur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}
{{coords|11.73|75.58|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:Politics of Kannur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1965]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Yudhvir Malik

2026-04-14T01:51:52Z

Igorzen: added a bio - done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Yudhvir Singh Malik
| image = File:The Secretary and Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Shri Yudhvir Singh Malik (cropped).JPG
| office = [[Secretary to Government of India|Road Transport and Highways Secretary]] of India
| native_name = {{IAST|Yuddhavīra Siṃha Mālika}}
| predecessor = [[Sanjay Mitra (civil servant)|Sanjay Mitra]]
| successor = Sanjeev Ranjan
| term_end = 31 March 2019
| term_start = 21 June 2017
| office1 = Chairman of [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI)
| predecessor1 = Raghav Chandra
| successor1 = Deepak Kumar
| term_end1 = 21 June 2017
| term_start1 = 28 November 2016
| birth_name = Yudhvir Singh Malik
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1959|03|19}}
| birth_place = [[Hisar (district)|Hisar]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web1.hry.nic.in/civillist/iias.asp|title=HARYANA IAS OFFICERS GRADATION LIST|last=|first=|date=|website=Office of the [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]], [[Government of Haryana]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126175023/http://web1.hry.nic.in/civillist/iias.asp|archive-date=26 January 2018|url-status=live|access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref>
| occupation = [[IAS officer]]
}}

'''Yudhvir Singh Malik''' (IAST: {{IAST|Yuddhavīra Siṃha Mālika}}) (born 19 March 1959) is a retired 1983 batch<ref name=":0" /> IAS officer of Haryana cadre. Currently, he is Chairman and Managing Director (CMD) of [[Unitech Group|Unitech]] Group from January 2020 onwards, alleged to have partaken in misconduct within that role.<ref>https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/yudvir-singh-malik-takes-charge-as-unitech-s-new-cmd-after-govt-supersedes-board-120012101434_1.html</ref>
His tenure has been marked by public scrutiny over the pace of project delivery, rising statutory and creditor dues, governance-related resignations of independent directors, and criticism from certain stakeholders regarding improper contract awards, asset disposals, and overall operational strategy.
<ref name="english.bharatexpress.com">{{cite web |last1=Jain |first1=Subodh |title=Retired IAS Yudhvir Singh Malik Under Fire For Alleged Misuse Of Power In Unitech Case |url=https://english.bharatexpress.com/india/retired-ias-yudhvir-singh-malik-under-fire-for-alleged-misuse-of-power-in-unitech-case-208908 |website=Bharat Express}}</ref>

== Education ==
Malik is a [[Undergraduate education|graduate]] (BA) and [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] (MA) in [[English literature]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14450&PageId=|title=Yudhvir Singh Malik — Executive Record Sheet|last=|first=|date=|website=Department of Personnel and Training, [[Government of India]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.weforum.org/people/yudhvir-singh-malik|title=Yudhvir Singh Malik|last=|first=|date=|website=[[World Economic Forum]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126175319/https://www.weforum.org/people/yudhvir-singh-malik|archive-date=26 January 2018|url-status=live|access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref> He also has a [[Undergraduate education|graduate]] degree in [[Mass communication|Journalism and Mass Communication.]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In addition, Malik is a [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] ([[Master of Science|MSc]]) in Development Management.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Yudhvir Singh Malik has served in various key positions for both the [[Government of India|Union Government]] and the [[Government of Haryana]], like as [[Additional Chief Secretary]] (Mines and Geology), [[Additional Chief Secretary]] (Industries and Commerce), [[Additional Chief Secretary]] (Revenue and Disaster Management), [[Additional Chief Secretary]] (Environment and Forests), Project Director of Haryana State AIDS Control Society, Managing Director of Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation (HSIIDC), and as the [[District Collector (India)|Deputy Commissioner and District Magistrate]] of [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] district in the [[Government of Haryana|Haryana Government]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> and as the Union Road Transport and Highways Secretary, Chairman of [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI), Special Secretary in [[NITI Aayog]], Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of [[Food Safety and Standards Authority of India]] (FSSAI) and as a [[Joint Secretary to Government of India|Joint Secretary]] in the [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs]] in the [[Government of India|Union Government]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Chairman of NHAI ===
Yudhvir Singh Malik was appointed as the Chairman of [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC) in November 2016,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/yudhvir-singh-malik-new-nhai-chairman-651978-2016-11-23|title=Yudhvir Singh Malik new NHAI chairman|last=|first=|date=23 November 2018|website=[[India Today]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/yudhvir-singh-malik-appointed-as-new-nhai-chairman/961203|title=Yudhvir Singh Malik Appointed As New NHAI Chairman|last=|first=|date=23 November 2016|website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/yudhvir-singh-malik-appointed-chairman-of-nhai-1480044226-1|title=Yudhvir Singh Malik appointed Chairman of NHAI|last=Shrivastava|first=Shilpika|date=25 November 2016|website=Jagran Josh|publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref> he assumed office on 28 November 2016,<ref name=":0" /> and demitted it on 21 June 2017.<ref name=":0" />

=== Road Transport and Highways Secretary ===
Yudhvir Singh Malik was appointed as the Union Road Transport and Highways Secretary by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC) in June 2017,<ref name=":022">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/west-bengal-cadre-ias-officer-sanjay-mitra-to-be-next-defence-secretary/story-ER7EhaGB6DaPYXuTzdF1gP.html|title=West Bengal cadre IAS officer Sanjay Mitra to be next defence secretary|last=Ahuja|first=Rajesh|date=10 May 2017|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/sanjay-mitra-appointed-as-new-defence-secretary-4650100/|title=Sanjay Mitra appointed as new Defense Secretary|last=|first=|date=10 May 2017|website=|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/reshuffling-in-the-cabinet-aruna-sundarajan-gets-telecom-sanjay-mitra-gets-defence/articleshow/58613439.cms|title=Central government departments get new secretaries, Sanjay Mitra gets Defence|last=|first=|date=11 May 2017|website=[[The Economic Times]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref> he assumed the office of [[Secretary to Government of India|Secretary]] on 21 June 2017 and served till 31 March 2019.<ref name=":0" />

== Controversies ==
=== Haryana Government ===
A complaint submitted to the Government of India in 2014 alleged that Yudhvir Singh Malik, while serving in senior positions in the Haryana government and as Chairman of the Haryana Khadi and Village Industries Board, had applied “double standards” in administrative decisions affecting a Board employee. The complaint accused officials, including Malik, of permitting the withholding of pay and benefits, issuing allegedly baseless disciplinary actions, and contributing to prolonged service disputes.
<ref name="scribd.com">{{cite web |title=Grievances Against Yudhvir Singh Malik, IAS |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/210708038/Complaint-against-Yudhvir-Malik-IAS-for-double-standard-in-Haryana-Khadi-and-VI-Board |website=Administrative Vigilance Division}}</ref>
Additional complaints submitted to government authorities in the early 2010s alleged that Yudhvir Singh Malik, while serving in senior roles in the Haryana government and the Haryana Khadi and Village Industries Board, was involved in administrative bias, irregular personnel decisions, and favouritism in appointments. These petitions accused officials including Malik of enabling allegedly improper postings, withholding service benefits of employees, and misusing discretionary powers.
<ref name="scribd.com"/>

=== Unitech Tenure ===
In January 2020, the Supreme Court of India superseded the board of Unitech Limited in Bhupinder Singh v. Unitech Ltd., removing the Chandra promoters amid mounting homebuyer complaints and criminal proceedings, and appointing a court-monitored board to stabilise the company and complete stalled housing projects. Malik, a retired civil servant, was appointed Chairman to oversee the revival, project completion, and protection of homebuyer interests.

During his tenure, progress in completing pending housing units has been widely debated. While the court-appointed management was tasked with expediting delivery and financial restructuring, stakeholders including homebuyers, creditors, and former independent directors have raised concerns about delays in project completion, limited handovers relative to the scale of pending units, and the continued accumulation of statutory dues and interest liabilities. The period has also seen governance tensions reflected in the resignation of several independent board members, as well as criticism from some quarters regarding contract awards, asset-sale decisions, and overall operational strategy.
<ref name="english.bharatexpress.com"/>

Malik’s leadership of the court-supervised resolution process has therefore remained under public and judicial scrutiny, with discussions continuing over the effectiveness of the management structure and the pace at which relief has been delivered to affected homebuyers. A retired IAS officer (superannuated in 2019), his tenure has been extended multiple times, most recently in January 2026 for a further six months. As of 2026, he continues in the role beyond the standard retirement age applicable to government service and typical post-retirement appointments, amid the ongoing court-monitored restructuring process, continuing debate over the pace of project completion, and dispute over his age.
<ref>{{cite web |title=Update regarding extension of tenure of Sh. Yudhvir Singh Malik, IAS (Retd.), Chairman & Managing Director of the Company. |url=https://nsearchives.nseindia.com/corporate/UNITECH_17022026141859_Unitech_Update_S.pdf |website=Unitech Limited}}</ref>

== References ==
<ref>{{cite web |title=Update regarding extension of tenure of Sh. Yudhvir Singh Malik, IAS (Retd.), Chairman & Managing Director of the Company. |url=https://nsearchives.nseindia.com/corporate/UNITECH_17022026141859_Unitech_Update_S.pdf |website=Unitech Limited}}</ref>
<ref name="english.bharatexpress.com"/>

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14450&PageId= Executive Record Sheet as maintained by Department of Personnel and Training of Government of India]
* [https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=272566994&privcapId=113910321 Profile at Bloomberg's website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malik, Yudhvir}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:People from Hisar district]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:District magistrate]]

Narinder Pal Singh Sawna

2026-04-11T10:21:49Z

Igorzen: added a biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| image_size =
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| order =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Fazilka Assembly constituency|Fazilka]]
| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor =
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| order2 = 
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| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| education =
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| nickname =
}}
'''Narinder Pal Singh Sawna''' is an Indian politician and the MLA representing the [[Fazilka Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Congress faces daunting task as it tries to retain Rai Sikh-dominated Fazilka |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/congress-faces-daunting-task-as-it-tries-to-retain-rai-sikh-dominated-fazilka-101645215287799.html |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He was earlier in [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] and joined AAP in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections: They came, they saw, they won hearts and seats |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/they-came-they-saw-they-won-hearts-and-seats-7816491/ |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
He represents the [[Fazilka Assembly constituency]] as MLA in Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

;[[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Public Accounts|Committee on Public Accounts]]<ref name="List Public Accounts">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=35&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Questions & References|Committee on Questions & References]]<ref name="Committee on Questions & References">{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=37&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Fazilka Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Fazilka Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite news |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6ImFGaXUyM0w4V3VibTdhSWl4ZUYyZlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibTFwVWw3VHNoTG1Ha2JRTE51dE1lZz09IiwibWFjIjoiNmZmN2ZhMzc3NTFiOTlkODMxNTA3Y2Y2YTFmMmNlOGQ5ZjMxNTA3ZDAwZDBiMmYwMTk2MmI1N2M5Y2E3YTkyZSJ9/MjM=/MTM=/Mw==/QUM= |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=affidavit.eci.gov.in}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Fazilka
| before= -
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sawna, Narinder Pal Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Brison Fernandes

2026-04-11T06:26:49Z

Igorzen:

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Brison Fernandes
| image =
| caption =
| full_name = Brison Deuben Fernandes<ref name=SW>{{Soccerway|797410}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|04|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Loutolim]], [[Goa]], India<ref name=toi>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/goa/brison-fernandes-the-unlikely-hero/articleshow/117002487.cms |title=Brison Fernandes: The Unlikely Hero - Times of India |date=6 January 2025 |archive-date=9 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109040647/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/goa/brison-fernandes-the-unlikely-hero/articleshow/117002487.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref>
| height =
| position = [[Winger (association football)|Winger]]
| currentclub = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| clubnumber = 7
| youthyears1 = 2013–2015
| youthclubs1 = [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]
| youthyears2 = 2016–2021
| youthclubs2 = [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa]]
| years1 = 2021–
| clubs1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| caps1 = 55
| goals1 = 11
| nationalyears1 = 2023
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps1 = 1
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 2025–
| nationalteam2 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 2
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| club-update = 17:30, 10 April 2026 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update = 12:22, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
}}

'''Brison Deuben Fernandes''' (born 17 April 2001) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Winger (association football)|forward]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[FC Goa|Goa]] and the [[India national football team|India national team]].

==Club career==
===FC Goa===
Fernandes started his career at [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]], where he played at under-14 level.<ref name=isl>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/want-to-achieve-my-dreams-at-fc-goa-midfielder-brison-fernandes |title=Want to achieve my dreams at FC Goa: Midfielder Brison Fernandes |date=16 January 2023 |access-date=9 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116184257/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/want-to-achieve-my-dreams-at-fc-goa-midfielder-brison-fernandes |archive-date=16 January 2023 |publisher=Indian Super League}}</ref> He joined [[FC Goa]] in 2016.<ref name=toi/> He played for the [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|FC Goa Reserves]] in the [[Goa Football League#Goa Pro League|Goa Pro League]] and [[Reliance Foundation Development League]].

In September 2021, Fernandes was promoted to the senior team and named in the Goa [[2021 Durand Cup]] squad.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fcgoa.in/media/specials/durand-cup-2021-preview-a-wired-to-win-fc-goa-heads-to-the-durand-cup-to-make-an-early-season-mark |title=Durand Cup 2021 Preview: A wired-to-win FC Goa looks to make an early-season mark |date=6 September 2021 |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=fcgoa.in |archive-date=22 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222235810/https://fcgoa.in/media/specials/durand-cup-2021-preview-a-wired-to-win-fc-goa-heads-to-the-durand-cup-to-make-an-early-season-mark |url-status=live }}</ref> On 26 February 2022, he made his [[Indian Super League]] debut as a substitute for [[Makan Chothe]] in a 2–0 away loss against [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]. On 3 November 2022, he scored his first ISL goal in a 3–0 home win against [[Jamshedpur FC]].<ref>{{Cite web |first=Saha |last=Rajdeep |url=https://thebridge.in/isl/brison-fernandes-scores-first-isl-goal-36894 |title=Brison Fernandes scores first ISL goal |date=3 November 2022 |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=thebridge.in |archive-date=22 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222235816/https://thebridge.in/isl/brison-fernandes-scores-first-isl-goal-36894 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====2024–25: Breakthrough season====
On 4 January 2025, Fernandes scored twice in a 4–2 away win against [[Odisha FC]] and became the first domestic player to score consecutive braces in the ISL.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Marcus |last=Mergulhao |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/goa/brison-fernandes-the-unlikely-hero/articleshow/117002487.cms |title=Brison Fernandes: The Unlikely Hero |date=6 January 2025 |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==International career==
On 9 September 2023, Fernandes made his [[India national under-23 football team|India national under-23 team]] debut against [[China national under-23 football team|China]] in the [[2024 AFC U-23 Asian Cup qualification]].{{cn|date=October 2025}}

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|match played 15 February 2026}}<ref name=SW/><ref>{{BeSoccer|3336041}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
!colspan="2"|[[Durand Cup]]
!colspan="2"|Continental
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goal
|-
|rowspan="6"|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|[[2020–21 FC Goa season|2020–21]]
|[[Indian Super League]]
|0||0||0||0||1||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|[[2021–22 FC Goa season|2021–22]]
|Indian Super League
|2||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|— ||2||0
|-
|[[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23]]
|Indian Super League
|13||3||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|— ||16||3
|-
|[[2023–24 FC Goa season|2023–24]]
|Indian Super League
|8||0||3||1||2||0||colspan="2"|—||12||1
|-
|[[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25]]
|Indian Super League
|19||7||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|— ||19||7
|-
|[[2025-26 FC Goa season|2025-26]]
|Indian Super League
|1||0||4||1||0||0||7||1||12||2
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!43!!10!!10!!2!!3!!0!!7!!1!!62!!13
|}
{{notelist}}

=== International ===
{{updated|18 November 2025}}<ref name="NFTprofile">{{NFT|98934}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|[[India national football team|India]]
|2025||2||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total!!2!!0
|}

==Honours==

'''FC Goa'''
* [[Durand Cup]]: [[2021 Durand Cup|2021]]
* [[Bandodkar Trophy]]: [[2024 Bandodkar Trophy|2024]]
* [[Super Cup (India)]]: [[2025 Super Cup (India, April)|2025 (Apr)]]
* {{cite news
| title = Young Player of the Year (India): 2025
| url = https://www.msn.com/en-in/sports/tennis/brison-wins-young-player-of-the-year-award/ar-AA1HE9rV}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/midfielder-158177-brison-deuben-fernandes-profile Brandon Fernandes] at Indian Super League
* {{Soccerway|797410}}

{{FC Goa squad}}
{{Indian Super League Emerging Player of the League}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandes, Brison}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Goa]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:FC Goa players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Kumar Nitesh

2026-04-08T13:59:27Z

Igorzen:

{{short description|Indian para-badminton player (born 1994)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = Nitesh Kumar
| image =Nitesh Kumar in January 2025.jpg
| alt =
| caption =Kumar in January 2025
| country = {{IND}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1994|12|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Bas Kirtan, [[Rajasthan]], India
| height =
| weight =
| handedness = Right
| coach =
| years_active = 2016–present
| event = Men's singles SL3 Men's doubles SL3–SL4
| highest_ranking = '''Men's singles''' 3 (2022) '''Men's doubles''' 2; with [[Tarun Dhillon]] (2022)
| current_ranking = Men's singles: '''1''' Men's doubles: '''5'''
| bwfbadminton_id = P70490
| bwfpara_id = 7E08A24F-5024-4D26-9BBF-FB48E9DA890C
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|[[Para-badminton|Men's para-badminton]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Badminton at the Summer Paralympics|Paralympic Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2024 Summer Paralympics|2024 Paris]]|[[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's singles SL3|Men's singles]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[2019 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2019 Basel]]|Men's doubles}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[2022 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2022 Tokyo]]|Men's singles}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2024 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2024 Pattaya]]|Men's singles}}
{{Medal|Bronze | [[2026 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2026 Manama]] | [[2026 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships – Men's Singles SL3|Men's singles]] }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Para Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Para Games – Men's doubles SL3–SL4|Men's doubles]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Para Games – Men's singles SL3|Men's singles]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2018 Asian Para Games|2018 Jakarta]]|Men's doubles }}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Para Games|Mixed doubles]]}}
}}

'''Nitesh Kumar''' (born 30 December 1994) is an Indian [[para-badminton]] player.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bwfpara.tournamentsoftware.com/player-profile/7e08a24f-5024-4d26-9bbf-fb48e9da890c/biography |title=Player Profile}}</ref> He won a gold at the [[2024 Paralympics|2024 Paris Paralympics]] in the men's singles SL3 category.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2 September 2024 |title=Paralympics 2024: Nitesh Kumar wins gold in para-badminton men's singles SL3 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/paris-paralympics-2024/news/nitesh-kumar-gold-medal-paris-paralympics-2024-mens-singles-sl3-daniel-bethell-score-result-para-badminton-news/article68596306.ece/ |access-date=2 September 2024 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref> He is a two-time silver and one-time bronze medalist at the [[BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|World Championships]]. Kumar has won one gold, one silver and two bronze medals at the [[Asian Para Games]] over the years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Para Games: Shuttler duo of Nitesh-Tarun claim yet another gold for India |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/asian-para-games-shuttler-duo-of-nitesh-tarun-claim-yet-another-gold-for-india20231027131618/ |access-date=3 September 2024 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kumar was born on 30 December 1994 in Bas Kirtan, [[Rajasthan]]. In 2009, he lost his left leg in a train accident in [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. After bed ridden for many months, he prepared for IIT entrance exam for over a year and joined [[IIT Mandi|Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi]] in 2014. He started playing badminton at IIT and in 2016 represented the Haryana team at the Para National Championships.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Who Is Nitesh Kumar: IIT Graduate Who Won Paris Paralympics 2024 Gold For India {{!}} Olympics News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/olympics/who-is-nitesh-kumar-iit-graduate-who-won-paris-paralympics-2024-for-india-6473242 |access-date=2 September 2024 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref> He resides at Karnal, Haryana and is supported by sports NGO, [[Olympic Gold Quest]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2 September 2024 |title=IIT graduate, gold in Paralympics: Nitesh Kumar living India's dream in Paris |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/paralympics/story/india-paralympics-badminton-godl-medal-nitesh-kumar-2592296-2024-09-02 |access-date=2 September 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
He made his international debut in 2016. In 2017, he won his first title at the Irish Para-Badminton International. Later, he took part and won matches at BWF Para Badminton World Circuit and won a gold medal at the 2022 Asian Para Games at Hangzhou, China.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

He became the world number 3 in the SL3 category on 14 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bwfpara.tournamentsoftware.com/ranking/player.aspx?id=32786&player=3519929 |title=BWF Para-Badminton – BWF Para Badminton World Rankings |website=bwfpara.tournamentsoftware.com |accessdate=3 September 2024}}</ref>

=== Coaching career ===
In 2019, he started working as Senior Badminton Coach at the Department of Sports and Youth Affairs, Haryana.<ref name="bridge">{{cite web |url=https://thebridge.in/badminton/para-shuttler-nitesh-kumar-iit/ |title=Nitesh Kumar: The para shuttler from IIT chasing big dreams |date=25 April 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Achievements==
=== Paralympic Games ===
''Men's singles SL3''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's singles SL3|2024]]
| align="left" | [[Adidas Arena|Porte de La Chapelle Arena]], [[Paris]], France
| align="left" | {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Daniel Bethell]]
| align="left" | 21–14, 18–21, 23–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Gold medal Paralympics.svg|16px]] '''Gold'''
|}

=== World Championships ===

''Men's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[2022 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships#Men's singles SL3|2022]]
| align="left" | [[Yoyogi National Gymnasium]], [[Tokyo]], Japan
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pramod Bhagat]]
| align="left" | 19–21, 19–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 2.png|Silver]] '''Silver'''
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[2024 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2024]]
| align="left" | Pattaya Exhibition and Convention Hall, [[Pattaya]], Thailand
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Daniel Bethell]]
| align="left" | 18–21, 22–20, 14–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[2026 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships – Men's Singles SL3|2026]]
| align="left" | Isa Sports City, [[Manama]], Bahrain
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Muhammad Al Imran]]
| align="left" | 21–12, 17–21, 11–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" |[[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
|}

''Men's doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#F3E6D7"
| align="center" | [[2019 BWF Para-Badminton World Championships|2019]]
| align="left" | St. Jakobshalle, Basel, Switzerland
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tarun Dhillon]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pramod Bhagat]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Manoj Sarkar]]
| align="left" | 21–14, 15–21, 16–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 2.png|Silver]] '''Silver'''
|}

=== Asian Para Games ===

''Men's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|-
|- style="background:#FFB069"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Para Games|2022]]
| align="left" | [[Binjiang Gymnasium]], [[Hangzhou]], China
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pramod Bhagat]]
| align="left" | 20–22, 21–18, 19–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 2.png|Silver]] '''Silver'''
|}

''Men's doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#FFB069"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2018 Asian Para Games|2018]]
| align="left" | Istora Gelora Bung Karno, Jakarta, Indonesia
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anand Kumar Boregowda]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Jeon Sun-woo]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Joo Dong-jae]]
| align="left" | 16–21, 11–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
|- style="background:#FFB069"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Para Games|2022]]
| align="left" | Binjiang Gymnasium, Hangzhou, China
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sukant Kadam]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Dwiyoko]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Fredy Setiawan]]
| align="left" | 9–21, 21–19, 22–20
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med_1.png|Gold]] '''Gold'''
|}

''Mixed doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#FFB069"
| align="center" | [[Badminton at the 2022 Asian Para Games|2022]]
| align="left" | Binjiang Gymnasium, Hangzhou, China
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Thulasimathi Murugesan]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Fredy Setiawan]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Khalimatus Sadiyah]]
| align="left" | 17–21, 12–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
|}

=== BWF Para Badminton World Circuit (12 titles, 11 runners-up) ===

The BWF Para Badminton World Circuit – Grade 2, Level 1, 2 and 3 tournaments has been sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation from 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Para Badminton Tournament Structure Bids for Tournaments 2022 Onwards |url=https://corporate.bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2021/06/03/para-badminton-tournament-structure-bids-for-tournaments-2022-onwards |website=[[Badminton World Federation]] |date=29 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BWF Para Tournamentsoftware |url=https://bwfpara.tournamentsoftware.com/ |website=[[Badminton World Federation]] |date=11 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

''Men's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Level
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|-
| align="center" | 2022
| align="left" | Spanish Para Badminton International II
| align="left" | Level 2
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Pramod Bhagat
| align="left" | 21–17, 17–21, 17–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | 2022
| align="left" | Brazil Para Badminton International
| align="left" | Level 2
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Daisuke Fujihara]]
| align="left" | 21–15, 18–21, 21–18
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
| align="center" | 2022
| align="left" | Dubai Para Badminton International
| align="left" | Level 2
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Pramod Bhagat
| align="left" | 21–19, 17–21, 17–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left" | Brazil Para Badminton International
| align="left" | Level 2
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Pramod Bhagat
| align="left" | 21–12, 21–13
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left" | Bahrain Para Badminton International
| align="left" | Level 2
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Pramod Bhagat
| align="left" | 16–21, 17–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left" | Western Australia Para Badminton International
| align="left" | Level 2
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Manoj Sarkar]]
| align="left" | 21–14, 21–14
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
| align="center" | 2024
| align="left" | Spanish Para Badminton International II
| align="left" | Level 2
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Manoj Sarkar
| align="left" | 21–17, 21–14
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
| align="center" | 2024
| align="left" | Spanish Para Badminton International I
| align="left" | Level 1
| align="left" | {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Oleksandr Chyrkov]]
| align="left" | 21–11, 21–13
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
| align="center" | 2024
| align="left" | 4 Nations Para Badminton International
| align="left" | Level 1
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Daniel Bethell]]
| align="left" | 11–21, 7–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}

''Men's doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Level
!Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|-
| align="center" | 2022
| align="left" | Spanish Para Badminton International II
| align="left" | Level 2
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sukant Kadam]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pramod Bhagat]] {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Manoj Sarkar]]
| align="left" | 19–21, 21–11, 11–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | 2022
| align="left" | Brazil Para Badminton International
| align="left" | Level 2
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tarun Dhillon]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammad Arwaz Ansari]] {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Deep Ranjan Bisoyee]]
| align="left" | 21–13, 17–21, 18–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | 2022
| align="left" | Bahrain Para Badminton International
| align="left" | Level 2
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Tarun Dhillon
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Mongkhon Bunsun]] {{Flagicon|THA}} [[Siripong Teamarrom]]
| align="left" | 21–13, 21–7
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left" | Spanish Para Badminton International II
| align="left" | Level 2
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Tarun Dhillon
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Pramod Bhagat {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Sukant Kadam]]
| align="left" | 20–22, 21–12, 9–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left" | Thailand Para Badminton International
| align="left" | Level 2
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Tarun Dhillon
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Pramod Bhagat {{Flagicon|IND}} Sukant Kadam
| align="left" | 21–18, 14–21, 19–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left" | Bahrain Para Badminton International
| align="left" | Level 2
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Tarun Dhillon
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Pramod Bhagat {{Flagicon|IND}} Sukant Kadam
| align="left" | 24–22, 9–21, 14–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center" | 2023
| rowspan="4" align="left" | Canada Para Badminton International
| rowspan="4" align="left" | Level 1
| rowspan="4" align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Tarun Dhillon
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nilesh Gaikwad]] {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Nehal Gupta]]
| align="left" | 21–12, 21–8
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Guillaume Gailly]] {{Flagicon|CAN}} [[William Roussy]]
| align="left" | 21–13, 21–12
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Deep Ranjan Bisoyee {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Manoj Sarkar]]
| align="left" | 21–9, 17–21, 21–16
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Pramod Bhagat {{Flagicon|IND}} Sukant Kadam
| align="left" | 11–21, 21–16, 21–16
|-
| align="center" | 2022
| align="left" | Bahrain Para Badminton International
| align="left" | Level 2
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Tarun Dhillon
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} Mongkhon Bunsun {{Flagicon|THA}} Siripong Teamarrom
| align="left" | 21–13, 21–7
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left" | Spanish Para Badminton International II
| align="left" | Level 2
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Tarun Dhillon
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Pramod Bhagat {{Flagicon|IND}} Sukant Kadam
| align="left" | 20–22, 21–12, 9–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}

''Mixed doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Level
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|-
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left" | Brazil Para-Badminton International
| Level 2
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Thulasimathi Murugesan]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Hikmat Ramdani]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Leani Ratri Oktila]]
| align="left" | 18–21, 9–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left" | Uganda Para Badminton International
| Level 3
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Thulasimathi Murugesan
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Naveen Sivakumar]] {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Palak Kohli]]
| align="left" | 21–12, 21–11
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left" | Western Australia Para Badminton International
| Level 2
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Thulasimathi Murugesan
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Fredy Setiawan]] {{flagicon|INA}} [[Khalimatus Sadiyah]]
| align="left" | 15–21, 22–20, 21–19
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
| align="center" | 2024
| align="left" | Spanish Para Badminton International II
| Level 2
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Thulasimathi Murugesan
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Baretha]] {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Mandeep Kaur (para badminton)|Mandeep Kaur]]
| align="left" | 21–11, 21–16
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|-
| align="center" | 2024
| align="left" | Spanish Para Badminton International I
| Level 1
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Thulasimathi Murugesan
| align="left" | {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Lucas Mazur]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Faustine Noël]]
| align="left" | 22–20, 21–15
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}

=== International Tournaments (7 runners-up) ===
''Men's singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|-
| align="center" | 2018
| align="left" | Uganda Para Badminton International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Umesh Vikram Kumar
| align="left" | 21–17, 15–21, 15–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | 2020
| align="left" | Peru Para Badminton International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pramod Bhagat]]
| align="left" | 18–21, 21–15, 14–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | 2021
| align="left" | Dubai Para Badminton International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Pramod Bhagat
| align="left" | 17–21, 18–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}

''Men's doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|-
| align="center" | 2018
| align="left" | Dubai Para Badminton International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Fredy Setiawan]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Ukun Rukaendi]] {{Flagicon|INA}} [[Hary Susanto]]
| align="left" | 17–21, 15–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | 2019
| align="left" | Turkish Para Badminton International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tarun Dhillon]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} Dwiyoko {{Flagicon|INA}} Fredy Setiawan
| align="left" | 14–21, 15–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | 2019
| align="left" | Irish Para Badminton International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Tarun Dhillon
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pramod Bhagat]] {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Manoj Sarkar]]
| align="left" | 21–13, 18–21, 21–23
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | 2021
| align="left" | Dubai Para Badminton International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sukant Kadam]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Pramod Bhagat {{Flagicon|IND}} Manoj Sarkar
| align="left" | 18–21, 16–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Noteslist}}

== External links ==
* {{BWFB|P70490}}
* {{BWFP|7E08A24F-5024-4D26-9BBF-FB48E9DA890C|player=3519929}}
* [https://www.paralympic.org/en/paris-2024-paralympics/athlete/kumar-nitesh_2499521 Kumar Nitesh] at the [[Paris 2024 Summer Paralympics]] ([https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024-paralympics/athlete/kumar-nitesh_2499521 alternate link], [https://paris2024.rtve.es/es/paris-2024-paralimpicos/atleta/kumar-nitesh_2499521 alternate link 2])

{{Paralympic medalists for India|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Nitesh}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:IIT Mandi]]
[[Category:Indian male badminton players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Indian male para-badminton players]]
[[Category:Paralympic badminton players for India]]
[[Category:Paralympic gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Paralympic medalists in badminton]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games medalists in badminton]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Survivors of railway accidents or incidents]]
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]

Padutha Theeyaga (film)

2026-04-05T06:28:25Z

Igorzen: New First Data W/ Refs

{{Short description|1998 Indian Telugu film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Padutha Theeyaga (film).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = [[Kranthi Kumar]]
| writer = [[Ganesh Patro]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = Kranthi Kumar
| story = Kranthi Kumar
| based_on = 
| producer = [[Ramoji Rao]]
| starring = [[Vineeth]] [[Heera Rajagopal]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[Hari Anumolu]]
| editing =
| music = [[Mahesh Mahadevan]]
| studio = [[Usha Kiran Movies]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1998|5|28}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Padutha Theeyaga ''''' ({{Translation|I will sing sweetly}}) is a 1998 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Musical film|musical]] [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Kranthi Kumar]] starring [[Vineeth]] and [[Heera Rajagopal]].

==Plot==
Rushi, a singer, and his music trope aspire to make it big musically. They meet Gautham Kumar, the owner of Sona Music Company, who invites them to Hyderabad for a music competition. Rushi and his trope don't have much female luck until Uma disguised as a male Malayali cook comes into their house. Uma then goes missing. Gautham Kumar and his friend Radha search for her. Rushi learns that Uma is Gautham Kumar's daughter. Uma tells Rushi that the reason that she ran away from her home was that her father cheated on her mother Durga and lived with Radha. When Rushi tells Gautham Kumar about his love for Uma, Gautham Kumar tells him to decide between his career or Uma and Rushi chooses his career. Uma helps Rushi win the competition and Gautham Kumar agrees to let Rushi be with Uma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/padutha-teeyaga/cast/2030332863/|title=Padutha Teeyaga - Full Cast & Crew|date=1998|work=[[TV Guide]]|access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="A"/>

==Cast==
''Source''<ref name="Z"/>
{{Cast listing|
*[[Vineeth]] as Rushi
*[[Heera Rajagopal]] as Uma
*[[Ravi Teja]]
*[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] as Gautham Kumar
*[[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] as Radha
*[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Durga
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
*[[AVS (actor)|AVS]]
*[[Tanikella Bharani]]
*[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]]
*[[Uttej]]
*[[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]]
*[[Kallu Chidambaram]]
*[[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]]
*[[M. S. Narayana]]
*Costumes Krishna
*Sekhar
*Velu
*Master Uday
}}

== Production ==
According to [[Kranthi Kumar]], the theme of the film is that people with talent who do not get opportunities are depressed, but if they work hard in life, they will succeed.<ref name="Z">{{Cite web|url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1998/Mar/20-Mar-1998.pdf|title=పాడుతా తీయగా|trans-title=''Padutha Theeyaga''|language=te|work=[[Zamin Ryot]]|date=20 March 1998|access-date=11 September 2024|archive-date=11 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111005031/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1998/Mar/20-Mar-1998.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[V. V. Vinayak]] worked as an assistant director for this film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_vvvinayak_2008.php|page=1|website=[[Telugucinema.com]]|access-date=27 September 2024|date=22 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080707085332/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_vvvinayak_2008.php|archive-date=7 July 2008|title=TC Exclusive: Interview with V.V. Vinayak|last=Sri}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Mahesh Mahadevan]] and written by [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]].<ref name="Z"/>
*"Mangala Vaadhyam"
*"Navatharaaniki Namasthe"
*"Paaduthaa Theeyagaa"
*"Paata Naaku Naestham"
*" Prema Puttindho"
*"Sa Ri Ga Ma Pa"
*"Thellavaare Vaela"

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' wrote that apart from the songs, the way that the songs were canned and the talent they showcase, there is no other interesting or noteworthy thing in this film and concluded that the film is one time watchable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1998/Jun/12-Jun-1998.pdf|title=పాడుతా తీయగా|language=te|work=Zamin Ryot|first=Griddaluru|last=Gopalrao|date=12 June 1998|access-date=13 September 2024|archive-date=26 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826055529/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1998/Jun/12-Jun-1998.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> On the contrary, a critic from ''Andhra Today'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "All in all it is a family entertainer, with scintillating songs, excellent photography, well-handled story line and surprising turn of events, which comes like a whiff of fresh air".<ref name="A">{{Cite web|url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/paadutha.htm|title=PAADUTHA TEEYAGA|work=Andhra Today|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020622014317/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/paadutha.htm|archive-date=22 June 2002|access-date=11 September 2024}}</ref> ''Screen'' wrote "Heera silences her critics with an impressive performance and erases the glam doll image with one stroke. Vineesh performs his role with aplomb and his friends Ravi Teja, Shekhar and Shivaji provide ample support".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/jun19/reviews.htm|archive-date=22 October 1999|date=19 June 1998|title=A Feel-Good Film For The Youth|website=Express India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991022223913/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/jun19/reviews.htm|access-date=31 August 2025}}</ref>

== Home media ==
The film was telecast on [[ETV Network|ETV Cinema]] on 13 May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/EtvCinemaIndia/videos/padutha-theeyaga-movie-7-am-on-etv-cinema/740326050323070/|title=Padutha Theeyaga Movie @ 7 AM on ETV Cinema|work=[[ETV Network|ETV Cinema]]|date=13 May 2022|via=Facebook|access-date=11 September 2024|archive-date=14 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914030206/https://www.facebook.com/EtvCinemaIndia/videos/padutha-theeyaga-movie-7-am-on-etv-cinema/740326050323070/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Films about singers]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Ramoji Rao]]
[[Category:1998 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1998 Indian films]]

Vellapokkathil

2026-04-03T06:07:52Z

Igorzen: added post

{{Infobox short story
| name = Vellapokkathil
| image = 
| caption =
| author = [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]]
| title_orig = വെള്ളപ്പൊക്കത്തിൽ
| translator =
| country =
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| series =
| genre =
| published_in = ''Puthumalar''
| publication_type = Anthology
| publisher = Bharath Vilasom, Trivandrum
| media_type =
| pub_date = 1935
| english_pub_date =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| preceded_by_italics =
| followed_by_italics =
| wikisource =
| native_wikisource =
| orig_lang_code =
}}

"'''Vellapokkathil'''" ({{langx|ml|വെള്ളപ്പൊക്കത്തിൽ}}, {{langx|en|italic=yes|In the Flood}}) is a short story written by [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]]. The story was published in 1935 and is based on the author's childhood experience during the [[Great flood of 99|Great Flood of 1924]] in Kerala.<ref>{{cite news |last1=R. Krishnakumar |title=The 1924 floods: History's new marker |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article24800857.ece |access-date=7 March 2023 |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=29 August 2018}}</ref> Widely considered one of Thakazhi's best stories,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Jnanpith Laureate Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai |journal=Indian Author |year=1986 |volume=11 |page=18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OBFZAAAAMAAJ |access-date=7 March 2023 |publisher=Authors Guild of India}}</ref> it follows the plight of a man named Chennan and his family, as they are trapped in their home during a severe flood. They are eventually rescued by a passing boat, but their dog is left behind and is forced to survive on its own.<ref>[[K. K. Kochu]] (13 December 2012). [https://utharakalam.com/2012/12/13/3248.html "സമുദായവും വര്‍ഗ്ഗവും: 'വെള്ളപ്പൊക്കത്തില്‍' എന്ന കഥയിലെ മൃഗവല്‍ക്കരണം"]. ''Utharakalam'' (in Malayalam). Retrieved 7 March 2023.</ref>

==Plot==
Set in [[Kuttanad]] against the backdrop of the [[Great flood of 99|Great flood of 1928]], the story begins with a description of a temple submerged in water up to the neck of its deity. The floodwaters have also forced many people to seek refuge in the uppermost storey of the temple. Chennan, a pariah who does not own a boat, has built an elevated platform out of coconut twigs inside his hut to protect his pregnant wife, four children, cat, and dog from the rising waters. Chennan fears that if they leave the hut, they will not survive the flood.

After three days of heavy rainfall, Chennan spots a big boat moving north and yells for help. The men in the boat hear him and row towards the hut. Chennan helps his family into the boat. However, only when the boat was gaining speed and was far away from the hut, they realised that the dog was still on the roof. The dog becomes distressed when it realises its family has left without it and begins howling piteously.

The rest of the story follows the dog's struggles to survive alone on the roof of the hut. The floodwaters recede eventually, and Chennan comes in search of the dog. He finds the corpse of a dog under a coconut tree, but he is unsure if it was his dog.

==Publication==
The story was included in the short story collection ''Puthumalar'' (''New Flower'', 1935), published by Bharath Vilasom, Trivandrum. It was Thakazhi's first published collection of short stories.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Laila Beevi S. |first= |date=2007 |title=Landscape as lnscape Fictionalisation of Malgudi and Kuttanad in the novels of R K Narayan and Thakazhi |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/129927 |type=PhD Thesis |chapter=The Frogs of this Waterscape |chapter-url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/129927/9/09_chapter4.pdf |publisher=[[University of Kerala]] |docket= |oclc= |access-date=7 March 2023 |page=167|hdl= 10603/129927}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Malayala Grantha Soochi: A Retrospective Bibliography of Malayalam Books | volume=1 |editor=[[K. M. Govi]] |publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]|date=1973|page=669}}</ref>

==Adaptations==
[[Jayaraj]] adapted the story into a 25-minute long short film titled ''[[Vellapokkathil (film)|Vellapokkathil]]'' (''In Deluge'', 2007).<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Panorama |date=2008 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |page=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yNQ_ert9YtIC |access-date=7 March 2023}}</ref> The film received the [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Direction]] at the [[55th National Film Awards|2007 National Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/47_55Nfacatalogue-%20.pdf|title=55th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725171514/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/47_55Nfacatalogue-%20.pdf}}</ref> An installation based on the story was displayed at the [[Kochi-Muziris Biennale]], in 2017.<ref>[https://www.onmanorama.com/in-depth/kochi-muziris-biennale-2016/thakazhi-short-story-vellapokkathil-rcreated-at-biennale.html "Thakazhi's iconic short story 'Vellapokkathil' recreated at Biennale"]. ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''. 6 February 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2023.</ref>

==English translations==
* "[https://books.google.com/books?id=GHHX2QDHYxgC In The Floods]". In ''Wind Flowers: Classic Malayalam Short Stories''. Translated by V. Abdulla and [[R. E. Asher]].
* "[https://archive.org/details/clutchofindianma0000davi The Flood]". In ''A Clutch of Indian Masterpieces: Extraordinary Short Stories from the 19th Century to the Present''. Translated by [[O. V. Usha]].
* "[https://kochipost.com/2019/08/11/the-flood/ The Flood]". Translated by Santhosh Alex

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://kslc.kerala.gov.in/vayana/res/books/velllapokkathil.pdf "Vellapokkathil" (Full Text in Malayalam)] at Kerala State Library Council
* {{YouTube|nrayoLfrMQ8|''Vellapokkathil'' (Short film based on the story)}}

{{Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai}}

[[Category:Indian short stories adapted into films]]
[[Category:Malayalam short stories]]
[[Category:1935 short stories]]

Kiran Uniyal

2026-03-25T16:35:02Z

Igorzen: entry

{{Short description|Indian martial artist (born 1973)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kiran Uniyal
| image = Kiran Uniyal.jpg
| other_names = Kiran Deoli Uniyal
| birth_date = 24 July 1973
| occupation = Martial arts motivator, practitioner and social worker.
| known_for = Martial Arts
| notable_works = ''Know Your Martyrs Families'' (campaign) ''Empowering Divyangjan'' (book)
| spouse = Sunil Uniyal
| children = 2
| awards = [[Guinness World Record]] (various)
| honours =
}}

'''Kiran Uniyal''' is an Indian [[martial artist]], educator, and author.<ref>{{Cite web |title=At 45, Kiran Uniyal is teaching people how to defend themselves with some killer moves |url=https://www.edexlive.com/campus/2019/apr/06/at-45-kiran-uniyal-is-teaching-people-how-to-defend-themselves-with-some-killer-moves-5671.html |access-date=20 September 2022 |website=Edex Live |date=6 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Uniyal first got involved with [[taekwondo]] when she was a teenager, and then picked it up again as an adult.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ch Sushil Rao |date=7 March 2019 |title=Women's Day: Army officer's wife in Secunderabad creates Guinness World Record in martial arts [Hyderabad] |work=The Times of India; New Delhi [New Delhi]|id={{ProQuest| }}}}</ref>

== Career ==
Uniyal is the first Indian woman to set 34 [[martial arts]] speed records, specializing in elbow strikes and kicks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Sukanya |date=7 March 2021 |title=In pictures: 11 women who were the 'firsts' in their field in 2021 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/in-pictures-11-women-who-were-the-firsts-in-their-field-in-2021-121030700698_1.html |access-date=20 September 2022 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en}}</ref> She also holds the female world record for the most full-contact punch strikes in one hour, achieving an impressive 28,234 strikes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bissell |first=Tim |date=9 March 2021 |title=47-year-old Indian woman breaks world record by landing 258 elbow strikes in just one minute |url=https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2021/3/9/22320999/kiran-deoli-uniyal-indian-woman-breaks-world-record-by-landing-258-elbow-strikes-in-just-one-minute |access-date=20 September 2022 |website=Bloody Elbow |language=en |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172510/https://www.bloodyelbow.com/2021/3/9/22320999/kiran-deoli-uniyal-indian-woman-breaks-world-record-by-landing-258-elbow-strikes-in-just-one-minute |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Manga |first=Dhiren |date=10 March 2021 |title=Indian Martial Artist breaks 12th World Record |url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/indian-martial-artist-breaks-12th-world-record |access-date=20 September 2022 |website=DESIblitz |language=en}}</ref>

According to the [[Guinness World Records]], on 9 April 2022, she executed 590 full-contact punch strikes using 1-kilogram weights in one minute.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most full contact punch strikes in one minute holding 1 kg weights (female) |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/606375-most-full-contact-punch-strikes-in-one-minute-holding-1-kg-weights-female |access-date=21 September 2022 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-gb}}</ref> Later, on 23 April 2022, she completed 579 full-contact elbow strikes using a single elbow in three minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most full contact elbow strikes in three minutes (one elbow) (female) |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/530566-most-full-contact-elbow-strikes-in-three-minutes-one-elbow-female |access-date=21 September 2022 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=First Indian Woman to Achieve Most Number of World Records in Martial Arts – High Range World Records |date=26 February 2021 |url=https://www.highrangeworldrecords.com/first-woman-to-achieve-most-number-of-world-records-in-martial-arts/ |access-date=2023-01-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Earlier, Uniyal set multiple records in the women’s category, including:

* Most full-contact [[Knee (strike)|knee strikes]] in one minute, with 120 strikes <ref>{{Cite news |title=1 EME Centre awarded |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/070319/hyderabad-army-wife-sets-guinness-record.html |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and
* Most full-contact [[Knee (strike)|knee strikes]] in three minutes using one leg, with 263 strikes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hyderabad: Army wife sets Guinness record |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/070319/hyderabad-army-wife-sets-guinness-record.html}}</ref>

She also holds the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for the most full-contact [[Elbow (strike)|elbow strikes]] with one hand in three minutes, totaling 466 strikes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=news |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/interesting/news/colonel-s-wife-kiran-uniyal-broke-her-own-twoguinness-records-01666739.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 7 Famous Women In India (2022): Women Achievers Who Defied The Odds |url=https://www.hercircle.in/engage/get-inspired/achievers/famous-women-achievers-in-india-1927.html |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=www.hercircle.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-01 |title=Maximum Full Contact Punches With Weight in One Minute (Female) - World Record by Kiran Deoli Uniyal |url=https://www.worldwideworldrecords.com/post/maximum-full-contact-punches-with-weight-in-one-minute-female-world-record-by-kiran-deoli-uniyal |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=Worldwide Records |language=en}}</ref>

Beyond martial arts, Uniyal has actively contributed to social initiatives. On Army Day in 2017, she helped organize a blood donation camp that collected 3,704 units of blood.<ref>{{Cite news |date= |title=1 EME Centre awarded |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/1-eme-centre-awarded/article22354335.ece}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=दून की किरण ने मार्शल आर्ट में बनाया वर्ल्ड रिकॉर्ड |url=http://epaper.livehindustan.com/Home/MShareArticle?OrgId=1211495969be |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=livehindustan}}</ref>

She initiated the Know Your [[Martyr]]s’ Families campaign, an initiative aimed at raising awareness and support for the families of Indian martyrs. Additionally, she co-authored the book Empowering Divyangjan: A Compendium of Benefits and Facilities for the Differently Abled Children of the Armed Forces, which outlines resources available for disabled children in military families.<ref>{{Cite news |title='महिलाओं के खिलाफ बढ़ते अपराधों के कारण सीखना चाहिए मार्शल आर्ट, आत्मरक्षा के हुनर से लैस होना जरूरी |pages= |url=https://www.outlookhindi.com/country/general/due-to-increasing-crimes-against-women-martial-arts-should-be-learned-it-is-necessary-to-be-equipped-with-self-defense-skills-71425}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Outlook Hindi |url=https://www.outlookhindi.com/country/general/due-to-increasing-crimes-against-women-martial-arts-should-be-learned-it-is-necessary-to-be-equipped-with-self-defense-sk |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-date=19 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819175801/https://outlookhindi.com/country/general/due-to-increasing-crimes-against-women-martial-arts-should-be-learned-it-is-necessary-to-be-equipped-with-self-defense-sk |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chronicle |first=The Asian |date=2022-10-27 |title=First Woman to set highest World Record in Martial Arts in India |url=http://theasianchronicle.com/first-woman-to-set-highest-world-record-in-martial-arts-in-india/ |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=The Asian Chronicle |language=en-US |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306030125/https://theasianchronicle.com/first-woman-to-set-highest-world-record-in-martial-arts-in-india/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Family life ==
Outside of her professional achievements, Uniyal is also a devoted wife and mother of two.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Harmeet |date=7 March 2020 |title=Kiran Uniyal, an Army Wife, makes India and Indian Army proud with Guinness Book of World Records for Martial Arts |url=https://www.aviation-defence-universe.com/kiran-uniyal-an-army-wife-makes-india-and-indian-army-proud-with-guinness-book-of-world-records-for-martial-arts/ |access-date=20 September 2022 |website=ADU |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Twitter|kiran_uniyal24}}
* {{Instagram|kiran.uniyal.39}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uniyal, Kiran}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:World record holders]]
[[Category:Women from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Indian martial artists]]
[[Category:Indian female taekwondo practitioners]]

Christianity in Assam

2026-03-25T15:18:36Z

Igorzen: expand article for accuracy and corrected details

{{Short description|none}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Church at Tezpur.JPG|thumb|The church at [[Tezpur]]]]
{{Commons category|Churches in Assam}}
'''[[Christianity]]''' is the third largest religion in [[Assam]], a state in the [[North-East India|north-eastern region]] of [[India]]. The total population of [[Christians]] in the state is 1,165,867, which according to the 2011 census comprises about 3.75% of the state's total population.<ref name="religion1" /> After [[Islam]], Christianity is also the second-fastest growing religion of Assam. The largest concentration of Christians in Assam can be found in the [[Dima Hasao District]], where Christians number approximately 30% of the population.<ref name=":0" /> The second largest concentration is in the [[Karbi Anglong district]] where they form approximately 16.5% of the population.

== History ==
On September 26, 1626, two Portuguese Jesuit missionaries, Cabral and Cacella, came to Assam. These two were the first missionaries recorded as having reached Hajo and [[Guwahati]]. There is no record of them having established any churches in the area, as at the time they were en route to Tibet.

The first Christian churches founded in Assam came with the arrival of two missionary groups in 1836. These two groups of missionaries were: in the first group- [[Nathan Brown (missionary)|Nathan Brown]] and Oliver Thomas Cutter, and in the second group- [[Miles Bronson]] and his friend Jacob Thomas. The missionaries Brown and Cutter had previously been working in Burma. They carried with them a printing press and first arrived in Sadiya, the easternmost part of Assam. They started schools in the [[Assamese language|Assamese]] and [[Khamti language|Khaamti]] languages and published school text books in the local languages as well. The missionaries also began the translation of the [[New Testament]] into Assamese while still stationed in Assam.

Due to the 1839 Khamti rebellions, Brown and Cutter were forced to leave Assam for [[Jaipur]], but after the move they continued to translate and publish into the Assamese language. In 1848 Cutter completed his translation of the New Testament into Assamese, which edition was first published as the 'Amaar Traankorta Jisu Christor Natun Niyom'. In 1854, Cutter published 'Christor Biworon and Xhubho Bartaa'. He also translated a few prayers to Assamese. Cutter's associate, Brown also produced a second translation of the Bible which was completed in 1903 by Brown with the help of his missionary colleagues.{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}}

Cutter had been born in United States in 1811. He started his journey towards the east in 1831 along with his wife Harriet Cutter. He first landed in [[Burma]] (Myanmar) and from there he crossed [[Patkai]] to reach Assam in 1836 along with Nathan Brown's family. Cutter and Brown started a publishing company in Sadiya. The two published books in the Assamese, Khamti and Singfou languages. They also started several schools and authored various text books in the local languages for use in the schools. After few years, Cutter's family came back to Assam and this time settled down in [[Sivasagar|Sibsagar]].

In 1836 the missionary Bronson began his work in Sadiya, Jaipur and Naamsang. Bronson started interacting with Naga tribes and first compiled his "East Naga Thesaurus." According to historian Mccangie, no European after or before Bronson had such a rapport with the Nagas. After some time Bronson became ill in his work in East Naga, and in order to regain his health he had to depart for Nagaon via Sibsagar.

In Assam, Bronson worked as both a missionary and as an educator. During the periods from 1848 to 1851 and from 1867 to 1871, Bronson took vacation from his works and went back to [[New York (state)|New York]]. Bronson was the main leader of the popular movement against the government policy of forcing the Bengali language as the official language of the courts and schools of Assam. In 1867, using Jaduram baruah's scripting, he published the first Assamese and English dictionary. The dictionary contained around 14 thousands words and was published from the Baptist Missionary Press of Sibsagar. This dictionary was another strong step in support of the Assamese language.

Bronson also created his own translation of the Bible into Assamese. Nidhiram Keot, the first native convert in the whole of Northeastern India from the [[Jalia Kaibarta|Keot(Kaibarta)]] community (an aboriginal tribe Sanskritised to a low position in the caste hierarchy), was baptised by Bronson on June 13, 1841, and took up the name Nidhi Levi Farewell.{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}}

== Current status and overview ==
The [[Khasi people|Khasi]] and [[Boro people|Boro]] tribes comprise the great majority of the Christians in Assam. Among the large and primarily Muslim Bengali population found in Assam there are very few Christians.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Regional Updates|url=https://www.gfa.org/countryprofiles/assam/|website=GFA World|access-date=2025-11-30|language=en}}</ref> The [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Himalayan States]] was first formed as an Evangelical Lutheran diocese in 2003, and was previously known simply as the "Assam Church".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nordelbisches Missionszentrum {{!}} Weltweite Partner {{!}} Asien {{!}} Indien {{!}} Partnerkirche in Assam|url=http://www.nmz-mission.de/de.partner/de.indien/de.indien.10/de.indien.2/index.html|website=www.nmz-mission.de|access-date=2025-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310223952/http://www.nmz-mission.de/de.partner/de.indien/de.indien.10/de.indien.2/index.html|archive-date=2012-03-10}}</ref>

== Population ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|+ Christians in Assam
! Year !! Number !! Percentage
|-
| 2001<ref name="religion1">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm|title=Total population by religious communities|publisher=Censusindia.gov.in|access-date=20 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119031333/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm|archive-date=19 January 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref>|| {{center|986,589}} || {{center|3.70}}
|-
| 2011<ref name="religion2">{{cite web|publisher=Census Department, Government of India|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html|title=Indian Census 2011|access-date=25 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|archive-date=13 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>|| {{center|1,165,867}} || {{center|3.74}}
|-
|}

{{Historical populations
|title = Historical Christian Population in Assam<ref name="cpsindia.org">http://www.cpsindia.org {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518174007/http://www.cpsindia.org/ |date=2021-05-18 }} › BlogsPDF
Web results
The Christianisation of the Northeast - Centre for Policy Studies</ref>
|type =
|footnote =
|align = right
|width =
|state =
|shading =
|pop_name =
|percentages =
|source = [[census of India]]
|1901 | 13,638
|1911 | 22,817
|1921 | 41,686
|1931 | 79,025
|1941 | 37,599
|1951 | 160,438
|1961 | 263,134
|1971 | 381,010
|1981 | 534,572
|1991 | 744,367
|2001 | 986,589
|2011 | 1,165,867
}}

===Trends===
'''Percentage of Christians in Assam by decades'''<ref name="cpsindia.org">http://www.cpsindia.org {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518174007/http://www.cpsindia.org/ |date=2021-05-18 }} › BlogsPDF
Web results
The Christianisation of the Northeast - Centre for Policy Studies</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Year'''
! '''Percent'''
! '''Increase'''
|-
| '''1901'''
| '''0.41%'''
|'''-'''
|-
| '''1911'''
| '''0.59%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" |
'''+0.18%'''
|-
| '''1921'''
| '''0.9%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" |
'''+0.31%'''
|-
| '''1931'''
| '''1.42%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" |
'''+0.52'''
|-
| '''1941'''
| '''0.56%'''
| style="background: red" |
'''-0.86%'''
|-
| '''1951'''
| '''2%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" |
'''+1.44%'''
|-
| '''1961'''
| '''2.43%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" | '''+0.43%'''
|-
| '''1971'''
| '''2.61%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" | '''+0.18%'''
|-
| '''1981'''
| '''2.96%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" | '''+0.35%'''
|-
| '''1991'''
| '''3.32%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" | '''+0.36%'''
|-
| '''2001'''
| '''3.7%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" | '''+0.38%'''
|-
| '''2011'''
| '''3.74%'''
| style="background: lightgreen" | '''+0.04%'''
|}

===Population by district===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Christian population in Assam (2011)<ref name=":0">[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW18C-01%20MDDS.XLS Population by religious community: Assam]. 2011 Census of India.</ref>
! # !! District !! Total population || Christian population || %
|-
| 1 || [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]] || 956,313 || 157,789 || 16.50%
|-
| 2 || [[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]] || 1,924,110 || 138,166 || 7.18%
|-
| 3 || [[Udalguri district|Udalguri]] || 831,668 || 110,215 || 13.25%
|-
| 4 || [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]] || 887,142 || 101,091 || 11.40%
|-
| 5 || [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]] || 1,008,183 || 77,862 || 7.72%
|-
| 6 || [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]] || 1,327,929 || 76,877 || 5.79%
|-
| 7 || [[Dima Hasao district|Dima Hasao]] || 214,102 || 63,310 || 29.57%
|-
| 8 || [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]] || 1,326,335 || 52,968 || 3.99%
|-
| 9 || [[Golaghat district|Golaghat]] || 1,066,888 || 50,582 || 4.74%
|-
| 10 || [[Chirang district|Chirang]] || 482,162 || 49,747 || 10.32%
|-
| 11 || [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]] || 1,042,137 || 46,217 || 4.43%
|-
| 12 || [[Cachar district|Cachar]] || 1,736,617 || 37,635 || 2.17%
|-
| 13 || [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]] || 1,517,542 || 3,3297 || 2.19%
|-
| 14 || [[Sivasagar district|Sivasagar]] || 1,151,050 || 33,147 || 2.88%
|-
| 15 || [[Baksa district|Baksa]] || 950,075 || 27,076 || 2.85%
|-
| 16 || [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]] || 2,823,768 || 26,844 || 0.95%
|-
| 17 || [[Jorhat district|Jorhat]] || 1,092,256 || 21,051 || 1.93%
|-
| 18 || [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metropolitan]] || 1,253,938 || 18,810 || 1.50%
|-
| 19 || [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]] || 1,228,686 || 11,990 || 0.98%
|-
| 20 || [[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]] || 686,133 || 8,711 || 1.27%
|-
| 21 || [[Hailakandi district|Hailakandi]] || 659,296 || 8,480 || 1.29%
|-
| 22 || [[Bongaigaon district|Bongaigaon]] || 738,804 || 5,924 || 0.80%
|-
| 23 || [[Dhubri district|Dhubri]] || 1,949,258 || 4,107 || 0.21%
|-
| 24 || [[Darrang district|Darrang]] || 928,500 || 1,688 || 0.18%
|-
| 25 || [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]] || 1,693,622 || 1,020 || 0.06%
|-
| 26 || [[Morigaon district|Morigaon]] || 957,423 || 834 || 0.09%
|-
| 27 || [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]] || 771,639 || 429 || 0.06%
|-
| || '''Assam''' (Total) || 31,205,576 || 1,165,867 || 3.74%
|}

===Population by Tribes===

Christian population in Assam by Tribes (2011)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Religion Data of Census 2011: XXIX Northeast ST|url=https://blog.cpsindia.org/2016/09/religion-data-of-census-2011-xxix.html|access-date=2025-11-30|language=en-GB}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Tribes'''
! '''Christians'''
! '''Percent'''
|-
| '''Garo'''
| '''1,54,353'''
|'''95.63%'''
|-
| '''Boro'''
| '''1,36,869'''
|'''10.05%'''
|-
| '''Karbi'''
| '''75,883'''
|'''17.63%'''
|-
| '''Kuki'''
| '''31,573'''
|'''94.53%'''
|-
| '''Naga'''
| '''19,924'''
|'''66.93%'''
|-
| '''Hmar'''
| '''15,557'''
|'''98.81%'''
|-
| '''Khasi'''
| '''13,956'''
| '''87.58%'''
|-
| '''Rabha'''
| '''9,845'''
| '''3.32%'''
|-
| '''Mising'''
| '''5,984'''
| '''0.88%'''
|-
| '''Lalung'''
| '''2,808'''
| '''15.38%'''
|-
| '''Sonowal'''
| '''1,416'''
| '''0.56%'''
|-
| '''Dimasa'''
| '''1,144'''
| '''1.11%'''
|}

Of 11.66 lakh Christians in Assam as of 2011 census, only 4.95 lakh are from the [[List of Scheduled Tribes in India|Scheduled Tribes]] (ST), forming 42.5 percent of all Christians in Assam; while the remaining 57.5 percent of the Christian population are from the non-ST communities most particularly from the [[Tea-garden community of Assam|Tea-Garden community]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Demography watch on Christianity among ST in Assam|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/more-news/editorial/demography-watch-on-christianity-among-st-in-assam-637713|website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People|date=2023-02-15|access-date=2025-11-30|language=en|first=Sentinel Digital|last=Desk}}</ref>

== List of denominations ==
[[File:Martin Luther Cathedral, NELC Church.jpg|thumb|Martin Luther Cathedral, Gossaigaon]]
Sources<ref>''World Christian Encyclopedia'', 2nd ed., 2001 Volume 1, p. 368-371</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eacinet.org/kabc.php |title=EACI |publisher=Eacinet.org |access-date=2013-12-15}}</ref><ref>[http://www.apbf.info/member.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221225712/http://www.apbf.info/member.htm|date=February 21, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.developednation.org/fcra/cachar.asp |title=DevelopedNation.org Datacentre : FCRA NGOs in Cachar District |access-date=2014-01-04 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104213007/http://www.developednation.org/fcra/cachar.asp |archive-date=2014-01-04 }}</ref>

*[[Association of Regular Independent Churches of India]]
*[[Assam Baptist Convention]]
*
*[[Boro Baptist Church Association]]
*[[Boro Baptist Convention]]
*[[Cachar Hill Tribes Presbyterian Synod]]
*Christian Fellowship Centre
*[[Church of Christ (Instrumental)]]
*[[Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)|Church of God (Anderson)]]
*[[Kuki Christian Church]]
*[[Karbi-Anglong Baptist Convention]]
*[[Lakher Independent Evangelical Church]]
*[[North Bank Christian Association]]
*[[Rabha Baptist Church Union]]
*[[United Pentecostal Church in India]]
*Biateram Presbyterian Synod
*[[Cachar Christian Association]]
*
* Holy Christ Church, Tribon North East India
* Moravian Church, Binnakandi, Cachar
*[[Christian Revival Church]]

==See also==
* [[List of Christian denominations in North East India]]
* [[Christianity in India]]
* [[Islam in Assam]]
*[[Christian Revival Church]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Christianity in India by region}}

[[Category:Christianity in Assam| ]]
[[Category:Religion in Assam]]

Gadvi State

2026-03-21T14:21:42Z

Igorzen: starting basic article and citations.

{{Short description|Princely state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name =Gadvi State
|common_name =Gadvi
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start =
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = Surat Agency with all princely states with labels British India 1880-1933.svg
|image_map_caption = Location of Gadvi in the Dang region
|stat_area1 =442.42
|stat_year1 =1931
|stat_pop1 =7 767
|footnotes =
}}
'''Gadvi State''' (or '''Ghárvi''') was a minor [[princely state]] during the [[British Raj]] in what is today [[Gujarat State]] India. It was initially administered by the [[Surat Agency]] <ref>"Memoranda On The Indian States 1930", p. 290 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275346/page/n311/mode/2up</ref> and then by the [[Western India States Agency]]. The state had a population of 7 767 and an area of 170.82 miles.<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1940, p. 22 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n31/mode/2up</ref>

It was more specifically classified as one of the 14 minor princely states of the Dangs, in the [[Dang district, India]].<ref>"The golden book of India; a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire, with an appendix for Ceylon", P. 51 https://archive.org/details/goldenbookofindi00lethrich/page/40/mode/2up</ref>

== History ==

The area of Khandesh became a British possession in 1818 following the defeat of [[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao II]] during the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]]. The neighbouring Dang principalities were seen as separate states and conducted routine raids into the Khandesh territories. In 1825 the [[Gaekwar]] of [[Baroda]] sent a force of 10,000 men to subdue the Dangs but were defeated, the Dang states only subjugated in 1839.<ref>Reorganization scheme for the establishment of direct political relations between the govt. and India and states in the Bombay presidency, 1931, p. 25-26 https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/Category/ItemDetails/ItemDetails?itemId=e9609138-b62c-4dea-a28d-ffabfa4480ee</ref> During the campaign, the Rajas of Vasurna, Chinchli Gaded and Gadvi had looted villages in Peint and Baglan.<ref>A Memoir of the Khandesh Bhil Corps (1825-1891) by A. H. A. Simcox,, https://archive.org/details/KhandeshBhilCorps/page/n157/mode/2up.</ref>

In 1842 parts of the Dang teak forests, surrounding 446 villages, were leased by the Government in Bombay, the lease extended in perpetuity and to the whole territory in 1862. Some time after 1842 the tribute demanded of the Dang states by the Desmukh of Mulher lead to heavy disturbances, which resulted in the British Government deducting the Desmukh's tribute from the sum paid to the Dang chiefs for leasing their forests.<ref>Reorganization scheme for the establishment of direct political relations between the govt. and India and states in the Bombay presidency, 1931, p. 25-26 https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/Category/ItemDetails/ItemDetails?itemId=e9609138-b62c-4dea-a28d-ffabfa4480ee</ref>

After the death of Raja Joravár without heirs, two of his brothers, including Davising, contested the succession, and were persuaded to relinquish their claims in the benefit of their uncle Udesing. Udesing was succeeded by his son Keralsing.

Davising had meanwhile wounded two people in a private quarel and was held in Thana and Surat prisons, before being placed in a lunatic asylum at Colába in Bombay. He escaped from Bombay, killed Keralsing and plundered the territories of several other Dang Chiefs, before surrendering himself to the Political Agent at Surat.

Keralsing was succeeded by his son Fatesing, who was noted to be oppressive to his people, being succeeded by his son Nathu on his death in 1879.<ref>BK 353 -Gazetteer Of Bombay Presidency Vol 12 Khandesh, p. 605 https://archive.org/details/1880GazetteerOfBombayPresidencyVol12Khandesh353D/page/624/mode/2up</ref>

In 1880 the state had a yearly revenue of ca£. 500 (5000 Rupees) <ref>BK 353 -Gazetteer Of Bombay Presidency Vol 12 Khandesh, p. 604 https://archive.org/details/1880GazetteerOfBombayPresidencyVol12Khandesh353D/page/624/mode/2up</ref>

==Rulers==

The Rulers had the title of Raja <ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1940, p. 30, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n37/mode/2up</ref> The Dang Chiefs held the power to settle criminal and civil disputes, including being able to issue fines, have witches sentenced to be burnt alive and other capital offenders being killed by being shot by arrows.<ref>BK 353 -Gazetteer Of Bombay Presidency Vol 12 Khandesh, p. 603, https://archive.org/details/1880GazetteerOfBombayPresidencyVol12Khandesh353D/page/622/mode/2up</ref>

* Silpat
* Jorávar, son of Silpat
* Udesing
* Keralsing
* Fatesing -1877
* Nathu 1877-fl. 1880 <ref>BK 353 -Gazetteer Of Bombay Presidency Vol 12 Khandesh, p. 605 https://archive.org/details/1880GazetteerOfBombayPresidencyVol12Khandesh353D/page/624/mode/2up</ref>
* Raja Umar Singh walad Devrao (b. 1868) 1886-fl. 1893 <ref>"The golden book of India; a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire, with an appendix for Ceylon",,p. 138 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529478/page/n161/mode/2up</ref>
* Raja Samajsingh Umarsingh (b. January 25, 1890) March 30, 1896-fl. 1935 <ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1935, p. 100 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275347/page/n109/mode/2up</ref>
* Raja Umarsinh Kirajsinh (b. 1934) November 24, 1938-fl. 1940 <ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1940, p. 22 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n31/mode/2up</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]

Nawab of Mamdot

2026-03-19T18:39:13Z

Igorzen: added a data

{{Short description|Indian royal title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
The '''Nawab of Mamdot''' was the title of the hereditary rulers of Mamdot, a [[princely state]], near [[Firozpur]], in the [[Punjab region]] of [[British India]].

==Background==
In 1794, Nizamuddin and his younger brother Qutbuddin, established themselves as rulers of [[Kasur]].<ref>Iqbal Singh, The Quest for the Past: Retracing the History of Seventeenth-Century Sikh Warrior, Xlibris Corporation, 8 Dec 2017.</ref> Following the death of his elder brother, Qutbuddin began to openly challenge the authority of [[Ranjit Singh|Maharajah Ranjit Singh]] and in February 1807, the Maharajah marched on Kasur and removed Qutbuddin from power.<ref>Iqbal Singh, The Quest for the Past: Retracing the History of Seventeenth-Century Sikh Warrior, Xlibris Corporation, 8 Dec 2017.</ref> As a gesture of goodwill the Maharajh granted Qutbuddin the [[jagir]] of Mamdot, territory which he had recently acquired from the [[Rai (title)|Rai]] of [[Raikot]].<ref>Jean Marie Lafont, Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Lord of the Five Rivers, Atlantic Publishers & District, 2002, p. 25</ref> In 1831, Qutbuddin was ousted as jagir by his nephew Fatehuddin and soon after died in [[Amritsar]].<ref>Jean Marie Lafont, Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Lord of the Five Rivers, Atlantic Publishers & District, 2002, p. 25</ref> The Maharajah in turn replaced Fatehuddin with Jamaluddin, the eldest son of Qutubudin.<ref>Jean Marie Lafont, Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Lord of the Five Rivers, Atlantic Publishers & District, 2002, p. 25</ref>

In 1845, the [[East India Company]] offered to confirm Jamaluddin's status in return for support during the forthcoming [[First Anglo-Sikh War|Sutlej Campaign]]. Jamaluddin opposed the British at the battles of [[Battle of Mudki|Mudki]] and [[Battle of Ferozeshah|Ferozeshah]] and in the latter his brother Fatehuddin was killed.<ref>Griffin Lepel. H Sir, Chiefs And Families Of Note In The Punjab Vol-i, 1940</ref> Towards the end of the campaign, sensing a British victory, he offered them support at [[Ferozepur]] when under attack by the [[Sikh Khalsa Army|Khalsa Army]].<ref>Griffin Lepel. H Sir, Chiefs And Families Of Note In The Punjab Vol-i, 1940</ref> For this assistance, in 1848 the British allowed him to retain his possessions and awarded him the title of Nawab.<ref>Sir Roper Lethbridge, he Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated of the Indian Empire, Aakar Books, 1893, p.391</ref> However, later accusations of abuse of power and oppression led to an investigation against him, and he was stripped of his powers in 1855. The state of Mamdot subsequently became part of [[Firozpur district]] and the title went into abeyance. On the death of Jamaluddin in 1863, the succession of Mamdot was disputed among the sons of Jamaluddin and his younger brother Jalaluddin.<ref>Sir Roper Lethbridge, he Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated of the Indian Empire, Aakar Books, 1893, p. 391</ref>

On 5 October 1864, the [[Governor-General of India]] under the authority of the British Crown conferred the hereditary title of Nawab of Mamdot on Jalaluddin.<ref>Sir Roper Lethbridge, he Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated of the Indian Empire, Aakar Books, 1893, p. 391</ref> Although he had opposed the British during the Sutlej Campaign, he was deemed untainted by his brother's mis-governance, and rewarded for faithful service during the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] and the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. In 1870, Jamaluddin was made an Honorary Magistrate, and he died in 1875. His titles and possessions passed to his eldest son Nizamuddin.<ref>Sir Roper Lethbridge, he Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated of the Indian Empire, Aakar Books, 1893, p.391</ref>

==Nawabs of Mamdot==
* Nawab Jamaluddin Khan (died 1863)
* Nawab Jalaluddin Khan (died 1875)
* Nawab Nizamuddin Khan (1862–1891), eldest son of the first Nawab
* Nawab Ghulam Qutbuddin Khan (1889–1928), eldest son of the second Nawab
* [[Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot|Nawab Sir Shahnawaz Khan]] (1883–1942), great nephew of the first Nawab
* [[Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot|Nawab Iftikhar Hussain Khan]] (1906–1969) (eldest son of the fourth Nawab), Nawab Aslam Khan Mamdot (middle son of the fourth Nawab), Nawab Zulfiqar Khan Mamdot (youngest son of the fourth Nawab)
* Nawab Pervaiz Iftikhar Mamdot (eldest son of Nawab Iftikhar), Nawab Suhail Khan Mamdot (elder son of Nawab Aslam), Nawab Naveed Aslam Khan Mamdot (younger son of Nawab Aslam), Abdul Qadir Mamdot (son of Nawab Zulfiqar)
* Nawab Shahnawaz Mamdot, eldest son of the sixth Nawab

==Present day==
Following the [[Partition of India]], Mamdot became part of newly created [[Republic of India]]. The Nawab at the time of partition, Iftikhar Hussain Khan, went on to become the first [[List of Chief Ministers of Punjab (Pakistan)|Chief Minister of West Punjab]] in [[Pakistan]]. Within India, the hereditary title of "Nawab of Mamdot" was officially, constitutionally and legally abolished in 1971 under the [[twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India|26 Amendment of the Constitution of India]].<ref>"Twenty Sixth Amendment to the Indian Constitution". Indiacode.nic.in. 28 December 1971. Retrieved 1 May 2017.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nawab of Mamdot}}
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:Mamdot family]]
[[Category:Nawabs of India]]

Talwar-class frigate

2026-03-16T13:37:20Z

Igorzen: enhance references for consistency

{{Short description|Class of stealth guided missile frigate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS Talwar (F40) entering the port of Manama, Bahrain.jpg
| image_caption = INS ''Talwar'' (F40) entering the port of [[Manama]], [[Bahrain]]
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/class overview
| name = ''Talwar'' class
| builders = * [[Baltic Shipyard|Baltiysky Zavod]]
* [[Yantar Shipyard]]
* [[Goa Shipyard]]
| operators = {{navy|India}}
| class_before = {{sclass|Brahmaputra|frigate|4}}
| class_after = {{sclass|Shivalik|frigate|4}}
| subclasses = {{sclass|Admiral Grigorovich|frigate|4}}
| cost = $1.9 billion for 4 ships (2024 estimate, $475 million per ship)<ref>{{cite web|first=Franz-Stefan |last=Gady|title=India Signs Contract For 2 Guided-Missile Frigates|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/india-signs-contract-for-2-guided-missile-frigates/|date=2019-02-01}}</ref>
| built_range =
| in_service_range =
| in_commission_range =
| total_ships_building = 2
| total_ships_planned = 10
| total_ships_completed = 8
| total_ships_canceled =
| total_ships_active = 8
| total_ships_laid_up =
| total_ships_lost =
| total_ships_retired =
| total_ships_preserved =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class =
| type = [[Frigate#Guided-missile role|Guided missile frigate]]
| tonnage =
| displacement = {{convert|3850|t|ST|abbr=on}} standard load <ref name="rusnavy1">{{cite web|date=2010-10-13 |url=http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=10509 |title=Mikhailov: the contract on 3 frigates for India to be executed in 2012 |publisher=Rusnavy.com |access-date=2011-02-01}}</ref>
{{convert|4035|t|ST|abbr=on}} full load <ref name="shipyard-yantar1">{{cite web |url=http://www.shipyard-yantar.ru/en_news_view.php?id=69&PHPSESSID=69edf209249994321a5ec7a0ffac4a69 |title=The 3rd ship for the Indian Navy was carried out by JSC Shipyard "Yantar" |publisher=Shipyard-yantar.ru |access-date=2011-02-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220083234/http://www.shipyard-yantar.ru/en_news_view.php?id=69&PHPSESSID=69edf209249994321a5ec7a0ffac4a69 |archive-date=20 February 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| length = {{convert|124.8|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| beam = {{convert|15.2|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| height =
| draught = {{convert|4.2|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| power =
| propulsion = * [[COGAG]] configuration
** [[Zorya-Mashproekt]] M7N.1E propulsion plant
** 2 × DS-71 cruise [[gas turbine]]s
** {{convert|9850|shp|kW|abbr=on}}
** 2 × DT-59 boost gas turbines
** {{convert|22185|shp|kW|abbr=on}}<ref name=mp26m11>{{cite news|title=Launch of sixth Project 11356 Talwar Class frigate for Indian Navy|url=http://articles.maritimepropulsion.com/article/Launch-of-sixth-Project-11356-Talwar-Class-frigate-for-Indian-Navy.aspx|access-date=19 December 2013|newspaper=Marine Propulsion|date=26 May 2011|archive-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219071123/http://articles.maritimepropulsion.com/article/Launch-of-sixth-Project-11356-Talwar-Class-frigate-for-Indian-Navy.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| speed = {{convert|32|kn}}
| range = * {{convert|4850|mi|nmi km|abbr=on}} at {{convert|14|kn|abbr=on}}
* {{convert|1600|mi|nmi km|abbr=on}} at {{convert|30|kn|abbr=on}}<ref name="br">{{cite web|title=Talwar (Krivak III) Class - Bharat Rakshak :: Indian Navy|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/fleet/specs/180-talwar-class.html|website=bharat-rakshak.com|access-date=11 September 2016}}</ref>
| endurance = 30 days
| test_depth =
| boats =
| capacity =
| troops =
| complement = 180 (18 officers)<ref name="br"/>
| crew =
| time_to_activate =
| sensors = * Combat Management System - Trebovaniye-M
* 1 × 3Ts-25E Garpun-B I-band surface search radar
* 1 × MR-212/201-1 I-band navigation radar
* 1 × Kelvin Hughes Nucleus-2 6000A radar
* 1 × Ladoga-ME-11356 intertial navigation and stabilisation
* 1 × Fregat M2EM E-band 3D circular scan radar
* 1 × Ratep JSC 5P-10E Puma fire-control system (for [[AK-100 (naval gun)|100mm A-190E]])
* 1 × 3R14N-11356 fire-control system FCS (F40, F43, F45; for [[3M-54 Klub|Klub]])
* 4 × MR-90 Orekh fire-control system (for [[Buk missile system|Shtil-1]])
* [[Bharat Electronics|BEL]] HUMSA (Hull Mounted Sonar Array) (Batch 1 & 2)
* BEL HUMSA NG (Hull Mounted Sonar Array) (Batch 3 & 4)
| EW = * 1 × TK-25E-5 EWS
* 1 × [[DRDO]] Shakti EWS<ref>{{cite news |title=Prime Minister to Formally Handover DRDO Designed and Developed Advanced Electronic Warfare Suite 'Shakti' for Indian Naval Ships to Chief of Naval Staff |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1773020 |access-date=14 February 2025 |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=18 November 2021}}</ref> (from Batch-IV)
*'''Decoys :-'''
* 1 × PK-10 ship-borne [[Chaff (countermeasure)|decoy]] launching systems
* 4 × KT-216 decoy launchers
| armament = See [[#Overview|Armaments]]
| armour =
| armor =
| aircraft = * 1 × [[Kamov Ka-27|Ka-28]] (or) [[Kamov Ka-27|Ka-31]] (or) [[HAL Dhruv]]<ref name="br"/>
}}
}}

The '''''Talwar''-class''' ({{Lit|[[Talwar|Sword]]}}) frigates or '''Project 11356''' are a class of [[Stealth technology|stealth]] [[guided missile frigate]]s designed and built by [[Russia]] for the [[Indian Navy]]. The ''Talwar''-class guided missile frigates are the improved versions of the [[Krivak-class frigate#Nerei .28or Krivak III.29|Krivak III-class]] (Project 1135) frigates used by the [[Coast Guard (Russia)|Russian Coast Guard]]. The design has been further developed as the {{sclass|Admiral Grigorovich|frigate|1}} for the Russian Navy.

Designed by [[Severnoye Design Bureau]], the first batch of ships were built by [[Baltic Shipyard]] and the second and third batch by [[Yantar Shipyard]]. Preceded by the [[Brahmaputra-class frigate|''Brahmaputra''-class frigates]], the ''Talwar''-class frigates are said to have semi-stealth features and better armament. The Indian Navy currently operates eight of these ships and two more are under construction at the [[Goa Shipyard]] in India.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dangwal |first=Ashish |date=2024-03-11 |title=Indian Navy's Stealth Frigate 'Quietly' Begins Sea Trials In Russia; Ukraine War Fails To Deter Moscow, Delhi |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/indian-navys-stealth-frigate-quietly-begins-sea-trials-in-russia-ukraine-war-fails-to-deter-both-moscow-delhi/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Batch-I ===
On 17 November 1997, [[Russia]] and [[India]] signed a $1 billion contract, for three Krivak III-class multi-purpose frigates. The [[Indian Navy]] wanted to fill the gap created by the decommissioning of the {{sclass|Leander|frigate|2}}s until the [[Shivalik-class frigate|Project 17-class frigates]] entered service.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

After the signing of the contract, [[Severnoye Design Bureau]] began a detail design layout and the shipbuilder, Baltisky Zavod of [[St. Petersburg]], began preparations for their construction. The project involved around 130 suppliers from Russia, India, Britain, Germany, Denmark, Belarus, Ukraine and other countries including over 30 St. Petersburg-based naval design organizations and institutes.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

The first frigate, [[INS Talwar|INS ''Talwar'']] was delivered in May 2002. The second, [[INS Trishul|INS ''Trishul'']], was delivered in November 2002 and the third, [[INS Tabar|INS ''Tabar'']], in May 2003. The Russian firm delayed the delivery of three frigates by 13 months, 7 months and 11 months respectively. The contract stipulated the levy of liquidated damages for the delays and the same worked out to the equivalent of {{USD}}38.5 million. This was yet to be recovered as of December 2005.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

=== Batch-II ===
The [[Government of India]] signed a follow-on contract for the purchase of three additional frigates on 14 July 2006. These ships will be built at [[Yantar Shipyard]] in [[Kaliningrad]]. The first frigate was scheduled for delivery in April 2011. These ships will feature BrahMos supersonic anti-ship cruise missile instead of the Klub-N/3M54TE missile system which was provided to the ''Talwar'', ''Trishul'' and ''Tabar'' frigates.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

=== Batch-III ===
In July 2012, [[India Today]] reported the start of talks about purchasing three additional ''Talwar''-class frigates (No.7 to No.9).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://flotprom.ru/news/?ELEMENT_ID=117643|title=Индия ведет переговоры о заказе еще трех фрегатов проекта 11356}}</ref> In March 2016, it was reported that India and Russia are still negotiating the purchase of the additional ships.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tass.ru/en/defense/861603|title=Russia in talks with India to sell three Project 11356 frigates|work=TASS |agency=TASS|access-date=2016-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-12-22 |title=India, Russia likely to sign deal for 4 stealth frigates |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-russia-likely-to-sign-deal-for-4-stealth-frigates/article8014794.ece |access-date=2015-12-22 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In September 2016, it was reported that India would acquire two {{sclass|Admiral Grigorovich|frigate|1}}s from Russia and remaining two will be built in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2016 |title=India, Russia discuss $4bn deal for 4 stealth frigates |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India-Russia-discuss-4bn-deal-for-4-stealth-frigates/articleshow/54159343.cms |access-date=2016-09-08 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> These frigates are based on the ''Talwar'' class and were to be commissioned into the Russian Navy, but after the start of the [[Russo-Ukrainian war]], Ukraine refused to supply any more engines for the Russian ships. As of then, only two of the six have been commissioned by Russia.<ref>{{cite web |last=Novichkov |first=Nikolai |date=4 August 2016 |title=India to acquire three Admiral Grigorovich-class frigates from Russia |url=http://www.janes.com/article/62776/india-to-acquire-three-admiral-grigorovich-class-frigates-from-russia |access-date=26 October 2016 |website=janes.com}}</ref> In August 2017, the Indian Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) cleared a proposal of {{INRConvert|490|c|lk=on|year=2017}} to buy two gas turbines from Zorya-Mashproekt in Ukraine for the {{sclass|Admiral Grigorovich|frigate|1}}s being built in Russia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-08-17 |title=Defence ministry approves acquisition of six Apache attack helicopters for Indian Army |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/defence-ministry-approves-acquisition-of-six-apache-attack-helicopters-for-indian-army-3941995.html |access-date=2017-08-17 |work=Firstpost |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-08-17 |title=Defence ministry clears proposal to buy six Apache attack helicopters for Indian Army |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/defence-ministry-clears-proposal-to-buy-six-apache-attack-helicopters-for-indian-army/812628/ |access-date=2017-08-17 |work=The Financial Express |language=en-US}}</ref> Each M7N1 system includes two DT59 top speed (boost) gas turbines, two DS71 cruise turbines, two R063, one R1063 reduction gears and its control system. It can provide a total power output of {{Convert|44000|hp|kW|abbr=on}}. The powerplants were delivered to Kaliningrad Shipyard in late 2020 to early 2021.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Grotnik |first=Tomasz |date=2024-12-09 |title=India Commissions 7th Project 11356 frigate - INS Tushil |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2024/12/india-commissions-7th-project-11356-frigate-ins-tushil/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>

In October 2018, Indian [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] signed a deal for {{INRConvert|8000|c|lk=on|year=2018}} for procuring two {{sclass|Admiral Grigorovich|frigate|1}}s, ''Admiral Butakov'' (renamed INS ''Tushil'') and ''Admiral Istomin'' (renamed INS ''Tamala'').<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pubby |first1=Manu |date=29 October 2018 |title=India inks $950 million deal for Russian frigates |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-inks-950-million-deal-for-russian-frigates/articleshow/66408319.cms |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 October 2018 |title=India signs USD950 million deal for two Russian-built frigates |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84129/india-signs-usd950-million-deal-for-two-russian-built-frigates}}</ref><ref name="gs11356">{{cite web |date=20 November 2018 |title=India, Russia sign $500 million navy deal for 2 stealth frigates |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-russia-to-hammer-out-mega-navy-deal-in-goa-today/story-sgP4UUXPwkY6XtDkQadNTI.html |access-date=20 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2024-11-11 |title=Russia to deliver first of two missile frigates by month-end |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/russia-to-deliver-first-of-two-missile-frigates-by-month-end/articleshow/115152914.cms#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17313347570304&csi=0&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/russia-to-deliver-first-of-two-missile-frigates-by-month-end/articleshow/115152914.cms |access-date=2024-11-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The two frigates was scheduled to be delivered to Indian Navy by 2022.<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-10-29 |title=India signs USD950 million deal for two Russian-built frigates |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84129/india-signs-usd950-million-deal-for-two-russian-built-frigates |access-date=2018-11-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-10-29 |title=India, Russia Sign $950 Million Deal For 2 Guided-Missile Frigates |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/10/india-russia-sign-950-million-deal-for-2-guided-missile-frigates |access-date=2018-11-20}}</ref> The last frigate, the former Admiral Kornilov, is to be sold abroad. (Total: 3 ships built for the Russian Navy, 3 ships under construction for sale abroad).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-30 |title=India signs $950 million contract with Russia to buy two stealth frigates |url=https://www.defensenews.com/naval/2018/10/30/india-signs-950-million-contract-with-russia-to-buy-two-stealth-frigates/I}}</ref>

On 11 March 2024, reports emerged that INS ''Tushil'', being built by [[Yantar Shipyard]] has started sea trials. The initial Pennant number is ''435''.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=11 March 2024 |title=INS Tushil (Talwar-class Frigate) has begun sea trials in Russia. |url=https://twitter.com/NewsIADN/status/1767157992691232919 |access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref> In April 2024, a report suggested that INS ''Tushil'' will be delivered to India in September 2024 whereas INS ''Tamala'' will be handed over in February 2025. The timeline is on track as of July 2024.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-05 |title=Russia-Made Warships Set to Join India's Navy, Despite Sanctions |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-news/russiamade-warships-set-to-join-india-s-navy-despite-sanctions-101712313722418.html |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Delayed Due To War, 2 Navy Warships Being Built In Russia Likely To Be Commissioned By Year End |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delayed-due-to-russia-ukraine-war-2-indian-navy-warships-ins-tamal-ins-tushil-being-built-in-russia-likely-to-be-commissioned-by-year-end-5393580 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Stealth frigates from Russia to be delivered in September 2024, February 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/stealth-frigates-from-russia-to-be-delivered-in-september-2024-february-2025/article68407630.ece |access-date=2024-07-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As of July 2024, to conduct acceptance trials for the two frigates being built in Yantar shipyard, a team of around 200 personnel of the Indian Navy are in Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-17 |title=India to finally get its new stealth frigate 'Tushil', crew of about 200 carrying out acceptance trials |url=https://theprint.in/defence/india-to-finally-get-its-new-stealth-frigate-tushil-crew-of-about-200-carrying-out-acceptance-trials/2178539/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> It was reported in September 2024 that INS ''Tushil'' is to be commissioned by 2024-end.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1837104398679384228 |user=Sputnik_India |title=EXCLUSIVE: 7 warships, one submarine to join 🇮🇳 Navy in next 4 months — defence sources to Sputnik India One ship is being built in 🇷🇺Russia, while the rest are being made in India... |date=2024-09-20 |access-date=2024-09-22}}</ref> INS ''Tushil'' was commissioned by [[Indian defense minister|Indian Defence Minister]] [[Rajnath Singh]] on 9 December 2024 during a formal visit to Russia.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Rajnath Singh To Commission Navy's New Frigate 'INS Tushil' In Russia Today |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/defence-minister-rajnath-singh-to-commission-navys-new-frigate-ins-tushil-in-russia-today-7204634 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref> The frigate was handed over to the Indian crew of over 200 officers and sailors at Kaliningrad Shipyard.

The latter INS ''Tamal'' is to be delivered in early 2025.<ref name=":4" /> As of February 2025, INS ''Tamal'' is to be commissioned in early June 2025 following delivery acceptance trials.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Manish |date=1 July 2025 |title=INS Tamal commissioned in Russia: Indian Navy's last foreign-built warship joins the fleet |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/ins-tamal-commissioned-in-russia-indian-navy-s-last-foreign-built-warship-joins-the-fleet-all-you-need-to-know-about-it-2025-07-01-996967 |website=India TV}}</ref>

The Indian Navy commissioned INS ''Tamal'' in Russia on 1 July 2025. The commissioning ceremony was presided over by [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Sanjay Jasjit Singh]], Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, [[Western Naval Command]] of the Indian Navy, in the presence of many high-ranking Indian and Russian government and defence officials.<ref name=":0" />

On 3 March 2026, the defence ministry signed a contract worth {{INRConvert|2182|c|lk=on|year=2026}} with [[Rosoboronexport|JSC Rosoboronexport]] for the acquisition of Vertical Launch – [[Buk missile system|Shtil-1]] (VL-Shtil) missiles for the upgraded ''Talwar''-class frigates.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Saurabh |date=2026-03-03 |title=Defence Ministry signs deals worth ₹5,083 crore to buy ALH Mk-III choppers, Shtil missiles to boost maritime security |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/defence-ministry-hal-5083-crore-contract-advanced-light-helicopters-surface-to-air-vertical-launch-shtil-missiles/article70699034.ece |access-date=2026-03-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) approved the procurement on 20 March 2025.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |date=2025-03-21 |title=Modernisation proposals worth Rs 54,000 crore get ministry of defence's initial nod |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/modernisation-proposals-worth-rs-54000-crore-get-ministry-of-defences-initial-nod/articleshow/119278163.cms |access-date=2025-03-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Batch-IV ===
A contract, worth {{INRConvert|4000|c|lk=on|year=2018}}, was signed between [[Rosoboronexport]] and [[Goa Shipyard]] for the construction of 2 frigates under license on 20 November 2018. The two frigates will be armed with BrahMos missile system and will include a host of Indian equipment and will be delivered by 2027.<ref name="gs11356" /><ref name=":4" /> The contract for the two ships was awarded to [[Goa Shipyard|Goa Shipyard Limited]] by the [[Government of India]] on 30 January 2019.<ref>{{cite web |date=2019-01-30 |title=Contract Signing with M/S Goa Shipyard Limited for Acquisition of two additional Project 1135.6 Follow-on Ships for Indian Navy |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=187863 |access-date=2019-01-30 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref> The two frigates being built at [[Goa Shipyard]] will boast much higher indigenous content and will be named Triput class frigate. The new class of ship will feature [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|BHEL]]-manufactured [[OTO Melara 76 mm|OTO Melara 76 mm gun]] instead of its Russian counterpart, along with other Indian weapon and sensors.<ref name="triput-290921">{{cite web |date=2021-09-29 |title=India's BHEL to Supply Upgraded Main Guns for Indian Navy Frigates |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/09/indias-bhel-to-supply-upgraded-main-guns-for-indian-navy-frigates/ |access-date=2021-12-26 |publisher=Naval News}}</ref>

In September 2021, India ordered two sets of modified M7N2E units for Batch-4 frigates at the coast of $100 million which has upgrades like microprocessor control system and a power output of {{Convert|58000|hp|kW|abbr=on}}, higher than previous subclasses. The powerplants are scheduled to be delivered by December 2022 and July 2023, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zorya-Mashproekt Wins New Order to Supply Gas Turbine Power Plants for Integration into Indian Navy's Future Talwar-Class Frigates {{!}} Defense Express |url=https://en.defence-ua.com/news/zorya_mashproekt_wins_new_order_to_supply_gas_turbine_power_plants_for_integration_into_indian_navys_future_talwar_class_frigates-1970.html |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=en.defence-ua.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7" />

On 23 July 2024, INS ''Triput'' was launched by GSL shipyard.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-23 |title=First indigenous frigate Triput launched by Goa Shipyard Limited |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/first-indigenous-frigate-triput-launched-by-goa-shipyard-limited20240723182918/ |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=[[Asian News International|ANI]]}}</ref> As of then, the delivery of INS ''Triput'' is expected in 2026 and the next ship shall be delivered after 6 months of the former.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3" />

As of February 2025, the last ship of the class was to be launched within few months and the schedules were on track.<ref name=":0" />

The last of the locally produced ''Talwar''-class frigate, ''Tavasya'', was launched at Goa Shipyard on 22 March 2025.<ref name="PIB-220325">{{cite press release |title=Second Frigate of Project 1135.6 built by GSL launched |date=2025-03-22 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2114025 |access-date=2025-03-22 |work=}}</ref>

On 3 March 2026, the defence ministry signed a contract worth {{INRConvert|2182|c|lk=on|year=2026}} with [[Rosoboronexport|JSC Rosoboronexport]] for the acquisition of Vertical Launch – [[Buk missile system|Shtil-1]] (VL-Shtil) missiles for the upgraded ''Talwar''-class frigates.<ref name=":9" /> The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) approved the procurement on 20 March 2025.<ref name=":10" />

== Design and description ==
[[File:INS Trikand (F51)-image10.jpg|thumb|300px|{{INS|Trikand|F51|6}} at [[Portsmouth Naval Base]], UK.]]
The [[Severnoye Design Bureau]] developed the Project 1135.6 vessel using an earlier Project 1135.1 design, which dated back to the early 1980s. The ship's redesigned topside and hull has a considerably reduced radar cross-section. While the superstructure sides are sloped and relatively clean, the very cluttered topside of the ship cannot be remotely described as having any signature reducing features.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} These frigates will be the first Indian Navy warships to incorporate some stealth features. The ship's hull is characterized by outward flare and tumblehome, while the superstructure (which forms a continuous junction with the hull) has a large fixed tumblehome angle.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

=== Power plant ===
The ''Talwar''s features the Zorya designed and Mashproekt (Ukraine) manufactured M7N.1E gas turbine plant which comprises two DS-71 cruise turbines and two DT-59 boost turbines in two engine rooms. The cruising component consists of two DS-71 gas-turbine engines, each rated at {{convert|9000|hp|kW|lk=in}} in forward running, and {{convert|1500|hp|kW|abbr=on}} in reverse. Two cruising RO63 two-speed gearboxes and one cruising R1063 auxiliary gearbox which makes it possible to use any of the cruising engines to drive both propeller shafts. A boost component with two DT-59.1 gas-turbine engines, each rated at {{convert|19500|hp|kW|abbr=on}} forward running, {{convert|4500|hp|kW|abbr=on}} in reverse and two RO58 single-speed reduction gearboxes. The four gas turbines are mounted on isolated cradles which minimize their contact with the hull and thereby considerably reduce the transmission of her vibration and sound.<ref name=mp26m11/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Articles/Article13.html |title=Unsheathing The Talwar |publisher=Bharat-rakshak.com |date=2003-08-12 |access-date=2011-02-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609101541/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Articles/Article13.html |archive-date=9 June 2011}}</ref>

Electrical power is provided by four 1 MW [[Wärtsilä]] WCM-1000 generator sets with Cummins KTA50G3 engines and Kirloskar 1 MV AC generators. The contract for the generators was signed with [[Wärtsilä|Wärtsilä Denmark]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

=== Flight deck ===
The ''Talwar'' class can accommodate one [[Kamov Ka-27|Ka-28]] Helix-A antisubmarine helicopter or one [[Kamov Ka-27|Ka-31]] Helix-B [[airborne early warning]] helicopter which can provide over-the-horizon targeting. The vessel can also embark the navalised variant of the indigenous [[HAL Dhruv]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== Armament ==
{{Prose|section|date=September 2025}}
The frigates are armed with a new [[3M-54 Klub]] anti-ship system with a vertical missile launcher, Shtil-1 multi-channel medium-range surface-to-air missile system (an export version of the [[Buk missile system#3S90 "Uragan" / M-22, or for export "Shtil"|SA-N-12 "Grizzly"]]), a [[Kashtan CIWS|Kashtan]] anti-aircraft missile and artillery system, a [[RBU-6000]] depth charge launcher and Puma-Universal artillery system. These ships are designed to carry and operate one heavy duty helicopter.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

=== Overview ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Batch I
!Batch II
!Batch III
!Batch IV
|-
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |{{center|'''[[Surface-to-surface missile|Surface-to-surface]]/[[Anti-ship missile|Anti-ship]] missiles'''}}
|-
|8 × VLS launched [[3M-54 Klub|Klub]], anti-ship cruise missiles
| colspan="3" |8 × VLS launched [[BrahMos]], anti-ship and land-attack cruise missiles
|-
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |{{center|[[Surface-to-air missile|'''Surface-to-air missiles''']]}}
|-
| colspan="2" |1 × [[Buk missile system#3S90M, or for export "Shtil-1"|Shtil-1]] single-arm [[surface-to-air missile]] launcher (24 missiles)
| colspan="2" |2 × 12-cell [[Buk missile system#3S90M, or for export "Shtil-1"|Shtil-1]] [[vertical launching system]] (VLS) [[surface-to-air missile]]s
|-
| colspan="4" |8 × [[9K38 Igla#Igla-1|Igla-1E]] ([[SA-16]]) [[Man-portable air-defense system|MANPADS]] based [[point-defence]] surface-to-air missile system
|-
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |{{center|'''[[Naval guns|Naval gun]]/[[Close-in weapon system|CIWS]]'''}}
|-
| colspan="4" |
* 1 × [[AK-100 (naval gun)|A-190E 100 mm]] naval gun [All; except INS ''Trishul'' (F43)]

* 1 × [[OTO Melara 76 mm]] naval gun [INS Trishul (F43)]
|-
| colspan="4" |
* 2 × [[AK-630]] CIWS [All; except INS ''Talwar'' (F40) and INS ''Tabar'' (F44)]

* 2 × [[Kashtan CIWS|Kashtan]] CIWS [INS ''Talwar'' (F40) and INS ''Tabar'' (F44)]
|-
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |{{center|[[Anti-submarine weapon|'''Anti-submarine weapons''']]}}
|-
| colspan="4" |
* 2 × twin 533mm DTA-53-11356 torpedo tubes
* 1 × [[RBU-6000|RBU-6000 (RPK-8)]] rocket launcher<ref name="br" />
|}

=== Primary weapon ===
In the main strike role, an eight-cell 3S14E [[Vertical launching system|vertical missile launcher]] is fitted, which accommodates the [[3M-54E Klub|3M-54E Klub-N]] [[anti-ship missile]] developed by the [[Novator Design Bureau]]. The Agat Research and Production Enterprise has supplied the 3R14N-11356 shipborne fire-control system associated with the Klub-N. The 3M-54E Klub is an {{convert|8.22|m|ft}} long missile using active radar guidance with a range of {{convert|220|km}}. It is a three-stage missile in which the terminal stage reaches [[supersonic]] velocity (Mach 2.9) when it is approximately {{convert|20|km|abbr=on}} from its target.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talwar Class Guided Missile Frigate, India |url=https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/talwarclassfrigate/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Naval Technology |language=en-US}}</ref>

The later batches of 7 ships (''Teg'' onwards) are fitted with the [[BrahMos]] supersonic cruise missile, which has a range of {{convert|300|km}} and a cruising speed of Mach 2.8 throughout its flight.<ref name=hindu1>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/INS-Teg-to-be-commissioned-in-navy-today/Article1-847009.aspx |title=INS Teg to be commissioned in navy today |work=Hindustan Times|date=27 April 2012 |access-date=26 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614201940/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/INS-Teg-to-be-commissioned-in-navy-today/Article1-847009.aspx |archive-date=14 June 2012}}</ref><ref name=thehindu>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-tarkash-second-stealth-frigate-commissioned-into-indian-navy/article4081694.ece |title=INS Tarkash, second stealth frigate, commissioned into Indian Navy |work=The Hindu|date=9 November 2012 |access-date=26 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=indiatimes>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/boyz-toyz/ships-and-planes/ins-trikand-commissioned-into-indian-navy-86178.html |title=INS Trikand Commissioned into Indian Navy |work=The Times of India |date=30 June 2013 |access-date=26 September 2014}}</ref>

In May 2015, the Defence Acquisition Council of the Indian Ministry of Defence cleared the procurement of nine systems of BrahMos cruise missiles to equip the first batch of ''Talwar''-class frigates as well as three of the {{Sclass|Delhi|destroyer}}s at a cost of {{INRConvert|2700|c|lk=on|year=2015}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2015 |title=Govt gives nod to new aircraft carrier, BrahMos missiles for six ships |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/govt-gives-nod-to-new-aircraft-carrier-brahmos-missiles-for-six-ships_1594954.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517014237/http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/govt-gives-nod-to-new-aircraft-carrier-brahmos-missiles-for-six-ships_1594954.html |archive-date=17 May 2015 |access-date=17 May 2015 |publisher=Zeenews |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |date=13 May 2015 |title=Defence ministry clears projects worth Rs 25,000 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Defence-ministry-clears-projects-worth-Rs-25000-crore/articleshow/47272496.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516030824/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Defence-ministry-clears-projects-worth-Rs-25000-crore/articleshow/47272496.cms |archive-date=16 May 2015 |access-date=17 May 2015 |work=Times of India |df=dmy-all}}</ref> By 2024, the Klub missile launchers on INS ''Talwar'' and INS ''Tabar'' of the first batch was replaced by BrahMos-capable UVLM launchers while the same change for INS ''Trishul'' yet to be done.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-21 |title=योग दिवस पर आई बड़ी खबर... INS Talwar में दिखा ब्रह्मोस UVLM, जानिए कितनी बढ़ी ताकत |url=https://www.aajtak.in/defence-news/story/ins-talwar-of-indian-navy-fitted-with-brahmos-uvlm-universal-vertical-launcher-module-know-the-benefits-of-new-launch-system-1969942-2024-06-21 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-06 |title=INS Trishul F43: Upgrades, Plus Talwar updates summarized |url=https://battlemachines.org/2023/07/06/ins-trishul-upgrades/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Battle Machines |language=en}}</ref>

=== Air defence ===
The Shtil-1 [[surface-to-air missile|SAM]] system with a 3S-90 single rail missile launcher is fitted forward of the bridge and is armed with the 9M317 (SA-N-12 "Grizzly", navalised SA-17) missile. 24 missiles are carried in a magazine located below deck. Guidance and target illumination for these missiles is provided by four MR-90 Orekh (NATO: Front Dome) radars, which are connected to a command and control post. The [[SA-N-12]] missile uses a combination of inertial guidance and [[semi-active radar homing]] to its maximum range of {{convert|32|km|abbr=on}}. The {{convert|70|kg|abbr=on}} blast-fragmentation warhead is triggered by a radar [[proximity fuze]]. The missile's control system and warhead can be adjusted to a specific target following target recognition, which increases hit probability. Eight [[SA-16|Igla-1E (SA-16)]] portable air defence missiles are also carried.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

However, the configuration of Shtil-1 missiles were changed into [[vertical launching system]] (VLS) with an enhanced range of {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}} for Batch-3 and Batch-4 frigates. The single rail launchers were replaced by two 12 (2×6)-missile launcher configuration.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-09 |title=INS Tushil, latest multi role stealth guided missile frigate, commissioned into Indian Navy in the presence of Raksha Mantri Shri Rajnath Singh in Russia |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2082369 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=REDIFF |title=INS Tushil Arrives In London |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/ins-tushil-arrives-in-london/20241225.htm |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shipborne medium-range air defence missile system with 9M317E and 9М317ME surface-to-air missiles Shtil-1 {{!}} Catalog Rosoboronexport |url=https://roe.ru/eng/catalog/naval-systems/shipborne-weapons/shtil-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724120717/http://roe.ru/eng/catalog/naval-systems/shipborne-weapons/shtil-1/ |archive-date=24 July 2024 |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=roe.ru }}</ref>

=== Main gun ===
One 100 mm A-190E gun is fitted forward for use against ship and shore based targets The A-190(E) uses a lightweight gun mount with an automatic gun and [[Fuze#Munition types|fuze]] setter. Fire control is provided by the 5P-10E Puma [[fire control system|FCS]]. The gun can fire 60 rounds a minute out to a range of {{convert|8.2|nmi|km|lk=in}}. The weight of each shell is {{convert|16|kg}}.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

By 2023, INS ''Trishul'' had her 100mm gun replaced by a [[OTO Melara 76 mm]] SRGM (Super Rapid Gun Mount) paired with [[Bharat Electronics|BEL]] Lynx-U2 [[Fire-control system|FCS]] naval gun after her refit. The other ships of the class may be similarly modified.<ref name=":8" />

The gun features higher automation of fire preparation and control and employs advanced guided and [[rocket-assisted projectile|rocket-assisted]] long-range and enhanced-lethality projectiles fitted with dual-mode impact/[[proximity fuze]]s. Together with the use of the muzzle velocity meter, it is designed to produce increased combat capability. In addition, the gun turret features stealth technology to minimize the radar signature of a ship.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

=== Close-in weapon system (CIWS) ===
For the [[CIWS]] role, two [[Kashtan CIWS|Kashtan]] air defence gun and missile systems are used. Each system consists of two [[Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-6-30|GSh-30k]] (AO-18K) six-barreled 30 mm [[Gatling gun]]s, fed by a link-less mechanism, and two [[SA-N-11]] (navalised variant of the 9M311, SA-19) SAM clusters. The system also includes a storing and reloading system to keep 32 SAMs in container-launchers in the vessel's under-deck spaces. The later batches of 7 ships (''Teg'' onwards) are fitted with the [[AK-630]] system, replacing the Kashtan system in the earlier ships.<ref>{{cite news|title=India's second Russian-built Talwar-class frigate enters service|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23268/india-s-second-russian-built-talwar-class-frigate-enters-service|access-date=19 August 2013|newspaper=Jane's|date=11 November 2012}}</ref> After her mid-life refit, INS ''Trishul'' has also been fitted with the [[AK-630]] in place of the Kashtan system.<ref name=":8" />

=== Anti-submarine warfare ===
The ships carry the [[RPK-8]] system, which uses a 12-barrelled [[RBU-6000]] ASW rocket launcher<ref name="defenceweb">{{cite news|title=India gains new "stealth" frigate|url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=15817:india-gains-new-stealth-frigate-&catid=51:Sea&Itemid=106|access-date=3 September 2016|work=defenceweb.co.za}}</ref> to fire the 212 mm 90R anti-submarine rocket or RGB-60 [[depth charges]]. The firing range is from {{convert|600|to|4300|m|ft}}, and the depth of engagement is up to {{convert|1000|m|ft}}.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

Two twin 533 mm DTA-53-11356 fixed [[torpedo]] tube launchers are fitted amidships and fire the SET-65E/53-65KE torpedoes. The Purga anti-submarine fire-control system provides control for both the RBU-6000 and DTA-53 launchers.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== Electronics and sensors ==
{{Prose|section|date=September 2025}}
=== Radar ===
*'''Surface search''': One 3Ts-25E Garpun-B radar at I-band frequency, using both active and passive channels, provides long-range surface target designation. One MR-212/201-1 radar at I-band frequency is used for navigation and a separate Kelvin Hughes Nucleus-2 6000A radar set is used for short-range navigation and surface surveillance. Also fitted with a Ladoga-ME-11356 inertial navigation and stabilisation suite supplied by Elektropribor.
*'''Air/surface search''': One Fregat M2EM (NATO: Top Plate) 3D circular scan radar at E-band frequency, provides target indication to the Shtil-1 missile system. Featuring continuous electronically scanned arrays, the radar rotates at 12 or 6 rpm and has an instrumented range to 300 km.
*'''Fire control''': Features a Ratep JSC 5P-10E Puma fire control system, consisting of a phased array and target tracking radar along with laser and TV devices. The system, fitted above the bridge deck, features in-flight course correction updates via data links, has a maximum detection range of 60 km, operates autonomously and is capable of automatically locking on to four targets and tracking them.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

=== Sonar ===
According to some reports, the APSOH (Advanced Panoramic Sonar Hull) hull-mounted sonar is fitted on the vessels. The APSOH sonar performs active ranging, passive listening, auto tracking of targets and classification. Other reports indicate that the [[Bharat Electronics|BEL]] HUMSA (Hull Mounted Sonar Array) sonar is fitted. The HUMSA is a panoramic medium-range active/passive sonar system developed by the [[Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory]] (NPOL).<ref name="HUMSA">{{Cite web |title=Advanced Active cum Passive Integrated Sonar System |url=https://bel-india.in/product/advanced-active-cum-passive-integrated-sonar-system-humsa-ng/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=BEL |language=en-US |archive-date=23 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823141506/https://bel-india.in/product/advanced-active-cum-passive-integrated-sonar-system-humsa-ng/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Information released from the Severnoye Design Bureau (SDB) indicate that French towed array sonars (TAS) are also fitted. This is very plausible given that many Indian Navy ships now use French TAS, however INS ''Talwar'' shows no signs of such a system. The vessel may also have a Russian SSN-137 Variable Depth Sonar (VDS) with [[NATO reporting name]] Steer Hide, providing active search with medium frequency, and the sonar might be license produced in India with Indian designation SSSN-113.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/archives/archives-naval-defense/naval-defense-2014/atlas-elektronik-actas-towed-sonar-system-selected-by-indian-navy-for-frigates-a-destroyers |title=ATLAS ELEKTRONIK ACTAS Towed Sonar System selected by Indian Navy for Frigates & Destroyers |date=5 December 2014}}</ref>

=== Countermeasures ===
The frigate features the Russian-made TK-25E-5 integrated electronic warfare suite, which comprises a wideband electronic support measures system that has antenna arrays mounted in the superstructure and a multimode jammer. Four KT-216 decoy launchers, forming part of the PK-10 system, are fitted for soft-kill defence. A total of 120 120mm chaff and infrared decoy rounds are carried on board.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

Some ships of the class including [[INS Tabar]] have had their TK-25E-5 ESM suites replaced with [[Bharat Electronics|BEL]] manufactured Varuna ESM systems with their distinctive circular housing located above the Fregat radar.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

=== Combat data system ===
*The Trebovaniye-M combat information and control platform is a fully distributed combat management system. It controls all platforms of attack and defence weapons, independently generates combat missions based on situation analysis, determines optimal number of missile firings, displays information on the state of ship-borne weaponry and transmits data to protection systems.
*Interconnected via an Ethernet LAN, Trebovaniye-M features eight T-171 full-colour operator workstations (with 18-inch colour flat panel displays) and three central T-162 servers. Individual items of combat system equipment interface to Trebovaniye-M via T-119 and T-190 bus interface units. Raw radar data is received through a T-181 data reception unit.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== Ships of the class ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Pennant
!Builder
!Laid Down
!Launched
!Commissioned
!Status
|-
! colspan="7" | Batch 1
|-
| {{INS|Talwar|F40|2}}
| F40
| rowspan=3|[[Baltic Shipyard]]
| 10 March 1999
| 12 May 2000
| 18 June 2003
| rowspan="3" |Active
|-
| {{INS|Trishul|F43|2}}
| F43
| 24 September 1999
| 24 November 2000
| 25 June 2003
|-
| {{INS|Tabar|F44|2}}
| F44
| 26 May 2000
| 25 May 2001
| 19 April 2004
|-
! colspan="7" | Batch 2
|-
| {{INS|Teg|F45|2}}
| F45
| rowspan=3|[[Yantar Shipyard]]
| July 2007
| 27 November 2009
| 27 April 2012<ref>{{cite web |date=2 April 2012 |title=Russia to Deliver INS Teg on April 27 |url=http://navaltoday.com/2012/04/02/russia-to-deliver-ins-teg-on-april-27/ |access-date=26 September 2014 |publisher=navaltoday.com}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |Active
|-
| {{INS|Tarkash|F50|2}}
| F50
| November 2007
| 23 June 2010
| 9 November 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://navaltoday.com/2012/10/03/indian-navy-to-take-over-ins-tarkash-in-november/ |title=Indian Navy to Take Over INS Tarkash in November |publisher=navaltoday.com |date=3 October 2012 |access-date=26 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
| {{INS|Trikand|F51|2}}
| F51
| 11 June 2008
| 25 May 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=12289 |title=Yantar shipyard prepared third Indian frigate for launch |publisher=rusnavy.com | date=19 May 2011 |access-date=26 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5389601 |title=Delivery of stealth frigates from Russia delayed: Antony |publisher=MSN News |date=25 August 2011 |access-date=26 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219222047/http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5389601 |archive-date=19 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| 29 June 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90777/8299458.html |title=Russian shipyard to deliver third frigate to India |work=english.people.cn |date=26 June 2013 |access-date=26 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="7" | Batch 3
|-
| ''{{INS|Tushil||2}}''
|F70
| rowspan="2"|[[Yantar Shipyard]]
| 13 July 2013
| 28 October 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2021/10/russias-yantar-shipyard-launches-7th-talwar-class-frigate-for-india|title=Russia's Yantar Shipyard Launches 7th Talwar-Class Frigate For India|publisher=Naval News|access-date=26 September 2014}}</ref>
|9 December 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Kalyan |date=2024-12-06 |title=Indian Navy's Russia-manufactured guided missile frigate INS Tushil to be commissioned Monday |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/indian-navys-russia-manufactured-guided-missile-frigate-ins-tushil-to-be-commissioned-monday-3307073 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Active
|-
| ''[[INS Tamal|Tamal]]''
|F71
| 15 November 2013
| 24 February 2022<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-01 |title=INS Tamal, latest stealth frigate commissioned into Indian Navy |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2141361 |access-date=2025-07-02 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|1 July 2025<ref name=":0" />
|-
! colspan="7" | Batch 4
|-
| ''Triput''
|
| rowspan="2"|[[Goa Shipyard]]
| 29 January 2021<ref name="gsl-180621">{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1728343|title=KEEL LAYING FOR SECOND FRIGATE OF P11356 PROJECT AT GOA SHIPYARD LIMITED|publisher=PIB|date=2021-06-18}}</ref>
| 23 July 2024<ref name="trip_l-230724">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/HmuJ19z75fM|title=Launching Ceremony of GSL Yard 1258 1st Frigate of Project 1135.6|work=Goa Shipyard|date=2024-07-23}}</ref>
| October 2026 ''(exp.)''<ref name="GNH-230724">{{cite web|url=https://goanewshub.com/goa-shipyard-launches-its-first-frigate-for-indian-navy/|title=Goa Shipyard Launches its first frigate for Indian Navy |work=Goa News Hub|date=2024-07-23}}</ref>
| rowspan="2"|Launched<ref name="trip_l-230724" />
|-
| ''Tavasya''
|
| 18 June 2021<ref name="gsl-180621"/>
| 22 March 2025<ref name="PIB-220325"/>
| 2027 ''(exp.)''<ref name="GNH-230724"/>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of active Indian Navy ships]]
* [[Future ships of the Indian Navy]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Active/180-Talwar-Class.html Talwar Class – Bharat Rakshak]
*[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Future/189-Frigate.html Modified Krivak III Class – Bharat Rakshak]
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/d-talwar.htm Talwar Class – Global Security]
* {{in lang|en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20101130065246/http://russian-ships.info/eng/warships/project_11356.htm All Talwar Class Frigates – Complete Ship List]

{{Burevestnik-class frigate}}
{{Talwar class frigate}}
{{Ship classes of the Indian Navy}}
{{Frigates of the Indian_Navy}}

[[Category:Ships built at the Baltic Shipyard]]
[[Category:Talwar-class frigates| ]]
[[Category:Frigate classes]]
[[Category:India–Russia relations]]
[[Category:Combined gas and gas ships]]

Jonathan Mark Kenoyer

2026-03-16T06:24:10Z

Igorzen: improved section based on references

{{short description|American archaeologist known for his work on Indus Valley Civilization (born 1952)}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
'''Jonathan Mark Kenoyer''' (born 28 May 1952, in [[Shillong]], [[India]]) is an American [[archaeologist]] and ''George F. Dales Jr. & Barbara A. Dales'' Professor of Anthropology at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]].<ref>{{cite web|title=J. MARK KENOYER|date=November 7, 2016 |url=https://www.anthropology.wisc.edu/staff/kenoyer-j-mark/|publisher=University of Wisconsin|accessdate=16 March 2018}}</ref> He earned his [[Bachelor of Arts]], [[Master's]], and [[Doctorate]] degrees at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], finishing in 1983.<ref name=W1>{{cite web|url=http://www.anthropology.wisc.edu/people_kenoyer.php |title=University of Wisconsin - Madison: Department of Anthropology |accessdate=2010-01-27 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231140603/http://www.anthropology.wisc.edu/people_kenoyer.php |archivedate=2009-12-31 }}</ref> Kenoyer is president of the [[Society of Bead Researchers]].<ref name="Officers">{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://beadresearch.org/about-us/ |website=Society of Bead Researchers |access-date=22 May 2022 |date=22 December 2015}}</ref>

Being focused on the [[Indus Valley civilization]], Kenoyer is involved in ongoing research on the Indus Civilization in the Indian Subcontinent as well as in adjacent regions such as Oman and Afghanistan. He has also expanded his areas of study into East and Southeast Asia to better understand the long-distance trade linking these regions to the Subcontinent. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2011 and is a member of the [[American Anthropological Association]], as well as many other professional associations. He has been involved in numerous institutions that link US academics to regions of South Asia, such as the Council for American Overseas Research Centers, the [[American Institute of Indian Studies]], the [[American Institute of Bangladesh Studies]], the [[American Institute of Afghanistan Studies]] and the American Institute of Pakistan Studies. He is a fluent speaker of [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], and [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref name=W1 />

==Publications==
===Books and edited volumes===
*2005: ''The Ancient South Asian World.'' By Jonathan Mark Kenoyer and Kimberly Heuston. Oxford University Press, New York.
*1998: ''Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization.'' Oxford University Press and American Institute of Pakistan Studies, Karachi.
*1998: ''Sarang and Jeevai: A coloring book story of the ancient Indus Valley.'' Oxford University Press, Karachi.
*1994: ''From Sumer to Meluhha: Contributions to the Archaeology of South and West Asia in Memory of George F. Dales, Jr.'' Wisconsin Archaeology Reports, Volume 3. Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin at Madison.
*1989: ''Old Problems and New Perspectives in the Archaeology of South Asia.'' Wisconsin Archaeology Reports, Volume 2. Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin at Madison.
*1986: ''Excavations at Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan: The Pottery.'' By George F. Dales and Jonathan Mark Kenoyer, University Museum Monograph 53. University Museum, University of Philadelphia.
*1983: ''Shell Working Industries of the Indus Civilization: An archaeological and ethnographic perspective.'' PhD dissertation at University of California-Berkeley.

===Articles===
*2017: "Textiles and Trade in South Asia during the Proto-historic and Early Historic Period." In ''Silk: Trade and Exchange along the Silk Roads between Rome and China in Antiquity'' edited by Berit Hildebrandt. Oxbow Books, Oxford, Ancient Textiles Series (Vol. 29), {{ISBN|9781785702792}}.
*2015: "New perspectives on Stone Bead Technology at Bronze Age Troy." Ludvik, G., J. M. Kenoyer, M. Pieniążek and W. Aylward. Anatolian Studies Journal 65 (2015): 1–18.
*2015: "The Archaeological Heritage of Pakistan: The Indo-Gangetic Tradition: Early Historic Chiefdoms and States of the Northern Subcontinent." In ''History of Pakistan'', edited by Roger Long, pp. 91–134. Oxford University Press: Karachi.
*2015: "The Archaeological Heritage of Pakistan: From the Palaeolithic to the Indus Civilization." In ''History of Pakistan'', edited by Roger Long, pp. 1–90. Oxford University Press: Karachi.
*2014: "New Perspectives on the Indus Tradition: Contributions from recent research at Harappa and other sites in Pakistan and India", in ''Sindhu-Sarasvati Valley Civilization: New Perspectives: a Volume in Memory of Dr. Shikaripur Ranganatha Rao'', edited by Nalini Rao, pp. 500–535. DK and Nalanda International.
*2014: "The Indus Civilization." In ''The Cambridge Prehistory'', edited by [[Colin Renfrew]] and Paul Bahn, pp. 407–432. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
*2014: "Eye Beads from the Indus Tradition: Technology, Style and Chronology." Journal of Asian Civilizations 2013 Vol. 36(2):1-23
*2013: "Iconography of the Indus Unicorn: Origins and Legacy." In ''Connections and Complexity: New Approaches to the Archaeology of South Asia'', edited by S. Abraham, P. Gullapalli, T. Raczek, and U. Rizvi, pp. 107–125. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek.
*2013: "Connections between the Indus Valley and Mesopotamia: Preliminary Results of Strontium Isotope analyses from Harappa and Ur." J. M. Kenoyer, T. D. Price and J. Burton. [[Journal of Archaeological Science]], Vol. 40: 2286–2297.
*2012: "Stone Drill Bits from Dholavira – A Multi-faceted Analysis." Puratattva, 37, 8-25. Prabhakar, V. N., Bisht, R. S., Law, R. W. and J. M. Kenoyer
*2011: "Changing Perspectives of the Indus Civilization: New Discoveries and Challenges." Puratattva Vol. 41:1-18.
*2011: "A Reply to Ji-Huan He", by Irene Good, J. M. Kenoyer and R. H. Meadow. Archaeometry Vol. 53(6):1257-1258. (online version 4 April 2011).
*2010: "Gandharan Cultural Traditions: Context, Chronology and Legacies of the Indus Civilization." In ''Ancient Punjab'', Vol. 1:.
*2009: "Indus Seals: An overview of Iconography and Style." Ancient Sindh 9 (2006–2007): 7-30.
*2009: "What Happened to the Harappans?" [[ABC-Clio|ABC-CLIO]] online Social Studies Database, (http://www.ancienthistory.abc-clio.com)
*2009: "New Evidence for Early Silk in the Indus Civilization." By Irene Good, J. M. Kenoyer and R. H. Meadow. Archaeometry 51(3):457-466.
*2008: "Collaborative Archaeological Research in Pakistan and India: Patterns and Processes." The SAA Archaeological Record, 8(3):12-20.
*2008: "What is it, Reading the Clues, What's New, Face to Face with History." In ''Ingenuity along the Indus: Birth of a civilization'', edited by Rosalie F. Baker and Charles F. Baker. Calliope 18(5).
*2005: "Steatite and faience manufacturing at Harappa: New evidence from Mound E excavations 2000–2001." Museum Journal. III-IV (Jan - Dec 2002): 43–56.
*2005: "Uncovering the keys to the Lost Indus Cities." Scientific American. 15(1): 24–33.
*2004: "Chronology and interrelations between Harappa and Central Asia." Journal of the Japanese Society for West Asian Archaeology. 5: 38–45.
*2003: "Uncovering the keys to the lost Indus Cities." Scientific American. July: 67–75.
*2001: "Early developments of art, symbol and technology in the Indus Valley Tradition." INDO-KOKO-KENKYU. 22: 1–18.
*2001: "Recent discoveries and highlights from excavations at Harappa: 1998–2000." by R. H. Meadow and J. M. Kenoyer. INDO-KOKO-KENKYU. 22: 19–36.
*2000: "The Indus Valley mystery." by R. H. Meadow and J. M. Kenoyer. Discovering Archaeology, April 2000, pp. 38–43.
*1999: "Harappa in 3D: A powerful new tool rebuilds the past in the Indus Valley." Discovering Archaeology. March/April: 89–93. By Wayne R. Belcher, A. Keith Turner and J. Mark Kenoyer.
*1998: "Seals and Sculpture of the Indus Cities." Minerva 9(2): 19–24.
*1998: "Craft Traditions of the Indus Civilization and their Legacy in Modern Pakistan." Lahore Museum Bulletin. Vol. IX(2) 1996:1-8.
*1997: "Trade and Technology of the Indus Valley: new insights from Harappa, Pakistan." World Archaeology 29(2):262-280.
*1997: "New Inscribed Objects From Harappa." J. M. Kenoyer and R. H. Meadow. Lahore Museum Bulletin Vol. IX(1) 1996:1-20.
*1996: "Antique bead and ornament replicas from South Asia: An alternative to antique bead collecting and the destruction of global cultural heritage." Ornament. 20(2): 68–71.
*1996: "The Ancient City of Harappa. Asian Art and Culture." A. M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Spring 1996: pp. 85–99.
*1995: "Ideology and Legitimation in the Indus State as revealed through Public and Private Symbols." The Archaeological Review, 4(1&2): 87–131.
*1994: "Harappan Technology: Methodological and Theoretical Issues." Bhan, K. K., M. Vidale and J. M. Kenoyer. Man and Environment 19(1–2): 141–157.
*1994: "Faience Ornaments of Harappa and the Indus Civilization." Ornament 17(3):35-39,95.
*1992: "La civiltà della Valle dell¹Indo." M. Vidale and J. M. Kenoyer. ARCHEO., Anno VII, 9(91) September : 54–99. Rome, Italy
*1992: "Stratigraphic complexities and recording of archaeological sites: Models from recent excavations at Harappa." Journal of Pakistan Archaeologists Forum. 1(1):1-24.
*1992: "A new look at stone drills of the Indus Valley Tradition" by J. M. Kenoyer and M. Vidale. In Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology, III, Vol. 267. Edited by P. Vandiver, J. R. Druzick, G. S. Wheeler and I. Freestone. Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, pp. 495–519.
*1992: "Lapis lazuli bead making in Afghanistan and Pakistan." Ornament, 15(3): 71–73.
*1992: "Ornament Styles of the Indus Valley Tradition: Evidence from recent excavations at Harappa, Pakistan." Paléorient. 17(2) - 1991: 79–98.
*1991: "The Indus Valley Tradition of Pakistan and Western India." Journal of World Prehistory 5(4): 331–385.
*1991: "Contemporary stone beadmaking in Khambhat, India: patterns of craft specialization and organization of production as reflected in the archaeological record." World Archaeology. 23(1): 44–63. By J. M. Kenoyer, M. Vidale and K. K. Bhan.
*1991: "Harappan craft specialization and the question of urban segregation and stratification." Eastern Anthropologist. 44(3–4).
*1990: "Harappa Excavations 1988." By G.F. Dales and J. M. Kenoyer. Pakistan Archaeology 24: 68–176
*1988: "Traditional Indian Potters at the Smithsonian." Expedition Vol. 29(3): 55–63, by Marilyn P. Beaudry, J. M. Kenoyer and Rita P. Wright.
*1988: "Recent Developments in the Study of the Indus Civilization." The Eastern Anthropologist, Vol. 41(1): 65–76.
*1987: "The Indus Civilization: Unfathomed Depths of South Asian Culture." Wisconsin Academy Review Vol. 33(2):22-26.
*1986: "The Indus Bead Industry and Its Contribution to Bead Technology." Ornament, 10(1):18-23.
*1984: "Nageshwar, A Mature Harappan Shell Working Site on the Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat." Oriental Institute. M.S.U. Baroda Vol. 33(3–4):67-80, by Kuldeep K. Bhan and J. M. Kenoyer.
*1984: "Shell Working Industries of the Indus Civilization; A Summary." Paléorient 10(1):49-63.
*1983: "An Upper Palaeolithic Shrine in India?" Antiquity Vol. LVII:88-94. by J. M. Kenoyer, J. D. Clark, J. N. Pal and G. R. Sharma.
*1983: "Nageshwar: An Industrial Centre of the Chalcolithic Period." Puratattva, No. 12, 1980-81:115-120 by Kuldeep K. Bhan and J. M. Kenoyer.
*1977: "Shell working at ancient Balakot, Pakistan. Expedition." 19(2): 13–19. by G. F. Dales and J. M. Kenoyer

===Lectures===
*2020: ''The Indus Script Demystified: Origin, Character and Disappearance''. Online, Dec 4, 2020.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060713232359/http://www.harappa.com/indus/kenbiblio.html Bibliography at Harappa.com]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

[[Category:Archaeologists of the Indus Valley civilisation]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]
[[Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:Historians of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:People from Shillong]]
[[Category:American Sindhologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Meghalaya]]
[[Category:American people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American scholars of Pakistan studies]]
[[Category:20th-century American archaeologists]]
[[Category:21st-century American archaeologists]]

Sharia

2026-03-12T00:30:41Z

Igorzen: minor update

{{Short description|Islamic law}}
{{Italic title}}{{Redirect|Islamic law|other uses}}
{{Distinguish|Saria (disambiguation){{!}}Saria|Shara (disambiguation){{!}}Shara|Shariyah (disambiguation){{!}}Shariyah|Shahriyar (disambiguation){{!}}Shahriyar}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Islam |texts}}
'''''Sharia''''' ({{Audio|LL-Q56475 (hau)-Eunice Ameh-Sharia.wav|Listen|help=no }}){{efn|{{IPAc-en|ʃ|ə|ˈ|r|iː|ə}}; {{langx|rtl=yes|ar|شَرِيعَة|sharīʿah|path [to water]}}, {{IPA|ar|ʃaˈriːʕa|IPA}}); also [[romanized]] as '''''Sharī'ah''''', '''''Shari'a''''', or '''''Shariah'''''}} is the body of [[Islam]]ic [[religious law]] based on [[Islamic holy books|scriptures of Islam]], particularly the [[Quran]] and [[hadith]].<ref name="Bassiouni">{{cite book |author-last=Bassiouni |author-first=M. Cherif |author-link=M. Cherif Bassiouni |title=The Shari'a and Islamic Criminal Justice in Time of War and Peace |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=9781139629249 |editor-last=Bassiouni |editor-first=M. Cherif |location=[[Cambridge]] |pages=18–87 |chapter=The ''Sharīa'', Sunni Islamic Law (''Fiqh''), and Legal Methods (''Ilm Uṣūl al-Fiqh'') |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139629249.003 |lccn=2013019592 |access-date=17 October 2021 |orig-date=2013 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tbj1AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017234851/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tbj1AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |archive-date=17 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="oxforddic">{{cite web |title=British & World English: sharia |url=https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/sharia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208120345/https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/sharia |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=4 December 2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford}}</ref>{{sfn|Dahlén|loc=chpt. 2a|2003}} In Islamic terminology, sharia refers to immutable and intangible [[divine law]], in contrast to ''[[fiqh]]'' (Islamic jurisprudence), which refers to its interpretations by [[Ulama|Islamic scholars]] through ''[[madhhab]],'' as enacted by an [[Mahkama|Islamic court]] ({{Langx|ar|محكمة|maḥkamat}}).<ref name="ODI" />{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Calder|2009}} ''Sharia'' has always been used alongside [[urf|customary law]] in [[Islamic history]].<ref>"Customary law has also been an important part of Islamic law. It was used to resolve disputes that were not covered by sharia, and it also helped to adapt sharia to the needs of men in different societies and cultures." Islamic Law: An Introduction by John Esposito (2019) Esposito, John. The early jurists recognized that urf could be used to supplement or complement Islamic law. For example, if there was no clear ruling on a particular issue in the Quran or hadith, the jurists could look to urf for guidance." The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law; Emon, Anver M., and Rumee Ahmed, editors. The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. p. 25.</ref> It has been elaborated upon and developed over the centuries by [[fatwa|legal opinions]] issued by [[mufti|qualified jurist]]s—reflecting the tendencies of [[Schools of Fiqh|different schools]]. It was integrated with various economic, penal and administrative laws issued by Muslim rulers and implemented for centuries by [[Qadi|judges]] in the courts of Muslim locales until modernity, when [[secularism]] was gradually adopted in Islamic societies.<ref name=ODI/>{{sfn|Calder|2009}}

Traditional [[Principles of Islamic jurisprudence|theory of Islamic jurisprudence]] recognizes four sources for sharia: the Quran; the ''[[sunnah]]'' (or [[authentic hadith]]s); ''[[ijma]]'' ({{literal translation|consensus}}), which may be understood as {{tlit|ar|ijma al-ummah}} ({{Langx|rtl=yes|ar|إجماع الأمة}})—a whole Islamic community consensus—or {{tlit|ar|ijma al-aimmah}} ({{Langx|rtl=yes|label=none|ar|إجماع الائـمـة}}; a consensus by religious authorities);<ref name="Standke2008">{{cite book |author=Corinna Standke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uWR_4BTqtBYC&pg=PA4 |title=Sharia – The Islamic Law |date=30 August 2008 |publisher=GRIN Verlag |isbn=978-3-640-14967-4 |pages=4–5 |access-date=9 June 2012}}</ref> and ''[[qiyas|analogical reasoning]]''.{{refn|group=note|[[Twelver]] Shia jurisprudence does not recognize the use of qiyas, but relies on reason (''ʿaql'') in their place.{{Sfn|Dahlén|loc=chpt. 4c|2003}}{{Sfn|Schneider|2014}}}}<ref name="Esposito, John 2001">[[John Esposito|John L. Esposito]], [[Natana J. DeLong-Bas]] (2001), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MOmaDq8HKCgC&pg=PA2 Women in Muslim family law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019170646/https://books.google.com/books?id=MOmaDq8HKCgC&pg=PA2 |date=19 October 2017 }}'', p. 2. [[Syracuse University Press]], {{ISBN|978-0815629085}}. Quote: "... by the ninth century, the classical theory of law fixed the sources of Islamic law at four: the ''Quran'', the ''Sunnah'' of the Prophet, ''qiyas'' (analogical reasoning), and ''ijma'' (consensus)."</ref> It distinguishes two principal branches of law: rituals (''[[Ibadah]]'') and social dealings (''[[Muamalat]]''); subsections include [[Islamic family jurisprudence|family law]], relationships (e.g., commercial and [[Political aspects of Islam|political/administrative]]), and [[Islamic criminal jurisprudence|criminal law]] on a wide range of topics,<ref name="ODI" />{{sfn|Calder|2009}} assigning actions—capable of settling into different categories according to different understandings—to categories (''[[ahkam]]'') mainly as: [[Fard|mandatory]], [[Mustahabb|recommended]], [[Mubah|neutral]], [[Makruh|abhorred]], and [[Haram|prohibited]].<ref name=ODI/>{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Calder|2009}} Beyond legal norms, ''Sharia'' also enters many areas that are considered private practices today, such as beliefs, worship, ethics,{{sfn|Coulson|El Shamsy|2019}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2010|p=145}} [[Hijab|clothing]], and lifestyle, and gives to [[Ulu'l-amr|those in command]] [[Enjoining good and forbidding wrong|duties to intervene and regulate them]].

Over time, with the insight brought by sociological changes based on studies, legal schools have emerged reflecting the preferences of particular societies and governments, as well as [[Ulama|Islamic scholars]] or [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|imams]] on [[Principles of Islamic jurisprudence|theoretical]] and [[Fatwa|practical]] applications of laws and regulations. [[Madhhab|Legal schools]] of [[Sunni Islam]] — [[Hanafi]], [[Maliki]], [[Shafiʽi school|Shafiʽi]] and [[Hanbali]] etc.— developed methodologies for deriving rulings from scriptural sources using a process known as ''[[ijtihad]]'',<ref name="ODI">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Islamic Law |editor=John L. Esposito |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2014 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t125/e1107 |access-date=29 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331154513/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t125/e1107 |archive-date=31 March 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} a concept adopted by [[Shiism]] in much later periods meaning mental effort.<ref name="Mohammad Farzaneh 2015 6">{{Cite book|last=Mohammad Farzaneh|first=Mateo|title=The Iranian Constitutional Revolution and the Clerical Leadership of Khurasani|publisher=Syracuse University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-8156-3388-4|location=Syracuse, New York |page=6}}</ref> Although Sharia is presented in addition to its other aspects by the contemporary [[Islamism|Islamist understanding]], [[Political aspects of Islam|as a form of governance]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deoband.org/2010/06/politics/the-system-of-rule-in-islam/ | title=The System of Rule in Islam | date=20 June 2010 | access-date=8 November 2023 | archive-date=8 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108100857/https://www.deoband.org/2010/06/politics/the-system-of-rule-in-islam/ | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Revisionist school of Islamic studies|some researchers]] approach [[Sīrah|traditional sīrah narratives]] with skepticism, seeing the [[Rashidun Caliphate|early history of Islam]] not as a period when Sharia was dominant, but a kind of "[[Arabization|secular Arabic expansion]]" and dating the formation of Islamic identity to a much later period.<ref>Robert G. Hoyland: In God's Path. The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire (2015)</ref><ref>Patricia Crone / Martin Hinds: God's Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam (1986)</ref>

Approaches to Sharia in the 21st century vary widely, and the role and mutability of Sharia<ref>{{Cite web| title=Islamic Law and Change: Constants and Variables | author=Mehmet Erdoğan | url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1699430 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130194941/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1699430 | archive-date=30 November 2024}}</ref> in a changing world has become an increasingly debated topic in Islam.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} Beyond [[Islamic schools and branches|sectarian differences]], [[Islamic fundamentalism|fundamentalists]] advocate the complete and uncompromising implementation of "exact/pure sharia" without modifications,<ref name="oxforddic" />{{sfn|Amanat|2009|ps=: "Muslim fundamentalists [...] claim that Shari'a and its sources [...] constitute a divine law that regulates all aspects of Muslim life, as well as Muslim societies and Muslim states [...]. Muslim modernists, [...] on the other hand, criticize the old approaches to Shari'a by traditional Muslim jurists as obsolete and instead advocate innovative approaches to Shari'a that accommodate more pluralist and relativist views within a democratic framework."}} while [[Islamic Modernism|modernists]] argue that it can/should be brought into line with [[human rights]] and other contemporary issues such as democracy, [[minority rights]], [[freedom of thought]], [[women's rights]] and [[bank]]ing by new jurisprudences.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Russo |first=Maria Sole |date=2019-10-15 |title=Clash between Sharia law and human rights in light of PACE Resolution 2253 - Ius In Itinere |url=https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225204117/https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |archive-date=2025-02-25 |access-date=2025-04-16 |work=Ius In Itinere |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref name=naim96>{{cite book |first1=Abdullahi A |last1=An-Na'im |chapter=Islamic Foundations of Religious Human Rights |chapter-url={{Google books|aqyWwF5YA1gC |page=337 |plainurl=yes}} |title=Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Religious Perspectives |pages=337–59 |editor1-first=John |editor1-last=Witte |editor2-first=Johan D. |editor2-last=van der Vyver |year=1996 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9041101792 }}</ref><ref name=hajjar2004>{{cite journal |last1=Hajjar |first1=Lisa |title=Religion, State Power, and Domestic Violence in Muslim Societies: A Framework for Comparative Analysis |journal=Law & Social Inquiry |volume=29 |issue=1 |year=2004 |pages=1–38 |jstor=4092696 |doi=10.1111/j.1747-4469.2004.tb00329.x|s2cid=145681085 |issn=0897-6546 }}</ref><ref>Al-Suwaidi, J. (1995). ''Arab and western conceptions of democracy; in Democracy, war, and peace in the Middle East'' (Editors: David Garnham, Mark A. Tessler), Indiana University Press, see Chapters 5 and 6; {{ISBN|978-0253209399}}{{page needed|date=April 2016}}</ref> In fact, some of the practices of Sharia have been deemed{{By whom|date=September 2025}} "incompatible<nowiki>''</nowiki> with human rights, [[gender equality]] and [[freedom of expression|freedom of speech and expression]] or even "evil".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Russo |first=Maria Sole |date=2019-10-15 |title=Clash between Sharia law and human rights in light of PACE Resolution 2253 - Ius In Itinere |url=https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225204117/https://www.iusinitinere.it/clash-between-sharia-law-and-human-rights-in-light-of-pace-resolution-2253-23827 |archive-date=2025-02-25 |access-date=2025-04-16 |work=Ius In Itinere |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MÖLZER |first=Andreas |title=Interrogazione parlamentare {{!}} Limitazione dei diritti umani conseguente alla sharia {{!}} E-001463/2011 {{!}} Parlamento Europeo |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-7-2011-001463_IT.html |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=www.europarl.europa.eu |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-07 |title=L'Europa deve bandire la Sharia |url=https://www.rightsreporter.org/europa-deve-bandire-la-sharia/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=La Sharia è già in Italia. Va messa al bando con una legge. E' contro la Costituzione e il diritto italiano. – Il blog di Carlo Franza |url=https://blog.ilgiornale.it/franza/2016/06/13/la-sharia-e-gia-in-italia-va-messa-al-bando-con-una-legge-e-contro-la-costituzione-e-il-diritto-italiano/ |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=blog.ilgiornale.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-08 |title=Council of Europe: Can Sharia Law Prevail Human Rights? |url=https://eclj.org/religious-freedom/pace/la-charia-est-elle-compatible-avec-les-droits-de-lhomme- |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=European Centre for Law and Justice |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hirsch |first1=Afua |last2=correspondent |first2=legal affairs |date=2008-10-23 |title=Sharia law incompatible with human rights legislation, Lords say |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/23/religion-islam |access-date=2025-05-21 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-11 |title=Rick Santorum: Sharia 'is evil' |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2011/03/rick-santorum-sharia-is-evil-051166 |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=POLITICO}}</ref> In Muslim majority countries, traditional laws have been widely used with{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Otto|2008|p=19}} or changed by European models. Judicial procedures and legal education have been brought in line with European practice likewise.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} While the constitutions of most Muslim-majority states contain references to Sharia, its rules are largely retained only in family law{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} and [[Islamic criminal jurisprudence|penalties]] in some. The [[Islamic revival]] of the late 20th century [[Dawah|brought calls]] by [[Islamism|Islamic movements]] for full implementation of Sharia, including ''[[hudud]]'' [[corporal punishment]]s, such as [[stoning]]{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Mayer|2009}} through various propaganda methods ranging from civilian activities to [[radical Islamic terrorism|terrorism]].

== Etymology and usage ==
=== Contemporary usage ===
[[File:Spencer_Coll._Persian_MS._46_fol_90v_Musa_receives_the_Tawrat.jpg|thumb|[[Islamic miniature]] of [[Moses in Islam|Musa]] receiving the [[Torah in Islam|Tawrat]] from the angel [[Gabriel|Jibril]].]]
The word ''sharīʿah'' is used by Arabic-speaking peoples of the [[Middle East]] to designate a prophetic religion in its totality.{{sfn|Calder|Hooker|2007|p=321}} For example, ''sharīʿat Mūsā'' means "law" or "religion of [[Moses]]" and ''sharīʿatu-nā'' can mean "our religion" in reference to any monotheistic faith.{{sfn|Calder|Hooker|2007|p=321}} Within Islamic discourse, ''šarīʿah'' refers to religious regulations governing the lives of Muslims.{{sfn|Calder|Hooker|2007|p=321}} For many Muslims, the word means simply "justice," and they will consider any law that promotes justice and social welfare to conform to Sharia.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} Sharia is the first of [[Four Doors]] and the lowest level on the path to [[God in Islam|God]] in [[Sufism]] and in branches of Islam that are influenced by Sufism, such as [[Ismailism]] and [[Alawism]]. It is necessary to reach from Sharia to [[Tariqa]], from there to [[Ma'rifa]] and finally to [[haqiqa]]. In each of these gates, there are 10 levels that the [[dervish]] must pass through.<ref name="Sevim">{{cite journal|last=Sevim|first=Erdem|title=Path to the Universal Self in Haji Baktash Walî: Four Doors – Forty Stations|journal=Spiritual Psychology and Counseling|publisher=Association for Spiritual Psychology and Counseling|volume=1|issue=2|date=1 October 2016|issn=2458-9675|doi=10.12738/spc.2016.2.0014|url=https://spiritualpc.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-0014.pdf|access-date=26 February 2024|archive-date=4 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304055310/https://spiritualpc.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-0014.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jan Michiel Otto summarizes the evolutionary stages of understanding by distinguishing four meanings conveyed by the term ''Sharia'' in discourses.{{sfn|Otto|2008|pp=9–10}}
* ''Divine, abstract sharia'': In this sense, Sharia is a rather abstract concept which leaves ample room for various concrete interpretations by humans.
* ''Classical sharia'': This is the body of Islamic rules, principles and cases compiled by religious scholars during the first two centuries after Muhammad, including ''[[Ijtihād]]''
* ''Historical sharia(s)'': This includes the entire body of all principles, rules, cases and interpretations developed and transmitted throughout a history of more than one thousand years across the entire Muslim world, since the closing of the gate of free interpretation up to the present.
* ''Contemporary sharia(s)'': This contains the full spectrum of principles, rules, cases and interpretations developed and applied at present. Migration, modernisation and new technologies of information and communication have decreased the dominance of the legal schools of classical sharia.

A related term ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|al-qānūn al-islāmī}}'' ({{lang|ar|{{large|القانون الإسلامي}}}}, Islamic law), which was borrowed from European usage in the late 19th century, is used in the Muslim world to refer to a legal system in the context of a modern state.{{sfn|Calder|Hooker|2007|p=323}}

=== Etymology ===
Linguistically, ''Sharia'' means a pathway.<ref name="Khattab">{{cite book |last1=Khattab |first1=Mustafa |title=The Clear Quran: A Thematic English Translation |date=2016 |publisher=Book of Signs Foundation |location=Lombard, Illinois, USA |isbn=978-0-9773009-6-9 |page=xvii |edition=2nd}}</ref> The primary meanings of the [[Arabic]] word ''šarīʿah'', derived from the root ''š-r-ʕ''.{{sfn|Calder|Hooker|2007|p=321}} The [[lexicographical]] studies records two major areas of the word can appear without religious connotation. In texts evoking a pastoral or nomadic environment, ''šarīʿah'' and its derivatives refers to watering animals at a permanent water-hole or to the seashore. Another area of use relates to notions of stretched or lengthy.{{sfn|Calder|Hooker|2007|p=326}} The word is cognate with the Hebrew ''saraʿ'' ({{langx|he|rtl=yes|translation=lady|שָׂרַע}}) and is likely to be the origin of the meaning "way" or "path".{{sfn|Calder|Hooker|2007|p=326}} Some scholars describe it as an archaic Arabic word denoting "pathway to be followed" (analogous to ''[[Halakha]]'', or Jewish law),<ref name="haqq">Abdal-Haqq, Irshad (2006). ''Understanding Islamic Law – From Classical to Contemporary'' (edited by Aminah Beverly McCloud). Chapter 1 ''Islamic Law – An Overview of its Origin and Elements''. [[AltaMira Press]]. p. 4.</ref> or "path to the water hole"<ref name="Hashim1">{{cite book |last1=Hashim Kamali |first1=Mohammad |author-link=Mohammad Hashim Kamali |title=Shari'ah Law: An Introduction |date=2008 |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]] |isbn=978-1851685653 |pages=2, 14}}</ref><ref name="weiss1998" /> and argue that its adoption as a metaphor for a divinely ordained way of life arises from the importance of water in an arid desert environment.<ref name="weiss1998">Weiss, Bernard G. (1998). ''The Spirit of Islamic Law''. Athens, Georgia: [[University of Georgia Press]]. p. 17. {{ISBN|978-0820319773}}.</ref>

=== Use in religious texts ===
In the Quran, {{transliteration|ar|šarīʿah}} and its cognate {{transliteration|ar|širʿah}} occur once each, with the meaning "way" or "path".{{sfn|Calder|Hooker|2007|p=321}}<ref>{{qref|45|18}}</ref><ref>{{qref|5|48}}</ref> The word {{transliteration|ar|šarīʿah}} was widely used by Arabic-speaking [[Jews]] during the [[Middle Ages]], being the most common translation for the word {{transliteration|he|Torah}} in the 10th-century Arabic translation of the [[Torah]] by [[Saadia Gaon]].{{sfn|Calder|Hooker|2007|p=321}} A similar use of the term can be found in Christian writers.{{sfn|Calder|Hooker|2007|p=321}} The Arabic expression {{transliteration|ar|Sharīʿat Allāh}} ({{lang|ar|شريعة الله}} {{gloss|God's Law}}) is a common translation of {{transliteration|he|Torat [[Elokim]]}} ({{langx|he|rtl=yes|label=none|translation=Teaching [of] God|תורת אלוהים}}) and {{transliteration|grc|nómos toú theoú}} ({{lang|grc|νόμος τοῦ θεοῦ}}; {{gloss|God's Law}} in Greek in the New Testament [Rom. 7: 22]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Ullmann |first=M. |year=2002 |title=Wörterbuch der griechisch-arabischen Übersetzungen des neunten Jahrhunderts |location=Wiesbaden |page=437 |quote=Rom. 7: 22: '{{lang|grc|συνήδομαι γὰρ τῷ νόμῳ τοῦ θεοῦ}}' is translated as '{{lang|ar|أني أفرح بشريعة الله}}'}}</ref> In Muslim literature, {{transliteration|ar|šarīʿah}} designates the laws or message of a prophet or God, in contrast to {{transliteration|ar|[[fiqh]]}}, which refers to a scholar's interpretation thereof.{{sfn|Calder|Hooker|2007|p=322}}

In older English-language law-related works in the late 19th/early 20th centuries, the word used for Sharia was '''''sheri'''''.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Corps de Droit Ottoman|journal=[[Law Quarterly Review]]|volume=21 |publisher=Stevens and Sons|date=October 1905|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8jUbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA443 443]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=8jUbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA444 44]}}, Number LXXXIV "The religious law of the ''Sheri'', of which the ultimate source is the Koran,[...]" – A review of ''[[Corps de Droit Ottoman]]''</ref> It, along with the French variant {{lang|fr|chéri}}, was used during the time of the [[Ottoman Empire]], and is from the [[Turkish language|Turkish]] {{lang|tr|şer'(i)}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Strauss |first=Johann |chapter-url=https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/menalib/download/pdf/2734659?originalFilename=true |year=2010 |chapter=A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the ''Kanun-ı Esasi'' and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages |editor=Herzog, Christoph |editor2=Malek Sharif |title=The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy |location=[[Würzburg]] |pages=21–51 |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=11 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011233851/https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/menalib/download/pdf/2734659?originalFilename=true |url-status=live }} ([http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/urn/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:5-91645 info page on book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920231333/http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/urn/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:5-91645 |date=20 September 2019 }} at [[Martin Luther University]]) // Cited: (PDF p. 41/338) // ""Chéri" may sound ambiguous in French but the term, used in our context for Islamic law (Turkish: şer'(i), is widely used in the legal literature at that time."</ref> borrowed from Arabic ''šarʿ'' which is from the same root as ''šarīʿah''.

==Historical origins==
{{Main|History of Islam|First Islamic state|History of the Qur'an}}
{{See|Revisionist school of Islamic studies|Bakkah}}
According to the traditionalist (''[[Atharism|Atharī]]'') Muslim view, the major precepts of Sharia were passed down directly from the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] without "historical development"<ref name="Forte-1978-8">{{cite journal|last1=Forte |first1=David F.|title=Islamic Law; the impact of Joseph Schacht|journal=Loyola Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review|date=1978|volume=1|page=8 |url=http://www.soerenkern.com/pdfs/islam/IslamicLawTheImpactofJosephSchacht.pdf|access-date=19 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420073952/http://www.soerenkern.com/pdfs/islam/IslamicLawTheImpactofJosephSchacht.pdf |archive-date=20 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and the emergence of Islamic jurisprudence (''fiqh'') also goes back to the lifetime of Muhammad.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Calder|2009}} In this view, his [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] and followers took what he did and approved of as a model ([[sunnah]]) and transmitted this information to the succeeding generations in the form of [[hadith]].{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Calder|2009}} These reports led first to informal discussion and then systematic legal thought, articulated with greatest success in the eighth and ninth centuries by the master jurists [[Abu Hanifa]], [[Malik ibn Anas]], [[al-Shafi'i]], and [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]], who are viewed as the founders of the [[Hanafi school|Hanafi]], [[Maliki school|Maliki]], [[Shafi'i school|Shafiʿi]], and [[Hanbali school|Hanbali]] legal schools (''[[Madhhab|madhāhib]]'') of Sunni jurisprudence.{{sfn|Calder|2009}}
[[File:Imam Shafii Tomb.jpg|thumb|Imam Shafi'i tomb in [[Cairo]], died 820 CE/204 AH]]

Modern historians have presented alternative theories of the formation of fiqh{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Calder|2009}} while they have accepted the general outlines of the traditionalist account at first.{{sfn|Jokisch|2015}} In the late 19th century, an influential [[Historical revisionism|revisionist]] hypothesis was advanced by [[Ignác Goldziher]] and elaborated by [[Joseph Schacht]] in the mid-20th century.{{sfn|Calder|2009}} Schacht and other scholars<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Daniel W. |author-link=Daniel W. Brown |title=Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought |date=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521570770 |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/116836545/Rethinking-Traditions-in-Modern-Islamic-Thought-Daniel-w-Brown |access-date=10 May 2018 |ref=DWBRTMIT1996 |pages=18–24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321033206/https://www.scribd.com/document/116836545/Rethinking-Traditions-in-Modern-Islamic-Thought-Daniel-w-Brown |archive-date=21 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> argued that having conquered much more populous agricultural and urban societies with already existing laws and legal needs, the initial Muslim efforts to formulate legal norms{{refn|group=note|"...the essential features of old Muhammadan jurisprudence, such as the idea of the 'living tradition' of the ancient schools of law [local practices of early Muslim communities]; a body of common doctrine expressing the earliest effort to systematize; legal maxims which often reflect a slightly later stage, and an important nucleus of legal traditions... it is safe to say that [this] Muhammadan legal science started in the later part of the Umaiyad period, taking the legal practice of the time as its raw material and endorsing, modifying, or rejecting it"<ref name=Schacht-OoMJ-1959-190>{{cite book |title=The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence |last1=Schacht |first1=Joseph |publisher=Oxford University Press |orig-year=1950 |year=1959 |page=190 }}</ref>}} regarded the Quran{{refn|group=note|Islamic "law did not derive directly from the Koran but developed... out of popular and administrative practices under the Umayyads, and this practice often diverged from the intentions and even the explicit wording of the Koran... Norms derived from the Koran were introduced into Muhammadan law almost invariably at a secondary stage"<ref name=128-schacht>Schacht, Origins, p. 224</ref>}} and Muhammad's hadiths as just one source of law,{{refn|group=note|"In the time of Shafi'i, traditions from the Prophet were already recognized as one of the material bases of Muhammadan law. Their position in the ancient schools of law was, as we have seen, much less certain."<ref name=Schacht-OoMJ-1959-40>{{cite book |title=The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence |last1=Schacht |first1=Joseph |publisher=Oxford University Press |orig-year= 1950 |year= 1959 |page=40 }}</ref> Another example is that an early major works of fiqh—[[Muwatta Imam Malik]] (edited by Shaibani)—contains 429 ahadith by Muhammad but 750 by the [[Sahabah|Companions]], [[Tabi'un|Successors]] and others,<ref name=Schacht-OoMJ-1959-22>{{cite book |title=The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence |last1=Schacht |first1=Joseph |publisher=Oxford University Press |orig-year= 1950 |year= 1959 |page=22 }}</ref> in contrast to later works by al-Bukhari, Muslim, etc. that contain only ahadith by Muhammad.}} with jurist personal opinions, the legal practice of conquered peoples, and the decrees and decisions of the caliphs also being valid sources.<ref name=Jokisch-2018-393>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qs90DwAAQBAJ&q=schacht+competing+schools+of+law&pg=PA394 |editor1=Anver M. Emon |editor2=Rumee Ahmed |page=393 |last1=Jokisch |first1=Benjamin |chapter=Origins of and influences on Islamic Law |access-date=11 November 2019 |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780191668265 |archive-date=27 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227213724/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qs90DwAAQBAJ&q=schacht+competing+schools+of+law&pg=PA394 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to this theory, most canonical hadiths did not originate with Muhammad but were actually created at a later date, despite the efforts of hadith scholars to weed out fabrications.{{refn|group=note|"...a great many traditions in the classical and other collections were put into circulation only after Shafi'i's time; the first considerable body of legal traditions from the Prophet originated towards the middle of the second century..."<ref name=Schacht-OoMJ-1959-4>{{cite book |title=The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence |last1=Schacht |first1=Joseph |publisher=Oxford University Press |orig-year= 1950 |year= 1959 |page=4 }}</ref>}} After it became accepted that legal norms must be formally grounded in scriptural sources, proponents of rules of jurisprudence supported by the hadith would extend the [[Hadith studies|chains of transmission]] of the hadith back to Muhammad's companions.{{sfn|Calder|2009}} In his view, the real architect of Islamic jurisprudence was [[al-Shafi'i]], who formulated this idea (that legal norms must be formally grounded in scriptural sources) and other elements of classical legal theory in his work ''[[Al-Risala (al-Shafi'i book)|al-risala]]'',{{sfn|Calder|2009}}{{sfn|Jokisch|2015}} but who was preceded by a body of Islamic law not based on primacy of Muhammad's hadiths.
[[File:Safaitic script with a figure of a camel on a red sandstone fragment, from es-Safa, currently housed in the British Museum.jpg|thumb|left|[[Safaitic]] script with a figure of a camel on a red sandstone fragment, from [[Al-Safa (Syria)|es-Safa]], currently housed in the British Museum]]
Some articles that may be considered precursors of Sharia law and rituals can be found in the [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|pre-Islamic Arabic religions]]; pilgrimage is mentioned in pre-Islamic [[safaitic|Safaitic-Arabic]] inscriptions,{{Sfn|Al-Jallad|2022|p=41–44, 68}} and continuity can be observed in certain details, especially in today's hajj and [[umrah]] rituals.{{Sfn|Dost|2023}} [[Hijab|The veiling order]], which distinguishes between [[Islamic views on concubinage|slaves]]<ref name=Fadl>{{cite book|author=Khaled Abou El Fadl|title=Speaking in God's Name: Islamic Law, Authority and Women|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FU4QBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT198|date=1 October 2014|publisher=Oneworld Publications|pages=525–526|isbn=9781780744681}}</ref> and free [[women in Islam]], also coincides with similar distinctions seen in pre-Islamic civilizations.<ref name="Ahmed 1992 15">{{cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Leila|title=Women and Gender in Islam|year=1992|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|page=15}}</ref><ref name="El Guindi">{{Cite book|last=El Guindi|first=Fadwa|title=Hijab|publisher=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|author2=Sherifa Zahur|year= 2009|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001|isbn=9780195305135}}</ref>
[[File:Code of Hammurabi IMG 1937.JPG|thumb|alt=Cuneiform on the stele. Refer to adjacent text|In the [[laws of Hammurabi]], [[Eye for an eye|an eye for an eye]] was applied if a free man (avīlum) gouged out the eye/broke the bone of another free man of equal status; otherwise, a monetary penalty was paid.]]
[[Qisas]] was a practice used as a resolution tool in inter-tribal conflicts in [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|pre-Islamic Arab society]]. The basis of this resolution was that a member from the tribe to which the murderer belonged was handed over to the victim's family for execution, equivalent to the social status of the murdered person.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=KIRAZLI |first=SADIK |date=2011 |title=Conflict and Conflict Resolution in the pre-Islamic Arab Society |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41932575 |journal=Islamic Studies |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=25–53 |jstor=41932575 |issn=0578-8072}}</ref> The "condition of social equivalence" meant the execution of a member of the murderer's tribe who was equivalent to the murdered person. For example, only a slave could be killed for a slave, and a woman for a woman. In other cases, ''compensatory payment ([[Blood money in Islam|Diya]])'' could be paid to the family of the murdered. On top of this pre-Islamic understanding added a debate about whether a Muslim can be executed for a non-Muslim during the Islamic period. The main verse for implementation in Islam is [[Al Baqara]] 178: "Believers! Retaliation is ordained for you regarding the people who were killed. Free versus free, slave versus slave, woman versus woman. Whoever is forgiven by the brother of the slain for a price, let him abide by the custom and pay the price well."

Modern historians generally adopt intermediate positions regarding origins,{{sfn|Jokisch|2015}} suggesting that early Islamic jurisprudence developed out of a combination of administrative and popular practices shaped by the religious and ethical precepts of Islam.{{sfn|Ziadeh|2009}}{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Rabb|2009b}} It continued some aspects of pre-Islamic laws and customs of the lands that fell under Muslim rule in the aftermath of the [[Early Muslim conquests|early conquests]] and modified others, aiming to meet the practical need of establishing Islamic norms of behavior and adjudicating disputes arising in the community.{{sfn|Lapidus|2014|p=125}} Juristic thought gradually developed in study circles, where independent scholars met to learn from a local master and discuss religious topics.{{sfn|Lapidus|2014|p=125}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|pp=31–35}} At first, these circles were fluid in their membership, but with time distinct regional legal schools crystallized around shared sets of methodological principles.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|pp=31–35}} As the boundaries of the schools became clearly delineated, the authority of their doctrinal tenets came to be vested in a master jurist from earlier times, who was henceforth identified as the school's founder.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|pp=31–35}} In the course of the first three centuries of Islam, all legal schools came to accept the broad outlines of classical legal theory, according to which Islamic law had to be firmly rooted in the Quran and hadith.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Lapidus|2014|p=130}}

== Traditional jurisprudence (''fiqh'') ==
{{Main|Fiqh}}
''[[Fiqh]]'' is traditionally divided into the fields of ''[[Principles of Islamic jurisprudence|uṣūl al-fiqh]]'' (lit. the roots of ''fiqh''), which studies the theoretical principles of jurisprudence, and ''furūʿ al-fiqh'' (lit. the branches of ''fiqh''), which is devoted to elaboration of rulings on the basis of these principles.{{sfn|Calder|2009}}{{sfn|Schneider|2014}}

=== Principles of jurisprudence (''uṣūl al-fiqh'') ===
{{Main|Principles of Islamic jurisprudence}}
Classical Islamic jurisprudence refers how to elaborate and interpret religious sources that are considered reliable within the framework of "procedural principles" within its context such as [[linguistic]] and "[[rhetoric|rhetorical tools]]" to derive judgments for new situations by taking into account certain purposes and mesalih. Textual phrases usually dealt with under simple antithetical headings: general and particular, command and prohibition, obscure and clear, truth and metaphor. It also comprises methods for establishing authenticity of hadith and for determining when the legal force of a scriptural passage is [[Naskh (tafsir)|abrogated]] by a passage revealed at a later date.{{sfn|Calder|2009}}

The sources of judgment in classical fiqh are roughly divided into two: Manqūlāt (Quran and hadith) and Aqliyyāt (ijma, qiyas, ijtihad and others).<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://nou.edu.ng/coursewarecontent/ISL431%20Principles%20of%20Islamic%20Jurisprudence%20100713.pdf | title=Course title: principles of islamic jurisrudence | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312074410/https://nou.edu.ng/coursewarecontent/ISL431%20Principles%20of%20Islamic%20Jurisprudence%20100713.pdf | archive-date=12 March 2024 }}</ref> Some of them (Aqliyyāt) are considered to be the product of [[scholastic theology]] and [[Aristotelian logic]].<ref>Some are derived from the science of Aristotelian logic which the philosopher-theologian writers mutakallimun had become accustomed to discussing in the introductions to their works. ........... Some are derived from Ilm al Kalam Scholastic Theology, and include discussions of such questions as the nature of the Sovereign Hakim, in the sense of whether it is the Shari'ah itself or reason which decides what is right and what is wrong;.... https://www.iefpedia.com/english/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/USUL-FIQH.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312074408/https://www.iefpedia.com/english/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/USUL-FIQH.pdf |date=12 March 2024 }}</ref> It was an important area of debate among traditional fiqh scholars how much space should be given to rational methods in creating provisions such as extracting provisions from religious texts, as well as expanding, restricting, abolishing or postponing these provisions according to new situations, considering the purpose and benefit, together with new sociologies, in the face of changing conditions.<ref>Legal acts are valid when they fulfill all the essential requirements (arkān), causes, conditions and hindrances. They are void when any of these is lacking or deficient. https://nou.edu.ng/coursewarecontent/ISL431%20Principles%20of%20Islamic%20Jurisprudence%20100713.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312074410/https://nou.edu.ng/coursewarecontent/ISL431%20Principles%20of%20Islamic%20Jurisprudence%20100713.pdf |date=12 March 2024 }}</ref>

In this context, in the Classical period, the ulema were divided into groups (among other divisions such as political divisions) regarding the place of "[['Aql]]" vis-à-vis naql:<ref>So, it was in this way that the Ummah, those who had not become involved with either the Shi'ah or the Khawarij, was divided into two groups, Ahl al Hadith and Ahl al Ra'i; and the conflict between them intensified.https://www.iefpedia.com/english/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/USUL-FIQH.pdf</ref> those who rely on narration ([[Atharism|Atharists]], [[Ahl al-Hadith]]), those who rely on reason ([[Kalam|Ahl al-Kalām]], [[Mu'tazila]] and [[Ahl al-Ra'y]]) and those who tried to find a middle way between the two attitudes such as [[Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari]] in theology (syncretists).<ref name="auto">{{Harvtxt|Blankinship|2008|page=53}}</ref> In the classical age of Islam, there were violent conflicts between rationalists (aqliyyun; [[Mu'tazilism|al-muʿtazila]], kalamiyya) and traditionalist (naqliyyun, literalists, Ahl al-Hadith) groups and sects regarding the Quran and hadith or the place of reason in understanding the Quran and hadith,<ref name="Mirzaee, A. 2012 pp. 7-26">Mirzaee, A. (2012). 'Decline of Mu'tazilite Thought: The Heritage of Conflict between Ahl Al-Hadith and Mu'tazilites', Journal of Seven Heavens, 14(54), pp. 7–26</ref> as can be seen in the [[Mihna]] example.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pluriel.fuce.eu/article/the-mihna-deconstruction-and-reconsideration-of-the-mutazilite-role-in-the-inquisition/?lang=en | title=The Mihna. Deconstruction and reconsideration of the Mu'tazilite role in the "Inquisition | access-date=12 March 2024 | archive-date=12 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312075914/https://pluriel.fuce.eu/article/the-mihna-deconstruction-and-reconsideration-of-the-mutazilite-role-in-the-inquisition/?lang=en | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Oubrou">{{cite web |author=Taareq Oubrou |title=Coran créé ou incréé |url=https://tareqoubrou.com/coran-cree-ou-incree/ |access-date=12 March 2024 |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312074409/https://tareqoubrou.com/coran-cree-ou-incree/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Although the rationalists initially seemed to gain the upper hand in this conflict, with the rise of literalism, the Mutazila sank into history and literalism continued to live by gaining supporters.<ref name="Mirzaee, A. 2012 pp. 7-26"/>

In this context, the formulation of the Sunni view can be summarized as follows; Human reason is a gift from God which should be exercised to its fullest capacity.{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|p=15}} However, use of reason alone is insufficient [[Enjoining good and forbidding wrong|to distinguish right from wrong]], and rational argumentation must draw its content from the body of transcendental knowledge revealed in the Quran and through the sunnah of Muhammad.{{sfn|Dahlén|loc=chpt. 4c|2003}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|p=15}} In addition to the Quran and sunnah, the classical theory of Sunni fiqh recognizes two other sources of law: juristic consensus (''[[Ijma|ijmaʿ]]'') and analogical reasoning (''[[qiyas]]'').{{sfn|Ziadeh|2009}} It therefore studies the application and limits of analogy, as well as the value and limits of consensus, along with other methodological principles, some of which are accepted by only certain legal schools.{{sfn|Calder|2009}} This interpretive apparatus is brought together under the rubric of ''[[ijtihad]]'', which refers to a jurist's exertion in an attempt to arrive at a ruling on a particular question.{{sfn|Calder|2009}}

The theory of [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shia]] jurisprudence parallels that of Sunni schools with some differences, such as recognition of reason (''[['Aql|ʿaql]]'') as a source of law in place of ''qiyas'' and extension of the notion of sunnah to include traditions of the [[Twelve Imams|imams]].{{sfn|Dahlén|loc=chpt. 4c|2003}}{{sfn|Kamali|1999|pp=121–22}}

==== Sources for Ahkam al-Sharia ====
{{Main|Sources of Sharia}}
Islamic scholar [[Rashid Rida]] (1865–1935 CE) lists the four basic sources of Islamic law, agreed upon by all [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]]: "the [well-known] sources of legislation in Islam are four: the ''[[Quran|Qur'an]]'', the ''[[Sunnah]]'', the [[Ijma|consensus]] of the ''[[ummah]]'' and ''[[ijtihad]]'' undertaken by competent jurists"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rashīd Riḍā|first=Muhammad|title=The Muhammadan Revelation|publisher=Al-Saadawi Publications|year=1996|isbn=1-881963-55-1|location=Alexandria, VA|page=127}}</ref>

While traditional understanding strongly denies that Quran may have changed,([[Al Hejr]]:9)<ref> Classical jurists held its "[[Textual criticism|textual integrity]]" to be beyond doubt on account of it having been handed down by many people in each generation, which is known as "recurrence" or "concurrent transmission" (''tawātur'').{{harvnb|Ziadeh|2009}}{{harvnb|Hallaq|2009a|pp=16–18}}{{harvnb|Dahlén|loc=chpt. 4b|2003}}</ref> the authenticity of hadiths could only be questioned through the chain of narration, though some western researchers suggests that primary sources may have also been evolved.

[[File:Blue koran sanaa.jpg|thumb|Page from the [[Sanaa manuscript]]. ]]
* ''[[Quran]]'': in Islam, the Quran is considered to be the most sacred source of law.{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|pp=16–18}} According to classical mainstream jurists, the verses of the Quran that were "revealed later" in Islamic language may have [[Naskh (tafsir)|restricted or abolished the earlier]] verses.<ref name="JBSILITA1990:43-44,56-59,122-124">[[#JBSILITA1990|Burton, ''Islamic Theories of Abrogation'', 1990]]: pp. 43–44, 56–59, 122–124</ref> Therefore, deciding which verses of the Quran will be used, in addition to other knowledge and skills, may be the job of [[Ulama|lawyers who know these issues in detail]]. Whether the Sunnah could limit the Quran remained a matter of debate. [[Madhab|Fiqh sects]] are schools of understanding that try to determine the actions that people should do or avoid based on the Quran and hadiths. [[Hanafi school|Hanafi sect]] requires that in order for something to be considered [[fard]], it must be clearly commanded in the Qur'an "according to logical and grammatical requirements such as addressee, order and scope, etc.", expressions that do not meet this condition are placed in the "wujub" class, which expresses a lower level of necessity.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ebrahim |first=Mufti |url=http://www.albalagh.net/qa/fard_wajib_sunnah.shtml |title=Albalagh.net |publisher=Albalagh.net |date=28 April 2002 |access-date=29 January 2019 |archive-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116180401/http://www.albalagh.net/qa/fard_wajib_sunnah.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Some of these fiqh results (ahkam) may also indicate exaggeration of statements, generalizations taken out of context, and imperative broadening of scope.

A small number of verses in the Quran are about general rules of governance, inheritance, [[Marriage in Islam|marriage]], [[Hudud|crime and punishment]]. There are notable exceptions to some of these rules, as in [[Al-Ahzab]] 49; jurists state that they are specific to Muhammad alone. Although the Quran does not impose [[Political aspects of Islam|a specific legal-management system]], it emphasizes [[ma'ruf|custom]] in nearly 40 verses and commands [[Adl|justice.]] ([[An-Nahl]]; 90) The practices prescribed in the Quran are considered as reflections of [[Quranic hermeneutics|contextual legal understandings]], as can be clearly seen in some examples such as [[Qisas]] and [[Diya (Islam)|diya]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zh.booksc.eu/book/52479161/c42c5a |title=Conflict and Conflict Resolution in the pre-Islamic Arab Society | SADIK KIRAZLI | download |access-date=31 January 2022 |archive-date=29 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129180325/https://zh.booksc.eu/book/52479161/c42c5a |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/61846/1/Tahir%20Wasti.pdf | title=The Application of Islamic Criminal Law in Pakistan | author=Tahir Wasti | website=ndl.ethernet.edu.et | year=2009}}</ref> The following statement in the Quran is thought to be the general rule of testimony in [[Islamic criminal jurisprudence|Islamic jurisprudence]], except for crime and punishment – for example, debt, shopping, etc.; O believers! When you contract a loan for a fixed period of time, commit it to writing....with justice. Call upon two of your men to witness. If two men cannot be found, then one man and two women of your choice will witness so if one of the women forgets the other may remind her....<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surah Al-Baqarah – 282 |url=https://quran.com/en/al-baqarah/282 |access-date=16 December 2024 |website=Quran.com |language=en}}</ref> Rules of inheritance was also mentioned in the Quran, in regards to certain family members having their share. (the share of the male will be twice that of the female){{qref|4|11|b=y|s=y}}<ref name=davidpowers>{{cite journal |last1=Powers |first1=David S. | title=Islamic Inheritance System: A Socio-Historical Approach |journal=Arab Law Quarterly |volume=8 |issue=1 |year=1993 |pages=13–29 |jstor=3381490 |doi=10.1163/157302593X00285}}</ref>

In a different example, in [[The Necklace Incident|the necklace story of Aisha]], called [[Asbab al-Nuzul]] for surah [[An-Nur]] :11-20 four male witnesses were required for the accusation of adultery. In addition, those who made accusations that did not meet the specified conditions would be punished with 80 lashes. The jurisprudence of later periods stipulates that witnesses must be men, covering all [[hudud|hadd crimes]] and people who did not have credibility and honesty in society ([[Islamic views on slavery|slaves]], non-adl; [[fasiq|sinners]], infidels) could not testify against believers.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Peters|first1=Rudolph|title=Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521796705|pages=53–55}}</ref> In addition, the Islamic judiciary did not require proof of the issues defined as [[tazir]].<ref>Oudah supports the ‘medieval’ classification of crimes into hudud, qisas and diyat, and tazir. The key factors that determine the classification of these crimes, he states, are the element of pardoning the accused, taking into account mitigating circumstances and the requirement of strict proof in proving the offences http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/61846/1/Tahir%20Wasti.pdf</ref> The statement in the Qur'an that determines the status of slaves in community is; ''ma malakat aymanuhum''<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web | url=https://www.alhakam.org/what-is-the-meaning-of-those-whom-your-right-hand-possesses-milk-al-yamin | title=What is the meaning of "those whom your right hand possesses" (milk al-yamin)? | website=www.alhakam.org | date=28 May 2021}}</ref> meaning "those whom your right hands possess".
{{Multiple image
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Adam Ismaeel 1986.jpg
| image2 = Ibrahim Osman 1986.jpg
| footer = Cross amputation survivors, Adam Ismaeel (left) and Ibrahim Osman (right), of the [[September 1983 Laws]] in Sudan, pictured in 1986; According to the understanding, these people must have declared war against Allah and the Prophet.}}

Only a few crimes mentioned in the Quran along with their penal consequences are called [[hudud laws|hudud crimes]] and are classified as a separate category in classical fiqh texts. How the verse [[Al-Ma'idah]] 33, which describes the crime of [[hirabah]], should be understood is a matter of debate even today.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/JS/article/download/27993/12654/63844 | title=The crime of ḥirābah: approach, justification and significance | website=ejournal.um.edu.my | author=Muhammad Hameedullah | date=31 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="AutoN0-18">{{cite journal |last1=Khasan |first1=Moh |title=From Textuality to Universality: The Evolution of Ḥirābah Crimes in Islamic Jurisprudence |journal=Al-Jami'ah: Journal of Islamic Studies |date=24 May 2021 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–32 |doi=10.14421/ajis.2021.591.1-32 |url=https://aljamiah.or.id/index.php/AJIS/article/view/59101 |access-date=16 November 2024 |language=en |issn=2338-557X|doi-access=free }}</ref> The verse talks about the punishment of criminals by killing, hanging, having their [[Cross-amputation|hands and feet cut off on opposite sides]], and being exiled from the earth, in response to an -abstract- crime such as "[[Fasad|fighting against Allah and His Messenger]]". Today, commentators – in the face of the development of the understanding of law and the increasing reactions to corporal punishment<ref>. In contrast with textuality approach by classical Muslim's scholars, modern Muslim's scholars have the same perception to reformulate ḥirābah from many perspectives, like definition, principle of liability, and formulation of punishment. This reformulation of ḥirābah, and also of Islamic criminal law in general, not only based on compatibility reasons to modernity, but also to harmonize with the changing of time and place. Textual understanding and the principle of individual and locality in
ḥirābah are no longer competent with the principles of modernity which prior to collectivity and universality.Al-Jāmi'ah: Journal of Islamic Studies – ISSN: 0126-012X (p); 2356-0912 (e) Vol. 59, no. 1 (2021), pp.1–32, doi: 10.14421/ajis.2021.591.1-32</ref>- claim that the verse determines the punishment of "concrete sequential criminal acts" – such as massacre, robbery and rape – in addition to rebellion against the legitimate government, and that the punishment to be given depends on the existence of these preconditions.

* ''[[Sunnah]]'' / ''[[Hadith]]'':Although hadiths have largely replaced the sunnah in [[sunni|orthodoxy]] legislation today, according to some research, the opposite was true in the early Islamic society. Sunnah originally meant a tradition that did not contain the definition of good and bad.<ref name="Juynboll">{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Juynboll |first=G. H. A. |date=1997 |title=Sunna |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |publisher=Brill |editor1-first=P. |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C. E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W. P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |volume=9 |pages=878–879}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/reference/glossary/term.SUNNAH.html | title=Sunnah | access-date=14 May 2024 | archive-date=5 December 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205042656/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/reference/glossary/term.SUNNAH.html | url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Wehr |first1=Hans |title=A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic |url=https://giftsofknowledge.files.wordpress.com/2016/01/hans-wehr-searchable-pdf.pdf |website=Hans Wehr Searchable PDF |access-date=15 June 2020 |page=369 |archive-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620203718/https://giftsofknowledge.files.wordpress.com/2016/01/hans-wehr-searchable-pdf.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="OISO">{{cite web |title=Sunnah |url= http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e332 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130616030931/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e332 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 16 June 2013 |website=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |access-date=15 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="Oxford University Press">{{cite book |title=The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence |last1=Schacht |first1=Joseph |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1959 |orig-year=1950 |page=58}}</ref> Later, "good traditions" began to be referred to as sunnah and the concept of "Muhammad's sunnah" was established.<ref name="Juynboll" /> Muhammad's sunnah gave way to the "hadiths of Muhammad" which were [[Oral tradition|transmitted orally]],{{sfn|Brown|2009|p=3}} then recorded in corpuses and [[Hadith studies|systematized and purified within following centuries]]. According to Harald Motzki and Daniel W. Brown the earliest Islamic legal reasonings that have come down to us were "virtually hadith-free", but gradually, over the course of second century [[Hijri year|A.H.]] "the infiltration and incorporation of Prophetic hadiths into Islamic jurisprudence" took place.<ref>{{cite journal | first = Harald | last = Motzki | title = The Musannaf of Abd al-Razzaq al-San'ani as a Source of Authentic Ahadith of the First Century A.H. | journal = Journal of Near Eastern Studies | volume = 50 | year = 1991 | page = 21| doi = 10.1086/373461 | s2cid = 162187154 }}</ref><ref name=DWBRTMIT1996:12>[[#DWBRTMIT1996|Brown, ''Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought'', 1996]]: p.12</ref> (For a similar change, see: [[Sīrah]]) The value of customs (see also: [[urf]], [[ma'ruf]]) manifests itself in the classification of food and drinks as [[halal]] and [[haram]]; Some jurists such as Al- Shafi'i and [[Ibn Qudamah]] have determined the haram/halal criterion as "compatibility or contradiction with the Arab's customary habits and nature".<ref>Some of forbidden and permissed foods and drinks mentoined in Quran and the tradition of the prophet; others were determined by scholar, but the some of them were ınfluenced of Arab's culturehttp://www.ilafdergi.hitit.edu.tr/Makaleler/772304030_2.14.pdf</ref>

Although for many [[madhab|Muslim sects]], hadith was second to that of the [[Quran]] in authority,<ref name="EB">{{cite web |title=Hadith |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hadith |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=31 July 2020}}</ref> the majority of [[ahkam|Sharia rules]] derived from hadith rather than the Quran.<ref name="Forte-1978-2">{{cite journal|last1=Forte|first1=David F.|title=Islamic Law; the impact of Joseph Schacht|journal=Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review |date=1978|volume=1|page=2 |url=http://www.soerenkern.com/pdfs/islam/IslamicLawTheImpactofJosephSchacht.pdf |access-date=19 April 2018}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|"The full systems of Islamic theology and law are not derived primarily from the Quran. Muhammad's sunna was a second but far more detailed living scripture, and later Muslim scholars would thus often refer to Muhammad as 'The Possessor of Two Revelations'".<ref name="JACBMM2014:18">[[#JACBMM2014|J.A.C. Brown, ''Misquoting Muhammad'', 2014]]: p.18</ref>|group=Note}} The body of hadith provides more detailed and practical legal guidance, but it was recognized early on that not all of them were authentic.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|pp=16–18}} Early Islamic scholars developed personal criteria for evaluating their authenticity by assessing trustworthiness of the individuals listed in their transmission chains.{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|pp=16–18}} These studies narrowed down the vast corpus of prophetic traditions to several thousand "sound (seeming to collectors)" hadiths, which were collected in several canonical compilations.{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|pp=16–18}} The hadiths which enjoyed concurrent transmission were deemed [[mutawatir]]; however, the vast majority of hadiths were handed down by only one or a few transmitters and were therefore seen to yield only probable knowledge.{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|pp=16–18}}{{sfn|Ziadeh|2009}} The uncertainty was further compounded by ambiguity of the language contained in some hadiths and Quranic passages.{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|pp=16–18}} Disagreements on the relative merits and interpretation of the textual sources allowed legal scholars considerable leeway in formulating alternative rulings.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}

In [[Imam Malik]]'s usage, hadith did not consist only of the words claimed to belong to Muhammad as is the case with [[Shia|Shiite Muslims]]. While hadith does not appear to be an important source of decision for early fiqh scholars such as [[Abu Hanifa]], for later scholars, hadith is perceived as the words of Muhammad merely and is considered as a strong and separate source of decision alongside the Quran. Today, [[Quranism|Quranists]] do not consider hadiths as a valid source of religious rulings.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Hadis & Sünnet: Şeytani Bidatler |url=http://www.teslimolanlar.org/ekler.php?ekid=19 |access-date=25 May 2021 |website=Teslimolanlar |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525090921/http://www.teslimolanlar.org/ekler.php?ekid=19 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Öztürk|first=Yaşar Nuri|title=İslam Nasıl Yozlaştırıldı: Vahyin Dininden Sapmalar, Hurafeler, Bid'atlar|date=2015|id={{ASIN|9756779306|country=tr}} }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Appendix 19, Hadith & Sunna: Satanic Innovations|url=https://www.masjidtucson.org/quran/appendices/appendix19.html|access-date=26 August 2021|website=www.masjidtucson.org|archive-date=20 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820173104/https://www.masjidtucson.org/quran/appendices/appendix19.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Ijma]]'':({{langx|ar|إجماع|translit=ijmāʿ|lit=consensus}}, {{IPA|ar|ʔid͡ʒ.maːʕ|IPA}}) is an Arabic term referring to the [[Consensus decision-making|consensus]] or agreement of the Islamic community on a point of Islamic law. It was the consensus that could in principle elevate a ruling based on probable evidence to absolute certainty.{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|pp=21–22}}{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} This classical doctrine drew its authority from a series of hadiths stating that the Islamic community could never agree on an error.{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|pp=21–22}} [[Sunni]] Muslims regard it as one of the secondary sources of Sharia law, after the [[Qur'an]], and the [[Sunnah]]. Exactly what group should represent the Muslim community in reaching the consensus is not agreed on by the various schools of Islamic jurisprudence.<ref>{{cite web|website=Britannica|title=Ijma | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/ijma |access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref> Some believe it should be the [[Sahaba]] (the first generation of Muslims) only; others the consensus of the [[Salaf]] (the first three generations of Muslims); or the consensus of [[Islamic lawyer]]s,<ref name="Modarresi">{{cite book|author=Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi|author-link=Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi|title=The Laws of Islam|date=26 March 2016|publisher=Enlight Press|isbn=978-0994240989|url=http://almodarresi.com/en/books/pdf/TheLawsofIslam.pdf|access-date=23 December 2017|ref=Modarresi|language=en|archive-date=2 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802163247/http://almodarresi.com/en/books/pdf/TheLawsofIslam.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{rp|472}} the [[Ulema|jurists and scholars]] of the Muslim world, i.e. scholarly consensus; or the consensus of all the Muslim world, both scholars and lay people. The practical difficulty of obtaining and ascertaining such an agreement meant that it had little impact on legal development.{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|pp=21–22}}{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} A more pragmatic form of consensus, which could be determined by consulting works of prominent jurists, was used to confirm a ruling so that it could not be reopened for further discussion.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}

The opposite of Ijma (i.e., lack of consensus on a point of Islamic law) is called ''[[ikhtilaf]]''.
* ''[[Qiyas]]'': it is the Analogical reasoning that is used to derive a ruling for a situation not addressed in the scripture by analogy with a scripturally based rule.{{sfn|Ziadeh|2009}} In a classic example, the Quranic prohibition of drinking wine is extended to all intoxicating substances, on the basis of the "cause" (''ʿilla'') shared by these situations, which in this case is identified to be intoxication.{{sfn|Ziadeh|2009}} Since the cause of a rule may not be apparent, its selection commonly occasioned controversy and extensive debate.{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|pp=23–24}} Majority of [[Sunni Muslims]] view ''[[Qiyas]]'' as a central Pillar of ''[[Ijtihad]]''.<ref name="overview">{{cite book|author1=Irshad Abdel Haqq|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZS7EaHTQX8C&q=Islamic+law%3A+An+Overview+of+Its+Origins+and+Elements&pg=PA1|title=Understanding Islamic Law: From Classical to Contemporary|publisher=Rowman Altamira|year=2006|isbn=9780759109919|editor1-last=Ramadan|editor1-first=Hisham M.|author-link1=Islamic law: An Overview of Its Origins and Elements|access-date=17 August 2016|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920215257/https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZS7EaHTQX8C&q=Islamic+law:+An+Overview+of+Its+Origins+and+Elements&pg=PA1|url-status=live}}</ref> On the other hand; [[Zahiri]]tes, [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]], [[Al-Bukhari]], early [[Hanbalites]], etc rejected ''Qiyas'' amongst the Sunnis.<ref>{{Cite book|last=B. Hallaq|first=Wael|title=The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0-521-80332-8|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=124, 127}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lucas|first1=Scott C.|date=2006|title=The Legal Principles of Muhammad B. Ismāʿīl Al-Bukhārī and Their Relationship to Classical Salafi Islam|journal=Islamic Law and Society|volume=13|issue=3|page=292|doi=10.1163/156851906778946341}}</ref><ref>Mansoor Moaddel, ''Islamic Modernism, Nationalism, and Fundamentalism: Episode and Discourse'', pg. 32. [[Chicago]]: [[University of Chicago Press]], 2005.</ref> Twelver Shia jurisprudence also does not recognize the use of ''qiyas'', but relies on reason (''ʿ[['aql]]'') in its place.{{sfn|Dahlén|loc=chpt. 4c|2003}}{{sfn|Schneider|2014}}

===== Aims of Sharia and public interest =====
{{Main|Maqasid|Maslaha}}
''Maqāṣid'' (aims or purposes) of Sharia and ''maṣlaḥa'' (welfare or public interest) are two related classical doctrines which have come to play an increasingly prominent role in modern times.{{sfn|Duderija|2014|pp=2–6}}{{sfn|Brown|2009}}{{sfn|Gleave|2012}} [[Al-Ghazālī|Abū Hāmid al-Ghazālī]], [[Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam]] and [[Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi]] used maslaha and madasıd as equivalent terms.<ref>Al-Ghazālī: ''al-Mustaṣfā min ʿilm al-ʾuṣūl.'' Ed. Aḥmad Zakī Ḥammād. SIDRA, Riad, 2009?. S. 328. ({{archive.org |20200821_20200821_0953 |Blatt=n327}}).</ref><ref>Abdeljelil: „Die Maximen der islamischen Jurisprudenz". 2014, S. 68–70.</ref> Synonyms for the term maqāṣid aš-šarīʿa are the expressions maqāṣid aš-šāriʿ ("intentions of the legislature"), maqāṣid at-tašrīʿ ("intentions of the legislature "), ruḥ aš -šarīʿa ("Spirit of Sharia"), ḥikmat at-tašrīʿ ("Wisdom of Legislation") and falsafat at-tašrīʿ ("Philosophy of Legislation").<ref>Kurnaz: ''Der Diskurs über maqāṣid aš-šarīʿa.'' 2014, S. 92.</ref>

They were first clearly articulated by [[al-Ghazali]] (d. 1111), who argued that ''Maqāṣid'' and ''maslaha'' was God's general purpose in revealing the divine law, and that its specific aim was preservation of five essentials of human well-being: religion, life, intellect, offspring, and property.{{sfn|Opwis|2007|p=65}}

Although most classical-era jurists recognized ''maslaha'' and ''maqasid'' as important legal principles, they held different views regarding the role they should play in Islamic law.{{sfn|Duderija|2014|pp=2–6}}{{sfn|Gleave|2012}} Some jurists viewed them as auxiliary rationales constrained by scriptural sources and analogical reasoning.{{sfn|Duderija|2014|pp=2–6}}{{sfn|Opwis|2007|pp=66–68}} Others regarded them as an "independent" source of law, whose general principles could override specific [[Zahiri school|inferences based on the letter of scripture]].{{sfn|Duderija|2014|pp=2–6}}{{sfn|Opwis|2007|pp=68–69}} Taking maqasid and maslaha as an "independent" [[sources of sharia|source of sharia]] – rather than an auxiliary one – will pave the way for the re-critique and reorganization of [[ahkam]] in the context of maqasid and maslaha,<ref name="files.eric.ed.gov">{{Cite web | url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1128456.pdf | title=Translation of the Holy Quran: A Call for Standardization | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325222213/https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1128456.pdf | archive-date=25 March 2024 }}</ref> thus (including [[hudud]]), which is often criticized in terms of today's values and seen as problematic,<ref name="Gontowska, Luiza Maria 2005">Gontowska, Luiza Maria, "Human Rights Violations Under the Sharia'a : A Comparative Study of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran" (2005). Honors College Theses. Paper 13.</ref> in terms of the purposes of Sharia and social benefits will be replaced by new ones. [[Abdallah bin Bayyah]] goes further with an approach that prioritizes purpose and benefit among the sources of Sharia and declares it to be the heart of "usul-al fiqh".<ref name="files.eric.ed.gov"/>
[[File:The tomb of Imam Al-Ghazali.jpg|thumb|Mausoleum of [[Al-Ghazali]] in [[Tus, Iran|Tus]]; Many see Al-Ghazali as the last [[mujtahid]], and his period as the period when the door of ijtihad closed and, in a sense, the Islamic Middle Ages began, and they think that Ghazali is responsible for this.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Naseem Rafiabadi|first=Hamid|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3rEjofhC2oC&dq=Ghazali+gates+of+Ijtihad&pg=PA293|title=Emerging From Darkness: Ghazzali's Impact on the Western Philosophers|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=2002|isbn=81-7625-310-3|location=New Delhi |pages=293}}</ref>]]

While the latter view was held by a minority of classical jurists, in modern times it came to be championed in different forms by prominent scholars who sought to adapt Islamic law to changing social conditions by drawing on the intellectual heritage of traditional jurisprudence.{{sfn|Duderija|2014|pp=2–6}}{{sfn|Ziadeh|2009}}{{sfn|Brown|2009}} These scholars expanded the inventory of ''maqasid'' to include such aims of Sharia as reform and [[women's rights]] ([[Rashid Rida]]); justice and freedom ([[Mohammed al-Ghazali]]); and [[human rights]] and [[dignity]] ([[Yusuf al-Qaradawi]]).{{sfn|Duderija|2014|pp=2–6}}

==== Ijtihad ====
{{Main|Ijtihad}}
'''''Ijtihad''''' {{lit|physical||mental effort}}{{sfn|Rabb|2009c}} refers to independent reasoning by an expert in [[Islamic law]],<ref name=ODI-Ijtihad>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ijtihad|chapter=Taqiyah |editor=John L. Esposito |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |chapter-url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-978-0-19-512558-0-e-2338|chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref> or exertion of a jurist's mentality in finding a solution to a legal question{{sfn|Rabb|2009c}} in contrast with ''[[taqlid]]'' ([[conformity]] to precedent ijtihad).<ref name=ODI-Ijtihad/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Taqlid|editor=John L. Esposito|encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-512558-0|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-2339|url-access=subscription|access-date=6 March 2024|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416101857/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-2339|url-status=live}}</ref> According to theory, ''ijtihad'' requires expertise in the Arabic language, theology, religious texts, and principles of jurisprudence (''[[Principles of Islamic jurisprudence|usul al-fiqh]]''),<ref name=ODI-Ijtihad/> and is not employed where authentic and trusted texts ([[Qur'an]] and [[hadith]]) are considered unambiguous with regard to the question, or where there is an existing scholarly consensus (''[[ijma]]'').{{sfn|Rabb|2009c}} An [[Islamic scholar]] who perform ''ijtihad'' is called "''[[Ijtihad#Qualifications of a mujtahid|mujtahid]]''".{{sfn|Rabb|2009c}}<ref>sometimes spelt ''mojtahed''</ref> In the general understanding, beyond the limitation of ijtihad to those situations that do not have a clear ruling in the Quran and hadiths, scholars who have the ability to give general judgments are also ranked with definitions such as "mujtahid mutlaq", "mujtahid in sect", "mujtahid in issue".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stevenmasood.org/article/concept-ijtihad-history-islamic-jurisprudence|title=The concept of Ijtihad in the history of Islamic Jurisprudence | Dr. Steven Masood|website=stevenmasood.org|access-date=1 November 2024|archive-date=1 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901165834/https://stevenmasood.org/article/concept-ijtihad-history-islamic-jurisprudence|url-status=live}}</ref> Rulings based on ijtihad are not decisions that require obligatory implementation for other Muslims.

Throughout the first five [[Islamic calendar|Islamic centuries]], ''ijtihad'' continued to practise amongst Sunni Muslims. The controversy surrounding ''ijtihad'' started with the beginning of the twelfth century.<ref name="B. Hallaq 20, 33">{{Cite journal|last=B. Hallaq|first=Wael|date=March 1984|title=Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/162939|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|volume=16|issue=1|pages=20, 33|doi=10.1017/S0020743800027598|jstor=162939|s2cid=159897995}}</ref> By the 14th century, [[Fiqh|Islamic Fiqh]] prompted leading Sunni jurists to state that the main legal questions had been addressed and then ''ijtihad'' was gradually restricted.{{sfn|Rabb|2009c}} In the modern era, this gave rise to a perception amongst [[Orientalism|Orientalist]] scholars and sections of the Muslim public that the so-called "gate of ''ijtihad''" was closed at the start of the classical era.{{sfn|Rabb|2009c}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gould |first=Rebecca |date=January 2015 |title=Ijtihād against Madhhab: Legal Hybridity and the Meanings of Modernity in Early Modern Daghestan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43908333 |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=50–51 |doi=10.1017/S0010417514000590 |jstor=43908333 |s2cid=121170987}}</ref>

Starting from the 18th century, [[Islamic revival|Islamic reformers]] began calling for abandonment of ''taqlid'' and emphasis on ''ijtihad'', which they saw as a return to Islamic origins.{{sfn|Rabb|2009c}} The advocacy of ''ijtihad'' has been particularly associated with [[Islamic Modernism]] and [[Salafi]]yya movements. Among contemporary Muslims in the West there have emerged new visions of ''ijtihad'' which emphasize substantive moral values over traditional juridical understandings.{{sfn|Rabb|2009c}}

[[Shia]] jurists did not use the term ''ijtihad'' until the 12th century. With the exception of [[Zaydi]]s, the early [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Imami]] [[Shia Islam|Shia]] were unanimous in censuring ''Ijtihad'' in the field of law (''[[Ahkam]]'') until the Shiite embrace of various doctrines of [[Muʿtazila|Mu'tazila]] and classical Sunnite ''[[Fiqh]]''.{{sfn|Rabb|2009c}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahman |first=Fazlur |title=REVIVAL AND REFORM IN ISLAM: A Study of Islamic Fundamentalism |publisher=One World Publications Oxford |year=2000 |isbn=1-85168-204-X |location=Oxford, England |pages=63–64}}</ref> After the victory of the [[Usuli|''Usulis'']] who based law on principles ([[Usul Fiqh in Ja'fari school|usul]]) over the [[Akhbari|''Akhbaris'']] ("traditionalists") who emphasized on reports or traditions (''khabar'') by the 19th century, ''Ijtihad'' would become a mainstream Shia practice.<ref name="Mohammad Farzaneh 2015 6"/>

The classical process of ijtihad combined these generally recognized principles with other methods, which were not adopted by all legal schools, such as ''[[istihsan]]'' (juristic preference), ''[[istislah]]'' (consideration of public interest) and ''[[istishab]]'' (presumption of continuity).{{sfn|Ziadeh|2009}}

Considering that, [[Principles of Islamic jurisprudence|as a rule]], there was a hierarchy and power ranking among the sources of Sharia;<ref>Subsequently, the sources of Islamic Law are clarified, showing their legal basis, binding force and position on the hierarchical chart https://www.elevenjournals.com/tijdschrift/ejlr/2014/2/EJLR_1387-2370_2014_016_002_003 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801091026/https://www.elevenjournals.com/tijdschrift/ejlr/2014/2/EJLR_1387-2370_2014_016_002_003 |date=1 August 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AUFPPlatypus/2006/46.pdf | title=Islamic law and its sources | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801091025/https://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AUFPPlatypus/2006/46.pdf | archive-date=1 August 2024 }}</ref> for example, a subcategory or an auxiliary source will not be able to eliminate a provision clearly stated in the main source or prohibit a practice that was not prohibited though it was known and practiced during the prophetic period. If we look at an example such as the abolition of the validity of [[Mut'a marriage]], is touched upon in the [[Quran 4:24]],<ref>And you are allowed to seek out wives with your wealth in decorous conduct, but not in fornication, but give them their reward for what you have enjoyed of them in keeping with your promise.(4:24)https://www.britannica.com/topic/mutah {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511163600/https://www.britannica.com/topic/mutah |date=11 May 2024 }}</ref> and not prohibited (Sunnis translate the words used in the relevant verse with terms used to describe the ordinary marriage event) according to Sunnis is banned by [[Muhammad]] towards the end of his lifetime,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/search?q=temporary+marriage|title=Search Results – Search Results – temporary marriage (page 1) – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|website=sunnah.com|access-date=1 August 2024|archive-date=1 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801091025/https://sunnah.com/search?q=temporary+marriage|url-status=live}}</ref> and according to [[Shiites]], by [[Umar|Omar]], "according to his own opinion" and relying on power. The Shiite sect did not accept the jurisprudence of Omar, whose political and religious authority they rejected from the beginning.

==== Ahkam al-shar'iyya (Decision types; labels) ====
{{Main|Ahkam|Islamic criminal jurisprudence|Hadd|Tazir}}
Fiqh is concerned with ethical standards as much as with legal norms, seeking to establish not only what is and is not legal, but also what is morally right and wrong.{{sfn|Coulson|El Shamsy|2019}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2010|p=145}} Sharia rulings fall into one of five categories known as "the five decisions" (''al-aḥkām al-khamsa''): [[Fard|mandatory]] (''farḍ'' or ''wājib''), [[Mustahabb|recommended]] (''mandūb'' or ''mustaḥabb''), [[Mubah|neutral]] (''mubāḥ''), [[Makruh|reprehensible]] (''makrūh''), and [[Haram|forbidden]] (''ḥarām'').{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Schneider|2014}}

It is a sin or a crime to perform a forbidden action or not to perform a mandatory action.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} Reprehensible acts should be avoided, but they are not considered to be sinful or punishable in court.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|p=20}} Avoiding reprehensible acts and performing recommended acts is held to be subject of reward in the afterlife, while neutral actions entail no judgment from God.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|p=20}} Jurists disagree on whether the term ''[[Halal|ḥalāl]]'' covers the first three or the first four categories.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} The legal and moral verdict depends on whether the action is committed out of necessity (''ḍarūra'') and on the underlying intention (''[[niyya]]''), as expressed in the legal maxim "acts are [evaluated according] to intention."{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}

[[File:Prof. Dr. Mustafa Öztürk (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Mustafa Öztürk]] follows [[Fazlur Rahman Malik]]'s footsteps and says that the verses are revealed on [[Quranic hermeneutics|the historical context]], the [[Ahkam]] are not among the essence and [[maqasid|purposes of religion]], with an example: [[Islamic views on concubinage|Slaves were considered property]]; could be bought, sold, rented and shared.<ref name=jebro>Jonathan E. Brockopp (2000), Early Mālikī Law: Ibn ʻAbd Al-Ḥakam and His Major Compendium of Jurisprudence, Brill, {{ISBN|978-9004116283}}, pp. 131</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Levy |first=Reuben | title=The Social Structure of Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/socialstructureo0000levy_p7w6 | url-access=registration | location = UK | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year = 1957|p=77}}</ref> [[Al-Sarakhsi]] decided that the paternity determination of the child to be born could be made by [[Lottery|draw]], and asks how many of you can accept this understanding today?<ref>{{YouTube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jwl85m-bSeA |title=3 Çarpıcı Örnek: Kurban, Kölelik ve Allah Tasavvuru}}</ref>]]
[[Hanafi]] fiqh does not consider both terms as synonymous and makes a distinction between "[[fard]]" and "[[wajib]]"; In Hanafi fiqh, two conditions are required to impose the fard rule. 1. [[Nass (Islam)|Nass]], (only verses of the Qur'an can be accepted as evidence here, not [[hadith]]s) 2.The expression of the text referring to the subject must be clear and precise enough not to allow other interpretations. The term wajib is used for situations that do not meet the second of these conditions.<ref>"According to the Bishair the fardh, is like the wajib but the wajib expresses [that something should] occur and the fard, expresses [that something has] a definitive assessment. https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789047400851/B9789047400851_s012.xml?language=en {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406013755/https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789047400851/B9789047400851_s012.xml?language=en |date=6 April 2024 }}</ref>
However, this understanding may not be sufficient to explain every situation. For example, Hanafis accept [[Salah|5 daily prayers]] as fard. However, some religious groups such as [[Quranists]] and [[Shiites]], who do not doubt that the Quran existing today is a religious source, infer from the same verses that it is clearly ordered to pray 2 or 3 times,<ref>Zum Beispiel Sayyid Ahmad Khan. Vgl. Ahmad: ''Islamic Modernism in India and Pakistan 1857–1964''. 1967, S. 49.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ek 15 – Dini Görevler: Tanrı'dan Bir Armağan|url=http://www.teslimolanlar.org/ekler.php?ekid=15|access-date=30 May 2021|website=Teslimolanlar|archive-date=5 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105182152/http://www.teslimolanlar.org/ekler.php?ekid=15|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Vgl. Birışık: "Kurʾâniyyûn" in ''Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi''. 2002, Bd. 26, S. 429.; Yüksel; al-Shaiban; Schulte-Nafeh: ''Quran: A Reformist Translation''. 2007, S. 507.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=10. How Can we Observe the Sala Prayers by Following the Quran Alone? - Edip-Layth - quranix.org |url=http://quranix.org/appendix/qrt/10 |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=quranix.org |archive-date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302203849/https://www.quranix.org/appendix/qrt/10 |url-status=live }}</ref> not 5 times. In addition, in religious literature, wajib is widely used for all kinds of religious requirements, without expressing any fiqh definition.

As seen above and in many other examples, classifications and labels have a relative character shaped by the understanding of the people and groups who make them. For example, believing in the existence and miracles of [[Wali|Awliya]] is presented as a "condition" for orthodox Islam by many prominent Sunni creed writers such as [[Al-Tahawi]] and [[Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi|Nasafi]]<ref name="Jonathan A.C. Brown 2012 p. 123">Jonathan A. C. Brown, "Faithful Dissenters: Sunni Skepticism about the Miracles of Saints", ''Journal of Sufi Studies'' 1 (2012), p. 123</ref><ref name="Christopher Taylor 1999 pp. 5-6">Christopher Taylor, ''In the Vicinity of the Righteous'' (Leiden: Brill, 1999), pp. 5–6</ref> and is accepted in traditional Sunnis and Shi'ism. However, this understanding, along with expressions of respect and visits to the graves of saints, are seen as unacceptable [[heresy]] by puritanical and revivalist Islamic movements such as [[Salafism]], [[Wahhabism]] and [[Islamic Modernism]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Encyclopedia of Islam |year=2012|editor4-first=Thierry |editor4-last=Bianquis|editor2-first=Clifford Edmund |editor2-last=Bosworth|editor3-first=Emeri Johannes |editor3-last=van Donzel|editor1-first=Wolfhart |editor1-last=Heinrichs|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]|isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref>

[[File:Slaves Zadib Yemen 13th century BNF Paris.jpg|thumb|left|13th century slave market, during the era of [[slavery in Yemen]]. see also: [[Islamic views on concubinage]].]]
About six verses address [[Hijab|the way a woman should dress]] when in public;<ref name="bucar">{{cite book|title=Creative Conformity: The Feminist Politics of U.S. Catholic and Iranian Shi'i Women|author=Elizabeth M. Bucar|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQVxVEldP0sC&pg=PA118|page=118|isbn=9781589017528}}</ref> Muslim scholars have differed as how to understand these verses, with some stating that a Hijab is a command (fard) to be fulfilled<ref name=Hameed>{{Cite web
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404160153/https://islamonline.net/en/is-hijab-a-quranic-commandment/
|archive-date=4 April 2023
|date=9 October 2003|title=Is Hijab a Qur'anic Commandment?
|url=https://islamonline.net/en/is-hijab-a-quranic-commandment/
|access-date=1 June 2023
|first=Shahul |last=Hameed }}</ref>{{refn|group=note|By 1980, veiling was required in government and educational settings in [[Iran]], with the 1983 penal code imposing 74 lashes for not adhering to the hijab, though the exact requirements were unclear.<ref name="Ramezani10">Ramezani, Reza (spring 2007). [http://www.magiran.com/view.asp?Type=pdf&ID=429897 ''Hijab dar Iran az Enqelab-e Eslami ta payan Jang-e Tahmili''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302023158/http://www.magiran.com/view.asp?Type=pdf&ID=429897 |date=2 March 2019 }} ''[Hijab in Iran from the Islamic Revolution to the end of the Imposed war]'' (Persian), Faslnamah-e Takhassusi-ye Banuvan-e Shi’ah [Quarterly Journal of Shiite Women] '''4''':11, Qom: Muassasah-e Shi’ah Shinasi, pp. 251–300, {{ISSN|1735-4730}}</ref><ref name="bucar"/><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Islamic Parliament Research Center|title=قانون مجازات اسلامی (Islamic Penal Code), see ‌ماده 102 (article 102)|access-date=12 October 2016|url=http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/90789|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012181712/http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/90789|archive-date=12 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> This led to public tensions and vigilante actions regarding proper hijab.<ref name="Ramezani10" /><ref name="bucar" /> Subsequent regulations in 1984 and 1988 clarified dress-code standards, and the current penal code prescribes fines or prison terms for failing to observe hijab, without detailing its specific form.<ref name="Ramezani10" /><ref name="kelly-breslin">{{cite book|title=Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa: Progress Amid Resistance|author1=Sanja Kelly |author2=Julia Breslin|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|year=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4ZkIzcLVZsC&pg=PA126|page=126|isbn=9781442203976}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Space, Culture, and the Youth in Iran: Observing Norm Creation Processes at the Artists' House|author=Behnoosh Payvar|publisher=Springer|year=2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJukCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT73|page=73|isbn=9781137525703}}</ref>}} and others say simply not.<ref name="Asra-2015">{{cite news |last1=Nomani |first1=Asra Q. |last2=Arafa |first2=Hala |title=Opinion: As Muslim women, we actually ask you not to wear the hijab in the name of interfaith solidarity |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2015/12/21/as-muslim-women-we-actually-ask-you-not-to-wear-the-hijab-in-the-name-of-interfaith-solidarity/ |access-date=22 December 2022 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=21 December 2015 |language=en |archive-date=21 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221184811/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2015/12/21/as-muslim-women-we-actually-ask-you-not-to-wear-the-hijab-in-the-name-of-interfaith-solidarity/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{refn|group=note|[[Beyza Bilgin]] states that the expression 'let them put their outer coverings over themselves' in the 59th verse of [[Al-Aḥzāb|Al-Ahzab]] was revealed because they harassed women under the conditions of that day, considering them to be concubines, and commented as follows:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |date=28 May 2008 |title="Örtünmek Allah'ın emri değil" |url=http://www.haberturk.com/yasam/haber/76927-ortunmek-allahin-emri-degil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220131809/http://www.haberturk.com/yasam/haber/76927-ortunmek-allahin-emri-degil |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=7 February 2017 |website= |publisher=haberturk.com |language=Turkish}}</ref><blockquote>"In other words, veiling is a security issue that arose according to the needs of that period. These are not taken into consideration at all and are reflected as God's command. Women have been called God's command for a thousand years. Women said the same thing to their daughters and daughters-in-law."</blockquote>She said the following about covering herself in [[Salah|prayer]] :<blockquote>"They tell me; 'Do you cover yourself while praying?' Of course, I cover up when I'm in congregation. I am obliged not to disturb the peace. But I also pray with my head uncovered in my own home. Because the Quran's requirement for prayer is not covering up, but ablution and turning towards the qibla. This is a thousand year old issue. It's so ingrained in us. But this should definitely not be underestimated. Because people do it thinking it is God's command. But on the other hand, we should not declare a person who does not cover up as a bad woman''.''"<ref name=":0"/></blockquote>}}

Islamic primary law sources, like the legal systems of classical antiquity and the ancient Near East, does not contain a true equivalent of the modern concept of rape, which is in turn based on the modern notions of individual autonomy and inviolability of the body, particularly the female body. [[Fiqh|Classical jurisprudence]], attempted to fill this gap by likening rape to defined crimes such as [[Zina|adultery]] and [[hirabah]]. In some cases, this approach has had detrimental consequences for the victims. In Afghanistan and Dubai, some women who made accusations of rape have been charged with fornication or adultery.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardiannews.com/world/2003/jan/04/france.jonhenley1 |title=French 'rape victim' faces jail for adultery |author=Jon Henley |newspaper=The Guardian |date=January 3, 2002 |access-date=January 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>Shahnaz Khan, ''Zina: Transnational Feminism, and the Moral Regulation of Pakistani Women'', University of British Columbia Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7748-1285-6}}, {{pp.|58|63}}.</ref><ref>[https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/05/21/afghanistan-surge-women-jailed-moral-crimes Afghanistan: Surge in Women Jailed for 'Moral Crimes'] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20131019182138/http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/05/21/afghanistan-surge-women-jailed-moral-crimes |date=October 19, 2013 }} Human Rights Watch (May 21, 2013)[https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/17/world/in-pakistan-rape-victims-are-the-criminals.html In Pakistan, Rape Victims Are the 'Criminals'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422222203/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/17/world/in-pakistan-rape-victims-are-the-criminals.html |date=April 22, 2017 }}, Seth Mydans, ''New York Times'' (May 17, 2002)</ref><ref>Fatima-Zahra Lamrani, [http://www.languageandlaw.de/Volume-2/3314 Rape as Loss of Honor in the Discourse of Moroccan Rape Trials] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020062848/http://www.languageandlaw.de/Volume-2/3314 |date=October 20, 2013 }}, Language and Law, June 2004</ref> The statement in the [[Qur'an]] that determines the status of slaves and concubines in the understanding of Sharia is as follows; ''ma malakat aymanuhum'' or ''milk al-yamin''<ref name="auto1"/> meaning "[[Islamic views on slavery|those whom your right hands possess]]". Hence, sexual use of female slaves was considered within of their definition that "they are the well-earned rewards or properties of their masters", and with a few exceptions,{{refn|group=note| In Shiite jurisprudence, it is unlawful for a master of a female slave to grant a third party the use of her for sexual relations. The Shiite scholar [[Shaykh al-Tusi]] stated: ولا يجوز إعارتها للاستمتاع بها لأن البضع لا يستباح بالإعارة "It is not permissible to loan (the slave girl) for enjoyment purpose, because sexual intercourse cannot be legitimate through loaning"<ref> Shaykh al-Tusi stated in Al-Mabsut, Volume 3 page 57</ref> and the Shiite scholars al-Muhaqiq al-Kurki, [[Allamah Al-Hilli]] and Ali Asghar Merwarid made the following ruling: ولا تجوز استعارة الجواري للاستمتاع
"It is not permissible to loan the slave girl for the purpose of sexual intercourse"<ref>al-Muhaqiq al-Kurki in ''Jame'a al-Maqasid'', Volume 6 page 62, Allamah al-Hilli in ''Al-Tadkira'', Volume 2 page 210 and Ali Asghar Merwarid in ''Al-Yanabi al-Fiqhya'', Volume 17 page 187</ref>}} unrestricted sexual and physical use of their bodies has been legitimized by the [[ulama]] in traditional Islamic law.

A special religious decision, which is "specific to" a person, group, institution, event, situation, belief and practice in different areas of life, and usually includes the approval/disapproval of a judgment, is called [[fatwa]]. [[Tazir|Tazir penalties]], which are outside the [[Qisas]] and [[Hudud]] laws, have not been codified, and their discretion and implementation are under the initiative and authority of the judge or political authority.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Ziadeh|2009c}} [[Mustafa Öztürk]] points out some another developments in the [[Aqidah|Islamic creed]], leading changes in ahkam such as determining the conditions of [[takfir]] according to [[Kalam|theologians]]; First Muslims believed that God [[Al-Ḥayy|lived]] in [[Seven Heavens|the sky]] as [[Ahmad Ibn Hanbal]] says: "Whoever says that Allah is everywhere is a [[heretic]], an infidel, should be invited to repent, but if he does not, be killed." This understanding changes later and gives way to the understanding that "God cannot be assigned a place and He is everywhere."<ref>{{Cite web |title=bir söyleşide yaptığı ilgili açıklama | website=[[YouTube]] | date=15 August 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1HrZ8Yu1m2g |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205025925/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1HrZ8Yu1m2g |archive-date=5 December 2020 |access-date=15 August 2016}}</ref>

Judgment that concerns individuals is personal and, for example, in an Islamic Qisas or [[Diya (Islam)|compensation]] decisions, jurist must take into account "personal labels" such as the [[women in islam|gender]], [[islamic views on slavery|freedom]], religious and [[social status]] such as [[mu'min]], [[kafir]], [[musta'min]], [[dhimmi]], [[apostate]], etc. Similar distinctions also apply to witnessing practices, which have a fundamental value in the establishment of judicial provisions, such as the identification of the criminals. Islamic preachers constantly emphasize the importance of [[Adl|adalah]], and in trials, the judge is not expected to observe equality among those on trial, but is expected to act fairly or balanced. Traditional fiqh states that legal and religious responsibility begins with [[baligh|rushd]].

===== Branches and details (''furūʿ al-fiqh'') =====
{{Fiqh}}
{{Further|Topics in Sharia law|Fatwa}}
The domain of ''furūʿ al-fiqh'' (lit. branches of fiqh) is traditionally divided into ''ʿibādāt'' (rituals or acts of worship) and ''muʿāmalāt'' (social relations).{{sfn|Calder|2009}}{{sfn|Rabb|2009b}} Many jurists further divided the body of substantive jurisprudence into "the four quarters", called rituals, sales, marriage and injuries.{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|pp=28–30}} Each of these terms figuratively stood for a variety of subjects.{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|pp=28–30}} For example, the quarter of sales would encompass partnerships, guaranty, gifts, and bequests, among other topics.{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|pp=28–30}} Juristic works were arranged as a sequence of such smaller topics, each called a "book" (''kitab'').{{sfn|Calder|2009}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|pp=28–30}} The special significance of ritual was marked by always placing its discussion at the start of the work.{{sfn|Calder|2009}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|pp=28–30}}

Some historians distinguish a field of [[Islamic criminal law]], which combines several traditional categories.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Ziadeh|2009c}}{{sfn|Schneider|2014}} Several crimes with scripturally prescribed punishments are known as ''[[hudud]]''.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} Jurists developed various restrictions which in many cases made them virtually impossible to apply.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} Other crimes involving intentional bodily harm are judged according to a version of ''[[lex talionis]]'' that prescribes a punishment analogous to the crime (''[[qisas]]''), but the victims or their heirs may accept a monetary compensation (''[[Diya (Islam)|diya]]'') or pardon the perpetrator instead; only ''diya'' is imposed for non-intentional harm.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Ziadeh|2009c}} Other criminal cases belong to the category of ''[[Tazir|taʿzīr]]'', where the goal of punishment is correction or rehabilitation of the culprit and its form is largely left to [[Judicial discretion|the judge's discretion]].{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Ziadeh|2009c}}

Which crime falls into which category may vary depending on understanding. For example, according to some verses and hadiths, those who avoided [[zakat|alms]] and [[salah|prayer]]s were the ones to be fought against,<ref>"I have been ordered (by Allah) to fight against the people until they testify that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah and that Muhammad is Allah's Messenger, and offer the prayers perfectly and give the obligatory charity, so if they perform that, then they save their lives and property from me except for Islamic laws and then their reckoning (accounts) will be done by Allah."https://sunnah.com/bukhari/2/18</ref><ref name="zakat">{{cite web |title=Obligatory Charity Tax (Zakat). Sahih al-Bukhari 1399, 1400. Book 24, Hadith 5. Vol. 2, Book 24, Hadith 483 |url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari/24/5 |website=Sunnah.com |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref>) and according to some understandings, they were [[Apostasy in Islam|people who had abandoned religion]] – theologians debated whether worship was a part of faith – and according to classical [[Islamic schools and branches|fiqh sects]], they were people who should be killed.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.52637/kiid.982657 | title=İslam Hukukunda Namaz Kılmayanın Hükmü | date=2021 | last1=Eki̇Nci̇ | first1=Ahmet | journal=Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi | volume=4 | issue=2 | pages=388–409 | doi-access=free }}</ref> However, even if today's dominant understanding defines the abandonment of worship as [[fasiq|sinfulness]], does not approve of giving worldly punishment for them. However, in Sharia governments, their testimony against a devout Muslim may not be accepted, they may be humiliated and barred from certain positions because of this tag. In practice, since early on in Islamic history, criminal cases were usually handled by ruler-administered courts or local police using procedures which were only loosely related to Sharia.{{sfn|Calder|2009}}{{sfn|Ziadeh|2009c}}

The two major genres of ''furūʿ'' literature are the ''[[mukhtasar]]'' (concise summary of law) and the ''mabsut'' (extensive commentary).{{sfn|Calder|2009}} ''Mukhtasars'' were short specialized treatises or general overviews that could be used in a classroom or consulted by judges.{{sfn|Calder|2009}}{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|pp=10–11}} A ''mabsut'', which usually provided a commentary on a ''mukhtasar'' and could stretch to dozens of large volumes, recorded alternative rulings with their justifications, often accompanied by a proliferation of cases and conceptual distinctions.{{sfn|Calder|2009}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|pp=10–11}} The terminology of juristic literature was conservative and tended to preserve notions which had lost their practical relevance.{{sfn|Calder|2009}} At the same time, the cycle of abridgement and commentary allowed jurists of each generation to articulate a modified body of law to meet changing social conditions.{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|pp=10–11}} Other juristic genres include the ''qawāʿid'' (succinct formulas meant to aid the student remember general principles) and collections of fatwas by a particular scholar.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}

Classical jurisprudence has been described as "one of the major intellectual achievements of Islam"<ref name="Lewis-ME-223">{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=Bernard|title=The Middle East, a brief history of the last 2000 years |date=1995|publisher=Simon and Schuster|location=NY|isbn=978-0684832807|page=223}}</ref> and its importance in Islam has been compared to that of [[theology]] in [[Christianity]].{{refn|group=note|"What theology is for the Christian, law is for the Muslim."<ref name="Smith-1957-57">{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=W.|title=Islam in Modern History|date=1957|page=57}}</ref> referenced in <ref name="Forte-1978-2"/>}}

======Punishments======
{{see|Islamic criminal jurisprudence}}
{{See|Status of women's testimony in Islam|Women in Islam}}
{{See|Capital punishment in Islam|Rape in Islam}}
The classical Islamic legal tradition did not have a separate category for criminal law as does modern law.<ref name="whsha">Wael Hallaq (2009), SHARI’A: THEORY, PRACTICE, TRANSFORMATIONS, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0521678742}}, pp. 309, 551–558.</ref> The classical Islamic jurisprudence typically divided the subject matter of law into four "quarters", that is rituals, sales, marriage, and injuries.<ref name=mc13/> In modern usage, Islamic criminal law has been extracted and collated from that classical Islamic jurisprudence literature into three categories of rules:<ref name="mc13">Mark Cammack (2012), Islamic Law and Crime in Contemporary Courts, BERKELEY J. OF MIDDLE EASTERN & ISLAMIC LAW, Vol. 4, No.1, pp. 1–7.</ref> As crimes against God they cannot be forgiven but the punishments are seldom enforced as they can be averted by the slightest doubts or ambiguities.{{sfn|Hallaq|2009b|p=311}}

*''Hadd'' (literally "borders, boundaries, limits")<ref name=WATR>{{cite book | last=Smith, Sidonie (Editor) | title=Women, Autobiography, Theory : a Reader | publisher=University of Wisconsin Press | year=1998 | isbn=978-0-299-15844-6 | page=124}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wehr |first1=Hans |title=Hans Wehr Dictionary of Arabic |page=135 |url=https://giftsofknowledge.files.wordpress.com/2016/01/hans-wehr-searchable-pdf.pdf |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620203718/https://giftsofknowledge.files.wordpress.com/2016/01/hans-wehr-searchable-pdf.pdf |archive-date=2018-06-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> is applied to punishments (ranging from public lashing, [[Stoning in Islam|public stoning to death]], [[Cross-amputation|amputation of hands]], [[Crucifixion#In_Islam|crucifixion]], depending on the crime),<ref name="OIS-Hadd-2012">
[http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e757 Hadd]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205053324/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e757|date=2015-02-05}} ''Oxford Dictionary of Islam'', Oxford University Press (2012).</ref> for a limited number of crimes ([[murder]], [[adultery]], [[Defamation|slander]], [[theft]], etc.),<ref name="zmh11">Z. Mir-Hosseini (2011), "Criminalizing Sexuality: Zina Laws as Violence Against Women in Muslim Contexts," ''SUR-International Journal on Human Rights'', 8(15), pp. 7–33. </ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Quraishi |first=Asifa |title=Windows of Faith: Muslim Women Scholar-Activists in North America |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-815-628514 |page=126}}</ref> for which punishments have been determined (or traditionally thought to have been determined) in the verses of [[Quran]].
*''Qisas'', (literally "retaliation in kind"<ref name=mohelawa>Mohamed S. El-Awa (1993), ''Punishment In Islamic Law'', American Trust Publications, {{ISBN|978-0892591428}}</ref>) and ''[[Diya (Islam)|diya]]'', ({{large|دية}}) ("blood money"), in Islamic jurisprudence, are the second category of crimes, where Sharia specifies equal retaliation (''qisas'') or monetary compensation (''diya''),<ref>Christie S. Warren, Islamic Criminal Law, Oxford University Press, [http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0035.xml?rskey=3wT5QM&result=1&q=qisas#firstMatch Qisas]</ref> as a possible punishment. Included in this category is homicide, for example, which Islamic law treats as a civil dispute between believers.<ref>{{cite book | last=Wasti | first=Tahir | title=The application of Islamic criminal law in Pakistan Sharia in practice | publisher=Brill Academic | year=2009 | isbn=978-90-04-17225-8 | pages=283–288}}</ref> Qisas principle is available against the accused, to the victim or victim's heirs, when a Muslim is murdered, suffers bodily injury or suffers property damage.<ref>Tahir Wasti (2009), The Application of Islamic Criminal Law in Pakistan: Sharia in Practice, Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004172258}}, pp. 12-13</ref> In the case of murder, qisas means the right of a murder victim's nearest relative or [[wali]] ({{large|ولي}}) (legal guardian) to, if the court approves, take the life of the killer or do it in his behalf.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/485784/qisas Qisas] (2012)</ref>
*''Tazir'' (literally "to punish",<ref name=WATR/> sometimes spelled as taazir, ti'zar, tazar, ta'azar) is the third category, and refers to offense mentioned in the Quran or the Hadiths, but where neither the Quran nor the Hadiths specify a punishment.<ref name="taziroup">{{Cite web |title=Tazir - Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2363 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826014201/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2363 |archive-date=2010-08-26 |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Wasti | first=Tahir | title=The application of Islamic criminal law in Pakistan Sharia in practice | publisher=Brill Academic | year=2009 | isbn=978-90-04-17225-8 | page=xix}}</ref> In Tazir cases, the punishment is at the discretion of the state, the ruler, or a ''[[qadi]]'' (''kadi''),<ref name="twtazir1">{{cite book |last=Wasti |first=Tahir |title=The Application of Islamic Criminal Law in Pakistan Sharia in Practice |publisher=Brill Academic |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17225-8 |page=xix, 72–73}}</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/485374/qadi "Qadi"] ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref> or court acting on behalf of the ruler.<ref name=mc13/> Tazir punishment is for actions which are considered sinful in Islam, undermine the Muslim community, or threaten public order during Islamic rule, but those that are not punishable as hadd or qisas crimes.<ref>{{cite book | last=Burns | first=Jonathan | title=Introduction to Islamic law : principles of civil, criminal, and international law under the Shari'a | year=2013 | isbn=978-0-9845182-5-8 | page=121 | publisher=TellerBooks }}</ref> The legal restrictions on the exercise of that power are not specified in the Quran or the Hadiths, and vary.<ref name="msea">{{cite book |author=El-Awa |first=Mohamed S. |title=Punishment in Islamic Law |date=1993 |publisher=American Trust Publications |isbn=978-0892591428 |pages=1–68}}</ref> The judge enjoys considerable leeway in deciding an appropriate form of punishment, and the punishment does not have to be consistent across the accused persons or over time.<ref name=mc13/><ref name=msea/> The ruler or qadi also has the discretion to forgive tazir offenses.<ref name=msea/>

===Schools of law===
{{main|Madhhab}}
[[File:Ibnhanbal.jpg|thumb|Juristic exchange between [[Abu Dawud al-Sijistani|Abu Dawood]] and [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal|Ibn Hanbal]]. One of the oldest literary manuscripts of the Islamic world, dated October 879 AD.]]
The main Sunni schools of law (''madhhabs'') are the [[Hanafi]], [[Maliki]], [[Shafi'i]] and [[Hanbali]] madhhabs.{{sfn|Rabb|2009b}} They emerged in the ninth and tenth centuries and by the twelfth century almost all jurists aligned themselves with a particular madhhab.{{sfn|Hussin|2014}} These four schools recognize each other's validity and they have interacted in legal debate over the centuries.{{sfn|Hussin|2014}}{{sfn|Rabb|2009b}} Rulings of these schools are followed across the Muslim world without exclusive regional restrictions, but they each came to dominate in different parts of the world.{{sfn|Hussin|2014}}{{sfn|Rabb|2009b}} For example, the Maliki school is predominant in North and West Africa; the Hanafi school in South and Central Asia; the Shafi'i school in Lower Egypt, East Africa, and Southeast Asia; and the Hanbali school in North and Central Arabia.{{sfn|Hussin|2014}}{{sfn|Rabb|2009b}}{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} The first centuries of Islam also witnessed a number of short-lived Sunni madhhabs.{{sfn|Calder|2009}} The [[Zahiri]] school, which is commonly identified as extinct, continues to exert influence over legal thought.{{sfn|Calder|2009}}{{sfn|Rabb|2009b}}{{sfn|Hussin|2014}} The development of Shia legal schools occurred along the lines of theological differences and resulted in formation of the [[Twelver]], [[Zaidiyyah|Zaidi]] and [[Ismaili]] madhhabs, whose differences from Sunni legal schools are roughly of the same order as the differences among Sunni schools.{{sfn|Calder|2009}}{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} The [[Ibadi]] legal school, distinct from Sunni and Shia madhhabs, is predominant in Oman.{{sfn|Rabb|2009b}}

The transformations of Islamic legal institutions in the modern era have had profound implications for the madhhab system.{{sfn|Hussin|2014}} Legal practice in most of the Muslim world has come to be controlled by government policy and state law, so that the influence of the madhhabs beyond personal ritual practice depends on the status accorded to them within the national legal system.{{sfn|Hussin|2014}} State law codification commonly utilized the methods of ''takhayyur'' (selection of rulings without restriction to a particular madhhab) and ''talfiq'' (combining parts of different rulings on the same question).{{sfn|Hussin|2014}} Legal professionals trained in modern law schools have largely replaced traditional [[ulema]] as interpreters of the resulting laws.{{sfn|Hussin|2014}} Global Islamic movements have at times drawn on different madhhabs and at other times placed greater focus on the scriptural sources rather than classical jurisprudence.{{sfn|Hussin|2014}} The Hanbali school, with its particularly strict adherence to the Quran and hadith, has inspired conservative currents of direct scriptural interpretation by the [[Salafi]] and [[Wahhabi]] movements.{{sfn|Hussin|2014}} Other currents, such as networks of Indonesian ulema and Islamic scholars residing in Muslim-minority countries, have advanced [[Liberalism and progressivism within Islam|liberal interpretations of Islamic law]] without focusing on traditions of a particular madhhab.{{sfn|Hussin|2014}}

==Pre-modern Islamic legal system==
=== Jurists ===
{{Main|Mufti|Madrasa}}
Sharia was traditionally interpreted by [[mufti]]s. During the first few centuries of Islam, muftis were private legal specialists who normally also held other jobs. They issued [[fatwa]]s (legal opinions), generally free of charge, in response to questions from laypersons or requests for consultation coming from judges, which would be stated in general terms. Fatwas were regularly upheld in courts, and when they were not, it was usually because the fatwa was contradicted by a more authoritative legal opinion.{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|pp=9–10, 13}} The stature of jurists was determined by their scholarly reputation.{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Stewart|2013|p=499}} The majority of classical legal works, written by author-jurists, were based in large part on fatwas of distinguished muftis.{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|pp=9–10}} These fatwas functioned as a form of legal [[precedent]], unlike court verdicts, which were valid only for the given case.{{sfn|Hallaq|2010|p=180}} Although independent muftis never disappeared, from the 12th century onward Muslim rulers began to appoint salaried muftis to answer questions from the public.{{sfn|Stewart|2013|p=501}} Over the centuries, [[Sunni]] muftis were gradually incorporated into state bureaucracies, while [[Shia]] jurists in Iran progressively asserted an autonomous authority starting from the early modern era.{{sfn|Dallal|Hendrickson|2009}}

[[File:Samarkand, Registan, Ulugbek Medressa (6238565020).jpg|thumb|[[Ulugh Beg Madrasa, Samarkand]] (est. 1422)]]
Islamic law was initially taught in study circles that gathered in mosques and private homes. The teacher, assisted by advanced students, provided commentary on concise treatises of law and examined the students' understanding of the text. This tradition continued to be practiced in ''[[madrasa]]s'', which spread during the 10th and 11th centuries.{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|pp=45–47}}{{sfn|Lapidus|2014|p=217}} Madrasas were institutions of higher learning devoted principally to study of law, but also offering other subjects such as theology, medicine, and mathematics. The madrasa complex usually consisted of a mosque, boarding house, and a library. It was maintained by a ''[[waqf]]'' (charitable endowment), which paid salaries of professors, stipends of students, and defrayed the costs of construction and maintenance. At the end of a course, the professor granted a license (''[[ijaza]]'') certifying a student's competence in its subject matter.{{sfn|Lapidus|2014|p=217}} Students specializing in law would complete a curriculum consisting of preparatory studies, the doctrines of a particular madhhab, and training in legal disputation, and finally write a dissertation, which earned them a license to teach and issue fatwas.{{sfn|Stewart|2013|p=501}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|pp=45–47}}

=== Courts ===
{{Main|Judge (Islamic law)|Mazalim|Shurta|Muhtasib}}
[[File:'Abd Allah ibn Shaykh Murshid al-Katib - Sa'di and a Dervish Go to Settle their Quarrel Before a Judge - Walters W618106B - Cropped.jpg|thumb|left|The poet [[Saadi Shirazi|Saadi]] and a [[dervish]] go to settle their quarrel before a judge (16th century Persian miniature).]]
A [[Judge (Islamic law)|judge]] (qadi) was in charge of the qadi's court (''mahkama''), also called the Sharia court. Qadis were trained in Islamic law, though not necessarily to a level required to issue fatwas.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|pp=11–12}} Court personnel also included a number of assistants performing various roles.{{sfn|Hallaq|2010|p=158}} Judges were theoretically independent in their decisions, though they were appointed by the ruler and often experienced pressure from members of the ruling elite where their interests were at play.{{sfn|Stewart|2013|p=501}} The role of qadis was to evaluate the evidence, establish the facts of the case, and issue a verdict based on the applicable rulings of Islamic jurisprudence.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} The qadi was supposed to solicit a fatwa from a mufti if it was unclear how the law should be applied to the case.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Rabb|2009}} Since Islamic legal theory does not recognize the distinction between private and public law, court procedures were identical for civil and criminal cases, and required a private plaintiff to produce evidence against the defendant. The main type of evidence was oral witness testimony. The standards of evidence for criminal cases were so strict that a conviction was often difficult to obtain even for apparently clear-cut cases.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} Most historians believe that because of these stringent procedural norms, qadi's courts at an early date lost their jurisdiction over criminal cases, which were instead handled in other types of courts.{{sfn|Tillier|2014}}

If an accusation did not result in a verdict in a qadi's court, the plaintiff could often pursue it in another type of court called the ''[[mazalim]]'' court, administered by the ruler's council.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} The rationale for ''mazalim'' (lit. wrongs, grievances) courts was to address the wrongs that Sharia courts were unable to address, including complaints against government officials. Islamic jurists were commonly in attendance and a judge often presided over the court as a deputy of the ruler.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Stewart|2013|p=501}} ''Mazalim'' verdicts were supposed to conform to the spirit of Sharia, but they were not bound by the letter of the law or the procedural restrictions of qadi's courts.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Rabb|2009}}

The police (''[[shurta]]''), which took initiative in preventing and investigating crime, operated its own courts.{{sfn|Stewart|2013|p=501}} Like the mazalim courts, police courts were not bound by the rules of Sharia and had the powers to inflict discretionary punishments.{{sfn|Tillier|2014}} Another office for maintaining public order was the ''[[muhtasib]]'' (market inspector), who was charged with preventing fraud in economic transactions and infractions against public morality.{{sfn|Stewart|2013|p=501}} The ''muhtasib'' took an active role in pursuing these types of offenses and meted out punishments based on [[Urf|local custom]].{{sfn|Tillier|2014}}

=== Socio-political context ===
The social fabric of pre-modern Islamic societies was largely defined by close-knit communities organized around kinship groups and local neighborhoods. Conflicts between individuals had the potential to escalate into a conflict between their supporting groups and disrupt the life of the entire community. Court litigation was seen as a last resort for cases where informal mediation had failed. This attitude was reflected in the legal maxim "amicable settlement is the best verdict" (''al-sulh sayyid al-ahkam''). In court disputes, qadis were generally less concerned with legal theory than with achieving an outcome that enabled the disputants to resume their previous social relationships. This could be accomplished by avoiding a total loss for the losing side or simply giving them a chance to articulate their position in public and obtain a measure of psychological vindication.{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|pp=57–60}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2009b|pp=159–62}} Islamic law required judges to be familiar with local customs, and they exercised a number of other public functions in the community, including mediation and arbitration, supervision of public works, auditing waqf finances, and looking after the interests of orphans.{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|pp=11–12}}{{sfn|Tillier|2014}}

[[File:Manuscript copy of al-Fatawa al-'Alamgiriyyah.jpg|thumb|Manuscript copy of al-Fatawa al-'Alamgiriyyah]]
Unlike pre-modern cultures where the ruling dynasty promulgated the law, Islamic law was formulated by religious scholars without involvement of the rulers. The law derived its authority not from political control, but rather from the collective doctrinal positions of the legal schools (madhhabs) in their capacity as interpreters of the scriptures. The [[ulema]] (religious scholars) were involved in management of communal affairs and acted as representatives of the Muslim population vis-à-vis the ruling dynasties, who before the modern era had limited capacity for direct governance.{{sfn|Hallaq|2010|pp=166–67}} Military elites relied on the ulema for religious legitimation, with financial support for religious institutions being one of the principal means through which these elites established their legitimacy.{{sfn|Berkey|2003|pp=225–26}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2010|pp=166–67}} In turn, the ulema depended on the support of the ruling elites for the continuing operation of religious institutions. Although the relationship between secular rulers and religious scholars underwent a number of shifts and transformations in different times and places, this mutual dependence characterized Islamic history until the start of the modern era.{{sfn|Hodgson|1974|pp=176–77}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2010|pp=166–67}} Additionally, since Sharia contained few provisions in several areas of public law, Muslim rulers were able to legislate various collections of economic, criminal and administrative laws outside the jurisdiction of Islamic jurists, the most famous of which is the ''[[Qanun (law)|qanun]]'' promulgated by Ottoman sultans beginning from the 15th century.{{sfn|Stewart|2013|p=500}} The [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]] (r. 1658–1707) issued a hybrid body of law known as [[Fatawa-e-Alamgiri]], based on [[Hanafi]] fatwas as well as decisions of Islamic courts, and made it applicable to all religious communities on the [[Indian subcontinent]]. This early attempt to turn Islamic law into semi-codified state legislation sparked rebellions against Mughal rule.{{sfn|Jones-Pauly|2009}}

==== Women, non-Muslims, slaves ====
{{Main|Women in Islam|Dhimmi|Islamic views on slavery|History of slavery in the Muslim world}}

In both the rules of civil disputes and application of penal law, classical Sharia distinguishes between men and women, between Muslims and non-Muslims, and between free persons and slaves.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}
[[File:Slavezanzibar2.JPG |thumb|200px| [[Zanzibar]] child [[History of slavery |slave]] sentenced to transport logs by Arab master in Sultanate, 1890s]]
Traditional Islamic law assumes a patriarchal society with a man at the head of the household.{{sfn|Stewart|2013|p=502}} Different legal schools formulated a variety of legal norms which could be manipulated to the advantage of men or women,{{sfn|Lapidus|Salaymeh|2014|p=212}} but women were generally at a disadvantage with respect to the rules of inheritance and witness testimony, where in some cases a woman's witness testimony is effectively treated as half of that of a man.{{sfn|Stewart|2013|p=502}} Various financial obligations imposed on the husband acted as a deterrent against [[Triple talaq|unilateral divorce]] and commonly gave the wife financial leverage in divorce proceedings.{{sfn|Lapidus|Salaymeh|2014|p=212}} Women were active in Sharia courts as both plaintiffs and defendants in a wide variety of cases, though some opted to be represented by a male relative.{{sfn|Lapidus|Salaymeh|2014|p=213}}{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}

Sharia was intended to regulate affairs of the Muslim community.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} Non-Muslims residing under Islamic rule had the legal status of [[dhimmi]], which entailed a number of protections, restrictions, freedoms and legal inequalities, including payment of the [[jizya]] tax.{{sfn|Nettler|2009}} Dhimmi communities had legal autonomy to adjudicate their internal affairs. Cases involving litigants from two different religious groups fell under jurisdiction of Sharia courts,{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} where (unlike in secular courts){{sfn|Esposito|DeLong-Bas|2018|p=85}} testimony of non-Muslim witnesses against a Muslim was inadmissible in criminal cases{{sfn|Masters|2009}} or at all.{{sfn|Lapidus|2014|p=351}} This legal framework was implemented with varying degree of rigor. In some periods or towns, all inhabitants apparently used the same court without regard for their religious affiliation.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb imposed Islamic law on all his subjects, including provisions traditionally applicable only to Muslims, while some of his predecessors and successors are said to have abolished jizya.{{sfn|Jones-Pauly|2009}}{{sfn|Hardy|1991|p=566}} According to Ottoman records, non-Muslim women took their cases to a Sharia court when they expected a more favorable outcome on marital, divorce and property questions than in Christian and Jewish courts.{{sfn|Lapidus|Salaymeh|2014|p=360}} Over time, non Muslims in the Ottoman Empire could be more or less likely to use Islamic courts. For example, in 1729 at the Islamic court in [[Galata]] only two percent of cases involved non-Muslims whereas in 1789 non-Muslims were a part of thirty percent of cases.'''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gocek|first=Fatma Muge|date=2005|title=The Legal Recourse of Minorities in History: Eighteenth-Century Appeals to the Islamic Court of Galata|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Middle Eastern Studies|pages=53, 54}}</ref> '''Ottoman court records also reflect the use of Islamic courts by formerly non-Muslim women.'''<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Baer|first=Marc|date=August 2004|title=Islamic Conversion Narratives of Women: Social Change and Gendered Religious Hierarchy in Early Modern Ottoman Istanbul|journal=Gender & History|volume=16|issue=2 |pages=426, 427|doi=10.1111/j.0953-5233.2004.00347.x|s2cid=145552242 }}</ref> '''As it was illegal for non-Muslims to own Muslims and for non-Muslim men to marry Muslim women in the Ottoman empire, conversion to Islam would have been an option for non-Muslim women to free themselves of a spouse or master they did not want to subject to.'''<ref name=":2" /> '''However, this would likely lead to them being shunned by their former community.<ref name=":2" />

[[File:V.M. Doroshevich-East and War-Eunuch near Door of Sultan's Harem.png|thumb|Chief Eunuch of [[Abdul Hamid II]] (1912)]]
Classical fiqh acknowledges and regulates slavery as a legitimate institution.{{sfn|Stewart|2013|p=502}} It granted slaves certain rights and protections, improving their status relative to Greek and Roman law, and restricted the scenarios under which people could be enslaved.{{sfn|Lewis|1992|p=7}}{{sfn|El Achi|2018}} However, slaves could not inherit or enter into a contract, and were subject to their master's will in a number of ways.{{sfn|Lewis|1992|p=7}}{{sfn|El Achi|2018}} The labor and property of slaves were owned by the master, who was also entitled to sexual submission of his unmarried slaves.{{sfn|El Achi|2018}}{{sfn|Ali|2010|p=39}}

Formal legal disabilities for some groups coexisted with a legal culture that viewed Sharia as a reflection of universal principles of justice, which involved protection of the weak against injustices committed by the strong. This conception was reinforced by the historical practice of Sharia courts, where peasants "almost always" won cases against oppressive landowners, and non-Muslims often prevailed in disputes against Muslims, including such powerful figures as the governor of their province.{{sfn|Hallaq|2009a|p=61}}{{sfn|Hallaq|2009b|p=167}} In family matters the Sharia court was seen as a place where the rights of women could be asserted against their husband's transgressions.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}

===Under colonial rule===
Starting from the 17th century, European powers began to extend political influence over lands ruled by Muslim dynasties, and by the end of the 19th century, much of the Muslim world came under colonial domination. The first areas of Islamic law to be impacted were usually commercial and criminal laws, which impeded colonial administration and were soon replaced by European regulations.{{sfn|Hallaq|2010|p=174}} Islamic commercial laws were also replaced by European (mostly French) laws in Muslim states which retained formal independence, because these states increasingly came to rely on Western capital and could not afford to lose the business of foreign merchants who refused to submit to Islamic regulations.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}

[[File:Warren Hastings.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Warren Hastings]] initiated far-reaching legal reforms in British India.]]
The first significant changes to the legal system of [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] were initiated in the late 18th century by the governor of Bengal [[Warren Hastings]]. Hastings' plan of legal reform envisioned a multi-tiered court system for the Muslim population, with a middle tier of British judges advised by local Islamic jurists, and a lower tier of courts operated by qadis. Hastings also commissioned a translation of the classic manual of Hanafi fiqh, ''[[Al-Hidayah]]'', from Arabic into Persian and then English, later complemented by other texts.{{sfn|Hallaq|2010|pp=176–81}}{{sfn|Masud|2009}} These translations enabled British judges to pass verdicts in the name of Islamic law based on a combination of Sharia rules and [[common law]] doctrines, and eliminated the need to rely on consultation by local ulema, whom they mistrusted. In the traditional Islamic context, a concise text like ''Al-Hidayah'' would be used as a basis for classroom commentary by a professor, and the doctrines thus learned would be mediated in court by judicial discretion, consideration of local customs and availability of different legal opinions that could fit the facts of the case. The British use of ''Al-Hidayah'', which amounted to an inadvertent codification of Sharia, and its interpretation by judges trained in Western legal traditions anticipated later legal reforms in the Muslim world.{{sfn|Hallaq|2010|pp=176–81}}{{sfn|Stewart|2013|p=503}}

British administrators felt that Sharia rules too often allowed criminals to escape punishment, as exemplified by Hastings' complaint that Islamic law was "founded on the most lenient principles and on an abhorrence of bloodshed".{{sfn|Hallaq|2010|pp=176–81}} In the course of the 19th century, criminal laws and other aspects of the Islamic legal system in India were supplanted by British law, with the exception of Sharia rules retained in family laws and some property transactions.{{sfn|Hallaq|2010|pp=176–81}}{{sfn|Masud|2009}} Among other changes, these reforms brought about abolition of slavery, prohibition of child marriage, and a much more frequent use of capital punishment.{{sfn|Hallaq|2009b|p=378}}{{sfn|Masud|2009}} The resulting legal system, known as ''[[Anglo-Muhammadan law]]'', was treated by the British as a model for legal reforms in their other colonies. Like the British in India, colonial administrations typically sought to obtain precise and authoritative information about indigenous laws, which prompted them to prefer classical Islamic legal texts over local judicial practice. This, together with their conception of Islamic law as a collection of inflexible rules, led to an emphasis on traditionalist forms of Sharia that were not rigorously applied in the pre-colonial period and served as a formative influence on the modern identity politics of the Muslim world.{{sfn|Masud|2009}}

===Ottoman Empire===
[[File:1879-Ottoman Court-from-NYL.png|thumb|upright=1.5|An Ottoman courtroom (1879 AD drawing)]]
During the colonial era, Muslim rulers concluded that they could not resist European pressure unless they modernized their armies and built centrally administered states along the lines of Western models. In the [[Ottoman Empire]], the first such changes in the legal sphere involved placing the formerly independent [[waqf]]s under state control. This reform, passed in 1826, enriched the public treasury at the expense of the waqfs, thereby depleting the financial support for traditional Islamic legal education. Over the second half of the 19th century, a new hierarchical system of secular courts was established to supplement and eventually replace most religious courts. Students hoping to pursue legal careers in the new court system increasingly preferred attending secular schools over the traditional path of legal education with its dimming financial prospects.{{sfn|Hallaq|2010|pp=174–76}}

The [[Tanzimat]] reforms of the 19th century saw reorganization of both Islamic civil law and sultanic criminal law after the model of the [[Napoleonic Code]].{{sfn|Rabb|2009b}} In the 1870s, a codification of civil law and procedure (excepting marriage and divorce), called the ''[[Mecelle]]'', was produced for use in both Sharia and secular courts. It adopted the Turkish language for the benefit of the new legal class who no longer possessed competence in the Arabic idiom of traditional jurisprudence. The code was based on Hanafi law, and its authors selected minority opinions over authoritative ones when they were felt to better "suit the present conditions". The Mecelle was promulgated as a ''[[qanun (law)|qanun]]'' (sultanic code), which represented an unprecedented assertion of the state's authority over Islamic civil law, traditionally the preserve of the ulema.{{sfn|Hallaq|2010|pp=174–76}} The 1917 [[Ottoman family law|Ottoman Law of Family Rights]] adopted an innovative approach of drawing rules from minority and majority opinions of all Sunni madhhabs with a modernizing intent.{{sfn|Mayer|2009}} The [[Republic of Turkey]], which emerged after the [[dissolution of the Ottoman Empire]], abolished its Sharia courts and replaced Ottoman civil laws with the [[Swiss Civil Code]],{{sfn|Rabb|2009b}} but Ottoman civil laws remained in force for several decades in Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, and Iraq.{{sfn|Mayer|2009}}{{sfn|Rabb|2009b}}

===Nation states===
[[File:Mahkamah Syariyah Aceh.jpg|thumb|''Mahkamah Syariyah'' (Sharia court) in [[Aceh]], Indonesia]]
Westernization of legal institutions and expansion of state control in all areas of law, which began during the colonial era, continued in nation-states of the Muslim world.{{sfn|Hallaq|2010|pp=182–83}} Sharia courts at first continued to exist alongside state courts as in earlier times, but the doctrine that sultanic courts should implement the ideals of Sharia was gradually replaced by legal norms imported from Europe. Court procedures were also brought in line with European practice. Though the Islamic terms ''qadi'' and ''mahkama'' (qadi's/Sharia court) were preserved, they generally came to mean judge and court in the Western sense. While in the traditional Sharia court all parties represented themselves, in modern courts they are represented by professional lawyers educated in Western-style law schools, and the verdicts are subject to review in an appeals court. In the 20th century, most countries abolished a parallel system of Sharia courts and brought all cases under a national civil court system.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}

In most Muslim-majority countries, traditional rules of classical fiqh have been largely preserved only in family law. In some countries religious minorities such as Christians or Shia Muslims have been subject to separate systems of family laws.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} Many Muslims today believe that contemporary Sharia-based laws are an authentic representation of the pre-modern legal tradition. In reality, they generally represent the result of extensive legal reforms made in the modern era.{{sfn|Hallaq|2010|pp=182–83}} As traditional Islamic jurists lost their role as authoritative interpreters of the laws applied in courts, these laws were codified by legislators and administered by state systems which employed a number of devices to effect changes,{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} including:
* Selection of alternative opinions from traditional legal literature (''takhayyur''), potentially among multiple madhhabs or denominations, and combining parts of different rulings (''talfiq'').{{sfn|Hallaq|2010|pp=182–83}}{{sfn|Schacht|Layish|2000|p=155}}
* Appeal to the classical doctrines of necessity (''darura''), public interest (''maslaha''), and the objectives (''maqasid'') of Sharia, which played a limited role in classical fiqh, but were now given wider utilitarian applications.{{sfn|Hallaq|2010|pp=182–83}}{{sfn|Schacht|Layish|2000|p=155}}{{sfn|Stewart|2013|p=503}}
* Changes in administrative law that grant the courts discretionary powers to restrict certain practices which are not forbidden by substantive law (e.g., polygamy), in some cases imposing penal sanctions as additional deterrence.{{sfn|Hallaq|2010|pp=182–83}}{{sfn|Schacht|Layish|2000|p=155}}
* Modernist interpretation of Islamic scriptures without adherence to the rules or methodologies of traditional jurisprudence, known as ''neo-ijtihad''.{{sfn|Hallaq|2010|pp=182–83}}{{sfn|Schacht|Layish|2000|p=155}}

[[File:The Late Grand Moufti (1906) - TIMEA.jpg|thumbnail|upright|[[Muhammad Abduh]] exercised a powerful influence on liberal reformist thought.]]

The most powerful influence on liberal reformist thought came from the work of the Egyptian Islamic scholar [[Muhammad Abduh|Muhammad ʿAbduh]] (1849–1905). Abduh viewed only Sharia rules pertaining to religious rituals as inflexible, and argued that the other Islamic laws should be adapted based on changing circumstances in consideration of social well-being. Following precedents of earlier Islamic thinkers, he advocated restoring Islam to its original purity by returning to the Quran and the sunna instead of following the medieval schools of jurisprudence.{{sfn|Mayer|2009}} He championed a creative approach to ijtihad that involved direct interpretation of scriptures as well as the methods of ''takhayyur'' and ''talfiq''.{{sfn|Calder|2009}}{{sfn|Mayer|2009}}

One of the most influential figures in modern legal reforms was the Egyptian legal scholar [[Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri]] (1895–1971), who possessed expertise in both Islamic and Western law. Sanhuri argued that reviving Islamic legal heritage in a way that served the needs of contemporary society required its analysis in light of the modern science of [[comparative law]]. He drafted the civil codes of Egypt (1949) and Iraq (1951) based on a variety of sources, including classical fiqh, European laws, existing Arab and Turkish codes, and the history of local court decisions.{{sfn|Mayer|2009}}{{sfn|Jones-Pauly|2009}} Sanhuri's Egyptian code incorporated few classical Sharia rules, but he drew on traditional jurisprudence more frequently for the Iraqi code.{{sfn|Jones-Pauly|2009}} Sanhuri's codes were subsequently adopted in some form by most Arab countries.{{sfn|Mayer|2009}}

Aside from the radical reforms of Islamic family law carried out in Tunisia (1956) and Iran (1967), governments often preferred to make changes that made a clear break from traditional Sharia rules by imposing administrative hurdles rather than changing the rules themselves, in order to minimize objections from religious conservatives. Various procedural changes have been made in a number of countries to restrict polygamy, give women greater rights in divorce, and eliminate child marriage. Inheritance has been the legal domain least susceptible to reform, as legislators have been generally reluctant to tamper with the highly technical system of [[Islamic inheritance jurisprudence|Quranic shares]].{{sfn|Mayer|2009}}{{sfn|Jones-Pauly|2009}} Some reforms have faced strong conservative opposition. For example, the 1979 reform of Egyptian family law, promulgated by [[Anwar Sadat]] through presidential decree, provoked an outcry and was annulled in 1985 by the supreme court on procedural grounds, to be later replaced by a compromise version.{{sfn|Mayer|2009}} The [[Mudawana|2003 reform of Moroccan family law]], which sought to reconcile universal human rights norms and the country's Islamic heritage, was drafted by a commission that included parliamentarians, religious scholars and feminist activists, and the result has been praised by international rights groups as an example of progressive legislation achieved within an Islamic framework.{{sfn|Rabb|2009d}}{{sfn|Mayer|2009}}

=== Islamization ===
{{Islamism sidebar|Concepts}}
{{Main|Islamization}}
The [[Islamic revival]] of the late 20th century brought the topic of Sharia to international attention in the form of numerous political campaigns in the Muslim world calling for full implementation of Sharia.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Stewart|2013|pp=503–04}} A number of factors have contributed to the rise of these movements, classified under the rubric of [[Islamism]] or [[political Islam]], including the failure of authoritarian secular regimes to meet the expectations of their citizens, and a desire of Muslim populations to return to more culturally authentic forms of socio-political organization in the face of a perceived cultural invasion from the West.{{sfn|Stewart|2013|pp=503–04}}{{sfn|Lapidus|2014|p=835}} Shiite leaders such as [[Ayatollah Khomeini]] drew on leftist anticolonialist rhetoric by framing their call for Sharia as a resistance struggle. They accused secular leaders of corruption and predatory behavior, and claimed that a return to Sharia would replace despotic rulers with pious leaders striving for social and economic justice. In the [[Arab world]] these positions are often encapsulated in the slogan "Islam is the solution" (''al-Islam huwa al-hall'').{{sfn|Stewart|2013|pp=503–04}}

Full implementation of Sharia theoretically refers to expanding its scope to all fields of law and all areas of public life.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} In practice, Islamization campaigns have focused on a few highly visible issues associated with the conservative Muslim identity, particularly women's [[hijab]] and the ''hudud'' criminal punishments (whipping, stoning and amputation) prescribed for certain crimes.{{sfn|Stewart|2013|pp=503–04}} For many Islamists, ''hudud'' punishments are at the core of the divine Sharia because they are specified by the letter of scripture rather than by human interpreters. Modern Islamists have often rejected, at least in theory, the stringent procedural constraints developed by classical jurists to restrict their application.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}} To the broader Muslim public, the calls for Sharia often represent, even more than any specific demands, a vague vision of their current economic and political situation being replaced by a "just utopia".{{sfn|Lapidus|2014|p=835}}

A number of legal reforms have been made under the influence of these movements, starting from the 1970s when Egypt and Syria amended their constitutions to specify Sharia as the basis of legislation.{{sfn|Stewart|2013|pp=503–04}} The [[Iranian Revolution]] of 1979 represented a watershed for Shiism advocates, demonstrating that it was possible to replace a secular regime with a [[theocracy]].{{sfn|Stewart|2013|pp=503–04}} Several countries, including Iran, Pakistan, Sudan, and some Nigerian states have incorporated hudud rules into their criminal justice systems, which, however, retained fundamental influences of earlier Westernizing reforms.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Mayer|2009}} In practice, these changes were largely symbolic, and aside from some cases brought to trial to demonstrate that the new rules were being enforced, hudud punishments tended to fall into disuse, sometimes to be revived depending on the local political climate.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Otto|2008|p=20}} The supreme courts of Sudan and Iran have rarely approved verdicts of stoning or amputation, and the supreme courts of Pakistan and Nigeria have never done so.{{sfn|Otto|2008|p=20}} Nonetheless, Islamization campaigns have also had repercussions in several other areas of law, leading to curtailment of rights of women and religious minorities, and in the case of Sudan contributing to the breakout of a civil war.{{sfn|Mayer|2009}}

Advocates of Islamization have often been more concerned with ideology than traditional jurisprudence and there is no agreement among them as to what form a modern Sharia-based "[[Islamic state]]" should take. This is particularly the case for the theorists of [[Islamic economics]] and [[Islamic finance]], who have advocated both free-market and socialist economic models.{{sfn|Mayer|2009}} The notion of "Sharia-compliant" finance has become an active area of doctrinal innovation and its development has had a major impact on business operations around the world.{{sfn|Stewart|2013|pp=503–04}}

== Contemporary applications ==
{{main|Application of Sharia by country}}
According to [[human rights group]]s, some of the classical Sharia practices involve serious violations of basic human rights, gender equality and freedom of expression, and the practices of countries governed by Sharia are criticized.<ref name="Gontowska, Luiza Maria 2005"/> The [[European Court of Human Rights]] in Strasbourg (ECtHR) ruled in several cases that Sharia is "incompatible with the fundamental principles of [[democracy]]".<ref>See ''Refah Partİsİ (The Welfare Party) And Others V. Turkey'' (Applications nos. 41340/98, 41342/98, 41343/98 and 41344/98), Judgment, Strasbourg, 13 February 2003, No. 123 (siehe S. 39): "sharia is incompatible with the fundamental principles of democracy, since principles such as pluralism in the political sphere and the constant evolution of public freedoms have no place in it and a regime based on sharia clearly diverges from Convention values"; see Alastair Mowbray, ''Cases, Materials, and Commentary on the European Convention on Human Rights'', OUP Oxford, 2012, p 744, [https://books.google.com/books?id=XWyq09yJho8C&pg=PA744 Google-Books preview].</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Janisch |first=Wolfgang |title=EuGH – Gegen Scheidungen nach Scharia-Recht |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/europaeischer-gerichtshof-gegen-scheidungen-nach-scharia-recht-1.3666617 |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=Süddeutsche.de |date=14 September 2017 |language=de}}</ref> "[[Human rights|Human rights concept]]" have been categorically excluded by the governments of countries such as [[Iran]] and [[Saudi Arabia]] under Sharia, claiming that it belongs to [[secular]] and western values,<ref name="Gontowska, Luiza Maria 2005"/> while the [[Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam|Cairo conference]] by the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] declared that human rights can only be respected if they are compatible with Islam.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://rwi.lu.se/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/2020-OIC-Declaration-of-Human-Rights.pdf | title=OIC declaration on human rights: changing the name or a paradigm change? | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007022132/https://rwi.lu.se/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/2020-OIC-Declaration-of-Human-Rights.pdf | archive-date=7 October 2023 }} </ref>

[[File:Use of Sharia by country updated.svg|upright=1.35|thumb|Use of sharia by country: 
{{legend|#706EA4|Sharia influences family and criminal laws.}}
{{legend|#F6DD4F|Sharia influences family laws.}}
{{legend|#179C86|Sharia plays no role in the judicial system.}}
{{legend|#FF9950|Regional variations of sharia law apply.}}
]]

=== Muslim-majority countries ===
The legal systems of most Muslim-majority countries can be classified as either secular or mixed. Sharia plays no role in secular legal systems. In mixed legal systems, Sharia rules are allowed to influence some national laws, which are codified and may be based on European or Indian models, and the central legislative role is played by politicians and modern jurists rather than the [[ulema]] (traditional Islamic scholars).

Saudi Arabia and some other Persian Gulf states possess what may be called classical Sharia systems, where national law is largely uncodified and formally equated with Sharia, with ulema playing a decisive role in its interpretation. Iran has adopted some features of classical Sharia systems, while also maintaining characteristics of mixed systems, like codified laws and a parliament.{{sfn|Otto|2008|pp=8–9}}

==== Constitutional law ====
Constitutions of many Muslim-majority countries refer to Sharia as a source or the main source of law, though these references are not in themselves indicative of how much the legal system is influenced by Sharia, and whether the influence has a traditionalist or modernist character.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Calder|2009}} The same constitutions usually also refer to universal principles such as democracy and human rights, leaving it up to legislators and the judiciary to work out how these norms are to be reconciled in practice.{{sfn|Otto|2008|pp=18–19}} Conversely, some countries (e.g., Algeria), whose constitution does not mention Sharia, possess Sharia-based family laws.{{sfn|Calder|2009}} Nisrine Abiad identifies Bahrain, Iran, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia as states with "strong constitutional consequences of Sharia "on the organization and functioning of power".{{sfn|Abiad|2008|pp=38–42}}

==== Family law ====
Except for secular systems, Muslim-majority countries possess Sharia-based laws dealing with family matters (marriage, inheritance, etc.). These laws generally reflect influence of various modern-era reforms and tend to be characterized by ambiguity, with traditional and modernist interpretations often manifesting themselves in the same country, both in legislation and court decisions.{{sfn|Otto|2008|p=19}} In some countries (e.g., parts of Nigeria), people can choose whether to pursue a case in a Sharia or secular court.{{sfn|Otto|2008|p=19}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Greece Scraps Compulsory Shariah for Muslim Minority|author=Niki Kitsantonis|newspaper=The New York Times|date=10 January 2018|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/10/world/europe/greece-shariah-law.html|access-date=16 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416212547/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/10/world/europe/greece-shariah-law.html|archive-date=16 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Criminal law ====
Countries in the Muslim world generally have criminal codes influenced by [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] or [[common law]], and in some cases a combination of Western legal traditions. Saudi Arabia has never adopted a criminal code and Saudi judges still follow traditional Hanbali jurisprudence. In the course of Islamization campaigns, several countries (Libya, Pakistan, Iran, Sudan, Mauritania, and Yemen) inserted Islamic criminal laws into their penal codes, which were otherwise based on Western models. In some countries only ''hudud'' penalties were added, while others also enacted provisions for ''[[qisas]]'' (law of retaliation) and ''[[Diya (Islam)|diya]]'' (monetary compensation). Iran subsequently issued a new "Islamic Penal Code". The criminal codes of [[Afghanistan]] and [[United Arab Emirates]] contain a general provision that certain crimes are to be punished according to Islamic law, without specifying the penalties. Some Nigerian states have also enacted Islamic criminal laws. [[Islamic criminal law in Aceh|Laws in the Indonesian province of Aceh]] provide for application of discretionary (''[[ta'zir]]'') punishments for violation of Islamic norms, but explicitly exclude ''hudud'' and ''qisas''.{{sfn|Tellenbach|2015|pp=249–50}} [[Brunei]] has been implementing a "Sharia Penal Code", which includes provisions for stoning and amputation, in stages since 2014.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=New York Times|author=Austin Ramzy|title=Brunei to Punish Adultery and Gay Sex With Death by Stoning|date=28 March 2019|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/28/world/asia/brunei-adultery-gay-stoning.html|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225124704/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/28/world/asia/brunei-stoning-death.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Brunei Shariah law applies death sentence for homosexuality|newspaper=Deutsche Welle|date=27 March 2019|url=https://www.dw.com/en/brunei-shariah-law-applies-death-sentence-for-homosexuality/a-48076114|access-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331093514/https://www.dw.com/en/brunei-shariah-law-applies-death-sentence-for-homosexuality/a-48076114|archive-date=31 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The countries where ''hudud'' penalties are legal do not use stoning and amputation routinely, and generally apply other punishments instead.{{sfn|Vikør|2014}}{{sfn|Otto|2008|p=20}}{{sfn|Brown|2017}}

==== Property law ====
Sharia recognizes the concept of ''haqq''.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Birnhack|first1=Michael|last2=Khoury |first2=Amir|editor1-first=Rochelle|editor1-last=Dreyfuss|editor2-first=Justine|editor2-last=Pila |date=10 May 2017|chapter=The Emergence and Development of Intellectual Property Law in the Middle East |title=The Oxford Handbook of Intellectual Property Law|series=Oxford Handbooks|publisher=Oxford Academic |edition=online |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198758457.013.19}}</ref> ''Haqq'' refers to personal rights of the individual and the right to generate and accumulate wealth. The various ways in which property can be acquired under Sharia are purchase, inheritance, bequest, physical or mental effort, ''diya'' and donations.<ref name="autogenerated139">{{Cite journal|date=March 1951|title=Outlines of Muhammadan Law. By Asaf A. A. Fyzee. [India: Oxford University Press. 1949. xvi and 443 pp. 25s.]|journal=The Cambridge Law Journal |volume=11|issue=1|pages=139–140|doi=10.1017/s0008197300015518|issn=0008-1973}}</ref> Certain concepts relating to property under Sharia are ''Mulk'', ''Waqf'', ''Mawat'' and ''Motasarruf''.<ref name="autogenerated139" />

=== Court procedures ===
{{Original research|section|Most of this section consisted of ahistorical generalizations made by WP editors from snippets describing various pre-modern and modern legal systems without distinguishing between them. The most serious misrepresentations have been corrected, but this material needs to be verified more carefully.|date=March 2019}}
{{anchor|Courts}}
[[File:Melaka State Syariah Court.jpg|thumb|Shariah court in [[Malacca]], Malaysia]]

Sharia courts traditionally do not rely on lawyers; [[plaintiffs]] and [[defendants]] represent themselves. In Saudi Arabia and Qatar, which have preserved traditional procedure in Sharia courts, trials are conducted solely by the judge, and there is no jury system. There is no pre-trial [[Discovery (law)|discovery]] process, and no [[cross-examination]] of witnesses. Unlike common law, judges' verdicts do not set binding [[precedents]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ddc.aub.edu.lb/projects/pspa/qatar.html |title=Qatar: The Duality of the Legal System |access-date=28 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708060546/http://ddc.aub.edu.lb/projects/pspa/qatar.html |archive-date=8 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> under the principle of ''[[stare decisis]]'',<ref>[https://caselaw.findlaw.com/data2/delawarestatecases/493-2003.pdf ''Saudi Arabia Basic Industries Corp. v. Mobil Yanbu Petrochemical Co.'', Supreme Court of Delaware, January 14, 2005 p. 52]. "The Saudi law system differs in critically important respects from the system of legal thought employed by the common law countries, including the United States. Perhaps most significant is that Islamic law does not embrace the common law system of binding precedent and ''stare decisis''. In Saudi Arabia, judicial decisions are not in themselves a source of law, and with minor exceptions, court decisions in Saudi Arabia are not published or even open to public inspection."</ref> and unlike civil law, Sharia is left to the interpretation in each case and has no formally [[Codification (law)|codified]] universal statutes.<ref>Tetley (1999), Mixed Jurisdictions: Common Law v. Civil Law (Codified and Uncodified), La. Law Review, 60, 677</ref>

The [[rules of evidence]] in Sharia courts traditionally prioritize oral testimony, and witnesses must be Muslim.<ref name="av1">Antoinette Vlieger (2012), Domestic Workers in Saudi Arabia and the Emirates, {{ISBN|978-1610271288}}, Chapter 4{{page needed|date=April 2016}}</ref><ref>Tahir Wasti (2009), The Application of Islamic Criminal Law in Pakistan, Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004172258}}, pp. 126–27</ref><ref>Etannibi E. O. Alemika (2005), "Human Rights and Shariah Penal Code in Northern Nigeria", ''UN Human Rights Monitor'', pp. 110–27</ref><ref name="unicef2011" /><ref name="mfdl1" /> In criminal cases, women witnesses are unacceptable in stricter, traditional interpretations of Sharia, such as those found in [[Hanbali]] jurisprudence, which forms the basis of law in Saudi Arabia.<ref name="av1" />

====Evidences / testimonies====
'''In Criminal cases''': A confession, an oath, or the oral testimony of Muslim witnesses are the main evidence admissible in traditional sharia courts for hudud crimes, i.e., the religious crimes of adultery, fornication, rape, accusing someone of illicit sex but failing to prove it, [[Apostasy in Islam|apostasy]], drinking intoxicants and theft.<ref>Mohamed S. El-Awa (1993), Punishment In Islamic Law, American Trust Publications, {{ISBN|978-0892591428}}, pp. 1–68{{nonspecific|date=April 2016}}</ref><ref>Philip Reichel and Jay Albanese (2013), Handbook of Transnational Crime and Justice, Sage publications, {{ISBN|978-1452240350}}, pp. 36–37</ref>{{sfn|Otto|2008|p=663}}{{sfn|Otto|2008|p=31}}

According to classical jurisprudence, testimony must be from at least two free Muslim male witnesses, or one Muslim male and two Muslim females, who are not related parties and who are of sound mind and reliable character. Testimony to establish the crime of adultery, fornication or rape must be from four Muslim male witnesses, with some [[fiqh]]s allowing substitution of up to three male with six female witnesses; however, at least one must be a Muslim male.<ref>Ajijola, Alhaji A.D. (1989). ''Introduction to Islamic Law''. Karachi: International Islamic Publishers. p. 133.</ref>

[[Forensic identification|Forensic evidence]] (''i.e.'', fingerprints, ballistics, blood samples, DNA etc.) and other [[circumstantial evidence]] may likewise rejected in [[hudud]] cases in favor of eyewitnesses in some modern interpretations. In the case of regulations that were part of local Malaysian legislation that did not go into effect, this could cause severe difficulties for women plaintiffs in rape cases.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kamali |first1=Mohammad Hashim |author-link=Mohammad Hashim Kamali |year=1998 |title=Punishment in Islamic Law: A Critique of the Hudud Bill of Kelantan, Malaysia |jstor=3382008 |journal=[[Arab Law Quarterly]] |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=203–34 |doi=10.1163/026805598125826102}}{{request quotation|date=April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mohd Noor |first1=Azman |last2=Ibrahim |first2=Ahmad Basri |year=2008 |title=The rights of a rape victim in Islamic Law |journal=IIUM Law Journal |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=65–83 |url=http://irep.iium.edu.my/id/eprint/5699 |access-date=19 July 2016 |archive-date=27 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227213728/http://irep.iium.edu.my/5699/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In Pakistan, DNA evidence is rejected in paternity cases on the basis of legislation that favors the presumption of children's legitimacy, while in sexual assault cases DNA evidence is regarded as equivalent to expert opinion and evaluated on a case-by-case basis.<ref>{{cite journal|title=DNA Evidence in Pakistani Courts: An Analysis|author=Shahbaz Ahmad Cheema|journal=Lums Law Journal|volume=3|url=https://sahsol.lums.edu.pk/law-journal/dna-evidence-pakistani-courts-analysis|date=30 January 2017|access-date=25 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325131327/https://sahsol.lums.edu.pk/law-journal/dna-evidence-pakistani-courts-analysis|archive-date=25 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''In civil cases''';{{qref|2|282|b=y}} recommends written financial contracts with reliable witnesses, although there is dispute about equality of female testimony.<ref name="mfdl1">{{cite journal |last1=Fadel |first1=Mohammad |title=Two Women, One Man: Knowledge, Power, and Gender in Medieval Sunni Legal Thought |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=29 |issue=2 |year=2009 |pages=185–204 |ssrn=1113891 |jstor=164016 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800064461|s2cid=143083939 }}</ref>

Marriage is solemnized as a written financial contract, in the presence of two Muslim male witnesses, and it includes a brideprice ([[Mahr]]) payable from a Muslim man to a Muslim woman. The brideprice is considered by a Sharia court as a form of debt. Written contracts were traditionally considered paramount in Sharia courts in the matters of dispute that are debt-related, which includes marriage contracts.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Paul Powers |date=2005 |title=Intent in Islamic Law: Motive and Meaning in Medieval Sunnī Fiqh |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-9004145924 |pages=97–110, 125–41}}</ref> Written contracts in debt-related cases, when notarized by a judge, is deemed more reliable.<ref name="remes1" />

In commercial and civil contracts, such as those relating to exchange of merchandise, agreement to supply or purchase goods or property, and others, oral contracts and the testimony of Muslim witnesses historically triumphed over written contracts. Islamic jurists traditionally held that written commercial contracts may be forged.<ref name="remes1">Reem Meshal (2014), ''Sharia and the Making of the Modern Egyptian'', [[Oxford University Press]], {{ISBN|978-9774166174}}, pp. 96–101 and Chapter 4</ref><ref name="timku1">Timur Kuran (2012), The Long Divergence: How Islamic Law Held Back the Middle East, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691156415}}, pp. 246–49 and Chapter 12</ref> [[Timur Kuran]] states that the treatment of written evidence in religious courts in Islamic regions created an incentive for opaque transactions, and the avoidance of written contracts in economic relations. This led to a continuation of a "largely oral contracting culture" in Muslim-majority nations and communities.<ref name="timku1" /><ref>[http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/private/ierc/conference_registration/papers/Kuran.pdf "Explaining the Economic Trajectories of Civilizations – Musings on the Systemic Approach"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020235639/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/private/ierc/conference_registration/papers/Kuran.pdf |date=20 October 2014 }} pp. 7, 10.</ref>

In lieu of written evidence, oaths are traditionally accorded much greater weight; rather than being used simply to guarantee the truth of ensuing testimony, they are themselves used as evidence. Plaintiffs lacking other evidence to support their claims may demand that defendants take an oath swearing their innocence, refusal thereof can result in a verdict for the plaintiff.<ref>Lippman, Matthew Ross; McConville, Seán; Yerushalmi, Mordechai (1988). ''Islamic Criminal Law and Procedure – An Introduction''. New York City: [[Praeger Publishers]]. p. 71. {{ISBN|978-0275930097}}.</ref> Taking an oath for Muslims can be a grave act; one study of courts in Morocco found that lying litigants would often "maintain their testimony right up to the moment of oath-taking and then to stop, refuse the oath, and surrender the case."<ref name="frank">Frank, Michael J. (April 2006). "Trying Times – The Prosecution of Terrorists in the Central Criminal Court of Iraq". ''[[Florida Journal of International Law]]''.{{page needed|date=April 2016}}</ref> Accordingly, defendants are not routinely required to swear before testifying, which would risk casually profaning the Quran should the defendant commit perjury.<ref name="frank" />

==== Diya ====
{{main|Diya (Islam)}}

In classical jurisprudence monetary compensation for bodily harm (''[[Diya (Islam)|diya]]'' or blood money) is assessed differently for different classes of victims. For example, for Muslim women the amount was half that assessed for a Muslim man.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Arsani |last1=William |title=An Unjust Doctrine of Civil Arbitration: Sharia Courts in Canada and England |journal=Stanford Journal of International Relations |date=Spring 2010 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=40–47 |url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/sjir/pdf/Sharia_11.2.pdf |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818210814/https://web.stanford.edu/group/sjir/pdf/Sharia_11.2.pdf |archive-date=18 August 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>M Kar (2005), Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures: Family, Law and Politics (Ed: Suad Joseph, Afsāna Naǧmābādī), Brill, {{ISBN|978-9004128187}}, pp. 406–07</ref> ''Diya'' for the death of a free Muslim man is twice as high as for Jewish and Christian victims according to the Maliki and Hanbali madhhabs and three times as high according to Shafi'i rules.<ref name="ame1" /> Several legal schools assessed ''diya'' for [[Magians]] (''[[majus]]'') at one-fifteenth the value of a free Muslim male.<ref name="ame1">Anver M. Emon (2012), ''Religious Pluralism and Islamic Law: Dhimmis and Others in the Empire of Law'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199661633}}, pp. 234–35</ref>

Modern countries which incorporate classical ''diya'' rules into their legal system treat them in different ways. The Pakistan Penal Code modernized the Hanafi doctrine by eliminating distinctions between Muslims and non-Muslims.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Application of Islamic Criminal Law in Pakistan |author=Tahir Wasti |publisher=Brill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=88-XutlkJAQC&pg=PA49 |page=49 |year=2009 |isbn=978-9004172258 |access-date=17 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011033255/https://books.google.com/books?id=88-XutlkJAQC&pg=PA49 |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> In Iran, ''diya'' for non-Muslim victims professing one of the faiths protected under the constitution (Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians) was made equal to ''diya'' for Muslims in 2004,<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of Criminal Law |editor=Markus D. Dubber |editor2=Tatjana Hörnle |author=Silvia Tellenbach |chapter=Islamic Criminal Law |page=261 |year=2014 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199673599.001.0001|isbn=978-0199673599 }}</ref> though according to a 2006 US State Department report, the penal code still discriminates against other religious minorities and women.<ref>{{cite web |author=U.S. State Department |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71421.htm |title=International Religious Freedom Report 2006, U.S. State Department |date=17 October 2008 |access-date=22 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525202703/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71421.htm |archive-date=25 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Human Rights Watch and the US State Department, in Saudi Arabia Jewish or Christian male plaintiffs are entitled to half the amount a Muslim male would receive, while for all other non-Muslim males the proportion is one-sixteenth.<ref>State Department of the U.S. Government (2012), [https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/208622.pdf Saudi Arabia 2012, International Religious Freedom Report, p. 4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328183313/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/208622.pdf |date=28 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>Human Rights Watch (2004), [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/saudi0704/4.htm#_ftn54 Migrant Communities in Saudi Arabia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010065345/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/saudi0704/4.htm#_ftn54 |date=10 October 2017 }}</ref><ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2011/nea/192905.htm Saudi Arabia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227213724/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2011/nea/192905.htm |date=27 December 2020 }} Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, US State Department, 2011 Report on International Religious Freedom Report (2011)</ref>

=== Role of fatwas ===
{{Main|Fatwa}}

[[File:Türkischer Mufti.jpg|thumb|upright|Turkish mufti (17th-century Spanish drawing)]]

The spread of codified state laws and Western-style legal education in the modern Muslim world has displaced traditional muftis from their historical role of clarifying and elaborating the laws applied in courts.{{sfn|Hendrickson|2013}}{{sfn|Masud|Kéchichian|2009}} Instead, fatwas have increasingly served to advise the general public on other aspects of Sharia, particularly questions regarding religious rituals and everyday life.{{sfn|Hendrickson|2013}}{{sfn|Messick|2017}} Modern fatwas deal with topics as diverse as insurance, sex-change operations, moon exploration and beer drinking.{{sfn|Messick|2017}} Most Muslim-majority states have established national organizations devoted to issuing fatwas, and these organizations to a considerable extent replaced independent muftis as religious guides for the general population.{{sfn|Messick|Kéchichian|2009}} State-employed muftis generally promote a vision of Islam that is compatible with state law of their country.{{sfn|Dallal|Hendrickson|2009}}

Modern public and political fatwas have addressed and sometimes sparked controversies in the Muslim world and beyond.{{sfn|Dallal|Hendrickson|2009}} [[Ayatollah Khomeini]]'s [[Rushdie Affair|proclamation]] condemning [[Salman Rushdie]] to death for his novel ''[[The Satanic Verses]]'' is credited with bringing the notion of fatwa to world's attention,{{sfn|Dallal|Hendrickson|2009}}{{sfn|Messick|2017}} although some scholars have argued that it did not qualify as one.{{refn|group=note|Khomeini himself did not call this proclamation a fatwa, and in Islamic legal theory only a court can decide whether an accused is guilty. However, after the proclamation was presented as a fatwa in Western press, this characterization was widely accepted by both its critics and its supporters.{{sfn|Hendrickson|2013}}{{sfn|Vikør|2005|p=142}}}} Together with later militant fatwas, it has contributed to the popular misconception of the fatwa as a religious death warrant.{{sfn|Berger|2014}}

Modern fatwas have been marked by an increased reliance on the process of ''[[ijtihad]]'', i.e. deriving legal rulings based on an independent analysis rather than conformity with the opinions of earlier legal authorities (''[[taqlid]]''),{{sfn|Berger|2014}} and some of them are issued by individuals who do not possess the qualifications traditionally required of a mufti.{{sfn|Dallal|Hendrickson|2009}} The most notorious examples are the fatwas of [[Islamic extremism|militant extremists]].{{sfn|Berger|2014}} When [[Osama bin Laden]] and his associates issued a fatwa in 1998 proclaiming "jihad against Jews and Crusaders", many Islamic jurists, in addition to denouncing its content, stressed that bin Laden was not qualified to either issue a fatwa or proclaim a jihad.{{sfn|Dallal|Hendrickson|2009}} New forms of ijtihad have also given rise to fatwas that support such notions as gender equality and banking interest, which are at variance with classical jurisprudence.{{sfn|Berger|2014}}

In the internet age, a large number of websites provide fatwas in response to queries from around the world, in addition to radio shows and satellite television programs offering call-in fatwas.{{sfn|Dallal|Hendrickson|2009}} Erroneous and sometimes bizarre fatwas issued by unqualified or eccentric individuals in recent times have sometimes given rise to complaints about a "chaos" in the modern practice of issuing fatwas.{{sfn|Messick|2017}} There exists no international Islamic authority to settle differences in interpretation of Islamic law. An [[International Islamic Fiqh Academy, Jeddah|International Islamic Fiqh Academy]] was created by the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]], but its legal opinions are not binding.{{sfn|Masud|Kéchichian|2009}} The vast amount of fatwas produced in the modern world attests to the importance of Islamic authenticity to many Muslims. However, there is little research available to indicate to what extent Muslims acknowledge the authority of different muftis or heed their rulings in real life.{{sfn|Berger|2014}}

=== Role of ''hisba'' ===
{{Main|Hisbah}}

{{Further|Islamic religious police}}

The classical doctrine of ''[[Hisbah|hisba]]'', associated with the Quranic injunction of ''[[enjoining good and forbidding wrong]]'', refers to the duty of Muslims to promote moral rectitude and intervene when another Muslim is acting wrongly.{{sfn|Thielmann|2017}}{{sfn|Mack|2018}} Historically, its legal implementation was entrusted to a public official called ''[[muhtasib]]'' (market inspector), who was charged with preventing fraud, disturbance of public order and infractions against public morality. This office disappeared in the modern era everywhere in the Muslim world, but it was revived in Arabia by the first Saudi state, and later instituted as a [[Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)|government committee]] responsible for supervising markets and public order. It has been aided by volunteers enforcing attendance of daily prayers, gender segregation in public places, and a conservative notion of [[hijab]].{{sfn|Thielmann|2017}} Committee officers were authorized to detain violators before a 2016 reform.{{sfn|Chan|2016}} With the rising international influence of [[Wahhabism]], the conception of ''hisba'' as an individual obligation to police religious observance has become more widespread, which led to the appearance of activists around the world who urge fellow Muslims to observe Islamic rituals, dress code, and other aspects of Sharia.{{sfn|Thielmann|2017}}

[[File:Taliban beating woman in public RAWA.jpg|right|thumb|Taliban [[Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)|religious police]] beating a woman in [[Kabul]] on 26 August 2001, as reported by [[Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan|RAWA]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Movies |url=http://www.rawa.us/movies/beating.mpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325014821/http://www.rawa.us/movies/beating.mpg |archive-date=25 March 2009 |publisher=Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA) |format=MPG}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Nitya Ramakrishnan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iRdBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT437 |title=In Custody: Law, Impunity and Prisoner Abuse in South Asia |publisher=Sage Publishing India |year=2013 |isbn=978-8132117513 |page=437 |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227213726/https://books.google.com/books?id=iRdBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT437 |archive-date=27 December 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> for opening her [[burqa]] (face)]]

In Iran, ''hisba'' was enshrined in the constitution after the [[Iranian Revolution|1979 Revolution]] as a "universal and reciprocal duty", incumbent upon both the government and the people. Its implementation has been carried out by official committees as well as volunteer forces (''[[basij]]'').{{sfn|Thielmann|2017}}<ref name="rferl">{{cite web |date=15 January 2009 |title=Iran's Basij Force – The Mainstay Of Domestic Security |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/Irans_Basij_Force_Mainstay_Of_Domestic_Security/1357081.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110190716/http://www.rferl.org/content/Irans_Basij_Force_Mainstay_Of_Domestic_Security/1357081.html |archive-date=10 January 2012 |access-date=24 May 2014 |work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> Elsewhere, policing of various interpretations of Sharia-based public morality has been carried out by the [[Kano State Hisbah Corps]] in the Nigerian state of [[Kano State|Kano]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Olaniyi |first1=Rasheed Oyewole |year=2011 |title=Hisbah and Sharia Law Enforcement in Metropolitan Kano |journal=Africa Today |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=71–96 |doi=10.2979/africatoday.57.4.71 |s2cid=154801688}}</ref> by ''Wilayatul Hisbah'' in the Aceh province of [[Indonesia]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Uddin |first1=Asma |year=2010 |title=Religious Freedom Implications of Sharia Implementation in Aceh, Indonesia |url=http://ir.stthomas.edu/ustlj/vol7/iss3/8/ |url-status=live |journal=University of St. Thomas Law Journal |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=603–48 |ssrn=1885776 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528220701/http://ir.stthomas.edu/ustlj/vol7/iss3/8/ |archive-date=28 May 2016 |access-date=10 June 2016}}</ref> by the [[Committee for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Gaza Strip)|Committee for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice]] in the Gaza Strip, and by the [[Taliban]] during their 1996–2001 and 2021–present rule of Afghanistan.{{sfn|Thielmann|2017}} Religious police organizations tend to have support from conservative currents of public opinion, but their activities are often disliked by other segments of the population, especially liberals, urban women, and younger people.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 April 2016 |title=Who are Islamic 'morality police'? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36101150 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413170252/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36101150 |archive-date=13 April 2019 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=[[BBC News Online]]}}</ref>

In Egypt, a law based on the doctrine of hisba had for a time allowed a Muslim to sue another Muslim over beliefs that may harm society, though because of abuses it has been amended so that only the state prosecutor may bring suit based on private requests.<ref name="Gallagher">Nancy Gallagher (2005), Apostasy, Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures: Family, Law and Politics, Editors: Suad Joseph and Afsāna Naǧmābād, {{ISBN|978-9004128187}}, p. 9</ref> Before the amendment was passed, a hisba suit brought by a group of Islamists against the liberal theologian [[Nasr Abu Zayd]] on charges of [[Apostasy in Islam|apostasy]] led to the annulment of his marriage.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Berger |first1=Maurits |year=2003 |title=Apostasy and Public Policy in Contemporary Egypt: An Evaluation of Recent Cases from Egypt's Highest Courts |url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/13673/MS%20Berger%20-%20Apostasy%20and%20public%20policy%20in%20contemporary%20Egypt.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=live |journal=Human Rights Quarterly |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=720–40 |doi=10.1353/hrq.2003.0026 |jstor=20069684 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418033611/https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/13673/MS%20Berger%20-%20Apostasy%20and%20public%20policy%20in%20contemporary%20Egypt.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=11 April 2019 |hdl-access=free |hdl=1887/13673 |s2cid=144601396}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Olsson |first1=Susanne |year=2008 |title=Apostasy in Egypt: Contemporary Cases of Ḥisbah |journal=The Muslim World |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=95–115 |doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2008.00212.x}}</ref> The law was also invoked in an unsuccessful blasphemy suit against the feminist author [[Nawal El Saadawi]].<ref name="Gallagher" /> Hisba has also been invoked in several Muslim-majority countries as rationale for blocking pornographic content on the internet and for other forms of faith-based censorship.<ref>Helmi Noman (2013), "In the name of God – Faith based internet censorship in majority Muslim countries", in ''Routledge Handbook of Media Law'' (Editors: Monroe E. Price, et al.), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415683166}}, Chapter 14, p. 257</ref>

=== Muslim-minority countries ===
Sharia also plays a role beyond religious rituals and personal ethics in some countries with Muslim minorities. For example, in Israel Sharia-based family laws are administered for the Muslim population by the [[Ministry of Justice (Israel)|Ministry of Justice]] through the Sharia Courts.<ref>{{cite web|website=[[Israel Ministry of Justice]]|title=The Sharia Courts|url=https://www.justice.gov.il/En/Units/ShariaCourts/Pages/default.aspx|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325005530/https://www.justice.gov.il/En/Units/ShariaCourts/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date=25 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In India, the Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act provides for the use of Islamic law for Muslims in several areas, mainly related to family law.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.emory.edu/ifl/legal/india.htm |title=India |publisher=Law.emory.edu |access-date=18 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116220209/http://www.law.emory.edu/ifl/legal/india.htm |archive-date=16 January 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> In England, the [[Muslim Arbitration Tribunal]] makes use of Sharia family law to settle disputes, though this limited adoption of Sharia is controversial.<ref>Taher, Abul (14 September 2008). Revealed: UK's first official sharia courts. ''The Sunday Times''</ref><ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/9975937/Inside-Britains-Sharia-courts.html Inside Britain's Sharia courts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518200507/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/9975937/Inside-Britains-Sharia-courts.html |date=18 May 2018 }} Jane Corbin, ''The Telegraph'' (7 April 2013)</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bowen |first1=John R. |year=2010 |url=http://ir.stthomas.edu/ustlj/vol7/iss3/3/ |title=How could English courts recognize Shariah? |journal=University of St. Thomas Law Journal |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=411–35 |access-date=19 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821120614/http://ir.stthomas.edu/ustlj/vol7/iss3/3/ |archive-date=21 August 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Support and opposition ==

=== Support ===
A 2013 survey based on interviews of 38,000 Muslims, randomly selected from urban and rural parts in 39 countries using area probability designs, by the [[Pew Forum|Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life]] found that a majority—in some cases "overwhelming" majority—of Muslims in a number of countries support making "Sharia" or "Islamic law" the [[law of the land]], including Afghanistan (99%), Iraq (91%), Niger (86%), Malaysia (86%), Pakistan (84%), Morocco (83%), Bangladesh (82%), Egypt (74%), Indonesia (72%), Jordan (71%), Uganda (66%), Ethiopia (65%), Mali (63%), Ghana (58%), and Tunisia (56%).<ref name=pewssp15/> In Muslim regions of Southern-Eastern Europe and Central Asia, the support is less than 50%: Russia (42%), Kyrgyzstan (35%), Tajikistan (27%), Kosovo (20%), Albania (12%), Turkey (12%), Kazakhstan (10%), Azerbaijan (8%). Regional averages of support were 84% in South Asia, 77% in Southeast Asia, 74% in the Middle-East/North Africa, 64%, in Sub-Saharan Africa, 18% in Southern-Eastern Europe, and 12% in Central Asia.<ref name=pewssp15/>

However, while most of those who support implementation of Sharia favor using it in family and property disputes, fewer supported application of severe punishments such as whippings and cutting off hands, and interpretations of some aspects differed widely.<ref name=pewssp15>{{cite book |editor-first=Sandra |editor-last=Stence |year=2013 |others=Research: Alan Cooperman, Neha Sahgal, Jessica Hamar Martinez, et al. |title=The World's Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society |publisher=The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |pages=15–19, 46, 147–48 |url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2013/04/worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-full-report.pdf |access-date=31 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030223449/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2013/04/worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-full-report.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to the Pew poll, among Muslims who support making Sharia the law of the land, most do not believe that it should be applied to non-Muslims. In the Muslim-majority countries surveyed this proportion varied between 74% (of 74% in Egypt) and 19% (of 10% in Kazakhstan), as percentage of those who favored making Sharia the law of the land.{{sfn|Stence|2013|p=48}}

In all of the countries surveyed, respondents were more likely to define Sharia as "the revealed word of God" rather than as "a body of law developed by men based on the word of God".<ref>{{cite web|website=Pew Research Center|title=The World's Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society. Chapter 1: Beliefs About Sharia|date=30 April 2013|access-date=18 April 2019|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2013/04/30/the-worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-beliefs-about-sharia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323113645/https://news.gallup.com/poll/109072/many-turks-iranians-egyptians-link-sharia-justice.aspx|archive-date=23 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In analyzing the poll, [[Amaney Jamal]] has argued that there is no single, shared understanding of the notions "Sharia" and "Islamic law" among the respondents. In particular, in countries where Muslim citizens have little experience with rigid application of Sharia-based state laws, these notions tend to be more associated with Islamic ideals like equality and social justice than with prohibitions.<ref>{{cite web|website=Pew Research Center|title=Conference Call Transcript: The World's Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society|date=30 April 2013|access-date=18 April 2019|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2013/04/30/the-worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-event-transcript/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418211542/https://www.pewforum.org/2013/04/30/the-worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-event-transcript/|archive-date=18 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Other polls have indicated that for Egyptians, the word "Sharia" is associated with notions of political, social and gender justice.<ref>Jonathan A.C. Brown, Misquoting Muhammad, p. 131.</ref>

In 2008, [[Rowan Williams]], the Archbishop of Canterbury, has suggested that Islamic and [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jewish]] courts should be integrated into the British legal system alongside ecclesiastical courts to handle marriage and divorce, subject to agreement of all parties and strict requirements for protection of equal rights for women.<ref name="feldman">{{cite news |last=Feldman |first=Noah |title=Why Shariah? |date=16 March 2008 |newspaper=New York Times Magazine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/16/magazine/16Shariah-t.html |access-date=23 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427090249/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/16/magazine/16Shariah-t.html |archive-date=27 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> His reference to the Sharia sparked a controversy.<ref name="feldman" /> Later that year, [[Nicholas Phillips, Baron Phillips of Worth Matravers|Nicholas Phillips]], then [[Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales]], stated that there was "no reason why Sharia principles [...] should not be the basis for mediation or other forms of alternative dispute resolution."<ref>{{cite news |title=Sharia law 'could have UK role' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7488790.stm |work=BBC News |access-date=4 September 2016 |date=4 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921024521/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7488790.stm |archive-date=21 September 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2008 YouGov poll in the United Kingdom found 40% of Muslim students interviewed supported the introduction of Sharia into British law for Muslims.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/2461830/Killing-for-religion-is-justified-say-third-of-Muslim-students.html Killing for religion is justified, say third of Muslim students] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211225254/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/2461830/Killing-for-religion-is-justified-say-third-of-Muslim-students.html |date=11 February 2018 }} The Telegraph (26 July 2008)</ref> [[Michael Broyde]], professor of law at [[Emory University]] specializing in [[alternative dispute resolution]] and [[Jewish law]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://law.emory.edu/faculty-and-scholarship/faculty-profiles/broyde-profile.html |title=Michael J. Broyde |website=Emory University School of Law |access-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715192523/http://law.emory.edu/faculty-and-scholarship/faculty-profiles/broyde-profile.html |archive-date=15 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> has argued that Sharia courts can be integrated into the American religious arbitration system, provided that they adopt appropriate institutional requirements as American rabbinical courts have done.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Volokh Conspiracy, via Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2017/06/30/sharia-in-america/ |author=Michael Broyde |title=Sharia in America |date=30 June 2017 |access-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701103548/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2017/06/30/sharia-in-america/ |archive-date=1 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Opposition ===
{{further|Ban on sharia law}}
[[File:Protest against Sharia in the United Kingdom 2014.jpg|thumb|Protest against Sharia in the United Kingdom (2014)]]
In the [[Western world]], Sharia has been called a source of "hysteria",<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Nation |journal=The Nation |url=http://www.thenation.com/article/true-story-sharia-american-courts/ |last=Awad |first=Abed |date=14 June 2012 |access-date=10 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210213552/http://www.thenation.com/article/true-story-sharia-american-courts/ |archive-date=10 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> "more controversial than ever", the one aspect of Islam that inspires "particular dread".<ref name=kadri-267-8>{{cite book |last1=Kadri |first1=Sadakat |title=Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia |date=2012 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0099523277 |pages=267–68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC&q=Heaven+on+Earth%3A+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=27 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227213749/https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC&q=Heaven+on+Earth%3A+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law |url-status=live }}</ref> On the Internet, "dozens of self-styled counter-jihadis" emerged to campaign against Sharia law, describing it in strict interpretations resembling those of Salafi Muslims.<ref name=kadri-267-8/> Also, fear of Sharia law and of the ideology of extremism among Muslims as well as certain congregations donating money to terrorist organizations within the Muslim community reportedly spread to mainstream conservative [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] in the United States.<ref name=TPM-9-23-2010>{{cite news |last1=Slajda |first1=Rachel |title=The War On Sharia Started Long Before You Ever Heard 'Ground Zero Mosque' |url=http://talkingpointsmemo.com/muckraker/the-war-on-sharia-started-long-before-you-ever-heard-ground-zero-mosque |access-date=10 December 2015 |agency=TPM Muckraker |publisher=Talking Points Memo |date=23 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210222641/http://talkingpointsmemo.com/muckraker/the-war-on-sharia-started-long-before-you-ever-heard-ground-zero-mosque |archive-date=10 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Former [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|House Speaker]] [[Newt Gingrich]] won ovations calling for a federal ban on Sharia law.<ref name=TPM-9-23-2010/>
The issue of "liberty versus Sharia" was called a "momentous civilisational debate" by right-wing pundit [[Diana West]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Don't Ignore Sharia's Advance |date=23 February 2008 |first=Diana |last=West |url=http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1974971/posts |agency=Times – News [Burlington, N.C] |access-date=10 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210233714/http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1974971/posts |archive-date=10 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2008 in Britain, the future Prime Minister ([[David Cameron]]) declared his opposition to "any expansion of Sharia law in the UK."<ref name=BBC-26-3-2008>{{cite news |title=Cameron steps into Sharia law row |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7264740.stm |access-date=10 December 2015 |agency=BBC |date=26 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002074237/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7264740.stm |archive-date=2 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> In Germany, in 2014, the Interior Minister ([[Thomas de Maizière]]) told a newspaper (''[[Bild]]''), "Sharia law is not tolerated on German soil."<ref name=dw>{{cite news |title=Germany won't tolerate 'Sharia police' |url=http://www.dw.com/en/germany-wont-tolerate-sharia-police/a-17906086 |access-date=8 September 2015 |agency=DW |date=6 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922101349/http://www.dw.com/en/germany-wont-tolerate-sharia-police/a-17906086 |archive-date=22 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some countries and jurisdictions have explicit bans on Sharia law. In Canada, for example, sharia law has been explicitly banned in [[Quebec]] by a 2005 unanimous vote of the National Assembly,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-gives-thumbs-down-to-shariah-law-1.535601 |title=Quebec gives thumbs down to Shariah law |access-date=31 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009234834/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-gives-thumbs-down-to-shariah-law-1.535601 |archive-date=9 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> while the province of [[Ontario]] allows family law disputes to be arbitrated only under Ontario law.<ref name=CHOKSI-14-3-2012>{{cite web |last1=Choski |first1=Bilal M. |title=Religious Arbitration in Ontario – Making the Case Based on the British Example of the Muslim Arbitration Tribunal |url=https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/970-choksi33upajintll7912012pdf |website=law.upenn.edu |access-date=10 December 2015 |date=14 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072259/https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/970-choksi33upajintll7912012pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the U.S., opponents of Sharia have sought to ban it from being considered in courts, where it has been routinely used alongside traditional Jewish and Catholic laws to decide legal, business, and family disputes subject to contracts drafted with reference to such laws, as long as they do not violate secular law or the U.S. constitution.<ref name=thomas>{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Jeffrey L. |title=Scapegoating Islam: Intolerance, Security, and the American Muslim |date=2015 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Q-FCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |pages=83–86 |isbn=978-1440831003 |access-date=13 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213022551/https://books.google.com/books?id=5Q-FCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |archive-date=13 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> After failing to gather support for a federal law making observing Sharia a felony punishable by up to 20 years in prison, anti-Sharia activists have focused on state legislatures.<ref name=thomas/> By 2014, bills aimed against use of Sharia have been introduced in 34 states and passed in 11.<ref name=thomas/> A notable example of this would be 2010 Oklahoma State Question 755, which sought to permanently ban the use of Sharia law in courts. While approved by voters, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals placed an injunction on the law. Citing the unconstitutionality of the law's impartial focus on a specific religion, the law was struck down and never took effect.<ref>{{cite web|title=Oklahoma International and Sharia Law, State Question 755 (2010)|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Oklahoma_International_and_Sharia_Law,_State_Question_755_(2010)|access-date=19 March 2021|website=Ballotpedia|language=en|archive-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518135214/https://www.ballotpedia.org/Oklahoma_International_and_Sharia_Law,_State_Question_755_(2010)|url-status=live}}</ref> These bills have generally referred to banning foreign or religious law in order to thwart legal challenges.<ref name=thomas/>

According to Jan Michiel Otto, Professor of Law and Governance in Developing Countries at [[Leiden University]], "[a]nthropological research shows that people in local communities often do not distinguish clearly whether and to what extent their norms and practices are based on local tradition, tribal custom, or religion. Those who adhere to a confrontational view of Sharia tend to ascribe many undesirable practices to Sharia and religion overlooking custom and culture, even if high-ranking religious authorities have stated the opposite."{{sfn|Otto|2008|p=30}}

== Contemporary debates and controversies ==
=== Compatibility with democracy ===
It has been argued that the extent to which Sharia is compatible with democracy depends on how it is culturally interpreted,<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Berger|first=Lars|date=17 February 2019|title=Sharīʻa, Islamism and Arab support for democracy|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2018.1527316|journal=Democratization|volume=26|issue=2|pages=309–26|doi=10.1080/13510347.2018.1527316|s2cid=150075053|issn=1351-0347|access-date=4 April 2020|archive-date=27 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227213741/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13510347.2018.1527316|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> with a cultural position that Sharia represents the human attempt to interpret God's message associated with a greater preference for democracy than an Islamist interpretation that Sharia law is the literal word of God.<ref name=":1" />

==== General Muslim views ====
Scholars [[John Esposito]] and [[Natana J. DeLong-Bas]] distinguish four attitudes toward Sharia and democracy prominent among contemporary Muslims:{{sfn|Esposito|DeLong-Bas|2018|pp=142–43}}
* Advocacy of democratic ideas, often accompanied by a belief that they are compatible with Islam, which can play a public role within a democratic system, as exemplified by many protestors who took part in the [[Arab Spring]] uprisings;
* Support for democratic procedures such as elections, combined with religious or moral objections toward some aspects of Western democracy seen as incompatible with Sharia, as exemplified by Islamic scholars like [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi]];
* Rejection of democracy as a Western import and advocacy of traditional Islamic institutions, such as ''[[shura]]'' (consultation) and ''[[ijma]]'' (consensus), as exemplified by supporters of absolute monarchy and radical Islamist movements;
* Belief that democracy requires restricting religion to private life: a view held by a minority in the Muslim world.

According to Polls conducted by [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] and [[Pew Research Center]] in [[Muslim-majority]] countries, most Muslims see no contradiction between democratic values and religious principles, desiring neither theocracy nor a secular democracy but rather a political model where democratic institutions and values can coexist with the values and principles of Sharia.{{sfn|Esposito|DeLong-Bas|2018|p=145}}<ref>{{cite web|website=Pew Research Center|title=Most Muslims Want Democracy, Personal Freedoms, and Islam in Political Life|date=10 July 2012|url=https://www.pewglobal.org/2012/07/10/most-muslims-want-democracy-personal-freedoms-and-islam-in-political-life/|access-date=17 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417133154/https://www.pewglobal.org/2012/07/10/most-muslims-want-democracy-personal-freedoms-and-islam-in-political-life/|archive-date=17 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Gallup|title=Majorities See Religion and Democracy as Compatible|date=3 October 2017|author1=Magali Rheault|author2=Dalia Mogahed|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/28762/majorities-muslims-americans-see-religion-law-compatible.aspx|access-date=17 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417133158/https://news.gallup.com/poll/28762/majorities-muslims-americans-see-religion-law-compatible.aspx|archive-date=17 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Islamic political theories ====
{{Main|Political aspects of Islam|Islam and democracy|Shura|Ijma}}

[[File:Grand Ayatollahs Qom فتوکلاژ، آیت الله های ایران-قم 02.jpg|thumb|[[Ayatollah|Grand Ayatollah]]s of [[Qom]], Iran; Religious leaders who have the authority to interpret Sharia sources in [[Shiism|Shia Islam]]<ref>Sociology of religions: perspectives of Ali Shariati (2008) Mir Mohammed Ibrahim</ref> used assertive names and titles such as [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Ruhollah]], [[Ayatollah]], [[Hujjat al-Islam]], which directly connect their identities to Allah or Islam, and gained [[walayah|tutelage over people and the administration]].<ref name="Newman in Meri 2006 734">{{harvnb| Newman|2006|p=734}}</ref>]]
Muslih and Browers identify three major perspectives on democracy among prominent Muslim thinkers who have sought to develop modern, distinctly Islamic theories of socio-political organization conforming to Islamic values and law:{{sfn|Muslih|Browers|2009}}
* The rejectionist Islamic view, elaborated by [[Sayyid Qutb]] and [[Abul A'la Maududi]], condemns imitation of foreign ideas, distinguishing Western democracy and the Islamic doctrine of ''shura'' (consultation between ruler and ruled). This perspective, which stresses the comprehensive implementation of Sharia, was widespread in the 1970s and 1980s among various movements seeking to establish an Islamic state, but its popularity has diminished in recent years.
* The moderate Islamic view stresses the concepts of ''[[maslaha]]'' (public interest), ''[[Adl|ʿadl]]'' (justice), and ''shura''. Islamic leaders are considered to uphold justice if they promote public interest, as defined through ''shura''. In this view, ''shura'' provides the basis for representative government institutions that are similar to Western democracy but reflect Islamic rather than Western values.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} [[Hasan al-Turabi]], [[Rashid al-Ghannushi]], and [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi]] have advocated different forms of this view.
* The liberal Islamic view is influenced by [[Muhammad Abduh]]'s emphasis on the role of reason in understanding religion. It stresses democratic principles based on pluralism and freedom of thought. Authors like [[Fahmi Huwaidi]] and [[Tariq al-Bishri]] have constructed Islamic justifications for full citizenship of non-Muslims in an Islamic state by drawing on early Islamic texts. Others, like [[Mohammed Arkoun]] and [[Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd]], have justified pluralism and freedom through non-literalist approaches to textual interpretation. [[Abdolkarim Soroush]] has argued for a "religious democracy" based on religious thought that is democratic, tolerant, and just. Islamic liberals argue for the necessity of constant reexamination of religious understanding, which can only be done in a democratic context.

==== European Court of Human Rights ====
In 1998, the [[Constitutional Court of Turkey]] banned and dissolved Turkey's [[Welfare Party|Refah Party]] over its announced intention to introduce Sharia-based laws, ruling that it would change Turkey's secular order and undermine democracy.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kevin Boyle |year=2004 |title=Human Rights, Religion and Democracy: The Refah Party Case |url=http://projects.essex.ac.uk/EHRR/V1N1/Boyle.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Essex Human Rights Review |volume=1 |page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421043912/http://projects.essex.ac.uk/ehrr/V1N1/Boyle.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2018 |access-date=16 April 2019 |number=1}}</ref> On appeal by Refah the [[European Court of Human Rights]] determined that "sharia is incompatible with the fundamental principles of democracy".<ref>{{cite web |date=13 February 2003 |title=Refah Partisi (The Welfare Party) and Others v. Turkey |url=http://www.icnl.org/research/journal/vol6iss1/special_5.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129160352/http://www.icnl.org/research/journal/vol6iss1/special_5.htm |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=20 November 2014 |publisher=The International Journal of Not-for-Profit Law}}</ref><ref>[http://www.echr.coe.int/NR/rdonlyres/29AC6DBD-C3F8-411C-9B97-B42BE466EE7A/0/2004__Wildhaber_Cancado_Trindade_BIL__opening_legal_year.pdf Hearing of the European Court of Human Rights] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060528154417/http://www.echr.coe.int/NR/rdonlyres/29AC6DBD-C3F8-411C-9B97-B42BE466EE7A/0/2004__Wildhaber_Cancado_Trindade_BIL__opening_legal_year.pdf|date=28 May 2006}}, 22 January 2004 (PDF)</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ECHR press release Refah Partisi (2001) |url=http://www.echr.coe.int/Eng/Press/2001/July/RefahPartisi2001jude.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124050055/http://www.echr.coe.int/Eng/Press/2001/July/RefahPartisi2001jude.htm |archive-date=24 January 2010 |access-date=4 April 2012 |publisher=Echr.coe.int}}</ref> Refah's Sharia-based notion of a "plurality of legal systems, grounded on religion" was ruled to contravene the [[European Convention on Human Rights|European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms]]. It was determined that it would "do away with the State's role as the guarantor of individual rights and freedoms" and "infringe the principle of non-discrimination between individuals as regards their enjoyment of public freedoms, which is one of the fundamental principles of democracy".<ref>Christian Moe (2012), Refah Revisited: Strasbourg's Construction of Islam, in Islam, Europe and emerging legal issues (editors: W. Cole Durham Jr. et al.), {{ISBN|978-1409434443}}, pp. 235–71</ref> In an analysis, Maurits S. Berger found the ruling to be "nebulous" and surprising from a legal point of view, since the Court neglected to define what it meant by "Sharia" and would not, for example, be expected to regard Sharia rules for Islamic rituals as contravening European human rights values.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Maurits S. Berger |year=2018 |title=Understanding Sharia in the West |journal=Journal of Law, Religion and State |publisher=Brill |volume=6 |issue=2–3 |pages=236–73 |doi=10.1163/22124810-00602005 |doi-access=free|hdl=1887/62331 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Kevin Boyle also criticized the decision for not distinguishing between extremist and mainstream interpretations of Islam and implying that peaceful advocacy of Islamic doctrines ("an attitude which fails to respect [the principle of secularism]") is not protected by the European Convention provisions for freedom of religion.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kevin Boyle |year=2004 |title=Human Rights, Religion and Democracy: The Refah Party Case |url=http://projects.essex.ac.uk/EHRR/V1N1/Boyle.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Essex Human Rights Review |volume=1 |page=12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421043912/http://projects.essex.ac.uk/ehrr/V1N1/Boyle.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2018 |access-date=16 April 2019 |number=1}}</ref>

=== Compatibility with freedom of religion ===

==== Apostasy ====
{{Main|Apostasy in Islam}}

[[File:Apostasy laws world map.svg|alt=|thumb|upright=1.4|Countries that criminalize [[religious conversion]] as of 2020. Some Muslim-majority countries impose the death penalty or a prison sentence for apostasy away from Islam or ban non-Muslims from [[proselytism|proselytizing]].<ref>[http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/05/28/which-countries-still-outlaw-apostasy-and-blasphemy/ Which countries still outlaw apostasy and blasphemy?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725201505/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/05/28/which-countries-still-outlaw-apostasy-and-blasphemy/ |date=25 July 2016 }} Pew Research Center, United States (May 2014)</ref>]]
[[File:Execution of a Moroccan Jewess by Alfred Dehodencq.jpg|thumb|upright| Execution of a [[Moroccan Jews|Moroccan Jewish]] woman ([[Sol Hachuel]]) on the grounds of leaving Islam ([[Apostasy in Islam|apostasy]]), painting by [[Alfred Dehodencq]]]]
According to Islam, [[religious conversion]] away from Islam ([[Apostasy in Islam|apostasy from Islam]]) is a sin,<ref name=jstor-1570336>{{cite journal |last1=Peters |first1=Rudolph |last2=Vries |first2=Gert J. J. De |title=Apostasy in Islam |journal=Die Welt des Islams |date=1976 |volume=17 |issue=1/4 |pages=1–25 |doi= 10.2307/1570336 |jstor=1570336}}</ref><ref name="Lewis-1995-229">{{cite book|last1= Lewis|first1= Bernard|title= The Middle East, a Brief History of the Last 2000 Years|date= 1995|publisher= Touchstone Books|isbn= 978-0684807126|page= 229|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1ajwK7ejowwC&q=%22crime+as+well+as+a+sin%22+lewis&pg=PT234|access-date= 27 November 2015|archive-date= 27 December 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201227213725/https://books.google.com/books?id=1ajwK7ejowwC&q=%22crime+as+well+as+a+sin%22+lewis&pg=PT234|url-status= live}}</ref> while "there is no compulsion in religion".<ref name="qref|2|256">{{qref|2|256|b=yl}}</ref>
A number of liberal and progressive Islamic scholars have argued that apostasy should not be viewed as a crime.<ref name="ELLIOTT-3-26-2006">{{cite news|last1=Elliott|first1=Andrea|title=In Kabul, a Test for Shariah|newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/26/weekinreview/26elliott.html?_r=0|access-date=28 November 2015|agency=New York Times|date=26 March 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111010040/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/26/weekinreview/26elliott.html?_r=0|archive-date=11 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |first=Magdi |last=Abdelhadi |date=27 March 2006 |title=What Islam says on religious freedom |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4850080.stm |work=BBC News |access-date=14 October 2009 |url-status=live |archive-date=11 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211123527/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4850080.stm}}</ref><ref name=jstor-1570336/><ref name=bbcsudan>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27424064 |title=Sudan woman faces death for apostasy|work=BBC News |date=15 May 2014|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519054610/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27424064 |archive-date=19 May 2014 |quote=There is a long-running debate in Islam over whether apostasy is a crime. Some liberal scholars hold the view that it is not (...), Others say apostasy is (...). The latter is the dominant view in conservative Muslim states such as Sudan, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan (...).}}</ref>
Others argue that the death penalty is an inappropriate punishment,<ref name= hassanibrahim>{{cite book|first =Hassan|last= Ibrahim |editor-first= Ibrahim M.|editor-last= Abu-Rabi'|date=2006|title= The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought|publisher= Blackwell Publishing|isbn =978-1-4051-2174-3|pages= 167–69}}</ref><ref name=smz>{{cite journal |last1=Zwemer |first1=Samuel M. |title=The Law of Apostasy |journal= The Muslim World |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages= 36–37, chapter 2 |issn= 0027-4909}}</ref> inconsistent with the Qur'anic verses such as [[Al-Baqara 256]] containing "no compulsion in religion";<ref name="ELLIOTT-3-26-2006"/> or that it was a man-made rule enacted in the early Islamic community to prevent and punish the equivalent of desertion or treason.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Esposito |year=2011|title=What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam|page=74|publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA74|isbn=978-0199794133|author-link=John Esposito |access-date=18 April 2019 |url-status=live|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611044119/https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA74}}</ref> According to [[Khaled Abou El Fadl]], some Muslims do not believe that apostasy requires punishment.<ref name="GTWIFE">{{cite book|last1=Abou El Fadl |first1=Khaled|title=The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists|year=2007 |publisher=HarperOne|isbn=978-0061189036|page=158|author1-link=Khaled Abou El Fadl}}</ref> Typically there is a waiting period to allow time to repent and to return to Islam.<ref name=jstor-1570336/><ref name=aromar/><ref name="KEY">{{cite book|author1= Kecia Ali|author2= Oliver Leaman|title= Islam: the key concepts|publisher= Routledge|year= 2008|page= 10|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=H5-CdzqmuXsC&pg=PA10|access-date= 29 November 2013|isbn= 978-0415396387|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131212074154/http://books.google.com/books?id=H5-CdzqmuXsC&pg=PA10|archive-date= 12 December 2013}}</ref><ref name=johnesposito>{{cite book|author= John L. Esposito|title= The Oxford dictionary of Islam|publisher= Oxford University Press|year= 2004|page= 22|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=6VeCWQfVNjkC&pg=PA22|access-date= 28 November 2013|isbn= 978-0195125597|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131212075502/http://books.google.com/books?id=6VeCWQfVNjkC&pg=PA22|archive-date= 12 December 2013}}</ref>

Early Islamic jurists set the standard for apostasy from Islam so high that practically no apostasy verdict could be passed before the 11th century,<ref name="Princeton.Enc.2013">{{cite book |editor1=Gerhard Bowering|others=associate editors Patricia Crone, Wadid Kadi, Devin J. Stewart and Muhammad Qasim Zaman; assistant editor Mahan Mirza|title = The Princeton encyclopedia of Islamic political thought |date = 2013 |publisher = [[Princeton University Press]] |location = Princeton, N.J. |isbn = 978-0691134840 |page = 40}}</ref> but later jurists lowered the bar for applying the death penalty, allowing judges to interpret the apostasy law in different ways,<ref name="Princeton.Enc.2013"/> which they did sometimes leniently and sometimes strictly.{{sfn|Vikør|2005|p=291}} In the late 19th century, criminal penalties for apostasy fell into disuse, although civil penalties were still applied.<ref name=jstor-1570336/> [[Wael Hallaq]] writes that "[in] a culture whose lynchpin is religion, religious principles and religious morality, apostasy is in some way equivalent to high treason in the modern nation-state".<ref name="waelhallaq">{{cite book|last1= Wael|first1= B. Hallaq|title= Sharī'a: Theory, Practice and Transformations|date= 2009|publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn= 978-0-521-86147-2|page= 319|author1-link= Wael Hallaq}}</ref> Some Islamic jurists continue to regard apostasy as a crime deserving the [[Capital and corporal punishment in Islam|death penalty]].<ref name=aromar>{{cite book|last= Omar|first= Abdul Rashied|editor1= Mohammed Abu-Nimer|editor2= David Augsburger|title= Peace-Building by, between, and beyond Muslims and Evangelical Christians|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HvrDWka4iRgC&pg=186|year=2009|publisher= Lexington Books|chapter= The Right to religious conversion: Between apostasy and proselytization|isbn= 978-0-7391-3523-5|pages= 179–94|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111010040/https://books.google.com/books?id=HvrDWka4iRgC&pg=186|archive-date= 11 January 2016}}</ref>
Some Sharia interpreters believe apostasy should be enforced only if apostasy becomes a mechanism of [[Fitna (word)|public disobedience and disorder]] (''fitna'').{{#tag:ref|According to the interpretation of [[Turkish Muslims|Turkish Muslim]] [[Islamic studies|scholar]] Ahmet Albayrak regarding apostasy from Islam as a form of wrongdoing, punishment for leaving Islam is not a sign of [[Religious intolerance|intolerance towards other religions]], and it is not aimed at one's freedom to leave Islam and [[Freedom of religion|to choose a different faith]]. In his opinion, it is more correct to say that the punishment is imposed as a safety precaution when conditions warrant the imposition of it; for example, the punishment is imposed if apostasy from Islam becomes a mechanism of [[Fitna (word)|public disobedience and disorder]] (''fitna'').<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Leaman |editor-first=Oliver |editor-link=Oliver Leaman |year=2006 |title=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isDgI0-0Ip4C |location=London and New York |publisher=[[Routledge]] |edition=1st |pages=526–527 |isbn=9780415775298}}</ref>|group=Note}}

Twenty-three Muslim-majority countries, {{as of | 2013 | lc = on}}, penalized apostasy from Islam through their [[criminal law]]s.<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/law/help/apostasy/index.php Laws Criminalizing Apostasy] {{webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20171231144725/https://www.loc.gov/law/help/apostasy/index.php |date=31 December 2017 }} Library of Congress (2014)</ref>
{{As of | 2014}}, apostasy from Islam was a capital offense in Afghanistan, Brunei, Mauritania, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.<ref name=locapo>[https://www.loc.gov/law/help/apostasy/apostasy.pdf Laws Criminalizing Apostasy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011180050/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/apostasy/apostasy.pdf |date=11 October 2017 }} Library of Congress (2014)</ref><ref>[http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e174 Apostasy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904042337/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e174 |date=4 September 2014 }} Oxford Islamic Studies Online, Oxford University Press (2012)</ref> In other countries, Sharia courts could use family laws to void the Muslim apostate's [[marriage in Islam|marriage]] and to deny [[child custody|child-custody]] rights as well as [[inheritance]] rights.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Zwemer |first1= Samuel M. |title= The Law of Apostasy |journal= The Muslim World |volume= 14 |issue=4 |pages= 41–43, Chapter 2 |issn= 0027-4909}}</ref> In the years 1985–2006, four individuals were legally executed for apostasy from Islam: "one in Sudan in 1985; two in Iran, in 1989 and 1998; and one in Saudi Arabia in 1992."<ref name="ELLIOTT-3-26-2006"/> While modern states have rarely prosecuted apostasy, Islamists have tended to exploit apostasy for political gain.<ref name="ELLIOTT-3-26-2006"/> [[Apostasy in Islam#Public opinion|In a 2008–2012 Pew Research Center poll]], public support for capital punishment for apostasy among Muslims ranged from 78% in Afghanistan to less than 1% in Kazakhstan, reaching over 50% in 6 of the 20 countries surveyed.
Some Sharia courts have limited the freedom of religion for Muslims.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ismail |first1=Siti |last2=Awang Mat |first2=Muhamad |date=2016 |title=Faith and Freedom: The Qur'anic Notion of Freedom of Religion vs. the Act of Changing Religion and Thoughts on the Implications for Malaysia |journal=Religions |language=en |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=88 |doi=10.3390/rel7070088 |doi-access=free |issn=2077-1444}}</ref>

The death penalty<ref>{{cite web |date=16 May 2014 |title=UN rights office deeply concerned over Sudanese woman facing death for apostasy |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=47810 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417115144/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=47810 |archive-date=17 April 2017 |access-date=17 April 2017 |website=UN News Centre}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 February 2012 |title=Saudi Arabia: Writer Faces Apostasy Trial |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/02/13/saudi-arabia-writer-faces-apostasy-trial |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417114956/https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/02/13/saudi-arabia-writer-faces-apostasy-trial |archive-date=17 April 2017 |access-date=17 April 2017 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> or other punishment for apostasy in Islam is a violation of universal [[human rights]], and an issue of [[freedom of religion]] and conscience.<ref name=hassanibrahim/><ref>{{cite book|title= Human Rights Diplomacy |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=U84ktW2N93QC&pg=64|year=1997|publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-15390-4|page=64|url-status=live|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111010039/https://books.google.com/books?id=U84ktW2N93QC&pg=64}}</ref>

=== Compatibility with human rights ===
Governments of several predominantly Muslim countries have criticized the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (UDHR) for its perceived failure to take into account the cultural and religious context of non-[[Western world|Western]] countries. Iran declared in the UN assembly that UDHR was "a [[Secularism|secular]] understanding of the [[Judeo-Christian]] tradition", which could not be implemented by Muslims without trespassing the Islamic law.<ref>David P. Forsythe (2009), ''Encyclopedia of Human Rights'': Vol. 1, Oxford University Press, pp. 239–45</ref> Islamic scholars and Islamist political parties consider 'universal human rights' arguments as the imposition of a non-Muslim culture on Muslim people, a disrespect of customary cultural practices and Islam.<ref name=as1999>{{cite journal |first1=Amyn B |last1=Sajoo |date=Spring 1990 |title=Islam and Human Rights: Congruence or Dichotomy |journal=Temple International and Comparative Law Journal |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=23–34 |isbn=978-0520360051 |oclc=81814299}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Kecia |last1=Ali |chapter=Progressive Muslims and Islamic jurisprudence: the necessity for critical engagement with marriage and divorce law |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2MCcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT189 |pages=163–87 |editor1-first=Omid |editor1-last=Safi |year=2003 |title=Progressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender, and Pluralism |publisher=Oneworld |isbn=978-1780740454 |access-date=20 July 2016 |archive-date=12 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212231529/https://books.google.com/books?id=2MCcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT189 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1990, the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]], a group representing all Muslim-majority nations, met in Cairo to respond to the UDHR, then adopted the [[Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam]].<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Heiner |last1=Bielefeldt |title='Western' versus 'Islamic' Human Rights Conceptions?: A Critique of Cultural Essentialism in the Discussion on Human Rights |journal=Political Theory |volume=28 |issue=1 |year=2000 |pages=90–121 |jstor=192285 |doi=10.1177/0090591700028001005|s2cid=144825564 }}</ref><ref>Anver M. Emon, Mark Ellis, Benjamin Glahn (2012), Islamic Law and International Human Rights Law, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199641444}}{{page needed|date=April 2016}}</ref>

[[Ann Elizabeth Mayer]] points to notable absences from the Cairo Declaration: provisions for democratic principles, protection for religious freedom, freedom of association, and freedom of the press, as well as equality in rights and equal protection under the law. Article 24 of the Cairo declaration states that "all the rights and freedoms stipulated in this Declaration are subject to the Islamic ''shari'a''".<ref name=mayer>{{cite book |first1=Ann Elizabeth |last1=Mayer |chapter=Islamic Law and Human Rights: Conundrums and Equivocations |editor1-first=Carrie |editor1-last=Gustafson |editor2-first=Peter H. |editor2-last=Juviler |year=2016 |title=Religion and Human Rights: Competing Claims?: Competing Claims? |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1315502557}}{{page needed|date=April 2016}}</ref>

In 2009, the journal ''[[Free Inquiry]]'' summarized the criticism of the Cairo Declaration in an editorial: "We are deeply concerned with the changes to the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] by a coalition of Islamic states within the [[United Nations]] that wishes to prohibit any criticism of religion and would thus protect Islam's limited view of human rights. In view of the conditions inside the Islamic Republic of Iran, Egypt, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Bangladesh, Iraq, and Afghanistan, we should expect that at the top of their human rights agenda would be to rectify the legal inequality of women, the suppression of political dissent, the curtailment of free expression, the persecution of ethnic minorities and religious dissenters—in short, protecting their citizens from egregious human rights violations. Instead, they are worrying about protecting Islam."<ref>Paul Kurtz, [[Austin Dacey]], and Tom Flynn. "Defaming Human Rights". ''[[Free Inquiry]]''. February/March 2009, Vol. 29, No. 2.</ref>

[[H. Patrick Glenn]] states that Sharia is structured around the concept of mutual obligations of a collective, and it considers individual human rights as potentially disruptive and unnecessary to its revealed code of mutual obligations. In giving priority to this religious collective rather than individual liberty, Islamic law justifies the formal inequality of individuals (women and non-Islamic people).<ref>Glenn, H. Patrick (2014), pp. 199–205</ref> Bassam Tibi states that the Sharia framework and human rights are incompatible.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tibi |first1=Bassam |title=The Return of the Sacred to Politics as a Constitutional Law The Case of the Shari'atization of Politics in Islamic Civilization |journal=Theoria |volume=55 |issue=115 |pages=91–119 |year=2008 |jstor=41802396 |doi=10.3167/th.2008.5511506}}</ref> Abdel al-Hakeem Carney, in contrast, states that Sharia is misunderstood from a failure to distinguish ''Sharia'' from ''siyasah'' (politics).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carney |first1=ABD Al-Hakeem |title=The Desacralisation of Power in Islam |journal=Religion, State and Society |volume=31 |issue=2 |year=2003 |pages=203–19 |doi=10.1080/09637490308281|s2cid=144779047 }}</ref>

==== LGBTQ rights ====
{{main|LGBTQ people and Islam}}

[[File:World laws pertaining to homosexual relationships and expression.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Homosexual intercourse illegal: {{legend|#800000|[[Capital punishment|Death penalty]]}}{{legend|#cc6633|Death penalty on books but not applied}}
{{legend|#e73e21|Up to [[life in prison]]}}{{legend|#ec8028|Imprisonment}}{{legend|#f9dc36|Prison on books but not enforced}}]]
Homosexual intercourse is illegal in classical Sharia, with different penalties, including capital punishment, stipulated depending on the situation and legal school. In pre-modern Islam, the penalties prescribed for homosexual acts were "to a large extent theoretical" according to the ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]'', owing in part to stringent procedural requirements for their harsher (''hudud'') forms and in part to prevailing social tolerance toward same-sex relationships.<ref name=EI2>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=Liwāṭ |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition=2nd|publisher=Brill |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C.E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W.P. |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4677}}</ref> Historical instances of prosecution for homosexual acts are rare, and those which followed Sharia rules are even rarer.<ref name=iranica-law>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/homosexuality-ii|author=E. K. Rowson|title=Homosexuality in Islamic Law |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Iranica|year=2012|access-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409045203/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/homosexuality-ii|archive-date=9 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Public attitudes toward homosexuality in the Muslim world turned more negative starting from the 19th century through the [[International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism|gradual spread]] of [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalist movements]] such as [[Salafi movement|Salafism]] and [[Wahhabism]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Falaky |first1=Fayçal |title=Radical Islam, Tolerance, and the Enlightenment |journal=Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture |date=2018 |volume=47 |pages=265–66 |doi=10.1353/sec.2018.0026 |s2cid=149570040 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Evans |first1=Daniel |title=Oppression and Subalternity: Homosexual and Transgender in Islam |journal=Journal of the International Relations and Affairs Group |date=2013 |volume=3 |issue=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oz_wBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 |pages=109–10 |isbn=978-1304399694 |access-date=18 December 2020 |url-status=live |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514154958/https://books.google.com/books?id=oz_wBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA109}}</ref><ref name="dialmy">{{cite journal |last1=Dialmy |first1=Abdessamad |title=Sexuality and Islam |journal=The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care |date=13 May 2010 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=160–68 |doi=10.3109/13625181003793339|pmid=20441406 |s2cid=1099061 }}</ref> and under the influence of sexual notions prevalent in Europe at that time.<ref name=lapidus>{{Cite book| author1=Ira M. Lapidus|author2=Lena Salaymeh |title=A History of Islamic Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |edition=Kindle |year=2014| isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 |pages=361–362}}</ref><ref name=beckers>Tilo Beckers, "Islam and the Acceptance of Homosexuality", in ''Islam and Homosexuality, Volume 1'', ed. Samar Habib, 64–65 (Praeger, 2009).</ref> A number of Muslim-majority<ref>{{Cite news |title=How homosexuality became a crime in the Middle East |url=https://www.economist.com/open-future/2018/06/06/how-homosexuality-became-a-crime-in-the-middle-east |access-date=2024-05-09 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=3 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703034324/https://www.economist.com/open-future/2018/06/06/how-homosexuality-became-a-crime-in-the-middle-east |url-status=live }}</ref> countries have retained [[Criminalization of homosexuality|criminal penalties for homosexual acts]] enacted under colonial rule.<ref name=ahmadi>{{cite journal|journal=Journal of Civil Rights and Economic Development|title=Islam and Homosexuality: Religious Dogma, Colonial Rule, and the Quest for Belonging|author=Shafiqa Ahmadi|volume=26|year=2012|issue=3 |pages=557–558 |url=https://scholarship.law.stjohns.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1709&context=jcred |access-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404044040/https://scholarship.law.stjohns.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1709&context=jcred|archive-date=4 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=economist>{{cite news|newspaper=The Economist|title=How homosexuality became a crime in the Middle East|date=6 June 2018 |url=https://www.economist.com/open-future/2018/06/06/how-homosexuality-became-a-crime-in-the-middle-east|access-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407190245/https://www.economist.com/open-future/2018/06/06/how-homosexuality-became-a-crime-in-the-middle-east|archive-date=7 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In recent decades, prejudice against LGBT individuals in the Muslim world has been exacerbated by increasingly conservative attitudes and the rise of Islamist movements, resulting in Sharia-based penalties enacted in several countries.<ref name=economist/> The [[Death penalty for homosexuality|death penalty for homosexual acts]] is currently a legal punishment in Brunei, Iran, Mauritania, some northern states in Nigeria, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, parts of Somalia, and Yemen, all of which have Sharia-based criminal laws. It is unclear whether the laws of Afghanistan and United Arab Emirates provide for the death penalty for gay sex, ''as they have never been carried out''.{{Update inline|date=May 2024}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/country-search-post.cfm?country=Afghanistan |title=The Death Penalty in Afghanistan |publisher=Death Penalty Worldwide |access-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914020231/http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/country-search-post.cfm?country=Afghanistan |archive-date=14 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="WP">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/|title=Analysis – Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death|first1=Max|last1=Bearak|first2=Darla|last2=Cameron|date=16 June 2016|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111064457/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/|archive-date=11 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Criminalization of consensual homosexual acts and especially making them liable to capital punishment has been condemned by international rights groups. [[LGBT in Islam#Opinion polls|According to polls]], the level of social acceptance for homosexuality ranges from 52% among Muslims in the U.S. to less than 10% in a number of Muslim-majority nations.

==== Women ====
{{main|Women in Islam|Islam and domestic violence}}

[[File:Gustav Karl Ludwig Richter - Odalisque (Boston Public Library).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8| A ''"[[cariye]]"'' or [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[concubine]], painting by [[Gustav Richter (artist)|Gustav Richter (1823–1884)]]]]
===== Personal status and child marriage =====
Sharia is the basis for personal status laws in most Islamic-majority nations. These personal status laws determine [[women's rights|rights of women]] in matters of marriage, divorce, and child custody. A 2011 [[UNICEF]] report mentions that Sharia law provisions differ for women in financial matters from general human rights provisions. In many countries, in legal proceedings relating to Sharia-based [[Shia Personal Status Law|personal status law]], in financial cases, a [[Status of women's testimony in Islam|woman's testimony is worth half of a man's]] before a court.<ref name=unicef2011>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/REGIONAL-Gender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf |title=MENA Gender Equality Profile – Status of Girls and Women in the Middle East and North Africa, UNICEF (October 2011) |access-date=22 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120605134725/http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/REGIONAL-Gender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The 1917 codification of Islamic family law in the [[Ottoman Empire]] distinguished between the age of competence for marriage, which was set at 18 for boys and 17 for girls, and the minimum age for marriage, which followed the traditional Hanafi limits of 12 for boys and 9 for girls. Marriage below the age of competence was permissible only if proof of sexual maturity was accepted in court, while marriage under the minimum age was forbidden. During the 20th century, most countries in the Middle East followed the Ottoman precedent in defining the age of competence while raising the minimum age to 15 or 16 for boys and 13–16 for girls. Marriage below the age of competence is subject to approval by a judge and the legal guardian of the adolescent. Egypt diverged from this pattern by setting the age limits of 18 for boys and 16 for girls, without a distinction between competence for marriage and minimum age.<ref name=EI2-8-29>{{Cite encyclopedia|author1=Schacht, J.|author2= Layish, A.|author3= Shaham, R.|author4= Ansari, Ghaus|author5= Otto, J.M.|author6= Pompe, S.|author7= Knappert, J. |author8=Boyd, Jean| year=1995 | title=Nikāḥ|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition=2nd|publisher=Brill |editor1=P. Bearman|editor2= Th. Bianquis|editor3= C.E. Bosworth|editor4= E. van Donzel|editor5= W.P. Heinrichs|volume=8|page=29}}</ref>

===== Property rights =====
Islamic law granted Muslim women certain legal rights, such as property rights which women in the West did not possess until "comparatively recent times".<ref>Bernard Lewis (2002), What Went Wrong?, {{ISBN|0195144201}}, p. 83</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Badawi |first=Jamal A. |title=The Status of Women in Islam |journal=Al-Ittihad Journal of Islamic Studies |volume=8 |issue=2 |date=September 1971}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}}</ref><ref name=Feldman>{{cite news |author-link=Noah Feldman |last=Feldman |first=Noah |title=Why Shariah? |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=16 March 2008 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/16/magazine/16Shariah-t.html?ei=5070&em=&en=5c1b8de536ce606f&ex=1205812800&pagewanted=all |access-date=17 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116110730/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/16/magazine/16Shariah-t.html?ei=5070&em=&en=5c1b8de536ce606f&ex=1205812800&pagewanted=all |archive-date=16 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Starting with the 20th century, Western legal systems evolved to expand women's rights, but women's rights in the Muslim world have to varying degree remained tied to the Quran, hadiths and their traditional interpretations by Islamic jurists.<ref name=alik/><ref>{{Cite journal |author=Hafez, Mohammed |title=Why Muslims Rebel |journal=Al-Ittihad Journal of Islamic Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |date=September 2006 }}</ref> Sharia grants women the [[right to property|right to inherit property]] from other family members, and these rights are detailed in the Quran.{{sfn|Horrie|Chippindale|1991|p=49}} A woman's inheritance can be unequal if she inherits from her father, as daughters inherit half as much as their brothers.{{qref|4|11|b=y|s=y}}<ref name=davidpowers/>

===== Domestic violence =====
[[Jonathan A.C. Brown]] says:
<blockquote>The vast majority of the ulama across the Sunni schools of law inherited the Prophet's unease over domestic violence and placed further restrictions on the evident meaning of the 'Wife Beating Verse'. A leading Meccan scholar from the second generation of Muslims, [[Ata ibn Abi Rabah|Ata' bin Abi Rabah]], counseled a husband not to beat his wife even if she ignored him but rather to express his anger in some other way. [[Al-Darimi|Darimi]], a teacher of both [[Tirmidhi]] and [[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj|Muslim bin Hajjaj]] as well as a leading early scholar in Iran, collected all the Hadiths showing Muhammad's disapproval of beating in a chapter entitled 'The Prohibition on Striking Women'. A thirteenth-century scholar from Granada, Ibn Faras, notes that one camp of ulama had staked out a stance forbidding striking a wife altogether, declaring it contrary to the Prophet's example and denying the authenticity of any Hadiths that seemed to permit beating. Even [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani|Ibn Hajar]], the pillar of late medieval Sunni Hadith scholarship, concludes that, contrary to what seems to be an explicit command in the Qur'an, the Hadiths of the Prophet leave no doubt that striking one's wife to discipline her actually falls under the Shariah ruling of 'strongly disliked' or 'disliked verging on prohibited'.<ref>Jonathan A.C. Brown, ''Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy'', [[Oneworld Publications]] (2014), pp. 275–276</ref></blockquote>

The [[An-Nisa, 34|Surah 4:34]], in the Quran, has been debated for domestic violence and also has been subject to [[An-Nisa, 34#Debates and discussion about the text|varied interpretations]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alim.org/library/quran/ayah/compare/4/34/men-are-given-authority-over-women-and-corrective-measures-for-disobedient-women-and-arbitration-in-family-disputes |title=Surah 4:34 (An-Nisaa), Alim – Translated by Mohammad Asad, Gibraltar (1980) |access-date=29 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927231420/http://www.alim.org/library/quran/ayah/compare/4/34/men-are-given-authority-over-women-and-corrective-measures-for-disobedient-women-and-arbitration-in-family-disputes |archive-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eui.eu/DepartmentsAndCentres/RobertSchumanCentre/Research/InternationalTransnationalRelations/MediterraneanProgramme/MRM/MRM2011/ws04.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927154118/http://www.eui.eu/DepartmentsAndCentres/RobertSchumanCentre/Research/InternationalTransnationalRelations/MediterraneanProgramme/MRM/MRM2011/ws04.aspx|url-status=dead|title=Salhi and Grami (2011), Gender and Violence in the Middle East and North Africa, Florence (Italy), European University Institute|archivedate=27 September 2013}}</ref> According to some interpretations, Sharia condones certain forms of domestic violence against women, when a husband suspects ''[[nushuz]]'' (disobedience, disloyalty, rebellion, ill conduct) in his wife only after admonishing and staying away from the bed does not work.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Farid |last1=Esack |chapter=Islam and Gender Justice: Beyond Simplistic Apologia |chapter-url={{Google books|riz_cIdSq0gC |page=187 |plainurl=yes}} |pages=187–210 |editor1-first=John C. |editor1-last=Raines |editor2-first=Daniel C. |editor2-last=Maguire |year=2014 |title=What Men Owe to Women: Men's Voices from World Religions |publisher=SUNY |isbn=978-0791491553 }}</ref> These interpretations have been criticized as inconsistent with women's rights in domestic abuse cases.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Mathias |last1=Rohe |chapter=Shari'a in a European Context |chapter-url={{Google books|bY1sReuxDy0C |page=93 |plainurl=yes}} |pages=93–114 |editor1-first=Ralpho |editor1-last=Grillo |editor2-first=Roger |editor2-last=Ballard |editor3-first=Alessandro |editor3-last=Ferrari |editor4-first=André J. |editor4-last=Hoekema |editor5-first=Marcel |editor5-last=Maussen |editor6-first=Prakash |editor6-last=Shah |year=2009 |title=Legal Practice and Cultural Diversity |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-0754675471 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Funder |first1=Anna |title=''De Minimis Non Curat Lex'': The Clitoris, Culture and the Law |journal=Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems |volume=3 |issue=2 |year=1993 |pages=417–67}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Zainah |last1=Anwar |chapter=Law-Making in the Name of Islam: Implications for Democratic Governance |chapter-url={{Google books|6Js6QXUbmjYC |page=121 |plainurl=yes}} |pages=[https://archive.org/details/islaminsoutheast0000unse/page/121 121–34] |editor1-first=K S |editor1-last=Nathan |editor2-first=Mohammad Hashim |editor2-last=Kamali |year=2005 |title=Islam in Southeast Asia: Political, Social and Strategic Challenges for the 21st Century |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |isbn=978-9812302830 |url=https://archive.org/details/islaminsoutheast0000unse/page/121 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bakht |first1=Natasha |title=Family Arbitration Using Sharia Law: Examining Ontario's Arbitration Act and its Impact on Women |journal=Muslim World Journal of Human Rights |volume=1 |issue=1 |year=2007 |ssrn=1121953 |doi=10.2202/1554-4419.1022|s2cid=144491368 }}</ref> [[Musawah]], [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women|CEDAW]], KAFA and other organizations have proposed ways to modify Sharia-inspired laws to improve women's rights in Muslim-majority nations, including women's rights in domestic abuse cases.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.musawah.org/cedaw-and-muslim-family-laws-search-common-ground |title=CEDAW and Muslim Family Laws: In Search of Common Ground |year=2012 |publisher=[[Musawah]] |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624100604/http://www.musawah.org/cedaw-and-muslim-family-laws-search-common-ground |archive-date=24 June 2016 |url-status=live }}{{page needed|date=July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brandt |first1=Michele |last2=Kaplan |first2=Jeffrey A. |title=The Tension between Women's Rights and Religious Rights: Reservations to Cedaw by Egypt, Bangladesh and Tunisia |journal=Journal of Law and Religion |volume=12 |issue=1 |year=1995 |pages=105–42 |jstor=1051612 |doi=10.2307/1051612|s2cid=154841891 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/86247/lebanon-move-to-take-domestic-violence-cases-out-of-religious-courts |title=Lebanon – IRIN, United Nations Office of Humanitarian Affairs (2009) |work=IRINnews |date=22 September 2009 |access-date=31 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812051407/http://www.irinnews.org/report/86247/lebanon-move-to-take-domestic-violence-cases-out-of-religious-courts |archive-date=12 August 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/10/19/uae-spousal-abuse-never-right |title=UAE: Spousal Abuse never a Right |date=19 October 2010 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |access-date=13 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226083817/https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/10/19/uae-spousal-abuse-never-right |archive-date=26 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Others believe that wife-beating is not consistent with a more modernist perspective of the Quran.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Hamid R. |last1=Kusha |chapter=Qur'anic Perspectives on Wife Abuse |pages=595–602 |editor1-first=Nicky Ali |editor1-last=Jackson |year=2007 |title=Encyclopedia of Domestic Violence |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0415969680}}</ref> Many Imams and scholars who learned Shariah in traditional Islamic seminaries object to the misuse of this verse to justify domestic violence. Muslims for [[White Ribbon Campaign]] was launched in 2010 with Imams and Muslim leaders committing to join with others to work to end violence against women.<ref>{{cite web |title=Canadian Muslims Launch Annual White Ribbon Campaign |url=http://iqra.ca/2013/canadian-muslims-launch-annual-white-ribbon-campaign/ |website=Iqra.ca |date=15 November 2013 |access-date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=27 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227213746/http://iqra.ca/2013/canadian-muslims-launch-annual-white-ribbon-campaign/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Khutbah]] campaigns were held in many parts of the world to speak out against domestic violence and encourage Muslim congregants to eradicate domestic abuse.<ref>{{cite web |title=Call to Action to Eradicate Domestic Violence |url=http://iqra.ca/2011/call-to-action-to-eradicate-domestic-violence/ |website=Iqra.ca |date=16 November 2011 |access-date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=27 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227213810/http://iqra.ca/2011/call-to-action-to-eradicate-domestic-violence/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim Council of Britain urges Imams to speak out against domestic abuse this Friday |url=https://mcb.org.uk/press-releases/muslim-council-of-britain-urges-imams-to-speak-out-against-domestic-abuse-this-friday/ |website=Muslim Council of Britain (MCB) |date=19 March 2014 |access-date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=27 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227213800/https://mcb.org.uk/press-releases/muslim-council-of-britain-urges-imams-to-speak-out-against-domestic-abuse-this-friday/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stewart |first1=Philippa H. |title=Imams rally against domestic violence in the UK |website=www.aljazeera.com |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/03/imams-rally-domestic-violence-uk-160326110808840.html |access-date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=27 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227213800/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2016/6/18/imams-rally-against-domestic-violence-in-the-uk |url-status=live }}</ref>

===== Rape =====
Rape is considered a serious crime in the Sharia law since the Islamic prophet Muhammad ordered rapists to be punished by stoning according to the Hadith.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mohammad Hashim Kamali|title=Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: A Fresh Interpretation|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=67}}</ref> The terms ''ghasaba'' and ''ightasaba'' have been used by traditional jurists when discussing sexual assault and its punishment. Imam Al-Shāfi'ī defined rape as: "Forcing a woman to commit zinā against her will". To the Ḥanafis, illegal intercourse is considered rape when there is no consent and no deliberate action from the victim. In Mālik's view, rape refers to any kind of unlawful sexual intercourse by usurpation and without consent. This includes instances when the condition of the victims prevents them from expressing their resistance, such as insanity, sleep, or being underage. The [[Hanbalis]], similar to the [[Mālikis]], consider the use of any kind of force as a denial of consent from the victim. The threat of starvation or suffering the cold of winter is also regarded as being against one's will.<ref name="Noor">{{cite journal |last1=Noor |first1=Azman Mohd |date=1 January 2010 |title=Rape: A Problem of Crime Classification in Islamic Law |journal=Arab Law Quarterly |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=417–438 |doi=10.1163/157302510X526724}}</ref>

=== Slavery ===
{{see also|Islamic views on slavery|Islamic views on concubinage}}
Sharia authorized the institution of slavery, using the words ''abd'' (slave) and the phrase ''ma malakat aymanukum'' ("that which your right hand owns") to refer to women slaves seized as captives of war.<ref name="blbr">* Bernard Lewis (2002), What Went Wrong?, {{ISBN|0195144201}}, pp. 82–83;
* Brunschvig. 'Abd; Encyclopedia of Islam, Brill, 2nd Edition, Vol 1, pp. 13–40.</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml Slavery in Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006015406/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml |date=6 October 2018 }} BBC Religions Archives</ref> Under Islamic law, Muslim men could have sexual relations with female captives and slaves.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mazrui |first1=Ali A. |title=Islamic and Western Values |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=76 |issue=5 |year=1997 |pages=118–32 |jstor=20048203 |doi=10.2307/20048203}}</ref><ref name=alik>Ali, K. (2010). Marriage and slavery in early Islam. Harvard University Press.{{page needed|date=July 2016}}</ref><ref>Sikainga, Ahmad A. (1996). Slaves Into Workers: Emancipation and Labor in Colonial Sudan. University of Texas Press. {{ISBN|0292776942}}.</ref><ref>Tucker, Judith E.; Nashat, Guity (1999). Women in the Middle East and North Africa. Indiana University Press. {{ISBN|0253212642}}.</ref> Sharia, in Islam's history, provided a religious foundation for enslaving non-Muslim women and men but allowed for the [[manumission]] of slaves.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jean Pierre Angenot |title=Uncovering the History of Africans in Asia |page=60 |isbn=978-9004162914 |publisher=Brill Academic |date=2008 |quote=Islam imposed upon the Muslim master an obligation to convert non-Muslim slaves and become members of the greater Muslim society. Indeed, the daily observation of well defined Islamic religious rituals was the outward manifestation of conversion without which emancipation was impossible.|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name=pl1>{{cite book |last1=Lovejoy |first1=Paul |title=Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa |date=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521784306 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love/page/16 16–17] |quote=The religious requirement that new slaves be pagans and need for continued imports to maintain slave population made Africa an important source of slaves for the Islamic world. (...) In Islamic tradition, slavery was perceived as a means of converting non-Muslims. One task of the master was religious instruction and theoretically Muslims could not be enslaved. Conversion (of a non-Muslim to Islam) did not automatically lead to emancipation, but assimilation into Muslim society was deemed a prerequisite for emancipation. |url=https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love/page/16}}</ref> A slave woman who bore a child to her Muslim master (''umm al-walad'') could not be sold, becoming legally free upon her master's death and the child was considered free and a legitimate heir of the father.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kecia Ali |title=Slavery and Sexual Ethics in Islam, in Beyond Slavery: Overcoming Its Religious and Sexual Legacies |editor=Bernadette J. Brooten |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0230100169 |pages=107–119 |quote=The slave who bore her master's child became known in Arabic as an "umm walad"; she could not be sold, and she was automatically freed upon her master's death. [p. 113]|date=15 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Umm al-Walad|editor=John L. Esposito|encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2014 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2424|access-date=18 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801050417/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2424 |archive-date=1 August 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Terrorism ===
{{further|Islamic terrorism|Islamic extremism|Jihad|Jihadism|Salafi jihadism}}
[[File:North face south tower after plane strike 9-11.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Al-Qaeda]] ideologues have used their interpretation of Sharia to justify terrorist attacks.]]
Some [[Islamic extremism|extremists]] have used their interpretation of Islamic scriptures and Sharia, in particular the doctrine of [[jihad]], to justify acts of war and terror against Muslim as well as non-Muslim individuals and governments.<ref name=aenexeter/>{{sfn|Horrie|Chippindale|1991|p=4}}{{sfn|Horrie|Chippindale|1991|p=100}} The expert on terrorism [[Rachel Ehrenfeld]] wrote that the "Sharia's finance ([[Islamic banking and finance|Islamic banking]]) is a new weapon in the arsenal of what might be termed [[Generations of warfare#Fifth generation|fifth-generation warfare (5GW)]]".<ref name=ZakatForTerror2>{{cite book |last= Norwitz |first= Jeffrey H. | title = Pirates, Terrorists, and Warlords: The History, Influence, and Future of Armed Groups Around the World | publisher = [[Skyhorse Publishing]] | location = New York| year = 2009 | pages = 84–86}}</ref> However, Sharia-compliant financing actually requires a person to stay away from weapons manufacturing.<ref name="Jamaldeen">{{cite web |last1=Jamaldeen |first1=Faleel |title=Seven Prohibited Industries in Islamic Financial Investments |url=https://www.dummies.com/personal-finance/islamic-finance/seven-prohibited-industries-in-islamic-financial-investments/ |access-date=7 September 2020 |archive-date=27 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227213729/https://www.dummies.com/personal-finance/islamic-finance/seven-prohibited-industries-in-islamic-financial-investments/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="JamesChen">{{cite web |last1=Chen |first1=James |title=Shariah-Compliant Funds |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/shariah-compliant-funds.asp |website=Investopedia |access-date=7 September 2020 |archive-date=27 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227213729/https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/shariah-compliant-funds.asp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Todorof |first1=Maria |title=Shariah-compliant FinTech in the banking industry |journal=ERA Forum |date=1 August 2018 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1007/s12027-018-0505-8|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In classical fiqh, the term ''jihad'' refers to armed struggle against oppressors.<ref name=OEIP>{{cite encyclopedia|first1=Rudolph|last1=Peters|first2=David|last2=Cook|title=Jihād|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2014|isbn=978-0199739356 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t349/e0057 |access-date=16 April 2019 |doi=10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001 |url-status=live|archive-date=23 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123114402/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001/acref-9780199739356-e-0263}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Tyan, E. | year= 2012 | title=D̲j̲ihād|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition=2nd|publisher=Brill |editor=P. Bearman |editor2=Th. Bianquis |editor3=C.E. Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs| doi= 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0189 }}</ref> Classical jurists developed an elaborate set of rules pertaining to jihad, including prohibitions on harming those who are not engaged in combat.<ref>{{cite web |author=Bernard Lewis |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1001547201928681240 |title=Jihad vs. Crusade |publisher=Opinionjournal.com |date=27 September 2001 |access-date=4 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816162048/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1001547201928681240 |archive-date=16 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blankinship|first=Khalid Yahya|author-link=Khalid Yahya Blankinship|year=2011|title=Parity of Muslim and Western Concepts of Just War|journal=The Muslim World|volume=101|issue=3|page=416|doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2011.01384.x|issn=1478-1913|quote=In classical Muslim doctrine on war, likewise, genuine non-combatants are not to be harmed. These include women, minors, servants and slaves who do not take part in the fighting, the blind, monks, hermits, the aged, those physically unable to fight, the insane, the delirious, farmers who do not fight, traders, merchants, and contractors. The main criterion distinguishing combatants from non-combatants is that the latter do not fight and do not contribute to the war effort.}}</ref> According to [[Bernard Lewis]], "[a]t no time did the classical jurists offer any approval or legitimacy to what we nowadays call terrorism"<ref>Bernard Lewis (with Buntzie Ellis Churchill) 'Islam: The Religion and the People' (2008). Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 151</ref> and the terrorist practice of suicide bombing "has no justification in terms of Islamic theology, law or tradition".<ref>Bernard Lewis (with Buntzie Ellis Churchill) 'Islam: The Religion and the People' (2008). Pearson Prentice Hall p. 153</ref> In the modern era the notion of jihad has lost its jurisprudential relevance and instead gave rise to an ideological and political discourse.<ref name=hallaq334>{{cite book |author=Wael B. Hallaq |title=Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbOtAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA335 |year=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=335 |isbn=978-1107394124 |access-date=13 January 2017 |archive-date=12 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212220338/https://books.google.com/books?id=IbOtAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA335 |url-status=live}}</ref> While modernist Islamic scholars have emphasized defensive and non-military aspects of jihad, some radicals have advanced aggressive interpretations that go beyond the classical theory.<ref name=hallaq334/> For al-Qaeda ideologues, in jihad, all means are legitimate, including targeting Muslim non-combatants and the mass killing of non-Muslim civilians.<ref name=aenexeter/>

Some modern ulema, such as [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi]] and [[Sulaiman Al-Alwan]], have supported attacks against Israeli army reservists and hence should be considered soldiers, while [[Hamid bin Abdallah al-Ali]] declared that suicide attacks in Chechnya were justified as a "sacrifice".<ref name=aenexeter/><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3874893.stm Controversial preacher with 'star status'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229043134/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3874893.stm |date=29 December 2016 }} BBC article, by Agdi Abdelhadi on 7 July 2004</ref> Many prominent Islamic scholars, including al-Qaradawi himself, have issued condemnations of terrorism in general terms.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kurzman.unc.edu/islamic-statements-against-terrorism/ |title=Islamic Statements Against Terrorism |author=Charles Kurzman |access-date=13 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410093855/http://kurzman.unc.edu/islamic-statements-against-terrorism/ |archive-date=10 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> For example, [[Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh]], the [[Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia]] has stated that "terrorizing innocent people [...] constitute[s] a form of injustice that cannot be tolerated by Islam", while [[Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy]], [[Grand Imam of al-Azhar]] and former [[Grand Mufti]] of Egypt has stated that "attacking innocent people is not courageous; it is stupid and will be punished on the Day of Judgment".<ref name=aenexeter>Anisseh Engeland-Nourai, [https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/3417/VanEngeland_THE%20CHALLENGE%20OF%20FRAGMENTATION%20OF%20INTERNATIONAL%20HUMANITARIAN%20LAW.pdf?sequence=6 The Challenge of Fragmentation of International Humanitarian Law Regarding the Protection of Civilians – An Islamic Perspective] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122043455/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/3417/VanEngeland_THE%20CHALLENGE%20OF%20FRAGMENTATION%20OF%20INTERNATIONAL%20HUMANITARIAN%20LAW.pdf?sequence=6 |date=22 January 2015 }} School of Law, University of Bedfordshire, pp. 18–25</ref><ref>Ira Lapidus, ''The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World edited by Francis Robinson''. Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 297–98. See Bibliography for Conclusion.</ref>

=== Blasphemy ===
{{Main|Islam and blasphemy}}
{{Blasphemy laws worldwide}}
In classical fiqh, [[Islam and blasphemy|blasphemy]] refers to any form of cursing, questioning, or annoying God, Muhammad or anything considered sacred in Islam,<ref name="khan">Siraj Khan, Blasphemy against the Prophet, in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture (Editors: Coeli Fitzpatrick and Adam Hani Walker), {{ISBN|978-1610691772}}, pp. 59–67</ref><ref>R Ibrahim (2013), Crucified Again, {{ISBN|978-1621570257}}, pp. 100–01</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wiederhold |first1=Lutz |title=Blasphemy against the Prophet Muhammad and his companions (sabb al-rasul, sabb al-sahabah): The introduction of the topic into shafi'i legal literature and its relevance for legal practice under Mamluk rule |journal=Journal of Semitic Studies |volume=42 |issue=1 |year=1997 |pages=39–70 |doi=10.1093/jss/XLII.1.39}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Saeed |first=Abdullah |author2=Hassan Saeed |title=Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam |publisher=Ashgate Publishing Company |year=2004 |location=Burlington VT |pages=38–39 |isbn=978-0754630838}}</ref> including denying one of the [[Prophets in Islam|Islamic prophets]] or scriptures, insulting an [[angels in Islam|angel]] or refusing to accept a religious commandment.<ref>Lorenz Langer (2014). ''Religious Offence and Human Rights: The Implications of Defamation of Religions'' Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-1107039575}} p. 332</ref> Jurists of different schools prescribed different punishments for blasphemy against Islam by Muslims and non-Muslims, ranging from imprisonment or fines to the death penalty.<ref name="khan" /><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Blasphemy: Islamic Concept |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion |volume=2 |pages=974–76 |publisher=Thomson Gale |location=Farmington Hills, MI |year=2005}}</ref><ref>[[Ibn Taymiyyah]] (a [[Salafi]], related to Hanbali school), ''[[As-Sarim al-Maslul 'ala Shatim ar-Rasul|al-Sārim al-Maslūl 'ala Shātim al-Rasūl]]'' (or, A ready sword against those who insult the Messenger), Published in 1297 AD in Arabic, Reprinted in 1975 and 2003 by Dar-ibn Hazm (Beirut), the book is on blasphemy/insulting Muhammad and the punishment per sharia</ref><ref>Jerusha Lamptey (2014), Never Wholly Other: A Muslima Theology of Religious Pluralism, Oxford University Press, Chapter 1 with footnotes 28, 29 p. 258</ref> In some cases, Sharia allows non-Muslims to escape death by converting and becoming a devout follower of Islam.<ref>Carl Ernst (2005), "Blasphemy: Islamic Concept", Encyclopedia of Religion (Editor: Lindsay Jones), Vol 2, Macmillan Reference, {{ISBN|0028657357}}</ref> In the modern [[Muslim world]], the laws pertaining to blasphemy [[Blasphemy law|vary by country]], and some countries prescribe punishments consisting of fines, imprisonment, [[flogging]], [[hanging]], or [[Beheading in Islam|beheading]].<ref name="psns">P Smith (2003). "Speak No Evil: Apostasy, Blasphemy and Heresy in Malaysian Syariah Law". ''UC Davis Journal Int'l Law & Policy''. 10, pp. 357–73.
*N Swazo (2014). "The Case of Hamza Kashgari: Examining Apostasy, Heresy, and Blasphemy Under Sharia". ''The Review of Faith & International Affairs'' '''12'''(4). pp. 16–26.</ref>

Blasphemy laws were rarely enforced in pre-modern Islamic societies, but in the modern era, some states and radical groups have used charges of blasphemy to burnish their religious credentials and gain popular support at the expense of liberal Muslim intellectuals and religious minorities.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam|title=Blasphemy|editor= Juan Eduardo Campo|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2009}}</ref>

Blasphemy, as interpreted under Sharia, is controversial.<ref>Harun Omer, [http://thesharia.com/the-invented-islam-punishment-for-blasphemy/ "The Invented Islam – 'Punishment for Blasphemy'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092312/http://thesharia.com/the-invented-islam-punishment-for-blasphemy/ |date=22 December 2015 }}, ''TheSharia.com'', 2015</ref> Representatives of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] have petitioned the United Nations to condemn "defamation of religions" because "Unrestricted and disrespectful freedom of opinion creates hatred and is contrary to the spirit of peaceful dialogue".<ref>[http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/263450/anti-blasphemy-measure-laid-rest-nina-shea An Anti-Blasphemy Measure Laid to Rest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119065732/http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/263450/anti-blasphemy-measure-laid-rest-nina-shea |date=19 January 2015 }} Nina Shea, National Review (31 March 2011)</ref> The [[Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam]] subjects free speech to unspecified Sharia restrictions: Article 22(a) of the Declaration states that "Everyone shall have the right to express his opinion freely in such manner as would not be contrary to the principles of the Shariah."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/cairodeclaration.html |title=University of Minnesota Human Rights Library |access-date=13 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103121418/http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/cairodeclaration.html |archive-date=3 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Others, in contrast, consider blasphemy laws to violate freedom of speech,<ref>Brian Winston (2014), The Rushdie Fatwa and After: A Lesson to the Circumspect, Palgrave Macmillan, {{ISBN|978-1137388599}}, p. 74, Quote: "(In the case of blasphemy and Salman Rushdie) the death sentence it pronounced was grounded in a jurisprudential gloss on the Surah al-Ahzab (33:57)"</ref> stating that freedom of expression is essential to empowering both Muslims and non-Muslims, and point to the abuse of blasphemy laws in prosecuting members of religious minorities, political opponents, and settling personal scores.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21635070-pakistans-blasphemy-laws-legitimise-intolerance-bad-mouthing Bad-mouthing: Pakistan's blasphemy laws legitimise intolerance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910235624/https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21635070-pakistans-blasphemy-laws-legitimise-intolerance-bad-mouthing |date=10 September 2017 }} The Economist (29 November 2014)</ref><ref>[https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2015/01/johnson-blasphemy Blasphemy: Dangerous words] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707161612/https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2015/01/johnson-blasphemy |date=7 July 2017 }} The Economist (7 January 2015)</ref><ref name=bbc-blasphemy>{{cite web|title=What are Pakistan's blasphemy laws?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12621225|website=BBC News|access-date=18 April 2019|date=6 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405093821/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12621225|archive-date=5 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Blasphemy law in Pakistan|In Pakistan, blasphemy laws]] have been used to convict more than a thousand people, about half of them [[Ahmadi]]s and [[Christians]].<ref name="Böwering">{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=q1I0pcrFFSUC&pg=PA72 |page= 72 |title= The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |editor= Gerhard Böwering |editor2= Patricia Crone |editor3= Mahan Mirza |publisher= Princeton University Press |year= 2013 |isbn= 978-0691134840 |access-date= 18 April 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190406141758/https://books.google.com/books?id=q1I0pcrFFSUC&pg=PA72 |archive-date= 6 April 2019 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name=bbc-blasphemy/> While none have been legally executed,<ref name="Böwering"/> two Pakistani politicians, [[Shahbaz Bhatti]] and [[Salmaan Taseer]], have been assassinated over their criticism of the blasphemy laws. The Pakistani blasphemy laws are based upon [[Indian Penal Code|colonial-era legislation]], which made it a "crime to disturb a religious assembly, trespass on burial grounds, insult religious beliefs or intentionally destroy or defile a place or an object of worship", with these laws being modified between 1980 and 1986 by the [[Government of Pakistan|military government]] of General [[Zia-ul Haq]] to make them more severe. A number of clauses were added by the government in order to [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq#'Sharization' of Pakistan|"Islamicise" the laws]] and deny the Muslim character of the Ahmadi minority.<ref name=bbc-blasphemy/>

== Comparison with other legal systems ==
[[File:Legal Systems - Global.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Legal systems of the world.<ref>[http://www.juriglobe.ca/eng/syst-onu/index-alpha.php Alphabetical Index of the 192 United Nations Member States and Corresponding Legal Systems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722022209/http://www.juriglobe.ca/eng/syst-onu/index-alpha.php |date=22 July 2016 }}, Website of the Faculty of Law of the University of Ottawa</ref> Sharia in green, [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] in blue, common law in red.]]

=== Jewish law ===
{{Further|Halakha|Seven Laws of Noah}}
Islamic legal tradition has a number of parallels with [[Judaism]]. In both religions, revealed law holds a central place, in contrast to [[Christianity]] which does not possess a body of revealed law, and where theology rather than law is considered to be the principal field of religious study.{{Sfn|Dahlén|loc=chpt. 2a|2003}}{{sfn|Stewart|2013|p=496}} Both Islamic and Jewish law (''[[Halakha]]'') are derived from formal textual revelations (Quran and [[Pentateuch]]) as well as less formal, orally transmitted prophetic traditions (''[[hadith]]'' and ''[[mishna]]''). According to some scholars, the words ''sharia'' and ''halakha'' both mean literally "the path to follow". The ''fiqh'' literature parallels [[Rabbinical Judaism|rabbinical law]] developed in the [[Talmud]], with fatwas being analogous to [[History of responsa in Judaism|rabbinic ''responsa'']].{{sfn|Glenn|2014|pp=183–84}}{{sfn|Messick|Kéchichian|2009}}

However, the emphasis on ''qiyas'' in classical Sunni legal theory is both more explicitly permissive than Talmudic law with respect to authorizing individual reason as a source of law, and more implicitly restrictive, in excluding other, unauthorized forms of reasoning.{{sfn|Glenn|2014|pp=183–84}}

=== Common law systems ===
{{Main|Common law}}

Early Islamic law developed a number of legal concepts that anticipated similar such concepts that later appeared in English [[common law]].<ref name=Makdisi>{{Citation|last=Makdisi|first=John A.|title=The Islamic Origins of the Common Law|journal=[[North Carolina Law Review]]|date=June 1999|volume=77|issue=5|pages=1635–1739}}</ref><ref name=Devichand>{{cite news|author=Mukul Devichand|title=Is English law related to Muslim law?|work=BBC News|date=24 September 2008|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7631388.stm|access-date=5 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927214803/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7631388.stm|archive-date=27 September 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> Similarities exist between the royal English [[contract]] protected by the action of [[debt]] and the Islamic ''Aqd'', between the English [[assize of novel disseisin]] and the Islamic ''Istihqaq'', and between the English [[jury]] and the Islamic ''Lafif'' in classical Maliki jurisprudence.<ref name=Makdisi/><ref>{{Cite journal|first=Jamila|last=Hussain|title=Book Review: ''The Justice of Islam'' by Lawrence Rosen|journal=[[Melbourne University Law Review]]|volume=30|year=2001}}</ref> The [[law school]]s known as [[Inns of Court]] also parallel [[Madrasah]]s.<ref name=Makdisi/> The methodology of legal [[precedent]] and reasoning by [[analogy]] (''[[Qiyas]]'') are also similar in both the Islamic and common law systems,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Islamic Finance: Law, Economics, and Practice|first=Mahmoud A.|last=El-Gamal|year=2006|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0521864145|page=16}}</ref> as are the English [[Trust law|trust]] and [[Agency (law)|agency]] institutions to the Islamic ''[[Waqf]]'' and ''[[Hawala]]'' institutions, respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gaudiosi |first=Monica M. |title=The Influence of the Islamic Law of Waqf on the Development of the Trust in England: The Case of Merton College |journal=[[University of Pennsylvania Law Review]] |volume=136 |issue=4 |date=April 1988 |pages=1231–61 |doi=10.2307/3312162 |jstor=3312162 |s2cid=153149243 |url=http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/penn_law_review/vol136/iss4/6 |type=Submitted manuscript |access-date=22 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329174253/http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/penn_law_review/vol136/iss4/6/ |archive-date=29 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Islamic Law: Its Relation to Other Legal Systems|first=Gamal Moursi|last=Badr|journal=The American Journal of Comparative Law|volume=26|issue=2 – Proceedings of an International Conference on Comparative Law, Salt Lake City, Utah, 24–25 February 1977|date=Spring 1978|pages=187–98 [196–98]|doi=10.2307/839667|jstor=839667}}</ref><ref name=Devichand/>

Elements of Islamic law also have other parallels in Western legal systems. For example, the influence of Islam on the development of an international law of the sea can be discerned alongside that of the Roman influence.<ref name=Tai>{{cite journal |last1=Tai |first1=Emily Sohmer |title=Book Reviews: Hassan S. Khalilieh, ''Admiralty and Maritime Laws in the Mediterranean Sea (ca. 800–1050): The "Kitāb Akriyat al-Sufun" vis-à-vis the "Nomos Rhodion Nautikos"'' |journal=Medieval Encounters |volume=13 |issue=3 |year=2007 |pages=608–12 |doi=10.1163/157006707X222812}}</ref> [[George Makdisi]] has argued that the madrasa system of attestation paralleled the legal scholastic system in the West, which gave rise to the modern university system. The triple status of ''[[faqih]]'' ("[[Master of Laws|master of law]]"), ''[[mufti]]'' ("professor of [[Fatwā|legal opinions]]") and ''mudarris'' ("teacher"), conferred by the classical Islamic legal degree, had its equivalents in the medieval Latin terms ''[[Magister (degree)|magister]]'', ''[[professor]]'' and ''[[Doctor (title)|doctor]]'', respectively, although they all came to be used synonymously in both East and West.<ref name="G-Makdisi">{{cite journal |last1=Makdisi |first1=George |title=Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=109 |issue=2 |year=1989 |pages=175–82 |jstor=604423 |doi=10.2307/604423}}</ref>

Makdisi suggested that the medieval European doctorate, ''licentia docendi'' was modeled on the Islamic degree ''ijazat al-tadris wa-l-ifta'', of which it is a word-for-word translation, with the term ''ifta''' (issuing of fatwas) omitted.<ref name=G-Makdisi/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Devin J. |last=Stewart |title=Degrees, or Ijaza |editor=Josef W. Meri |encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |page=203 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC&pg=PA203 |isbn=978-0415966917 |access-date=28 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212193030/https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC&pg=PA203 |archive-date=12 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> He also argued that these systems shared fundamental freedoms: the freedom of a professor to profess his personal opinion and the freedom of a student to pass judgement on what he is learning.<ref name=G-Makdisi/>

There are differences between Islamic and Western legal systems. For example, Sharia classically recognizes only [[natural persons]], and never developed the concept of a [[legal person]], or [[corporation]], i.e., a legal entity that [[Limited liability|limits the liabilities]] of its managers, shareholders, and employees; exists beyond the lifetimes of its founders; and that can own assets, sign contracts, and appear in court through representatives.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Timur |last1=Kuran |author-link1=Timur Kuran |date=Fall 2005 |title=The Absence of the Corporation in Islamic Law: Origins and Persistence |journal=The American Journal of Comparative Law |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=785–834 |doi=10.1093/ajcl/53.4.785 |jstor=30038724 |hdl=10161/2546 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Interest prohibitions imposed secondary costs by discouraging record keeping and delaying the introduction of modern accounting.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kuran |first1=Timur |title=The logic of financial westernization in the Middle East |journal=Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization |volume=56 |issue=4 |year=2005 |pages=593–615 |doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2004.04.002}}</ref> Such factors, according to Timur Kuran, have played a significant role in retarding economic development in the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Timur|last=Kuran |date=Summer 2004 |title=Why the Middle East is Economically Underdeveloped: Historical Mechanisms of Institutional Stagnation|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|volume=18|issue=3|pages=71–90 |doi=10.1257/0895330042162421|doi-access=free}}</ref> However, the rise of monopoly wealth and corporations have proven to also be detrimental to the economic equality of a society. Ziauddin Sardar also suggests that the promotion of equitable wealth distribution and suppression of monopoly capital are a part of Islam's message that emphasises genuine equity and justice.<ref>{{cite news|author=Ziauddin Sardar |date=28 January 2011 |title=The Long Divergence: How Islamic Law Held Back the Middle East, By Timur Kuran |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/long-divergence-how-islamic-law-held-back-middle-east-timur-kuran-2196199.html|access-date=2 May 2021|website=The Independent|archive-date=2 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502065733/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/long-divergence-how-islamic-law-held-back-middle-east-timur-kuran-2196199.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col}}
* [[Criticism of Islam]]
* [[Criticism of Islamism]]
* [[Dīn]]
* [[Glossary of Islam]]
* [[Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists]]
* [[Imam Nawawi's Forty Hadith]] – a brief collection of forty ''hadith'' by the founder of the [[Shafi'i|Shāfiʿī]] school – each used to illustrate a fundamental of ''shariah''
* [[Islamic advice literature]]
* [[Islamic republic]]
* [[Islamic Sharia Council]] – a court in the United Kingdom with no legal authority
* [[Judicial independence]]
* [[Ma'ruf]]
* [[Parliamentary sovereignty]]
* [[Principle of legality in French criminal law]]
* [[Sources of Islamic law]]
* [[Halakha]]
* [[Theonomy]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}{{reflist|group=note}}
{{notelist}}<references group="Note" />
== Citations ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|first=Nisrine|last=Abiad|title=Sharia, Muslim States and International Human Rights Treaty Obligations: A Comparative Study|publisher=British Institute of International and Comparative Law|year=2008}}
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{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web |url=http://www.catheyallison.com/Reliance_of_the_Traveller.pdf |title=Reliance of the Traveller |author=[[Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri]], [[Nuh Ha Mim Keller]] |date=1368 |work=Amana Publications |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=19 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819082808/http://www.catheyallison.com/Reliance_of_the_Traveller.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=2001 |title=Encyclopaedia of the Quran |last=Brockopp |first=Jonathan E. |editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe |volume=1 |pages=396–397 |entry=Concubines}}
* Coulson, Noel J. (1964). ''A History of Islamic Law''. Edinburgh: Edinburgh U.P.
* Potz, Richard (2011), [http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/richard-potz-islamic-law-and-the-transfer-of-european-law?set_language=en&-C= ''Islamic Law and the Transfer of European Law''], [http://www.ieg-ego.eu/ EGO – European History Online], Mainz: [http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php Institute of European History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219021834/http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php |date=19 February 2016 }}, retrieved: 25 March 2021 ([https://d-nb.info/1036230066/34 pdf]).
* [[Joseph Schacht|Schacht, Joseph]] (1964). ''An Introduction to Islamic Law''. Oxford: Clarendon

==External links==
{{sister project links||d=Q482752|c=Category:Sharia|n=Category:Sharia|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=Sharia|species=no}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170203033813/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t125/e1107 "Islamic law"] – in ''The Oxford Dictionary of Islam'', via Oxford Islamic Studies Online
* [http://sharialaw.com Sharia Law] – information and misconceptions about sharia law
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170202054116/http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/226 "Sharia" by Knut S. Vikør] – In ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics'', via Bridging Cultures, National Endowment for the Humanities & George Mason University
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081121033722/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473 "Law" by Norman Calder et al.] – In ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World'', via Oxford Islamic Studies
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140903142056/https://www.unaa.org.au/brunei-implements-sharia-law.html Brunei implements sharia law] – UNAA (United Nations)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140905022923/http://yulr.org/sharia-law-in-the-international-legal-sphere/ Sharia Law in the International Legal Sphere] – Yale University
* [http://bostonreview.net/john-bowen-private-arrangements-sharia-England "Private Arrangements: 'Recognizing Sharia' in Britain"] – anthropologist John R. Bowen explains the working of Britain's sharia courts in a ''[[Boston Review]]'' article
* [http://www.quraanicstudies.com/no-error-in-qur-an-division-of-inheritance-according-to-quran/ Division of Inheritance According to Qur'an] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220104104/http://www.quraanicstudies.com/no-error-in-qur-an-division-of-inheritance-according-to-quran/ |date=20 February 2015 }})
* [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/6895 Explanation of "The Reward of the Omnipotent"] – manuscript in Arabic, from the late 19th or early 20th century about Sharia.

{{Portal bar|Law}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sharia| ]]
[[Category:Islamic jurisprudence]]
[[Category:Islamic terminology]]
[[Category:Legal codes]]
[[Category:Religious law]]
[[Category:Religious legal systems]]

G. M. Syed

2026-03-09T11:37:13Z

Igorzen: content update

{{Short description|Sindhi nationalist and politician}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| caption = G.M Syed in ceremony program
| name = Ghulam Murtaza Syed
| image = Syed Ghulam Murtaza Shah.jpg
| native_name = {{Lang|sd|{{Naskh|غلام مرتضي سيد}}}}
| office = [[Sindh Education and Literacy Department|Minister of Education of Sind]]
| premier = [[Mir Bandeh Ali Khan Talpur]]
| governor = [[Lancelot Graham]] [[Hugh Dow]]
| term_start = 18 March 1940
| term_end = 7 March 1941<ref name="PrepartitionGovementsSindh">{{cite web|title=Provinces of British India|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_BrProvinces.htm#Sind|website=worldstatesmen.org|publisher=WORLD STATESMEN.org|access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="KhadimSoomroDawn" />
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1904|01|17}}
| birth_place = [[Sann, Sindh|Sann]], than [[Karachi District (Sind)]] [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]] {{small|(present-day [[Jamshoro District]] [[Sindh]], Pakistan)}}
| death_date = {{death date|df=yes|1995|04|25}} (age 91)
| death_place = [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]], Pakistan
| resting_place = [[Sann, Sindh]]
| known_for = Sindhi nationalist
| nationality =
| signature =
| parents = Syed Mohammed Shah Kazmi (father)
| children = Syed Amir Hyder Shah Syed Imdad Muhammad Shah Zarin Taj Shama Aimen Dr. Durreshahwar
| honorific_prefix = Saeen
}}

'''Ghulam Murtaza Syed'''{{Efn|{{langx|sd|{{Naskh|غلام مرتضيٰ سيد}}}}}} (17 January 1904 – 25 April 1995),<ref name="zaffarJunejo">{{cite web|last1=Zaffar|first1=Junejo|title=G M Syed (Sindhi): Remembering a visionary|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/823803/g-m-syed-remembering-a-visionary/|website=tribune.com.pk|publisher=[[The Express Tribune]]|access-date=23 May 2018|language=en|date=19 January 2015}}</ref> known as '''G. M. Syed''' was a [[Sindhi nationalist]] and [[politician]], who is known for his scholarly work,<ref name="SindhAssemblyResolution">{{cite web|title=KARACHI 1943: A PROCESSION IN TRIUMPH|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1341487|website=dawn.com|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|access-date=23 May 2018|language=en|date=24 June 2017}}</ref> later proposing ideological groundwork for separate [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] identity and laying the foundations of [[Sindhudesh]] movement.<ref name="Sindhudeshfounder">{{cite web|title='No China, Go China' slogans reverberate at JSMM rally in Sindh|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/no-china-go-china-slogans-reverberate-at-jsmm-rally-in-sindh201801191055380002/|website=aninews.in|publisher=Asian News International|access-date=23 May 2018|language=en|date=19 January 2018}}</ref> He is regarded as one of the founding fathers of modern [[Sindhi nationalism]].<ref name="FatherSindhiNationalism">{{cite book|author=Farhan Hanif Siddiqi|title=The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajir Ethnic Movements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KN7fCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-33697-3|page=76}}</ref> He was known as "Saeen" by his supporters.

G.M Syed started his political career at the age of 16, when he organised [[Ottoman Caliphate|Khilafat]] Conference at his hometown, [[Sann, Sindh|Sann]], on 17 March 1920.<ref name="Kothari2007">{{cite book|author=Rita Kothari|title=The burden of refuge: the Sindhi Hindus of Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6hpuAAAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Orient Longman|language=en|isbn=978-81-250-3157-4|page=48}}</ref> Syed was one of the earliest Sindhi politician who sought the creation of Islamic Pakistan, and became a vocal supporter of the [[Two-Nation Theory]], advocated by the Muslim League leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah; Syed's political propaganda for a purely 'Muslim-dominated state' is witnessed after the Manzilgah incident,<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6hpuAAAAMAAJ&q=Amidst+the+chaos+of+the+Manzilgah+incident+he+is+known+to+have+said,+%22all+Hindus+shall+be+driven+out+of+Sindh+like+the+Jews+from+Germany%22+(K.R.+Malkani+1984,+121). | title=The Burden of Refuge: The Sindhi Hindus of Gujarat | isbn=9788125031574 | last1=Kothari | first1=Rita | year=2007 | publisher=Orient Longman }}</ref> However, once the independent nation was formed, he became a [[political prisoner]] of the state in 1948, due to differences with the country's leadership.<ref name="1948politicalprisoner">{{cite web|last1=World Sindh|first1=congress|title=Statement by Dr. Haleem Uddin Bhatti, Information Secretary, World Sindhi Congress|url=http://www.worldsindhicongress.org/1995/09/statement-by-dr-haleem-uddin-bhatti-information-secretary-world-sindhi-congress/|website=worldsindhicongress.org|publisher=[[World Sindhi Congress]]|access-date=23 May 2018|archive-date=7 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707230417/http://www.worldsindhicongress.org/1995/09/statement-by-dr-haleem-uddin-bhatti-information-secretary-world-sindhi-congress/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="KhadimSoomroDawn">{{cite web|last1=KHADIM|first1=SOOMRO|title=G.M. Syed remembered|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/867039|website=dawn.com|date =20 January 2009|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|dawn]]|access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref> He restated his political propaganda of ideologies which advocated for Islamic principles, secularism, Sindhi nationalism and laid the basis for [[Sindhudesh]] Movement.<ref name="NadeemFparacha">{{cite web|author1=Nadeem F. Paracha|author-link1=Nadeem F. Paracha|title=Making of the Sindhi identity: From Shah Latif to GM Syed (Sindhi) to Bhutto|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/867039|website=dawn.com|publisher=Dawn|access-date=23 May 2018|language=en|date=10 September 2015}}</ref> He spent approximately thirty years of his life in imprisonment and house arrests for his political views.<ref name="naseermemon">{{cite web|last1=Naseer|first1=Memon|title=Relevance of GM Syed today|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/494904/relevance-of-gm-syed-today/|website=tribune.com.pk|publisher=[[The Express Tribune]]|access-date=23 May 2018|language=en|date=17 January 2013|quote=he remained interned for over 30 years}}</ref> He was entitled as the ''prisoner of conscience'' by [[Amnesty International]] in 1995.<ref name="International1995">{{cite book|author=Amnesty International|title=Amnesty International: The 1995 Report on Human Rights Around the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrfnHQtkbWkC|year=1995|publisher=Hunter House|isbn=978-0-89793-183-0}}</ref> He died during his [[house arrest]] in [[Karachi]] on 26 April 1995.<ref name="Das2001">{{cite book|author=Suranjan Das|title=Kashmir and Sindh: Nation-building, Ethnicity and Regional Politics in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxA6FOe_NUcC&pg=PA140|year=2001|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-898855-69-9|page=140}}</ref>

After his father's death, he grew up with his father's best family friend Rais Faqir Bux Khan Kaachhi, whom at that time, was the chief of the Kaachhi tribe, Rais Faqir Bux Khan Kaachhi was GM Syed's Ustaad and a uncle like figure to him and protected him from the enemies of GM. Syed's father. Gm syed had also mentioned Rais Faqir Bux Khan Kaachhi in his books.

== Early life ==
===Childhood: 1904–15===
G. M. Syed was born to the Sadat family of [[Sindh]] in the town of [[Sann, Sindh|Sann]] on 17 January 1904. He was an [[infant]] when his father, Syed Mohammed Shah Kazmi, was killed in a family feud on 1 November 1905. After the death of his father, Syed was the only male infant in the family, so in 1906 the [[British Raj|British Government]] took temporary custody of the family property through the [[Court of Wards (India)|Court of Wards]], giving the family a monthly [[pension]]. He had five years of primary education, in the [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], from the age of six, ending in 1915. The female elders of his family and Mother Haneefa Bibi decided to [[home-school]] him thereafter in order to safeguard him from feuding as he was the only male heir in the family. He was taught [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[English language|English]] at home.<ref name="storyofpakistan">{{cite web|title=G.M Syed|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/g-m-syed|website=storyofpakistan.com|date=4 January 2008 |publisher=Story of Pakistan|access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="Sayyidu1995">{{cite book|author=Jī. Em Sayyidu|title=The Case of Sindh: G.M. Sayed's Deposition for the Court|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KvhtAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Naeen Sindh Academy|language=en|pages=4–10}}</ref><ref name="Soomro2004">{{cite book|author=Khadim Hussain Soomro|title=The Path Not Taken: G.M. Sayed : Vision and Valour in Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvptAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Sain Publishers|page=10}}</ref>

===Teenage: 1920–24===
Syed became politically active through participation in the [[Khilafat Movement]]. He first attended Khilafat Conference held on 7th, 8th, and 9 February 1920 in [[Larkana]]. He was inspired by the speeches of [[Abul Kalam Azad]], [[Abdul Bari Firangi Mahali]], [[Maulana Shaukat Ali]] and [[Shaikh Abdul Majeed Sindhi]]. He himself called upon the next Khilafat Conference on 17 March 1920 in his hometown [[Sann, Sindh|Sann]].<ref name="Soomro2004" /><ref name="Sayyidu1995" /><ref name="Korejo2000">{{cite book|author=Muhammad Soaleh Korejo|title=G.M. Syed: An Analysis of His Political Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cPQ8AAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|language=en|isbn=978-0-19-579273-7|page=142}}</ref> Two days after this conference, his native town Sann observed a shutter-down strike in protest against the injustices of the Allied Powers against the [[Ottoman Caliphate]] on 20 March 1920. He remained active throughout the entire Khilafat Movement afterward.<ref name="Sayyidu1995" />
He addressed the Khilafat Conference held on 26 March 1920, in [[Makhdoom Bilawal]]'s [[Mausoleum]] as the youngest speaker. He was of a short-height and stood upon a wooden chair to be visible to the audience during his speech.<ref name="Soomro2004" /> He met [[Mahatma Gandhi]] on 27 April 1921 at the [[Sann railway station]] while Mr. Gandhi was traveling from [[Dadu, Pakistan|Dadu]] to [[Hyderabad Pakistan|Hyderabad]]. Gandhi instructed him to wear [[Khadi]].<ref name="BaudRutten2004">{{cite book|author1=Jan Michiel Baud|author2=Rosanne Adriënne Rutten|title=Popular Intellectuals and Social Movements: Framing Protest in Asia, Africa, and Latin America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JeGJ6PnwVy0C&pg=PA76|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|language=en|isbn=978-0-521-61348-4|page=76}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Touqeer|first1=Fatima|last2=Mushtaq|first2=Abdul Qadir|last3=Chawla|first3=Muhammad Iqbal|date=June 2016|title=Political Struggle of G. M. Syed 1934-1947: A Journey from Indian National Congress to Progressive Sindh Muslim League|url=http://lhcpakistan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Vol2No1-1.-1-12.pdf|journal=Lyallpur Historical & Cultural Research Journal|volume=2| issue = 1|access-date=26 May 2018|issn=2523-2770|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526185747/http://lhcpakistan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Vol2No1-1.-1-12.pdf |archive-date=26 May 2018 }}</ref> Syed visited the office of the Collector in [[Karachi]] on 23 June 1921 to free his lands from the custody of [[Court of Wards (India)|Court of Wards]] but he was refused. He filed a complaint against the Collector and Mukhtiarkar on 4 December 1922, for hurdling the delivery of his lands from custody.<ref name="Soomro2004" /><ref name="Sayyidu1995" />
Finally, he was awarded his lands back from the custody of Court of Wards in the year 1924, after two years of legal prosecution.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.sindhiadabiboard.org/catalogue/Personalties/Book23/Book_page30.html|title=Janab Guzaryam Jin Seen|last=Ghulam|first=Murtaza|publisher=Sindhi Adabi Board|year=1967|edition=First|location=Jamshoro|language=sd}}</ref>

== Political activism ==
G.M Syed was the founder of Sindh Awami Mahaz, which went on to join the [[National Awami Party]] (National Peoples Party). Like [[Ibrahim Joyo]], Syed blended [[Sindhi nationalism]] with [[Communism]] and [[Sufism]] through the ideas of [[Gandhi]] and [[Marx]].

Syed Sindhi's position brought him ample opportunity to have free income through tributes, cash offerings and landed property. This lifestyle was rejected by him, subsequently he plunged into politics with enthusiasm. Politically, he evolved and traveled from Pan-Islamist to Indian nationalist and then Pakistani nationalist, having joined Muslim League; and ended with being a Sindhi nationalist.<ref name="Gm Syed Biography">{{cite web|last1=Shah|first1=G.M.|title=Biography of GM Syed|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/g-m-syed/|website=Story of Pakistan|date=4 January 2008 |publisher=ETeam|access-date=17 September 2014}}</ref>

== AV School ==
In the early 1920s, Syed opened Anglo-Vernacular (AV) school in his village Sann, where education for certain language classes was free of cost. AV School offered combo of Sindhi education with English language. The school also offered options of Arabic, French and Persian languages. Prominent Sindhi educationist [[Ibrahim Joyo]] was also schooled at AV.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tns.thenews.com.pk/learning-education-from-ibrahim-joyo/#.VupZCFk6sVF |title=Learning education from Joyo | TNS - The News on Sunday |website=Tns.thenews.com.pk |date=2016-03-27 |access-date=2016-03-31 |archive-date=12 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412004842/http://tns.thenews.com.pk/learning-education-from-ibrahim-joyo/#.VupZCFk6sVF |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Timeline ==
*At the early age of fourteen years, Syed started his career as an activist.<ref name="KhadimSoomroDawn"/>
* In 1919, became Chairman of the School Board of his own [[tehsil]]. He later became its president.
* In 1929, was elected as a President of Karachi District Local Board.<ref name="KhadimSoomroDawn" />
* In 1930, organized the Sindh Hari (Peasants) Conference and became its Secretary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/02-Jul-2012/-zulfikarabad-an-israel-in-the-making |title=Zulfikarabad: An Israel in the making |website=Nation.com.pk |date=2012-07-02 |access-date=2016-03-31}}</ref>
* In 1937, was for the first time elected a member of Sindh Legislative Assembly.<ref name="KhadimSoomroDawn" />
* In 1938, joined the [[All-India Muslim League]]. In 1940, he became Minister of Education in Sindh.<ref name="KhadimSoomroDawn" />
* In 1941, became one of the members of the Central Committee of the Muslim League.
* In 1943, became President of the [[Sindh Muslim League]].<ref name="KhadimSoomroDawn" />
* In 1946, conditions compelled him to dissociate from the Muslim League, and formed a new party named the [[Progressive Muslim League]]. The same year, he was elected as leader of the Coalition Party in the Sindh Assembly.
* In 1954, acted as Chairman of Sindhi Adabi Board.
* In 1966, founded Bazm-e-Soofia-e Sindh.
* In 1969, formed the [[Sindh United Front]].
* In 1972, formed Jeay Sindh Mahaz.

== Jeay Sindh movement ==
[[File:GM Syed.jpg|thumb|right|Final resting place of sain G.M Syed]]
Syed was the architect of "Jeay-Sindh" movement, aimed at achieving [[Sindhudesh]]. He is also the author of more than 60 books, (with) subjects ranging from politics, religion, culture, literature and commentaries on famous poet [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai]]. For his part as a political thinker, literary figure and mystic, he dominated the political arena of pre and post-partition era for decades, while he remained in jail for 30 years.<ref name="Gm Syed Biography" />

On 19 January 1992, Syed was put under house arrest, his house was declared a sub-jail. He died on 25 April 1995.<ref name="Gm Syed Biography" />

== Books ==
Syed was the author of more than sixty books, written mainly in [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], but also [[English language|English]] and [[Urdu language|Urdu]].<ref>Muhammad Soaleh Korejo, ''G.M. Syed: An Analysis of His Political Perspectives'', Oxford University Press (2000), p. 2</ref> His works are on numerous subjects, ranging from literature to politics, religion and culture. Due to his breath of knowledge, he has been described by the Dutch scholar of Islam [http://www.uva.nl/profiel/v/e/o.g.a.verkaaik/o.g.a.verkaaik.html Oskar Verkaaik] as "in many ways a remarkably productive, original, and largely autodidact intellectual, creating his own personal interpretation of Islam out of a range of intellectual influences such as 19th-century Islamic reform, Darwinian [[evolution theory]], [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|theosophy]], 18th century [[Sindhi poetry]], [[Marxism]], classical [[Sufism]], [[German idealism]], and probably more."<ref>{{cite web|author=Amar Sindhu|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1032297/column-gm-syed-the-controversial-mystic-of-modern-times|title=Column: G.M. Syed: the controversial mystic of modern times|website=Dawn News|date=2013-07-28|access-date=2017-06-18}}</ref>

Some of his well-known books are:

*''Janam Guzarium Jin Sein (In [[Sindhi language]])''
*''Dayar Dil Dastan-e- Muhabt (In [[Sindhi language]])''
*''Sindh Ja Soorma (In [[Sindhi language]])''
*''Sindh Speaks'' (English)
*''Struggle for New Sindh'' (English)
*''Religion and Reality'' (English)
*''Shah Latif's Message'' ({{Langx|sd|لطيف جو پيغام}}) is a 1992 book written by [[GM Syed]] about the life of Sindhi Sufi poet [[Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai]] and his teachings. The book was originally published in [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]. It received an English translation by Egnert Azariah.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dandekar |first1=Deepra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQNADQAAQBAJ&q=%22Shah+Latif+and+his+message&pg=PA212 |title=Islam, Sufism and Everyday Politics of Belonging in South Asia |last2=Tschacher |first2=Torsten |date=2016-09-13 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-43596-9 |language=en}}</ref> Syed depicts Latif "as a nationalist and patriotic poet because of his immense love and commitment to Sindh and its people."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Memon |first=Amanullah |title=Popular Literature and Pre-Modern Societies in South Asia |publisher=[[Longman]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-317-1358-7 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Surinder |location=Delhi |pages=133–134 |chapter=Alternative Voices from Sindh: A Critical Study of Shah Abdul Latif's Poetry |editor-last2=Gaur}}</ref>
*''A Nation in Chains'' (English)

==See also==
* [[Hyder Manzil]]
* [[Rasool Bux Palijo]]
* [[Abdul Wahid Aresar]]
* [[Shafi Muhammad Burfat]]
* [[Bashir Ahmed Qureshi]]
* [[G.M Syed Edifice]]

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}
*[http://www.gmsyed.org Information about G M Syed]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110731005225/http://www.sikhspectrum.com/022005/gmsyed.htm G.M. Syed on the "Unity and Diversity of Religion"]}}

{{Sindhi nationalism}}
{{Pakistan Movement}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Syed, G. M.}}
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:Pakistani writers]]
[[Category:Sindhi politicians]]
[[Category:Pakistani scholars]]
[[Category:Pakistani Theosophists]]
[[Category:Islamic philosophers]]
[[Category:Muslim reformers]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Sind Province]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Pakistani prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Sindhi-language writers]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement activists from Sindh]]
[[Category:Sindh independence activists]]

Tendlya

2026-03-04T09:34:57Z

Igorzen: added new info

{{Short description|2023 Indian Marathi-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tendlya
| image = Tendlya Marathi film.jpg
| caption = Promotional release poster
| native_name =
| director = Sachin J Jadhav Nachiket Waikar
| writer =
| screenplay = Sachin J Jadhav Nachiket Waikar
| story = Sachin J Jadhav
| producer = Sachin J Jadhav Chaitanya Kale
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Adwaita Jadhav
*Sambhaji Tangde
*Ankita Yadav
*Vitthal Nagnath Kale
*Ketan Visal
*Firoz Shaikh
*Yash Mane
}}
| cinematography = Balu Sandilyasa
| editing = Nachiket Waikar
| music = Bhanu Dhande
| studio = Ashwamedh Motion Pictures Tudip Entertainment
| distributor = August Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|05|05}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget = {{INR|1.70 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title='तेंडल्या' चित्रपटाच्या पडद्यामागची 1 कोटी 70 लाखांची गोष्ट, पुरस्कार मिळाल्यानंतरही कलाकार शेतात का राबतात? |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/tendlya-marathi-film-production-team-of-eight-friends-working-in-sangli-farm-due-to-corona-pandemic-455581.html |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>
| gross =
}}

'''''Tendlya''''' is a 2023 [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by Sachin J Jadhav and Nachiket Waikar Music by Bhanu Dhande. The film starring Adwaita Jadhav, Sambhaji Tangde, Ankita Yadav, Vitthal Nagnath Kale, Ketan Visal and Firoz Shaikh. The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Audiography]] at India's [[66th National Film Awards]]. It was theatrically released on 5 May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2023 |title=Tendlya : राष्ट्रीय पुरस्कार विजेता 'तेंडल्या' प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीसाठी सज्ज; बालपणीच्या क्रिकेटच्या आठवणी जागवणारा सिनेमा |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/tendlya-marathi-movie-release-date-story-know-latest-update-national-award-winning-tendlya-is-ready-for-the-audience-1172272 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509065650/https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/tendlya-marathi-movie-release-date-story-know-latest-update-national-award-winning-tendlya-is-ready-for-the-audience-1172272 |archive-date=9 May 2023 |access-date=9 May 2023 |website= [[ABP Majha]] |language=mr
}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*Firoz Shaikh as Gajya
*Aman Kamble as Tendlya
*Adwaita Jadhav
*Sambhaji Tangde
*Ankita Yadav
*[[Vitthal Kale|Vitthal Nagnath Kale]]
*Ketan Visal
*Yash Mane

==Reception==
''Tendlya'' movie received positive reviews from critics. Jaideep Pathakji of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and Wrote "While there are certain loose ends and the flow of the film drops in between, largely, the young makers have hit this one out of the park".<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2023 |title=Tendlya Movie Review: A heartwarming tale of two Sachin Tendulkar fans |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/tendlya/amp_movie_review/100017005.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424055441/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/tendlya/amp_movie_review/100017005.cms |archive-date=24 April 2024 |access-date=15 May 2023 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=en
}}</ref> A reviewer of ''[[ABP Majha]]'' Says "This film, which tells about the relationship with the god of cricket, directly touches the hearts of the audience due to its rural setting. This is the success of this movie".<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2023 |title=तेंडल्या : स्वप्न राहणाऱ्या प्रत्येकाची गोष्ट...|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/blog/blog-by-narendra-bandabe-on-tendlya-marathi-movie-know-marathi-movie-latest-update-1173984 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508065559/https://marathi.abplive.com/blog/blog-by-narendra-bandabe-on-tendlya-marathi-movie-know-marathi-movie-latest-update-1173984 |archive-date=8 May 2023 |access-date=8 May 2023 |website= [[ABP Majha]] |language=mr
}}</ref> A reviewer of ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' wrote "In short, this 'Tendlya' has hit the ground running. This thing of dream fulfillment is 'striking'".<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2023 |title=तेंडल्या |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/tendlya/moviereview/100038169.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516145028/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/tendlya/moviereview/100038169.cms |archive-date=16 May 2023 |access-date=16 May 2023 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr
}}</ref> A reviewer of ''[[Sakal]]'' says "This is not just a film about cricket fanatics, people who like Sachin Tendulkar, but also about human beings. Therefore, people of every generation must watch it".<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2023 |title=Tendlya Movie Review : ‘तेंडल्या’चा चेंडू थेट सीमापार, काळजाला भिडणारी सहज-सुंदर गोष्ट |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/poster-trailer-film-sachin-tendulkar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515133015/https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/poster-trailer-film-sachin-tendulkar |archive-date=15 May 2023 |access-date=15 May 2023 |website= [[Sakal]] |language=mr
}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Awards
!Year
!Category
!Recipient(s)
!Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|[[National Film Awards]]
|[[66th National Film Awards|2018]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Best Audiography]]
|Gaurav Varma
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2023 |title=List of National Film award 2018 |url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/2397%20-%20List%20of%20Firm%20Awards.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516180542/https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/2397%20-%20List%20of%20Firm%20Awards.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2023 |access-date=16 May 2023 |website= pib.gov.in |language=en
}}</ref>
|-
|[[Maharashtra State Film Awards|56th Maharashtra State Film Awards]]
|2019
|Best Debut Actor, Best Debut Film Direction
|Tendlya
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2023 |title='ऑस्कर' अध्यक्षांच्या उपस्थितीत पार पडला 56 वा महाराष्ट्र राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्कार सोहळा; 'भोंगा' ठरला सर्वोत्कृष्ट चित्रपट|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards-were-celebrated-in-the-presence-of-oscar-president-1558949227.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921204355/https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards-were-celebrated-in-the-presence-of-oscar-president-1558949227.html |archive-date=21 September 2021 |access-date=21 September 2021 |website= [[DB Corp|Divya Marathi]] |language=mr
}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt25154816}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language comedy drama films]]

Cousins (2014 film)

2026-03-03T20:41:09Z

Igorzen: small improve intro for accuracy and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Cousins
| image = Cousins 2014 Malayalam film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Vysakh]]
| producer = Vysakh Rajan
| writer = Sethu
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Kunchacko Boban]]|[[Indrajith Sukumaran]]|[[Suraj Venjaramoodu]]|[[Joju George]]||[[Vedhika]]|[[Nisha Agarwal]]|[[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]]}}
| music = [[Gopi Sundar]]
| cinematography = [[Shaji Kumar]]
| editing = [[Mahesh Narayanan]]
| studio = Vyshakha Cinemas
| distributor = Popcorn Entertainments
| released = {{Film date|2014|12|19|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Cousins''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Malayalam|Malayalam language]] [[Romantic comedy|romantic comedy film]] directed by [[Vysakh]] and scripted by Sethu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/vyshaks-next-cousins/88464/story.htm |title=Vyshak's next 'Cousins' |access-date=21 July 2014 |archive-date=3 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072717/http://www.nowrunning.com/vyshaks-next-cousins/88464/story.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film stars [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] and [[Joju George]] in the title roles. [[Vedhika]] and [[Nisha Agarwal]] play the female leads, while [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]], [[Kalabhavan Shajon]], [[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]], [[Miya George]], [[Shiju]] and [[Renji Panicker]] feature in supporting roles in the film. The story revolves around four cousins who undertake a journey with an intention, and followed by the issues they come across in between them.<ref>[http://www.cochintalkies.com/malayalam-movie-news/cousins-the-new-movie-of-kunchacko-boban.html Cousins the new movie of Kunchacko Boban]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.metromatinee.com/news-articles/live/news-articles/kunchacko-bobanindrajith-and-bhavana-in-vysakhs-cousins-8580 |title=Kunchacko Boban,Indrajith and Bhavana in Vysakh's 'Cousins'. |access-date=21 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726194836/http://www.metromatinee.com/news-articles/live/news-articles/kunchacko-bobanindrajith-and-bhavana-in-vysakhs-cousins-8580 |archive-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film was released on 19 December 2014.

Cousins is produced by Vysakh Rajan under the banner of Vyshakha Cinemas, Music is by M. Jayachandran for the lines of Murugan Kattakada and Rafeeq Ahamed. Bangalore, Pollachi and Kodaikanal are the main outside Kerala locations of this comedy movie. This movie was an average grosser at the box office.

==Plot==
Sam is psychologically trapped in the past following a tragic incident that occurred six years earlier, an event that nearly cost him his life. Unable to fully recover from the trauma, he struggles with fragmented memories. His psychiatrist advises him to revisit Manipal, where the incident took place, in the hope that returning to familiar surroundings will help him regain his lost memories.

Sam’s cousins — Georgy, Pauly, and Tony — accompany him on the road trip. While the journey begins as a light-hearted reunion filled with humor and nostalgia, it gradually uncovers painful truths from Sam’s past.

During their time in Manipal, the cousins meet Mallika, the sister of Sam’s former girlfriend Aarathi, who was nearly his wife. Through Mallika and Georgy — who already knows the full story — Pauly and Tony learn about Sam and Aarathi’s relationship. Georgy reveals that when Sam and Aarathi attempted to elope, they were intercepted by Aarathi’s brother’s men. Sam was captured, and in the chaos that followed, Aarathi was not saved.

Realizing that Aarathi may still be in danger, Georgy suspects that someone is attempting to kill her. The cousins bring Aarathi to their home to ensure her safety. With Mallika’s assistance, Georgy, Pauly, and Tony begin investigating the person responsible for targeting Aarathi.

As Sam slowly confronts his past, the cousins work together to uncover the truth behind the tragedy and the threats surrounding Aarathi.

==Cast==
* [[Kunchacko Boban]] as Sam
* [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] as Georgy
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as Pauly
* [[Joju George]] as Tony
* [[Vedhika]] as Arathi, Sam's love interest turned wife
* [[Nisha Agarwal]] as Mallika/Malli, Georgy's love interest
* [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Nagarajan Adiga, (Voice over by [[Shobi Thilakan]])
* [[Kalabhavan Shajon]] as Veerappa Gounder
**[[Minon]] as young Veerappa
* [[P. Balachandran]] as Guruji
* [[Shiju]] as Chandrarajan
* [[Santhosh (actor)|Santhosh]] as Devarajan
* [[Vijayakumar (Malayalam actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Rajarajan
* [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] as Isaac, restaurant manager
* [[Sreedevi Unni]] as Arathi's and Mallika's grandmother
* [[Vinaya Prasad]] as Threasa, Sam's and Georgy's mother
* [[Sunil Sukhada]] as Stephen, Pauly's and Tony's father
* [[Ponnamma Babu]] as Nancy, Pauly's and Tony's mother
* [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]] in a [[cameo appearance]] in the item song Kannodu Kannidayum
* [[Miya (actress)|Miya]] as Ann, Sam's ex-girlfriend (cameo)
* [[Ranji Panicker]] as Doctor Kuruvila (cameo)
* [[Balachandran Chullikkadu]] as Varkey Master (cameo)
* [[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]] as Peter (cameo)

==Production==
[[Vedhika]] was signed to portray [[Kunchacko Boban]]'s love interest and [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]] as [[Indrajith Sukumaran]]'s love interest. But she was later replaced with [[Nisha Agarwal]] as the team felt that somebody who is not a complete [[Malayali]] would be apt for the role.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Nisha-Aggarwal-replaces-Bhavana-in-Vysakhs-Cousins/articleshow/38977920.cms|title = Nisha Aggarwal replaces Bhavana in Vysakh's Cousins - Times of India| newspaper=The Times of India | date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> Filming locations include [[Bangalore]], [[Kochi]], [[Pollachi]], [[Kodaikanal]] and [[Athirappilly|Athirapilly]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/news/2014/cousins-to-go-on-floors-by-august-154069.html |title="Cousins To Go On Floors By August" |access-date=21 July 2014 |archive-date=17 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717082103/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/news/2014/cousins-to-go-on-floors-by-august-154069.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The filming started on 10 August 2014 at [[Bangalore Palace]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/shooting-cousins-starring-kunchacko-boban-indrajith-vedhika-meera-nandan-begins-bangalore-606609|title = Shooting of 'Cousins' Starring Kunchacko Boban, Indrajith, Vedhika and Meera Nandan Begins in Bangalore| website=[[International Business Times]] |date = 11 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/M-Jayachandran-to-compose-music-for-Cousins/articleshow/39113077.cms|title = M Jayachandran to compose music for Cousins - Times of India| newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> where a majority of filming took place over the next weeks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Its-Bangalore-Days-for-Cousins-team/articleshow/41349893.cms|title = It's Bangalore Days for Cousins team - Times of India| newspaper=The Times of India | date=September 2014 }}</ref> Around 600 artists, including a cultural troupe from Bangalore and nearly 80 horses were part of a song sequence, which was a five-day-long shoot and costed over {{INRConvert|80|l}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Its-Bangalore-Days-for-Cousins-team/articleshow/41349893.cms|title = It's Bangalore Days for Cousins team - Times of India| newspaper=The Times of India | date=September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/cousins-song-to-be-shot-at-80-lakhs-news-malayalam-ojfkELfjeajdg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907231149/http://www.sify.com/movies/cousins-song-to-be-shot-at-80-lakhs-news-malayalam-ojfkELfjeajdg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 September 2014|title='Cousins' song to be shot at 80 lakhs|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> [[Kamalini Mukherjee]] did an item number for the movie.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Kamalini-Mukherjee-does-an-item-number-in-Cousins/articleshow/44867799.cms "Kamalini Mukherjee does an item number in Cousins"]</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The film's soundtrack contains 4 songs, all composed by [[M. Jayachandran]]. Lyrics by [[Murukan Kattakkada]], [[Rafeeq Ahamed]].

{{Infobox album
| name = Cousins
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[M. Jayachandran]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2014|4|12}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=20|s=18}}
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = East Coast Audio Entertainments
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 20:18

| title1 = Kaitha Poothathum
| extra1 = [[Haricharan]], [[Krish (singer)|Krish]], [[Naresh Iyer]]
| lyrics1 = Rafeeq Ahammed
| length1 = 3:47

| title2 = Kannodu Kannidayum
| extra2 = [[Sithara Krishnakumar]], [[Nikhil Raj]]
| lyrics2 = Murukan Kattakada
| length2 = 4:24

| title3 = Kolussu Thenni Thenni
| extra3 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Yazin Nizar]]
| lyrics3 = Murugan Kattakada
| length3 = 4:30

| title4 = Neeyen Vennila
| extra4 = [[Haricharan]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| lyrics4 = Rafeeq Ahemmed
| length4 = 4:36

}}

==Critical reception==
The film received mixed reviews from both critics and the audience. Asha Prakash of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 and praised the background score and music as "impressive". She also praised the art direction and cinematography for creating a visually spectacle with "rich, colourful, magnificant," and "grand scale" song sequences. The performance by Intrajith was also praised. However, she criticised the plot as "illogical" and "dramatic, beyond tolerance" and the attempts at comedy are seen as weak.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=Asha |date=4 April 2016 |title=Cousins Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Cousins by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/cousins/movie-review/45588474.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}{{Rating|2|5}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt4295566}}

{{Vysakh}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. Jayachandran]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kodaikanal]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pollachi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chalakudy]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vysakh]]
[[Category:2014 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]

Tungkhungia Buranji

2026-02-27T08:47:15Z

Igorzen: added new info - done

{{Short description|Indian chronicle}}
'''Tungkhungia Buranji''' is a [[Buranji]] chronicle comprising the records of [[Tungkhungia Ahom kings]] mainly from the reign of [[Rajeswar Singha]] to [[Kamaleswar Singha]], (1751–1806). It was written by Srinath Duara [[Borbarua]], an Ahom cabinet minister and it was compiled after four years of his [[Borbarua]]ship on March 6, 1804.<ref>{{Harvnb|Baruah|1985|p=45}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Neog|1962|p=312}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |last=Baruah |first=S L |title=A Comprehensive History of Assam |year=1985 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal}}
*{{cite book |last1=Neog |first1=Dimbeswar |title=New light on History of Asamiya literature including an account of its antecedents |date=1962}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{citation |last=Bhuyan |first=S K |title=Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam (1681–1826) |edition=2 |language=Assamese |publisher=Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies, Assam |place=Gauhati |year=1968}}

[[Category:Ahom kingdom]]
[[Category:Indian manuscripts]]
[[Category:Assamese literature]]

Anoyara Khatun

2026-02-26T06:15:18Z

Igorzen: small refined formatting to improve readability

{{short description|Indian children's rights activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anoyara Khatun
| image = File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi with the recipients of Nari Shakti Puraskar 2016, in New Delhi (cropped).jpg
| caption = Anoyara Khatun during the Narishakti Puruskar award ceremony
| occupation = Student
| employer =
| birth_date = c. {{birth year and age|1996}}
| known_for= Saving children from child trafficking, child labour and child marriage
}}
'''Anoyara Khatun''' (born {{circa}} 1996) is an Indian [[children's rights]] advocate. In 2017, at the age of 21 years, she was conferred India's highest civilian award for women, the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar|Narishakti Puruskar]], for her contributions to fighting [[Child trafficking in India|child trafficking]] and [[Child marriage in India|child marriage]] in the state of [[West Bengal]].

== Life ==
Anoyara Khatun was born in a [[Below Poverty Line|below-poverty-line]] family in Choto Asgara village, [[Sandeshkhali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sandeshkhali]], rural [[North 24 Parganas district]], West Bengal in 1996.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Anoyara Khatun: The Child Crusader Against Exploitation of Children|url=https://www.savethechildren.in/news/anoyara-khatun-the-child-crusader|last=|first=|date=7 July 2014|website=Save the Children India|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title='Nari Shakti Puraskar' winner from Bengal waiting for over a year to get a house under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/nari-shakti-puraskar-winner-from-bengal-waiting-for-over-a-year-to-get-a-house-under-pradhan-mantri-awas-yojana/story-OpDnvi7ahzbo2E3bRxfhnO.html|last=Bhattacharya|first=Ravik|date=2017-03-10|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310161930/http://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/nari-shakti-puraskar-winner-from-bengal-waiting-for-over-a-year-to-get-a-house-under-pradhan-mantri-awas-yojana/story-OpDnvi7ahzbo2E3bRxfhnO.html |archive-date=10 March 2017 |access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=A child rights crusader|url=https://rotarynewsonline.org/child-rights-crusader/|last=Singh|first=G.|date=2017-06-01|website=ROTARY NEWS|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref> She lost her father at an early age, and when she was twelve she was taken to New Delhi where she worked as a [[domestic help]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> After a few months as a domestic worker, she escaped and returned to her village and found the condition of children in it terrible.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=India honors former child maid who saved hundreds of others|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20170308180158-ee770/|last=Bhalla|first=Nita|date=8 March 2017|website=Thomson Reuters Foundation|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308214221/http://news.trust.org/item/20170308180158-ee770/ |archive-date=8 March 2017 |access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref> Children were being forced into labour, and some were trafficked to the cities and over the border into Bangladesh,<ref name=":2" /> while others were forced into child marriage. With the intention of changing the situation around her, she came in contact with 'Dhagagia Social Welfare Society'<ref name=":2" /> and [[Save the Children India|Save the Children]], where she learnt the concept of [[child rights]]. To reach out to a larger number of people, she initiated the process of forming groups which would be self-reliant in child rights. Within a short period of time Anoyara helped to reunite 180 trafficked children with their families, stopped nearly three dozen child marriages, rescued 85 children from child labour and got 400 children back into school.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Indian government confers Child Champion Anoyara Khatun with 'Nari- Shakti Puraskar'|url=https://www.savethechildren.in/news/indian-government-confers-child-champion-anoyara-k|last=|first=|date=16 March 2017|website=Save the Children India|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921102630/https://www.savethechildren.in/news/indian-government-confers-child-champion-anoyara-k |archive-date=21 September 2020 |access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref>
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi interacting with the recipients of Nari Shakti Puraskar 2016, in New Delhi.jpg|left|thumb|The Prime Minister interacting with the recipients of Nari Shakti Puraskar 2016. Anoyara Khatun can be seen far right. Also visible is [[Maneka Gandhi]].]]
In 2011, [[Mamata Banerjee]] felicitated her. In 2012, Anoyara emerged as one of the three nominees for [[International Children's Peace Prize]].<ref name=":0" /> On 8 March 2017, [[International Women's Day]], Anoyara Khatun was conferred India's highest civilian award for women, the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar|Narishakti Puruskar]], for the year 2016, for her contributions to fighting [[Child trafficking in India|child trafficking]] and [[Child marriage in India|child marriage]] in the state of [[West Bengal]].<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Girl champ & her fans|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/girl-champ-amp-her-fans/cid/1398770|last=Chatterjee|first=Chandreyee|date=11 March 2017|website=Telegraph India|language=en|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref> Anoyara Khatun has been invited to participate in the [[United Nations General Assembly]] in 2015 and 2016 as an advocate of children's rights.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Young Indian displays girl power, fighting against trafficking|url=https://news.un.org/en/audio/2016/10/617932|date=2016-10-11|website=UN News|language=en|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khatun, Anoyara}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar winners]]
[[Category:1996 births]]

Vivek Tirtha

2026-02-25T16:40:19Z

Igorzen: added new article - done

{{Short description|Cultural and educational centre in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Vivek Tirtha
| alternate_names = Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centre for Human Excellence and Social Sciences
| address = Action Area II, [[New Town, Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], 700 156
| location_country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.5933|N|88.4726|E|display=inline,title}}
| status = Under construction
| groundbreaking_date = {{Start date and age|2014|11|11|df=y}}
| construction_start_date = {{Start date and age|2016|03|3|df=y}}
| cost = {{INRConvert|160|c|lk=on|year=2020}}
| public_transit = {{ric|Kolkata Metro|Orange}} [[Eco Park metro station (Kolkata)|Eco Park metro station]]
| grounds_area = {{convert|5|acre|sqft}}
| website = {{URL|belurmath.org/ramakrishna-mission-new-town-viveka-tirtha}}
}}

'''Vivek Tirtha''' (in English: ''Vivek Pilgrimage'') or ''Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centre for Human Excellence and Social Sciences'' is a [[Cultural center|cultural]] and education centre dedicated to [[Swami Vivekananda]] in [[New Town, Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India.<ref name=maniramka/> [[Chief Minister of West Bengal|Chief Minister]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] laid the foundation stone of Vivek Tirtha on 11 November 2014. Its stated aim is to help people to live a life of peace and happiness.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=2016-03-04|title=Construction work of Vivek Tirtha begins|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/construction-work-of-vivek-tirtha-begins-126505|newspaper=MillenniumPost|language=en}}</ref>

== Location ==
Vivek Tirtha is located in Action Area II, [[New Town, Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]; on [[Biswa Bangla Sarani]], beside the [[Eco Park, Kolkata|Eco Park]] Gate no. 1. It will be catered by [[Eco Park metro station (Kolkata)|Eco Park metro station]] of [[Kolkata Metro Orange Line]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=donationsbm|title=Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centre for Human Excellence and Social Sciences (Viveka Tirtha), New Town, Kolkata|url=https://belurmath.org/ramakrishna-mission-new-town-viveka-tirtha/|access-date=2021-11-11|website=Belur Math – Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission|language=en-US|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111193257/https://belurmath.org/ramakrishna-mission-new-town-viveka-tirtha/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=11 September 2018|title=Vivek Tirtha – A tribute to the great saint|url=https://aitcofficial.org/aitc/vivek-tirtha-a-tribute-to-the-great-saint/|access-date=12 November 2021|website=aitcofficial.org}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-12|title=Viveka Tirtha, one-of-a-kind institute dedicated to Swami Vivekananda, to come up soon – ABPEducation|url=https://www.abpeducation.com/news/viveka-tirtha-one-of-a-kind-institute-dedicated-to-swami-vivekananda-to-come-up-soon/cid/1206270|access-date=2021-11-11|website=abpeducation.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Details ==
The Vivek Tirtha or Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centre for Human Excellence and Social Sciences is a [[Cultural center|cultural]] and education centre, owned by [[Ramakrishna Mission]]. In 2013, [[Government of West Bengal]] proposed the centre, and on 11 November 2014 [[Chief Minister of West Bengal|Chief Minister]] [[Mamata Banerjee]], with the General Secretary of [[Ramakrishna Math]] and [[Ramakrishna Mission|Mission]] Swami Suhitanandaji laid the foundation stone.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=VIVEKA TIRTHA Ramakrishna Mission Vivekanda Centre for Human Excellence and Social Sciences|url=http://www.thecommontimes.com/news/viveka-tirtha-ramakrishna-mission-vivekanda-centre-for-human-excellence-and-social-sciences|access-date=2021-11-16|website=thecommontimes.com|archive-date=16 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116193550/http://www.thecommontimes.com/news/viveka-tirtha-ramakrishna-mission-vivekanda-centre-for-human-excellence-and-social-sciences|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Goswami|first=Tarun|date=2020-12-26|title=Work on RKM Centre for Human Excellence in full swing|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/work-on-rkm-centre-for-human-excellence-in-full-swing-427510|access-date=2021-11-16|website=millenniumpost.in|language=en}}</ref> It consists of a 10-storey main building and four other buildings named after [[Sister Nivedita]], [[J. J. Goodwin]], Ole Sara Bull and [[Josephine MacLeod]], the four famous foreign disciples of [[Swami Vivekananda]]. The main building is being designed like the [[Art Institute of Chicago]], where Swami Vivekananda delivered [[Swami Vivekananda at the Parliament of the World's Religions|his speech]] on 11 September 1893.<ref name=maniramka>{{cite web|last=Maniramka|first=Sunil|title=Vivek Tirtha|publisher=Maniramka & Associates|date=13 December 2025|url=https://www.maniramkaarchitect.com/projects/viveka-thirtha}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It houses the administrative offices and a 1,400 seater [[auditorium]]. Other buildings have the digital library, exhibition hall and meditation room. The campus is spread over a {{convert|5|acre|sqft}} area. Construction work started in March 2016, 2 years after foundation. It is developed at a cost of {{INRConvert|160|c|lk=on|year=2020}}.<ref name=":5" /> West Bengal State Council of Higher Education and Nabadiganta Industrial Township Authority donated {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on|year=2018}} and {{INRConvert|7|c|lk=on|year=2018}} respectively.<ref name=":2" /> Corporates and [[Public sector undertakings in India|PSUs]] also donated towards the construction of the centre.<ref name=":4" /> Courses like personality development, communication skills, motivation for parents, stress management, mind management will be offered at the centre.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

== See also ==

* [[HIDCO]]
* [[Nazrul Tirtha]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* [https://belurmath.org/ramakrishna-mission-new-town-viveka-tirtha/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111193257/https://belurmath.org/ramakrishna-mission-new-town-viveka-tirtha/ |date=11 November 2021 }}
{{Kolkata topics}}

[[Category:Cultural centres in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kolkata]]
[[Category:New Town, Kolkata]]
[[Category:Swami Vivekananda]]

Institute of Public Enterprise

2026-02-21T04:28:43Z

Igorzen: revised

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Institute
| name = Institute of Public Enterprise
| image = Institute of Public Enterprise.jpg
| established = 1964
| city = [[Shamirpet]], [[Hyderabad]], Telangana, India
| website = [http://www.ipeindia.org/ www.ipeindia.org]
}}
The '''Institute of Public Enterprise (IPE)''' was established in 1964 for the study of issues and policies relating to [[State-owned enterprise|public enterprise]] (PEs). S S Khera, ICS, the Cabinet Secretary, Government of India, had conceived the idea of a research institution that would undertake a systematic and sustained study of issues relevant to the formulation of policies towards public enterprises.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} In the early sixties, when PEs were designed as the principal instrument to serve the social and economic objectives of development, Khera felt a need for an institute that would collect information on PEs, study issues, and undertake consultancy and training for PEs.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

V.V. Ramanadham, professor and head of the Department of Commerce, [[Osmania University]], translated Khera's concept into IPE, with support and guidance{{Fact or opinion|date=February 2026}} from D. S Reddy, Vice-Chancellor, Osmania University as an autonomous, non-profit society.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

Management education started in 1980 with the start of a three-year part-time MBA(PE) programme. In 1995, the institute started a two-year full-time Post Graduate Diploma in Business Management (PGDBM). Currently, the institute offers various 2 year PGP courses, namely Post Graduation Diploma in Management(PGDM), PGDM – Marketing, PGDM – Banking, Insurance & Finance, PGDM – Human Resource Management, and PGDM – International Business, the courses are recognised by AICTE

==Recognition==
The [[Indian Council of Social Science Research]] (ICSSR) has recognised IPE as a "Centre of Excellence" in management sciences for doctoral studies. Seven universities have recognised the institute for the guidance of Ph.D. students in the field of Commerce, Economics, Management & Public Administration. IPE is a training centre for the IAS and other senior officers of central and state governments, public sector enterprises, and the private corporate sector.

==Awards==
1.has been awarded for its outstanding partnership in the delivery of the IICA Certificate Programme (ICP) in CSR by the Indian Institute of Corporate Affairs, IICA, Manesar Gurgaon.

2.Institute of Public Enterprise (IPE) has been awarded the Five Star category recognition by Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) in its convention on February 2016, in New Delhi.

==See also==
{{Portal|Hyderabad}}
* [[List of business schools in Hyderabad, India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
# [https://www.ipeindia.org/ Institute of Public Enterprise]

== External links ==
* [http://www.ipeindia.org/ www.ipeindia.org/]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Research institutes in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Business schools in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1964]]

Sunetra Jog

2026-02-16T21:26:34Z

Igorzen: added new details

{{Short description|Indian translator}}
'''Sunetra Jog''' is an Indian translator from [[Goa]]. She won the 2024 [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] in [[Konkani language|Konkani]].

==Career==
Jog has translated multiple books into Konkani, including [[Sudha Murthy]]'s first novel. She was thus chosen by the [[Sahitya Akademi]] to translate [[Malathi Rao]]'s novel ''Disorderly Women'' into Konkani, titled ''Astavyasta Bayalo''. The book features four generations of women from the same family and their struggles and is set in [[Mangaluru]]. The book was published in 2018.<ref name="MTB">{{Cite web |first=Mruga |last=Vartak |title=केवळ भाषांतर नाही तर भावानुवाद! - सुनेत्रा जोग |trans-title=Not just a translation, but a translation of emotions! - Sunetra Jog |url=https://www.mahamtb.com/Encyc/2024/3/16/Talk-WIth-Sunetra-Jog.html |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=Maharashtra Tarun Bharat |language=mr}}</ref> The book won the 2024 [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] in Konkani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-11 |title=सुनेत्रा जोग यांना 'साहित्य अकादेमी' |url=https://rashtramat.com/sunetra-jog-won-sahitya-academy-award-for-translation2024/ |newspaper=Rashtramat |access-date=2026-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Sunetra Jog was married to [[Gajanan Jog]], who won the 2017 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in [[Konkani language|Konkani]]. Gajanan died in 2023.<ref name="MTB" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jog, Sunetra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation into Konkani]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:People from Goa]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Ladwa Assembly constituency

2026-02-11T05:41:00Z

Igorzen:

{{Short description|Electoral constituency in Haryana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ladwa Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image = Ladwa Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_caption = {{coord|29.5945|N|77.0224|E|display=inline,title}}
| state = [[Haryana]]
| established = 2009
| abolished =
| electors = 1,96,614
| mla = [[Nayab Singh Saini]] {{Small|[[Chief Minister of Haryana]]}}
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| constituency_no = 11
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| district = [[Kurukshetra district|Kurukshetra]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kurukshetra Lok Sabha constituency|Kurukshetra]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Nayab Singh Saini.jpg
}}

'''Ladwa Assembly constituency''' in [[Kurukshetra district]] is one of the 90 [[Haryana Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies of [[Haryana]] state in northern [[India]].<ref name=ceo1>{{Cite web |url=http://ceoharyana.nic.in/?module=pages&pageid=75 |title=Haryana Assembly constituencies |access-date=24 May 2016 |archive-date=24 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024160419/http://ceoharyana.nic.in/?module=pages&pageid=75 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Chief minister of state represents this constituency.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2014|2024]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|47.40}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.86}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2014|2014]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|30.89}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2009|2009]]|{{party color|Indian National Lok Dal}}|28.92}}
}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ladwa Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/ladwa.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2009: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Sher Singh Barshami
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Pawan Saini]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Mewa Singh Singroha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Nayab Singh Saini]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ladwa<ref name="Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Ladwa">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Ladwa |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0711.htm |access-date=12 November 2024 |date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112071157/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0711.htm |archive-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nayab Singh Saini]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=70,177 |percentage=47.40% |change={{increase}}14.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mewa Singh (politician)|Mewa Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=54,123 |percentage=36.55% |change={{decrease}}5.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vikramjeet Singh Cheema |party=Independent politician |votes=11,191 |percentage=7.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sapna Barshami |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=7,439 |percentage=5.02% |change={{decrease}}6.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sandeep Garg Ladwa |party=Independent politician |votes=2,262 |percentage=1.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=211 |percentage=0.14% |change={{decrease}}0.35 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,054 |percentage=10.84% |change= {{increase}}1.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,48,068 |percentage=75.34% |change= {{increase}}0.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,96,614 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.12 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ladwa<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |access-date= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mewa Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=57,665 |percentage=41.86 |change=+17.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pawan Saini|Dr. Pawan Saini]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=45,028 |percentage=32.69 |change=+1.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sapna Barshami |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=15,513 |percentage=11.26 |change=-17.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naib Singh |party=Loktanter Suraksha Party |votes=9,099 |percentage=6.60 |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Santosh Dahiya |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=2,918 |percentage=2.12 |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pal Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,359 |percentage=1.71 |change=+0.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurdev Singh Sura |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,481 |percentage=1.08 |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurnam Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,307 |percentage=0.95 |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,637 |percentage=9.17 |change=+7.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,37,763 |percentage=75.09 |change= -7.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,83,470 |change =+10.60 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= +10.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ladwa}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pawan Saini|Dr. Pawan Saini]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=42,445 |percentage=30.89 |change=+11.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bachan Kaur Barshami |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=39,453 |percentage=28.71 |change=-0.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kailasho Saini |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,052 |percentage=24.05 |change=-2.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kaka Jatinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=9,900 |percentage=7.20 |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deep Saini |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=7,512 |percentage=5.47 |change=+4.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravinder Pal Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,589 |percentage=1.16 |change=-7.40 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,992 |percentage=2.18 |change=-0.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,37,418 |percentage=82.84 |change= +1.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,65,885 |change =+20.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= +1.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Ladwa}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sher Singh Barshami |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=32,505 |percentage=28.92 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kailasho Saini |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,000 |percentage=26.69 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mewa Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=21,775 |percentage=19.37 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Garg |party=Independent politician |votes=15,081 |percentage=13.42 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shashi Saini |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=9,617 |percentage=8.56 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,505 |percentage=2.23 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,12,393 |percentage=81.34 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,38,172 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==External links==
* [http://ceoharyana.nic.in Chief Election Officer, Haryana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813091833/http://ceoharyana.nic.in/ |date=13 August 2011 }}

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Elections in Haryana]]
* [[Elections in India]]
* [[Lok Sabha]]
* [[Rajya Sabha]]
* [[Election Commission of India]]
{{col div end}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}
{{Haryana}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Kurukshetra district]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 2009]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Haryana]]

Gumla district

2026-02-10T06:56:11Z

Igorzen: edit

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Gumla}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gumla district
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = District
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Gumla 2.jpg
|photo2a = Jharkhand landscape.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Gumla Village area and Beautiful farming
| image_map = Gumla in Jharkhand (India).svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Government banner of Jharkhand.png}} [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = Administrative Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[South Chotanagpur division]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Gumla]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 5327
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,025,213
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 193
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]] | demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Sadri language|Sadri]], [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], [[Kharia language|kharia]]
| demographics_type2 = Demographics
| demographics2_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics2_info1 = 65.73%
| demographics2_title2 = [[Sex ratio]]
| demographics2_info2 = 993
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-JH]]
| registration_plate = JH 07
| blank_name_sec1 = Tehsils
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Lohardaga Lok Sabha constituency|Lohardaga]] (shared with [[Lohardaga district]])
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| website = {{url|http://gumla.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| leader_title1 = [[District magistrate|Deputy Commissioner]]
| leader_name1 = Karn Satyarthi ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
}}

'''Gumla district''' is one of the twenty-four districts of [[Jharkhand]] [[States and territories of India|state]], India, and [[Gumla]] town is the administrative headquarters of this district.

==Etymology==
For centuries, the place was a meeting center for people from the hinterland who flocked here to exchange goods using the barter system and the place was called ''Gaw-Mela''. Gumla is believed to derive its name from ''Gaw-Mela'', which consists of two words of [[Hindi]] (also used in several local [[dialect]]s), namely, ''Gaw'' (cows and the cattle) and'' Mela'', that is, a fair. The place became known as ''Gaw-mela'', and then the word transformed itself into Gumla.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About District {{!}} Gumla {{!}} India|url=https://gumla.nic.in/about-district/|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref>

==History==
During regin of the [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi dynasty]] [[Navratangarh]] was one of the capital of Nagvanshi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/giant-new-chapter-for-nagpuri-poetry/cid/362632|title=Giant new chapter for Nagpuri poetry|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.119550/2015.119550.The-Nagbanshis-And-The-Cheros_djvu.txt|title=The Nagbanshis And The Cheros|website=archive.org}}</ref>
[[File:Nawratan gadh.jpg|thumb|Navratangarh fort]]
During British rule Gumla was under [[Lohardaga]] district. In 1843 it was brought under [[Bishunpur block|Bishunpur]] province that was further named [[Ranchi]]. In fact Ranchi district came into existence in 1899. In 1902 Gumla became Sub-division under Ranchi district. On 18 May 1983 Gumla District came into existence. [[Sri Jagannath Mishra]] then ruling [[Chief Minister]] of [[Bihar]] inaugurated it and Sri Dwarika Nath Sinha acquired the post of first deputy commissioner of the newly created district.

Gumla is considered to be the birthplace of the Hindu God [[Hanuman]]. A temple a few kilometers away from the city off the Gumla-[[Ghaghra block|Ghaghra]] road is dedicated to him and his mother. The district contains mountains named Risyamook, which are mentioned in the [[Ramayana]].

The district is currently a part of the [[Red Corridor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://intellibriefs.blogspot.com/2009/12/naxal-menace-83-districts-under.html |title=83 districts under the Security Related Expenditure Scheme |publisher=IntelliBriefs |date=2009-12-11 |access-date=2011-09-17 |archive-date=2011-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027115807/http://intellibriefs.blogspot.com/2009/12/naxal-menace-83-districts-under.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Geography==
Gumla is located at {{coord|23|N|84.50|E|}}. Geographically, Gumla is located on southern part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] which forms the eastern edge of the [[Deccan Plateau]] system.

There are three major rivers, which flow through the Gumla district viz. the [[South Koel River|South Koel]], the [[North Koel River|North Koel]] and the [[Sankh River|Sankh]]. There are various streams/ tributaries to the main rivers on which there are some picturesque waterfalls, as for example [[Sadni Falls]].

The terrain is highly undulating and there are existence of many rivers and streams. The forest cover of the district is 1.35 lakh hectares out of the total 5.21 lakh hectares of land i.e. round 27% of the total area of the district.

===Climate===
Climate of Gumla is characterized by a pleasant cold and temperate weather conditions. Gumla has a [[sub-tropical]] climate. Temperature ranges from maximum 40 to 20 °C during summer, and minimum 21 to 3 °C during winter. The annual rainfall is about 1450 mm. From June to September the rainfall level is about 1,150 mm.

== Administration ==
Deputy Commissioner and District Magistrate: Karn Satyarthi (IAS)

=== Administrative Units ===
==== Sub Divisions ====
There are 3 subdivisions in gumla district:
#[[Gumla]]

#[[Chainpur block, Gumla|Chainpur]]

==== Blocks/Anchals ====

Gumla district consists of 12 Blocks. The following are the list of the Blocks in Gumla district:

{{Columns-list|colwidth=28em|style=width:850px;|
#[[Basia block]]
#[[Bharno block]]
#[[Bishunpur block]]
#[[Chainpur block, Gumla|Chainpur block]]
#[[Dumri block]]
#[[Ghaghra block]]
#[[Gumla block]]
#[[Kamdara block]]
#[[Palkot block]]
#[[Albert Ekka (Jari) block]]
#[[Raidih block]]
#[[Sisai block]]
}}

==== Panchayats ====
There are 159 Panchayats in the district.
==== Villages ====


There are 952 Villages in the District.
==Politics==
{{transcluded section|source=6th Jharkhand Assembly}}
{{#section:6th Jharkhand Assembly|MLA Header}}
{{#section:6th Jharkhand Assembly|Gumla district}}
|}

==Demographics==
{{historical populations
|1901|2,69,183
|1911|3,14,439
|1921|3,02,516
|1931|3,55,262
|1941|3,79,804
|1951|4,21,922
|1961|4,84,924
|1971|5,57,041
|1981|6,13,331
|1991|7,07,555
|2001|8,32,447
|2011|10,25,213
|source=Census of India<ref>{{cite web |title=Table A-02 Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901: Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43353/download/47042/20%20A-2%20Jharkhand.pdf |website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Gumla district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion: Jharkhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Tribal religions in India|ORP]] |maroon|44.62}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|30.19}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Jharkhand|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|19.75}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|5.02}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.41}}
|caption=*''ORP mostly adherents of [[Sarnaism]]''
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Gumla district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,025,213,<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Gumla |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/574/download/1944/DH_2011_2021_PART_A_DCHB_GUMLA.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Cyprus]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = June 13, 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Cyprus 1,120,489 July 2011 est.}}</ref> or the US state of [[Montana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=2011-09-30|quote=Montana 989,415|archive-date=2010-12-27|archive-url=https://archive.today/20101227010452/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 439rd in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|193|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 23.21%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Gumla has a [[sex ratio]] of 993 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 65.73%. 6.35% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 3.17% and 68.94% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Gumla district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Sadri language|Sadri]] |value1 = 50.75 |color1 = burlywood
|label2 = [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] |value2 = 29.61 |color2 = mediumseagreen
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 7.00 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Mundari language|Mundari]] |value4 = 4.69 |color4 = teal
|label5 = [[Kharia language|Kharia]] |value5 = 3.73 |color5 = cornflowerblue
|label6 = [[Urdu]] |value6 = 2.31 |color6 = green
|label7 = Others |value7 = 1.91 |color7 = grey
}}
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 50.75% of the population in the district spoke [[Sadri language|Sadri]], 29.61% [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], 7% [[Hindi]], 4.69% [[Mundari language|Mundari]], 3.73% [[Kharia language|Kharia]] and 2.31% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Economy==
Gumla district has rich [[nature|natural]] and [[mineral]] resources. There are 23 [[bauxite]] [[Mining|mines]] and 68 stone mines in Gumla district. Besides these there is good number of brick makers. In Gumla District the important minerals like bauxite and [[laterite]] ([[aluminium]] ore) are found in villages of Amkipani, Langdatanr, Chirodih, Jalim, Narma, Bahagara and Gurdari of Bishunpur block, Langatanr, Lupungpat and Chota-Agiatu in Chainpur block and Harup, Serengdag and Jalim in Ghaghra block. Beside these china clay is also found in some part of the district. Other mining activities like stone crusher, Brick kiln and stone chip mining lease are also available in different part of the district.

In 2006 the Indian government named Gumla one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the 21 districts in Jharkhand currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj|date=September 8, 2009|title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme|publisher=National Institute of Rural Development|url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|access-date=September 27, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|archive-date=April 5, 2012}}</ref>
== Education ==
In 1986, [[Rakesh Popli]] and his wife, Rama (an expert in childhood education), founded the first [[Ekal Vidyalaya]] (one-teacher) schools to bring education to the tribes of the region.<ref name=Ekalobit>{{cite journal
|url=http://www.ekal.org/40/newsletter-October-2007
|journal=Newsletter October 2007
|title=Dr. Rakesh Popli, Nuclear Scientist & one of Ekal's Visionaries, passed away on September 15, 2007
|publisher=Ekal Vidyalaya Foundation
|access-date=22 March 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714231229/http://www.ekal.org/40/newsletter-October-2007
|archive-date=14 July 2014
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
From 2018, Deptt. of Higher and Technical Education, Govt. of Jharkhand is going to start Polytechnic College "Gumla Polytechnic". The Polytechnic college will be run and manage under "PPP" Mode by Gumla Educational Foundation.

Three colleges under Ranchi University:
* Kartik Oraon College
* Karunavati Devi Memorial College
* Women's College

'''Technical Institute'''
* Gumla Polytechnic
* IIST Computer Institute
* Media INFOTECH
* Wings IT

'''Schools in Gumla:'''
* Adarsh Vidya Mandir School, Pugu
* Chanchal Cygnus School, Dumerdih
* D.A.V. Public School, Neemtoli
* Don Bosco School, Bhamni
* Kendriya Vidyalaya Gumla
* Notre Dame School
* Oxford Public School
* S.S. High School
* Saraswati Shishu-Vidya Mandir
* Solitaire Educational Academy
* St. Patrick School
* St. Stephen's School
* Ursuline Convent School
* Wescott Public School
* PM SHRI SCHOOL Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Masaria Dam

St. Ignatius School, founded in 1935 and administered by the Jesuits, has produced international-level [[field hockey|hockey]] players.

==Culture==
Gumla has a rich culture. The majority of people speak [[Sadri language|Nagpuri]] and [[Hindi]].
*[[Karam (festival)|Karma]] - A holy festival celebrated by the people in almost all places of this district.
*[[Sarhul]] - A festival celebrated by the people and Jhankis and Rallies were organised around the main town Gumla. Ladies put flowers (Gulaichi Flower) on their hair and gents put it on their ears.
*[[Rama Navami|Ramnavami]] - A holy festival celebrated with huge sound, and Jhankies and Rallies.

==Tourist attractions==
*Palkot Fort- Palkot Fort is a historic place which was one of the capital of the [[Nagvanshi dynasty]]. It is located in Palkot block of the district.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Palkot-fort-among-five-heritage-sites-identified/articleshow/7989238.cms|title=Palkot fort among five heritage sites identified|website=timesofindia|access-date=3 September 2019}}</ref>
*[[Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary]]
*Anjan - Small village about {{cvt|18|km}} away from Gumla. The name of the village has been derived from the name of goddess Anjani, mother of [[Hanuman]]. Many objects of archeological importance obtained from this place have been placed at [[Patna Museum]]. It is believed to be the birthplace of Lord [[Hanuman]].
*Hapamuni - The ancient village Mahamaya [[temple]] that is the identity of this village. Hapamuni Mahamaya temple traces its origin to 11th century. It also has some ancient rock sculpture in front of temple dating to that period. Moreover, with the arrival of Hapamuni agro tech, the village economy has reached new dimensions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/gumla/gumla-ghaghara-hapamuni-mahamaya-temple-built-11-hundred-years-ago/1215140.html|title=1100 साल पुराने इतिहास को समेटे बैठा है हापामुनी का 'महामाया मंदिर', कोल विद्रोह का रहा है गवाह|website=prabhatkhabar|access-date=3 September 2019}}</ref>
*[[Nagfeni]] - It is known for the [[Jagannath]] temple and there is a big rock in the shape of snake 'Nag'.
*[[Navratangarh]]- It was the seat of old Nagvanshi kings located in Sisai block of the district. The fort of navratangarh is made by the king Durjansaal and it is the administration capital of Durjansaal .<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/gumla/nagpheni-a-natural-beauty-in-gumla-district-of-jharkhand/1232969.html|title=IN PICS : गुमला में नागफेनी की अद्भुत प्राकृतिक छटा का लें मजा|website=prabhatkhabar|access-date=3 September 2019}}</ref>
*Tanginath - Tanginath Dham is located in Gumla's Dumri block. Several devotees during the month of Shravan come to shrine which goes back to seventh or ninth Century AD.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/---tanginath-dham-developing-into-tourist-attraction---.html|title='Tanginath Dham developing into tourist attraction'|website=dailypioneer|access-date=3 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/gumla/tanginath-dham-mythological-recognition-temple-archaeological-heritage-gumla-picnic-spot-jharkhand/1235215.html|title=गुमला : प्राचीन धरोहर टांगीनाथ धाम की कलाकृतियां व नक्कासी बयां करती हैं देवकाल की कहानी|website=prabhatkhabar|access-date=3 September 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://gumla.nic.in/ Official district government website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Gumla district
|North = [[Lohardaga district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Ranchi district]]
|Southeast = [[Khunti district]]
|South = [[Simdega district]]
|Southwest = [[Jashpur district]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
|West = [[Surguja district]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
|Northwest = [[Latehar district]]
}}

{{Navboxes
| list =
{{Blocks of Gumla district}}
{{Districts of Jharkhand}}
{{Minority Concentrated Districts in India}}
{{South Chotanagpur Division}}
{{Son basin}}
{{Mahanadi Basin}}
{{South Chotanagpur Division topics}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gumla District}}
[[Category:Gumla district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Minority concentrated districts in India]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Bihar]]

Naresh Pandey Chakor

2026-02-07T20:10:23Z

Igorzen: added details

{{Short description|Indian editor}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox writer
| embed =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Dr. Naresh Pandey Chakor
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| caption = Angika language Monthly - Year-47, Issue No. 1-2
| image_upright =
| landscape = 
| alt = 
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = [[Angika]]
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 3 January 1938 
| birth_place = Devdha, Sultanganj, Bhagalpur, Bihar
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2015|11|14|1938|01|03}} 
| death_place = Patna
| death_cause = 
| resting_place =
| occupation = Writer, Poet, Editor, Statistical Officer
| language = Angika, Hindi
| nationality = Indian 
| citizenship = 
| education = 
| alma_mater = 
| period =
| genre = 
| subject = 
| movement = Angika Language Movement
| notable_works = Editing Ang Madhuri, a Monthly Magazine of Angika Language for 46 years
| spouse = Droupadi Divyanshu (Died: 2016)
| partner = 
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
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}}

'''Dr. Naresh Pandey Chakor''' (3 January 1938 – 14 November 2015) was an Indian [[litterateur]], [[editor]], [[poet]], and [[Cultural activism|cultural activist]] from [[Bihar|Bihar, India.]] He participated in the [[Angika language]] movement, publishing and editing the [[Angika]] monthly magazine 'Ang Madhuri' for 46 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-01 |title=अंगिका के युगांतरकारी योद्धा थे डॉ.‘चकोर’ |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/patna/689944- |access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Naresh Pandey was born on 3 January 1938 in the village of Devdha, located approximately 15 kilometers south of [[Sultanganj, Bihar|Sultanganj]] in the [[Bhagalpur district]] of Bihar. His father was Shri Chandramohan Pandey, and his mother was Smt. Prajavati Devi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Angika.com |title=डॉ. नरेश पांडेय चकोर {{!}} Dr. Naresh Pandey Chakor {{!}} अंगिका साहित्यकार {{!}} Angika Litterateur |url=https://sahityakar.angika.com/2020/08/dr-naresh-pandey-chakor-angika.html |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=Angika Sahityakar {{!}} Angika Sahityakar Kosh {{!}} Angika Language {{!}} Voice of Ang Desh {{!}} अंगिका भाषा}}</ref>

He received his early education in his village and nearby schools, pursuing higher education at [[Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University|Bhagalpur University]].

== Career ==

=== Government service ===
In 1963, Pandey began his professional career in the government, joining the Bihar State Khadi Gramodyog Board, [[Patna]], as a Statistical Officer (''सांख्यिकी पदाधिकारी''). He served in this capacity until his retirement in 1996.

=== Angika Movement ===
Concurrent with his service, Pandey became deeply involved in the movement for the promotion and recognition of the [[Angika]] language. In 1961, he started his journey in the Angika language movement by joining the 'Ang Bhasha Parishad' as a Publicity Minister (''प्रचार मंत्री''). His first published work, the Angika one-act play "Kisan ka Jagaba" (किसान क॑ जगाबऽ), was released in 1961, marking it the first published book in the modern Angika language. In 1963, his Angika play ''Sarvoday Samaj'' (सर्वोदय समाज) became the first Angika book published by a [[government]] department.

Under the auspices of the 'Jahnvi Angika Sanskriti Sansthan' in Patna, he annually organized the 'Angika Mahotsav' (Angika Festival), often carrying heavy boxes of Angika books on his head to ensure their exhibition at the festival.{{citation needed|date=December 2025}}

==== ''Ang Madhuri'' ====
Pandey was the editor of the monthly magazine ''Ang Madhuri.'' Beginning its publication and editing in December 1970, he helmed the magazine for 46 years until his death. His dedication to this work is often highlighted{{By whom|date=February 2026}} by comparison to other impactful Indian editors: Acharya Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi edited ''Saraswati'' for 18 years and Pandit Shri Ram Sharma edited ''[[Vishal Bharat (magazine)|Vishal Bharat]]'' for about two decades.

== Literature ==
Pandey published works that contributed to Angika and Hindi literature. He published around 80 books, encompassing independent writings as well as collaborative projects. In partnership with Dr. Abhayakant Choudhary, he co-authored and edited nine scholarly volumes that explored various aspects of the Angika language and literature, including its history, rhetoric (''Alankara''), emotional expression (''Rasa-Vyanjana''), and cultural dimensions reflected in folk songs. Additionally, nine books by different scholars have been written on Pandey’s life and literary contributions.{{citation needed|date=December 2025}}

Owing to his literary contributions and influence, scholars and writers referred to him with epithets such as "Angika ka Bhartendu Harishchandra" and drew comparisons to figures like [[Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi]], [[Tulsidas]], [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] and [[Kalidasa|Kalidas]].

== Death ==
Pandey 'Chakor' died in [[Patna]] on 14 November 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-02 |title=डॉ. नरेश पाण्डेय चकोर |language=hi |trans-title=Dr. Naresh Pandey Chakor|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/patna/689944- |access-date=2025-11-26}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
Pandey's bibliography spans various genres, including drama, poetry, cultural study, and translation:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://rajbhasha.bihar.gov.in/Book_List/Book%20list%2024.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250830021802/https://rajbhasha.bihar.gov.in/Book_List/Book%20list%2024.pdf |archive-date=2025-08-30 |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=rajbhasha.bihar.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Plays and drama ===
* ''Kisan ka Jagaba'' (अंगिका एकांकी - Angika One-Act Play)
* ''Ek Shaakh: Do Phool'' (हिन्दी नाटक - Hindi Play)
* ''Sarvoday Samaj'' (अंगिका नाटक - Angika Play)
* ''Shri Ram Janmotsav'' (अंगिका गीति-नाट्य - Angika Musical Drama)

=== Poetry and epics ===
* ''Bhorka Lali'' (अंगिका काव्य)
* ''Yayati'' (अंगिका काव्य)
* ''Hamar Sankirtan Yatra'' (अंगिका काव्य)
* ''Baba Thakur'' (अंगिका गाथा काव्य)
* ''Sawan Saloni'' (हिन्दी काव्य)
* ''Milan'' (हिन्दी कविता)
* ''Kisan: Desh ke Shaan'' (अंगिका कविता संग्रह)
* ''Bhakti Pushpanjali'' (Part I & II)

=== Novels and short stories ===
* ''Vishakha'' (अंगिका लघु उपन्यास - Angika Novella)
* ''Eblin'' (हिन्दी उपन्यास - Hindi Novel)
* ''Tilka Sundari Daar-Daar'' (अंगिका कहानी संग्रह - Angika Short Story Collection)
* ''Daan Ek Majboori'' (हिन्दी लघुकथा - Hindi Flash Fiction)

=== Cultural and research works (solo/edited) ===
* ''Angika Jatsaar'' (Edited)
* ''Angika Aandolan ka Itihas''
* ''Angika Lok Sahitya''
* ''Ang Janpad Gaurav: Haldhar Baba'' (Biography)
* ''Angjanpad Ke Vaivahik Vidhi Vidhan''
* ''Mahatma Bholi Baba: Bhola Ke Avatar''

=== Translations ===
* ''Angika Gita'' (Translation)
* ''Raghuvansham'' (Translation)
* ''Sukhla Gaachwala Jungle'' (Translation)

=== Works co-authored/edited with Dr. Abhayakant Choudhary ===
* ''Angika Sahitya Ka Itihas'' (Three Parts: First, Second, and Revised Edition)
* ''Angika Kavya Mein Ras Vyanjana''
* ''Angika Mein Alankar''
* ''Angika Lokgeeton Ka Sanskritik Adhyayan''
* ''Angika Lohoikti Sangrah'' (Collection of Proverbs)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language novelists]]
[[Category:Indian magazine founders]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Novelists from Bihar]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:People from Bhagalpur]]

Rafiq Shadani

2026-02-05T04:42:37Z

Igorzen: New Some Data More To Come

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2016}}

'''Rafiq Shadani''' was an Indian poet and satirist who wrote in the [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Urdu]] and [[Hindi]] languages. He was considered a humorist, and often infused folk-themes with satirical political humour.<ref>[http://www.freepressjournal.in/politically-incorrect-political-satire-in-urdu-poetry/527689 Politically Incorrect! Political satire in Urdu poetry], Vikas Datta, 1 Feb 2015, [[The Free Press Journal]]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Fools-of-the-world-unite-in-Kanpur/articleshow/723865592.cms Fools of the world unite in Kanpur], 27 Nov 2001, [[The Times of India]]</ref> He authored 13 books of humorous poetry.<ref>[http://www.prahripost.com/archives/1355 लोगों के दिलों में अभी भी जिंदा हैं रफीक शादानी] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127135422/http://www.prahripost.com/archives/1355 |date=27 January 2016 }} ("Rafiq Shadani, still alive in people's hearts"), Prahari Post</ref>

==Life==
Rafiq Shadani's family was from Mumtaznagar, [[Faizabad district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in North-Central [[India]], but he was born in [[Burma]] in March 1934 where his father, Imamuddin, was a merchant of tobacco, oil and perfume. He began composing and reading his humor poetry at [[Mushaira]]s (poetry meets) beginning in 1962. A car accident in [[Bahraich]] proved fatal and he died on 9 February 2010.<ref>[https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/faizabad-8873111.html बिन सियाही के जइसन कलम जिंदगी] ("Life, like a pen out of ink"), 8 Feb 2012, [[Dainik Jagran]]</ref> He was also awarded Maati Ratan Samman by Shaheed Shodha Sansthan.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.patrika.com/faizabad-news/ashfaqullah-khan-memorial-shaheed-shodh-sansthan-mati-ratan-samman-program-in-faizabad-1467342/| website=Patrika| title=शहीद अशफाक के बलिदान दिवस पर माटी रतन सम्मान से नवाजी गई तीन प्रमुख हस्तियां| date=19 December 2016| access-date=23 August 2020 }} </ref>

==Work==
Though he never penned down his work, he loved going to [[Mushaira]]s and read his [[shayari]]s out. His works were collected and published by Shaheed Shodha Sansthan posthumously under the name ''Jazbaat''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shadani, Rafiq}}
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian satirists]]
[[Category:Indian satirical poets]]
[[Category:Indian humorous poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:People from Ayodhya district]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Dharam Pal Sabharwal

2026-01-14T02:10:51Z

Igorzen: expanded content for clarity and added references

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
'''Shri Dharam Pal Sabharwal''' a politician from [[Indian National Congress]] party is a Member of the [[Parliament of India]] representing [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]].

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930204141/http://164.100.24.167:8080/members/website/Mainweb.asp?mpcode=1933 Profile on Rajya Sabha website]

{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sabharwal, Dharam Pal}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Punjab]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India]]
{{PunjabIN-INC-politician-stub}}

Dumal

2026-01-12T08:34:43Z

Igorzen: slightly reworked formatting for accuracy and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{refimprove|date=July 2025}}

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Short description|Hindu caste in western Odisha, India}}
'''Dumal''', also called '''Dumala''' (also known as Mithila Nanda Gauda in eastern Odisha), is a community found in western [[Odisha]], India.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

This caste is categorised as an [[Other Backward Class]] according to [[Reservation in India|Reservation system of India]].<ref>[http://www.ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/2635221884005388474.pdf Gazette of India], 27 October 1994. Retrieved on 24 July 2014.</ref>

==Origin==
They were the milk suppliers of Puri and their role was to supply milk, curd and ghee to the temple and guard Lord Jagannath in Puri.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Servorum |first=Servus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RvoaogEACAAJ |title=Mysticism in the Temple of Jagannath at Puri, Orissa |date=2015 |publisher=Abhijeet Publications |isbn=978-93-5074-124-5 |language=en}}</ref>

One day, a vulture was found sitting on the Neelachakra of the temple. The puja pandit (priest) had a dream and came to know that the ghee served was impure, for which Lord Jagannath was dissatisfied and thus this vulture appeared. The puja pandit secretly informed the Gajapati Maharaja of this and the King ordered punishment. One official from the court secretly informed the suppliers about the king's decision to punish them the next day.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahanti (Retd) |first=Col J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QweqCQAAQBAJ&q=jagannath+puri |title=The Saga of Jagannatha and Badadeula at Puri (Story of Lord Jagannatha and his Temple) |date=2014-05-01 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-82652-45-8 |language=en}}</ref> That night those innocent people who supplied ghee to the temple left their houses in Puri with their families to save themselves and went towards the west.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Patra |first=Avinash |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlwTCwAAQBAJ&q=jagannath+puri |title=Origin & Antiquity of the Cult of Lord Jagannath |date=2011-06-23 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite book |last=Russell |first=R.V. |url=http://archive.org/details/TheTribesAndCastesOfTheCentralProvincesOfIndiaVolII |title=The Tribes And Castes Of The Central Provinces Of India |volume=II |date=1916 |pages=530–535 |language=English}}
*{{Cite journal|url=http://jhss.org/articleview.php?artid=142|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223092152/http://jhss.org/articleview.php?artid=142|archive-date=2012-12-23|url-status=dead|journal=Journal of History & Social Sciences|title=Social Structure of Western Orissa Under the Chauhans of Sambalpur|accessdate=22 March 2015}}
*{{cite book|title=Sociological Bulletin|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=6pHZAAAAMAAJ}}|year=2000|publisher=Indian Sociological Society.}}

[[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Odisha]]

Babla Mehta

2026-01-08T01:38:34Z

Igorzen: Post

{{short description|Indian Hindi film playback singer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{AI-generated|date=January 2026|reason=[[Special:Diff/1232241203|This 2024 rewrite]], which introduced [[WP:AISIGNS]] in promotional tone (extra to that tagged in 2026), vocab distribution, etc}}
{{promotional|date=February 2016}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Babla Mehta
| birth_name = Babla Mehta
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| death_date = {{Death date|2025|07|22|by heart attack dfy}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Singer Babla Mehta, know as Voice of Mukesh, dies in Mumbai |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/music/story/singer-babla-mehta-known-as-voice-of-mukesh-dies-in-mumbai-2760726-2025-07-24 |website=India Today |access-date=24 July 2025 |language=en |date=24 July 2025}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Bhajans]]
* [[Indian classical music|Indian Classical]]
* [[Playback singing]]
}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Singer
* Composer
* Audio Engineer
}}
| associated_acts = [[Shiv-Hari]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Anu Malik]]
| years_active = 1989-present
}}

'''Babla Mehta''' was an [[Indian people|Indian]] film [[playback singer]], [[composer]], and [[audio engineer]] hailing from [[Delhi]], India. His career, which began in the late 1980s, was primarily focused on playback singing for [[Bollywood]] films,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Babla Mehta - Biography - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1176092/bio/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> specializing in [[bhajan]]s and Indian classical music genres. Mehta has recorded over 250 songs and released 10 solo albums throughout his career.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Babla Mehta – Seasonal Bollywood Singer with close resemblance to Mukesh's magical voice |date=26 September 2019 |url=https://mywordsnthoughts.com/myworld/babla-mehta-seasonal-bollywood-singer-with-close-resemblance-to-mukeshs-magical-voice/}}</ref>

==Career==
'''Playback Singing'''

Babla Mehta gained prominence in the 1990s as a playback singer in Bollywood. His notable contributions include songs in popular films such as "''[[Tahalka]]''" (1992), "''[[Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin|Dil Hai Ke Maanta Nahi]]''" (1991), and "''[[Jeene Do]]''" (1990). He has collaborated extensively with renowned music directors including [[Nadeem-Shravan]], [[Rajesh Roshan]], [[Bappi Lahiri]], [[Anu Malik]]. His debut song in Hindi films, "Tere Mere Hoton Pe," featuring [[Lata Mangeshkar]], marked a significant milestone in his career.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindi Devotional And Spiritual Song 'Bajrang Baan' Sung By Babla Mehta {{!}} Hindi Bhakti Songs, Devotional Songs, Bhajans and Pooja Aarti Songs {{!}} Babla Mehta Songs {{!}} Hindi Devotional Songs |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/lifestyle/devotional/hindi/hindi-devotional-and-spiritual-song-bajrang-baan-sung-by-babla-mehta-hindi-bhakti-songs-devotional-songs-bhajans-and-pooja-aarti-songs-babla-mehta-songs-hindi-devotional-songs/videoshow/87871524.cms}}</ref>

'''Composition and Other Work'''

Beyond playback singing, Babla Mehta has ventured into composition. Notably, he set to music four poems authored by former Prime Minister [[Atal Behari Vajpayee]], which were performed live on Vajpayee's birthday in [[New Delhi]].<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, he has composed music for commercials and contributed to the soundtrack of the film "Wounded" (2007).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Babla Mehta - IMDb |website=[[IMDb]] |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1176092/ }}</ref>

'''Live Performances'''

Babla Mehta is recognized for his dynamic live performances across various countries, including India,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Musical All-Rounder, Babla Mehta |url=https://www.pressreleasepoint.com/musical-allrounder-babla-mehta}}</ref> Canada, the United States, South Africa, and several European and Asian nations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Babla Mehta, Concerts, Musical Live Shows |url=https://abb8c91b-cfd2-4ae6-ba53-16579fe1acb1.usrfiles.com/archives/abb8c9_cd41354a031b4903a4fcd7814ab8817a.zip}}</ref>

== Live Albums and Shows ==
Below is the list where Babla Mehta's songs were used (Bollywood movies), as well as his albums and live shows from various countries.

===Filmography===
''[[Chandni (1989 film)|Chandni]]'' (1989)

''[[Jeene Do]]'' (1990)

''[[Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin]]'' (1991)

''[[Sadak]]'' (1991)

''[[Naamcheen]]'' (1991)

''[[Beta (film)|Beta]]'' (1992)

''[[Tahalka]]'' (1992)

''[[Janam Se Pehle]]'' (1994)

''[[Pyar Ka Rog]]'' (1994)

''Nazzar'' (1995)

''[[Aatank Hi Aatank]]'' (1995)

===Albums===

''Zuban Pe Dard Bhari Daastan'' (1987)

''Mukesh ki Yaadein (Vols. 1-10)'' (1988)

===Live Shows===

Babla Mehta started as a stage artist. His live show audience spans continents to the West Indies, USA, Canada, UK, the Netherlands, Portugal,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Noted Singer Babla Mehta, The Voice of Mukesh pays tribute to Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee |date=21 February 2018 |url=https://medium.com/@nilimashah01/noted-singer-babla-mehta-the-voice-of-mukesh-pays-tribute-to-shri-atal-bihari-vajpayee-444d33ff18b8}}</ref> South Africa, Mauritius, Singapore, Thailand, and the Middle East:

* Rajesh Roshan show – World Tour
* Madhuri Dixit show – London, USA, Canada
* Shahrukh Khan, Juhi Chawla show – World Tour
* Bappi Lahiri show – South Africa
* Akshay Kumar show – World Tour
* Solo show on [[Raj Kapoor]] at Rang Sharda Auditorium
* Bandra Mumbai ‘Kehta Hai Joker’
* Golkonda Resort, Hyderabad
* Solo show on Raj Kapoor titled ''The Showman'', Rang Sharda Auditorium, [[Bandra, Mumbai]]
* Live solo show in Mukesh titled ''Mukesh – RK to Big B'' at [[Mumbai|Manek Sabhagraha, Mumbai]]
* Live solo show on Mukesh titled ''Mukesh – RK to Big B'' at Siri Fort Auditorium, [[New Delhi]]

===Bhajan Albums===

''Sampoorna Sundar Kaand'' (1988)

''Bajrang Baan'' (1988)

''Mamta Ka Mandir'' (1991)

''Parv Kumbh Ka Nyara'' (1996)

''Jaya Shree Hanumaan'' (1997)

''Ram Charit Maanas'' (1997)

''Bhakti Saagar''

''Jag Janani''

Pahadon wali matarani

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Babla}}
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Bhajan singers]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Fatehnama

2026-01-07T16:24:18Z

Igorzen: starting the stub needs work.

{{Short description|Letter written by Guru Gobind Singh}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox religious text|religion=[[Sikhism]]|image=The_Fatehnamah_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh.jpg|caption=First verse couplet of the Fatehnamah in Nastaliq Script|previous=Sri Charitropakhyan|subheader=[[Dasam Granth]]|previouslink=Dasam Granth#Contents|next=Zafarnama|nextlink=Zafarnama (letter)|verses=23 and a half couplets extant (more than 100 couplets originally)|chapters=|author=[[Guru Gobind Singh]]|name=''Fatehnama'' {{Small|{{Uninastaliq|فتح نامه }}}}|period=1704–1705|language=[[Persian language|Persian]]|background=}}
{{Dasam Granth sidebar}}

'''''Fatehnama''''' (“The Book of Conquest”;<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Melikian-Chirvani |first=Assadullah Souren |date=2002 |title=The Shāh-Nāme Echoes in Sikh Poetry and the Origins of the Nihangs' Name |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049156 |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |volume=16 |pages=1–23 |jstor=24049156 |issn=0890-4464}}</ref> {{Langx|pa|ਫਤਿਹਨਾਮਾ {{Small|([[Gurmukhi]])}} • {{Uninastaliq|فتہ ناما}} {{Small|([[Shahmukhi]])}}|label=}}; {{Langx|fa|{{Uninastaliq|فتح نامه }}}} [Fatehnameh]), also known as '''''Namah-i-Guru Gobind Singh''''' or the '''''Jangnamah''''' (Gurmukhi: ਜੰਗਨਾਮਾ, Persian: جنگ نامه) is a partially surviving [[Persian language|Persian]] composition attributed to [[Guru Gobind Singh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=H.S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Over 1000 Entries) |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2005 |edition=2nd |pages=71 |quote=FATEH NAMA: Fateh Nama is a composition by Guru Gobind Singh included in the Dasam Granth. It is believed to have been addressed to Emperor Aurangzeb prior to his letter known as Zafarnama and sent to him from Jatpura near Jagraon after the battle at Chamkaur and before the Guru learnt of the martyrdom of his two younger sons. It is a short letter comprising 23½ couplets in Persian. The theme is similar to that of the Zafarnama, though the tone is severer.}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |year=2011 |edition=3rd |volume=2: E-L |pages=20}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Composition ===
The composition is believed to have originated as a letter sent by the Guru to Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] sometime after the [[Battle of Chamkaur|Second Battle of Chamkaur]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harjinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJdcCAAAQBAJ |title=Game of Love |date=2008 |publisher=Akaal Publishers |isbn=978-0-9554587-1-2 |pages=29 |language=en}}</ref> It is believed by some to be written and dispatched before the Guru learnt of the extrajudicial executions of his two younger sons, [[Zorawar Singh (Sikhism)|Zorawar Singh]] and [[Fateh Singh (Sikhism)|Fateh Singh]], at the Mughal court.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Padam |first=Prof. Piara Singh |url=http://archive.org/details/DasamGranthDarshan |title=Dasam Granth Darshan |pages=137 |language=Punjabi}}</ref> According to some, it was written and dispatched by the Guru prior to the far more popular and remembered ''[[Zafarnama (letter)|Zafarnama]]'', which was sent afterwards.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Some scholars consider Fatehnama as part of Zafarnama.<ref name=":4" />
=== Dispatchment ===
The Fatehnama was dispatched from the location of Lamma Jatpura in the Jagraon region of modern-day western [[Ludhiana district]].<ref name=":0" /> According to others, it was written and dispatched from [[Machhiwara]].<ref>The Sikh Review, April, 1977, "Fatehnama" Page 26 by Trilochan Singh</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhai Vir |title=Sri Kalgidhar Chamatkar Volume 2 |pages=114–117}}</ref> [[Daya Singh|Bhai Daya Singh]] was dispatched by the Guru to deliver the letter to Aurangzeb.<ref name=":3" /> He was aided by the Priest Sayyad, Nabhi Khan, and Ghani Khan.<ref name=":3" />

=== Discovery and publishing ===
The first historical mention of the Fatehnama is found in an article published in the July–August 1922 edition of the ''Nagari Pracharini Patrika'' periodical, when a certain Babu Jagan Nath Das claims to have come across and prepared a copy of purported Persian work of Guru Gobind Singh in circa 1890 that contained more than 100 couplets written in Persian, but was not identifiable as the well-known Zafarnama.<ref name=":1" /> The work was in the form of a manuscript kept in the possession of a ''[[mahant]]'' of [[Takht Sri Patna Sahib|Takht Patna Sahib]] named [[Sumer Singh|Baba Sumer Singh]] (whose term in office lasted from 1882 to 1902).<ref name=":1" /> Sumer Singh was a descendant of [[Guru Amar Das]], the third Sikh guru.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Sri Dasam Granth: Facts Beyond Doubt |publisher=Sri Guru Granth Sahib Academy |year=2021 |isbn=9781527282773 |edition=1st |location=Malaysia |pages=359 |quote=... Baba Sumer Singh Patna Sahib, the descendant of Guru Amar Das Ji. He served as the Head Priest of Patna Sahib from 1882-1903 CE.}}</ref> Since the copy he had prepared was lost and the owner of the original manuscript was deceased and as such the document could not be located, Babu Jagan Nath Das had to reproduce the work based solely off of his memory, which led to the incomplete Fatehnama of today of 23 complete couplets and 1 incomplete couplet.<ref name=":1" /> He sent a written copy of his remembrance to Umrao Singh Majithia, who forwarded it to [[Vir Singh (writer)|Bhai Vir Singh]] whom would publish the Fatehnama, alongside his Punjabi translation of it, in an essay titled ''Uchch da Pir'' found within the publication of ''Khalsa Samchar'' dated to 16 July 1942.<ref name=":1" /> The Fatehnama would further be published by [[Kapur Singh]] and [[Ganda Singh (historian)|Ganda Singh]] in their own works.<ref name=":1" />

== Content ==
[[File:Fatehnameh audio recording, recited by a native Iranian.ogg|thumb|Fatehnameh audio recording, recited by a native [[Iran|Iranian]]]]In Fatehnama Guru Gobind Singh mentions that despite oaths his army and civilians were attacked. The Guru calls it a conspiracy and says it failed. The Guru says that he is still living and ready to fight. The Guru mentions that despite all of his loss in the [[Battle of Chamkaur]] he is in ''[[Chardi kala|Chardikala]]''. The Guru states he is not afraid and is unmoved by Aurangzeb's attempts to destroy him. Guru Gobind Singh calls on Aurangzeb to bring his army to the battlefield and he will bring his. He says there should be 3 kilometres between both armies. He says he will duel Aurangzeb and his 2 lieutenants at once.<ref name=":3"/>

{{Blockquote|text=Now, I do no trust in your oath, And I have not other alternative except drawing the sword… If you talk to me again, then I shall put you on the scared and straight path.|author=Guru Gobind Singh|title=''Fatehnama''<ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nTXAAAAMAAJ |title=The Sikh Review |date=1998 |publisher=Sikh Cultural Centre. |pages=21 |language=en}}</ref>|source=}}

== Comparison to the Zafarnama ==
Compared to Zafarnama, Fatehnama is similar to the later Zafarnama but is written in a harsher tone to the addressee.<ref name=":1" /> Although others say the style and language are not similar.<ref name=":4" /> The Fatehnama begins with an invocation to God similar to the Zafarnama. While Zafarnama’s focus on more on faith Fatehnama’s has a “militaristic ring” and “a touch of material triviality”.<ref name=":4" /> As opposed to Zafarnama Guru Gobind Singh taunts Aurangzeb in Fatehnama. In Fatehnama Guru Gobind Singh says, “''You have tasted the fruits of comfort and pleasure You have not had encounters with fighting youngsters… You will be a wolf drenched by rain if I lay at your door[;} a lion [released] from its trap''”. The tone does not match the tone in Zafarnama. This has led to some questions of the authorship.<ref name=":4" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Resources ==

* The entire extant ''Fatehnama'' (in its original Persian, Gurmukhi transliteration, and English translation) can be downloaded from: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200125075426/http://zafarnama.com/download/ link]
{{Dasam Granth}}
{{Guru Gobind Singh}}
{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Dasam Granth]]
[[Category:Persian-language literature]]
[[Category:18th-century Persian books]]

Tadepalli, West Godavari district

2025-12-05T02:59:43Z

Igorzen: added place - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tadepalli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Pedatadepalli
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.8473|N|81.4884|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = West Godavari
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Tadepalligudem
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
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| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Tadepalli''' is a village in the [[Tehsil|mandal]] of [[Tadepalligudem mandal]] in the [[West Godavari district]] of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in southern [[India]].

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], Tadepalli had a population of 11081. The total population constitute, 5801 males and 5208 females with a sex ratio of 910 females per 1000 males. 1004 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, with sex ratio of 927 The average literacy rate stands at 76.29%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/588326-tadepalle-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Tadepalle|accessdate=23 May 2017}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Villages in West Godavari district]]

{{WestGodavari-geo-stub}}

Project Mausam

2025-11-27T06:47:05Z

Igorzen: further adjusted structure further and improved wording based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2022}}
{{short description|Indian Ministry of Culture initiative}}
{{Infobox project
| abbreviation =
| native_name = Project Mausam
| logo =
| image = [[File:Indian-Flag.png|Indian-Flag.png]]
| caption =
| motto =
| type = Cultural and economic
| country = India
| primeminister =
| ministry = Ministry of Culture
| key_people = Culture Secretary Ravindra Singh
| launched = April 2014
| launch_place = 38th session of the World Heritage Committee
| closed = 
| budget =
| website = https://indiaculture.nic.in/project-mausam
| status =
}}

'''Project Mausam''' is a cultural project by the Indian [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] and [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) with the [[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]] and the [[National Museum, New Delhi|National Museum in New Delhi]] which aims to connect countries on the Indian Ocean. The term "mausam" means "weather" or "season" and is derived from regional dialects including the Arabic word ''mawsim'', which refers to the season when boats can safely sail.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Project Mausam|url=https://indiaculture.nic.in/project-mausam|access-date=13 May 2019|website=Ministry of Culture, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Daniel|first=Thomas|year=2015|title=Project Mausam: India's Grand Maritime Strategy (Part I)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep13523.1|journal=Institute of Strategic and International Studies|pages=1–5}}</ref>

Project Mausam aims to rebuild maritime cultural connections with the 39 countries bordering the Indian Ocean. The project also aims to bring together historical and archaeological researchers to record the diversity of economic, cultural, and religious interactions between countries in. There are two visions for Project Mausam: the first is to understand national cultures between countries and the second is to rebuild communications between countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2153357615|title=People-Politics-Policy-Performance-Maritime Diplomacy: Whispers of an Indian Wind|last=Shankar|first=Kumar |id={{ProQuest|2153357615}} }}</ref>[[File:World Factbook (1990) Indian Ocean.jpg|thumb|The Indian Ocean, as depicted in the CIA World Factbook (1990)]]

== Objectives ==
The project has four main objectives to complete its vision. First, it aims to revive lost connections with countries. The nations in the Indian Ocean have been interconnected for many centuries. The project seeks to document and celebrate the common economic ties and cultural values of countries in the Indian Ocean world, beyond contemporary ethic{{Clarify|reason=|date=September 2019}} and national boundaries, to strengthen the connections between countries in the Indian Ocean sphere and to set a precedent for future cooperation.<ref name=":1" />

Second, it plans to create connections and relationships to the existing World Heritage sites. The project would provide a platform to link the sites of cultural and natural [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage]] in the Indian Ocean world through a cross-national and cross-cultural narrative.<ref name=":1" /> Third, the project wishes to redefine cultural landscapes by identifying gaps in World Heritage sites and filling them through creating relationships between existing sites of cultural and natural heritage. It will also provide a multilayered and holistic perspective, which will allow for a fresh strategy to help understand past and contemporary relationships.<ref name=":1" />

Finally, it aims to achieve cross-national World Heritage nomination. The project would advocate for maritime routes of the Indian Ocean to achieve cross-national nomination with sustainable tourism, heritage development, research, visibility, and promotion of cultural conventions.<ref name=":1" />

Initially, the idea of Project Mausam was proposed by Ravindra Singh, then-secretary of the Ministry. Afterwards, the [[government of India]] was preparing to nominate the project as a transnational inscription on the UNESCO [[World Heritage List]]. The Indian government has increased financial investments to explore potential benefits for future generations.

== Historical background ==
Geographically, the Indian Ocean is bounded by the Antarctic or [[Southern Ocean]] in the south and forms a confluence with the [[Bay of Bengal]] and the [[Arabian Sea]] in the north. The ocean is bordered by Africa in the west and by Asia in the northeast, surrounding India and [[Sri Lanka]]. Naval trade on the Indian Ocean dates back to the third millennium BCE, when residents of the Indus Valley opened maritime trading with [[Mesopotamia]], [[Egypt]], East Africa, and the [[Roman Empire]]. Through these maritime trade networks, many goods were exchanged, including medicine, aromatics, spices, dyes, wood, grain, gems, textiles, metals, livestock, and stones. Those goods were then sold along the coastline of the Indian Ocean. The trade facilitated the exchange of religions, cultures, and technologies, contributing to the expansion of [[Buddhism]], Christianity and [[Hinduism]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iaspreparationonline.com/project-mausam/|title=Project 'Mausam • IAS Preparation Online|last=cholan|date=25 June 2014|website=IAS Preparation Online|language=en-US|access-date=31 May 2019}}{{dead link|date=November 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

There was an increase in trade between India and [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] after the [[Final War of the Roman Republic|Roman annexation of Egypt]]. According to the Greek historian [[Strabo]], 120 boats left the port of [[Myos Hormos]] annually for India when [[Aelius Gallus]] was [[prefect]] of Egypt.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}} Indian states controlled the ocean until the thirteenth century without the influence of foreign powers. However, after the thirteenth century, the economic structure of India had changed due to the control of the sea by foreign powers. For instance, the Indian economy became dependent on foreign businesses after European powers took control of Indian Ocean sea routes. The ocean was controlled by the [[British Empire]] until [[World War I]], during which Germany took over the sea. The Japanese subsequently gained maritime supremacy in [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203414132|title=The Indian Ocean|last=Pearson|first=Michael N. }}</ref> Currently, the Indian Ocean carries half of the container ships, a third of the cargo, and two-thirds of the oil tankers in the world.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Mallapur|first=Chaitanya|date=28 April 2017|title=Mapping India's Lost Roots: Project Mausam and the Spice Route|url=http://chinaindiadialogue.com/mapping-indias-lost-roots-project-mausam-and-the-spice-route-1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815155712/http://chinaindiadialogue.com/mapping-indias-lost-roots-project-mausam-and-the-spice-route-1|archive-date=15 August 2019|access-date=19 May 2019|website=China India Dialogue}}</ref>

== Achievement and development ==
During 2014, there was a publication called "Maritime Cultural Landscapes Across the Indian Ocean" by [[Himanshu Prabha Ray]].{{Explain|reason=|date=November 2019}} Nineteen lectures about Project Mausam were held on a range of themes in the same year. There was also an exhibition called "Africans in India: A Rediscovery" in the IGNCA held in India, October to November 2014 with a one day{{When|date=November 2019}} conference.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Project 'Mausam' extended up to 2020 with the pre-approved fund of Rs 60,039,297: Dr. Mahesh Sharma|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=186490|access-date=1 February 2022|website=|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref> A national conference about maritime trade routes was organised by Kerala Tourism and ASI in [[Kochi]].

There was an exhibition called "Unearthing Pattanam: Histories, Cultures, and Crossings" in the [[National Museum, New Delhi|Indian National Museum]] in 2014.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Project 'Mausam' extended up to 2020 with the pre-approved fund of Rs 60,039,297: Dr. Mahesh Sharma|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=186490|access-date=1 February 2022|website=|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref> The archaeological [[Pattanam]] site is located about 25 kilometres north of Kochi in [[Kerala]]. The site is about four kilometres from the coast and sits in the Periyar River delta. The location of Pattanam and the archaeological evidence unearthed in the site indicate the possibility that Pattanam could have been an integral part of the port of Muziris or Muciri Pattinam, which are mentioned in Tamil [[Sangam literature|Sangam]] and Greco-Roman literature.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sahapedia.org/unearthing-pattanam|title=Unearthing Pattanam|website=Sahapedia|language=en|access-date=4 June 2019}}</ref>

In 2016, ASI and IGNCA held an international conference about maritime routes on 16 February in [[Mumbai]]. During the same year, the director of [[World Heritage Committee|World Heritage]] came to several Asian countries to explore the potential of Project Mausam.{{Citation needed|date=January 2020}}

On 28 January 2017, there was a conference discussing Indian maritime culture and its potential. On 22 March 2018, a conference about traditions of Indian maritime was held in [[Kerala]], which lasted two days. Finally, there was a 150 million rupees fund allocation approved by the SFC for the development of Project Mausam from 2015 to 2017, of which 4 million rupees had been used. A fund of 60 million rupees has been approved to extend the project through 2020.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Project 'Mausam' extended up to 2020 with the pre-approved fund of Rs 60,039,297: Dr. Mahesh Sharma|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=186490|access-date=1 February 2022|website=|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref> The project has seen mixed and limited success depending on how the project is defined and what it hoped to achieve.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhalla|first=Madhu|date=20 July 2020|title=India Should Revive the Mausam Initiative – But Not as it Stands Now|url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/mausam-initiative-indian-ocean-world|access-date=1 February 2022|website=The Wire}}</ref>

Indian Missions in the 39 countries have approached local authorities and several countries including the following, have nominated their resource persons for the Project Mausam: Bangladesh, Cambodia, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Indonesia, Oman, Qatar, Singapore, Malaysia, The Islamic republic of Iran, UAE, Myanmar, Philippines and Jordan<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1707000 | title=Progress of Project Mausam }}</ref>

== Commentary ==
Project Mausam is India's answer to the [[Maritime Silk Road]] of China, according to Akhilesh Pillalamarri, who wrote that "China is developing MSR in the backyard of India with strong support from Sri Lanka and the Maldives. India is planning to join the MSR for its potential economic benefits in the future."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pillalamarri|first=Akhilesh|date=18 September 2014|title=Project Mausam: India's Answer to China's 'Maritime Silk Road'|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/09/project-mausam-indias-answer-to-chinas-maritime-silk-road/|access-date=13 May 2019|website=The Diplomat|language=en-US}}</ref>

As reported in ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', the Indian government has been trying to move for UNESCO to award transnational heritage status to Project Mausam while China has been countering on the argument that it will be detrimental to the revival of the Maritime Silk Road.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2017/jan/08/project-mausam-hits-a-chinese-wall-1557291.html|title=Project Mausam hits a Chinese wall|last=Sharma|first=Ritu|date=8 January 2017|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=13 May 2019}}</ref>

An article in ''[[Economic and Political Weekly]]'' by KM Seethi argued that due to the increasing significance and influence of China, especially in building new maritime connect with Indian Ocean countries, India launched Project Mausam to balance the increasing status of China in the Indian Ocean world and revive historical ties in a new sustainable cross-cultural connection with other countries.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Seethi|first=K M|date=5 June 2015|title=A 2014 Project to Revive India's Historical 'Spice Route' Remains a non-starter|url=https://www.epw.in/engage/article/india-should-consider-project-mausam-more-seriously-order-counter-chinas-belt-and|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|language=en|pages=7–8}}</ref>

C. Mallapur wrote that the "Indian Ocean region has attracted attention from the world due to its strategic location and lanes for naval trade. As being the two largest countries in Asia, China and India are trying to build and enhance connections between countries in which trade is a significant factor." Project Mausam indicates that the Indian government is strategically using its soft power. The government will have to take strong measures to effectively implement the project by minimising overlapping governing bodies with a single dominating agency. Once the project is implemented, it will provide more opportunities for India's economy and trade as well as build international contact, in accordance with the "[[Look East policy (India)|Look East]]" and "Link West" policies.<ref name=":0"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal|last=Ranjan|first=Rajiv|date=November–December 2017|title=Cultural Aspect of Belt and Road Initiative and Project Mausam: Strategy for Engagement|url=https://igse.shu.edu.cn/__local/F/46/D6/0A32DE989E15B3FBF9AD93E9C83_7E2E63B1_10BB05.pdf|journal=CIR|volume=27|issue=6|pages=151–|via=Shanghai University}}
* {{Cite web|last=Ray|first=Himanshu Prabha|date=8 May 2019|title='Project Mausam': India's Attempt at Trans-national Heritage|url=https://ari.nus.edu.sg/events/himanshu-prabha-ray/|access-date=1 February 2022|website=National University of Singapore}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220119233214/http://www.ignca.nic.in/PDF_data/Mausam_Concept.pdf Mausam/Mawsim: Maritime Routes and Cultural Landscapes. Concept Note]. Ministry of Culture, Government of India

[[Category: Ministry of Culture (India)]]

Buddhist caves in India

2025-11-25T11:32:57Z

Igorzen: starting some info w/ refs.

{{Short description|Various man-made, often monk-made Buddhist caves throughout India}}
{{Format|date=September 2023}}{{Infobox artefact
| name = Buddhist caves in India
| image = [[File:16 Ajanta Caves overview.jpg|350px]]
| image_caption = [[Ajanta Caves]]
| material = Rocks
| size =
| writing =
| created = 3rd century BCE~
| discovered =
| location = [[India]]
| id =
| registration =
| map ={{Map of Indian Buddhist Caves}}
}}
The '''Buddhist caves in India''' form an important part of [[Indian rock-cut architecture]], and are among the most prolific examples of [[rock-cut architecture]] around the world.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1527&HistoryID=ab27
|title=History of Architecture - Early civilizations
|publisher=historyworld.net
|access-date=2006-12-18
}}</ref> There are more than 1,500 known rock cut structures in [[India]], out of which about 1000 were made by Buddhists (mainly between 200 BCE and 600 CE), 300 by Hindus (from 600 CE to 1200 CE), and 200 by [[Jainism|Jains]] (from 800 CE to 1200 CE).<ref>{{cite book |title=Elephanta World Heritage Series|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|pages=18–19 |url=https://archive.org/stream/ELEPHANTAWORLDHERITAGESERIES/ELEPHANTA%20-%20WORLD%20HERITAGE%20SERIES#page/n23}}</ref> Many of these structures contain works of art of global importance, and many later caves from the [[Mahayana]] period are adorned with exquisite stone carvings. These ancient and medieval structures represent significant achievements of structural engineering and craftsmanship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wondermondo.com/Best/As/IndRockCut.htm|title=10 most amazing ancient rock cut structures in India|publisher=Wondermondo}}</ref>

In India, caves have been regarded as places of sanctity. Caves that were enlarged or entirely man-made were felt to hold the same sanctity as natural caves. In fact, the sanctuary in all Indian religious structures, even free-standing ones, retains the same cave-like feeling of sacredness, being small and dark without natural light.<ref name="michael">{{cite book
| last =Michael
| first =George
| title =The Hindu Temple
| publisher =University of Chicago
| date =1988
| location =Chicago, Illinois
| pages = 69, 82
| isbn = 0-226-53230-5 }}</ref>

The oldest rock-cut architecture in India is found in the [[Barabar caves]], [[Bihar]] built around the 3rd century BCE. Of these caves, mostly build by Emperor [[Ashoka]] and his grandson [[Dasaratha]] for the ascetic sect of the [[Ajivikas]], two caves are thought to have been dedicated to the Buddhist: Karan Chaupar [[cave]], and possibly the [[Lomas Rishi]] cave. Most other Buddhist caves are then found in the western [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], consisting in shrines and monasteries, dating between 100 BCE and 170 CE. Originally, they were probably accompanied by [[wooden]] structures, which would have deteriorated over time. Historically, rock-cut temples have retained a wood-like theme in adornment; skilled craftsmen learned to mimic timber texture, grain, and structure. The earliest cave temples include the [[Bhaja Caves]], the [[Karla Caves]], the [[Bedse Caves]], the [[Kanheri Caves]], and some of the [[Ajanta Caves]]. Relics found in these caves suggest a connection between the religious and the commercial, as Buddhist missionaries often accompanied traders on the busy international trading routes through India. Some of the more sumptuous cave temples, commissioned by wealthy traders, included pillars, arches, and elaborate facades during the time maritime trade boomed between the Roman Empire and south-east Asia.<ref name="keay">{{cite book
| last =Keay
| first =John
| title =India: A History
| publisher =Grove Press
| date =2000
| location =New York
| pages = 103, 124–127
| isbn = 0-8021-3797-0 }}</ref>

Although free standing structural temples were also being built, such as the [[Bairat Temple]] (3rd century BCE) and the various free-standing [[apsidal]] temples in [[Sanchi]], [[Taxila]] or [[Trivikrama Temple|Ter]], rock-cut cave temples continued to be built in parallel. Later rock-cut cave architecture became more sophisticated as in the [[Ajanta Caves]], belonging to a second, and last, wave of Buddhist cave building. The last Buddhist caves were built around the 6th century CE.<ref name="rockcut2">{{cite book
| first= K.V. Soundara
| last= Rajan
| year= 1998
| title= Rock-cut Temple Styles'
| publisher=Somaily Publications
| location=Mumbai, India
| pages= 9–10, 23, 160–161
| isbn= 81-7039-218-7}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
{{expand section | expand text|date=May 2020}}
{{anchor | Arch }}
{{see also | Architecture of India#Indic | l1= Architecture of Indic religions | Buddhist_architecture#Arch | l2= Buddhist architecture | Ancient Indian architecture | Vastu shastra | Shilpa Shastras }}

Architectural elements are borrowed from:
* [[Indian rock-cut architecture]]
* [[Buddhist temple#Arch|Buddhist temple architecture]]
* [[Buddhist architecture#Arch|Buddhist architecture]]

==Early natural caves==
[[File:Sattapanni.jpg|thumb|[[Saptaparni Cave]], a retreat of the [[Buddha]]]]
The earliest caves employed by humans were natural caves used by local inhabitants for a variety of purposes, such as shrines and shelters. Evidence suggests that the caves were first occupied and slightly altered during the [[Palaeolithic]] and [[Mesolithic]] periods, up to about 6000 BC, though the changes do not really amount to architecture. Early examples included overhanging rock, decorated with [[Petroglyph|rock-cut designs]].<ref name="art">{{cite web
|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/bhi1.html
|title= Prehistoric Rock Art
|publisher=art-and-archaeology.com
|access-date = 2006-10-17
}}</ref> The [[Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka]], a [[World Heritage Site]], are located on the edge of the [[Deccan Plateau]], where dramatic erosion has left massive [[sandstone]] outcrops. The area's many caves and [[grotto]]s have yielded primitive [[tool]]s and decorative rock paintings.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=925
|title=Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka
|access-date=2006-12-20
}}</ref>

During the time of the [[Buddha]] (c. 563/480 or c. 483/400 BCE), Buddhist monks were also in the habit of using natural caves, such as the [[Saptaparni Cave]], southwest from [[Rajgir]], [[Bihar]].<ref name="Gwynne2017"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Jules Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire|title=The Buddha and His Religion|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.174994|year=1914|publisher=Trübner |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.174994/page/n367 376]–377}}</ref> Many believe it to be the site in which Buddha spent some time before his death,<ref>[http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/1Digha-Nikaya/Digha2/16-mahaparinibbana-e2.html Digha Nikaya 16], Maha-Parinibbana Sutta, Last Days of the Buddha, Buddhist Publication Society</ref> and where the [[first Buddhist council]] was held after the [[Buddha]] died ([[paranirvana]]).<ref name="Gwynne2017">{{cite book|author=Paul Gwynne|title=World Religions in Practice: A Comparative Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sU8nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|date=30 May 2017|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-118-97228-1|pages=51–52}}</ref><ref name="Jain1991p66">{{cite book|author=Kailash Chand Jain|title=Lord Mahāvīra and His Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-TxcO9dfrcC&pg=PA66|year=1991|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0805-8|page=66}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Chakrabartia|first=Dilip K|title=Rājagriha: An early historic site in East India|journal=World Archaeology|date=1976|volume=7|issue=3|pages=261–268|doi=10.1080/00438243.1976.9979639}}</ref> The [[Buddha]] himself had also used the [[Indrasala Cave]] for meditation, starting a tradition of using caves, natural or man-made, as religious retreats, that would last for over a millennium.<ref name="BA97">Buddhist Architecture, Lee Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009, p.97-99</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Meditation area, Griddhakuta Hill, Rajgir.jpg|A natural cave for meditation in [[Vulture Peak]], one of the favourite abodes of the Buddha
File:Indras Visit to Indrasala Cave - Schist - ca 2nd Century CE - Kushana Period - Loriyan Tangai - ACCN 5100-A23290 - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2016-03-06 1519.JPG|The Buddha meditating in the [[Indrasala Cave]]. 2nd-century CE relief from [[Loriyan Tangai]], [[Gandhara]]
File:The Visit of Indra to the Buddha in the Indrasaila cave near Rajagriha Sanchi Stupa 1Northern Gateway.jpg|The Visit of [[Indra]] to the Buddha in the Indrasaila cave. The Buddha is [[Aniconism in Buddhism|symbolized]] by his throne. Wild animal are depicted around the cave (Stupa 1 Northern Gateway, [[Sanchi]]. 1st century BCE/CE)
</gallery>

===Saru Maru transition===
[[File:Panguraria Top View Closeup detail.jpg|thumb|100px|The commemorative inscription of [[Ashoka]] as a prince in the natural cave of Saru Maru]]
Natural caves continued to be used for a long time, and over a rather wide area, as shown by the [[Saru Maru]] caves (also known as [[Pangoraria]] or [[Budhani]] caves) in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. More than 45 rock shelters were found in the Pangaroria area, which is a Buddhist site with multiple [[stupa]]s and dwellings.<ref name = "Gupta196"/> [[Ashoka]] came here as a young prince when he was governor of the northwest, based in [[Vidisha]], as shown by a commemorative inscription in one of the two natural caves. He later also had his [[Minor Rock Edict]] in the second cave at Saru Maru.<ref name = "Gupta">Gupta, The Origins of Indian Art, p.202</ref><ref name = "ASI">[http://www.asibhopal.nic.in/monument/sehore_panguraria_sarcomprisedarea.html Archaeological Survey of India ]</ref>

According to Gupta, the Saru Maru caves also display a certain level of man-made improvements, such as the creation of rock-cut steps and benches for monks.<ref name = "Gupta"/> This possibly is a preliminary step before the advent, under Ashoka, of full-fledged artificial caves, such as those of Barabar.<ref name = "Gupta"/> The Saru-Maru caves may present an evolutionary step between fully natural Buddhist caves of east India, and the highly sophisticated fully artificial, rock-cut, caves that appeared at Barabar circa 250 BCE.<ref name = "Gupta"/><ref name = "Gupta196">Gupta, The Origins of Indian Art, p.196</ref>

Alternatively, it has been suggested that the next stage of artificial caves building at Barabar was such a remarkable feat of engineering, with the use of large-scale polishing techniques without precedents in the history of India, that they were probably due to foreign influence, and derived from the stone-working techniques of the [[Achaemenid]]s, having spread to India after the destruction of the empire by [[Alexander the Great]] in 330 BCE and the displacement of Persian and Perso-Greek artists and technicians.<ref name = "Mag">Maharashtra, Marg Publications, 1985, {{p.|209}} [https://www.marg-art.org/images/virtuemart/category/37_01_look_inside.pdf Pdf {{p.|2}}] "The surface of the walls are polished to a mirror-like finish, an exclusive feature of Mauryan architecture and sculpture, first derived through the media of Achaemenid art after the disintegration of the Persian Empire in AD 330 and the dispersal of skilled Persian and Perso-Greek artisans "</ref>

==Artificial caves of Eastern India (3rd-2nd centuries BCE)==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Lomas_Rishi_entrance.jpg
| width1 = 199
| caption1 = The famous carved door of [[Lomas Rishi cave|Lomas Rishi]], one of the [[Barabar Caves]], dated to approximately 250 BCE, displaying the first known [[Maurya]] [[relief]]s.
| image2 = Sudama cave mirror-polished walls.jpg
| width2 = 190
| caption2 = The quasi-perfect walls of the [[Barabar Caves]] were dug into the hard rock and polished to a mirror effect circa 250 BCE, date of the inscriptions of [[Ashoka]].<ref name="NL"/>
}}
In the 3rd century BCE Indian rock-cut architecture began to develop, starting with the already highly sophisticated and state-sponsored [[Barabar caves]] in [[Bihar]], personally dedicated by [[Ashoka]] to the ascetic sect of the [[Ajivikas]] circa 250 BCE.<ref name=Chandra>Chandra, Pramod (2008), ''South Asian arts'', Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref> The precise identity of the Ajivikas is not well known, and it is even unclear if they were a divergent sect of the [[Buddhists]] or the [[Jains]].<ref name="LF26">{{cite book |last1=Fogelin |first1=Lars |title=An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199948222 |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tRV0BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 |language=en}}</ref> These artificial caves exhibit an amazing level of technical proficiency, the extremely hard [[granite]] rock being cut in geometrical fashion and polished to a mirror-like finish.<ref name="BA97"/>

There is another cave with the structure and polishing qualities of the Barabar caves, but without any inscription. This is the [[Sitamarhi Cave]], 20 km from [[Rajgir]], 10 km south-west of [[Hisua]], also dated of the Maurya empire. It is smaller than the Barabar caves, measuring only 4.91x3.43m, with a ceiling height of 2.01m. The entrance is also trapezoidal, as for the Barabar caves.<ref name = "Gupta p.194">Gupta, The roots of Indian Art, p.194-</ref>

The caves were carved out of [[granite]], an extremely hard rock, then finished with a very nice [[polishing]] of the inner surface, giving a mirror effect of a great regularity, as well as an echo effect.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Michell |first1=George |title=The Penguin guide to the monuments of India. |date=1989 |publisher=Penguin |location=London, England |isbn=0140081445 |edition=1}}</ref><ref name = "NL">Ashoka in Ancient India by Nayanjot Lahiri [https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_XCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA231 {{p.|231}}]</ref> This large-scale polish is reminiscent of polishing on smaller surfaces of the Maurya statuary, particularly visible on the pillars and capitals of the [[Pillars of Ashoka|Ashoka pillars]].

Commenting of Mauryan sculpture, [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|John Marshall]] once wrote about the "extraordinary precision and accuracy which characterizes all Mauryan works, and which has never, we venture to say, been surpassed even by the finest workmanship on Athenian buildings".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8XXGhAL1WKcC&pg=PA165 The Early History of India by Vincent A. Smith]</ref><ref>Annual report 1906-07 [https://archive.org/stream/in.gov.ignca.55105/55105#page/n147/mode/2up p.89]</ref>

This know-how seems to have disappeared again after the Maurya period, none of the later caves such as the [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] caves having this characteristic of polished surfaces.<ref name="Mag"/><ref name=IH>Indian History [https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=SL1-PA268 {{p.|268}}]</ref> The very act of digging artificial caves in the rock, of which the Barabar caves represent the oldest case in India, was probably inspired by the caves dug in the rock of the Achaemenids, as is the case in [[Naqsh-e Rostam]].<ref>"But it is also likely that the predilection towards a cave and rock-cut tradition was stimulated by an Achaemenid model, such as the royal tombs at Naksh-i-Rustam. Thus, like other aspects of Maurya culture, the cave excavations may have been the result of both indigenous and foreign elements." in "The Art of Ancient India: Buddhist, Hindu, Susan L. Huntington Jain, Weatherhill, 1985, {{p.|48}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">

File:Karan Chaupar cave.jpg|Karan Chaupar, volume plan (10.2x4.27m)
File:Inscription of Karna Chaupar cave.jpg|Dedicatory inscription by Ashoka to the [[Ajivikas]], in Karan Chaupar, [[Barabar caves]].<ref name="HF10">{{cite book|last1=Falk|first1=Harry|title=The diverse degrees of authenticity of Aśokan texts|page=10|url=https://www.academia.edu/11343741|language=en}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mapability.com/travel/p2i/barabar_6.php Photos]</ref>
File:Karna Chopar cave inside view.jpg|Polished interior of Karan Chaupar
</gallery>

===Imperial sponsorship===
[[File:Ashoka's visit to the Ramagrama stupa Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern gateway.jpg|thumb|Emperor sponsored the Barabar caves, as revealed by his dedicatory inscriptions.]]
These remarkable caves were conceived under the Imperial sponsorship of Ashoka and his grandson [[Dasaratha]] Maurya. The cost involved in the rock-cutting and the refined polishing work was probably enormous, and was never replicated again in subsequent caves.<ref name="Mag"/><ref name=IH/> [[Ashoka]] dedicated the caves of Sudama and Visvakarma to the [[Ajivikas]] in the 12th year of his reign, when his religious evolution towards Buddhism was not yet fully completed.<ref name=HP104/> Later, Ashoka built the caves of Lomas Rishi (without dated inscription, but posterior to Sudama on architectural grounds) and Karna Chopar (19th year of his reign), at a time when he had become a firm advocate of Buddhism, as known from the [[Edicts of Ashoka]].<ref name=HP104/> Therefore, he may naturally have offered the last two caves of Lomas Rishi and Karna Chopar to the Buddhists, although the former has no inscription and the latter has an inscription which only indirectly suggests that.<ref name=HP104>{{cite book |last1=Le |first1=Huu Phuoc |title=Buddhist Architecture |date=2010 |publisher=Grafikol |isbn=9780984404308 |page=104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA104 |language=en}}</ref> Ashoka's inscription from Karna Chopar Cave does not mention the Ajivikas, and seems rather to refer to the Buddhist practice of retirement ({{Transliteration|sa|vassavasa}}) during the rainy season. In addition, the inverted swastika with upward arrow at the end of the inscription would be more of a Buddhist character. It is therefore probable that this cave was planned for Buddhist monks.<ref name="HP">Buddhist Architecture par Huu Phuoc Le [https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA102 p.102]</ref>

The affiliation of the last two caves to Buddhism would be coherent with the fact that the architecture of the gate of Lomas Rishi became a reference for the development of the [[Chaitya]] arch in Buddhist cave architecture for the following centuries, whereas the Hindus or the Jains caves essentially did not follow this architectural example.<ref name=HP104/> This would also mean that the decorated gate of Lomas Rishi was a Buddhist invention, which was emulated in Buddhist architecture in the following centuries.<ref name=HP104/>

==Artificial caves of Western India==
{{see also|Nasik Caves|Karla Caves|Ajanta Caves|Badami cave temples}}
After the [[Barabar caves]], the earliest known rock-cut Buddhist monasteries date to the 1st century BCE in the [[Western Ghats]] in western India.<ref name="LF26"/> Huge efforts were made at building religious caves in Western India until the 6th century CE. However, the polishing of cave walls was abandoned, never to be revived. Such grandiose caves as [[Karla Caves]] (1st century CE) or the [[Ajanta Caves]] (5th century CE) do not have any polishing either. This may be due to the fact that Mauryan caves where dedicated and sponsored by the Mauryan Imperial government, allowing for huge resources and efforts to be spent, whereas later caves were essentially the result of donations by commoners, who could not afford as high a level of spending.<ref>Le Huu Phuoc, Buddhist architecture, p.99</ref>

===First wave of construction (2nd century BCE- 2nd century CE)===
Probably owing to the 2nd century BCE fall of the [[Mauryan Empire]] and the subsequent persecutions of Buddhism under [[Pushyamitra Sunga]], it is thought that many Buddhists relocated to the [[Deccan]] under the protection of the [[Andhra dynasty]], thus shifting the cave-building effort to western India: an enormous effort at creating religious caves (usually Buddhist or Jain) continued there until the 2nd century CE, culminating with the [[Karla Caves]] or the [[Pandavleni Caves]].<ref name="BA97"/> These caves generally followed an [[apsidal]] plan with a [[stupa]] in the back for the [[chaitya]]s, and a rectangular plan with surrounding cells for the [[vihara]]s.<ref name="BA97"/>

When [[Buddhist]] missionaries arrived, they naturally gravitated to caves for use as temples and abodes, in accord with their religious ideas of [[asceticism]] and the monastic life. The [[Western Ghats]] topography, with its flat-topped [[basalt]] hills, deep [[ravine]]s, and sharp [[cliff]]s, was suited to their cultural inclinations.

====First western artificial vihara caves (100-70 BCE)====
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Nasik cave 19.jpg
| width1 = 138
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Plan cave 19 Nasik.jpg
| width2 = 186
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Cave No.19 of the [[Nasik Caves]], an early [[vihara]] dated to 100-70 BCE.
}}
Several simple [[viharas]] started to be cut in the rock, such as Cave 19 of the [[Nasik Caves]]. It is a small [[Vihara]], 14 feet 3 inches square, with six cells, two on each side; their doors are surmounted by the Chaitya-arch ornament connected by a frieze of "rail pattern" in some places wavy. In the front wall are two lattice windows, and in the veranda two slender square pillars, the middle portion of the shaft being chamfered to an octagonal shape.<ref name="Fergusson 274">The cave temples of India, Fergusson, James, W.H. Allen &Co [https://archive.org/stream/cavetemplesofind00ferguoft p.274ff] (Public domain text)</ref> The cave is exceedingly plain in style, and the remarkable rectangularity of all its parts, agree perfectly with what might be expected in a Vihara of the first or second century BCE. Its close family likeness to Cave No.12 at [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] and others at [[Bhaja Caves|Bhaja]] and [[Kondane]], all of the earliest age, suggest about the same date.<ref name="Fergusson 274"/> The earliest of the [[Kanheri Caves]] were excavated in the 1st and 2nd centuries B.C., as were those at [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]], which were occupied continuously by Buddhist monks from 200 BCE to 650 AD.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/242/|title=World Heritage Site - Ajanta Caves|access-date=2007-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourismofindia.com/hiwhh/ajantacaves.htm |title=Ajanta Caves |access-date=2007-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404010619/http://www.tourismofindia.com/hiwhh/ajantacaves.htm |archive-date=2007-04-04|url-status=dead }}</ref> As the Buddhist ideology encouraged involvement in trade, monasteries often became stopovers for inland traders and provided lodging houses along [[trade routes]].

Cave No.19 at the [[Nasik Caves]] has one inscription of king [[Kanha (Satavahana dynasty)|Krishna]] of the [[Satavahanas]], which is the oldest known Satavahana inscription, dated to 100-70 BCE<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brancaccio|first1=Pia|title=The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion|date=2010|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-9004185258|page=61|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_4pXm7dD78C&pg=PA61|language=en}}</ref><ref name="EI 93">Epigraphia Indica [https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndica/Epigraphia_Indica p.93 Inscription No.22]</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">

File:094_Cave_12,_Vihara_Cells_(34123037202).jpg|Cave 12 in [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]], another early vihara with monk cells.
Ajanta Cave 12 plan.jpg|Plan of Cave 12 in [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]]. Each cell has two stone beds.
Nasik Cave 19 half flower design.jpg|A halk-flower medallions design on a pillar of Cave No.19, typical of early designs such as those of [[Sanchi]].
File:Inscription Cave 19 Nasik.jpg|[[Kanha (Satavahana dynasty)|Kanha]] inscription of cave No.19 (located on the upper sill of the right window).<ref name="EI 93"/>
</gallery>

====Rock-cut chaityas halls====
Facades were added to the exteriors while the interiors became designated for specific uses, such as monasteries ([[vihara]]s) and worship halls ([[chaitya]]s). Over the centuries, simple caves began to resemble free-standing buildings, needing to be formally designed and requiring highly skilled artisans and craftsmen to complete. These artisans had not forgotten their timber roots and imitated the nuances of a wooden structure and the [[wood grain]] in working with stone.<ref name="indoart">{{cite web|url=http://www.indoarch.org/arch_thr_ages.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031121115233/http://www.indoarch.org/arch_thr_ages.php|url-status=usurped|archive-date=November 21, 2003|title=Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent - Classification of Indian Architecture through the Ages|publisher=www.indoart.org|access-date=2007-06-26}}</ref>

The earliest rock-cut chaityas, similar to free-standing ones, consisted of an inner circular chamber with pillars to create a circular path around the stupa and an outer rectangular hall for the congregation of the devotees. Over the course of time, the wall separating the stupa from the hall was removed to create an apsidal hall with a [[colonnade]] around the nave and the stupa.<ref name="Dehejia 1972">Dehejia, V. (1972). ''Early Buddhist Rock Temples''. Thames and Hudson: London. {{ISBN|0-500-69001-4}}.</ref>

The [[chaitya]] at [[Bhaja Caves]] is perhaps the earliest surviving chaitya hall, constructed in the second century BCE. It consists of an apsidal hall with stupa. The columns slope inwards in the imitation of wooden columns that would have been structurally necessary to keep a roof up. The ceiling is [[barrel vault]]ed with ancient wooden ribs set into them. The walls are polished in the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] style. It was faced by a substantial wooden [[facade]], now entirely lost. A large horseshoe-shaped window, the chaitya-window, was set above the arched doorway and the whole portico-area was carved to imitate a multi-storeyed building with balconies and windows and sculptured men and women who observed the scene below. This created the appearance of an ancient Indian mansion.<ref>[http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_maha_bhajacaves.asp ASI, "Bhaja Caves"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810133406/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_maha_bhajacaves.asp |date=2013-08-10 }}; Michell, 352</ref><ref name="Dehejia 1972"/> This, like a similar facade at the [[Bedse Caves]] is an early example of what [[James Fergusson (architect)|James Fergusson]] noted in the nineteenth century: "Everywhere ... in India architectural decoration is made up of small models of large buildings".<ref>Quoted in Hardy, 18</ref>

;Maturity
[[File:Karla caves Chaitya.jpg|thumb|The Great Chaitya in the [[Karla Caves]], [[Maharashtra, India]], 1st century CE.]]
As mercantile and royal endowments grew, cave interiors became more elaborate, with interior walls decorated in paintings, reliefs, and intricate carvings. Numerous donors provided the funds for the building of these caves and left donatory inscriptions, including laity, members of the clergy, government officials, and even foreigners such as ''[[Yavanas]]'' ([[Indo-Greeks|Greeks]]) representing about 8% of all inscriptions.<ref>Buddhist architecture, Lee Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA99&lpg=PA99 p.98-99]</ref> The [[Indo-Scythian]] dynasty of the [[Western Satraps]] too sponsored numerous Buddhist caves, as seen from their dedications at [[Karla Caves]], [[Manmodi Caves]] or [[Nasik Caves]].<ref name="FI">Foreign Influence on Ancient India, Krishna Chandra Sagar, Northern Book Centre, 1992 [https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&pg=PA150 p.150]</ref><ref name="WHM">World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India, Volume 1 ʻAlī Jāvīd, Tabassum Javeed, Algora Publishing, 2008 [https://books.google.com/books?id=fg-lGID3WpQC&pg=PA42 p.42]</ref> The Great Chaitya of the [[Karla Caves]], the largest in [[South Asia]], was constructed and dedicated in 120 CE by the [[Western Satraps]] ruler [[Nahapana]].<ref name="WHM"/><ref>Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums, by George Michell, Roli Books Private Limited, 1 mai 2013 [https://books.google.com/books?id=GdBbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT72 p.72]</ref><ref>"This hall is assigned to the brief period of [[Kshatrapas]] rule in the western Deccan during the 1st century." in Guide to Monuments of India 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu - by George Michell, Philip H. Davies, Viking - 1989 Page 374</ref> When the Satavahanas recovered lost territory from the Western Satraps, they again pursued construction efforts as seen in [[Nasik Caves]] and [[Kanheri Caves]].

Although many temples, monasteries and stupas have been destroyed, by contrast cave temples are very well preserved as they are both less visible and therefore less vulnerable to vandalism as well as made of more durable material than wood and masonry. There are around 1200 cave temples still in existence, most of which are Buddhist. The residences of monks were called [[Viharas]] and the cave shrines, called [[Chaitya]]s, were for congregational worship.<ref name="indoart"/> The earliest rock-cut ''[[garbhagriha]]'', similar to free-standing ones later, had an inner circular chamber with pillars to create a [[circumambulation|circumambulatory]] path ([[pradakshina]]) around the [[stupa]] and an outer rectangular hall for the congregation of the devotees.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200" heights="120">
File:Meditation caves above Dhankar Gompa.jpg|Meditation caves above [[Dhankar Gompa]]
File:010 Cave 3, Exterior (33156264563).jpg|Gautamiputra vihara at [[Pandavleni Caves]] built in the 2nd century CE by the [[Satavahana dynasty]]
File:Bhutalinga caves chaitya.jpg|[[Manmodi Caves]] in [[Junnar]], 2nd century CE
File:Nasik Cave 18.jpg|[[Chaitya]] facade at [[Pandavleni Caves]]
File:2nd to 7th-century Siyot Caves, Atdo Kutch, Gujarat 064.jpg|[[Siyot Caves]] - [[Kutch district|Kutch]], [[Gujarat]] - 2nd century CE
</gallery>

===Second wave of cave construction (5th-6th century CE)===
[[File:Architectural Beauty of Cave 26-Ajanta.jpg|thumb|Cave 26 in [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]], circa 480 CE]]
The construction of caves would wane after the 2nd century CE, possibly due to the rise of [[Mahayana]] Buddhism and the associated intense architectural and artistic production in [[Gandhara]] and [[Amaravati]].<ref name="BA97"/> The building of rock-cut caves would revive briefly in the 6th century CE, with the magnificent achievements of [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] and [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]], before finally subsiding as [[Hinduism]] replaced [[Buddhism]] in the sub-continent, and stand-alone temples became more prevalent.<ref name=Chandra/><ref name="BA97"/>

The [[Ajanta Caves]] in [[Maharashtra]], a World Heritage Site, are 30 rock-cut cave [[Buddhist]] temples carved into the sheer vertical side of a gorge near a waterfall-fed pool located in the hills of the [[Sahyadri]] mountains. Like all the locations of Buddhist caves, this one is located near main trade routes and spans six centuries beginning in the 2nd or 1st century B.C.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Archit/Ajanta.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000421030930/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Culture/Archit/Ajanta.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=April 21, 2000
|title=Ajanta
|access-date=2006-12-21
}}</ref> A period of intense building activity at this site occurred under the [[Vakataka]] king Harisena between 460 and 478 A profuse variety of decorative sculpture, intricately carved [[column]]s and carved [[relief]]s are found, including exquisitely carved [[cornice]]s and [[pilaster]].<ref name="binda">{{cite book
| first= Binda
| last= Thapar
| year= 2004
| title= Introduction to Indian Architecture
| publisher= Periplus Editions
| location=Singapore
| pages= 36–37, 51
| isbn= 0-7946-0011-5}}</ref> Skilled artisans crafted living rock to imitate timbered wood (such as [[lintel (architecture)|lintel]]s) in construction and grain and intricate decorative carving, although such architectural elements were ornamental and not functional in the classical sense.<ref name="indoart"/>

Later many [[Hindu]] kings from southern India patronize many cave temples dedicated to [[Hindu]] gods and goddesses. One such prominent example of cave temple architecture are the [[Badami Cave Temples]] at Badami, the early [[Chalukya]] capital, carved out in the 6th century. There are four cave temples hewn from the sides of cliffs, three [[Hindu]] and one [[Jain]], that contain carved architectural elements such as decorative pillars and brackets as well as finely carved sculpture and richly etched ceiling panels. Nearby are many small [[Buddhist]] cave shrines.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/badami/baplan.html
|title=Badami (Western Chalukya)
|publisher=art-and-archaeology.com
|access-date=2006-12-21
}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
Cave 26, Ajanta.jpg|The [[Ajanta Caves]] are 30 [[rock cut architecture|rock-cut]] Buddhist cave monument built under the Vakatakas
File:Ajantha1.jpg|Some of the 29 [[Ajanta Caves]]
File:061 Cave 4, Side View (34280359075).jpg|A monastery, or [[vihara]], with its square hall surrounded by monks' cells. [[Ajanta Caves]], no. 4
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Buddhist Caves}}
{{portal|India|Architecture}}

[[Category:Buddhist caves in India| ]]
[[Category:Indian architectural styles|Rock-cut]]
[[Category:Indian architectural history|Rock-cut]]
[[Category:Rock-cut architecture of India|*]]

Ilayaval Gayathri

2025-11-07T11:40:00Z

Igorzen: stub!

{{Short description|Indian Television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Drama]]
* [[Soap opera]]
}}
| creator =
| based_on =
| developer = Sudhakar Mangalodayam
| writer = Gireesh Gramika / Prasad Panikker
| director = Antony Antony /Ratheesh Nettayam
| creative_director = Lalji Mangadan
| presenter =
| starring =
| voices =
| narrated =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_episodes = 163
| executive_producer =
| producer = Prime Creation
| editor = Pramod Nenmara
| location =
| cinematography = Ambili Sivaraman
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Mother land
| channel = [[Mazhavil Manorama]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|09|24}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2019|5|10|df=y}}
| related = {{Plainlist|
* Pranayini
* Marutheeram Thedi
}}
}}

'''''Ilayaval Gayathri''''' ({{translation|Younger sister Gayathri}}) is an Indian [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] [[television series]] launched on [[Mazhavil Manorama]] channel on 24 September 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/ilayaval-gayathri-serial/|title=Ilayaval Gayathri Malayalam Television Serial Coming Soon on Mazhavil Manorama|work=keralatv.in}}</ref> It is an adaptation of the novel 'Penmakkal' by Sudhakar Mangalodayam. Arya Parvathy and [[Varada (actress)|Varada]] were the main female leads of the show.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/arya-parvathi-announces-pack-up-of-ilayaval-gayathri/articleshow/69220382.cms|title=Arya Parvathi announces pack-up of 'Ilayaval Gayathri'|date=7 May 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=9 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/ilayaval-gayathri-completes-100-episodes/articleshow/67976668.cms|title=Ilayaval Gayathri completes 100 episodes|date=13 February 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=19 August 2019}}</ref>

==Plot==
Gayathri, a young girl, who works as a postwoman and struggles to support her family while overcoming various obstacles that she comes across in her life.
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/ilayaval-gayathri-a-new-serial/articleshow/65891083.cms|title=Ilayaval Gayathri, a new serial|date=20 September 2018|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=19 August 2019}}</ref>

==Cast==
;Lead Cast
* Arya Parvathy as Gayathri<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/gayathri-made-me-a-bold-and-independent-woman-like-her/articleshow/66589629.cms|title=Ilayaval Gayathri actress Arya gets candid|date=12 November 2018|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=19 August 2019}}</ref>
* [[Varada (actress)|Varada]] as Gauri<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/varada-jishin-makes-a-comeback-through-ilayaval-gayathri/articleshow/65951295.cms|title=Varada Jishin makes a comeback through Ilayaval Gayathri|date=25 September 2018|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=19 August 2019}}</ref>
* [[Sajan Surya]]/ Santhosh Sasidharan as Manu
* [[Harikrishnan (Malayalam actor)|Harikrishnan]] / Pradeesh Jacob as Nandan
*Surjith Purohith as Adv Balu
*Devasurya as Shwetha Menon
*Jishin Joseph as Rajesh
*Kottayam Rasheed as Cornel Srinivasan
*Saniya Babu as Kavya
; Supporting Cast
* Vijayalakshmi as Madhavi
* Gayathri Lakshmi as Subhashini
* Manka Mahesh
*Manu Varma
*Sreedevi Anil
*Sindhu
*[[Ambika Mohan]]
*Kavitha Lakshmi
*Rajesh Marath Asalan
*Gomathi Mahadevan
*Aniyappan

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|9871804}}

{{Mazhavil Manorama programs}}

[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Mazhavil Manorama original programming]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series endings]]

Racquetball in India

2025-10-14T01:27:21Z

Igorzen:

{{Short description|none}}
{{POV|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox sport overview
| title = Racquetball in India
| image = India Racquetball Team 2012.jpg
| caption = The India Racquetball Team in 2012
| union =
| country = India
| sport = Racquetball
| noncountry =
| nickname =
| first =
| registered =
| clubs =


| national_list =
| club_list =
| intl_list =

| Name =

| match =
| league =

| fan_org =
}}

Indian sportsmen have achieved success in [[racquetball]], in spite of the game not being widely played in the country.{{Not verified in body|date=June 2024}} India has been represented at the [[Racquetball World Championships]] since 1998.<ref>{{cite news |title=Racquetball: India at World Championship - India Tribune - Chicago |url=https://indiatribune.com/racquetball-india-at-world-championship/ |access-date=18 June 2024 |date=11 August 2010}}</ref> Sudhanshu Harshavat representing India won the gold medal at the Promus US Open Racquetball Championship in Memphis Tennessee in 1999.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian wins US Open Racquetball championship |url=https://www.indianembassyusa.gov.in/ArchivesDetails?id=235 |website=www.indianembassyusa.gov.in |access-date=18 June 2024}}</ref> He also won the silver medal in the amateur category. India fielded a three-member contingent comprising captain Sathwik Rai, Srikaran Kandadai and Raaj Mohan at the Championships held in Seoul in August 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Having a ball |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/Having-a-ball/article15907544.ece |access-date=18 June 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=8 September 2010 |language=en-IN}}</ref> The team won a gold and a silver medal in the White Division.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bureau |first1=Adgully |title=India wins medals at World Racquetball Championships |url=https://www.adgully.com/india-wins-medals-at-world-racquetball-championships-44202.html |access-date=18 June 2024 |work=www.adgully.com |date=26 August 2010}}</ref> Actor [[Srinivas Avasarala]] together with Srikaran Kandadai represented India at the Asian Championship in Seoul in February 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Srinivas Avasarala is playing for India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/srinivas-avasarala-is-playing-for-india/articleshow/30404789.cms |access-date=18 June 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=15 January 2017}}</ref> In March of the same year, the first India Open Racquetball Singles Championship was held in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/city-hosts-indias-first-racquetball-tourney/articleshow/31221750.cms |title=City hosts India's first racquetball tourney|access-date=18 June 2024}}</ref> A two-member team represented the country at the Asian Championships in Seoul in November 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Racquetball India Attends Asia Racquetball Championships – Daily Racquetball |url=https://dailyracquetball.com/racquetball-india-attends-asia-racquetball-championships/ |access-date=18 June 2024 |date=26 November 2017}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Indian Racquetball Team.JPG
Sathwik Rai.jpg|Indian player Sathwik Rai
TEAM INDIA 2010.jpg|The Indian team in 2010
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sport in India}}

{{commons category}}

[[Category:Sport in India by sport]]
[[Category:Racquetball]]

{{India-sport-stub}}

Kamorta, Nancowry

2025-09-20T08:06:12Z

Igorzen: done!

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kamorta
| other_name = Camorta / Kalatapu (incl. Sanuh)
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Andaman and Nicobar Islands#Bay of Bengal
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and in the Bay of Bengal
| coordinates = {{coord|8.172877|N|93.481476|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nicobar district|Nicobar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Nancowry tehsil|Nancowry]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1885
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 645127
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kamorta''' or '''Kalatapu''' is a village on the [[Kamorta Island]], in the [[Nicobar district]] of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. It is located in the [[Nancowry tehsil|Nancowry]] [[tehsil]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Andaman%20Nicobar.pdf |title=Andaman and Nicobar Islands villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |access-date=2015-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095346/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Andaman%20Nicobar.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This is also the home of [[List of Indian Navy bases|Indian Naval Base]] named [[INS Kardip]],<ref name=gs-bases>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/ports.htm|title=Indian Naval Bases|publisher=Global Security|access-date=2012-01-09}}</ref> which was commissioned in 1973.<ref name=in-transition>{{cite book|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/t2t2e/Trans2Trimph/chapters/20%20repair%20refeit%20facility.htm|chapter=Chapter 20 - Maintenance, Repair And Refit Facilities|title=Transition to Triumph|author=Vice Admiral [[Gulab Mohanlal Hiranandani]]|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=2012-01-09}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Kamorta/Kalatapu (including Sanuh) has 513 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 88.44%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3500_PART_B_DCHB_ANDAMAN%20&%20NICOBAR%20ISLANDS.pdf |title=District Census Handbook - Andaman & Nicobar Islands |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andaman & Nicobar Islands |access-date=2015-07-21 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 1885 || 1133 || 752
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 215 || 97 || 118
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 536 || 255 || 281
|-
| Literates || 1477 || 935 || 542
|-
| Workers (all) || 914 || 805 || 109
|-
| Main workers (total) || 885 || 781 || 104
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 2 || 2 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 882 || 778 || 104
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 29 || 24 || 5
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 29 || 24 || 5
|-
| Non-workers || 971 || 328 || 643
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Nicobar district }}

[[Category:Villages in Nancowry tehsil]]
[[Category:Islands of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]

Khutauna

2025-09-19T21:19:03Z

Igorzen: info!

{{more references|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khutauna
| settlement_type = Town & Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname = KHTN
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Khutauna in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.50|N|86.40|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Region of Bihar|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila ]]
| government_type = [[Bihar State Government]]
| governing_body = [[Block of Madhubani District_Bihar]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 16080
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_demonym = Maithil
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = [http://www.citypincode.in/BIHAR/MADHUBANI/Khutauna_PINCODE 847227]
| area_code = 06277
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jhanjharpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhanjharpur]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Laukaha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Laukaha]]
| official_name =
}}
'''Khutauna''' is a small town in the [[Madhubani district]] of northern [[Bihar]] state, [[India]]. Khutauna block consists of 14 [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|wards]]. Khutauna is under the [[Phulparas]] subdivision and has its own post office. Khutauna is very close to the [[India–Nepal border|Indo-Nepal border]].

[[Laukaha]] is a nearby town close to the border of the Nepalese town of [[Thadi]]. [[Laukaha]] in India and [[Thadi]] in Nepal are part of a designated trade route between [[India]] and [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eximguru.com/exim/trade-agreement/india-nepal-trade.aspx|title=India Nepal Trade Agreement. India-Nepal Foreign Treaty of Trade Agreement.|website=www.eximguru.com|access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref> The Government of [[Nepal]] has set up a dedicated customs office in the town,
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.customs.gov.np/en/customsofficescontact.html|title=Department of Customs, Nepal - Custom Contact Offices|website=www.customs.gov.np|access-date=2019-09-12}}</ref> and the Government of [[India]] has established a Land Customs Station with a superintendent-level officer.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.cybex.in/Notifications/17-2012-Amends-Notification-63-1994-9672.aspx | title=No. | }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Madhubani district]]

Dasapushpam

2025-08-17T12:15:48Z

Igorzen: fixed issues

{{Short description|Ten herbs important in Kerala}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2013}}

'''''Dasapushpam''''' ("''dasha''" meaning ten in [[Sanskrit]] and "''pushpam''" meaning flowers), or the '''ten sacred flowers of Kerala''', are ten [[herb]]s traditionally significant to [[Malayali|Keralites]], the people of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. These herbs are found almost everywhere in Kerala, especially in the [[Western Ghats]] region.<ref name=JinyVarghese>{{cite journal|url=http://aims.amrita.edu/school-of-pharmacy/pdf/journals/DASAPUSHPAM.pdf|title=Dasapushpam: The Traditional Uses And The Therapeutic Potential Of Ten Sacred Plants Of Kerala State In India|author1=K. Jiny Varghese |author2=J. Anila |author3=R. Nagalekshmi |author4=S. Resiya |author5=J. Sonu |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research|volume=1|issue=10|year=2010|pages=50–59}}</ref> They are used for decorative purposes, such as making the floral carpet [[pookalam]] during festivals like [[Onam]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/athappookalam-losing-traditional-verve/article173569.ece| title = ‘Athappookalam’ losing traditional verve - KERALA - The Hindu}} </ref> These ten flowers are also used to prepare [[folk medicine]]s in Kerala.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/potion-that-peps-one-up-when-it-pours/article4932504.ece Dasapushpam as ingredient for folk medicine]</ref>

==List==
The ten plants are:<ref name=JinyVarghese/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Common name !! Binomial name !! Malayalam name !! Image
|-
| Slender dwarf morning-glory|| ''[[Evolvulus alsinoides]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arkive.org/evolvulus/evolvulus-alsinoides/ |title=evolvulus alsinoides |access-date=2013-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915235820/http://www.arkive.org/evolvulus/evolvulus-alsinoides/ |archive-date=2015-09-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|| കൃഷ്ണക്രാന്തി (''Krishnakranthi'')|| [[File:Dwarf Morning-glory (Evolvulus alsinoides) in Hyderabad W IMG 7978.jpg|200x200px]]
|-
| Indian doab or Bahama grass|| ''[[Cynodon dactylon]]''|| കറുക (''Karuka'')|| [[File:Cynodon dactylon.jpg|200x200px]]
|-
| lilac tasselflower|| ''[[Emilia sonchifolia]]''|| മുയൽ ചെവിയൻ (''Muyal cheviyan'')|| [[File:Emilia sonchifolia 4.jpg|200x200px]]
|-
| Morning glory|| [[Ipomoea|''Ipomoea sepiaria'']]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.irjponline.com/admin/php/uploads/1599_pdf.pdf |title=Ipomoea sepiaria |access-date=2013-05-23 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185657/http://www.irjponline.com/admin/php/uploads/1599_pdf.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>|| തിരുതാളി (''Thiruthaali'')|| [[File:Thiruthaali.jpg|200x200px]]
|-
| Mountain knotgrass|| ''[[Aerva lanata]]''|| ചെറുള (''cheroola'') || [[File:Aerva lanata in Bhongir AP W I2 IMG 3064.jpg|200x200px]]
|-
| Golden eye-grass|| ''[[Curculigo orchioides]]''|| നിലപ്പന (''Nilappana'')|| [[File:Curculigo orchioides.jpg|200x200px]]
|-
| False daisy|| ''[[Eclipta alba]]''|| കയ്യുണ്യം(''Kayyunniam'')|| [[File:Eclipta prostrata in AP W2 IMG 9785.jpg|200x200px]]
|-
| Little ironweed || ''[[Cyanthillium cinereum]]''<ref>[http://eol.org/pages/595253/overview Cyanthillium cinereum]</ref>|| പൂവാംകുരുന്നില (''Poovaamkurunnila'')|| [[File:Cyanthillium cinereum - flower.JPG|200x200px]]
|-
| Biophytum sensitivum|| ''[[Biophytum sensitivum]]''|| മുക്കുറ്റി (''Mukkutti'')|| [[File:മുക്കുറ്റിപ്പൂവ്‌.JPG|200x200px]]
|-
| Balloon plant|| ''[[Cardiospermum halicacabum]]''|| ഉഴിഞ്ഞ (''Uzhinja'')|| [[File:Cardiospermum halicacabum 04.jpg|200x200px]]
|}

Although the Malayalam names refer to the flowers, the medicinal value lies in the leaves in most cases.

==Ipomoea sepiaria==
Extracts of Ipomoea sepiaria leaves feature antimicrobial activity. The extract was tested on bacteria including [[Staphylococcus aureus]], [[Klebsiella pneumoniae]], [[Escherichia coli]] and [[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ijrpbsonline.com/files/RS001.pdf |title=Antimicrobial activity of Ipolmoea sepiaria |access-date=2013-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305061851/http://www.ijrpbsonline.com/files/RS001.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==External links==
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/30510546@N03/sets/72157623499709113/ Photo Gallery of Dasapushpam]
* [http://www.keralaayurvedics.com/media/image-of-the-month/do-you-know-the-divine-power-of-dasapushpam-the-ten-sacred-herbs-flowers-give-a-healthy-mind-body-and-soul.html More details about Dasapushpam] in a website on [[Ayurveda]].
* [http://www.dasapushpam.com/whatsinsidecounts-1 Details on Oil made with Dasapushpam]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia|*]]

Peddapalli Junction railway station

2025-07-04T20:45:22Z

Igorzen:

{{short description|Railway station in Telangana, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Peddapalli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express train]] & [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|Passenger train]] Station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Peddapalli Railway Station.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = [[Peddapalli]], [[Telangana]]
| country = India
| map_type = India Telangana#India
| map_caption = Location in Telangana##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.6137|79.3921|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| line = [[New Delhi–Chennai main line]] [[Peddapalli–Nizamabad line|Peddapalli-Nizambad line]]
| Catagory = NSG-4 (As per new update from railways)
| elevation = {{convert|230|m|ft}}
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 4
| tracks = 6
| parking = Available (Paid)
| other =
| distance =
| opened = 1929
| electrified = Yes
| closed =
| status = Functioning
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = PDPL
| zone = [[South Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Secunderabad}}
}}
| zone = South central railway
| services =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
| label =
}}

'''Peddapalli''' (station code: PDPL) is a fifth grade non-suburban (NSG–5) category [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Secunderabad railway division]] of [[South Central Railway zone]].<ref name="railway_station">{{cite web |title=List of Zone/Category wise Railway station opened for Passenger services in Indian Railway (As on 01.12.2022) |url=https://indianrailwaysresult.in/Railway_station_zone-category_wise_list.pdf |website=Indian Railways Result |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=15 April 2025 |page=96 |format=PDF}}</ref> It is located in [[Peddapalli]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Telangana]].<ref name="railway_station" /> It was selected as one of the 21 stations to be developed under ''Amrit Bharat Stations'' scheme.<ref>{{cite news |title=21 railway stations in Telangana to be developed with Rs 894 crore |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/telangana/2023/Aug/02/21-railway-stations-in-telanganato-be-developed-with-rs-894-crore-2601015.html |access-date=15 April 2025 |work=The New Indian Express |date=2 August 2023 |location=Hyderabad |language=en}}</ref> The station is located on [[New Delhi–Chennai main line]] that connects [[North India|North]] and [[South India]], and also serves as the junction point for the [[Peddapalli–Nizamabad line|Peddapalli-Nizambad line]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/peddapalli-junction-pdpl/813|title=PDPL/Peddapalli Junction (2 PFs) Railway Station – Train Departure Timings – India Rail Info|work=India Rail Info}}</ref>

==History==
The railway line between Kazipet and Balharshah was completed in 1929, which made Chennai to directly link to Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html|title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: IR History: Part 3|publisher=}}</ref>
[[Peddapalli–Nizamabad line|Peddapalli–Nizamabad railway line]] (177 km) was sanctioned by [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|P.V. Narasimha Rao]],<ref>{{cite news|title=P V Narasimha Rao's projects in North Telangana neglected|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140629/nation-current-affairs/article/p-v-narasimha-rao%E2%80%99s-projects-north-telangana-neglected|access-date=30 August 2014|work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> 10th Prime Minister of India in the year of 1994.<ref name=hindu>{{cite news|title=Peddapalli–Nizamabad rail services soon|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/peddapallinizamabad-rail-services-soon/article2996556.ece|accessdate=30 August 2014|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Peddapalli-[[Karimnagar]] railway line was completed and train services began in 2001 and later on Karimnagar–Jagityal line was completed and demu services were started in 2007. The entire line to Nizamabad was completed in the year 2017. The station was upgraded in [[Amrit Bharat Station Scheme]] in 2023.

==Layout and services==
[[File:Nizamabad to Peddapalli Railway Map.png|left|thumb|Peddapalli Jn. location]]
The station is situated on [[New Delhi–Chennai main line|Delhi–Chennai line]] which is broad-gauge double electrified. And the single line that passes towards [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]] initially started as a diesel line but now stands fully electrified, where it meets [[Secunderabad–Manmad line]]. The station is served by 22 trains every day and 14 non-daily trains. Most of the trains halting or passing through this station are bound for [[New Delhi]].
{{As of|August 2019}}, there are no trains that directly connect Peddapalli to Nizamabad or vice versa but there are numerous train services running to and fro [[Nizamabad Junction railway station|Nizamabad]] till {{stnlnk|Karimnagar}} and from Karimnagar till Peddapalli.

==See also==
*[[Ramagundam railway station]]
*[[Hazur Sahib Nanded railway station]]
*[[List of railway stations in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IndiaRailInfo|813}}

{{Railway stations in Telangana}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Karimnagar district]]
[[Category:Secunderabad railway division]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Telangana]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1929]]

Tamil people

2025-05-08T09:12:05Z

Igorzen: redirect fix

#REDIRECT [[Tamils]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from unnecessary disambiguation}}
}}