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Ankiti Bose

2026-05-07T06:20:49Z

Igortxa: Adding some article first draft.

{{short description|Indian former business executive}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name =Ankiti Bose
| image = Ankiti Bose (cropped).jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|07|15|df=y}}
| caption =
| alma_mater = [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]]
| employer = {{plainlist|
* [[Zilingo]]
* [[McKinsey & Company]]
* [[Sequoia Capital]]
}}
| known_for =
| birth_place = [[Dehradun]]
}}

'''Ankiti Bose''' (born 1992) is an Indian former [[business executive]] who co-founded defunct e-commerce company, [[Zilingo]]. On 31 March 2022, she was suspended as CEO after an attempt to raise capital raised questions about Zilingo's accounting practices, according to [[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Temasek-backed Zilingo suspends CEO amid accounting probe - Bloomberg News |url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/temasek-backed-zilingo-suspends-ceo-amid-accounting-probe-bloomberg-news |website=[[Nasdaq]] |access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Zilingo Fires CEO as Clash Over Embattled Startup Escalates |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-05-20/zilingo-fires-ceo-as-clash-over-embattled-startup-escalates |website=[[Bloomberg News]] |access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref> On 20 May 2022 Bose was fired from Zilingo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zilingo finally fires CEO Ankiti Bose after 51-day suspension—for 'insubordination' |url=https://fortune.com/2022/05/20/zilingo-fires-ceo-ankiti-bose-after-51-day-suspension-insubordination/ |website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Bose was born in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/meet-the-27-year-old-ankiti-bose-running-a-nearly-1-billion-fashion-startup/articleshow/67969939.cms?from=mdr|title=Meet the 27-year-old Ankiti Bose running a nearly $1 billion fashion startup|date=2019-02-13|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref> She completed her schooling from Cambridge School, Kandivli, Mumbai{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}. She studied mathematics and economics at [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/23/zilingo-ankiti-bose-to-be-indias-first-1-billion-female-founder.html|title=Meet the 27-year-old set to be India's first woman to co-found a $1 billion start-up|last=Gilchrist|first=Karen|date=2019-05-23|website=CNBC|language=en|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref>

== Career ==
Bose began her career working at [[McKinsey & Company]] and [[Sequoia Capital]] in [[Bangalore]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/24/zilingo-ceo-ankiti-bose-why-working-at-vc-sequoia-helped-her-start-up.html|title=Why this 27-year-old is happy she worked a corporate job before starting her $1 billion business|last=Gilchrist|first=Karen|date=2019-05-24|website=CNBC|language=en|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref> After a trip to the [[Chatuchak Weekend Market]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/economy/how-a-trip-to-a-thai-market-inspired-the-launch-of-an-almost-1bn-start-up-1.951143|title=How a trip to a Thai market inspired the launch of an almost $1bn start-up|website=The National|language=en|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref> Bose noticed that fashion markets in [[Southeast Asia]] had immense room for penetration and growth.<ref name=":2" /> The market includes over 11,000 independent merchants lacking an online presence.<ref name=":2" /> Whilst there was investment in improving access to the internet, Bose recognized that retailers were not trained in financing, scaling-up, website design, and procurement nor well equipped to compete with large global players.<ref name=":3" />

In 2015, Bose left her position as an investment analyst at [[Sequoia Capital]] to launch her own company, [[Zilingo]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Karen Gilchrist|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/24/zilingo-ceo-ankiti-bose-why-working-at-vc-sequoia-helped-her-start-up.html|title=Why this 27-year-old is happy she worked a corporate job before starting her $1 billion business|date=2019-05-24|work=CNBC|access-date=2020-02-20|language=en}}</ref> Bose was twenty three when she founded [[Zilingo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tatlerasia.com/the-scene/people-parties/hk-ankiti-bose-zilingo|title=At 27, Ankiti Bose Is Set To Become The First Indian Woman To Found A Billion-Dollar Startup. This Is How She Did It|last=Xinyi|first=Hong|date=2019-09-06|website=Hong Kong Tatler|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref> She moved to [[Singapore]] in 2016, where she developed the software and supply chain solutions.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.prestigeonline.com/sg/people-events/people/cover-story-ankiti-bose-ceo-of-zilingo-wants-to-level-the-playing-field-for-women/|title=Ankiti Bose is on a mission to level the playing field for women|date=2019-05-29|website=Prestige Online|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref>

The [[China–United States trade war]] resulted in [[United States]] retailers leaving China, which allowed [[Zilingo]] to expand into America.<ref name=":5" /> She has worked to source Indian fabrics for Californian factories as well as opening offices on the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]] and [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]].<ref name=":5" /> At [[Zilingo]], Bose supported a program to train women in Indonesia to create clothing, recognising that in [[Indonesia]] almost 40% of women leave the workforce after they get married.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/people/ankiti-bose-of-zilingo-and-kiran-mazumdar-shaw-of-biocon-exchange-notes-on-running-a-successful-business|title=In Good Company|date=2020-01-21|website=Verve Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref> [[Zilingo]] set up a coaching programme to support leaders across the company.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-12-04/zilingo-s-ankiti-bose-is-southeast-asia-s-tech-sensation|title=Ankiti Bose, Southeast Asia's Tech Sensation|last=Lee|first=Yoolim|date=|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref>

In March 2022, Bose was suspended, from [[Zilingo]] with allegations of financial misrepresentation and mismanagement, pending an investigation. Among other allegations, shareholders questioned her S$50,000 per month salary which according to her contract five years ago was S$8,500. Her management style of using intimidation to extract compliance in her daily working in [[Zilingo]] was also called into question.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-04/singapore-hot-fashion-startup-zilingo-imploded-after-ceo-ankiti-bose-struggle|title=How a Celebrity CEO's Rule of Fear Helped Bring Down Hot Startup Zilingo|website=Bloomberg|access-date=2022-08-07}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Ankiti}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women chief executives]]
[[Category:Indian company founders]]

Diocese of Erode-Salem of the Church of South India

2026-05-05T20:43:32Z

Igortxa: Made New Article.

{{Short description|Protestant diocese in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{moresources|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction = Diocese
| name = Erode-Salem
| image =
| country = [[India]]
| province = [[Church of South India]]
| congregations = 105
| members =
| cathedral =
| priests = 87
| bishop = Vacant
| website = {{URL| erodesalem.csi1947.com }}
}}
The '''Erode-Salem Diocese''' is one of the 32 [[diocese]]'s of the [[Church of South India]] (CSI), a [[United Protestant]] denomination.

The diocese covers the Salem part of [[Tamilnadu]] and consists of CSI churches in the areas [[Erode]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Namakkal]], [[Krishnagiri]] and [[Dharmapuri]] districts.

==History==
This new diocese was established from the former [[diocese of Coimbatore of the Church of South India|diocese of Coimbatore]], which previously included the Erode and Salem districts on 16 August 2025.

== Bishops of the Erode-Salem Diocese ==
# [[A. Jacob Livingston |Jacob Livingston]] (2025 - till died on 14–02–2026)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://csimadhyakeraladiocese.org/news-detail/f2c7e289-6404-48f8-aa03-7f4a54684968/|title=Churches lead|publisher=CSI Madhya Kerala Diocese}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{YouTube|channel=UC8LkNfKUJwcrGtxdcsl6Kdw|CSI Erode salem Diocese}}
*[http://www.csisynod.com/ CSI Synod] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829024131/https://www.csisynod.com/ |date=29 August 2018 }}
*[http://www.csittisalem.com/ CSI Teacher Training Institute for Women]

==See also==

* [[Christianity in India]]
* [[Church of South India]]
* [[Church of North India]]
* [[Christianity in Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Christianity in Kanyakumari district]]
* [[Christianity in Kerala]]
* [[South Kerala Diocese]]
* [[Kollam-Kottarakkara Diocese of the Church of South India|Kollam-Kottarakkara Diocese]]
* [[Madhya Kerala Diocese]]
* [[Malabar Diocese of the Church of South India|Malabar Diocese]]
* [[Tirunelveli Diocese]]
* [[Anglican Diocese of Coimbatore|diocese of Coimbatore]]

== External links ==
{{Dioceses in the Church of South India}}
{{Churches in India}}

[[Category:2025 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Christianity in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Church of South India dioceses|Erode-Salem]]

Nilima Devi

2026-05-05T18:43:07Z

Igortxa: adding initial biography v1...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1965)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

'''Nilima Devi''' (born 1965) is an Indian politician from [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nilima Devi, MANGALDAI constituency, BJP, Assam Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Assam2026/nilima-devi-447/ |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> She is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from Mangaldai Assembly constituency in [[Darrang district]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nilima Devi (BJP) Candidate from MANGALDAI Constituency, Nilima Devi Political Career, Age, Education, Election Result 2026 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/assam/candidate-nilima-devi-5526 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nilima Devi, MANGALDAI BJP Election Results 2026: Nilima Devi Vidhan Sabha Chunav Seat, Political Career, Education, Age, Vote Margin, Assets Parinam News in Hindi {{!}} नीलिमा देवी मंगलदै विधानसभा चुनाव 2026 |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/assembly-chunav/assam/candidate-nilima-devi-5526 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=AajTak |language=hi}}</ref>

Devi is from Darrang district, Assam. She completed her graduation in 2013 at K.K. Handique State Open University. She is the wife of Mahesh Chandra Sarma, a retired government employee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nilima Devi(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- MANGALDAI(DARRANG) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Assam2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=447 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

Devi became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Mangaldai Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. She polled 1,00,078 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Rijumoni Talukdar of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 23,936 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-05 |title=Mangaldai Assembly Election Results 2026 Live Highlights: BJP's Nilima Devi wins by 23,936 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/assam/mangaldai-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-bjps-nilima-devi-and-congress-rijumoni-talukdar-are-contesting-for-this-seat-among-others/liveblog/130697432.cms |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Mangaldai Election Result 2026 Highlights: Nilima Devi of BJP Defeats Rijumoni Talukdar of INC by 23936 Votes |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/elections/assembly/story/mangaldai-election-result-2026-live-updates-assam-counting-of-votes-seat-bjp-congress-nda-aaelb-1386147-2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=India Today NE |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Nilima}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Women members of the Assam Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:People from Darrang district]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2026–2031]]

Bhuma Akhila Priya

2026-05-02T14:37:18Z

Igortxa: Adding a pg from scratch.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bhuma Akhila Priya
| image = File:The Minister for Tourism and Culture, Andhra Pradesh, Ms. Bhuma Akhila Priya meeting the Minister of State for Culture (IC) and Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Dr. Mahesh Sharma, in New Delhi on October 30, 2017 (cropped).jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1987|04|02}}
| birth_place =
| spouse =
| children =
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]] (since 2016)
| other_party = [[YSR Congress Party]] (until 2016)
| father = [[Bhuma Nagi Reddy]]
| mother = [[Bhuma Shobha Nagi Reddy]]
| office3 = [[Third N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Minister for Tourism, Telugu Language and Culture]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start3 = 2 April 2017
| term_end3 = 29 May 2019
| governor3 = [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 = [[Muttamsetti Srinivasa Rao]]
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| assembly = Andhra Pradesh Legislative
| 1namedata = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| term_start = 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Gangula Brijendra Reddy|Gangula Brijendra Reddy (Gangula Nani)]]
| constituency = [[Allagadda Assembly constituency|Allagadda]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| assembly1 = Andhra Pradesh Legislative
| 1namedata1 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| term_start1 = 2014
| term_end1 = 2019
| predecessor1 = [[Bhuma Shobha Nagi Reddy]]
| successor1 = [[Gangula Brijendra Reddy|Gangula Brijendra Reddy (Gangula Nani)]]
| constituency1 = [[Allagadda Assembly constituency|Allagadda]]
| relatives = [[Bhuma Brahmananda Reddy]] (Cousin)
}}
[[File:Bhuma akhilapriya.jpg|thumb|bhuma akhila priya]]
'''Bhuma Akhila Priya''' (born 2 April 1987)'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2017-04-03 |title=Akhila Priya gets lucky on her birthday |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-04-03/Akhila-Priya-gets-lucky-on-her-birthday/290695 |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>''' is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She is the former Tourism and Culture minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She is currently the member of legislative assembly (MLA) from Allagadda assembly constituency ([[Telugu Desam Party]]).

== Early life ==
Akhila Priya was born to [[Bhuma Nagi Reddy]] and [[Shobha Nagi Reddy]] in Allagadda, [[Kurnool district|Kurnool District]], Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arikatla |first=Venkat |date=2022-10-12 |title=Bhuma family in tatters over assets |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/politics/andhra-news/bhuma-family-in-tatters-over-assets-124435 |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=greatandhra.com |language=en}}</ref> She is the eldest of three children. In 2014, she had to contest the Allagadda by-election which fell vacant due to the death of her mother in a road accident.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sreenivasulu |first=D. |date=2014-04-24 |title=YSRC MLA Sobha Nagireddy dies in road accident |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ysrc-mla-sobha-nagireddy-dies-in-road-accident/article5942956.ece |access-date=2022-10-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-04 |title=Two families vie for power in Allagadda |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/two-families-vie-for-power-in-allagadda/article26729951.ece |access-date=2022-10-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She was unanimously elected representing the [[YSR Congress Party]]. In 2018, she married industrialist Bharghava Ram.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhuma Akhila Priya ties the knot with industrialist |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/aug/30/bhuma-akhila-priya-ties-the-knot-with-industrialist-1864927.html |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=The New Indian Express|date=30 August 2018 }}</ref>

== Political career ==
In 2014, she won as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Allagadda Assembly constituency|Allagadda assembly constituency]] by-election representing [[YSR Congress Party]].

Later in 2016, she joined [[Telugu Desam Party]] along with her father [[Bhuma Nagi Reddy]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Another YSR Congress Legislator Joins TDP In Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.ndtv.com/andhra-pradesh-news/another-ysr-congress-legislator-joins-tdp-in-andhra-pradesh-1280828 |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> and served as the ''Minister for Tourism, Telugu Language and Culture'' under the Telugu Desam Party government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu360 |date=2017-03-13 |title=Bhuma's daughter may be inducted into cabinet |url=https://www.telugu360.com/bhumas-daughter-may-inducted-cabinet/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=Telugu360.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Andhra Pradesh Tourism Minister Bhuma Akhila Priya joins Nallamala stir |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/sep/29/former-andhra-pradesh-tourism-minister-bhuma-akhila-priya-joins-nallamala-stir--2040745.html |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=The New Indian Express|date=29 September 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CM Naidu tells Akhila Priya, Subba Reddy not to give him headache |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/apr/27/cm-naidu-tells-akhila-priya-subba-reddy-not-to-give-him-headache-1807012.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430102001/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/apr/27/cm-naidu-tells-akhila-priya-subba-reddy-not-to-give-him-headache-1807012.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 April 2018 |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-14 |title=Irked by TDP leaders, Silpa Mohan Reddy quits |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/irked-by-tdp-leaders-silpa-mohan-reddy-quits/article9727084.ece |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, she contested from Allagadda assembly constituency from Telugu Desam Party and lost the election to Gangula Bijendra Reddy of YSR Congress Party.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-05-25 |title=Bhuma family's march in its bastions comes to an end |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/bhuma-familys-march-in-its-bastions-comes-to-an-end/article27249818.ece |access-date=2022-10-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2024, she was again elected as a member of the legislative assembly.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Priya, Bhuma Akhila}}
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]

Madhu Rye

2026-05-01T19:26:27Z

Igortxa: new basic details more to come...

{{Short description|Gujarati-American playwright and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}

{{Infobox writer
| name = Madhu Rye
| image = Madhu Rye.jpg
| img_capt =
| caption = Madhu Rye in 2009
| birth_name = Madhusudan Vallabhdas Thaker
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1942}} 
| birth_place = [[Jamkhambhaliya]], [[Gujarat]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]]
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
*[[Scottish Church College]] (1958―1960)
*[[University of Calcutta]] (1963)
*[[University of Evansville]] (1976)
}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|
*Playwright
*novelist
*story writer
}}
| period =
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| nationality = American
| relatives = Vallabhdas (father) Vijayaben (mother)
| spouse = {{marriage|Suvarna Bhatt|1974|1989|end=div}}
| notableworks = ''[[Koi Pan Ek Phool Nu Naam Bolo To]]'' (1967)
| signature = Madhu Rye autograph.svg
| awards = [[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]] (1999)
}}
[[File:Madhu Ray.JPG|thumb|At Gujarat Literature Festival, 2015]]
'''Madhu Rye''' is a Gujarati playwright, novelist and story writer. Born in [[Gujarat]] and educated at [[Calcutta]], he started writing in the 1960s and became known for his stories and plays. His experience at the [[University of Hawaii]] introduced him to experimental writing and improvisations as writing aid, which later led to a movement against absurd theatre. He moved to the US in 1974 and has lived there since. He chiefly wrote novels, short stories and plays. His plays were successful and have been adapted into several languages and media. He has adapted his novels into plays and some plays into novels. The most notable is ''Kimball Ravenswood'', which was loosely adapted into a Hindi TV series ''[[Mr. Yogi (TV series)|Mr. Yogi]]'' (1989), and a Hindi film, ''[[What's Your Rashee?]]'' (2009).{{TOC limit|2}}

==Early life and education==
Madhusudan Vallabhdas Thaker<ref name="GeorgeAkademi1992">{{cite book|author1=K. M. George|author2=Sahitya Akademi|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Fiction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rvpjAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-506-0|page=304}}</ref> was born in  1942 in [[Jamkhambhaliya]], [[Gujarat]] to Vallabhdas and Vijayaben.<ref name="oxf">{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001/acref-9780195644463-e-0571|title=The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre|last=Baradi|first=Hasmukh|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=0195644468|editor-last=Lal|editor-first=Ananda|location=New Delhi|oclc=56986659|via=Oxford Reference}}</ref> He completed his primary and secondary education in [[Calcutta]]. He studied Intermediate Science at [[Scottish Church College]] in Calcutta from 1958 to 1960. He did his [[Bachelor of Arts]] from [[University of Calcutta]] in 1963. He started out by translating the short stories of Gujarati writer [[Shivkumar Joshi]], in Hindi, under the pen name Madhu Rye.<ref name=AGSI>{{cite book|title=અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ (History of Modern Gujarati Literature – Modern and Postmodern Era)|first=Prasad|last=Brahmabhatt|publisher=Parshwa Publication|location=Ahmedabad|year=2010|pages=170–176|language=gu|isbn=978-93-5108-247-7}}</ref><ref name="oxf" />

==Career==
Rye was encouraged by [[Shivkumar Joshi]] and [[Chandrakant Bakshi]] to write his own short stories. He taught for a brief period and worked in a machinery concern for few years. He wrote his first short story for a contest under the pen name "Madhu Rye" and won second prize.<ref name="HighBeam Research 2015">{{cite web|title='To Pay off Debt, I Ventured into Writing. and Continued': Says Gujarati Playwright Madhu Rye While Addressing Fans in City|website=DNA |date=7 December 2015 |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3886861581.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505155352/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3886861581.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 May 2016|access-date=17 November 2017}}</ref> He moved to [[Ahmedabad]] in 1967 and joined Navneetlal and Co. as a marketing writer.<ref name=AGSI/><ref name="oxf" />

His play ''[[Koi Pan Ek Phool Nu Naam Bolo To]]'' (Tell Me the Name of a Flower) premiered in 1969, directed by [[Mrinalini Sarabhai]] and produced by [[Darpana Academy of Performing Arts|Darpana Academy]].<ref name=thl>{{cite news|url=http://www.tehelka.com/the-bride-in-the-firmament/?singlepage=1|title=The Bride In The Firmament|publisher=Tehelka|volume=6|issue=39|first=Nisha|last=Susan}}</ref> He went to [[Honolulu]], US in 1970 and studied stagecraft, especially playwriting and direction at the [[University of Hawaii]] for two semesters.<ref name=AGSI/>

After returning in 1971, he founded ''Aakanth Sabarmati'', a playwrights' workshop to preach minimalist style and the importance of improvisation in plays, against the prevalent absurd theatre.<ref name=mtg>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/interviews/madhu_rye.asp|title=Madhu Rye interview|publisher=Mumbai Theatre Guide |access-date=11 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="oxf" />

In 1974, he married Suvarna Bhatt. In 1974, he, along with his wife, moved to the US to study for a [[Master of Arts|MA]] in continuing education with special emphasis on creative writing at the [[University of Evansville]], [[Evansville]], [[Indiana]].<ref name=AGSI/> He later separated from her.<ref name= sharma>{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Radheshyam |author-link=Radheshyam Sharma |date=1999 |title= Saksharno Sakshatkar (Question-based Interviews with biographical literary sketches) |volume=4 |location=Ahmedabad |publisher=Rannade Prakashan |pages=208|oclc=43853110}}</ref>

Rye settled in the US and started the ''Gujarati'' weekly in 1978.<ref name=AGSI/> He also edited ''Gujarat Times'', published from [[New York City]]. He now lives in [[New Jersey]], and has edited the Gujarati short story magazine ''Mamata'' since 2011.<ref name="toi2010">{{cite web|title=Madhu Rye|website=epaper.timesofindia.com|date=26 June 2010|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIA/2010/06/26&ID=Pc00408|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111233014/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIA/2010/06/26&ID=Pc00408|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 November 2014|access-date=17 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=gsp>{{cite web|url=http://gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Madhusudan-Thakar.html|title=Madhusudan Thakar 'Madhu Rye'|language=gu|publisher=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]|access-date =11 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=ebc>{{cite AV media|people=Madhu Rye, Sudipta Bhawmik and Kulraaj Anand|title=EBC DRAMA - MADHU RYE|medium=Radio|publisher=Sudipta Bhawmik–EBC Drama Club|date=6 October 2013|url=https://archive.org/details/EBCDRAMAOCT6TH2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Contemporary Indian Theatre: Interviews with Playwrights and Directors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pf9kAAAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi|pages=153–155|isbn = 9788178710976}}</ref>

==Works==
Rye is an experimental and modernist writer.<ref name="Malhotra2005">{{cite book|author=R. P. Malhotra|title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Asian Novels and Novelists: A-I|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0v8xZwx2OIC&pg=PA615|year=2005|publisher=Global Vision Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8220-067-8|pages=615–616}}</ref> He created the style of formless prose writing called "harmonica" for some of his short stories.<ref name=mtg/> He chiefly wrote fiction and plays. He adapted his novels into plays and vice versa. His plays were adapted into several languages including Hindi, Marathi and English.<ref name=gsp/><ref name=mgh>{{cite book|author=Stanley Hochman|title=McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama: An International Reference Work in 5 Volumes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zo5os6d0rvMC&pg=PA37|volume=1|year=1984|publisher=VNR AG|isbn=978-0-07-079169-5|page=37}}</ref><ref name=AGSI/> His short stories and plays became very popular in 1960s.<ref name="oxf" />

===Short stories===
''Banshi Naamni Ek Chhokri'' (1964) was his first short story collection with experimental modern styles. ''Roopkatha'' (1972) is a collection of twenty-eight stories in traditional as well as "harmonica" style. His other work ''Kaalsarp'' (1972) has humour and imagination. ''Kautuk'' (2005) is his short story collection.<ref name=gsp/><ref>{{cite book|author=Mansukhlal Maganlal Jhaveri|author-link=Mansukhlal Maganlal Jhaveri|title=History of Gujarati Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DA0RAAAAMAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|pages=229–230}}</ref><ref name=AGSI/>. Roop Roop Amber (2025) is his latest collection fo short stories.

===Novels===
''Chehra'' (1966) is his experimental novel.<ref name="George1992">{{cite book|author=K. M. George|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA141|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-324-0|page=141}}</ref> ''Kimball Ravenswood'' (1973) is a story of a non-resident Indian searching for a bride in India, intertwined with mock astrology. ''Kalpataru'' (1987) is a futuristic mystery science fiction novel. He also adapted three novels from his own plays; ''Kamini'' (1970) from ''Koi Pan Ek Phool Nu Naam Bolo To'' (1968), ''Sabha'' (1972) from ''Kumarni Agashi'' (1975), ''Saapbaji'' from ''Aapne Club ma Malya Hata''. They all are psychological thrillers. ''Mukhsukh'' (2001) and ''Sura, Sura, Sura'' are his other novels.<ref name=gsp/><ref name=AGSI/>

His novel ''Kimball Ravenswood'' was adapted into plays in several languages including ''The Suitable Bride'' in English and ''Yogesh Patelnu Vevishal'' in Gujarati. It was also adapted into a TV series entitled ''[[Mr. Yogi (TV series)|Mr. Yogi]]'' (1989), and as the film ''[[What's Your Rashee?]]'' (2009).<ref name=thl/><ref name="toi2010"/><ref>{{cite web|title='Rashee' based on Gujarat novel by Rye|work=The Times of India|date=26 September 2009|author=Ashish Vashi|agency=TNN|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Rashee-based-on-Gujarat-novel-by-Rye/articleshow/5058498.cms|access-date=17 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=October 2009 |title=A new Zodiac sign? |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/A-new-Zodiac-sign/article11641753.ece/}}</ref>

===Plays===
''Koi Pan Ek Phool Nu Naam Bolo To'' (Tell Me the Name of a Flower, 1968), ''Kumar ni Agashi'' (The Terrace, 1975) and ''Aapne Club ma Malya Hata'', ''Pankor Nake Jaake'', ''Sura Ane Shatrujeet'' are his plays. ''Koi pan Ek Phoolnu Naam Bolo To'' was translated into fourteen languages, and broadcast by the [[All India Radio]]<ref name=ebc/> and adapted as a telefilm by [[Ketan Mehta]] for [[Doordarshan]]. It was a [[Metatheatre|meta-theatrical]] murder mystery.<ref name="oxf" /> ''Yogesh Patelnu Vevishal'' is an adaptation of his novel ''Kimball Ravenswood''.<ref name=mtg/><ref name="toi2010"/><ref name=gsp/><ref name=mgh/> His later plays were performed by the [[Indian National Theatre]], directed by [[Pravin Joshi]]. His play ''Kumar Ni Agashi'' created a sensation in the field of [[Gujarati theatre]]. It was about repressed sexuality in upper middle class society.<ref name="oxf" />

''Ashwatthama'' (1973), ''Aapnu Evun'' (2005) and ''Kanta Kahe'' are collections of [[one-act play]]s including some [[absurd theatre|absurd plays]]. ''Aakanth'' (1974) is a collection of selected twenty-three plays with novel ideas from more than fifty plays by various writers which were written during the activities of ''Aakanth Sabarmati''.<ref name=mtg/> ''Mrs Moorthy'' was his first English language play.<ref name="tt2005">{{cite news|title=Split wide open: Screen On and Off|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=2 December 2005|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051203/asp/calcutta/story_5554755.asp|access-date=10 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128190338/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1051203/asp/calcutta/story_5554755.asp|archive-date=28 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> His one act play ''Ashwatthama'' was once a popular entry in college competitions along with his other one act plays. His play ''Sura ane Shatrujeet'' is sporadically performed by amateur groups in Gujarat and Mumbai.

He has also adapted various plays into Gujarati including: [[George Bernard Shaw]]'s ''[[Pygmalion (play)|Pygmalion]]'' and its [[musical theatre|musical]] adaptation ''[[My Fair Lady]]'' as a musical ''Santu Rangilee'' (1976), [[Friedrich Dürrenmatt]]'s ''[[The Visit (play)|The Visit]]'' as ''Sharat'' and [[Anthony Shaffer (writer)|Anthony Shaffer]]'s ''[[Sleuth (play)|Sleuth]]'' as ''Khelando''.<ref name=gsp/> These all adaptations earned him wide acclaim.<ref name="oxf" /> His Gujarati adaptation of [[Dale Wasserman]]'s play ''[[One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (play)|One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest]]'' (based on [[Ken Kesey]]'s 1962 [[One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (novel)|novel of the same name]]) was mildly successful.<ref name="gsp" />

His plays have been adapted and performed in several Indian languages and have been hugely successful. "Koi Pan Phool..." has been translated, adapted and performed in English by Dr. Vijay Padaki (Tell me the Name of a Flower)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Divya |date=2016-10-15 |title=Bangalore Little Theatre stages Madhu Rye's 'Tell Me The Name of a Flower' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/bangalore-little-theatre-stages-madhu-ryes-tell-me-the-name-of-a-flower/articleshow/54863622.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-04-03 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=The Theatre |date=2016-11-01 |title=Bangalore Little Theatre Presents Madhu Rye's “Tell Me The Name of a Flower” |url=https://thetheatretimes.com/bangalore-little-theatre-presents-madhu-ryes-tell-name-flower/ |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=The Theatre Times |language=en-US}}</ref>. It was also made in Marathi as 'Hi Shekhar Khosla kon Hoto?'<ref>{{Cite web |title=HA SHEKHAR KHOSLA KON AAHE? Marathi Play/Drama - www.MumbaiTheatreGuide.com |url=https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/marathi/ha-shekhar-khosla-kon-aahe-marathi-play-preview.asp# |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=www.mumbaitheatreguide.com}}</ref>. Dr. Padaki also adapted Kumar ni Agashi and performed in Bangalore in English (The Terrace). The Hindi translation was done by [[Ismat Chugtai]] as 'Neela Kamra' and the play was directed by late [[Shafi Inamdar]]<ref>Life and career - {{Citation |title=Shafi Inamdar |date=2026-03-01 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shafi_Inamdar&oldid=1341112491 |access-date=2026-04-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram - A tribute to Director Shafi Inamdar |url=https://www.instagram.com/reels/DV2xQUdDP2D/ |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> . Both these plays continue to be performed regularly at amateur theatre fest/competitions.

===Essays===
Rye has been an avid writer of essays, published as weekly columns in several publications, such as ''Navroz'', ''Janmabhoomi'', ''Samkaleen'', and ''Abhiyaan''. He writes a weekly column ''Neele Gagan Ke Tale'' (Under the Big Blue Sky) in Gujarati daily ''[[Divya Bhaskar]]'' since 2008.

His essay collections are ''Neele Gagan Ke Tale'', ''Mann Ki Been'', ''Sepia'', ''Dil Ki Gali'', ''Kefiyat''.<ref name=gsp/><nowiki>. Yaar ane Dildar {{[[collection of character sketches of people from the cultural work (2024)</nowiki>

===Translation ===
He translated three works into Gujarati; ''[[The Scarlet Letter]]'', ''[[Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison]]'' and ''[[The Light in the Forest]]''.<ref name=gsp/> ''Kahan'' is his translation of a work by [[Mrinalini Sarabhai]].<ref name=AGSI/>

==Awards==
He was awarded [[Narmad Suvarna Chandrak]] in 1972. He received the [[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]] for 1999.<ref name="toi2010"/><ref name=AGSI/> He received the Bhupen Khakhar Award in 2004 for his play, ''Sura Ane Shatrujeet''. He also received the [[Sahitya Gaurav Puraskar|Sahitya Gaurav puraskar]] award in 2020<ref name=mtg/>

==See also==
*[[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Gbooks-author|Madhu Rāya}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TD1zvkP1r6A&t=7s Biography and Interview with Madhu Rye - Gujarat Sahitya Academy, Jul 2019]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTW3e8PJDh8 EP - 36 / મારી કેફિયત / Madhu Rye / નવજીવન Talks / Navajivan Trust Jan 2023]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKuyCN_4mfY Madhu Rye in conversation with Vijay Kenkre (Mumbai Local - Junoon, 2020)]
*[//archive.org/details/EBCDRAMAOCT6TH2013 An interview with Madhu Rye at the EBC Drama Club with Sudipta Bhawmik and Kulraaj Anand (6 October 2013) on archive.org]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rye, Madhu}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Novelists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:People from Devbhoomi Dwarka district]]
[[Category:University of Evansville alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:American people of Gujarati descent]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Writers from New Jersey]]
[[Category:Modernist writers]]

Masudur Rahman (referee)

2026-04-30T14:55:09Z

Igortxa: new basic details from scratch

{{Short description|Bengali footballer and referee (1916–1967)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Masudur Rahman
| image = File:Masudur Rahman - referee.jpg
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1916|9|5|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1967|6|20|1916|9|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[British India]]
| death_place = [[Sir Salimullah Medical College]], [[Dhaka]]
| currentclub =
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 1932–1938
| clubs1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Kolkata Mohammedan]]
| clubs2 = Khulna Town Club
| years2 = 1939–1946
| clubs3 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| years3 = 1939–
| clubs4 = [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]
| years4 =
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| pcupdate =
| ntupdate =
}}
'''Masudur Rahman''' alternatively spelled '''Masoodur Rahman''' ({{langx|bn|মাসুদুর রহমান}}; 5 September 1916 – 20 June 1967) was a [[association football|footballer]] who played as [[goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]], after retirement, he became a [[FIFA]] [[Referee (association football)|referee]].

== Early life ==
Rahman was born on 5 September 1916, In [[Calcutta]], [[British India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Observer 1967.06.21 — South Asian Newspapers |url=https://gpa.eastview.com/crl/san/?a=d&d=paob19670621-01.1.8 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=gpa.eastview.com}}</ref> He used to take a keen interest in games such as [[field hockey]] and [[association football|football]]. He started his career as early as 1933.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Observer 1967.06.29 — South Asian Newspapers |url=https://gpa.eastview.com/crl/san/?a=d&d=paob19670629-01.1.8 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=gpa.eastview.com}}</ref>

== Football career ==
Rahman represented [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Calcutta Mohammedan]] from 1932 to 1938 in both football and hockey, before moving to Khulna Town Club and playing for them from 1939 till 1946. He also had a spell at [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] in 1939, and also played for [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]] till the [[Pakistan Movement|Independence of Pakistan]].<ref name=":0" />

== Hockey career ==
Rahman played for clubs like [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Kolkata Mohammedan]] and the [[East Bengal field hockey team]].<ref name=":0" /> He was selected as a goalkeeper to represent bengal in the "All-India Inter-Provincial Hockey Championship" which was held in bombay in 1944.<ref name=":0" /> He also played for India XI in 1943 and also 1945. After Pakistan independence, he represented East Pakistan from 1952 till 1956, captaining the team on many occasions in the National Hockey Championship. Due to his experience he was appointed to coach the East Pakistan School Hockey XI in 1954.<ref name=":0" /> He briefly coached East Pakistan from the years 1958 and 1960-1961.

Alongside football and hockey, He participated in the "All-India Badminton Championship" from the years 1937 to 1943, In Athletics he assisted the Bengal Heroes.<ref name=":0" />

== Refereeing career ==
Masud joined the East Pakistan referee Association in 1948. He also served as the manager of the [[Pakistan men's national basketball team|Pakistan Basketball Team]] in the 2nd Asian Quadrangular Basketball Tournament in 1962.

He was a part of the Referee Association of England from 1957 to 1959. In 1959, he supervised matches at the [[1960 AFC Asian Cup qualification]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Civil & Military Gazette (Lahore) - Monday 07 December 1959 |url=https://britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/19591207/121/0006 |website=[[British Newspaper Archive]]}}</ref> In 1960, he was the manager of the [[Bangladesh men's national field hockey team|East Pakistan hockey team]] for their participation in the [[National Hockey Championship (Pakistan)|National Hockey Championship]] held in [[Hyderabad, Pakistan|Hyderabad]] and also for a exhibition match against the [[Pakistan men's national field hockey team|Pakistan Olympic Hockey team]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tuesday, 27 December 1960, Civil & Military Gazette (Lahore) |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003221/19601227/144/0006}}</ref>

The following year, he supervised the international friendly series against the touring [[Myanmar national football team|Burma national team]] in East Pakistan. Due to his exceptional supervision, he was eventually awarded a [[List of FIFA international referees|FIFA Badge]] in 1962.<ref name=":1" />

Masud also referred the [[1959 Aga Khan Gold Cup|1959]], 1960, and 1966 finals of the [[Aga Khan Gold Cup]]. Additionally, officiating the 1963 [[National Football Championship (Pakistan)|National Football Championship]] final. He acted as assistant manager and referee for Pakistan in the [[1965 RCD Cup]], where he performed as head referee of the final match of the tournament between [[Iran national football team|Iran]] and [[Turkey national football team|Turkey]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Türkiye - İran A Millî Maçları - A Milli Takım Haber Detayları TFF |url=https://www.tff.org/default.aspx?pageID=202&ftxtID=29342 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.tff.org}}</ref> He also refereed matches at the [[1964 Aga Khan Gold Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Observer 1964.10.17 — South Asian Newspapers |url=https://gpa.eastview.com/crl/san/?a=d&d=paob19641017-01.1.6&e=-------en-25--1--img-txIN---------- |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=gpa.eastview.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Observer 1964.11.03 — South Asian Newspapers |url=https://gpa.eastview.com/crl/san/?a=d&d=paob19641103-01.1.6&e=-------en-25--1--img-txIN---------- |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=gpa.eastview.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Observer 1964.11.09 — South Asian Newspapers |url=https://gpa.eastview.com/crl/san/?a=d&d=paob19641109-01.1.6&e=-------en-25--1--img-txIN---------- |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=gpa.eastview.com}}</ref>

== Personal life and death ==
Masudur Rahman had 8 children, He was admitted on 1 April 1967.<ref name=":0" /> It was later found that he was suffering from [[Leukemia]]. He underwent an operation on 28 April but with very little signs of improvement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Observer 1967.06.16 — South Asian Newspapers |url=https://gpa.eastview.com/crl/san/?a=d&d=paob19670616-01.1.5 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=gpa.eastview.com}}</ref> Referees saved up around Rs.500 to donate to Masud. He died on 20 June 1967, at 4 pm. He was buried at Azimpur Graveyard.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://worldreferee.com/referee/masudur_rahman/ Masudur Rahman] at WorldReferee.com
*[https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe656040/ Masudur Rahman] at WorldFootball.net
*[https://eu-football.info/_referee.php?id=2867 Masudur Rahman] at EU-Football.info

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahman, Masudur}}
[[Category:Pakistani men's footballers]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football goalkeepers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:1967 deaths]]
[[Category:Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) players]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant players]]
[[Category:Pakistani football referees]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani sportsmen]]

Chola–Chalukya Wars

2026-04-29T10:12:24Z

Igortxa: Made Details.

{{Short description|Hundred Year War between the Chalukya and Chola Empires}}
{{Context|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}

The '''Chola-chalukya Wars''' were a series of battles that were fought from 992 CE to 1120 CE between the [[Chola Dynasty|Chola Empire]] and the [[Western Chalukya Empire]] in what is now [[South India]]. Conflicts eventually exhausted as both empires, straining their manpower and material, were left vulnerable to other enemies. More than 1,000,000 people were killed due to direct or indirect consequences of the war.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anirudh Kannisetti |url=http://archive.org/details/anirudh-kanisetti-lords-of-the-deccan-southern-india-from-the-chalukyas |title=Lords Of The Deccan Southern India From The Chalukyas |date=2022}}{{dead link|date=March 2026}}</ref>

== Campaigns ==
The battles were fought on two fronts: the Western Front in which the capture of [[Manyakheta]] and [[BasavaKalyan|Kalyani]] were the objectives of the Cholas, and the Eastern Front which centered around [[Vengi]] which was strategic for both sides. The west saw the heaviest fighting with [[Rajendra Chola I]] leading an army of 900,000 and defeating [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]] at the [[Battle of Maski (1019 CE – 1020 CE]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Indian Inscriptions- Tanjavur (Tanjore) |url=https://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/tanjavur_temple/no.20_south_wall_1st_2nd_tiers.html |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=www.whatisindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/historicalinscri035270mbp |title=Historical Inscriptions Of Southern India |location=Kitabistam, Allahabad |publisher=BRAOU, Digital Library Of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. A. Nilakanta |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.16035 |title=History of South India |date=1958 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/CholasI |title=The Cōḷas |first=K. A. Nilakanta |last=Sastri |date=1935 |publisher=University of Madras |volume=1, to the accession of Kulōttunga I}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Yazdani G. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.505941 |title=The Early History Of The Deccan Pat I-vi (1960) |date=1960}}</ref> On the Eastern Front, Rajendra Chola led [[Rajaraja Chola I]]'s army in Vengi and expelled the rulers in battle. Vengi was later the site of the coronation of Rajendra Chola's nephew following his victories in the [[Chola expedition to North India]]. [[Rajendra II]] was killed in the battle at the city of Kakkargond on the banks of Thungabhadra by [[Someshvara I]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/bmshri.karnatakathrough0000unse/mode/1up |title= Karnataka Through The Ages (From Pre Historic Times To The Day Of Independence) |publisher= Literary And Cultural Development Department, Government of Mysore |date=1968 |language=en |page=276}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=F.W. |last=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108417/page/n413/mode/1up?q=Belvola |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol.XV |publisher=The Director General, Archaeological Survey of India |date=1920 |language=en |page=338}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=John Faithful |last=Fleet |url=https://archive.org/details/dynastieskanare00fleegoog/page/n60/mode/1up?q=Kakkaragond|title=The Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts of the Bombay Presidency |publisher=Government Central Press |date=1882 |language=en |page=46}}</ref> [[Someshwara I|Ahavamalla Someshwara I]] suffered defeats many a time at the hands of [[Rajadhiraja Chola]], and lost his brother Jayasimha III in battle with Rajendra Chola II.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mysore Gazetteer |volume=2, Part 2 |first=Benjamin Lewis |last=Rice |publisher=Government Press |date=1930 |location=Karnataka, India |page=1075}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Yazdani G. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.505941 |title=The Early History Of The Deccan Pat I-vi (1960) |date=1960}}</ref>

After Rajadhiraja Chola I and Rajendra Chola II, their brother Virarajendra Chola defeated Ahavamalla Someshwara I on not less than five occasions. Virarajendra Chola also put to flight the latter's two sons, [[Vikramaditya VI]] and Jayasimha, multiple times in the battles of [[Kudalasangama|Kudala sangama]]. [[Virarajendra Chola]] also defeated the eldest son of Ahavamalla Someshwara I, and crown-prince [[Someshvara II|Someshwara II]] in the [[Battle of Kampili]], and spoiled his coronation ceremony.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Tamil Civilization: Quarterly Research |journal=Journal of the Tamil University |volume=3 |publisher=Tamil University |date=1985 |location=India |page=134}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=P. V. Jagadisa |last=Ayyar |title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oYJptwEACAAJ |date=1982 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0151-2 |page=471}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=History of Ancient India |first=Sakkottai Krishnaswami |last=Aiyangar |publisher=Seema Publications |date=1980 |location=India |page=126}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chola Chalukya War Documentry (Chola Victories) {{!}} PDF |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/906227067/Chola-Chalukya-War |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Karikala Chola |url=http://archive.org/details/chola-chalukya-wars |title=Chola– Chalukya Wars |date=2025-09-26}}</ref>

The Western Chalukyas mounted several unsuccessful attempts to engage the Chola emperors in war, and except for a brief occupation of the [[Vengi]] territories between 1118 and 1126, allied with Prince [[Vikramaditya VI]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of Southern India |first=Sakkottai Krishnaswami |last=Aiyangar |page=233}}</ref> After Vikramaditya's death in 1126, the [[Cholas]] began a slow process of encroachment over Vengi. By 1133 [[Vikrama Chola]] defeated [[Someshvara III]] in the [[Battle of Godavari]] with the help of Gonga II. Then Vikrama Chola Able to capture [[Vengi]] and recover Kolar and some other parts of Gangavadi from [[Someshvara III]].<ref name="soma">{{cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. A. Nilakanta |author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |date=2002 |orig-year=1955 |title=A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar |publisher=Indian Branch, Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-19-560686-7|title-link=A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar |pages=175–176}}</ref><ref name="inscribe">{{cite book |last=Kamath |first=Suryanath U. |orig-year=1980 |date=2001 |title=A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present |publisher=Jupiter books |location=Bangalore |oclc=7796041 |lccn=80905179 |author-link=Suryanath U. Kamath |url=https://archive.org/details/a-concise-history-of-karnataka-from-pre-historic-times-to-the-present |page=105}}</ref><ref name="vengi">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |date=1999 |publisher= New Age Publishers |isbn=81-224-1198-3 |pages=386–387}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chola Chalukya War Documentry (Chola Victories) {{!}} PDF |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/906227067/Chola-Chalukya-War |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Karikala Chola |url=http://archive.org/details/chola-chalukya-wars |title=Chola– Chalukya Wars |date=2025-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first=K. A. Nilakanta |last=Sastri |title=The Cōḷas |volume=2, Part 1 |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/312542319/The-Colas-Vol-2-Part-1-by-Nilakanta-Sastri |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Yazdani |first=G. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.505941 |title=The Early History Of The Deccan Parts I-VI (1960) |date=1960}}</ref>

==List of decisive battles in the Chalukya–Chola Wars==

*[[Battle of Donur|Battle of Donur (1007 CE)]]
*[[Battle of Tavareyaghatta|Battle of Tavareyaghatta (1007 CE)]]
*[[Battle of Chebrolu|Battle of Chebrolu (1008 CE)]]
*[[Battle of Maski|Battle of Maski (1019 – 1020 CE)]]
*[[Battle of the Godavari river|Battle of the Godavari 1028 AD]]
*[[Battle of Dannada|Battle of Dannada (1042 - 1044 CE) ]]
*[[Battle of Pundur|Battle of Pundur (1046 CE) ]]
*[[Battle of Kampili|Battle of Kampili (1044 - 1046 CE) ]]
*[[Battle of Koppam|Battle of Koppam (1054 CE)]]
*[[Battle of Mudakkaru|Battle of Mudakkaru (1060 CE)]]
*[[First Battle of Kudal-Sangamam|First Battle of Kudal-Sangamam (1062 CE)]]
*[[ Second Battle of Kudal -Sangamam|Second Battle of Kudal-Sangamam (1067 CE)]]
*[[Battle of Vijayawada|Battle of Vijayawada (1068 CE)]]
*[[Battle of Kampili|Battle of Kampili (1068 CE)]]
*[[Battle of Nangili|Battle of Nangili (1076 CE)]]
*[[Battle of Godavari|Battle of Godavari (1133 CE)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*"Tennaattu Porkalangal" by Ka.
*https://www.scribd.com/document/906227067/Chola-Chalukya-War-Documentry-Chola-Victories
*https://archive.org/details/chola-chalukya-wars
*"VeeraSozhiyam"
*"Kalingattu Parani" by Jayankondaar

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061104095148/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm] our Karnataka
*{{cite book
| last = Aiyangar
| first = S. Krishnasvami
| title = Ancient India and South Indian History and Culture
| publisher = Oriental Book Agency
| date = 1941
| volume = 1
| pages = 619
| location = Poona
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.69991/page/n619/mode/1up
| accessdate = 13 July 2025
}}

* {{cite book
| last = Gopal
| first = B. R.
| title = The Chalukyas of Kalyana and the Kalachuris
| publisher = Karnataka University (Prasārānga)
| location = Dharwad
| date = c. 1981
| pages = 90
| url = https://archive.org/details/sgw.chalukyasofkalya0000brgo/page/90/mode/1up
| accessdate = 13 July 2025
}}

*[[Chalukya]] wiki-Chalukya

*"[[Prabandha-Chintamani]]" of Merutunga
*Vijnanesvara's " Mitakshara"
*Kirthi Verma's "Govaidya "
*"Ajitapurana and Sahasabhimavijaya" of Ranna
*Bilhana's "Vikramankadeva Charitha"

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chalukya-Chola wars}}
[[Category:Wars involving the Western Chalukya Empire]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Chola Empire]]
[[Category:Chalukya–Chola wars]]

S. S. Mirajkar

2026-04-21T02:55:23Z

Igortxa: adding the article initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician and trade unionist (1899–1980)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. S. Mirajkar
| native_name =
| image = File:1958 SMS rally S.S. Mirajkar.jpg
| caption = S. S. Mirajkar at a 1958 rally of the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti]]
| office = [[Mayor of Mumbai|Mayor of Bombay]]
| term_start = 1958
| term_end = 1959
| predecessor = M. V. Donde
| successor = P. T. Borale
| office1 = President of the [[All India Trade Union Congress]]
| term_start1 = 1957
| term_end1 = 1973
| predecessor1 = [[Vengal Chakkarai|V. Chakkarai Chettiyar]]
| successor1 = [[Ranen Sen]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1899|02|08}}<ref name=na2020-09>''SS Mirajkar: Builder of TU, Communist movement'', in ''[[New Age Weekly]]''. No. 38, 2020. pp. 11–12</ref>
| birth_place = Karavali College, Mangaon Taluk, Raigarh District, [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1980|02|15|1899|02|08}}
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]
[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (1964–1970)
| occupation = Trade unionist
| website =
}}
'''Shantaram Savlaram Mirajkar''' (8 February 1899 – 15 February 1980) was an Indian [[Communism|communist]] politician and [[trade union]]ist. He was part of the old guard of the [[Communist Party of India]], led the [[All India Trade Union Congress]] as its president for many years and served as [[mayor of Bombay]].

==Early communist movement in India==
In the early 1920s, Mirajkar, [[Shripad Amrit Dange|S. A. Dange]], and [[S. V. Ghate]] constituted the early communist leadership that emerged within India, and who resented the role played by the emigre leadership who formed the [[Communist Party of India]] in [[Tashkent]] in 1920.<ref name="Roy1997">{{cite book|author=Samaren Roy|title=M.N. Roy: A Political Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwNq3oQK89kC&pg=PA61|year=1997|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-0299-4|page=61}}</ref> He began organizing trade unions of textile workers in Bombay.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2Y6AQAAIAAJ|date=April 1970|publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press|page=10}}</ref> When the [[Workers and Peasants Party (India)|Workers and Peasants Party]] was founded in Bombay in January 1927, Mirajkar became its general secretary.<ref name="rao93">M.V.S. Koteswara Rao. ''Communist Parties and United Front - Experience in Kerala and West Bengal''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 93</ref> Mirajkar was tried and convicted in the [[Meerut Conspiracy Case]].<ref name=a/><ref name=b/>

[[File:Meerut prisoners outside the jail.jpg|350px|thumb|Portrait of 25 of the [[Meerut]] prisoners taken outside the jail. Back row (left to right): K. N. Sehgal, [[Sohan Singh Josh|S. S. Josh]], [[Lester Hutchinson|H. L. Hutchinson]], [[Shaukat Usmani]], [[Benjamin Francis Bradley|B. F. Bradley]], A. Prasad, [[Philip Spratt|P. Spratt]], [[Gangadhar Adhikari|G. Adhikari]]. Middle row: [[Radharaman Mitra|R. R. Mitra]], Gopen Chakravarti, Kishori Lal Ghosh, L. R. Kadam, D. R. Thengdi, Goura Shanker, [[Sibnath Banerjee|S. Bannerjee]], [[K. N. Joglekar]], [[Puran Chand Joshi|P. C. Joshi]], [[Muzaffar Ahmad]]. Front row: M. G. Desai, D. Goswami, R. S. Nimbkar, S. S. Mirajkar, [[Shripad Amrit Dange|S. A. Dange]], [[S. V. Ghate]], Gopal Basak.]]

In 1940–1941, Mirajkar was detained at Deoli Detention Camp in [[Ajmer-Merwara]].<ref name=a>''Frontline''. ''[https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30165459.ece Making of a Thesis]''</ref> He was arrested again in August 1949, along with many other communist trade unionists.<ref name="Busch1980">{{cite book|author=G. K. Busch|title=Political Currents in the International Trade Union Movement: The Third world : Africa, Asia and Latin America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pMMTAQAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Economist Intelligence Unit|page=58}}</ref>

==AITUC president and mayor==
Mirajkar served as President of the [[All India Trade Union Congress]] between 1957 and 1973.<ref name=b>{{cite book|title=Trade Union Record|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oHDtAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=All-India Trade Union Congress|page=11}}</ref><ref name=tur73>{{cite book|title=World Trade Union Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_FX6P8drJU8C|year=1973|publisher=World Federation of Trade Unions.|page=15}}</ref> Mirajkar was elected [[mayor of Bombay]] in 1958.<ref>''Time''. ''[http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,864255,00.html India: Volunteering into the Vacuum]''</ref>

==CPI split and later years==
When the so-called "Dange Letters" surfaced in 1964, Mirajkar affirmed that they were authentic.<ref name="Basu1998">{{cite book|author=Jyoti Basu|title=Documents of the Communist Movement in India: 1970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0pnaAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=National Book Agency|isbn=978-81-7626-018-3|page=128}}</ref> Mirajkar would side with the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] in [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India|the 1964 CPI split]].<ref name="Sin1970">{{cite book|author=In-sŏp Sin|title=Area Handbook for India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LGYBAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA589|year=1970|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=589}}</ref><ref name=link70>{{cite book|title=Link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SmpDAAAAYAAJ|year=1970|publisher=United India Periodicals|page=11}}</ref> However, Mirajkar's decision to side with the left in the CPI split was not an issue of ideology, but of personal conflict with S. A. Dange.<ref name=crouch>{{Cite journal|last=Crouch|first=Harold|date=1966|title=AITUC and the Split in the Communist Party|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4356954|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=1|issue=5|pages=199–202|jstor=4356954 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> Prior to the split Mirajkar had belonged to the Dange-led right-wing faction in the party.<ref name=Sharma78>{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=T.R. |title=The Indian Communist Party Split of 1964: The Role of Factionalism and Leadership Rivalry☆|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-3592%2878%2990003-0|journal=Studies in Comparative Communism |year=1978 |volume=11 |issue=4, Winter 1978 |pages=388–409|doi=10.1016/0039-3592(78)90003-0 |access-date=14 August 2020|url-access=subscription }}</ref> When the CPI(M) Politburo called for a boycott of the January 1970 AITUC session in [[Guntur]], Mirajkar refused to comply with the party directive and participated anyway.<ref name=link70/> Mirajkar was subsequently expelled from CPI(M).<ref name="Basu1998b">{{cite book|author=Jyoti Basu|title=Documents of the Communist Movement in India: 1970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0pnaAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=National Book Agency|isbn=978-81-7626-018-3|pages=128, 130}}</ref>

He rejoined the CPI in 1973, persuaded by [[Chandra Rajeswara Rao|C. Rajeswara Rao]].<ref name=na2020-09/> He retired as AITUC President in 1973, and was succeeded by Dr. [[Ranen Sen]].<ref name=tur73/> Mirajkar died in a Bombay nursing home on 15 February 1980, at the age of 79.<ref>{{cite book|title=Flashes from the Trade Unions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YUBZAAAAYAAJ|year=1980|publisher=World Federation of Trade Unions|page=16}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mirajkar, SS}}
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century mayors of places in India]]
[[Category:Indian trade union leaders]]
[[Category:Mayors of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:20th-century trade unionists]]

Kalakote–Sunderbani Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:16:18Z

Igortxa: starting info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kalakote–Sunderbani
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 83
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Randhir Singh (politician)|Randhir Singh]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|district = [[Rajouri district|Rajouri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jammu Lok Sabha constituency|Jammu]]
|established = 2022
|electors = 
|reservation = None
}}

'''Kalakote–Sunderbani Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. Kalakote is also part of [[Jammu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jammu Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12211-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-assamarunachal-pradesh-manipur-and-nagaland-notification-dated-06032020/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland - Notification dated 06.03.2020 - Delimitation - Election Commission of India |newspaper=eci.gov.in |accessdate=2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13193-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-notification-dated-03032021/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir - Notification dated 03.03.2021 - Presidential Orders/ Delimitation Commission Orders |website=Election Commission of India |date= 3 March 2021 |accessdate= 2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Kalakote Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/kalakote.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Elections.in}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
!colspan=4|Kalakote
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| Ashok Kumar Sharma<ref name=election1996>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/senior-jammu-and-kashmir-congress-leader-ashok-sharma-resigns-from-party-1141913.html |title=Jammu & Kashmir 1996 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<ref name=election2002>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3795-jammu-kashmir-2002/ |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2002 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan=2|Rachhpal Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3796-jammu-kashmir-2008/ |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Abdul Ghani Kohli]]<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!colspan=4|Kalakote–Sunderbani
|-

| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Randhir Singh (politician)|Randhir Singh]] ||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalakote–Sunderbani<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Kalakote–Sunderbani|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0883.htm|access-date=9 July 2025|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709123557/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0883.htm|archive-date=9 July 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Randhir Singh (politician)|Randhir Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=35,010 |percentage=50.81% |change={{increase}}12.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yashu Vardhan Singh |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=20,601 |percentage=29.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arun K Sharma |party=Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party |votes=9,380 |percentage=13.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Sharma |party=Democratic Progressive Azad Party |votes=1,695 |percentage=2.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=577 |percentage=0.84% |change={{decrease}}0.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Majid Hussain Shah |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=507 |percentage=0.74% |change={{decrease}}11.85 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,409 |percentage=20.91% |change= {{increase}}11.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,903 |percentage=70.64% |change= {{decrease}}6.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,541 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.02 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}12.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalakote<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Ghani Kohli]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=25,225 |percentage=38.13% |change={{increase}}35.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rachhpal Singh |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=19,047 |percentage=28.79% |change={{decrease}}16.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,520 |percentage=15.90% |change={{increase}}14.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Asad Bari Shah |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=8,325 |percentage=12.58% |change={{decrease}}1.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Rafiq |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,472 |percentage=2.22% |change={{decrease}}4.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=766 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=526 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,178 |percentage=9.34% |change= {{decrease}}11.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=66,162 |percentage=76.66% |change= {{increase}}3.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,303 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}7.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalakote<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rachhpal Singh |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=25,314 |percentage=45.62% |change={{decrease}}0.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=13,894 |percentage=25.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Khaliq |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=7,742 |percentage=13.95% |change={{increase}}7.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,851 |percentage=6.94% |change={{increase}}6.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bharat Bushan Vaid |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,423 |percentage=2.56% |change={{increase}}0.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Ghani Kohli]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,017 |percentage=1.83% |change={{decrease}}41.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohinder Kour |party=Independent politician |votes=484 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khaliq Hussain |party=Independent politician |votes=421 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Parkash Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=338 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,420 |percentage=20.58% |change= {{increase}}17.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=55,494 |percentage=73.32% |change= {{increase}}24.66 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,684 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}11.18 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}0.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalakote<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rachpal Singh |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=19,324 |percentage=46.61% |change={{increase}}33.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,124 |percentage=43.71% |change={{decrease}}1.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fallail Singh |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=2,585 |percentage=6.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bodh Raj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,052 |percentage=2.54% |change={{decrease}}6.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhan Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=377 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,200 |percentage=2.89% |change= {{decrease}}29.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,462 |percentage=48.66% |change= {{decrease}}5.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,210 |ref = |change= {{increase}}48.95 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalakote<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,169 |percentage=45.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Puran Singh Thakur |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=4,194 |percentage=13.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gian Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,096 |percentage=13.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Liaqat Ali |party=Independent politician |votes=3,432 |percentage=11.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuldeep Raj Gupta |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,742 |percentage=8.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashmir Singh Kanwar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,573 |percentage=5.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yaqub Bhatti |party=Janata Dal |votes=576 |percentage=1.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamal Gouria |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=195 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,975 |percentage=32.04% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,137 |percentage=54.96% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,209 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kalakote]]
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|33.22|74.42|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Rajouri district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1996]]

Green Line (Kolkata Metro)

2026-04-14T17:54:13Z

Igortxa:

{{Redirect|Kolkata Metro Line 2|other uses|Line 2 (disambiguation){{!}}Line 2}}
{{short description|Transit line in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = <big> Green Line </big>
| color = {{rail color|Kolkata Metro|Green}}
| logo = Kolkata_Metro_Rail_Corporation_Logo.svg
| image = BEML RAKE EAST WEST METRO.jpg
| image_width = 320px
| image_alt =
| caption = A {{stl|Kolkata Metro|Howrah Maidan}} bound Green Line [[BEML]] Rake
| type = [[Rapid transit]]
| system = [[Kolkata Metro]]
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Kolkata Metropolitan Region]]
| start = [[Howrah Maidan metro station|Howrah Maidan]] (West)
| end = [[Salt Lake Sector-V metro station|Salt Lake Sector-V]] (East)<ref name="mtp">{{cite web |title=New System Map of Kolkata Metro |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,285 |access-date=20 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905031726/https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?id=0,1,285&lang=0 |archive-date=5 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| connectinglines = {{Plainlist|
* {{rint|kolkata|Blue}}
* Future:
* {{rint|kolkata|Purple}}
* {{rint|kolkata|Orange}}
}}
| stations = {{Plainlist|
* Operational : 12
* Approved : 5
* Proposed : 7
}}
| routes =
| daily_ridership = ~190,000<ref name="VD">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/on-v-day-kolkata-falls-in-love-with-e-w-metro-as-trains-start-rolling-out/articleshow/74142398.cms|title=On Valentine's Day, Kolkata falls in love with East-West Metro as trains start rolling out|date=15 February 2020|first=Ajanta|last=Chakraborty|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218080736/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/on-v-day-kolkata-falls-in-love-with-e-w-metro-as-trains-start-rolling-out/articleshow/74142398.cms|archive-date=18 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/world-class-e-w-still-wows-city-but-crowd-thins-in-14-days/articleshow/74408994.cms|title='World-class' East-West Metro still wows Kolkata but crowd thins in 14 day|date=29 February 2020|first=Ajanta|last=Chakraborty|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-02-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229195039/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/world-class-e-w-still-wows-city-but-crowd-thins-in-14-days/articleshow/74408994.cms|archive-date=29 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chakraborty |first=Ajanta |date=27 August 2025 |title=Kolkata Metro: Commuter count rises by 1 lakh in one day after new links; Green Line adds 80,000, Blue Line earnings cross Rs 1 crore {{!}} Kolkata News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-metro-commuter-count-rises-by-1-lakh-in-one-day-after-new-links-green-line-adds-80000-blue-line-earnings-cross-rs-1-crore/articleshow/123542101.cms |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] Aug 27, 2025, 14:02 IST |location=[[Kolkata]]}}</ref>
| open = {{Start date and age|2020|02|13|df=yes}}<ref name="LM">{{Cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/kolkata-metro-gets-its-second-corridor-after-36-years-see-photos-11581607523520.html |title=Kolkata Metro gets its second corridor after 36 years. See photos |date=13 February 2020 |access-date=14 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214040946/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/kolkata-metro-gets-its-second-corridor-after-36-years-see-photos-11581607523520.html |archive-date=14 February 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| lastextension = {{Start date and age|2025|08|22|df=yes}}
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Metro Railway, Kolkata]]<ref>{{cite news |title=East-West load on struggling Metro |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/east-west-load-on-struggling-metro/cid/1694759 |language=en}}</ref>
| character = [[Elevated railway|Elevated]], [[Rapid transit|Underground]]
| depot = [[Central Park depot|Central Park]]
| stock = [[BEML]]
| linelength = {{convert|17.6|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| tracklength =
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| electrification = {{750 V DC|conductor=y}}<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/caf-to-supply-kolkata-metro-trains.html|title=CAF to supply Kolkata metro trains|access-date=11 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816102540/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/caf-to-supply-kolkata-metro-trains.html|archive-date=16 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
| speed = {{convert|80|km/h|abbr=on}}
| signalling = [[Communications-based train control|CBTC signalling]]
| website = {{url|kmrc.in}}
| elevation =
| map = [[File:Kolkata Metro Green Line Route Map.png|300px]]{{Kolkata Metro Green Line}}
| map_name = Route Map
| map_state = show
}}

'''Green Line''', also known as '''East–West Metro''', is a [[rapid transit]] metro line of the [[Kolkata Metro]] in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It currently runs from [[Salt Lake Sector-V metro station|Salt Lake Sector-V]] to [[Howrah Maidan metro station|Howrah Maidan]] by going underneath the [[Hooghly River]]. A future eastern extension from Sector-V to [[Teghoria]] is planned.<ref name="mtp"/><ref name="MC">{{cite news|title=PM Modi inaugurates India's first underwater metro line in Kolkata|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/pm-modi-inaugurates-indias-first-underwater-metro-line-in-kolkata-12410241.html|work=Moneycontrol|date=6 March 2024|access-date=6 March 2024|language=en}}</ref> It will cover a distance of {{cvt|23.1|km}} and consist of 24 [[List of Kolkata metro stations|stations]] from Teghoria (Haldiram) in the east to Santragachi Bus Terminus in the west, of which it will consist of 18 elevated and 7 underground stations, and the operational section consists of 6 elevated and 6 underground stations, with a total distance of {{Cvt|15|km}}. It is expected to derive a very high ridership, since it connects [[India]]'s two largest [[Kolkata Suburban Railway|commuter railway]] and long-distance railway terminals, [[Howrah Junction railway station|Howrah]] and [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]] and will connect [[Shalimar railway station|Shalimar Railway Station]] and [[Santragachi railway station|Santragachi Railway Station]] in the future, along with two of its largest business districts, [[B. B. D. Bagh|BBD Bagh]] and [[Salt Lake Sector V]]. At present, more than 100,000 passengers commute through the line every day, and this figure is expected to go up to 1 million by 2035.<ref name="1M">{{cite web |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/kolkata-east-west-metro-will-ferry-1-million-people-a-day-by-2035-railway-official-4244051.html |title=Kolkata East West Metro will ferry 1 million people a day by 2035: Railway official |date=25 July 2019 |access-date=25 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725153407/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/kolkata-east-west-metro-will-ferry-1-million-people-a-day-by-2035-railway-official-4244051.html |archive-date=25 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> It also connects the industrial hub of [[Kolkata]], i.e., [[Howrah]] and the IT hub of Kolkata, i.e., [[Salt Lake Sector-V]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.kmrc.in/stations.php | title=Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation Ltd }}</ref> It has interchange with [[Blue Line (Kolkata Metro)|Blue Line]] at [[Esplanade metro station|Esplanade]] and will eventually also connect with [[Purple Line (Kolkata Metro)|Purple]] and [[Orange Line (Kolkata Metro)|Orange]] Lines.

The Green Line has India's first and biggest [[East–West Metro Tunnel|underwater metro tunnel]], along with the deepest metro ventilation shaft.<ref name="Confusion">{{Cite web |date=2017-05-05 |title=Kolkata Metro's TBM S639 Crosses Halfway Mark Under Hooghly |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2017/05/05/kolkata-metros-tbm-s639-crosses-halfway-mark-under-hooghly/ |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Howrah—Sealdah Metro Link Update {{!}}{{!}} Kolkata East-West Metro {{!}}{{!}} MetroRail Blog|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JPGvAItd1XE|language=en|access-date=2019-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006165637/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JPGvAItd1XE|archive-date=6 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In the deepest metro shaft, the [[Howrah metro station]] is the deepest metro station in India, at a depth of {{cvt|33|m}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/indias-first-underwater-train-to-be-operational-by-2023-in-kolkata/deepest-station/slideshow/93183451.cms | title=India's first underwater train to be operational by 2023 in Kolkata - Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation train }}</ref> The first phase between Salt Lake Sector V and [[Salt Lake Stadium]] was inaugurated by the then [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]], [[Piyush Goyal]], on 13 February 2020, and commercial services started from 14 February 2020.<ref name="LM"/><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/kolkata/fare-chart-of-east-west-metro-rail-ag-403000.html|title=১৩ ফেব্রুয়ারি চালু হচ্ছে ইস্ট-ওয়েস্ট মেট্রো, জেনে নিন ভাড়া তালিকা...|date=2020-02-03|website=bengali.news18.com|language=bn|access-date=2020-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203110126/https://bengali.news18.com/news/kolkata/fare-chart-of-east-west-metro-rail-ag-403000.html|archive-date=3 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> The underground stretch till [[Phoolbagan metro station|Phoolbagan]] was opened on 4 October 2020 by the current Minister of Railways, [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]], and then till [[Sealdah metro station|Sealdah]] was opened on 12 July 2022.<ref name="TMRG">{{cite news|title=(Pics) Kolkata Metro's Phoolbagan Extension of Line-2 Inaugurated|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/10/04/pics-kolkata-metros-phoolbagan-extension-of-line-2-inaugurated/|work=The Metro Rail Guy|date=4 October 2020|access-date=6 March 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref name="TMRG2">{{cite news|title=Kolkata Metro Line-2's Sealdah Station Inaugurated|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2022/07/12/kolkata-metro-line-2s-sealdah-station-inaugurated/|work=The Metro Rail Guy|date=12 July 2022|access-date=6 March 2024|language=en}}</ref> The section between [[Esplanade metro station|Esplanade]] and [[Howrah Maidan metro station|Howrah Maidan]] was inaugurated by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] on 6 March 2024.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chakraborty|first=Ajanta|title=India's first under-river Metro becomes reality|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/indias-first-under-river-metro-becomes-reality/articleshow/108250989.cms|work=The Times of India|date=6 March 2024|access-date=6 March 2024|language=en}}</ref> The final Esplanade and [[Sealdah metro station|Sealdah]] section was inaugurated on 22 August 2025.<ref name="toi25-8">{{Cite news |date=2025-08-12 |title='Efforts on to open 3 new metro lines next week' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/efforts-on-to-open-3-new-metro-lines-next-week/articleshow/123264233.cms |access-date=2025-08-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==History==
The master plan had already identified the corridor way back in 1971. But the success of the [[Delhi Metro]] contributed to the sanction of the East–West Metro corridor, which would connect [[Howrah railway station]] with the [[satellite city]] of [[Bidhannagar, Kolkata|Salt Lake]]. In January 2004, the [[Vadodara]]-based Pacific Consultant International Group conducted a feasibility study for the line. The report proposed the route and tubular structures be under the [[Hooghly River]], a [[distributary]] of the [[Ganges|Ganga River]].

A new organisation called the [[Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation|Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (KMRCL) was formed, which would be executing the operations of this line, by commencing construction in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|title=East-West Metro gets new boss|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110629/jsp/calcutta/story_14173671.jsp|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=1 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102095319/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110629/jsp/calcutta/story_14173671.jsp|archive-date=2 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Of the KMRC's eight directors, four each were from the [[Government of West Bengal|Governments of West Bengal]] and [[Government of India|India]]. The cost was being shared between the [[Government of West Bengal|state government]] as 30 percent, the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Union Urban Development Ministry]] as 25 percent, and the [[Japan Bank for International Cooperation]] (JBIC) as 45 percent.<ref>{{cite news|title=East-West Metro's route likely to change|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/east-west-metro%5Cs-route-likely-to-change/437179/|newspaper=Business Standard}}</ref> But in 2011, after state government disinvested from the project, most of the share of this project went to [[Indian Railways]], the owner of the [[Kolkata Metro]], and with the JBIC. In 2012, the project was estimated at a cost of {{INRConvert|5000|c}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/article3650126.ece?homepage=true&ref=wl_home|title=Kolkata Metro inks purchase pact for coaches for East-West corridor|first=Abhishek Law, Ayan|last=Pramanik|date=17 July 2012|access-date=5 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927103031/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/article3650126.ece?homepage=true&ref=wl_home|archive-date=27 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> while by 2019, the cost had escalated to {{INRConvert|8000|c|lk=|year=2019}}.

Due to major setbacks, such as land acquisition, slum relocation, and route alignment problems, the project got delayed. The East-West Corridor was originally slated to be operational by 2012, but was later pushed back to 2015. The project was implemented in four phases. The first phase, from [[Salt Lake Sector-V metro station|Salt Lake Sector V]] to [[Salt Lake Stadium metro station|Salt Lake Stadium]], became operational on 13 February 2020.<ref name="LM"/> The second phase, to [[Phoolbagan metro station|Phoolbagan]] opened on 4 October 2020.<ref name="TMRG"/> The third phase to Sealdah became operational from 14 July 2022,<ref name="TMRG2"/> and part of the final phase between Esplanade and Howrah Maidan, which includes the journey through the tubular tunnels under the Hooghly River, became operational on 6 March 2024. This made the line and the Kolkata Metro the first metro to run underwater in [[India]].<ref name="MC"/><ref name="TH">{{cite news|title=PM Modi unveils multiple metro projects, including Kolkata underwater corridor|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-unveils-multiple-metro-projects-including-kolkata-underwater-corridor/article67919706.ece|work=The Hindu|date=6 March 2024|access-date=6 March 2024|language=en}}</ref>

On 21 January 2025 trial runs started on the remaining gap between Esplanade and Sealdah,<ref name ="Successful trial run on Sealdah-Esplanade stretch signals end to Kolkata Metro's Bowbazar woes">{{Cite news |date=2025-01-21 |title=Successful trial run on Sealdah-Esplanade stretch signals end to Kolkata Metro's Bowbazar woes |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,285 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> which was then opened on 22 August 2025. This connected the formerly two separate sections from Salt Lake Sector-V to Sealdah and Esplanade to Howrah Maidan together into one continuous line. This also completed the 16-year construction project between Salt Lake Sector-V and Howrah Maidan after many years of hardships, delays and developmental work.<ref name="toi25-8"/><ref name="PM Modi inaugurates Kolkata metro corridors; experts say real estate markets to gain from airport, suburban connectivity">{{cite web |title=PM Modi inaugurates Kolkata metro corridors; experts say real estate markets to gain from airport, suburban connectivity |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/pm-modi-inaugurates-kolkata-metro-corridors-experts-say-real-estate-markets-to-gain-from-airport-suburban-connectivity-101755857930176.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref>

Just before the tunnel enters the [[Underwater tunnel|underwater segment]], lies a [[ventilation shaft]] on the [[Kolkata]] bank of [[Hooghly River]], which is the deepest of its kind in [[India]], at {{Convert|44|m}} below ground level.<ref>{{Citation |title=East-West Metro, Kolkata (2024) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnqqYiboA5o |access-date=2024-03-08 |language=en}}</ref>

==Current status==
[[File:PM Modi sees the exhibition showcased on the India’s first under-river metro tunnel in Kolkata, West Bengal.jpg|left|thumb|Artists Conception of East west underwater metro at Esplanade Metro station]]
[[File:East west metro tunnel pics.webm|thumb|East west metro tunnel underwater section]]
''{{As of|2025|August|df=US}}''
* '''Elevated Corridor''': The elevated section for Phase 1 is complete, including the last trials, from [[Salt Lake Sector V metro station|Salt Lake Sector V]] to [[Salt Lake Stadium metro station|Salt Lake Stadium]]. Commercial operations started on 14 February 2020.<ref name=":5"/>
* '''Tunnel for Phase 2''': The construction of the {{cvt|5490|m}}-long tunnel has been completed. This section was constructed by ITD-ITD Cementation JV.
* '''Underground Stations for Phase 2''': The works at [[Phoolbagan metro station|Phoolbagan station]] was completed, and it is operational from 4 October 2020.<ref name="TMRG"/>
*'''Underground Stations for Phase 3''': The [[Sealdah metro station|Sealdah station]] was completed, and was inaugurated by the [[Ministry of Women and Child Development|Minister of Women and Child Development]], [[Smriti Irani]], and is available for commercial usage from 14 July 2022.<ref name=":4">{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/kolkata/kolkata-new-sealdah-metro-station-is-all-set-to-be-inaugurated-today-commercial-operations-to-start-on-july-15-article-92798562 | title=Kolkata: New Sealdah metro station is all set to be inaugurated today, commercial operations to start on July 15 | date=11 July 2022 }}</ref>
* '''Tunnel for Phase 3''': Tunneling work for phase 3 was completed. However, work at the shaft at Durga Pithuri Lane was ongoing.
* '''Underground Stations for Phase 4''': [[Howrah Maidan metro station|Howrah Maidan]], [[Howrah metro station|Howrah]], [[Mahakaran metro station|Mahakaran]] and the new [[Esplanade metro station|Esplanade]] were completed and were inaugurated on 6 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-19 |title=Hope for ops start of three new Metro links in March first week |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/hope-for-ops-start-of-three-new-metro-links-in-march-first-week/articleshow/107806433.cms |access-date=2024-02-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hossain|first=Shaheryar|date=2020-12-01|title=Outer structure of Esplanade Metro Station completed|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/outer-structure-of-esplanade-metro-station-completed-425263|access-date=2021-05-20|website=www.millenniumpost.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ajanta Chakraborty|date=Feb 24, 2020|title=Kolkata: After work for 29 months, station structure ready at Mahakaran {{!}} Kolkata News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-after-work-for-29-months-station-structure-ready-at-mahakaran/articleshow/74275233.cms|access-date=2021-05-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name="MC"/>
*'''Tunnel work for phase 4''': Both tunnels for phase 4 are complete. Tunneling between Esplanade and Sealdah was completed on 9 October 2020 and between Sealdah and Bowbazar shaft completed on 15 May 2021.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|author=Ajanta Chakraborty|date=May 16, 2021|title=12 years and several stumbling blocks later, E-W Metro tunnelling work is complete {{!}} Kolkata News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/12-yrs-and-several-stumbling-blocks-later-e-w-metro-tunnelling-work-is-complete/articleshow/82669754.cms|access-date=2021-05-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Retrieval of the TBMs and covering of the shaft are completed. The last remaining gap between Esplanade and Sealdah stations was opened on 22 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Railway Kolkata / Indian Railways Portal |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3924&did=1709732766752EFE40D35130703F5AE83D8DB4F9F2BA7 |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=mtp.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-01 |title=India's deepest Metro station at Howrah also to be the largest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/indias-deepest-metro-station-at-howrah-to-be-the-largest/articleshow/108121908.cms |access-date=2024-03-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Railway Kolkata / Indian Railways Portal |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3926&did=1709813590202A5B847FBF4024927F49938AE354845FA |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=mtp.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref>
* '''Train Depot''': Construction, electrical and mechanical work have been completed at [[Central Park depot]], and it is presently operational.

==Stations==
{{main|List of Kolkata metro stations}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="12" align="center" style="background:#{{rail color|Kolkata Metro|Green}};" |Green Line
|-
! rowspan="2" | #
! colspan="2" | Station Name
! rowspan="2" | Distance (km)
! rowspan="2" | Opening
! rowspan="2" | Connections
! rowspan="2" | Layout
! rowspan="2" | Platform Type
|-
![[English language|English]]||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|-
! scope="row"| 1
| align="center"|Teghoria|| তেঘরিয়া|| || Rowspan="5"|Approved || align="center" | {{rint|kolkata|Orange}} ''(Under Construction)''|| Underground|| Rowspan="5"|''TBD''
|-
! scope="row" | 2
| align="center" |Raghunathpur|| রঘুনাথপুর|| || || Rowspan="10" | Elevated
|-
! scope="row" | 3
| align="center" |Baguiati || বাগুইআটি|| ||
|-
! scope="row" | 4
| align="center" | Kestopur || কেষ্টপুর || ||
|-
! scope="row" | 5
| align="center"| Krishnapur || কৃষ্ণপুর|| ||
|-
! scope="row" | 6
| align="center" |[[Salt Lake Sector-V metro station|Salt Lake Sector-V]]|| সল্টলেক সেক্টর-৫|| 0 || Rowspan="6" | 14 February 2020 || align="center"|{{rint|kolkata|Orange}} '''[[IT Centre metro station|IT Centre]]''' ''(Under Construction)''|| Rowspan="6" | Side
|-
! scope="row" | 7
| align="center" |[[Karunamoyee metro station|Karunamoyee]]|| করুণাময়ী|| 1.227 ||
|-
! scope="row" | 8
| align="center" |[[Central Park metro station|Central Park]]|| সেন্ট্রাল পার্ক|| 0.803 ||
|-
! scope="row" | 9
| align="center" |[[City Center metro station|City Center]]|| সিটি সেন্টার|| 0.933 ||
|-
! scope="row" | 10
| align="center" |[[Bengal Chemical metro station|Bengal Chemical]]|| বেঙ্গল কেমিক্যাল||1.127 ||
|-
! scope="row" | 11
| align="center" |[[Salt Lake Stadium metro station|Salt Lake Stadium]]|| সল্টলেক স্টেডিয়াম||0.795 ||
|-
! scope="row" | 12
| align="center" |[[Phoolbagan metro station|Phoolbagan]]|| ফুলবাগান|| 1.695||4 October 2020|| || Rowspan="6"|Underground || Island
|-
! scope="row" | 13
| align="center" |[[Sealdah metro station|Sealdah]]|| শিয়ালদহ|| 2.305||11 July 2022|| {{rint|kolkata|s}} '''[[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]]'''|| Rowspan="2" | Side & Island
|-
! scope="row" | 14
| align="center" |[[Esplanade metro station|Esplanade]]|| এসপ্ল্যানেড|| 2.631||Rowspan="4" | 6 March 2024|| {{rint|kolkata|Blue}} {{rint|kolkata|Purple}} ''(Under Construction)''
|-
! scope="row" | 15
| align="center" |[[Mahakaran metro station|Mahakaran]]|| মহাকরণ|| 0.878|| ||Island
|-
! scope="row" | 16
| align="center" | [[Howrah metro station|Howrah]]|| হাওড়া|| 2.206||align="center" |{{rint|kolkata|s}} '''[[Howrah railway station|Howrah]]''' {{rint|ferry}}Howrah Station Jetty|| Side & Island
|-
! scope="row" | 17
| align="center" |[[Howrah Maidan metro station|Howrah Maidan]]|| হাওড়া ময়দান || 1.057|| ||Island
|-
! scope="row" | 18
| align="center" |Foreshore Road|| ফোরশোর রোড || ||Rowspan ="8"|Proposed |||| Rowspan="8"| Elevated ||Rowspan="8"|''TBD''
|-
! scope="row" | 19
| align="center" |Coal Depot|| কোল ডিপো || ||
|-
! scope="row" | 20
| align="center" |Shalimar|| শালিমার || ||align="center" |{{rint|kolkata|s}} '''[[Shalimar railway station|Shalimar]]'''
|-
! scope="row" | 21
| align="center" |Nabanna|| নবান্ন || ||
|-
! scope="row" | 22
| align="center" |Belepole|| বেলেপোল || ||
|-
! scope="row" | 23
| align="center" |Bakshara|| বাকসাঁড়া || ||
|-
! scope="row" | 24
| align="center" |Santragachi|| সাঁতরাগাছি || ||align="center" |{{rint|kolkata|s}} '''[[Santragachi railway station|Santragachi]]'''
|-
|}

== Inauguration ==
===1st phase===
On 3 February 2020, the final inauguration date was revealed. After 11 years, since the construction started, the first phase of the line was inaugurated on 13 February by [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Union Minister of Railways]] [[Piyush Goyal]], with commercial services to start the very next day. The service will start from 8 am and ends at 8 pm, with 37 pairs of services a day. 5 rakes would run at a frequency of 20 minutes. Dipak Kumar drove the first train.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/8am-on-valentines-day-your-date-with-east-west-metro/articleshow/73944004.cms|title=8am on Valentine's Day; Your date with East-West Metro |last1=Chakraborty|first1=Ajanta|date=5 February 2020|first2=Jayanta|last2=Gupta|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205180500/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/8am-on-valentines-day-your-date-with-east-west-metro/articleshow/73944004.cms|archive-date=5 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/kolkata-metro-east-west-metro-railway-set-to-roll-out-on-13-february-11580754188142.html|title=Kolkata Metro: East-West Metro railway set to roll out on 13 February|date=2020-02-04|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=2020-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205134830/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/kolkata-metro-east-west-metro-railway-set-to-roll-out-on-13-february-11580754188142.html|archive-date=5 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{cite news |title=আজ উদ্বোধন ইস্ট-ওয়েস্ট মেট্রোর |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/calcutta/east-west-metro-will-be-inaugurated-today-by-rail-minister-piyush-goyal-1.1108382?ref=home-more-news-stry-left-small-image-2 |access-date=13 February 2020 |work=Anandabazar Patrika |date=13 February 2020 |language=bn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213042443/https://www.anandabazar.com/calcutta/east-west-metro-will-be-inaugurated-today-by-rail-minister-piyush-goyal-1.1108382%3Fref%3Dhome-more-news-stry-left-small-image-2 |archive-date=13 February 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/this-is-how-your-journey-through-salt-lake-will-be-from-v-day/articleshow/74089096.cms|title=West Bengal: This is how your journey through Salt Lake will be from Valentine's Day|date=12 February 2020|first=Ajanta|last=Chakraborty|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214033141/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/this-is-how-your-journey-through-salt-lake-will-be-from-v-day/articleshow/74089096.cms|archive-date=14 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2021, services up to [[Phoolbagan metro station|Phoolbagan]] were extended as a part of Phase 1A.

===2nd Phase===
On 14 July 2022, the first commercial run from [[Sealdah metro station]] was made, as a part of Phase 2.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kolkata takes a first look at Sealdah Metro station after inauguration |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/kolkata-takes-a-first-look-at-sealdah-metro-station-after-inauguration/cid/1874240 |access-date=14 July 2022 |work=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

===3rd phase===
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi flags off the metro at Esplanade Metro Rail Station of Kolkata, in West Bengal on March 06, 2024 (2).jpg|thumb|[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] inaugurating the Esplanade–Howrah Maidan stretch of the line on 6 March 2024 from [[Esplanade metro station]]]]
On 6 March 2024, the truncated route between Esplanade and Howrah Maidan was opened by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name="TH"/>

===4th Phase===
On 22 August 2025, the remaining Sealdah–Esplanade section was opened by Prime Minister Modi, connecting the formerly two separate sections from Salt Lake Sector-V to Sealdah and Esplanade to Howrah Maidan together into one continuous line.<ref name="PM Modi inaugurates Kolkata metro corridors; experts say real estate markets to gain from airport, suburban connectivity"/>

==Infrastructure==
===Stations===
All the stations in this line are equipped with [[Platform Screen Doors]] to keep people away from the tracks for greater safety.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kmrc.in/|title=KMRC=2013-07-22|access-date=22 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604101050/http://kmrc.in/|archive-date=4 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mott MacDonald]] is the detailed design consultant for all the elevated stations, whereas [[Lee Harris Pomeroy|Lee Harris Pomeroy Architects]] have designed all the underground stations. Out of the 6 underground stations, 3 have been built by ITD Cementation, a part of the [[Italian-Thai Development|Italian-Thai Development Public Company]], and the other 3 by [[Afcons Infrastructure]], including the 520 meters underwater stretch. All the elevated stations were built by [[Kolkata]]-based Simplex Infrastructure ltd.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mottmac.com/newsandpublications/newslist/?id=127965|title=Mott MacDonald is detailed design consultant on Salt Lake City Stations|access-date=22 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726131457/http://www.mottmac.com/newsandpublications/newslist/?id=127965|archive-date=26 July 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/kolkatametro/|title=Railway Technology|access-date=22 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804225519/http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/kolkatametro|archive-date=4 August 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Escalators and elevators ===
90 escalators and 40 elevators have been installed at different levels in the line to facilitate smooth mobility of passengers, including physically challenged and aged persons. The Letter of Award (LoA) for installation of forty-one escalators and twenty-six elevators for 8 stations of Phase-I has been awarded.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kmrc.in/admin/uploads/AR_of_KMRCL.pdf|title=REVIEW OF ANNUAL REPORT AND AUDITED ACCOUNTS OF KOLKATA METRO RAIL CORPORATION LIMITED (KMRCL) FOR THE YEAR 2016-17.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209054927/http://www.kmrc.in/admin/uploads/AR_of_KMRCL.pdf|archive-date=9 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Tunnel Ventilation System (TVS) ===
TVS provides a means to control smoke flow and ensure safe evacuation of passengers in case of a fire, as well as maintain an acceptable environment in the tunnel and station track ways. The Tender for the TVS was invited and the bids of eligible tenderers have been evaluated.

[[File:Salt Lake Stadium Metro Station 19.jpg|thumb|right| Platform Screen Doors at the [[Salt Lake Stadium metro station]]]]

=== Platform Screen Doors (PSDs) ===
The PSDs are a system of full height/half height motorized sliding doors that provide controlled access to the trains and protect the platform edges. The PSD work for 6 elevated and 6 underground stations have been completed.

=== Electrification, signaling and automatic fare collection ===
The line has two types of signaling equipment supplied by ANSALDO STS. One is the feature cab signaling and another is the continuous automatic train control with automatic train protection. The other signaling equipment includes an integrated system featuring a [[fiber optic cable]], SCADA, radios and a PA system. The line also has a train information system, control telephones and a centralized clock system. The contract for AFC works has been awarded to M/s. Indra Sistemas SA (Spain).<ref name=":0" />

===Operations===
Like the north–south corridor, the east–west metro runs from 6:30 am to 10:20 pm (Monday to Saturday) and 9 am to 10:20 pm (Sundays) at a frequency of 6 minutes during peak hours and 12 minutes during non-peak hours.

==Rolling stock==
{{Main|Kolkata Metro rolling stock}}
[[File:East West Metro Kolkata17.jpg|thumb|right|The interior of the East-West Metro rake]]
The [[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles]] (CAF), in collaboration with [[Melco]], was to supply 14 trains for this line.<ref name="caf.es">{{Cite web |url=http://www.caf.es/en/productos-servicios/proyectos/proyecto-detalle.php?p=247 |title=CAF-Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles, your railway solutions |access-date=11 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019231701/http://www.caf.es/en/productos-servicios/proyectos/proyecto-detalle.php?p=247 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The 14 rakes were acquired at a cost of approximately €110m {{INRConvert|600|c}}.<ref name="auto"/> Each rake composes of 6 coaches having a capacity of 2,068 people per train.<ref name="caf.es"/> The maximum speed of the train is {{Convert|90|km/h|abbr=on}}. The first lot of trains was to be manufactured in [[Spain]] and imported to Kolkata in November 2014. The next lot was to be manufactured in India. However, the tender was cancelled by the [[Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation]] (KMRC) due to technical reasons,<ref>{{cite news|title=Kolkata loses Spanish Rides|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/delay-costs-kolkata-s-ride-on-spanish-metro-115011000553_1.html|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=2 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130143405/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/delay-costs-kolkata-s-ride-on-spanish-metro-115011000553_1.html|archive-date=30 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and excessive delay in project. Then, a re-tender was issued in July 2015. The [[Bharat Earth Movers Limited]] (BEML) emerged as the only bidder in the fourth round of bidding for providing the rolling stock.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bid saves Metro blushes|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150923/jsp/calcutta/story_44021.jsp#.VqX4NFV97IV|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph (Calcutta)]]|access-date=25 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131194908/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150923/jsp/calcutta/story_44021.jsp#.VqX4NFV97IV|archive-date=31 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thus, the contract for providing the rakes was awarded to the BEML.<ref>{{cite news|title=Central PSU wins Rs 900-crore Metro rake order|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Central-PSU-wins-Rs-900-crore-Metro-rake-order/articleshow/50661128.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122095904/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Central-PSU-wins-Rs-900-crore-Metro-rake-order/articleshow/50661128.cms|archive-date=22 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The BEML has earlier provided rakes for [[Delhi Metro]], [[Namma Metro|Bengaluru Metro]] and [[Jaipur Metro]]. Fourteen rakes, each with six coaches, were ordered. Out of 14, 11 rakes have already been received by the KMRC.

==Tunnel lights==
In December 2023, Kolkata Metro added blue light in the underwater tunnel section to give passengers a sense of feeling under Hooghly River alongside other lights in the tunnel.<ref name="youtube.com"/>

==Proposed extensions==
The [[Government of West Bengal]] has proposed an extension to the East–West Metro line. According to this proposal, the East–West Metro will have 3 terminating stations at [[Howrah Maidan metro station|Howrah Maidan]], [[Salt Lake Sector-V metro station|Salt Lake Sector-V]] and the proposed Teghoria station. In Teghoria, it will be connected to the Airport-bound [[Orange Line (Kolkata Metro)|Orange Line]], and interconnection facilities will be present. It was previously planned that the extension and the present route would converge at the Central Park Station.<ref>{{cite news|title=East-West eyes easy route to airport|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160218/jsp/calcutta/story_69918.jsp#.VsVedSB97IU|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph (Calcutta)]]|access-date=18 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219101329/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160218/jsp/calcutta/story_69918.jsp#.VsVedSB97IU|archive-date=19 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> But now the plan is changed and it is decided to extend the line directly from Salt Lake Sector V Station.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kolkata Metro Official Map|url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,285|access-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905031726/https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?id=0,1,285&lang=0|archive-date=5 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The proposed extension is under study and it will need several clearances before being implemented. Another {{cvt|10|km}} East-West Metro extension project from Howrah Maidan to [[Santragachi]] bus terminus has also been proposed. [[Rail India Technical and Economic Service]] (RITES), and the implementing agency for this project was planned to start work on the corridor early in 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=2017 start for Howrah EW Metro|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/2017-start-for-Howrah-EW-Metro/articleshow/55734781.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204150306/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/2017-start-for-Howrah-EW-Metro/articleshow/55734781.cms|archive-date=4 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Timeline ==
{{Div col}}
*2009: Contract for building the overground stations and viaduct awarded to [[Gammon India|Gammon]] and Simplex Infrastructure.
*2009: Contract for building the underground section from Subhash Sarabor to Central Station awarded to ITD-ITD Cementation JV.
*2009-February: Physical Construction of EW corridor starts.
*2010: Contract for building the underground section from Central to [[Howrah Maidan metro station|Howrah Maidan]] awarded to [[Shapoorji Pallonji Group|Afcons]].
*2012: KMRC awards rolling stock contract to Spain's [[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles]] (CAF).
*2012: Realignment proposed to avoid shifting of 80 families from Bowbazar and hawkers from Brabourne Road.
*2014: CAF withdraws from the KMRC rolling stock contract due to cost escalation.
*2015: Realignment approved by [[Indian Railways|Railways]] and JICA in between Sealdah to Howrah station.
*2015: Subodh Mullick Square station, a key stop in the revised blueprint, done away with to avoid eviction of hawkers.
*2015: Complete elevated tracks other than {{Convert|365|m}} at Duttabad ready.
*2016-February: Rolling stock contract for 14 rakes having 6 coaches awarded to [[Bharat Earth Movers|BEML]].
*2017-January: Structural and Roofing work of all elevated stations completed.
*2017-March: Work starts at {{Convert|365|m}} of elevated section at Duttabad after resettlement of affected household. Elevated section is to be made of steel girders.
*2017-March: [[Shapoorji Pallonji Group|Afcons]] nicknames the tunnel boring machine as Prerna and Rachna inspired from the names of daughter of their employee.
*2017-May 23: First TBM completes tunneling the East bound tunnel under the Hoogly river.
*2017-June 21: Second TBM completes tunneling the West bound tunnel under the river Hoogly.
*2017-June: Permission received from [[Archaeological Survey of India]] for construction of tunnel within {{Convert|100|m|4=0}} of three heritage buildings.
*2017-July: Tram depot at Esplanade shifted to facilitate construction of Metro Station.
*2017-July: People from 11 buildings in Brebourne Road evacuated in phased manner when the TBM's passes below these old buildings.
*2017-August: Mini-bus stand at Mahakaran shifted to facilitate the construction of underground station.
*2017-September: Panasonic Manufacturing and Zhuzhou CRRC Times Electric have been awarded contract of platform screen door on all 12 stations.
*2017-October: 365 m of elevated section at Duttabad completed using steel girders.
*2017-December: Tunnelling between Mahakaran station and Esplanade station ongoing.
*2017-December: KMRC declares first phase to be in between Sector V and IFA Salt Lake Stadium instead of Phoolbagan to be inaugurated in June 2018.
*2018-January: Demo coach arrives at IFA Salt Lake Metro Depot. People question its use.
*2018-February 12: Metro general manager Mr. Ajay Vijayvargiya again postpones opening of first phase from June to September 2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=Metro to connect Sector V to Salt Lake Stadium soon|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/metro-to-connect-sector-v-to-salt-lake-stadium-soon-284718|newspaper=[[Millennium Post]]|access-date=28 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228223258/http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/metro-to-connect-sector-v-to-salt-lake-stadium-soon-284718|archive-date=28 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2018-February: Constantly KMRC and Railways have postponed the opening of Phase 1 (the new deadline was before October 2018) and truncated the route for Phase 1 from Sealdah to Phoolbagan and now only till Salt lake Sec V.
*2018-March 23: First TBM named Prerna reaches Esplanade station completing the section from Howrah Maidan to Esplanade. This tunnel will be used by Howrah bound tunnel.
*2018-March 31: BEML delivers first metro train set to KMRC. The train sets to arrive in 20 days. Second train set will be delivered in the end of April.
*2018-April 5: Second TBM completes boring of second tunnel between Howrah Maidan and Esplanade station.
*2018-April 20: First metro rake arrives at IFA Salt Lake Depot.<ref>{{cite news|title=First look at East-West Metro rake|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/calcutta/first-look-at-east-west-metro-rake-226127|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=8 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508185700/https://www.telegraphindia.com/calcutta/first-look-at-east-west-metro-rake-226127|archive-date=8 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*2018-May 1: The second metro rake from BEML arrives.
*2018-June 20: First test ride inside depot starts.<ref>{{cite news|title=East West Metro's six-car rake takes first test run at depot|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/east-west-metros-six-car-rake-takes-first-test-run-at-depot/articleshow/64675920.cms|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716221235/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/east-west-metros-six-car-rake-takes-first-test-run-at-depot/articleshow/64675920.cms|archive-date=16 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2018-June 27: Work at Esplanade Sealdah tunnel drilling stalled due to existing steel structure on [[Blue Line (Kolkata Metro)|Blue Line]].
*2018-July 4: First trial run between Central Park and Sector V.<ref>{{cite news|title=E-W Metro ready for trial run between Central Park & Sec V|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/e-w-metro-ready-for-trial-run-between-central-park-sec-v/articleshow/64850270.cms|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727041611/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/e-w-metro-ready-for-trial-run-between-central-park-sec-v/articleshow/64850270.cms|archive-date=27 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2018-July: October deadline of inauguration announced
*2018-August: Tunneling from Esplanade to Sealdah suspend due to detection of underground steel beams of Blue Line.
*2018-August: Due to fund crunch & other issues, initial run postponed to March 2019.
*2018-August 30: Installation of Platform Screen Doors started in Karunamoyee and Central Park stations.
*2018-October: Trial Runs conducted between Sector V and IFA Salt Lake Stadium stations.
*2018-November: Trial Runs conducted by RDSO between Sector V and IFA Salt Lake Stadium stations.
*2018-November: Speed limit of trains plying on Blue Line decreased due to removal of steel beams.
*2018-November: Small tunnels being made using [[New Austrian tunnelling method|NATM method]] at Esplanade to remove steel beams left during North-South Metro construction in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Calcutta Metro's slow-mo stretch|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/calcutta-metro-s-slow-mo-stretch/cid/1677699|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=20 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230312/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/west-bengal/calcutta-metro-s-slow-mo-stretch/cid/1677699|archive-date=20 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Another eight joists to be removed before TBMs restart|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/another-eight-joists-to-be-removed-before-tbms-restart-burrowing-east-west-tunnels/articleshow/67155038.cms|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=20 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220023721/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/another-eight-joists-to-be-removed-before-tbms-restart-burrowing-east-west-tunnels/articleshow/67155038.cms|archive-date=20 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2018-December: Issues in software detected.
*2019-January 25: Tunneling on Esplanade Sealdah section begins. TBM named Chandi starts its initial push from Esplanade station. It will take 12–15 months to complete the tunnelling.
*2019-February 19: Second boring machine named Urvi starts tunnelling from Esplanade station.
*2019-February: Fare chart released.
*2019-April: Glitches detected during software integration while negotiating curves in line (First phase of the project till Salt Lake Stadium). Glitches have been fixed, and the signalling and communication firm Ansaldo STS has recommended 1000 hours of trial run before commencement of service.<ref>{{cite news|title=Firm insists on 1000 hours of trial for glitch-free Metro|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/firm-insists-on-1000-hours-of-trial-for-glitch-free-metro/cid/1690147|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=31 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531093635/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/west-bengal/firm-insists-on-1000-hours-of-trial-for-glitch-free-metro/cid/1690147|archive-date=31 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2019-April: Inauguration delayed again. Misses April end deadline. New deadline June
*2019-May: Tunnel boring machine Urvi and Chandi after initial slow start progressing steadily towards Sealdah.
*2019-May 18: Gets RDSO clearance, and railway board nod.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-east-west-metro-gets-rail-board-nod/articleshow/69381779.cms|title=Kolkata: East-West Metro gets rail board nod|date=18 May 2019|first=Ajanta|last=Chakraborty|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929093240/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-east-west-metro-gets-rail-board-nod/articleshow/69381779.cms|archive-date=29 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2019-May 31: Electrification of third rail and trail run in underground section from IFA Salt Lake Stadium & Phoolbagan stations. It was the first time after 1995 that a metro trial was held underground.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kolkata: Underground trials at Phoolbagan on Friday|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/underground-trials-at-phoolbagan-today/articleshow/69589078.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
*2019-June 14: Inspection by fire department. Says, inadequate emergency exits in Bengal Chemical & IFA Saltlake Stadium stations.
*2019-June 15: Gets international safety nod from French certifier.
*2019-July 3: TBMs Rachna & Prerna successfully taken out from Curzon Park
*2019-July 7: Fire dept. assures temporary permission to the 2 stations, Bengal Chemical & IFA Saltlake Stadium stations. NOC to be valid for a year.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/two-e-w-stations-get-fire-nod-for-a-year/articleshow/70109708.cms|title=Two East-West Kolkata Metro stations get fire nod for a year|date=7 July 2019|first=Ajanta|last=Chakraborty|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718174532/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/two-e-w-stations-get-fire-nod-for-a-year/articleshow/70109708.cms|archive-date=18 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2019-July 18: Operations handed over to Metro Railway, Kolkata from Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/east-west-load-on-struggling-metro/cid/1694759|title=East-West load on struggling Metro|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723154800/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/west-bengal/east-west-load-on-struggling-metro/cid/1694759|archive-date=23 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2019-July 23: CRS inspection and safety audit for initial run. But, Fire department delayed the NOC.
*2019-July 30: Opening rescheduled on September. Smart Card released. Employees of Metro Railway, Kolkata being trained by Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/post-fire-nod-e-w-eyes-pre-puja-start-to-services/articleshow/70439993.cms|title=Post fire nod, East-West eyes pre-Puja start to services|date=30 July 2019|first=Ajanta|last=Chakraborty|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815091051/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/post-fire-nod-e-w-eyes-pre-puja-start-to-services/articleshow/70439993.cms|archive-date=15 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2019-August 02: CRS nod given, with 3 month validity of the clearance.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/metro-races-against-time-to-meet-nov-30-deadline/articleshow/72090776.cms|title=East-West Metro races against time to meet November 30 deadline|date=17 November 2019|first=Ajanta|last=Chakraborty|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-02-03}}</ref>
*2019-August 12: India's deepest metro station, Howrah ({{Cvt|30|m}}) finishes structural construction. It took 17 months.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/a-stn-comes-up-30m-below-howrah-stn/articleshow/70650925.cms|title=India's deepest Metro station comes up 30m below Howrah railway station {{!}} Kolkata News - Times of India|date=13 August 2019|first=Ajanta|last=Chakraborty|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902231046/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/a-stn-comes-up-30m-below-howrah-stn/articleshow/70650925.cms|archive-date=2 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2019-August 21: Trial till Sealdah crossover and 7-day mock trial started.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/e-w-starts-its-underground-trial-runs-till-sealdah-station/articleshow/70761473.cms|title=Kolkata East-West Metro starts its underground trial runs till Sealdah station|date=21 August 2019|first=Ajanta|last=Chakraborty|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929094744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/e-w-starts-its-underground-trial-runs-till-sealdah-station/articleshow/70761473.cms|archive-date=29 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2019-September 01: Tunnel boring machine Chandi hits an aquifer causing massive soil settlement. Multiple buildings damaged, hundreds had to be moved to hotels<ref>{{cite news|title=Kolkata: Homes emptied after cracks in Calcutta's Bowbazar|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/homes-emptied-after-cracks-in-calcutta-s-bowbazar/cid/1701898|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=17 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903173003/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/west-bengal/homes-emptied-after-cracks-in-calcutta-s-bowbazar/cid/1701898|archive-date=3 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=18 buildings damaged as Kolkata Metro tunnel-borer 'hits aquifer'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/18-buildings-damaged-as-kolkata-metro-tunnel-borer-hits-aquifer/articleshow/70940550.cms|website=Times of India|date=2 September 2019 |access-date=17 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905221720/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/18-buildings-damaged-as-kolkata-metro-tunnel-borer-hits-aquifer/articleshow/70940550.cms|archive-date=5 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2019-October: By the mid of the month, the land was stabled by grouting and no more subsidence recorded. High Court ordered to stop tunneling, till further notice.
*2019-October 30: First round of service trials started.<ref name=":3" />
* 2019 October: The first phase of this line was scheduled to start its first commercial run on 24 October, the same day when the first metro in India, [[Blue Line (Kolkata Metro)|Blue Line]] was inaugurated in 1984
*2019-October 24: But the date was postponed to 7 November for some technical reasons.
*2019-October 30: Second round of service trials started.<ref name=":3" />
*2019 November 8: The Metro Authority was also unable to start its inaugural run on 7 November also. Failure drill started and performed till 18 November.<ref>{{cite web|title=Railways Mulling to Flag-off Kolkata Metro East-West Corridor on 24 October|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/railways-mulling-to-flag-off-kolkata-metro-east-west-corridor-on-october-24-2344989.html|website=News18.com|date=24 October 2019|access-date=12 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022045247/https://www.news18.com/news/india/railways-mulling-to-flag-off-kolkata-metro-east-west-corridor-on-october-24-2344989.html|archive-date=22 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3" />
*2019-November 26: Initial CRS deadline expired. 3 months grace period given. Valid till 29 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/metro-asks-for-extension-of-e-ws-nov-30-deadline/articleshow/72230762.cms|title=Kolkata Metro asks for extension of Eest-West's November 30 deadline|date=26 November 2019|first=Ajanta|last=Chakraborty|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129091419/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/metro-asks-for-extension-of-e-ws-nov-30-deadline/articleshow/72230762.cms|archive-date=29 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2019-December: New opening date planned, i.e., December end. But, it was missed again.
*2020-January 07: High Court asks Railways to file report on resuming East-West Metro tunneling work, that was stopped after [[Bowbazar]] mishap.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/kolkata-east-west-metro-is-all-set-to-begin-operations-on-13th-february/|title=Kolkata East-West Metro is all set to begin Operations on 13th February|last=Singh|first=Neha|date=2020-02-05|website=Metro Rail News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205134839/https://www.metrorailnews.in/kolkata-east-west-metro-is-all-set-to-begin-operations-on-13th-february/|archive-date=5 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2020-January 28: 2022 is the revised deadline of the entire corridor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/indias-first-underwater-metro-expected-to-be-complete-by-march-2022/story/394873.html|title=India's first underwater metro expected to be complete by March 2022|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=29 January 2020 |access-date=2020-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130141327/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/indias-first-underwater-metro-expected-to-be-complete-by-march-2022/story/394873.html|archive-date=30 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2020-February 03: Last group of 2 families moved to new flats from hotel after the [[Bowbazar]] mishap.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/east-west-tunnelling-disaster-last-group-of-seven-moves-to-new-flats-from-hotel/articleshow/73896793.cms|title=East-West tunnelling disaster: Last group of seven moves to new flats from hotel|date=3 February 2020|first=Ajanta|last=Chakraborty|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204180809/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/east-west-tunnelling-disaster-last-group-of-seven-moves-to-new-flats-from-hotel/articleshow/73896793.cms|archive-date=4 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Final inauguration date announced. Rail Minister to flag off services on 13 February.<ref name=":5"/>
*2020-February 11: Last trials, known as 'time-table trials' conducted.<ref name=":7"/> The High Court gives nod to resume construction in Bowbazar area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/kolkata-metro-high-court-gives-nod-for-resumption-of-east-west-corridor-work-11581415124020.html|title=Kolkata Metro: High Court gives nod for resumption of East-West corridor work|date=2020-02-11|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=2020-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212124553/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/kolkata-metro-high-court-gives-nod-for-resumption-of-east-west-corridor-work-11581415124020.html|archive-date=12 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2020-February 13: First phase from Salt Lake Sector V to IFA Salt Lake Stadium inaugurated.
*2020-February 14: Commercial services start.<ref name=":7" />
*2020-February 28: Tunneling resumed in Bowbazar area, and cracks redevelop in buildings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/cracks-in-houses-on-east-west-metro-tunnel-route/cid/1749303|title=Cracks in houses on East-West Metro tunnel route|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228174251/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/west-bengal/cracks-in-houses-on-east-west-metro-tunnel-route/cid/1749303|archive-date=28 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2020-March: All operations and constructions stopped due to [[2020 coronavirus lockdown in India|country-wide coronavirus lockdown]].
*2020-June 18: IFA Salt Lake Stadium to Phoolbagan section gets CRS nod.<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 June 2020|first=Ajanta|last=Chakraborty|title=West Bengal: East-West Metro's Phoolbagan extension gets CRS nod|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/phoolbagan-extn-gets-crs-nod/articleshow/76432939.cms|access-date=2020-07-08|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
*2020-August 10: India's deepest evacuation shaft on [[Strand Road, Kolkata|Strand Road]] gets completed.<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 August 2020|first=Ajanta|last=Chakraborty|title=Good news in lockdown times: Metro completes India's deepest air shaft|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/good-news-in-lockdown-times-metro-completes-indias-deepest-air-shaft/articleshow/77452324.cms|access-date=2020-08-10|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
*2020-October 2: The Vidyapati Setu (Sealdah Flyover) has been closed by [[Kolkata Police]] due to the work of making tunnel by TBM under this dilapidated bridge had started.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 October 2020| first=Suvodip|last=Mondal|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/agencies-seek-fri-sun-sealdah-flyover-closure-for-e-w-tunnelling/articleshow/78371916.cms|title=Agencies seek Friday-Sunday Sealdah flyover closure for East-West Metro tunnelling| website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
*2020-October 4: Services extended up to Phoolbagan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Phoolbagan Metro station starts Monday|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/calcutta/phoolbagan-metro-station-starts-from-monday/cid/1793586|access-date=2020-10-04|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
*2020-October 8: [[Indian Football Association|Indian Football Association, West Bengal]] announced that the name of Salt Lake Stadium Metro Station has renamed as '''IFA Salt Lake Stadium'''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Metro Station of Salt Lake Stadium will be known as IFA Salt Lake Stadium|website=[[Facebook]] |url=https://www.facebook.com/ifa.wb}}</ref>
*2020-October 9: Work on the eastbound tunnel (towards [[Salt Lake Sector-V Metro Station|Salt Lake Sector V]]) has been completed, TBM ''Urvi'' entered the under-construction [[Sealdah metro station]] on around 5 PM.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Tunnel boring machine reached Sealdah metro station|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/calcutta/east-west-metro-tunnel-boring-machine-reached-sealdah-metro-station-dgtl-1.1213293|language=Bangla}}</ref> Earlier, on 4 October 2020, the Vidyapati Setu (Sealdah Flyover) was reopened by Kolkata Police for vehicular traffic, as the tunneling work had completed 13 hours before.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sealdah flyover opened to traffic 13 hours early|website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/sealdah-flyover-opened-to-traffic-13-hours-early/articleshow/78482192.cms}}</ref>
*2021-January 4: TBM Urvi starts bridging the last {{Cvt|800|m}} gap of E-W Metro tunnel from Sealdah to Esplanade.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mondal|first=Biswadeep|date=5 January 2021|title=Urvi starts bridging last 800m gap of E-W Metro tunnel|work=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/urvi-starts-bridging-last-800m-gap-of-e-w-metro-tunnel/articleshow/80103689.cms}}</ref>
*2021-May 15: TBM Urvi reaches Bowbazar shaft. Last tunneling section of the entire project completed.<ref name=":8" />
*2022-May 11: Another subsidence struck at Bowbazar causing major damage to several buildings similar to that of September 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-13 |title=Kolkata Metro Construction Leaves Cracks in Bowbazar Buildings And Residents' Morale |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kolkata-metro-construction-leaves-cracks-in-bowbazar-buildings-and-residents-morale-5164255.html |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
*2022-July 12: Services extended up to [[Sealdah metro station|Sealdah]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nag |first1=Jayatri |title=Sealdah station of Kolkata metro inaugurated |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/sealdah-station-of-kolkata-metro-inaugurated/articleshow/92808011.cms |access-date=14 July 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>
*2023-April 21: Kolkata Metro runs first underwater passenger trial run between Esplanade and Howrah Maidan .<ref>{{cite news |title=Kolkata Metro runs first underwater passenger trial run between Howrah Maidan and Esplanade |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kolkata-metro-runs-first-underwater-passenger-trial-run-2362674-2023-04-21|work=India Today|date=21 April 2023|access-date=6 March 2024|language=en}}</ref>
*2023-December: Kolkata Metro adds blue light in the underwater tunnel section to give passengers a sense of feeling under the Hooghly River.<ref name="youtube.com">{{Citation |title=Riding UNDERWATER METRO under HOOGHLY RIVER, Kolkata |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EmyQh0EqkOA |access-date=2023-12-31 |language=en}}</ref>
*2024-March 6: The [[Esplanade metro station|Esplanade]]–[[Howrah Maidan metro station|Howrah Maidan]] section of the Green Line inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] (along with the truncated sections of [[Taratala metro station|Taratala]]–[[Majerhat metro station|Majerhat]] under [[Purple Line (Kolkata Metro)|Purple Line]] and [[Kavi Subhash metro station|Kavi Subhash]]–[[Hemanta Mukhopadhyay metro station|Hemanta Mukhopadhyay]] under [[Orange Line (Kolkata Metro)|Orange Line]]).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-19 |title=Hope for ops start of three new Metro links in March first week |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/hope-for-ops-start-of-three-new-metro-links-in-march-first-week/articleshow/107806433.cms |access-date=2024-02-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="TH"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Railway Kolkata / Indian Railways Portal |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3924&did=1709732766752EFE40D35130703F5AE83D8DB4F9F2BA7 |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=mtp.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-01 |title=India's deepest Metro station at Howrah also to be the largest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/indias-deepest-metro-station-at-howrah-to-be-the-largest/articleshow/108121908.cms |access-date=2024-03-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Railway Kolkata / Indian Railways Portal |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3926&did=1709813590202A5B847FBF4024927F49938AE354845FA |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=mtp.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref>
*2024-March 15: The [[Esplanade metro station|Esplanade]]–[[Howrah Maidan metro station|Howrah Maidan]] section of the metro opens for travel to general public.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-09 |title=Kolkata's Underwater Metro To be Open For Public From March 15: East West Metro Rail Corporation |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/kolkata/breaking-news-under-water-metro-to-be-open-for-public-from-from-march-15-east-west-metro-rail-corporation-article-108349503 |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>
*2024-September 6: The remaining Esplanade-Sealdah section tunneling work caused persistent cracks and water leaks in local buildings at Bowbazar where the 52 people have been evacuated, which is the epicentre of issue for metro authorities since 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Kolkata metro drilling row: Residents of Bowbazar stage protest over repeated cracks, water leakage |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/kolkata-metro-drilling-row-residents-of-bowbazar-stage-protest-over-repeated-cracks-water-leakage-3179601 |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
*2024-December 17:After TBM Urvi completed its tunnelling, a {{cvt|38|m}} critical gap of westbound tunnel was still completed. This part was completed carefully by traditional cut and cover method.
*2025-January 13: Trial run successfully conducted in westbound tunnel between Sealdah and Esplanade.<ref name ="Successful trial run on Sealdah-Esplanade stretch signals end to Kolkata Metro's Bowbazar woes"/>
*2025-August 22: The final Sealdah-Esplanade section was opened.<ref name="toi25-8"/> Connecting the formerly two separate sections from Salt Lake Sector-V to Sealdah and Esplanade to Howrah Maidan together into one continuous line.
{{Div col end}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Central Park Station Kolkata Line 2.jpg
File:East West Metro Kolkata17.jpg
File:Kolkata East West Metro.jpg
File:Central Park Metro Station 12.jpg
File:আজ হাওড়া ময়দান মেট্রো উদ্‌বোধন Opening of Howrah Maidan Metro today (cropped).jpg
File:Howrah metro station as seen in Narendra Modi's video.jpg
File:Esplanade metro station as seen in Narendra Modi's video.jpg
File:শিয়ালদহ মেট্রো স্টেশনের কনকোর্স এলাকা ২ - Concourse area of Sealdah metro station.jpg
File:শিয়ালদহ মেট্রো স্টেশনের কনকোর্স স্তরে স্বয়ংক্রিয় টিকিট বিক্রয় যন্ত্র - ১.jpg
File:শিয়ালদহ মেট্রো স্টেশন ৩.jpg
File:Salt Lake Stadium Metro Station 31.jpg
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Kolkata Metro]]
*[[List of Kolkata metro stations]]
*[[Kolkata Metro Rolling Stock]]
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]
*[[Trams in Kolkata]]
*[[Kolkata LRTS|Kolkata Lightrail]]
*[[Kolkata Monorail]]
*[[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-13 |title=Kolkata Metro Construction Leaves Cracks in Bowbazar Buildings And Residents' Morale |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kolkata-metro-construction-leaves-cracks-in-bowbazar-buildings-and-residents-morale-5164255.html |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.kmrc.in/ Official website]

{{Portalbar|India|Transport|Trains|Engineering}}

{{Kolkata topics}}
{{Kolkata Metro|green line=yes}}

[[Category:Kolkata Metro lines]]

Ram Tirath Singhal

2026-04-11T20:49:39Z

Igortxa: adding the biography v1...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ram Tirath Singhal
| office = [[Legislative council|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 6 May 2024
| term_end =
| constituency = ''elected by Legislative Assembly members''
| office1 = Mayor of [[Jhansi]]
| term_start1 = 2017
| term_end1 = 2023
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = [[Politician]] [[Businessperson|Businessman]]
| father = Jagdish Prasad Singhal
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|11|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bundelkhand]], [[Jhansi district|Jhasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
}}

'''Ram Tirath Singhal''' is an Indian politician currently serving as the member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] and the party member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/up-mlc-polls-bjp-declares-candidates-picks-old-party-hands-101709994631178.html|title=U.P. MLC polls: BJP declares candidates, picks old party hands|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=9 March 2024|accessdate=1 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/bjp-announces-list-of-candidates-for-mlc-elections-in-uttar-pradesh-and-bihar-check-names-10138986|title=BJP Announces List Of Candidates For MLC Elections In Uttar Pradesh And Bihar|website=English Jagran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/lalitpur/saw-the-atrocities-of-the-government-during-the-emergency-ramtirth-singhal-lalitpur-news-jhs2235739165|title=आपात काल में शासन का अत्याचार देखा : रामतीर्थ सिंघल|website=Amar Ujala}}</ref>

==Early life==
Singhal was born on 23 November 1956 to businessman Jagdish Prasad Singhal.<ref name= "Ram Tirth Singhal"/>

==Education==
Singhal completed his master's degree in Economics from [[Bundelkhand University]].<ref name= "Ram Tirth Singhal"/>

==Political career==
In the following ''Jhansi Mayor Election Result 2017''
[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'s Ram Tirth Singhal won Mayor's seat of Jhansi by defeating the [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]'s Brijendra Vyas with 16074 votes.<ref name= "Ram Tirth Singhal">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/up-jha-up-civic-polls-result-2017-bjp-mayor-candidate-ram-teerath-singhal-won-in-jhansi-5759264-pho.html|title=BJP के बीड़ी व्यापारी रामतीर्थ सिंघल बने झांसी के मेयर, BSP कैंड‍िडेट को 16074 वोटों से हराया - Jhansi News|date=1 December 2017|website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jhansi-nagar-nigam-results-counting-underway-for-civic-polls-bjp-leading-4962757/|title=Jhansi Nagar Nigam results: Counting underway for civic polls, BJP leading|date=1 December 2017}}</ref>

Singhal is currently a [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] member. [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] announced seven candidates for the legislative council election 2024 before elections during a media conference in his office and Singhal's name was mentioned in the list.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ten-nda-three-sp-candidates-file-nominations-for-up-legislative-council-polls/article67938579.ece|title=Ten NDA, three SP candidates file nominations for U.P. Legislative Council polls|newspaper=The Hindu |date=11 March 2024|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/jhansi-news/bjp-beedi-trader-ramtirth-singhal-becomes-mlc-candidate-8764832|title=BJP के बीड़ी व्यापारी रामतीर्थ सिंघल बने MLC प्रत्याशी, झांसी के रह चुके है मेयर | BJP beedi trader Ramtirth Singhal becomes MLC candidate|date=9 March 2024|website=Patrika News}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:People from Jhansi]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

Sukhrungpha

2026-04-03T18:38:28Z

Igortxa: started a info

{{Short description|Ahom king from 1696 to 1714}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Rudra Singha Sukhrungphaa
| title = [[Ahom dynasty|Swargadeo]] [[Chao Pha|Chaopha]] Saumeswara
| image = File:Rudra_Singha_Jayata_in_court.jpg
| caption = Rudra Singha receiving the homage of the Dimasa and Jayantia kings in his court.
| succession = [[Ahom kingdom|30th King of Ahom Kingdom]]
| reign = 1696 – 27 August 1714
| spouse = Daughters of Sandikoi Borphukan Daughter of Pani Phukan Daughters of Borgohain
| issue = {{Plainlist|
*[[Siva Singha]]
*[[Pramatta Singha]]
*[[Mohanmala Gohain]]
*[[Rajeswar Singha]]
*[[Lakshmi Singha]]}}
| full name = Sri Swarganarayandeva Rudra Singha Nripati
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| dynasty = [[Ahom dynasty]]
| birth_date = {{circa}}1665
| birth_place =
| death_date = 27 August 1714 (aged 49) <ref>"On the eighth day from the first attack of illness, the twice- Death glorious King Rudra Singha died just a prahar
before sunset on Sunday, the second day of the black moon on the thirteenth of Bhada, 1636, after a reign of eighteen years and six months" {{harvcol|Bhuyan|2006|p=39}}</ref>
| death_place = [[North Guwahati]], [[Ahom kingdom]] (present-day [[Assam]], [[India]])
| regnal name =
| house = [[Tungkhungia Ahom kings|Tungkhungia]]
| father = [[Gadadhar Singha]]
| mother = [[Joymoti Konwari]]
| predecessor = [[Gadadhar Singha]]
| successor = [[Siva Singha]]
}}

Swargadeo '''Rudra Singha''' ({{Circa|1665}}– 27 August 1714), with Tai name Sukhrungphaa, was the 30th [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom king]], reigning from 1696 to 1714 A.D . His father [[Gadadhar Singha]] freed [[Ahom kingdom|Assam]] from the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] disturbances and internal conspiracies, thereby Rudra Singha inherited a stable state and government and had the advantage of the solid foundations laid by his father. He devoted his time to transform Assam into a first-rate power in [[Indian subcontinent|India]]. He stopped the persecution of the [[Ekasarana Dharma|Neo-Vaisnava]] sect and built temples, several public works, and patronized art, literature, and culture. Rudra Singha is also famed for being the real father of Ahom architecture.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Bhaijan |title=Historical Tourism: A case study of Sivasagar |url=https://www.academia.edu/33791525}}</ref> He giving up the isolationist policy of his predecessors forged diplomatic ties with various states of that time and established extensive trade with [[Bengal]].

He remodeled the administrative structure and [[Ahom Army|army]] and carried on aggressive warfare upon the neighboring chiefdoms and countries, the [[Jaintia Kingdom|Jaintias]] and [[Dimasa Kingdom|Dimasas]] submitted and became vassals. Rudra Singha strengthened by various factors built a coalition of rulers in the region and raised a vast composite army against the [[Mughal Empire]]. He died on the eve of his march west from [[Guwahati]], he was succeeded by his eldest son, [[Siva Singha]].

He is considered as the most illustrious of the [[Ahom dynasty|Ahom]] kings, under whom the kingdom reached its zenith of power and glory. During Rudra Singha's reign, the Ahom nobility was far better organized than ever and stood behind the king representing the cherished feudal values and aspirations.

== Military campaigns ==
=== Expedition of Dimasa Kingdom ===
Ahoms had long considered the [[Dimasa Kingdom|Dimasas]] as their vassals. The Dimasa Kings became reluctant to accept the ''thapita-sanchita'' status; to recognize Ahom hegemony. When the Dimasa King Tamadhwaj boldly asserted his independence and claimed territory up to Mahang in a letter sent in 1704–05, this greatly infuriated the Ahom King. [[Ahom dynasty|Ahoms]] on the other side launched an offensive. In December 1706, an expedition was launched in two divisions simultaneously; one under Dihingia Deka [[Borbarua]] with 37,000 men was to proceed through the [[Dhansiri]] route and another one under Pani Phukan with 34,000 men through the Kapili route. The Ahom strategy was to attack from two sides so they could not concentrate their force on any one direction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vernacular Historiography and North-East Literature: A Critical Reading of the Kachari Buranji – Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities |url=https://rupkatha.com/v14n2ne19/ |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=rupkatha.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcol|Gogoi|2017|p=65}}</ref> Rudra Singha personally supervised the whole expedition at the headquarters, [[Biswanath district|Biswanath]].{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

==== March ====
Dihingia Deka [[Borbarua]], in order to maintain communications and facilitate the transmission of supplies, forts were constructed and garrisoned on the route. In between the neighboring [[Naga people|Nagas]] caused frequent plunder of the Ahom supply convoys. [[Mising people|Miri]] Archers were effectively deployed at various forts to stop the Naga menace. The Babaura's men at Namira

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Ahom expedition of Dimasa Kingdom
| date = December 1706
| place = [[Assam]]
| result = Ahom victory
*Dimasa king accepts Ahom overlordship.
| territory = Territory up to Jamuna river ceded to Ahoms
| units1 = [[Ahom kingdom]]
| units2 = [[Dimasa kingdom]]
| commander1 = [[Rudra Singha]] Dihingia Deka [[Borbarua]] Pani Phukan
| commander2 = Tamardhwaj Narayan
| strength1 = '''Total:''' 71,000 
Bobarua's army: 37,000 
Paniphukan's army: 31,000
| strength2 = Unknown but much smaller
}}

fort defeated the defenders and made them flee. Between Dijoa and Lenguria the [[Naga people|Nagas]] joined the Dimasa's and killed a large number of Ahom rice-porters. Additional reinforcement was sent for the safeguard of food provisions and for strengthening the captured forts.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

The Borbaura's force advanced with fresh vigor. From Lathee the Dimasas fled to Tarang and thence Hajo-Lalung fort. They fled after an encounter and the Borbaura's force occupied the empty fort. The [[Borbarua]] then advanced pursuing the enemies to [[Maibang]] and occupied the fort in mid-February 1707. At [[Maibang]] considerable war spoils were gained.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

The Pani Phukan's route lay through [[Raha, Assam|Raha]], Salgaon, Lambur, Dharmapur, Demera, and Nadereng to [[Maibang]]. As there was no regular road the army had to cut its way through dense jungle. A garrison of 3,000 men was left at Demera which was occupied; other places were sacked, and 322 prisoners were taken. Meanwhile, the Pani Phukan came to know about the occupation of Maibang by the Barbarua and informed the king about the latter. The superior strength of the Ahom army overawed the Kacharis who could not repel the invasion. After the occupation of [[Maibang]] the king ordered further advance up to [[Silchar|Khaspur]] to arrest the Dimasa king. But at [[Maibang]] the troops suffered greatly because of the pestilential climate and many including the [[Borbarua]] fell ill. Supplies ran short. Inaction in place of vigor seized the camp. The [[Borphukan|Pani Phukan]] and other commanders were sent orders to march up to Khaspur, but could not march further as there was a shortage of supplies and many soldiers had died. The remaining soldiers too, were suffering from the pestilential climate of Maibang. But still, accordingly, a contingent was sent to Khaspur and encamped at Mai-Lang-Dam. From there three messengers were sent to the Dimasa raja to submit to the Ahom king.<ref>{{Harvcol|Gogoi|2017|pp=107–109}}</ref>[[File:Ahom cavalry charging.jpg|thumb|Ahom cavalry men armed with bows and spears.]]On the other hand, the king ordered to bring the Borbaura along with the sick soldiers to Demera, the [[Borbarua]], now seriously ill, died during the return journey to Demera<ref>{{Harvnb|Basu|1970|p=58}}</ref> at Kelemu camp. At this point, Rudra Singha decided upon to abandon the expedition and ordered the army to return.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

==== Return ====
In March 1707 the king recalled the [[Borphukan|Pani Phukan]] who brought back the whole force after demolishing the brick fort at [[Maibang]], burning down houses there and erecting a thirteen feet high pillar to commemorate his success. Fortifications were made at Demera where a strong garrison was left, which had to be withdrawn by the king owing to sickness and mortality with the setting in of the rains. Terrified by the advancing Ahom armies, Tamradhvaj fled to Bikrampur and sent an urgent appeal for help to Ram Singh, [[Jaintia Kingdom|King of Jaintia Kingdom]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Basu|1970|p=59}}</ref>

=== Expedition of Jaintia Kingdom ===
Tamradhwaj fled to Bikrampur and sent an urgent appeal for help to Ram Singh, King of Jaintia, on the

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Ahom expedition of Jaintia kingdom
| place = [[Assam]] [[Bangladesh]]
| combatant1 = [[Ahom Kingdom]]
| combatant2 = [[Jaintia Kingdom]]
| result = Inconclusive 
*Jaintias accept Ahom vassalship and agrees to pay annual tribute
| commander1 = Surath Singha [[Borbarua]] Patar [[Borphukan]]
| commander2 = Ram Singh
| strength1 = '''Total''': 44,000
| strength2 = Unknown but much smaller
}}

withdrawal of the Ahom forces, he sent a second message to Ram Singh, saying that help was not necessary. Ram Singh now decided to take advantage of the dispersal of the Dimasa troops by the Ahoms, hatched a treacherous plan to seize the person of the Dimasa king with a view to gaining possession and control of the Dimasa kingdom; under the pretext of a friendly meeting, he seized Tamradhwaj along with his wife and carried him off to the Jaintia capital, [[Jaintipur]].

The Kachari queen still in captivity, managed to send a message to Rudra Singha through a 'Bairagi', asking for forgiveness and begging for deliverance from his captor. Rudra Singh sent word to Ram Singh through - the Ahom officer in charge of the Ahom outpost at Jagi, demanding the immediate release of Tamradhvaj. Ram Singh refused, and Rudra Singh closed the market at Gobha on which the hill Jaintias depended for their supplies. Rudra Singha made preparations for the invasion of Jaintia territory. He established his headquarters at Misa for the expedition. He sent two divisions of the army, one under the [[Borbarua]] and the other under the [[Borphukan]].<ref>{{Harvcol|Gogoi|2017|p=109}}</ref>

==== March ====
In December 1707, Surath Singha [[Borbarua]] with a force of 43,000 men and number of commanders, was to march towards Jaintiapur via the Kopili valley and the Dimasa country<ref>{{Harvnb|Basu|1970|pp=59–60}}</ref> And the other division under the [[Borphukan]] advanced from the Barkharoi camp by the Gobha route, he was accompanied by the king of [[Darrang district|Darrang]] and the [[Phukan]] under the Buragohain, a [[Dafla]] and a [[Mising people|Miri]] contingent accompanied him. The Solal Gohain, Duwalia Phukan, and the Duwalia Rajkhowas were stationed at Gobha for the supply of provisions.
[[File:Rudra Singha Jayata in court.jpg|left|thumb|[[Dimasa Kingdom|Dimasa king]] Tamardhwaj and the [[Jaintia Kingdom|Jaintia King]] Ram Singh paying their homage to Rudra Singha.]]
The [[Borbarua]] reached Sampai easily and here a Dimasa deputation assured that nothing was to be feared from the neighboring [[Naga tribes]]. He proceeded to Bikrampur and during his march, he sent messengers in advance to reassure the people who came and paid their respects and were glad that the forces needed no supplies of provisions from them. The [[Borbarua]] desisted his soldiers from ravaging Dimasa villages, assured the latter, and offered presents to help them against the Jaintias.

After the Ahom force reached Mulagul, Ram Singh was called upon to surrender Tamradhwaj and his family and officers. Envoys were sent to [[Bengal Subah|Nawab of Sylhet]] informing the purpose of the mission and reiterating friendship.

Ram Singh prepared for a fight, but the nobles who tried to dissuade him from his present adventure would not allow him to escape scot-free. He therefore proceeded towards the Borbarua camp for making his submission, escorted by twenty elephants. Near the camp, he was made to dismount and ride on horseback, unattended. After the interview, he was not allowed to return but was made a captive by the Borbarua. The [[Borphukan]] reached Gobha on 20 January 1708,<ref>{{Harvcol|Gogoi|2017|p=110}}</ref> and conciliated the Chiefs of [[Tiwa (Lalung)|Gobha]] by presents. His forces on the march were harassed by the [[Garos]] at several places. The Garos attacked his men, while they were clearing routes. However, they were dispersed with guns and arrows. His route from Jagi lay through Gobha, Athitbhaga Lachor Hill, Buritikar Hill, the Barpani River banks, and Pavanai to [[Jaintipur]]. In certain engagements, the Jaintias fared well but were ultimately worsted by the Ahoms who had the advantage of superior numbers and strength and reinforcements at crucial moments. In another fierce battle, the Ahoms killed a number of Jayantia commanders and captured 12 of them along with 20 soldiers and 20 elephants.<ref>{{Harvcol|Gogoi|2017|p=111}}</ref>

After this battle, the Jaintia king was compelled to surrender the Dimasa king along with all his associates to [[Borbarua]] on 11 February 1708. After that both the [[Borbarua]] and [[Borphukan]] resumed their march towards the Jaintia king, then the Jaintia king along with his son submitted to Borbarua.

==== Annexation of Jaintia and Dimasa territories ====
Rudra Singha ordered the captive kings to be brought to him along with the Jaintia King's garments, jewels, arms, elephants, and horses and the Jaintia king's treasures to be divided among the troops. The Ahom subjects who had fled to Khaspur during [[Mir Jumla II]] invasion were brought back and an army of occupation under the [[Borbarua]] and the [[Borphukan]] was stationed at Jaintiapur. Envoys were sent to the Muhammadan Faujdar of [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]] to announce that the Kachari and Jaintia kingdoms had been annexed to the Ahom dominions.<ref name="Basu 1970 61">{{Harvnb|Basu|1970|p=61}}</ref> Both the captive kings were presented before the Ahom king, and made to take the oath of allegiance to him.

==== Expulsion and return ====
These measures greatly irritated the Jaintia nobles who induced the Bar Dalai, the Raja of Khairam, and the inhabitants of two hundred independent [[Khasi people|Khasi]] villages to join them in expelling the invaders. The Jaintias could not rescue their Raja as he was being taken to Gobha by a strong force, but they attacked eight forts with garrisons left by the [[Borphukan]] and took three of them. A detachment that was taking the copper image of the Goddess Jaintesvari to Rudra Singha was put to flight and the image was rescued. The Ahom soldiers seized with panic, fled, and were pursued by the Jaintias. Rudra Singh sent up reinforcements including four thousand men under the [[Burhagohain]]. The Jaintia strategy of dispersing when attacked and of returning to the attack themselves thereafter made decisive victory impossible for the Ahoms. The Borbarua and [[Borphukan]] sent reinforcements from [[Jaintipur]], no doubt, but with the approach of the rains, it was thought unwise and dangerous to remain in hostile territory, and retreat to Gobha was decided upon. Before departing, the Ahoms put to the sword a thousand inhabitants of [[Jaintipur]] and destroyed surrounding villages.<ref name="Basu 1970 61"/>

==== Foils and casualties of the campaign ====
For the ultimate failure of the expedition, Rudra Singha thought of punishing the Borbarua and the Barphukan but pardoned them on the intercession of other nobles. Rudra Singha severely punished those commanders who expressed unwillingness to march forward against the Jaintias.<ref>{{Harvcol|Gogoi|2017|p=51}}</ref>

In the course of the Jaintia rising, the Ahoms lost 2,366 men including 12 high-ranking officers. About 1,600 persons, chiefly [[Assamese people|Assamese]] refugees were brought from Khaspur and 600 from [[Jaintipur]]. During the expedition, 3 cannons, 2,273 guns, 109 elephants, 12,000 pieces of silver from the Muhammadaman, [[Ahom coinage|Ahom]], [[Koch coinage|Koch]], and Jaintia mints, and numerous utensils of gold, silver, and other metals were taken. Certain articles of jewelry misappropriated by some officers had to be disgorged by them on detection.<ref>{{Harvnb|Basu|1970|p=62}}</ref>

=== Second & third Jaintia expeditions ===
Meanwhile, the Jaintia King Ram Singh, who is still in Ahom captivity died in August 1708. Later that month, Rudra Singha despatched Ram Singh's son, Barkonwar (crown-prince) to be sent to [[Jaintia Kingdom|Jaintia]], but as a pre-requisite, he insisted on the personal attendance and submission of the Jaintia nobles but the latter refrained. Rudra Singha lost his patience and launched another expedition to [[Jaintia Kingdom]], by dispatching two divisions along the routes of Gobha and [[Kopili River|Kopili]]. The Ahoms advanced by devastating several villages and acquiring [[War booty|booty]]. On this scene the Barkonwar appeared, pleading to stop the depredations and assuring the submission of his nobles. At long last two years, Rudra Singha agreed to come on terms and declared Barkonwar king of [[Jaintia Kingdom|Jaintia]] as ''thapita-sanchita'' vassal and the latter acknowledged the overlordship of Ahoms and agreed to pay tributes. But later on, the Barkonwar refrained from accepting Ahom vassalship and refused to pay tribute, leading Rudra Singha to undertake a third expedition. Barkonwar was defeated and was imprisoned for 14 years and an economic blockade was imposed on the Jaintias.<ref name=":2">{{harvnb|Sarkar|1992|p=282}}</ref>

== Proposed invasion of Bengal ==
Historian [[Surya Kumar Bhuyan]] sought to explain the objectives of this proposed invasion of [[Bengal]] by the following points– i) Rudra Singha was informed of the plight to which Hindus had been rendered; ii) He himself was humiliated by [[Murshid Quli Khan]] who sent to him robes as presents which were meant for the vassal chiefs;<ref>"In the Persian chronicle of Bengal, Riyazu-s-Salatin- ''The Rajahs of Twipura'', Kuch Bihar, and Assam called themselves and ruling chiefs, and did not bend their heads in submission to the Emperor of the Hindustan, and minted coins after their own names. On hearing, however, of the vigorous administration of the Khan, the Rajah of Assam presented to the Khan chairs and palkis of ivory, musk, musical instruments, feathers, fan of peacock feathers, etc., and offered his submission. However, nothing of this can be found in contemporary Assamese records, indicating at least the way in which Murshid Kuli Khan wanted the Assamese to behave." {{harvcol|Bhuyan|1938|p=200}}</ref> iii) Assamese pilgrims also received obstruction from the Mughal officers in their visits to the Hindu shrines in India, specifically in connection with the pilgrimages to the [[Ganges]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bhuyan|1956|p=201}}</ref><ref>"King Rudra Singha was extremely annoyed with the Governor of Bengal, Nawab Murshid Kuli Khan who used to send ''Khelats'' to Sargadeo Rudra Singh 'insinuating' thereby that the Ahom Monarch was subordinate to the government of Moghuls. Rudra Singh was 'therefore' keen on organizing a formidable confederacy against the Moghuls whom he described as 'enemies of Hinduism'. He despatched his envoys to the Rajas of Morang, Bana-Vishnupur, Nadiya, Cooch Behar, Burdwan, Barahanagar and Tripura seeking their support and cooperation in the fight against the invaders." {{harvcol|Chaudhuri|2016|p=26}}</ref>

He then began to make elaborate preparations for a fresh war against [[Mughals]] with two ends in view namely, to oust them from their sovereign power in eastern India and to expand their territory to the Ahom kingdom as far as the [[Karatoya River|Karatoya river]] to the west. In a general meeting conveyed in [[Rangpur, Assam|Rangpur]] in 1713, Rudra Singha expressed his intention of invading "the territories lying between the boundaries of [[Dhaka|Dacca]] and [[Rangamati|Rangajara]]", to recapture the territories under the possession of his predecessors.<ref name=":2" />

He carefully thought of his plan to create an opinion among the Hindu [[Raja]]s outside Assam and also attempted to organize a confederacy of the Rajas of Hindustan and sent messages to several Rajas and Zamindars, this included [[Twipra Kingdom|Twipra]] (and Morang, Bana-Vishnupur, Nadiya, Cooch Behar, Burdwan, and Barahanagar) kingdoms to remove the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] from [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]]. He appealed to their religious sentiments, which is evident from the letters sent to the king of Tripura [[Ratna Manikya II]], where he wrote:<ref>"Let us take for example the confidential letter of Sargadeo Rudra Singha Ruler of Assam had sent to the Tripura King Ratna Manikya which will show the highest standard of protocol being maintained in sending diplomatic missions at a time when the rules of international law were just taking shape and the work of Hugo Grotius was to receive the wide publicity that it afterwards came to have." {{harvcol|Chaudhuri|2016|p=27}}</ref>
{{blockquote|'' This has become very widely current among the people that owing to the hostile actions of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], the religion as inculcated in the Vedas does not get any protection. For this, if it appears to you to be the right thing to put a stop to this situation by some action, then please write to me in detail about your strength and aptitude after discussing with the big personage with whom you have friendship...''}}<ref>{{harvcol|Bhuyan|1938|p=15}}</ref>

Thus he took the initiative to form a Hindu union against the Mughals.

The subjugated [[Jaintia Kingdom|Jaintias]] and [[Dimasa Kingdom|Dimasa.]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Baruah|1985|p=290}}</ref> promised to render military assistance, some rulers of India like the rulers of [[Amber Kingdom|Amber]] and [[Cooch Behar State|Cooch Behar]] also assured assistance upon the scheme of Rudra Singha.

Rudra Singha then augmented his army, his artillery, and his navy. The local levies were trained on up-to-date lines. He raised numerous cavalry and trained the elephants to withstand fights. During these preparations, he adopted measures to obtain the goodwill of the inhabitants of Bengal in order to render his supremacy acceptable to them.<ref>{{harvcol|Bhuyan|1938|p=5}}</ref> He then advanced towards [[Guwahati]] and mobilized an army composed of four lakhs men with all cannons available. But the sudden death of the monarch on 27 August 1714, accounted for nothing and this project was given by the successor king [[Siva Singha]].<ref name=":2" />

== Hindu proclivities ==
Rudra Singha reversed the persecution of the [[Satras]] as advised by [[Gadadhar Singha]] in his death-bed, and reinstated the satra preceptors, including Chaturbhujdeva the ''satradhikar'' of Mayamara Satra, in their former seats.<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1993|p=55}}</ref> He received the initiation from the Auniati Satra, Haridev, who was the most influential Brahmana Satradhikar. However, he soon created dissension in the Vaisnava camp by promulgating a synod, which debarred the Shudra Mahantas from initiating Brahmins, and which was completely against the principles of creed propagated by [[Sankardev]]a.<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1993|p=8}}</ref><ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1993|p=56}}</ref>

Rudra Singha during his reign recognized the four [[Satras]]: [[Auniati]], [[Dakhinpat Satra|Dakhinpat]], Garamur, and Kuruabahi as ''Rajasatra'', bestowed preferential treatments and seniority.<ref>{{harvcol|Gogoi|1986|p=100}}</ref>

=== Inclination towards Shaktism ===
Later in his life he inclined towards [[Shaktism]] and thought of becoming an orthodox [[Hindus|Hindu]], and invited Krishnaram Bhattacharya Nyayavagish <ref name=":0">{{harvcol|Baruah|1985|p=294}}</ref> from [[Nabadwip]], [[Bengal]] to take him as his religious guide, and desired to take his initiation after having promised to give the management of [[Kamakhya Temple]]. But sent him back him back after his arrival, Krishnaram Bhattacharya went back with a fury, when several earthquakes occurred, noticing Rudra Singha thought of him as a favorite of God, re-called Krishnaram, but died before he could arrive. But, he on his death-bed injunction advised his sons to take his initiation.

==Patronage of cultural activities==
[[File:Copper inscription of Rudra Singha (1701).jpg|thumb|Rudra Singha's Lepeta Kata copper inscription.]]
Since the days of [[Sudangphaa]], [[Sanskritisation]] or Indianization of the gained momentum and reached its peak during the regime of Rudra Singha and [[Siva Singha]].

Rudra Singha, being helped by the material conditions of the time, acted more vigorously in line with his tradition. Now, in order to consolidate the Ahom monarchy in the force of growing feudal forces leading the Neo-Vaishnavite movement, Rudra Singha had to look up to friends among feudal rulers elsewhere in India and to secure a place of confederacy them, thereby integrating the Ahom ruling class with the Indian ruling classes, including the Mughals.<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1985|p=292}}</ref>[[File:Rudra Singha Rupee Coin (Lion & Deer).jpg|thumb|Rajmohuree of Rudra Singha,( issue date [[Saka calendar|Saka]] 1619= 1697 CE)|left]]
[[File:Ghanashyam house.jpg|thumb|[[Ghanashyam House]]]]
He introduced Mughal dress to Ahom court and sent Brahman boys to study at great centers of learning in Bengal and Bihar. He did not fail to patronize local art and culture. He encouraged the culture of local folk music and dance and for this, he appointed officers like Gayan Barua. It is said that it was he,who for the first time had the [[Bihu]] celebrated in the palace courtyard and organised varied performances for full seven days including competitions of many kinds or sports and games and cultural shows<ref>{{cite book |title=L.Gogoi, Ahom Jati aru Asamiya Sanskriti |pages=16}}</ref> For the promotion of sports and games he created offices like those of Sen-Chowa Barua, who was in charge of training of hawks and Kukura-Chowa Barua, in charge of training of cocks. Rudra Singha had created a new clan called khound consisting of some selected Sanyasis, for the duty of immersion of the ashes of the kings in the Ganges, they were employed as spies.

There were numbers of poets and scholars in his court. Of them the most notable was Kabiraj Chakravarty, who composed the famous drama Sankha-Chura-Bandha, and had translated the Abhiyana Sukuntalam and the Brahma-Vaivrata Purana into [[Assamese language|Assamese]].<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1985|p=293}}</ref> He encouraged exchanges with other kingdoms and sent ambassadors to other royal houses in various parts of India. He created ''khels'' or official positions specifically for diplomacy, like ''Khaund, Kotoki, Bairagi, Doloi, Kakoti''. He sent men to Delhi to learn music and Brahman boys to [[Gurukuls]] for Vedic and Sanskrit studies. He brought architects from outside for constructing the palace and other buildings in the new capital city, [[Rangpur (Ahom capital)|Rangpur]]. He introduced Mughal style dresses in the Ahom court.

=== Civil works ===
* In honour of the memory of his mother [[Joymoti Konwari]], he dug the [[Joysagar Tank]], India's largest man-made tank covering an area of {{convert|318|acre|km2}}, including its four banks.[[File:Joysagar.jpg|thumb|200px|Joysagar Lake in Sibsagar]]
* In 1703, he built the [[Rangnath Dol]] near the Borduar, or main gateway, on the way from the Joysagar Tank to the Talatal Ghar - for the offering of prayers to Shiva.
* Before the [[Ranganath Dol]], a pyramid-shaped temple named Fakuwa Dol was constructed in 1703–04, for the celebration of Holi
* Numerous other architectural monuments and structures are credited to him, including the [[Namdang stone bridge]] of Gaurisagar, and the Kharikatia Ali (''ali'' meaning road in [[Assamese language|Assamese]]) - leading from Kharikatia to Titabor. The Namdang bridge, a stone bridge 60m long, 6.5m wide, and 1.7m thick was built over the [[Namdang River]] in 1703. It is one of the best examples of the engineering workmanship and skill of the Ahom era. This bridge, on National Highway no.37, has been proudly providing service for the last 300 years.

==Death==
Rudra Singha was seized with a dangerous illness during his stay at Guwahati camp. He died after eight days of his first attack of illness on 27 August 1714. From his death bed he injuncted, that all of his five sons should become kings in a consecutive manner.<ref name=":0" />

== Character and legacy ==
The most striking events of his reign, which extended over seventeen eventful years, were the war against the [[Kachari Kingdom|Kachari]] and [[Jaintia Kingdom|Jaintia]] kings. Although illiterate, Rudra Singha was possessed with of retentive memory and of exceptional intelligence. He is regarded as the greatest Ahom King. It is also said that he received the submission of all the tribes, and to have established extensive trade with [[Tibet]], abandoning the policy of isolation of his predecessor to some extent, he encouraged intercourse between the different countries and sent envoys to them of [[India]]. He studied foreign customs and adopted those he thought were good. He imported many artificers from Bengal, and also established many schools for Brahmans.<ref>{{harvcol|Gait|1906|p=181}}</ref>

==Issues and descendants==

{{Tree list}}
* [[Rudra Singha]]
** [[Siva Singha]]
***Ugra Singha Tipam Raja
** [[Pramatta Singha]]
*** Molou Gohain Tipam Raja
*** Madhab Gohain Charing Raja
****Kana Gohain
*****Bano Gohain
** Barjana Gohian alias [[Mohanmala Gohain]]
***Nal Santa
****Lerilla Santa
****Molia Santa
** [[Rajeswar Singha]]
*** Ratneswar
**** Bijoy Bormura
***** Brajanath Gohain
****** [[Purandar Singha]]
** [[Lakshmi Singha]]
*** [[Gaurinath Singha]]
****Jayanti Aideo
*****Narayani Aideo<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1993|pp=286–287}}</ref>
{{Tree list/end}}

== See also ==
* [[Ahom Dynasty]]
* [[Joy dol]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibiolography ==
*{{cite book |last1=Gogoi |first1=Lila |title=The Buranjis, Historical Literature of Assam |date=1986 |publisher=Omsons Publications |location=the University of Michigan}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bhuyan |first1=Suryya Kumar |title=Studies in the Literature of Assam |date=1956 |publisher=Lawyer's Book Stall}}
* {{Citation |last=Chaudhuri |first = Bikach |contribution = Tripura: A Peep into the Past| year = 2016| title = History of Tripura: As Reflected in the Manuscripts |editor-last=Poddar |editor-first=Satyadeo | pages = 26–28| place = New Delhi| publisher = National Mission for Manuscripts}}
*{{Citation| first = S.L. | last = Baruah| title = A Comprehensive History of Assam| year = 1985| publisher = Munshiram Manoharlal}}
* {{Citation |last=Sarkar |first=J. N. |contribution=THE MONARCHY AT ITS ZENITH|editor-last=Barpujari |editor-first=H. K. |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam |volume=2 |pages=257–85 |publisher=Assam Publication Board |place=Guwahati |year=1992}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Devi |first1=Lakshmi |title=Ahom-tribal Relations- A Political Study |date=1968 |location=Lawyer's Book Stall |pages=210–261}}
* {{Citation |last=Baruah |first=S. L. |title=Last Days of Ahom Monarchy |place=New Delhi |year=1993}}
*{{cite book |last1= Gait |first1= Sir Edward (1906)|title= A History of Assam|date=1906| publisher= LBS Publications|location=Gauhati University}}
*{{cite book |last1=Gogoi |first1=Khagen |title=Ahom warfare evolution nature and strategy |date=2017 |location=Gauhati University}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhuyan |first=S K |contribution=Introduction |title=Tripura Buranji |year=1938 |publisher=Govt of Assam |location=Gauhati, Assam |url=https://archive.org/details/TripuraBuranjiedSuryyaKumarBhuiyan1938}}
*{{cite book |last1=Basu |first1=NK |title= Assam in the Ahom Age, 1228-1826: Being Politico-economic and Socio-cultural Studies |date=1970 |publisher=Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sukhrungphaa}}
[[Category:Ahom kings]]
[[Category:1660s births]]
[[Category:1714 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]

Progressivism

2026-03-29T00:43:57Z

Igortxa: rework page to improve readability

{{Short description|Political philosophy in support of progress and reform}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=April 2016}}
{{progressivism}}

'''Progressivism''' is a [[political philosophy]] and [[reform]] [[political movement|movement]] that seeks to [[progress]] the [[human condition]] through [[Reformism (historical)|reforms]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/progressivism|title=Progressivism in English|work=Oxford English Dictionary|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321174257/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/progressivism|archive-date=21 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Adherents endeavor to spread this idea to human societies everywhere throughout the globe. Progressivism arose during the [[Age of Enlightenment]] out of the belief that [[civility]] in Europe was improving due to the application of new [[Empirical evidence|empirical knowledge]].<ref name="Harold Mah 1914. p157">Harold Mah. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WVlGIelNNNcC ''Enlightenment Phantasies: Cultural Identity in France and Germany, 1750–1914'']. Cornell University. (2003). p. 157.</ref>

Cultural progressivism is associated with [[social liberalism]],<ref>{{cite book |editor=Klaus P. Fischer |title=America in White, Black, and Gray: A History of the Stormy 1960s |date=2007 |page=39 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Great Courses |title=The Modern Political Tradition: Episode 17: Progressivism and New Liberalism |date=2014 |publisher=Great Courses }}{{ISBN?}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Helen Hardacre |editor2=Timothy S. George |editor3=Keigo Komamura |editor4=Franziska Seraphim |title=Japanese Constitutional Revisionism and Civic Activism |date=2021 |pages=136, 162 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield }}{{ISBN?}}</ref> a left-leaning type of liberalism, and [[social democracy]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite book |last=Gerstle |first=Gary |author-link=Gary Gerstle |date=2022 |title=The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-neoliberal-order-9780197519646?cc=us&lang=en& |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |quote=The most sweeping account of how neoliberalism came to dominate American politics for nearly a half century before crashing against the forces of Trumpism on the right and a new progressivism on the left. |isbn=978-0197519646 |access-date=August 1, 2024 |archive-date=June 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626220259/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-neoliberal-order-9780197519646?cc=us&lang=en& |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/07/america-is-becoming-a-social-democracy/|title=America Is Becoming a Social Democracy|date=7 May 2021|website=[[Foreign Policy]]|access-date=24 October 2024}}</ref>

Within [[economic progressivism]], there is some ideological variation. Illustrative examples of this include some [[Christian democracy]] and conservative-leaning [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] movements.<ref name="catholicnewsagency">{{cite news|work=Catholic News Agency|title=Did you know there's a third party based on Catholic teaching?|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/34726/did-you-know-theres-a-third-party-based-on-catholic-teaching|date=12 October 2016|access-date=24 December 2021|quote=Politically, we would be considered center-right on social issues}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://cruxnow.com/interviews/2018/11/new-political-party-says-its-roots-are-in-catholic-social-teaching/|title=New political party says its roots are in Catholic Social Teaching|date=26 November 2018 |quote=I was working on my doctoral dissertation largely concerning difficulties and opportunities for socially conservative, economically progressive movements, and desired to get involved in such movements ... and was glad to see that ASP was interested in applying such ways of thinking to contemporary issues. |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> While many ideologies can fall under the banner of progressivism, all eras of the movement are characterized by a critique of unregulated capitalism and a call for a more active [[Democracy|democratic]] government to safeguard [[human rights]], promote [[Cultural evolution|cultural development]], and serve as a [[Separation of powers|check-and-balance]] on corporate [[monopolies]].<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/>

Other types of progressivism include [[techno-progressivism]].

== Early history ==
=== From the Enlightenment to the Industrial Revolution ===
{{main|Industrial Revolution|Modernity|Social justice}}
{{see also|History of liberalism|Reformism}}
[[File:Immanuel Kant - Gemaelde 1.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Immanuel Kant]], German philosopher]]
[[File:John Stuart Mill by London Stereoscopic Company, c1870.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[John Stuart Mill]], English philosopher]]

[[Immanuel Kant]] identified progress as being a movement away from [[Barbarian|barbarism]] toward [[civilization]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kant |first1=Immanuel |last2=Reiss |first2=Hans Siegbert |title=Kant: political writings |url=https://archive.org/details/kantpoliticalwri00kant/page/41/mode/2up |publisher=Cambridge [England]; New York: Cambridge University Press |date=1991}}</ref> 18th-century philosopher and political scientist [[Marquis de Condorcet]] predicted that political progress would involve the disappearance of [[slavery]], the rise of [[literacy]], the lessening of [[sex inequality]], [[prison reform|reform of prisons]], which at the time were harsh, and the decline of poverty.<ref>Nisbet, Robert (1980). ''History of the Idea of Progress''. New York: Basic Books. ch 5</ref>

[[Modernity]] or modernisation was a key form of the idea of progress as promoted by [[classical liberals]] in the 19th and 20th centuries, who called for the rapid modernisation of the economy and society to remove the traditional hindrances to [[free market]]s and the [[Freedom of movement|free movements]] of people.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Joyce Appleby |author2=Lynn Hunt |author3=Margaret Jacob |name-list-style=amp |title=Telling the Truth about History |year=1995 |page=78 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0aCcnVcbZcC&pg=78|isbn=9780393078916 }}</ref>

In the late 19th century, a political view rose in popularity in the [[Western world]] that progress was being stifled by vast [[economic inequality]] between the rich and the poor, minimally regulated ''[[laissez-faire]]'' capitalism with out-of-control monopolistic [[corporation]]s, intense and often violent conflict between capitalists and workers, with a need for measures to address these problems.<ref>{{cite book |title=Progressivism: A Very Short Introduction|publisher=Oxford University Press|author=Nugent, Walter|year=2010|isbn=9780195311068|page=2}}</ref> Progressivism has influenced various political movements. [[Social liberalism]] was influenced by British [[Liberalism|liberal]] philosopher [[John Stuart Mill]]'s conception of people being "progressive beings."<ref>Alan Ryan. ''The Making of Modern Liberalism''. p. 25.</ref> British Prime Minister [[Benjamin Disraeli]] developed [[progressive conservatism]] under [[One-nation conservatism|one-nation]] [[Toryism]].<ref>Patrick Dunleavy, Paul Joseph Kelly, Michael Moran. ''British Political Science: Fifty Years of Political Studies''. Oxford, England; Malden, Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell, 2000. pp. 107–108. {{ISBN?}}</ref><ref>Robert Blake. ''Disraeli''. Second Edition. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode (Publishers) Ltd, 1967. p. 524.{{ISBN?}}</ref>

The first modern socialists of the 19th century followed [[utopian socialism]],<ref name="Markham1930">{{cite book|author=Sydney Frank Markham|title=A History of Socialism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tq4VAAAAMAAJ|year=1930|publisher=A. & C. Black, Limited|pages=20–21}}</ref> and experienced pushback from [[progressive socialism]]. This reformist approach was reflected in a readiness to question revolutionary tenets of Marxist orthodoxy, as well as challenges to sections of scientific socialism. G.A. Kleene, a 19th-century economist, defined progressive socialism as [[Eduard Bernstein]]'s stand against "'Old-School' [[Marxism]]."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Socialism - The Handbook Series |quote=Within the past few years, however, Marxism, as a theory and a political method, has entered upon a crisis that perhaps indicates its dissolution, while in the movement represented by Bernstein, the editor and biographer of Lassalle, but long known as a Marxist, there has come to the front a Socialism that bears closer resemblance to that of Lassalle than to that of Marx. Lassalle is not invoked as its leader; the cry ‘Back to Lassalle’ has not been raised, but there is, nevertheless, a turning from Marxian materialism to idealism, from marxian dislike of patriotism and the national spirit to an acknowledgment of the importance of national interests, from Marxian hatred of the present state to a recognition of what governments, as organized today, have done and can do for the laboring class. |author=G.A. Kleene |editor1=Edwin Clyde Robbins |date=1915 |orig-date=November, 1901 |publisher=H.W. Wilson Company |location=[[New York, NY]] |page=107 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Socialism/0RANAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=2025-12-25}}</ref> Progressive socialism has historically been associated with reformist openness to question scientific socialism, such as by criticizing the [[Immiseration thesis|law of growing misery]].<ref>{{cite book |author=[[James Edward Le Rossignol]] |date=1921 |title=What is Socialism? An Explanation and Criticism of the Doctrines and Proposals of "scientific Socialism" |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/What_is_Socialism/GjUmAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |location=[[New York, NY]] |publisher=Thomas Y. Crowley Company |quote=[[Karl Kautsky|Kautsky]] said at the Lübeck Congress of 1901: ‘Increasing misery is to be understood only as a tendency, and not as an unconditional truth.’ In reply to him, [[Eduard David|Dr. David]], a progressive socialist, said: ‘If one alters one’s opinion one should have the courage and strength to say, ‘We made a mistake.' |page=98 |access-date=December 25, 2025}}</ref>

In France, the space between [[social revolution]] and the [[socially conservative]] ''laissez-faire'' [[centre-right]] was filled with the emergence of [[Radicalism (historical)|radicalism]] which thought that [[social progress]] required [[anti-clericalism]], [[humanism]], and [[republicanism]]. Especially anti-clericalism was the dominant influence on the [[centre-left]] in many French- and Romance-speaking countries until the mid-20th century. In [[Imperial Germany]], Chancellor [[Otto von Bismarck]] enacted various progressive [[social welfare]] measures out of [[paternalistic conservative]] motivations to distance workers from the [[socialist movement]] of the time and as humane ways to assist in maintaining the [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref>'' Union Contributions to Labor Welfare Policy and Practice: Past, Present, and Future''. Routledge, 16, 2013. p. 172. {{ISBN?}}</ref>

In 1891, the [[Roman Catholic Church]] encyclical ''[[Rerum novarum]]'' issued by [[Pope Leo XIII]] condemned the [[exploitation of labor]] and urged support for [[labor unions]] and [[government regulation]] of businesses in the interests of [[social justice]] while upholding the [[property right]] and criticising socialism.<ref>Faith Jaycox. ''The Progressive Era''. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2005. p. 85.</ref> A progressive [[Protestant]] outlook called the [[Social Gospel]] emerged in North America that focused on challenging economic exploitation and poverty and, by the mid-1890s, was common in many Protestant theological seminaries in the United States.<ref>Charles Howard Hopkins, ''The Rise of the Social Gospel in American Protestantism, 1865–1915'' (1940). {{page needed|date=May 2022}}{{ISBN?}}</ref>

=== 20th century: U.S. Progressive Era, New Deal and post-war consensus ===
{{main|Progressive Era|New Deal coalition}}
{{see also|Progressivism in the United States}}
{{multiple image
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| header = Progressive Era
| image1 = Theodore Roosevelt by the Pach Bros (cropped 3x4).jpg
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| caption1 = [[Theodore Roosevelt]], 26th [[President of the United States|U.S. President]], [[Progressive conservatism|progressive conservative]]
| image2 = Thomas Woodrow Wilson, Harris & Ewing bw photo portrait, 1919 (cropped 3x4).jpg
| caption2 = [[Woodrow Wilson]], 28th [[President of the United States|U.S. President]], [[Social liberalism|progressive liberal]]
}}

Early 20th-century progressivism included support for American engagement in [[World War I]] and the creation of and participation in the [[League of Nations]],<ref>{{cite book|date=2005|last=Freeden|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Freeden|title=Liberal Languages: Ideological Imaginations and Twentieth-Century Progressive Thought|pages=144–165|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|location=[[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Lpu8wwvA1AC&pg=144|isbn=9780691116778}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ambrosius |first1=Lloyd E. |title=Woodrow Wilson, Alliances, and the League of Nations |journal=The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era |date=April 2006 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=139–165 |doi=10.1017/S153778140000298X|s2cid=162853992 }}</ref> [[compulsory sterilisation]] in Scandinavia,<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=4026900|title=Geneticists and the Eugenics Movement in Scandinavia|last=Roll-Hansen|first=Nils|journal=[[The British Journal for the History of Science]]|volume=22|issue=3|pages=335–346|date=1989|doi=10.1017/S0007087400026194|pmid=11621984|s2cid=44566095}}</ref> and [[eugenics]] in Great Britain,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Retrospectives: Eugenics and Economics in the Progressive Era |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |year=2005 |last=Leonard |first=Thomas |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=207–224 |doi=10.1257/089533005775196642 |url=https://www.princeton.edu/~tleonard/papers/retrospectives.pdf |access-date=2017-10-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820132528/https://www.princeton.edu/~tleonard/papers/retrospectives.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2017 |df=dmy-all |doi-access=free }}</ref> and the [[temperance movement]].<ref>James H. Timberlake, ''Prohibition and the Progressive Movement, 1900–1920'' (1970){{page needed|date=May 2022}}{{ISBN?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/progress/prohib/ |title=Prohibition: A Case Study of Progressive Reform |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |access-date=2017-10-04 }}</ref> Progressives believed that [[progress]] was stifled by [[economic inequality]], inadequately regulated [[monopolistic]] corporations, and conflict between workers and elites, arguing that corrective measures were needed.<ref>{{cite book|title=Progressivism: A Very Short Introduction|publisher=Oxford University Press|author=Nugent, Walter|year=2010|isbn=9780195311068| pages=2}}</ref>

In the United States, progressivism began as an intellectual rebellion against the political philosophy of [[Constitutionalism]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2018/entries/constitutionalism/|title=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|first=Wil|last=Waluchow|chapter=Constitutionalism |editor-first=Edward N.|editor-last=Zalta|date=17 August 2018|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|via=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> as expressed by [[John Locke]] and the [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Fathers of the American Republic]], whereby the authority of government depends on observing limitations on its just powers.<ref>{{cite book | last = Watson | first = Bradley | title = Progressivism : the strange history of a radical idea | page = 11 | publisher = University of Notre Dame Press | location = Notre Dame, Indiana | year = 2020 | isbn = 9780268106973 }}</ref> What began as a [[social movement]] in the 1890s grew into a popular [[political movement]] referred to as the [[Progressive Era]]; in the [[1912 United States presidential election]], all three U.S. presidential candidates claimed to be progressives. While the term ''progressivism'' represents a range of diverse [[political pressure group]]s, not always united, progressives rejected [[social Darwinism]], believing that the problems society faced, such as [[class warfare]], [[greed]], [[poverty]], [[racism]] and [[violence]], could best be addressed by providing good education, a safe environment, and an efficient workplace. Progressives lived mainly in the cities, were college educated, and believed in a strong central government.<ref>[http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/teachinger/glossary/progressive-era.cfm "The Progressive Era (1890–1920)"]. The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120210506/https://www2.gwu.edu/~erpapers/teachinger/glossary/progressive-era.cfm|date=20 January 2020}}. Retrieved 31 September 2014.</ref> President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] and later the [[Progressive Party (United States, 1912)|Progressive Party]] declared that he "always believed that wise progressivism and wise conservatism go hand in hand."<ref>{{cite book | first=Jonathan | last=Lurie | title=William Howard Taft: The Travails of a Progressive Conservative | location=New York | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2012 | page=196}}</ref>

President [[Woodrow Wilson]] was also a member of the American progressive movement within the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]. Progressive stances have evolved. [[Imperialism]] was a controversial issue within progressivism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly in the United States, where some progressives supported [[American imperialism]] while others opposed it.<ref name="Nugent">{{cite book|title=Progressivism: A Very Short Introduction|publisher=Oxford University Press|author=Nugent, Walter|year=2010|isbn=9780195311068|pages=33}}</ref> In response to [[World War I]], President [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s [[Fourteen Points]] established the concept of national [[self-determination]] and criticised imperialist competition and colonial injustices. [[Anti-imperialists]] supported these views in areas resisting imperial rule.<ref>'' Reconsidering Woodrow Wilson: Progressivism, Internationalism, War, and Peace''. p. 309. {{ISBN?}}</ref>

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| caption1 = [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], 32nd [[President of the United States|U.S. President]], [[Social liberalism|progressive liberal]]
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| caption2 = [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], 36th [[President of the United States|U.S. President]], [[Social liberalism|progressive liberal]]
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| caption3 = [[Rab Butler]], a [[Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Deputy Prime Minister]] and [[First Secretary of State|U.K. First Secretary of State]], [[Progressive conservatism|progressive conservative]]
}}

During the period of acceptance of economic [[Keynesianism]] (the 1930s–1970s), there was widespread acceptance in many nations of a large role for [[state intervention]] in the economy. The "progressive" brand was frequently identified with supporters of the New Deal by the year 1936.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tugwell |first1=R. G. |title=The New Deal: The Progressive Tradition |journal=The Western Political Quarterly |date=September 1950 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=390–427 |doi=10.2307/443352|jstor=443352 }}</ref> While the more progressive [[Second New Deal]] was more controversial in the public, the progressive consensus of the New Deal was strong, and even future moderate Republican presidents like [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] and [[Richard Nixon]] worked to preserve it. The New Deal provided the context for future expansive progressive programs, especially the [[Great Society]] measures of [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Lyndon Johnson's]] administration. With the rise of [[neoliberalism]] and challenges to state [[Interventionism (politics)|interventionist]] policies in the 1970s and 1980s, [[centre-left]] progressive movements responded by adopting the [[Third Way]], which emphasised a major role for the [[market economy]].<ref>Jane Lewis, Rebecca Surender. ''Welfare State Change: Towards a Third Way?''. [[Oxford University Press]], 2004. pp. 3–4, 16. {{ISBN?}}</ref> There have been [[social democrats]] who have called for the social-democratic movement to move past Third Way.<ref>'' After the Third Way: The Future of Social Democracy in Europe''. I.B. Taurus, 2012. p. 47. {{ISBN?}}</ref> Prominent [[Progressive conservatism|progressive conservative]] elements in the British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]], such as from the likes of [[Rab Butler]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Campbell|first=John|author-link = John Campbell (biographer)|year=2010|title=Pistols at Dawn: Two Hundred Years of Political Rivalry from Pitt and Fox to Blair and Brown|location= p. 255.|publisher=Vintage|isbn=978-1-845-95091-0}}</ref> promoted the [[post-war consensus]], and others have criticised neoliberalism.<ref>Hugh Bochel. ''The Conservative Party and Social Policy''. The Policy Press, 2011. p. 108. {{ISBN?}}</ref>

== Into the 21st century and social democratic turn==
{{see also|Social democracy#Analysis}}
[[File:Progressive Alliance.svg|thumb|right|200px|[[Progressive Alliance]]]]

=== International organizing ===
{{main|Progressive Alliance|Progressive International}}
Founded in Leipzig, Germany, on May 22, 2013, the Progressive Alliance is an international political organization made up primarily of social democratic political parties and organizations.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jean-Jacques Lambin|title=Rethinking the Market Economy: New Challenges, New Ideas, New Opportunities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y4CEAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA269|year=2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-39291-6|page=269}}</ref> The organization was established as a substitute for the already-existing [[Socialist International]], of which many of its constituent parties are either present or previous members.<ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Peter |editor-last=Lamb |title=Historical Dictionary of Socialism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vSHuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA436|year=2015 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-5827-3 |page=436}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Talbot C. Imlay|title=The Practice of Socialist Internationalism: European Socialists and International Politics, 1914–1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5fU-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA465|year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-964104-8|page=465}}</ref><ref name="Quimpo2020">{{cite book|author=Nathan Gilbert Quimpo|chapter=The Post-war Rise and Decline of the Left|editor1= Toby Carroll|editor2=Shahar Hameiri|editor3=Lee Jones|title=The Political Economy of Southeast Asia: Politics and Uneven Development Under Hyperglobalisation|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B1TUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150|year=2020|publisher= Springer Nature|isbn=978-3-03-028255-4|page=150}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelocal.de/politics/20130522-49847.html |title=Social Democrats Seek Revival on 150th b-day |publisher=The Local |date= 22 May 2013|access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.l-iz.de/politik/leipzig/2013/05/Sozialistisch-war-gestern-progressiv-ist-heute-SPD-48198 |title=Sozialistisch war gestern, progressiv ist heute: SPD lädt zur Gründung eines internationalen Parteiennetzwerkes nach Leipzig |work=Leipziger Zeitung |first=Gernot |last=Borriss |date=10 May 2013 |access-date=12 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Von Aert van Riel |url=http://www.neues-deutschland.de/artikel/820762.spd-spaltet-internationale.html |title=07.05.2013: SPD spaltet Internationale |work=Neues Deutschland |date=16 April 2013 |access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> In January 2012, [[Sigmar Gabriel]], then chairman of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] (SPD), decided to terminate the SPD's annual membership fee of £100,000 to the Socialist International. Gabriel criticized Socialist International for admitting and maintaining undemocratic political movements, leading to the establishment of the Progressive Alliance.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/vorab/a-810543.html |title=SPD will Sozialistischer Internationale den Geldhahn zudrehen und den Mitgliedsbeitrag nicht zahlen |journal=Der Spiegel |date=22 January 2012 |access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Sigmar Gabriel |url=http://www.fr-online.de/meinung/keine-kumpanei-mit-despoten,1472602,7705378.html |title=Gastbeitrag: Keine Kumpanei mit Despoten |work=Frankfurter Rundschau |language=de |date=3 February 2011 |access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="Salm2016">{{cite book|author=Christian Salm|title=Transnational Socialist Networks in the 1970s: European Community Development Aid and Southern Enlargement|year=2016|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-137-55120-7|page=xiv}}</ref> The organization has a stated goal to become the worldwide network of "the progressive, democratic, [[Social democracy|social-democratic]], [[Socialism|socialist]], and [[Labour movement|labour]] movement."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://progressive-alliance.info/basic-document/ |title=Basic document |publisher=Progressive Alliance |access-date=23 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spd.de/scalableImageBlob/84620/data/20121217_progressive_alliance_abschlussstatement-data.pdf|title=A Progressive Network for the 21st Century|publisher=Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD) |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304064047/http://www.spd.de/scalableImageBlob/84620/data/20121217_progressive_alliance_abschlussstatement-data.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2014}}</ref>

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| caption1 = [[Bernie Sanders]], [[United States Senator]] from [[Vermont]]
| image2 = Yanis Varoufakis at press conference, Athens 2019 3.jpg
| caption2 = [[Yanis Varoufakis]], former [[Greece|Greek]] [[Ministry of National Economy and Finance (Greece)|Minister of Finance]]
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[[File:PI-Logo-Stack.svg|thumb|right|200px|[[Progressive International|PI]] logo]]

In May 2020, [[Progressive International]] was formally founded and launched on 11 May 2020, responding to a 2018 open call by the Democracy in Europe Movement and the [[Sanders Institute]] for united progressive forces around the globe.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Adler|first1=David|last2=Varoufakis|first2=Yanis|author-link2=Yanis Varoufakis|date=1 December 2018|title=We shouldn't rush to save the liberal order. We should remake it.|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/dec/01/liberal-world-order-new-international-yanis-varoufakis-david-adler|access-date=2 December 2018|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=30 November 2018|title=An Open Call to All Progressive Forces|url=https://www.progressive-international.org/open-call/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202003335/https://www.progressive-international.org/open-call/|archive-date=December 2, 2018|access-date=2 December 2018|website=Progressive International}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Moraga|first=Enrique Gomáriz|date=2022-02-17|title=The Progressive Internationals in Latin America|url=https://latinoamerica21.com/en/the-progressive-internationals-in-latin-america/|access-date=2024-11-05|website=Latinoamérica 21|language=en-US}}</ref> The open call was echoing two twinned appeals published in 2018 by U.S. Senator [[Bernie Sanders]] and [[Yanis Varoufakis]], who is a Greek economist and self-described [[libertarian Marxist]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/speakers/yanis_varoufakis|title=Yanis Varoufakis thinks we need a radically new way of thinking about the economy, finance and capitalism|last=Varoufakis|first=Yanis|publisher=Ted|access-date=14 April 2019|quote=Yanis Varoufakis describes himself as a "libertarian Marxist",{{nbsp}}...}}</ref> to form an international movement to combat the rise of [[Far-right politics|hard right]] [[authoritarianism]] and potential [[Neo-fascism|neofascist]] global influence represented by U.S. president [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Varoufakis |first1=Yanis |date=November 5, 2020 |title=Progressive International: Today we began organising the world’s progressives. Join us! |url=https://www.yanisvaroufakis.eu/2020/05/11/progressive-international-today-we-began-organising-the-worlds-progressives-join-us |access-date=December 24, 2025|website=www.YanisVaroufakis.eu |language=en-US}}</ref> PI's founding was supported by a group of 40 advisors including [[Ece Temelkuran]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Progressive International will launch to unite, organize, and mobilize progressive forces of the world|url=https://hedep.org.tr/en/the-progressive-international-will-launch-with-a-mission-to-unite-organize-and-mobilize-progressive-forces-around-the-world/14235|access-date=2024-07-30|website=hedep.org.tr|language=tr}}</ref> [[Katrín Jakobsdóttir]], [[Yanis Varoufakis]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Varoufakis|first=Yanis|date=2020-05-11|title=Progressive International: Today we began organising the world's progressives. Join us!|url=https://www.yanisvaroufakis.eu/2020/05/11/progressive-international-today-we-began-organising-the-worlds-progressives-join-us/|access-date=2024-07-30|website=Yanis Varoufakis|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Carola Rackete]], [[Nick Estes]], [[Vanessa Nakate]], [[Noam Chomsky]],<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|last=Leier|first=Elizabeth|title=Introducing Progressive International—a global left-wing solidarity movement|url=https://canadiandimension.com/articles/view/introducing-progressive-internationala-global-left-wing-solidarity-movement|date=2020-09-24|access-date=2024-07-30|website=[[Canadian Dimension]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Arundhati Roy]], [[Naomi Klein]],<ref name="call">{{Cite web|date=2020-05-11|title=The Progressive International: an open call to all progressive forces|url=https://diem25.org/the-progressive-international-an-open-call-to-all-progressive-forces/|access-date=2024-07-30|website=[[Democracy in Europe Movement 2025|DiEM25]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Niki Ashton]],<ref name="auto2"/> [[Rafael Correa]], [[Fernando Haddad]], [[Celso Amorim]], and [[Álvaro García Linera|Alvaro Garcia Linera]].<ref name="p4">{{Cite web|title=The Progressive International: Leadership|last=Stilson|first=Robert|url=https://capitalresearch.org/article/the-progressive-international-part-4/|access-date=2024-11-05|website=[[Capital Research Center]]}}</ref> PI seeks to combat [[authoritarian]] [[nationalism]] around the world and is opposed to what it describes as [[disaster capitalism]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Announcing the Progressive International|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/oureconomy/announcing-progressive-international/|last=Adler|first=David|website=[[openDemocracy]]|language=en|access-date=14 May 2020}}</ref>

=== Europe ===
{{main|Blairism|Labour Party leadership of Jeremy Corbyn}}

==== United Kingdom ====
[[File:Green Party protestors 2011.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Green Party (UK)|Greens]] taking part in the 2011 London anti-cuts protest in the [[United Kingdom]]]]
20th century progressivism in the [[United Kingdom]] highlights enduring tension and [[Political faction|factionalism]] between more avowedly left-wing progressives and those who incorporate more [[Syncretism|syncretic]] politics into their progressivism. Groups like the [[Institute for Public Policy Research]], the [[Fabian Society]], and [[Progressive Britain]] are organizations represent a wide variety of U.K. progressive thought. Progressivism in the United Kingdom has seen shifts from [[New Labour]]'s early dominance to the rise of [[cultural liberalism]], environmentalism from the [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green Party]], and grassroots movements with a variety of focuses, including [[Palestinian nationalism|pro-Palestine]] [[Anti-war movement|anti-war]] causes, [[radical democracy]], and [[universal basic income]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ay |first=Adem |date=October 24, 2025 |title=Inside the fight for radical democracy in Britain’s new left party |work=Waging Nonviolence |url=https://wagingnonviolence.org/2025/10/inside-fight-assemble-your-party-britain-new-left-party |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kellner |first=Peter |date=January 9, 2025 |title=How progressive is the British public? |work=[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]] |url=https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/politics/68999/how-progressive-is-the-british-public |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Carnegie |first=Megan |date=August 8, 2022 |title=Gen Z: How young people are changing activism |work=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20220803-gen-z-how-young-people-are-changing-activism |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tony Blair]]'s government represented a significant period of progressive growth, although his politics were more centrist than previous progressive movements that leaned further left, and his government faced criticisms for its [[Third Way]] market-oriented policies and emphasis on deregulation.<ref>{{cite book |last=Giddens |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Giddens |title=The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy |publisher=[[Polity Press]] |year=1998 |pages=148–149 |isbn=978-0745622675}}</ref> The [[Blairism|Blairite]] consensus was dominant within U.K. progressivism from the mid-1990s and through the end of Blair’s premiership, which ended in 2007. [[New Labour]] continued to evolve with the subsequent Labour leadership of [[Gordon Brown]] and was formally abandoned by his successor, [[Ed Miliband]], for [[One Nation Labour]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.institutmontaigne.org/en/expressions/kinship-daggers-drawn-tony-blair-and-gordon-brown |date=May 7, 2022 |last1= Murphy |first1= Colm |title=Kinship to Daggers Drawn: Tony Blair and Gordon Brown |quote=As the New Labour era progressed, it became clear that Blair and Brown had different understandings of what they thought "modernization" should mean. Blair latched onto controversial public service reforms that, he believed, would 'break up the monoliths' and empower the individual. He attempted to introduce market mechanisms, internal competition, and autonomy from Westminster into public services, exemplified in the creation of 'foundation hospitals' and the introduction of university tuition fees. Brown, meanwhile, was warier of marketizing reforms and less likely than Blair to assume that private was better than public. |work=[[Institut Montaigne]]|access-date=January 12, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Dunt">{{cite web|last=Dunt|first=Ian|url=http://www.politics.co.uk/features/opinion-former-index/legal-and-constitutional/comment-ed-miliband-is-more-dangerous-than-they-think-$21384250.htm|title=Ed Miliband is more dangerous than they think |publisher=Politics|date=25 September 2010|access-date=15 July 2011|archive-date=28 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928111107/http://www.politics.co.uk/features/opinion-former-index/legal-and-constitutional/comment-ed-miliband-is-more-dangerous-than-they-think-$21384250.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Launching the 2019 General Election campaign (49013243026).jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Jeremy Corbyn]] (right), [[Leader of the Labour Party (UK)|U.K. Labour]] leader from 2015 to 2020, and [[Keir Starmer]] (left), [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|U.K. Prime Minister]] since July 5, 2024]]
[[Jeremy Corbyn]] represented a staunch return of the Labour party platform to [[History of the Labour Party (UK)#Moving left in 1930s|its more historic democratic socialism]] with a focus on [[nationalization]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 11, 2015 |title=Jeremy Corbyn backs greater public ownership for Labour |work=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-33839819 |url-status=live}}</ref> robust public spending,<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 27, 2020 |title=Coronavirus: Jeremy Corbyn says he was proved 'right' on public spending |work=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-52048213 |url-status=live}}</ref> and both anti-austerity and anti-war stances.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 14, 2015 |last1=Goodman |first1=Amy |title=In Upset, Socialist Jeremy Corbyn Elected as U.K. Labour Leader on Antiwar, Pro-Refugee Platform |work=[[Democracy Now!|Democracy Now]] |url= https://www.democracynow.org/2015/9/14/in_upset_socialist_jeremy_corbyn_elected |url-status=live}}</ref> Corbyn appealed to a progressive left base disillusioned with previous Labour governments, but he was a controversial figure in the party who oscillated between a loyal base of support and electability concerns.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 27, 2016 |last1=Frances |first1=Ryan |title=Whether Jeremy Corbyn goes or not, Britain’s progressives need to stick together |quote=‘I’d leave if Corbyn’s ousted,’ is currently a common statement on social media. ‘If Corbyn goes, it’s all gone,’ a friend told me (perhaps as a symbol of Labour’s problem, I’ve also had friends tell me that they’ll leave the party if Corbyn stays). Even before the events of the past 24 hours – indeed, straight after the referendum result – there were Labour members announcing similar intentions. As one signatory on the petition of confidence in Corbyn put it: ‘Force him out and I will personally organise a burning of membership cards outside [Labour] HQ.’ |work=[[The Guardian]] |url= https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jun/27/jeremy-corbyn-britain-labour-hard-right |url-status=live}}</ref> Subsequent leader and eventual prime minister [[Keir Starmer]] shifted Labour toward pragmatic, economically cautious centrism, striving for electability by striking a balance between broad public appeal, traditional Labour beliefs, and Starmer's own conviction that economic changes made previous more left-wing economic positions untenable.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 February 2024 |title=Keir Starmer: The politics of a U-turn |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-68247994 |access-date=25 September 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=8 February 2024 |title=All Keir Starmer's Labour U-turns in one place |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/keir-starmer-labour-party-uk-election-u-turns/ |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=POLITICO |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Barradale |first=Greg |date=16 May 2024 |title=All of Keir Starmer's screeching U-turns and abandoned policy pledges |url=https://www.bigissue.com/news/politics/keir-starmer-broken-promises-tuition-fees-nationalisation-u-turn/ |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=Big Issue |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2 May 2023 |title=How many of Sir Keir Starmer's 10 pledges still stand? |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/rachel-reeves-jonathan-ashworth-lisa-nandy-steve-reed-government-b2330892.html |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=The Independent}}</ref> The animosity between Corbyn and Starmer intensified with [[Antisemitism in the British Labour Party#2020|Starmer's suspension of Corbyn from Labour in 2020, accusing Corbyn of an inadequate response to antisemitism]]. Corbyn was supported against these accusations by [[Progressive International]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://progressive.international/wire/2020-10-31-we-stand-with-jeremy-corbyn/en |date=March 28, 2023 |author=[[Progressive International]] |title=We Stand with Jeremy Corbyn |work=[[Progressive International]] |access-date=January 12, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> Starmer said in 2023 that "the very best of progressive politics is found in our determination to push Britain forward," but "there are precious things – in our way of life, in our environment, in our communities – that it is our responsibility to protect and preserve and to pass on to future generations. If that sounds [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]], then let me tell you: I don't care."<ref>{{cite web |last=Duggan |first=Joe |date=13 May 2023 |title='I don't care' if Labour's priorities sound conservative, says Keir Starmer |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/keir-starmer-dont-care-labours-priorities-conservative-2338849 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515165512/https://inews.co.uk/news/keir-starmer-dont-care-labours-priorities-conservative-2338849 |archive-date=15 May 2023 |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Corbyn supported the foundation of the socialist [[Your Party (UK)|Your Party]] in 2025 with [[Zarah Sultana]] in a further schism for U.K. left-leaning progressive politics. Facing challenges from [[Brexit]] and [[Right-wing populism#United Kingdom|increased right-wing presence]], contemporary progressivism in the United Kingdom can be characterized by increasing cultural liberalism<ref>{{cite web|last1=Butler|first1=Patrick|date=September 21, 2023|title=Britain is much more liberal-minded than it was 40 years ago, study finds|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2023/sep/21/britain-is-much-more-liberal-minded-than-is-was-40-years-ago-study-finds|access-date=January 12, 2026|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> and factionalism surrounding the role of capitalism in society.

=== Latin America ===
{{main|Lulism|Kirchnerism|Presidency of Andrés Manuel López Obrador| Morena (political party)}}

==== Argentina ====
[[File:Nestor y Cristina at Luna Park 2010.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Néstor Kirchner]], 55th [[President of Argentina]], and [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]], 56th President, in September of 2010–one of their last public appearances before Néstor's death]]
[[Kirchnerism]] in [[Argentina]] refers to the political strategies of [[Néstor Kirchner]] and [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]], who were successive [[Presidents of Argentina]]. In favor of his wife, Néstor Kirchner chose not to run for reelection in 2007 after taking office on May 25, 2003. After [[Isabel Perón]], Cristina Fernández de Kirchner was the first woman to be elected directly to the presidency of Argentina. Cristina Kirchner has led the [[Justicialist Party]] since 2024.<ref name="telamcfk">{{cite web|url=https://buenosairesherald.com/politics/justicialista-party-declares-cristina-kirchner-party-president|work=[[Buenos Aires Herald]]|title=Justicialista Party declares Cristina Kirchner party president|date=7 November 2024|access-date=7 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 November 2024 |title=La Junta Electoral del PJ proclamó a Cristina como presidenta y asumirá el 17 de noviembre |url=https://www.lapoliticaonline.com/politica/la-junta-electoral-del-pj-proclamo-a-cristina-como-presidenta-y-asumira-el-17-de-noviembre |language=es |work=La Política Online |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> Kirchnerist policies are labeled [[Peronist]], progressive, and left-wing.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 April 2006 |title=Analysis: Latin America's new left axis |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4916270.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104093446/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4916270.stm |archive-date=4 November 2013 |url-status=live |access-date=13 February 2021}}</ref> Social services were sponsored by Kirchnerist administrations, which were perceived as blatantly anti-neoliberal. Some political scientists propose the term "Pink Tide neopopulism" to characterize movements that are regarded as a response and a counter to neoliberalism. This is in contrast to the neoliberal populism that was prevalent in the 1990s. Kirchnerism is seen as a response and a counter to neoliberalism.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Post-Neoliberal Era in Latin America? Revisiting Cultural Paradigms |first1=Daniel |last1=Nehring |first2=Magdalena |last2=López |first3=Gerardo Gómez |last3=Michel |year=2019 |publisher=Bristol University Press |isbn=978-1-5292-0131-4 |page=7}}</ref> Healthcare and income transfers were greatly increased, most notably by giving 15 million people—roughly 41% of the country's total population—free prescription drugs.<ref>{{cite thesis |url=https://services.phaidra.univie.ac.at/api/object/o:1391441/get |title=The Pink Tide and the Left Behind: The Rise and Fall of the Latin American Left |location=Vienna |year=2020 |first=Giovanni |last=Grisendi |degree=Master of Advanced International Studies (M.A.I.S.) |publisher=University of Vienna |pages=42-62}}</ref> Kirchnerists also adopted the traditional Peronist strategy of endorsing wage hikes and participating in labor battles. Argentina's period without widespread strikes during the Kirchnerist governments was only surpassed by the 1946–1955 era of Perón’s government.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://eva.fcs.udelar.edu.uy/pluginfile.php/88730/mod_resource/content/0/Silva%20y%20Rossi.2018.pdf |title=Reshaping the Political Arena in Latin America: From Resisting Neoliberalism to the Second Incorporation |editor1=John Charles Chasteen |editor2=Catherine M. Conaghan |editor3=Eduardo Silva |editor4=Federico M. Rossi |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |year=2018 |pages=197–198 |isbn=978-0-8229-6512-1}}</ref>

==== Brazil ====
[[File:02.06.2023 - Cerimônia de inauguração do Bloco Zeta da UFABC (52946826457).jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]], 35th and 39th [[President of Brazil]], taking pictures with supporters at [[São Bernardo do Campo]]]]
[[Lulism]] in [[Brazil]] demonstrates the broad [[coalition]]al and [[Reformism|reformist]] nature of contemporary progressivism. [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's]] [[Lula da Silva 2022 presidential campaign|2022 presidential comeback campaign]] was a progressive resurgence narrative focused on the working class and [[anti-corruption]], running against incumbent [[Right-wing populism|right-wing populist]] President [[Jair Bolsonaro]].<ref name="Valor2021-05-20a">{{cite web|url=https://valorinveste.globo.com/mercados/brasil-e-politica/noticia/2021/05/20/lula-reitera-candidatura-presidencial-contra-bolsonaro-em-2022.ghtml|author=Cristiane Agostine|title=Lula reitera candidatura presidencial contra Bolsonaro em 2022|website=Valor|date=20 May 2021|access-date=5 August 2021|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805163619/https://valorinveste.globo.com/mercados/brasil-e-politica/noticia/2021/05/20/lula-reitera-candidatura-presidencial-contra-bolsonaro-em-2022.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AmQuarterly2021-07-07a">{{cite web|url=https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/lula-is-back-but-which-lula|title=Lula Is Back. But Which Lula?|website=Americas Quarterly|date=7 July 2021|access-date=5 August 2021|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805163623/https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/lula-is-back-but-which-lula/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Guardian2021-07-30a">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/30/lula-2022-brazil-poised-for-sensational-political-comeback|title=Lula 2022? Brazil poised for sensational political comeback|website=The Guardian|date=30 July 2021|access-date=5 August 2021|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805163617/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/30/lula-2022-brazil-poised-for-sensational-political-comeback|url-status=live|quote=With former president's political rights restored, polls suggest he would thrash Jair Bolsonaro if he stands for election}}</ref> Lula was 17% ahead of Bolsonaro in a poll in January 2022 in what was seen as an early sign of shifting progressive sentiment in the voting population against [[Far-right politics in Brazil|far-right politics of the Bolsonaro government.]]<ref name="Nasdaq2022-01-14a">{{cite web|author=Anthony Boadle|agency=Reuters|title=Brazil poll shows Lula gaining over Bolsonaro, third candidate 'embryonic'|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/brazil-poll-shows-lula-gaining-over-bolsonaro-third-candidate-embryonic|publisher=[[Nasdaq]]|access-date=19 January 2022|date=18 January 2022|quote=Brazil's former leftist President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva increased his lead to 17 percentage points over far-right President Jair Bolsonaro in a new survey of voter preferences ahead of an October election.|archive-date=13 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713085825/https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/brazil-poll-shows-lula-gaining-over-bolsonaro-third-candidate-embryonic|url-status=live}}</ref> In the first round of the presidential election, Lula was in first place with 48% of the electorate, qualifying for the second round with Bolsonaro, who received 43% of the votes. Lula was elected in the second round on 30 October with 50.89% of the vote, the smallest margin in the history of Brazil's presidential elections.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2022-10-31/lula-defeats-bolsonaro-in-the-closest-election-in-brazils-history.html|title=Lula defeats Bolsonaro in the closest election in Brazil's history|first=Naiara Galarraga|last=Gortázar|date=31 October 2022|website=EL PAÍS English|access-date=27 February 2024|archive-date=7 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907112952/https://english.elpais.com/international/2022-10-31/lula-defeats-bolsonaro-in-the-closest-election-in-brazils-history.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spec.hamilton.edu/brazilian-democracy-is-in-danger-aca8036f9cc1|title=Brazilian democracy is in danger|date=3 November 2022|website=Medium|access-date=27 February 2024|archive-date=7 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907112954/https://spec.hamilton.edu/brazilian-democracy-is-in-danger-aca8036f9cc1?gi=2d9985d8b534|url-status=live}}</ref> Lulism features an overlaps in political parties, including the Workers' Party founded by Lula.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sul21.com.br/jornal/em-30-anos-de-pt-lula-se-tornou-maior-do-que-o-partido/|title=Em 30 anos de PT, Lula se tornou maior do que o partido|last=Duarte|first=Rachel|publisher=Sul 21|language=Portuguese|date=7 October 2010|access-date=24 October 2010|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116081525/https://www.sul21.com.br/jornal/em-30-anos-de-pt-lula-se-tornou-maior-do-que-o-partido/|url-status=dead}}</ref> While seeing a [[Democratic socialism|democratic socialist]] society as the ultimate goal, Lula has called for a [[Reformism|reformist]] "[[social liberal]]" approach to begin resolving [[Income inequality in Brazil|poverty gap]] while acknowledging the reality of existing market structures.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Alejandro M. Peña |title=Transnational Governance and South American Politics: The Political Economy of Norms |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M990DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA240 |quote= In this manner, while the social liberalism of Lulismo favored the agenda of the local actors advancing sustainability and CSR projects in Brazil, and further tilted the discursive field in favor of the transnational sustainability ... |date=2016 |page=240 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|isbn=9781137538635 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Richard Sandbrook |title=Reinventing the Left in the Global South: The Politics of the Possible |quote= ... President Luiz Inácio (Lula) de Silva during his first term (2003–6) followed social-liberal policies ... |date=2014 |page=155 |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref><ref name="Boadle">{{Cite news |last=Boadle |first=Anthony |date=31 October 2022 |title=Brazil leftist Lula wins third presidential term to redeem tarnished legacy |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-leftist-lula-wins-third-presidential-term-redeem-tarnished-legacy-2022-10-31/ |access-date=1 November 2022 |archive-date=2 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102070459/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-leftist-lula-wins-third-presidential-term-redeem-tarnished-legacy-2022-10-31/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Mexico ====
[[File:Ciudad segura CSP 03.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]] (right), 65th [[President of Mexico]], and [[Claudia Sheinbaum]] (left), then [[List of heads of government of Mexico City|Head of Government of Mexico City]] and eventual 66th Mexican president, in June 2019]]
Described as a [[Social democracy|social democratic]] progressive and [[Left-wing populism|left-wing populist]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lopez Obrador Progressive|url=https://alborada.net/lopez-obrador-mexico-election-left/|website=Apboroda|access-date=20 May 2020|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925225120/https://alborada.net/lopez-obrador-mexico-election-left/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]], or AMLO, was a national politician for over three decades, and ultimately elected [[President of Mexico]] [[2018 Mexican general election|following a 2018 landslide victory]].<ref name="economistPopulist">{{cite news|title=Mexico's populist would-be president|url=https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21718906-mexico-city-we-have-problem-mexicos-populist-would-be-president|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=16 March 2017|access-date=5 April 2018|quote=A figure of national consequence for more than 20 years...|language=en|archive-date=12 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812070614/https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21718906-mexico-city-we-have-problem-mexicos-populist-would-be-president|url-status=live}}</ref> López Obrador has been characterized as the "ideological twin" of Bernie Sanders and Jeremy Corbyn, and Corbyn invited López Obrador to the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.excelsior.com.mx/nacional/2017/09/06/1186639|title=AMLO se reúne con Jeremy Corbin en el parlamento inglés|work=Excélsior |date=6 September 2017|access-date=21 May 2018|archive-date=22 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522042003/http://www.excelsior.com.mx/nacional/2017/09/06/1186639|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/corbyns-twin-lopez-obrador-for-power-in-mexico-zfl7ppwnm|title='Corbyn's twin' Lopez Obrador poised for power in Mexico|author=Matthew Campbell|date=13 May 2018|via=www.thetimes.co.uk|access-date=21 May 2018|archive-date=22 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522042543/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/corbyns-twin-lopez-obrador-for-power-in-mexico-zfl7ppwnm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/07/who-is-amlo-mexico-andres-manuel-lopez-obrador-election|title='Amlo': the veteran leftwinger who could be Mexico's next president|first1=David|last1=Agren|first2=Tom|last2=Phillips|date=7 May 2018|website=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=21 May 2018|archive-date=21 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521172040/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/07/who-is-amlo-mexico-andres-manuel-lopez-obrador-election|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/25/jeremy-corbyn-wife-laura-alvarez-mexico-uk-relations|title=Corbyn surge raises hopes that Mexico might soon have a friend in No 10|first=Duncan|last=Tucker|date=25 June 2017|website=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=21 May 2018|archive-date=25 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625092530/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/25/jeremy-corbyn-wife-laura-alvarez-mexico-uk-relations|url-status=live}}</ref> After winning the 2019 election in Argentina, López Obrador formed a "progressive alliance"<ref name=FernandezAMLO>{{cite news |last1=Manetto |first1=Francesco |title=México y Argentina sellan un nuevo eje progresista en América Latina |trans-title=Mexico and Argentina seal a new progressive axis in Latin America |url=https://elpais.com/mexico/2021-02-24/mexico-y-argentina-sellan-un-nuevo-eje-progresista-en-america-latina.html |access-date=25 January 2022 |work=[[El País]] |date=23 February 2021 |language=es |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125124039/https://elpais.com/mexico/2021-02-24/mexico-y-argentina-sellan-un-nuevo-eje-progresista-en-america-latina.html |url-status=live }}</ref> with President [[Alberto Fernández]], as reported by ''[[El País]]'', marking one of López Obrador's first official trips abroad to Mexico.<ref name=FernandezAMLO/> During [[Presidency of Andrés Manuel López Obrador|his presidency]], López Obrador commenced a number of progressive social reforms and encouraged public investment in industries that had been liberalized by earlier administrations. His supporters commended him for reorienting the nation's neoliberal consensus toward bettering the working class's situation and for fostering institutional rejuvenation following decades of extreme inequality and corruption.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Romero|first=Luis Gómez|orig-date=February 8, 2019|title=López Obrador Takes on Corruption and Poverty in Mexico Through Austerity|url=https://psmag.com/economics/combatting-corruption-in-mexico-through-austerity|date=2019-02-08|access-date=2022-02-19|website=Pacific Standard|language=en|archive-date=19 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219223937/https://psmag.com/economics/combatting-corruption-in-mexico-through-austerity|url-status=live}}</ref> While credited and praised by supporters for progressive reforms, López Obrador has also received criticism for [[Illiberal democracy|illiberality]] and contributing to [[democratic backsliding]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=García Magos |first=Alejandro |date=May 26, 2023 |title=Democratic backsliding in Mexico: Lessons for opponents of authoritarian populism |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/democratic-backsliding-mexico-lessons-opponents-authoritarian-populism |work=[[Wilson Center]] |access-date=August 31, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Berg |first1=Ryan C. |last2=Moraveg |first2=Leonardo |date=May 31, 2024 |title=An Uncertain Future: Democratic Backsliding through Executive Aggrandizement under AMLO |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/uncertain-future-democratic-backsliding-through-executive-aggrandizement-under-amlo |work=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] |access-date=August 31, 2025}}</ref>

One of López Obrador's first measures was to raise the minimum wage from MXN $88.36 to MXN $102.68, representing a 16.2% increase—the biggest since 1996. This revision had an immediate impact on average worker salaries, which increased by 5.7%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Forbes |first=Invitado |date=2019-07-16 |title=El aumento al salario mínimo que realizó AMLO desmiente varios mitos |url=https://www.forbes.com.mx/el-aumento-al-salario-minimo-que-realizo-amlo-desmiente-varios-mitos/#:~:text=Tomando%20en%20cuenta%20el%20MIR,se%20duplic%C3%B3%20a%20176.72%20pesos. |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Forbes México |language=es}}</ref> López Obrador executed his promised "Republican Austerity" upon taking office as well, which aimed to cut spending on political privileges and non-essential government products and services.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Casas |first=Jesús Rivero |date=2019 |title=La política de austeridad como instrumento para el bienestar y el crecimiento económico en el gobierno de la "cuarta transformación": lógica y problemas de implementación |url=https://www.redalyc.org/journal/5696/569660565002/html/ |journal=Buen Gobierno |language=es |issue=27 |pages=1–18}}</ref> He canceled presidential pensions and imposed a pay cap for government personnel, ensuring that no one could earn more than the president.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Forbes |date=2018-11-05 |title=Ahora sí: ley pone fin a pensiones de expresidentes y recorta salarios |url=https://www.forbes.com.mx/ahora-si-adios-a-las-pensiones-de-expresidentes-y-recorte-a-altos-salarios-de-funcionarios/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Forbes México |language=es}}</ref> López Obrador reduced his own compensation by 60% and chose not to live in [[Los Pinos]], the expensive presidential complex with upkeep costs totaling around MXN $30 billion over the last two administrations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-01 |title=La buena vida de Calderón y Peña en Los Pinos le costó a mexicanos más de 30 mil millones de pesos |url=https://www.sinembargo.mx/30-11-2018/3504880 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=SinEmbargo MX |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sieff |first=Kevin |date=2018-12-02 |title=Mexico’s president has turned the presidential mansion into a museum |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2018/12/01/mexicos-president-has-turned-presidential-mansion-into-museum/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |work=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> López Obrador auctioned away several government planes and helicopters<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-05 |title=Esta es la lujosa flota de aeronaves del Gobierno que puso en venta AMLO |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2021/03/05/esta-es-la-lujosa-flota-de-aeronaves-del-gobierno-que-puso-en-venta-amlo/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> including the presidential plane "José María Morelos y Pavón",<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-03 |title=Comienza el proceso de venta del avión presidencial de México |url=https://www.france24.com/es/20181203-venta-avion-presidencial-mexico-amlo |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=France 24}}</ref> for roughly MXN $1.658 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arista |first=Lidia |date=2023-04-21 |title=Avión presidencial tiene nuevo dueño; México celebra contrato con Tayikistán |url=https://politica.expansion.mx/presidencia/2023/04/20/amlo-informa-la-venta-del-avion-presidencial |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=ADNPolítico |language=es}}</ref> The auction revenues supported hospitals in Tlapa, Guerrero, and [[Tuxtepec, Oaxaca]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soto |first=Dulce |date=2023-12-01 |title=El Gobierno de AMLO construye apenas dos hospitales con el dinero del avión presidencial |url=https://politica.expansion.mx/mexico/2023/11/30/amlo-construye-apenas-dos-hospitales-avion-presidencial |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=ADNPolítico |language=es}}</ref>

The AMLO presidency also aimed to streamline the bureaucratic structure of the Mexican government, which López Obrador characterized as benefiting elites and mismanaging public finances.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=How Morena Turned Anti-Corruption Politics Into Class Politics |url=https://jacobin.com/2024/06/morena-amlo-anti-corruption-class-politics |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=jacobin.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The AMLO budgets often included spending cuts to various government agencies, including prosecutors and the public health system, leading to layoffs, salary reductions, and poorer services.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moy |first=Valeria |last2= |date=2019-05-29 |title=AMLO’s False Sense of Austerity |url=https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/amlos-false-sense-of-austerity/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Americas Quarterly |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sheridan |first=Mary Beth |date=2019-07-15 |title=López Obrador’s cost-cutting spree is transforming Mexico — and drawing blowback from bureaucrats |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/lopez-obradors-cost-cutting-spree-is-transforming-mexico--and-drawing-blowback-from-bureaucrats/2019/07/14/5e187b5e-66c2-11e9-a698-2a8f808c9cfb_story.html |access-date=2024-08-28 |work=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> To centralize operations and address the reduced workforce, López Obrador often utilized the military for infrastructure projects.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-10 |title=Cómo la austeridad y la militarización están desmantelando la administración pública en México |url=https://redaccion.nexos.com.mx/como-la-austeridad-y-la-militarizacion-estan-desmantelando-la-administracion-publica-en-mexico/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=redaccion.nexos.com.mx |language=es}}</ref> López Obrador called for the removal of independent government bodies in February 2024, saying that they duplicated the work of some cabinet ministries, suggesting that their duties be taken over by the Mexican cabinet to save funds and promote government efficiency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-30 |title=Dictamen del ‘Plan C’: ¿qué órganos autónomos propone eliminar Morena y cómo lo justifica? |url=https://animalpolitico.com/verificacion-de-hechos/te-explico/dictamen-eliminar-organos-autonomos |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Animal Politico |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Carrasco |first=Por Carolina |date=2024-08-24 |title=Estos son los 7 órganos autónomos que desaparecen con reforma propuesta por AMLO y las Secretarías que absorberán sus funciones |url=https://www.infobae.com/mexico/2024/08/24/estos-son-los-7-organos-autonomos-que-desaparecen-con-reforma-propuesta-por-amlo-y-las-secretarias-que-absorberan-sus-funciones/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> The proposal faced widespread condemnation, including from opposition members who criticized it as retribution against autonomous agencies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Avanza en Cámara de Diputados desaparición de órganos autónomos |url=https://aristeguinoticias.com/2308/mexico/avanza-en-camara-de-diputados-desaparicion-de-organos-autonomos/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Aristegui Noticias |language=es}}</ref> In the same month, López Obrador successfully proposed a constitutional amendment requiring the minimum wage to consistently rise above the rate of inflation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-06 |title=AMLO propone reforma al salario mínimo sobre la inflación: ¿En qué consiste? |url=https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/economia/2024/02/05/amlo-reforma-salario-minimo-aumento-con-base-en-inflacion-mejora-salarial-maestros-y-policias/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=El Financiero |language=es}}</ref>

[[Claudia Sheinbaum]], a member of the left-wing political party Morena, was widely perceived by her party as the frontrunner to succeed López Obrador, and she eventually received the candidacy of the ruling coalition, [[Sigamos Haciendo Historia]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20240603-sheinbaum-set-to-win-mexico-election-becoming-first-female-president |title=Ruling leftist party candidate Sheinbaum elected Mexico's first female president |date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603063457/https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20240603-sheinbaum-set-to-win-mexico-election-becoming-first-female-president |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Xóchitl Gálvez]] emerged as the opposition frontrunner in [[Fuerza y Corazón por México]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2023 |title=As a child, she sold street tamales; a senator now, she's shaking up Mexico's presidential race. |url=https://apnews.com/article/mexico-politics-xochitl-galvez-andres-manuel-lopez-obrador-present-politics-30ed04316ff56de326754d13b8cef1dd |access-date=29 February 2024 |website=AP News |language=en |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229152735/https://apnews.com/article/mexico-politics-xochitl-galvez-andres-manuel-lopez-obrador-present-politics-30ed04316ff56de326754d13b8cef1dd |url-status=live}}</ref> On October 1, 2024, Sheinbaum was sworn in as president, becoming the first woman and person of Jewish origin to assume the office.{{efn|[[Carlos Salinas de Gortari]], president of Mexico from 1988 to 1994, is of partial colonial-era Sephardic Jewish descent.<ref>{{cite web |title=Salinas de Gortari obtuvo nacionalidad española por origen judío sefaradí |url=https://www.enlacejudio.com/2022/10/30/salinas-de-gortari-obtuvo-nacionalidad-espanola-por-origen-judio-sefaradi/ |website=Enlace Judío |access-date=4 June 2024 |language=es-MX |date=30 October 2022 |archive-date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605025836/https://www.enlacejudio.com/2022/10/30/salinas-de-gortari-obtuvo-nacionalidad-espanola-por-origen-judio-sefaradi/ |url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/claudia-sheinbaum-inauguration-mexico-first-female-president-rcna173325|title=Claudia Sheinbaum sworn in as Mexico's first female president in historic inauguration|first=Nicole|last=Acevedo|publisher=NBC News|date=1 October 2024|access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/sheinbaum-sworn-mexicos-first-woman-president-2024-10-01/|title=Sheinbaum sworn in as Mexico's first woman president|publisher=Reuters|date=1 October 2024|access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Buschschlüter |first1=Vanessa |date=3 June 2024 |title=Mexico elects Claudia Sheinbaum as first female president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp4475gwny1o |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619035325/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp4475gwny1o |archive-date=19 June 2024 |access-date=20 June 2024 |agency=BBC News}}</ref> [[Ifigenia Martínez]], president of the Congress of the Union and a noted figure for the Mexican left, awarded her the presidential sash.<ref>{{Cite web |last=García |first=Diana |title=¿Qué significa la Banda Presidencial? Simbolismo de la toma de protesta de Sheinbaum |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/mexico/2024/10/01/quien-le-entregara-la-banda-presidencial-a-claudia-sheinbaum/75465038007/ |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=The Arizona Republic |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ledezma |first=Aram |date=1 October 2024 |title=¿Quién es Ifigenia Martinez, pionera de la izquierda y encargada de poner la Banda Presidencial a Claudia Sheinbaum? |url=https://mexico.as.com/actualidad/quien-es-ifigenia-martinez-pionera-de-la-izquierda-y-encargada-de-poner-la-banda-presidencial-a-claudia-sheinbaum-n/ |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Diario AS |language=es-mx}}</ref> The Federal Telecommunications Institute (IFT), the Federal Economic Competition Commission (COFECE), the National Institute of Transparency for Access to Information and Personal Data Protection (INAI), the Energy Regulatory Commission (CRE), the National Hydrocarbons Commission (CNH), the [[National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy]] (CONEVAL), the National Institute for the Evaluation of Education (MejorEdu), and the [[Comisión Federal de Competencia Económica|Federal Economic Competition Commission]] were among the seven autonomous agencies that Sheinbaum consolidated into executive authority.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marsan |first=Eduardo |date=24 December 2024 |title=Desaparición de los organismos autónomos; comenzó con AMLO y culminó con Sheinbaum |url=https://www.infobae.com/mexico/2024/12/24/desaparicion-de-los-organismos-autonomos-comenzo-con-amlo-y-culmino-con-sheinbaum/ |access-date=8 January 2025 |website=infobae |language=es}}</ref> Critics claimed that the measure compromised openness, regulatory independence, and limits on executive power.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement Regarding the Elimination of Independent Agencies in Mexico |url=https://www.nycbar.org/reports/statement-regarding-the-elimination-of-independent-agencies-in-mexico/ |access-date=5 October 2025 |website=New York City Bar Association |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Oré |first=Diego |date=21 November 2024 |title=Mexico's lower house votes to abolish autonomous bodies |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/mexicos-lower-house-votes-abolish-autonomous-bodies-2024-11-21/ |access-date=5 October 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> On 5 February 2025, Sheinbaum offered a constitutional reform to Congress prohibiting immediate reelection and barring family members of sitting officeholders from campaigning for the same public offices.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Escobar |first=Dalila |date=5 February 2025 |title=Sheinbaum anunció dos reformas constitucionales: no reelección y contra el nepotismo |url=https://www.proceso.com.mx/nacional/2025/2/5/sheinbaum-anuncio-dos-reformas-constitucionales-no-reeleccion-contra-el-nepotismo-345033.html |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=Proceso |language=es}}</ref> The Senate delayed implementation of the reform until 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rojas |first=Arturo |date=26 February 2025 |title=Sheinbaum respalda aplicación en 2030 de la reforma contra el nepotismo |url=https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/politica/sheinbaum-respalda-aplicacion-2030-reforma-nepotismo-20250226-748040.html |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=El Economista |language=es}}</ref> The bill was published on 1 April.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jornada |first1=La |last2=Redacción |first2=La |date=1 April 2025 |title=Publican en DOF decretos sobre soberanía, nepotismo electoral y no relección |url=https://www.jornada.com.mx/noticia/2025/04/01/politica/publica-dof-decretos-sobre-soberania-nacional-nepotismo-electoral-y-no-releccion |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=La Jornada |language=es}}</ref>

=== North America ===
==== Canada ====
{{main|Premiership of Justin Trudeau}}
[[File:Justin Trudeau (52463741473).jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Justin Trudeau]], 23rd [[Prime Minister of Canada]], at a 2022 protest in [[Ottawa]]]]

While not a member of the [[Progressive Alliance]] like the further-left [[New Democratic Party]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Parties & Organisations of the Progressive Alliance |url=https://progressive-alliance.info/parties-and-organisations |website=[[Progressive Alliance]] |access-date=January 10, 2026}}</ref> [[Canada]]'s [[Liberal Party (Canada)|Liberal Party]] experienced progressive inclination in the 21st century from the premiership of [[Justin Trudeau]], who was a self-described [[Social liberalism|progressive liberal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cgai.ca/prime_minister_justin_trudeau_a_foreign_policy_assessment_2015_2019#:~:text=Justin%20Trudeau%20is%20an%20internationalist%20and%20progressive,a%20seat%20on%20the%20UN%20Security%20Council**|title=Prime Minister Justin Trudeau: A Foreign Policy Assessment 2015-2019 |work=[[Canadian Global Affairs Institute]] |first=Colin |last=Robertson |date=January 2020 |access-date=January 10, 2026}}</ref> The Trudeau government's economic vision was initially based on greater tax collections to compensate for increased government spending. While the government has not balanced the budget, it has cut Canada's [[debt-to-GDP ratio]] annually until 2020, when the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Canada|COVID-19 pandemic]] struck.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bonokoski |first=Mark |date=September 17, 2020 |title=BONOKOSKI: Liberals' favourite debt-to-GDP tool now totally useless |url=https://torontosun.com/opinion/columnists/bonokoski-liberals-favourite-debt-to-gdp-tool-now-totally-useless |access-date=November 17, 2020 |website=torontosun |language=en-CA |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130233107/https://torontosun.com/opinion/columnists/bonokoski-liberals-favourite-debt-to-gdp-tool-now-totally-useless |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Leuprecht |first=Christian |date=December 1, 2020 |title=Liberal government is placing a daring fiscal bet with its massive deficit spending plan |work=[[CBC News]] |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/opinion/opinion-deficit-debt-spending-pandemic-canada-1.5813479 |access-date=May 31, 2021 |archive-date=April 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414062506/https://www.cbc.ca/news/opinion/opinion-deficit-debt-spending-pandemic-canada-1.5813479 |url-status=live }}</ref> Trudeau self-described his cultural policy as staunchly [[Feminism|feminist]] and progressive, and his government advocated for the advancement of abortion rights,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saul |first=Heather |date=October 20, 2015 |title=Justin Trudeau: The rise of the feminist and pro-choice Canadian Prime Minister who wants to legalise marijuana 'right away' |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/justin-trudeau-the-self-declared-feminist-and-pro-choice-prime-minister-of-canada-who-wants-to-a6700976.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033911/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/justin-trudeau-the-self-declared-feminist-and-pro-choice-prime-minister-of-canada-who-wants-to-a6700976.html |archive-date=November 17, 2015}}</ref> introduced the bill that made Canadian [[conversion therapies]] illegal,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Keith |first=Morgan |date=January 8, 2022 |title=Following unanimous parliamentary approval in 2021, conversion therapy is now illegal in Canada |publisher=Business Insider |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/other/following-unanimous-parliamentary-approval-in-2021-conversion-therapy-is-now-illegal-in-canada/ar-AASyFoT |access-date=January 18, 2022 |archive-date=January 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118224735/https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/other/following-unanimous-parliamentary-approval-in-2021-conversion-therapy-is-now-illegal-in-canada/ar-AASyFoT |url-status=live }}</ref> established the right to [[voluntary euthanasia|medically-assisted death]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harris |first1=Kathleen |date=April 14, 2016 |title=Doctor-assisted dying bill restricted to adults facing 'foreseeable' death |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-physician-assisted-death-law-1.3535193 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530013742/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-physician-assisted-death-law-1.3535193 |archive-date=May 30, 2017 |access-date=November 3, 2019 |work=[[CBC News]]}}</ref> and [[Cannabis in Canada|legalized cannabis for recreational use]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tasker |first=John Paul |date=June 20, 2018 |title=Trudeau says pot will be legal as of Oct. 17, 2018 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cannabis-pot-legalization-bill-1.4713839 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621014418/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cannabis-pot-legalization-bill-1.4713839 |archive-date=June 21, 2018 |access-date=October 24, 2018 |work=[[CBC News]]}}</ref> Trudeau made the announcement in 2021 that a national strategy for child care would be developed with the objective of lowering the cost of day care at a rate of ten dollars per day for each child during a period of five years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ljunggren |first=David |date=April 19, 2021 |title=Canada to put up C$30 billion for long-awaited national childcare program |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/canada-put-up-c30-bln-long-awaited-national-childcare-program-2021-04-19/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414065147/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/canada-put-up-c30-bln-long-awaited-national-childcare-program-2021-04-19/ |archive-date=April 14, 2023 |access-date=August 17, 2021 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> The Trudeau administration supported [[green politics]] through new pledges to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 30% by 2030 and to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050<ref>{{cite news |last1=Powers |first1=Lucas |date=September 25, 2019 |title=Trudeau's claim that Canada is 'on track' to meet 2030 climate target is misleading |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-climate-change-2030-fact-check-1.5295961 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506181210/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-climate-change-2030-fact-check-1.5295961 |archive-date=May 6, 2023 |access-date=November 17, 2020 |work=[[CBC News]]}}</ref> via a federal [[Carbon pricing in Canada|carbon pricing]] policy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 17, 2019 |title=Innovation Energy: Canada leads the way in carbon capture as more governments put a price on CO2 |url=https://business.financialpost.com/technology/innovation-energy-canada-leads-the-way-in-carbon-capture-as-more-governments-put-a-price-on-co2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127022604/https://business.financialpost.com/technology/innovation-energy-canada-leads-the-way-in-carbon-capture-as-more-governments-put-a-price-on-co2 |archive-date=January 27, 2023 |access-date=November 17, 2020 |publisher=Financial Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc}}</ref> Additionally, legislation for marine protection was passed by Trudeau's parliament<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lake |first=Holly |date=November 9, 2018 |title=Environment and economy face off in battle over marine-protection bill |url=https://ipolitics.ca/2018/11/09/environment-and-economy-face-off-in-battle-over-marine-protection-bill/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601171527/https://ipolitics.ca/2018/11/09/environment-and-economy-face-off-in-battle-over-marine-protection-bill/ |archive-date=June 1, 2019 |access-date=May 31, 2019 |publisher=[[iPolitics]]}}</ref> as well as banning six common [[single-use plastic]] products<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Jeremiah |date=June 25, 2019 |title='Pile of hypocrisy': Trudeau called out for single-use plastic forks in photo |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/article/pile-of-hypocrisy-trudeau-called-out-for-single-use-plastic-forks-in-photo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418140602/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/pile-of-hypocrisy-trudeau-called-out-for-single-use-plastic-forks-in-photo-1.4481728 |archive-date=April 18, 2023 |access-date=July 3, 2020 |website=[[CTVNews]] |language=en}}</ref> and improving evaluations of environmental impact.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Josh K. |first=Elliott |date=June 21, 2019 |title=Why critics fear Bill C-69 will be a 'pipeline killer' |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/5416659/what-is-bill-c69-pipelines/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418101247/https://globalnews.ca/news/5416659/what-is-bill-c69-pipelines/ |archive-date=April 18, 2023 |access-date=November 17, 2020 |work=Global News}}</ref> Despite a generally green stance, Trudeau supported oil and gas pipelines to bring Canadian fossil fuel resources to foreign markets, which was met with opposition from environmental activists.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McKibben |first1=Bill |date=April 17, 2017 |title=Stop swooning over Justin Trudeau. The man is a disaster for the planet – Bill McKibben |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/apr/17/stop-swooning-justin-trudeau-man-disaster-planet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418101247/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/apr/17/stop-swooning-justin-trudeau-man-disaster-planet |archive-date=April 18, 2023 |access-date=January 31, 2019 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

In March 2022, the NDP agreed on a [[confidence and supply]] arrangement with the Liberal Party, including policies such as establishing a national [[Canadian Dental Care Plan|dental care program]] for low-income Canadians, progress toward a national [[pharmacare]] program, labor reforms for federally regulated workers, and additional taxes on financial institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2022 |title=Liberals' deal with NDP will keep Trudeau minority in power for 3 more years |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/article/liberals-deal-with-ndp-will-keep-trudeau-minority-in-power-for-3-more-years/ |access-date=March 1, 2024 |website=CTVNews |language=en |archive-date=March 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301060047/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/liberals-deal-with-ndp-will-keep-trudeau-minority-in-power-for-3-more-years-1.5829116 |url-status=live }}</ref> The NDP and the Liberal Party terminated their confidence and supply agreement in September 2024. The agreement had been in place since March 2022, however it was terminated nine months ahead of schedule.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zimonjic|first=Peter|access-date=September 4, 2024|title=The NDP is ending its governance agreement with the Liberals|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/jagmeet-singh-ndp-ending-agreement-1.7312910|website=[[CBC News]]}}</ref> On January 6, 2025, during a [[2024–2025 Canadian political crisis|political crisis]], Trudeau announced he would resign as Liberal leader and Prime Minister by 24 March 2025 upon the [[2025 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election|election of a new party leader]], attributing his decision to intraparty [[dissent]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Tunney |first1=Catharine |last2=Cochrane |first2=David |date=January 6, 2025 |title=Trudeau to resign as prime minister after Liberal leadership race |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-news-conference-1.7423680 |access-date=January 6, 2025 |work=[[CBC News]]}}</ref> The Liberal Party moved further from its more progressive stances toward the [[Centrism|center]] under new leadership from [[Mark Carney]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor-Vaisey |first=Nick |date=April 29, 2025 |title=The unlikely election of Prime Minister Mark Carney |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/04/29/the-unlikely-election-of-prime-minister-mark-carney-00314555 |access-date=April 30, 2025 |website=Politico |archive-date=April 29, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429084429/https://www.politico.com/news/2025/04/29/the-unlikely-election-of-prime-minister-mark-carney-00314555 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ANALYSIS: Mark Carney is part of the global elite. Canadians don't seem to mind {{!}} TVO Today |url=https://www.tvo.org/article/analysis-mark-carney-is-part-of-the-global-elite-canadians-dont-seem-to-mind |access-date=April 30, 2025 |website=www.tvo.org|archive-date=April 5, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405232159/https://www.tvo.org/article/analysis-mark-carney-is-part-of-the-global-elite-canadians-dont-seem-to-mind |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='It's the tariffs, stupid': The hand of Trump behind Mark Carney becoming Canada's new Prime Minister – The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/international/global-trends/canada-elections-its-the-tariffs-stupid-the-hand-of-trump-behind-mark-carney-becoming-canadas-new-prime-minister/articleshow/120718726.cms |access-date=April 30, 2025 |website=The Economic Times |date=April 29, 2025 |archive-date=April 30, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430030726/https://m.economictimes.com/news/international/global-trends/canada-elections-its-the-tariffs-stupid-the-hand-of-trump-behind-mark-carney-becoming-canadas-new-prime-minister/amp_articleshow/120718726.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> who became the first prime minister in Canadian history never to have held elected office. Carney would lead the Liberals to a minority government in late 2025 after advising the [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] to [[Dissolution of parliament|dissolve Parliament]] and trigger a [[2025 Canadian federal election|federal election]].

==== United States ====
{{main|Progressivism in the United States|Sandersism}}
[[File:Nomination of Richard Cordray.jpg|thumb|left|200px|President [[Barack Obama|Obama]] (center) nominating [[Richard Cordray]] (right) as the first director of the [[Consumer Financial Protection Bureau|CFPB]]. [[Elizabeth Warren]] (left) conceived of the CFPB and was both its inaugural interim director and special advisor]]
[[File:Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez & Bernie Sanders (54401274152).jpg|thumb|left|200px|Senator Sanders and [[United States Representative|Representative]] [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]], [[History of democratic socialism#Americas|democratic]] [[Reformism#Socialism|progressive socialists]] in the U.S.]]
In the [[United States]], both the [[Progressive Era]] and the modern movement are rooted in the notion that free markets lead to economic inequalities that can be fixed through government action and protect the working class.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/the-dark-heart-of-progressivism/|title='The Dark Heart of Progressivism' by Matthew Harwood (Interview with Princeton economics professor)|last=Thomas C.|first=Leonard|date=29 September 2016|website=The American Conservative|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-18}}</ref> In the 21st century, progressives continue to favor [[public policy]] that they theorize will reduce or lessen the harmful effects of [[economic inequality]] and additionally are focused on ending systemic [[discrimination]] such as [[institutional racism]]; to advocate for [[social safety net]]s and [[workers' rights]]; and to oppose [[corporate]] influence on the democratic process. The unifying theme is to call attention to the negative impacts of current institutions or ways of doing things and to advocate for [[social progress]], i.e., for positive change as defined by any of several standards such as the expansion of [[democracy]], increased [[egalitarianism]] in the form of [[Economic egalitarianism|economic]] and [[social equality]] as well as improved well-being of a population. Proponents of social democracy have identified themselves as promoting the progressive cause.<ref>Henning Meyer, Jonathan Rutherford. ''The Future of European Social Democracy: Building the Good Society''. Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. p. 108. {{ISBN?}}</ref> Landmark developments in progressive governance include the [[Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]], which was originally proposed in 2007 by [[Elizabeth Warren]], a self-described [[Progressive capitalism|progressive capitalist]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Foer |first=Franklin |title=Elizabeth Warren’s Theory of Capitalism |website=[[The Atlantic]] |date=August 28, 2018 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/08/elizabeth-warrens-theory-of-capitalism/568573 |access-date=January 13, 2026}}</ref> who played a key role in its institutional creation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elizabeth Warren, a crusader for fairness, will shape the new Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection |website=Harvard Law School |date=2010-12-07 |url=https://hls.harvard.edu/today/elizabeth-warren-a-crusader-for-fairness-will-shape-the-new-bureau-of-consumer-financial-protection-video/ |access-date=2025-02-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Puzzanghera |first=Jim |title='Are you ready to say no to Elon Musk?' Elizabeth Warren created the CFPB. Now she's trying to save it from Trump. |website=BostonGlobe.com |date=2025-02-10 |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2025/02/10/nation/cfpb-elizabeth-warren-trump-elon-musk/ |access-date=2025-02-26}}</ref> In reaction to the [[2008 financial crisis]] and the ensuing [[Great Recession]], the [[Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act]], which was passed in 2010, established the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau<ref>{{cite web |last=Eaglesham |first=Jean |date=February 9, 2011 |title=Warning Shot On Financial Protection |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703507804576130370862263258?mod=googlenews_wsj |access-date=February 10, 2011 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}{{subscription required}}</ref> as an independent bureau within the [[Federal Reserve]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Consumer Financial Protection Bureau |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/consumer-financial-protection-bureau |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=Federal Register}}</ref>

[[File:Congressional Progressive Caucus Logo.svg|thumb|right|150px|U.S. [[Congressional Progressive Caucus]] [[Political action committee|PAC]] emblem]]
The [[Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign]] road a wave of left-wing populist and [[Progressivism in the United States|progressive]] sentiment coming out of the [[2008 financial crisis]] and the [[Occupy Wall Street]] movement. The campaign and Sanders himself praised [[social democracy|social democratic]] programs in Europe and supported [[workplace democracy]] via [[union democracy]], [[worker cooperative]]s, and [[workers' management]] of [[public enterprise]]s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sanders |first=Bernie |date=May 26, 2013 |title=What Can We Learn From Denmark? |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/what-can-we-learn-from-de_b_3339736 |access-date=August 19, 2013 |website=[[HuffPost]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Topaz |first1=Jonathan |last2=Schreckinger |first2=Ben |date=July 6, 2015 |title=The socialist surge |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2015/07/bernie-sanders-socialist-surge-119785 |access-date=August 18, 2015 |website=[[Politico]] |quote={{nnbsp}}'I believe that, in the long run, major industries in this state and nation should be publicly owned and controlled by the workers themselves,' he wrote in 1976.}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stein |first=Jeff |date=May 28, 2019 |title=Bernie Sanders backs 2 policies to dramatically shift corporate power to U.S. workers |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2019/05/28/bernie-sanders-backs-policies-dramatically-shift-corporate-power-us-workers/ |access-date=March 9, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanders |first=Bernie |title=Our Revolution: A Future to Believe In |date=November 15, 2016 |publisher=Thomas Dunne Books |isbn=978-1-250-13292-5 |location=New York}}</ref><ref name="angry about"/> This continued into his [[Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign|2020 presidential campaign]] and the [[Fighting Oligarchy tour]] with [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez|Alexandria Ocasio Cortez]], sharply critiquing [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] capitalism.<ref>{{cite news |last=Al-Sheikh |first=Yaseen |date=February 23, 2023 |title=Eight Lessons From Bernie Sanders's New Book |url=https://jacobin.com/2023/02/bernie-sanders-book-capitalism-workers-medicare-for-all |work=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]] |access-date=February 28, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smh.com.au/culture/books/unnerving-short-stories-an-irish-romcom-and-a-journey-into-the-past-20230220-p5clvb.html |title=Unnerving short stories, an Irish romcom and a journey into the past |first1=Cameron |last1=Woodhead |first2=Steven |last2=Carroll |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=February 24, 2023 |accessdate=February 28, 2023}}</ref><ref name="angry about">{{cite book |last=Sanders |first=Bernie |author-link=Bernie Sanders |date=2023 |title=It's OK to Be Angry About Capitalism |publisher=[[Crown Publishing Group]] |page=9 |isbn=978-0593238714 |title-link=It's OK to Be Angry About Capitalism}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reiff |first=Jamie |date=2025-02-23 |title=Overflow Omaha Crowd Launches U.S. Sen. Bernie Sanders' 'Fighting Oligarchy' Tour |url=https://sourcenm.com/2025/02/23/overflow-omaha-crowd-launches-u-s-sen-bernie-sanders-fighting-oligarchy-tour/ |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=[[Source New Mexico]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Sanders and broader coalitions like the [[Congressional Progressive Caucus]] have called for [[universal healthcare|universal]], [[single-payer healthcare]], [[living wage]] laws, reductions in military expenditure, increased corporate regulation, ending mass [[Incarceration in the United States|incarceration]], and strong [[Climate change mitigation|measures to reverse climate change.]]<ref name="cpcpromise">{{cite web |title=The Progressive Promise |url=https://cpc-grijalva.house.gov/the-progressive-promise/ |access-date=December 18, 2020 |publisher=Congressional Progressive Caucus}}</ref> Some socialists and major socialist organizations have described Sanders as a democratic socialist, [[Market socialism|market socialist]], or [[Reformist socialism|reformist socialist]],<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Gruenberg |first=Mark |date=May 30, 2019 |title=Bernie Sanders: Workers should control the means of production |url=https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/bernie-sanders-workers-should-control-the-means-of-production/ |access-date=March 9, 2023 |website=People's World}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.dsausa.org/about-us/history/ |access-date=June 4, 2023 |website=Democratic Socialists of America (DSA) |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Koritz |first=Joshua |date=February 28, 2020 |title=Bernie Sanders: The Socialist Feminist Choice |url=https://www.socialistalternative.org/2020/02/28/bernie-sanders-the-socialist-feminist-choice/ |access-date=June 4, 2023 |website=Socialist Alternative |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Branko |last=Marcetic |title=How Bernie Sanders, an Open Socialist, Won Burlington's Mayoral Election |date=March 3, 2021 |url=https://jacobin.com/2021/03/bernie-sanders-burlington-vermont-mayoral-election-open-socialist/ |access-date=June 4, 2023 |website=jacobin.com |language=en-US}}</ref> while others have called him a reformist social democrat.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/10/13/real-socialists-think-bernie-s-a-sellout.html |title=Real socialists think Bernie is a sellout |last=Murphy |first=Patricia |date=October 10, 2015 |website=[[The Daily Beast]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014141615/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/10/13/real-socialists-think-bernie-s-a-sellout.html |access-date=February 3, 2016 |archive-date=October 14, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Smolarek |first=Walter |title=The Bernie Sanders campaign and building the movement for socialism in the US |work=Liberation News |url=https://www.liberationnews.org/the-bernie-sanders-campaign-and-building-the-movement-for-socialism-in-the-us/ |date=February 4, 2020 |access-date=June 4, 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> Throughout the mid-2020s, progressive politics in the United States are continually moving toward [[Left-wing populism|left-populist]] economic policies, as seen in the insurgent campaigns of [[Zohran Mamdani]] (who was successfully elected the 111th mayor of [[New York City]] in 2025),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Zachary |date=June 21, 2025 |title=Zohran Mamdani taps progressive playbook for electrifying Gen Z |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/06/21/zohran-mamdani-gen-z-playbook-new-york-mayor |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=López |first=Álvaro |date=November 6, 2025 |title=The Left Is About to Take Power. The Stakes Could Not Be Higher. |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/democratic-socialists-new-york-zohran-mamdani-government/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |language=en-US |issn=0027-8378 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107041414/https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/democratic-socialists-new-york-zohran-mamdani-government/|archive-date=November 7, 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kozul-Wright |first=Alex |date=November 5, 2025 |title=Zohran Mamdani wins: Who are the Democratic Socialists of America? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/11/5/zohran-mamdani-wins-who-are-the-democratic-socialists-of-america |access-date=November 6, 2025 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |quote=Zohran Mamdani, 34, has been elected the 111th mayor of New York City. The left-wing state assemblyman has pledged to reshape the global financial capital by making the city more affordable for its working-class residents and pushing back against the policies of President Donald Trump. In the mayoral election, Democrat Mamdani stood as the candidate for both the Democratic Party and the Working Families Party. He has also been a member of the Democratic Socialists of America since 2017 and describes himself as a democratic socialist.}}</ref> and [[United States Senate|Senate]] candidate for [[Maine]] [[Graham Platner]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-05 |title=Graham Platner Really Might Be Doomed. Pay Attention to Him Anyway. |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2025/12/05/graham-platner-maine-senate-collins-00677731 |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rugenberg |first=Aaron |date=August 26, 2025 |title=Graham Platner Is the Real Deal |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/graham-platner-maine-senate/ |access-date=August 29, 2025 |work=[[The Nation]] |archive-date=August 28, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828083342/https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/graham-platner-maine-senate/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As a candidate and as mayor, Mamdani has called for New York City to raise the local [[minimum wage]] to $30 by 2030,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donaldson |first=Sahalie |date=February 13, 2025 |title=Mamdani unveils '$30 by '30' minimum wage push as part of mayoral campaign |url=https://www.cityandstateny.com/policy/2025/02/mamdani-unveils-30-30-minimum-wage-push-part-mayoral-campaign/403015/ |access-date=February 26, 2025 |website=City & State |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214001959/https://www.cityandstateny.com/policy/2025/02/mamdani-unveils-30-30-minimum-wage-push-part-mayoral-campaign/403015/|archive-date=February 14, 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> implementing higher taxes on corporations and high-income earners to fund free tuition at [[CUNY]] and [[SUNY]], [[universal childcare]], [[city-owned grocery stores]], and [[free public transit]], while cutting taxes for [[Boroughs of New York City#Background|outer-borough]] homeowners and reforming [[Property tax in the United States|New York's property tax system]].{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kim |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Campbell |first2=Jon |date=October 22, 2024 |title=State Assemblymember Zohran Mamdani joins Adams' challengers for NYC mayor |url=https://gothamist.com/news/zohran-mamdani-running-mayor-eric-adams |access-date=June 5, 2025 |website=[[Gothamist]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241022190440/https://gothamist.com/news/zohran-mamdani-running-mayor-eric-adams |archive-date=October 22, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Richardson |first=Kemberly |date=June 19, 2025 |title=NYC Mayoral candidate Zohran Mamdani talks political policies, including tax proposal, rent freezes |url=https://abc7ny.com/post/nyc-mayor-candidates-2025-zohran-mamdani-polls-cuomo-primary-election/16736334/ |access-date=June 21, 2025 |publisher=[[WABC-TV]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620071119/https://abc7ny.com/post/nyc-mayor-candidates-2025-zohran-mamdani-polls-cuomo-primary-election/16736334/|archive-date=June 20, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Helmore |first1=Edward |date=June 29, 2025 |title=Trump threatens to cut off New York City funds if Mamdani 'doesn't behave' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/jun/29/trump-zohran-mamdani-nyc-funds |access-date=July 10, 2025 |work=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250629174800/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/jun/29/trump-zohran-mamdani-nyc-funds|archive-date=June 29, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Yousif |first1=Nadine |date=June 29, 2025 |title=NYC mayoral frontrunner Mamdani: 'I don't think we should have billionaires' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvge57k5p4yo |access-date=July 10, 2025 |work=[[BBC News]] |ref=June 30, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250629234305/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvge57k5p4yo|archive-date=June 29, 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Henderson |first1=Cameron |date=June 27, 2025 |title=Socialist New York mayor would raise taxes on 'white neighbourhoods' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/politics/2025/06/27/zohran-mamdani-plan-tax-white-neighbourhoods-new-york/ |access-date=July 10, 2025 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref>}}

== Types ==
{{liberalism sidebar}}

=== Cultural progressivism ===
{{main|Cultural liberalism}}
The term ''[[cultural liberalism]]'' is used in a substantially similar context and can be said to be a synonym for '''cultural progressivism''', deriving from the concept of [[moral progress]] and viewing liberalism as central to the development of culture.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Nancy L. Cohen |title=Delirium: The Politics of Sex in America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J90REAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Cultural+liberal%22+Cultural+progressive&pg=PT145 |quote= When the going got tough, the economic progressives got going back to the Reagan days when the cultural progressives were to blame. Clinton's presidential campaign had "signaled cultural moderation and articulated the pocketbook frustrations of ordinary people," Robert Kuttner, editor of ''The American Prospect'' ventured. "But in office, he seemed a cultural liberal who failed to produce on economics." |date=2012 |publisher=Catapult |isbn=9781619020962 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/campaignstops.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/07/cultural-liberalism-is-not-enough |title=Cultural Liberalism Is Not Enough |quote=The United States has undoubtedly become a fairer, more open and less oppressive society thanks largely to the political and cultural struggles waged by liberals during the past half century. The progress in securing basic human and civil rights for women, African-Americans, gay men and lesbians, immigrants and their children, Americans with disabilities and so many others is a testament to liberal courage in the face of adversity and oppression. |author=[[Eric Alterman]] |work=[[New York Times]] |date=7 April 2012 }}</ref> Cultural progressives may be economically [[centrist]], [[Fiscal conservatism|conservative]], or [[Economic progressivism|progressive]]. For example, [[Libertarianism in the United States|American libertarians]], who are a prominent strain of [[neoclassical liberalism]], are often characterized by their fiscal conservatism and cultural progressivism. The [[Czech Pirate Party]] is classified as a culturally progressive party,<ref name="politicalcritique.org 8 January 2018"/> and it calls itself "[[Mixed economy|economically]] centrist and [[Cultural liberalism|socially liberal]]."<ref>[https://ct24.ceskatelevize.cz/domaci/2710052-pirati-se-schazeji-v-tabore-sest-se-jich-se-utka-o-vedeni-kandidatky-do-evropskeho "Piráti chtějí vést liberální politický střed a v květnu získat 20 procent, zaznělo na fóru v Táboře"] (in Czech). [[ČT24]]. 19 January 2019.</ref> Economist [[Emily Chamlee-Wright]] has written that cultural liberalism is one of the "Four Corners of Liberalism" (the other three being [[Economic liberalism|economic]], [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|epistemic]], and [[Liberal democracy|political]]), describing cultural liberalism as "encourag[ing] us to experiment with different ways of living. It allows us to learn that peaceful coexistence in a pluralistic society is possible. And it helps to ensure that minority communities are considered full-fledged participants in the social order." Chamlee-Wright noted a special interchange between [[Liberal democracy|political liberality]] and cultural progressivism, pointing to [[Jonathan Rauch]]'s contention that "the legalization of [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|gay marriage]] would not have happened without free speech, which drove cultural progress. But that cultural progress arguably accelerated change that favored a politically liberal outcome."<ref>{{Cite web |author=Emily Chamlee-Wright |title=The Four Corners of Liberalism: Mapping Out a Common Ground |url=https://profectusmag.com/the-four-corners-of-liberalism-mapping-out-a-common-ground |date=January 31, 2022 |access-date=February 7, 2026 |website=The Archbridge Institute |language=en}}</ref> [[Civil libertarianism]] is considered a more [[Radical politics|radical]] variant of cultural liberalism or cultural progressivism.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Boaz |first1=David |title=Libertarianism - Definition, Philosophy, Examples, History, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/libertarianism-politics |date=December 2, 2025 |access-date=January 16, 2026 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Economic progressivism ===
{{social democracy sidebar}}
{{main|Economic progressivism}}

''Economic progressivism''—also ''New Progressive Economics''<ref name=vox20241004>{{cite news |url=https://www.vox.com/2024-elections/377170/kamala-harris-economic-policy-new-progressive-economics |title=The rise — and fall? — of the New Progressive Economics |last=Prokop|first=Andrew |work=[[Vox Media|Vox]] |date=4 October 2024 }}</ref>—is a term used to distinguish it from ''progressivism'' in cultural fields. Economic progressives may draw from a variety of economic traditions, including [[democratic capitalism]], [[democratic socialism]], [[social democracy]], and [[social liberalism]]. Overall, economic progressives' views are rooted in the concept of [[social justice]] and the [[common good]], and aim to improve the human condition through [[government regulation]], [[social protection]]s and the maintenance of [[Public good (economics)|public goods]].<ref>[https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/democracy/reports/2011/03/14/9311/the-origins-and-evolution-of-progressive-economics/ "The Origins and Evolution of Progressive Economics"].</ref> Some economic progressives may show [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]] views on cultural issues. These movements are related to [[Communitarianism|communitarian]] conservative movements such as [[Christian democracy]] and [[one-nation conservatism]].<ref name="catholicnewsagency"/><ref name="auto"/>

=== Techno progressivism ===
{{main|Techno-progressivism}}

An early mention of ''techno-progressivism'' appeared in 1999 as the removal of "all political, cultural, biological, and psychological limits to self-actualization and self-realization".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sikora |first1=Tomasz |title=The Cultural Dimension of Waste: a Critique of the Ethos of Technology. Economic and Environmental Studies |date=2003 |pages=103–112 |url=https://czasopisma.uni.opole.pl/index.php/ees/article/download/2816/2272}}</ref> According to techno-progressivism, scientific and technical aspects of progress are linked to ethical and social developments in society. Therefore, according to the majority of techno-progressive viewpoints, advancements in science and technology will not be considered proper progress until and unless they are accompanied by a fair distribution of the costs, risks, and rewards of these new capabilities. Many techno-progressive critics and supporters believe that while improved democracy, increased justice, decreased violence, and a broader culture of rights are all desirable, they are insufficient on their own to address the problems of modern technological societies unless and until they are accompanied by scientific and technological advancements that uphold and apply these ideals.<ref name="Carrico 2004">{{cite web |first=Dale |last=Carrico |title=The Trouble with "Transhumanism": Part Two |date=2004 |url=http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/carrico20041222/ |access-date=2007-01-28 |authorlink=Dale Carrico |journal= |archive-date=2016-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908070459/http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/carrico20041222 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Carrico 2005">{{cite web |first=Dale |last=Carrico |authorlink=Dale Carrico |title=Technoprogressivism Beyond Technophilia and Technophobia |date=2005 |url=http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/carrico20060812/ |access-date=2007-01-28 |journal= |archive-date=2016-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908070510/http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/carrico20060812 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Self-published inline|date=September 2022}}

== Progressive parties or parties with progressive factions ==


=== Current parties ===
{{div col|colwidth=33em}}
* {{flag|Islamic Republic of Afghanistan}}: [[Solidarity Party of Afghanistan]]
* {{flag|Argentina}}: [[Union for the Homeland]] (factions)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.clarin.com/politica/llamativa-definicion-politica-alberto-fernandez-rama-liberalismo-progresista-peronista_0_Ym3yLMfHX.html |title=La llamativa definición política de Alberto Fernández: "Soy de la rama del liberalismo progresista peronista" |access-date=6 November 2019 |date=19 July 2019 |newspaper=Clarín |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106143309/https://www.clarin.com/politica/llamativa-definicion-politica-alberto-fernandez-rama-liberalismo-progresista-peronista_0_Ym3yLMfHX.html |archive-date=6 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/politica/juan-grabois-lanza-el-frente-patria-grande-que-liderara-cristina-fernandez.phtml|title=Juan Grabois lanza el Frente Patria Grande que lideraría Cristina Kirchner|work=[[Perfil]]|date=27 October 2018|access-date=27 April 2020|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/periodismopuro/alberto-fernandez-soy-mas-hijo-de-la-cultura-hippie-que-de-las-veinte-verdades-peronistas.phtml|title = Alberto Fernández: "Soy más hijo de la cultura hippie que de las veinte verdades peronistas"|date = 12 April 2020}}</ref>
* {{flag|Australia}}: [[Australian Greens]],<ref name=Interview>{{cite web|url=https://www.jacobinmag.com/2021/09/australia-greens-green-new-deal-gnd-elections|title=Australian Greens Are Building a Movement to End Neoliberalism|website=Jacobin|last1=Lopez|first1=Daniel|last2=Bandt|first2=Adam|author-link2=Adam Bandt|date=3 September 2021|access-date=19 October 2021}}</ref> [[Fusion Party (Australia)|Fusion Party]], [[Australian Labor Party]] (factions)
*{{flag|Barbados}}: [[United Progressive Party (Barbados)|United Progressive Party]]
* {{flag|Brazil}}: [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|Workers' Party]],<ref>{{cite book|editor=Liisa L. North, Timothy D. Clark |title=Dominant Elites in Latin America: From Neo-Liberalism to the 'Pink Tide' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNsxDwAAQBAJ&dq=Brazil+%22progressive+Workers%27+Party%22&pg=PA212 |quote= In Brazil, as Simone Bohn makes straightforward (Chap. 3), the progressive Workers' Party (Partido dos Trabalhadores, PT) governments did not threaten the power of the national elite or landlord class; ...|date=2017 |page=212 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|isbn=9783319532554 }}</ref> [[Brazilian Socialist Party]] (factions),<ref>{{citation |title= A trajetória do PSB, o Partido que quer lançar Joaquim Barbosa à Presidência |newspaper=BBC News Brasil |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-43887498 }}</ref> [[Democratic Labour Party (Brazil)|Democratic Labour Party]],<ref>{{citation |title= O Que é ser progressist? |newspaper=BBC News Brasil |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-62491258 }}</ref> [[Socialism and Liberty Party]]<ref>{{citation |title= O que pensam os partidos progressistas sobre o "Efeito Lula"|date=17 March 2021 |url=https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2021/03/17/o-que-pensam-os-partidos-progressistas-sobre-o-efeito-lula }}</ref>
* {{flag|Canada}}: [[Liberal Party of Canada]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Alvin Finkel |date=2012 |title=Our Lives: Canada after 1945: Second Edition |page=5 |quote=... capitalism and a wise federal bureaucracy presided over by a progressive Liberal party with intelligent leaders. |publisher=James Lorimer & Company}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Robert Harris |date=2018 |title=Song of a Nation: The Untold Story of Canada's National Anthem |publisher=McClelland & Stewart}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/hall-election-2021-analysis-1.6183615 |title=Trudeau made pushing his agenda more complicated with a failed bid for majority |work=CBC|date=21 September 2021 |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Emmett Macfarlane |date=2021 |title=Dilemmas of Free Expression |page=317 |publisher=University of Toronto Press}}</ref> [[New Democratic Party]], [[Canadian Future Party]]
* {{flag|Chile}}: [[Broad Front (Chilean political party)|Broad Front]], [[Liberal Party of Chile (2013)|Liberal Party of Chile]]
* {{flag|Colombia}}: [[Humane Colombia]]
* {{flag|Croatia}}: [[Social Democratic Party of Croatia|Social Democratic Party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.expatincroatia.com/croatia-largest-political-parties/|title=Croatia's Largest Political Parties|website=Expat in Croatia|last=Gladoic|first=Andrea|date=14 June 2018|accessdate=12 October 2018}}</ref>
* {{flag|Czech Republic}}: [[Czech Pirate Party]]<ref name="politicalcritique.org 8 January 2018">Slawek Blitch. [http://politicalcritique.org/cee/czech-republic/2018/finally-a-healthy-dose-of-anti-establishment/ Finally, a healthy dose of anti-establishment]. politicalcritique.org. 8 January 2018.</ref><ref name="balkaninsight.com 21 May 2019">Katerina Safarikova. [https://balkaninsight.com/2019/05/21/czechs-eye-symbolic-pirate-breakthrough-in-europe/ "Czechs Eye 'Symbolic' Pirate Breakthrough in Europe"]. /balkaninsight.com. 21 May 2019.</ref>
* {{flag|France}}: [[Radical Party of the Left]], [[New Deal (France)|New Deal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nouvelledonne.fr/nos-valeurs/|title=Notre charte fondatrice|website=nouvelledonne.fr|language=fr}}</ref>
* {{flag|Germany}}: [[Volt Germany]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://voltdeutschland.org/programm/programme/themen|title=Volt Germany |website=voltdeutschland.org|language=de}}</ref> [[Alliance 90/The Greens]], [[Party of Humanists]]
* {{flag|Greece}}: [[Syriza]],<ref name="Podemos">{{cite book |editor=Gregor Fitzi |editor2=Juergen Mackert |editor3=Bryan S. Turner |title=Populism and the Crisis of Democracy: Volume 3: Migration, Gender, and Religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGNwDwAAQBAJ&dq=progressive+SYRIZA&pg=PT44 |quote= Progressive groups such as Syriza and Podemos6 tend, on the contrary, to show solidarity towards migrants and refugees, as in general being the weakest components of the society. The Five Star Movement that defines itself as neither ... |date=2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781351608916 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Christopher Chase-Dunn, Paul Almeida |title=Global Struggles and Social Change: From Prehistory to World Revolution in the Twenty-First Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbD5DwAAQBAJ&dq=progressive+Syriza&pg=PA133 |quote= The Arab Spring, the Latin American Pink Tide, the Indignados in Spain, the Occupy movement, the rise of progressive social movement– based parties in Spain (Podemos) and in Greece (Syriza), and the spike in mass protests in 2011 and ... |date=2020 |page=133 |publisher=JHU Press|isbn=9781421438634 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Prebble Q. Ramswell |title=Euroscepticism and the Rising Threat from the Left and Right: The Concept of Millennial Fascism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_wNBDwAAQBAJ&dq=progressive+Syriza&pg=PA86 |quote= SYRIZA massively scooped up the votes of leftist, progressive, socially liberal young people, as well as the trade union voters, not specifically aligned with the Communist Party, to gain 52 seats. |date=2017 |page=86 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=9781498546041 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Ken McMullen, Martin McQuillan |title=Oxi: An Act of Resistance: The Screenplay and Commentary, Including interviews with Derrida, Cixous, Balibar, and Negri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XOHaDwAAQBAJ&dq=progressive+SYRIZA&pg=PA12 |quote= The choice to be made for Syriza is between fidelity to a progressive social agenda and retaining Greece's place within a community of nations tied together by a commitment to a neoliberal global economy. The skill with which they ... |date=2015 |page=12 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=9781783482702 }}</ref> [[Course of Freedom]]
* {{flag|Hungary}}: [[Democratic Coalition (Hungary)|Democratic Coalition]]
* {{flag|Italy}}: [[Possible (political party)|Possible]], [[Green Europe]]
* {{flag|Indonesia}}: [[Green Party of Indonesia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mojok.co/kotak-suara/mengenal-partai-hijau-indonesia-suarakan-isu-lingkungan-anti-mengultuskan-pemimpin/ |title=Mengenal Partai Hijau Indonesia: Suarakan Isu Lingkungan, Anti Mengultuskan Pemimpin |language=id |website=mojok.co |date=8 February 2023 |access-date=2023-06-24}}</ref>
* {{flag|Japan}}: [[Social Democratic Party (Japan)|Social Democratic Party]], [[Japanese Communist Party]],<ref>{{cite book|editor=Matthew Allen, Rumi Sakamoto |title=Popular Culture, Globalization and Japan |quote= ... capturing 295 seats in the Diet. Progressive parties like the Japanese Communist Party and Social Democratic Party, ... |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Willy Jou, Masahisa Endo |title=EGenerational Gap in Japanese Politics: A Longitudinal Study of Political Attitudes and Behaviour |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDelDAAAQBAJ&dq=progressive+%22Japanese+Communist+Party%22&pg=PA29 |quote=Conventional wisdom, still dominant in media and academic circles, holds that the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and the Japanese Communist Party (JCP) occupy the conservative and progressive ends of the ideological spectrum, ... |date=2016 |page=29 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=9781137503428 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.edaily.co.kr/news/Read?newsId=01439926629245392&mediaCodeNo=257 |title="선제공격 능력 갖추자" 日정부 주장에…"시대착오적" 비판 |quote= ... {{lang|ko|개헌에 반대해 온 진보 성향의 일본공산당은 "적 기지에 대한 공격력을 갖추더라도 상대국의 지하나 이동발사대 등 미사일 위치를 모두 파악하고 파괴하는 것은 불가능하다"며}} ... |trans-quote=... The progressive position Japanese Communist Party, which has opposed the constitutional amendment, said, "Even if it has offensive power against enemy bases, it is impossible to identify and destroy all missile locations such as underground or mobile launchers of the other country" ... |work=Edaily |date=13 November 2021 |access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref> [[Reiwa Shinsengumi]]<ref name="Brasor">{{cite news |last= Brasor |first= Philip |date= 20 July 2019 |title= Citizen campaigns seek to increase voter turnout in Upper House election |url= https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/07/20/national/media-national/citizen-campaigns-seek-increase-voter-turnout-upper-house-election/ |newspaper= The Japan Times |access-date= 24 July 2019}}</ref>
* {{flag|Kosovo}}: [[Vetëvendosje]]
* {{flag|Kuwait}}: [[Kuwaiti Progressive Movement]]
* {{flag|Mexico}}: [[Morena (political party)|Morena]], [[Party of the Democratic Revolution]], [[Citizens' Movement (Mexico)|Citizens' Movement]]
* {{flag|Netherlands}}: [[Democrats 66]], [[GroenLinks]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=GroenLinks (GL) |url=https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrouwy1/groenlinks_gl |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=www.parlement.com |language=nl}}</ref><ref name=":GLPVDA1">{{Cite web |last=GroenLinks |title=EEN PROGRESSIEF OPPOSITIEAKKOORD |url=https://groenlinks.nl/een-progressief-oppositieakkoord}}</ref><ref name=":GLPVDA2">{{Cite web |last=GroenLinks |title=PVDA EN GROENLINKS SLUITEN PROGRESSIEF OPPOSITIEAKKOORD |url=https://groenlinks.nl/nieuws/pvda-en-groenlinks-sluiten-progressief-oppositieakkoord}}</ref><ref name=":GLPVDA3">{{Cite web |last=ProDemos NL |title=Indeling van partijen |url=https://prodemos.nl/kennis/informatie-over-politiek/politieke-partijen/indeling-van-partijen/}}</ref><ref name=":GLPVDA4">{{Cite web |title=Progressief Oppositieakkoord |url=https://www.pvda.nl/progressief-oppositieakkoord/ |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=PvdA |language=nl}}</ref> [[Labour Party (Netherlands)|PvdA]]<ref name=":GLPVDA1" /><ref name=":GLPVDA2" /><ref name=":GLPVDA3" /><ref name=":GLPVDA4" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Partij van de Arbeid (PvdA) |url=https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrouwxn/partij_van_de_arbeid_pvda |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=www.parlement.com |language=nl}}</ref>
* {{flag|Pakistan}}: [[Pakistan Peoples Party]]
* {{flag|Peru}}: [[New Peru for Good Living]]
* {{flag|Philippines}}: [[Akbayan]]<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://akbayan.org.ph/who-we-are|title=About Akbayan – Akbayan Party List|website=akbayan.org.ph|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727181156/https://akbayan.org.ph/who-we-are|archive-date=27 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flag|Poland}}: [[Polish Initiative]], [[New Left (Poland)|New Left]], [[Left Together]], [[Polish Socialist Party]], [[The Greens (Poland)|The Greens]], [[Civic Platform]] (faction)
* {{flag|Portugal}}: [[Socialist Party (Portugal)|Socialist Party]], [[Left Bloc (Portugal)|Left Bloc]], [[People Animals Nature]],<ref>{{citation |title= The politics of Portugal – who are the parties?
|url=https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/2022-01-25/the-politics-of-portugal-who-are-the-parties/64840}}</ref> [[LIVRE]], [[Volt Portugal]]
* {{flag|Romania}}: [[Save Romania Union]], [[Democracy and Solidarity Party]], [[Volt Romania]], [[Health Education Nature Sustainability Party]]
* {{flag|Russia}}: [[Yabloko]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jyQ3nR6Jls8C&q=progressivism+yabloko+russia&pg=PA160|title=Party Development and Democratic Change in Post-Communist Europe: The First Decade|first=Paul G.|last=Lewis|year=2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis US|via=Google Books|isbn=9780714681740}}</ref>
* {{flag|Serbia}}: [[Party of the Radical Left]]
* {{flag|Singapore}}: [[Progress Singapore Party]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ricemedia.co/current-affairs-features-progress-singapore-party-psp-tan-cheng-bock/ | title=The Progress Singapore Party Offers A 'Progressive' Vision for Singapore | date=18 June 2020 }}</ref>
* {{flag|Slovakia}}: [[Progressive Slovakia]]
* {{flag|South Korea}}: [[Justice Party (South Korea)|Justice Party]], [[Progressive Party (South Korea, 2017)|Progressive Party]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/PYH20200518227800320 |title=Minjung Party press conference |quote= Members of the progressive Minjung Party hold a press conference in front of former President Chun Doo-hwan's home in Seoul on May 18, 2020. |work=[[Yonhap News Agency]] |access-date=16 June 2020 |date=11 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/11/world/asia/south-korea-north-sanctions-trump.html|title=South Korea Backtracks on Easing Sanctions After Trump Comment|quote="The dog barks, but the caravan moves on," Lee Eun-Hae, a spokeswoman at the minor progressive Minjung Party, said in a statement about Mr. Trump and closer relations with North Korea.|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=11 October 2018}}</ref> [[Mirae Party]]
* {{flag|Spain}}: [[Spanish Socialist Worker's Party]],<ref name="Podemos"/><ref>{{cite book|editor=Sebastián Royo |title=Why Banks Fail: The Political Roots of Banking Crises in Spain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iM7tDwAAQBAJ&dq=progressive+%22Unidas+Podemos%22&pg=PA298 |quote= As of January 2020 (the time of writing), a new leftist government coalition between the Socialist Party and the leftist populist Unidas Podemos that emerged from the November 2019 election is coming to power with a progressive agenda ... |date=2020 |page=298 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=9781137532282 }}</ref> [[Más Madrid]],<ref>{{cite news |agency=EFE |date=24 May 2019 |title=Errejón pide a Gabilondo centrarse en lo importante, una mayoría progresista |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20190524/462432376624/errejon-pide-a-gabilondo-centrarse-en-lo-importante-una-mayoria-progresista.html |language=Spanish |newspaper=[[La Vanguardia]] |location=Madrid |access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/world/spain-madrid-elections/|title=The Center Cannot Hold in Spain, but Can the Left Take Advantage?|date=3 May 2021|publisher=The Nation|website=thenation.com}}</ref> [[Sumar (electoral platform)|Sumar]], [[Republican Left of Catalonia]]
* {{flag|Taiwan}}: [[Democratic Progressive Party]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3855810|title=Democracy prevails in Taiwan|date=12 January 2020|access-date=7 July 2020|publisher=[[Taiwan News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114142120/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3855810|archive-date=14 January 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Kuo, Yu-Ying |title=Policy Analysis in Taiwan |quote= The Democratic Progressive Party, founded in 1986, is a progressive and liberal political party in Taiwan. |date=2018 |publisher=Policy Press}}</ref> [[New Power Party]], [[Taiwan People's Party]] (factions)
* {{Flag|Thailand}}: [[Thai Liberal Party]],<ref name="prachatai">{{cite news|url=https://prachatai.com/english/node/7737|title=Nidhi Eoseewong: An open letter to Pheu Thai|author=Nidhi Eoseewong |work=prachatai|date=2018-05-08}}</ref> [[People's Party (Thailand, 2024)|People's Party]]
* {{flag|Turkey}}: [[Republican People's Party]] (factions), [[Peoples' Equality and Democracy Party]]
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}: [[Green Party of England and Wales]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Green Party of England and Wales elects new leaders |url=https://europeangreens.eu/news/green-party-england-and-wales-elects-new-leaders |website=europeangreens.edu |publisher=European Green Party |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401060206/https://europeangreens.eu/news/green-party-england-and-wales-elects-new-leaders |archive-date=1 April 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] (factions), [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] (factions), [[Scottish National Party]], [[Plaid Cymru]], [[Social Democratic and Labour Party]], [[Transform (political party)|Transform]]
* {{flag|United States}}: [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] (factions),<ref name="Ball">{{Cite web |last=Ball |first=Molly |title=The Battle Within the Democratic Party |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/12/the-battle-within-the-democratic-party/282235/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142340/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/12/the-battle-within-the-democratic-party/282235/ |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=28 January 2017 |website=The Atlantic}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Joseph M. Hoeffel |title=Fighting for the Progressive Center in the Age of Trump |date=2014 |publisher=ABC-CLIO }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Chotiner |first1=Isaac |title=How Socialist Is Bernie Sanders? |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/how-socialist-is-bernie-sanders |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |access-date=14 February 2021 |language=en-us |date=2 March 2020}}</ref> [[Working Families Party]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nys/central-ny/ny-state-of-politics/2021/08/11/progressives-contemplate-post-cuomo-politics|title=Progressives contemplate post-Cuomo politics|publisher=Spectrum News|date=11 August 2021|access-date=October 22, 2021|archive-date=October 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022133950/https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nys/central-ny/ny-state-of-politics/2021/08/11/progressives-contemplate-post-cuomo-politics|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Green Party of the United States]]<ref>{{cite book|editor=Denisha Jones, Jesse Hagopian |title=Black Lives Matter at School: An Uprising for Educational Justice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_8FEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22progressive+Green+Party%22+United+States&pg=PT99 |quote= She later ran as a New York State lieutenant gubernatorial candidate on a progressive Green Party platform |date=2020 |publisher=[[Haymarket Books]] |isbn=9781642595307 }}</ref>
* {{flag|Venezuela}}: [[Popular Will]]

{{div col end}}

=== Former parties ===
{{div col|colwidth=33em}}
* {{flag|Argentina}}: [[Front for Victory]]<ref>{{cite book|editor=Daniel K. Lewis |title=The History of Argentina, 2nd Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZLgBQAAQBAJ&dq=progressive++FpV+Argentina&pg=PA193 |quote= Progressive decrees, exemplified by the government's legalization of same-sex marriage in July, depicted the FPV as progressive. Behind the scenes, Kirchner promoted 'La Campora," and Peronist youth organization. |date=2014 |page=193 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=9781610698610 }}</ref>
* {{flag|Australia}}: [[Reason Party (Australia)|Reason Party]]
* {{flag|Canada}}: [[Progressive Party of Canada]]
* {{flag|Chile}}: [[Social Convergence]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ambito.com/mundo/chile/el-pinochetista-kast-y-el-progresista-boric-definiran-la-presidencia-el-19-diciembre-elecciones-n5321694|title = El pinochetista Kast y el progresista Boric definirán la presidencia el 19 de diciembre elecciones en Chile}}</ref>
* {{flag|France}}: [[Movement Party (France)|Movement Party]],<ref name="france">{{cite book|last=Rémond|first=René|title=The Right Wing in France: From 1815 to de Gaulle|editor=University of Pennsylvania Press|date=1966}}</ref> [[Opportunist Republicans]]
* {{flag|Hong Kong}}: [[Demosisto]]
* {{flag|Iran}}: [[Society for the Progress of Iran]]
* {{Flag|Israel}}: [[Meretz]]
*{{flag|Japan}}: [[Japan Socialist Party]]
* {{flag|Netherlands}}: [[Free-thinking Democratic League]]<ref name="Broughton1999">{{cite book|author=David Broughton|title=Changing Party Systems in Western Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkDNoNiBEjUC&pg=PA166|access-date=20 August 2012|year=1999|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=9781855673281|pages=166–}}</ref>
* {{flag|New Zealand}}: [[Jim Anderton's Progressive Party]]
* {{flag|Pakistan}}: [[Sindh National Front]]
* {{flag|Poland}}: [[Spring (political party)|Spring]], [[Your Movement]]
* {{flag|Romania}}: [[Romanian Social Party]], [[National Union for the Progress of Romania]]
* {{flag|South Korea}}: [[Progressive Party (South Korea, 1956)|Progressive Party (1956)]], [[Democratic Labor Party (South Korea)|Democratic Labor Party]],<ref>{{Citation |first=Sunhyuk |last=Kim |title=Civil society and democratization in Korea |work=Korean Society |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2007 |page=65 |isbn=9780203966648 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQ5uA3KW1ewC&q=%22Democratic+Labor+Party%22+korea+progressive&pg=PA65}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |first=Yun-Shik |last=Chang |title=Left and right in South Korean politics |work=Korea Confronts Globalization |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2008 |page=176 |isbn=9780203931141 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-HxKjWqMEMC&q=%22Democratic+Labor+Party%22+korea+progressive&pg=PA176}}</ref> [[New Progressive Party (South Korea)|New Progressive Party]], [[Unified Progressive Party]]
* {{flag|Spain}}: [[Unidas Podemos]]
* {{flag|Thailand}}: [[Move Forward Party]]
* {{flag|United States}}: [[Progressive Party (United States, 1912)|Progressive Party (1912)]], [[Progressive Party (United States, 1924)|Progressive Party (1924)]], [[National Progressives of America]]/([[Wisconsin Progressive Party|Wisconsin]]), [[Progressive Party (United States, 1948)|Progressive Party (1948)]]

{{div col end}}

== See also ==
{{cols|colwidth=32em}}
* [[Affirmative action]]
* [[Democracy]]
** [[Democratic socialism]]
* [[Economic progressivism]]
* [[Egalitarianism]]
* [[Left-wing politics]]
** [[Green politics]]
** [[Left-libertarianism]]
** [[Left-wing nationalism]]
** [[Left-wing populism]]
** [[Liberal socialism]]
* [[Liberalism]]
** [[Modern liberalism in the United States]]
* [[Managerial state]]
* [[Progressive Era]]
** [[Progressive conservatism]]
** [[Progressive Party (disambiguation)|Progressive Party]]
** [[Progressive tax]]
* [[Radicalism (historical)]]
* [[Reformist party (Japan)]]
* [[Revisionism (Marxism)]]
* [[Secularism]]
** [[Secular liberalism]]
* [[Transhumanism]]
** [[New eugenics]]
** [[Techno-progressivism]]
** [[Transhumanist politics]]
{{colend}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* Dudley, Larkin Sims. "Enduring narratives from progressivism." ''International Journal of Organization Theory & Behavior'' 7.3 (2003): 315–340.
* Eisenach, Eldon J., ed. ''Social and Political Thought of American Progressivism.'' (Hackett Publishing, 2006).
* Frohman, Larry. "The Break-Up of the Poor Laws—German Style: Progressivism and the Origins of the Welfare State, 1900–1918." ''Comparative Studies in Society and History'' 50.4 (2008): 981–1009.
* Jackson, Ben. "Equality and the British Left: A study in progressive political thought, 1900-64." in ''Equality and the British Left'' (2013)
* [[James T. Kloppenberg|Kloppenberg, James T.]] ''Uncertain Victory: Social Democracy and Progressivism in European and American Thought, 1870–1920''. Oxford University Press, US, 1988. {{ISBN|0195053044}}.
* [[George Lakoff|Lakoff, George]]. ''Don't Think of an Elephant: Know Your Values and Frame the Debate''. Chelsea Green Publishing, 2004. {{ISBN|1931498717}}.
* [[Arthur S. Link|Link, Arthur S.]] and [[Richard L. McCormick|McCormick, Richard L.]] ''Progressivism (American History Series)''. Harlan Davidson, 1983. {{ISBN|0882958143}}.
* [[Michael McGerr|McGerr, Michael]]. ''A Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America, 1870–1920''. 2003.
* Nugent, Walter. ''Progressivism: A very short introduction'' (Oxford University Press, 2009).
* Petrow, Stefan. "Progressivism in Australia: the case of John Daniel Fitzgerald, 1900-1922." ''Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society'' 90.1 (2004): 53–74.
* Sawyer, Stephen, and William J. Novak. "Emancipation and the creation of modern liberal states in America and France." ''Journal of the civil war era'' 3.4 (2013): 467–500. [https://www.academia.edu/download/36921796/Sawyer_and_Novak__Modern_Liberal_State.pdf online]{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

* Schutz, Aaron. [http://www.educationaction.org/ ''Social Class, Social Action, and Education: The Failure of Progressive Democracy'']. Palgrave, Macmillan, 2010. {{ISBN|9780230105911}}.
* Tröhler, Daniel. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316660070_Progressivism ''Progressivism'']. In: ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education''. Oxford University Press, 2017.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/progressivism Progressivism] – entry at the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''

{{Government}}
{{Social democracy}}
{{Liberalism}}
{{Green politics}}
{{Political ideologies}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Progressivism| ]]
[[Category:Centre-left ideologies]]
[[Category:Democratic socialism]]
[[Category:Green politics]]
[[Category:Justice]]
[[Category:Left-wing ideologies]]
[[Category:Liberal socialism]]
[[Category:Liberalism]]
[[Category:Political ideologies]]
[[Category:Political movements]]
[[Category:Social change]]
[[Category:Social democracy]]
[[Category:Social justice]]
[[Category:Social liberalism]]
[[Category:Social movements]]
[[Category:Sociocultural evolution theory]]

List of cities and towns in Telangana

2026-03-25T18:14:04Z

Igortxa: slightly fixed references per sources and fixed typos

{{Short description|None}}
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

This is a list of cities (excluding urban agglomerations) with a population of above 100,000 and towns with a population of above 20,000 in the state of [[Telangana]].

== Categorization ==

'''City''': or '''Class I Town''': Towns with population of 100,000 and above are called cities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census 2011 definition |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Metadata/Metada.htm#2c |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=31 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070617234445/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Metadata/Metada.htm |archive-date=17 June 2007 }}</ref>
{{As of|2011}}, there are nine [[Municipal corporations in India|municipal corporations]] and six [[Nagar Palika|municipalities]] in the state with populations above 100,000.<ref name="citypop">{{cite web|title=Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-telangana.php|access-date=19 September 2015|website=Citypopulation.de}}</ref>

'''Class II Towns:''' Towns with population between 50,000 and 99,999<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Towns And Urban Agglomerations Classified By Population Size Class In 2011 With Variation Since 1901|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A4.html|access-date=14 September 2020|website=[[Census of India]]}}</ref>

'''Class III Towns:''' Towns with population between 20,000 and 49,999<ref name=":0" />

''Note: The statistical data represented here is based on "Census of India 2011", conducted by "The Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India" under the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India''

The districts in Telangana were organized in 2016 and later in 2019, increasing from 10 to 33.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-10-11|title=Telangana gets 21 new districts|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/Telangana-gets-21-new-districts/article15479100.ece|access-date=2021-08-15|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Telangana gets two new districts: Narayanpet and Mulugu|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2019/feb/18/telangana-gets-two-new-districts-narayanpet-and-mulugu-1940027.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224250/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2019/feb/18/telangana-gets-two-new-districts-narayanpet-and-mulugu-1940027.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 February 2019|access-date=2021-08-15|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> As the census reports are based on the old districts in 2011, the cities and towns are categorized under both the present and erstwhile district.

== List of Cities ==
The following are the cities with populations above 1,00,000 according to the 2024 Census.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Telangana (India): State, Major Agglomerations & Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/cities/telangana/|access-date=2021-05-24|website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Rank
!City
!District
!Civic Status
!Population (2024)
!Area (km2) (As per [[Municipal Corporation (India)|MC]])
! class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|1
|[[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
|{{ubl|[[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]]|[[Medchal–Malkajgiri]]|[[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]|[[Sangareddy]]}}
|[[Municipal Corporations in India|M.Corp]]
| style="text-align:right;" |12,052,545
|2,053
|<ref>{{cite news|date=29 September 2015|title=Number of GHMC wards to remain at 150|work=The New Indian Express|location=Hyderabad|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150929/nation-current-affairs/article/number-ghmc-wards-remain-150|url-status=live|access-date=12 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122125623/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150929/nation-current-affairs/article/number-ghmc-wards-remain-150|archive-date=22 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2 ||[[Warangal]]{{efn|name=exp|Limits of the city have expanded since 2011. The given figure includes the 2011 census figures for the post-2011 expansions and differ from the original 2011 census listing.}}||{{ubl|[[Warangal district|Warangal]]|[[Hanamkonda district|Hanamkonda]]}}||[[Municipal Corporations in India|M.Corp]]|| style="text-align:right;" |1,241,844
|457.77
|<ref name="profile">{{cite web |title=Budget Estimates for the Year 2017–2018 and Revised Budget Estimates for the Year 2016–2017 |url=https://gwmc.gov.in/RTI%20pdfs/Chapter-XII.pdf |access-date=6 June 2019 |website=Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation |page=3}}</ref>
|-
| 3
|[[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]]
|[[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
|[[Municipal corporations in India|M.Corp]]
| style="text-align:right;" |498,865
|169.37
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK – NIZAMABAD|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2802_PART_B_DCHB_NIZAMABAD.pdf|access-date=14 September 2020|website=[[Census of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=:: Nizamabad Municipal Corporation|url=https://nizamabadcorporation.telangana.gov.in/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623021729/http://nizamabadcorporation.telangana.gov.in/|archive-date=23 June 2019|access-date=17 April 2020|work=telangana.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| 4
|[[Karimnagar]]
|[[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
|[[Municipal Corporations in India|M.Corp]]
| style="text-align:right;" |493,997
|204.50
|<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{cite web |title=:: Karimnagar Municipal Corporation |url=https://karimnagarcorporation.telangana.gov.in/pages/basic-information |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525133301/http://karimnagarcorporation.telangana.gov.in/pages/basic-information |archive-date=25 May 2019 |access-date=19 January 2020 |work=telangana.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| 5
|[[Khammam]]{{efn|name=exp}}||[[Khammam district|Khammam]]
|[[Municipal Corporations in India|M.Corp]]
| style="text-align:right;" |485,954
|94.45
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Basic Information|url=https://khammamcorporation.telangana.gov.in/pages/basic-information|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211114843/http://manakmc.com/basic-information/|archive-date=11 February 2016|website=Khammam Municipal Corporation}}</ref>
|-
|6
|[[Ramagundam]]||[[Peddapalli district|Peddapalli]]||[[Municipal Corporations in India|M.Corp]]|| style="text-align:right;" | 269,081
|93.87
|<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{cite web|title=:: Ramagundam Municipal Corporation|url=https://ramagundamcorporation.telangana.gov.in/#|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623034849/http://ramagundamcorporation.telangana.gov.in/|archive-date=23 June 2019|access-date=17 April 2020|work=telangana.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| 7
|[[Mahabubnagar]]{{efn|name=exp}}
|[[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
|[[Municipal corporations in India|M.Corp]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 273,802
|98.64
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Basic Information|url=https://mahabubnagar.telangana.gov.in/mahabubnagar-muncipality/|access-date=12 May 2020|website=Official website of Mahabubnagar}}</ref>
|-
|8
|[[Mancherial]]
|[[Mancherial district|Mancherial]]
|[[Municipal corporation (India)|M.Corp]]
| style="text-align: right;" |278,739
|155.93
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mancherial Municipal Corporation |first=ULB Profile |title=Basic information about Mancherial Municipal Corporation ULB Profile |url=https://pp.emunicipal.in/ulbprofilepdf/005.pdf |website=Mancherial Municipal Corporation}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mancherial Municipality |url=https://mancherialmunicipality.telangana.gov.in/ |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=mancherialmunicipality.telangana.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|9
|[[Kothagudem]]
|[[Bhadradri Kothagudem district]]
|[[Municipal corporation (India)|M.Corp]]
| style="text-align: right;" |258,633
|86.10
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kothagudem municipality ULB Profile |url=https://kothagudemmunicipality.telangana.gov.in/059/basic-information |website=Kothagudem municipality ULB Profile}}</ref>
|-
| 10 ||[[Nalgonda]]{{efn|name=exp}}||[[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]||[[Municipal Corporation(India)|M.Corp]]
| style="text-align:right;" |243,615
|105.00
|<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Basic Information of Municipality|url=https://nalgondamunicipality.telangana.gov.in/pages/basic-information|website=Official website of Nalgonda Municipality}}</ref><ref name="citypop" />
|-
| 11 ||[[Suryapet]]{{efn|name=exp}}
|[[Suryapet district|Suryapet]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-1
| style="text-align:right;" |171,356
|35.00
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Basic Information of Municipality|url=https://suryapetmunicipality.telangana.gov.in/pages/basic-information|access-date=14 September 2020|website=Official website of Suryapet Municipality}}</ref>
|-
| 12 ||[[Adilabad]]{{efn|name=exp}}
|[[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-1
| style="text-align:right;" |169,891
|35.50
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Basic Information of Municipality|url=http://adilabadmunicipality.in/basic-information-of-municipality-2/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320082258/http://adilabadmunicipality.in/basic-information-of-municipality-2/|archive-date=2018-03-20|access-date=25 December 2016|website=Official website of Adilabad Municipality}}</ref>
|-
| 13 ||[[Miryalaguda]]
|[[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-1
| style="text-align:right;" |156,000
|28.36
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Miryalaguda Municipality|url=https://miryalagudamunicipality.telangana.gov.in/|access-date=2021-01-05|website=miryalagudamunicipality.telangana.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| 14
|[[Siddipet]]{{efn|name=exp}}
|[[Siddipet district|Siddipet]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-1
| style="text-align:right;" |111,838
|55.00
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Basic Information of Municipality|url=https://siddipetmunicipality.telangana.gov.in/pages/basic- information|website=Official website of Siddipet Municipality}}</ref>
|-
|15
|[[Jagtial]]
|[[Jagtial district|Jagtial]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-1
| style="text-align:right;" |103,930
|45.00
|<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{cite web|title=:: Jagityal Municipality|url=https://jagtialmunicipality.telangana.gov.in/pages/basic-information/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914183934/https://jagtialmunicipality.telangana.gov.in/pages/basic-information/|archive-date=14 September 2020|access-date=17 April 2020|work=telangana.gov.in}}</ref>
|}

== Class II towns ==
The following are the towns with populations above 50,000 according to the 2024 Census.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Rank
!Town
!District
!Erstwhile District
!Civic Status
!Population (2024)
!Area(sq.km)
! class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|16
|[[Nirmal]]
|[[Nirmal district|Nirmal]]
|[[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-2
|146,308
|32.06
|<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook – Adilabad |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2801_PART_B_DCHB_ADILABAD.pdf |access-date=22 September 2015 |website=Census of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-17|title=Nirmal Municipality|url=http://nirmalmunicipality.telangana.gov.in/|access-date=2021-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617030002/http://nirmalmunicipality.telangana.gov.in/|archive-date=17 June 2019}}</ref>
|-
|17
|[[Sircilla]]
|[[Rajanna Sircilla district|Rajanna Sircilla]]
|[[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-1
|104,235
|59.56
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK – KARIMNAGAR|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2803_PART_B_DCHB_KARIMNAGAR.pdf|access-date=14 September 2020|website=[[Census of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|18
|[[Kamareddy]]
|[[Kamareddy district|Kamareddy]]
|[[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-2
|139,892
|14.10
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK – NIZAMABAD|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2802_PART_B_DCHB_NIZAMABAD.pdf|access-date=14 September 2020|website=[[Census of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|19
|[[Palwancha]]
|[[Bhadradri Kothagudem district|Bhadradri Kothagudem]]
|[[Khammam district|Khammam]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-2
|Merged in KOTHAGUDEM
|26.38
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK KHAMMAM|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2810_PART_B_DCHB_KHAMMAM.pdf|access-date=16 September 2020|website=[[Census of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|20
|[[Bodhan]]
|[[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
|[[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-2
|79,654
|35.40
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|21
|[[Sangareddy]]
|[[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]]
|[[Medak district|Medak]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-1
|124,092
|13.70
|<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK MEDAK|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2804_PART_B_DCHB_MEDAK.pdf|access-date=16 September 2020|website=[[Census of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|22
|[[Metpally]]
|[[Jagtial]]
|[[Karimnagar]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-1
|69,782
|23.45
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|23
|[[Zaheerabad]]
|[[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]]
|[[Medak district|Medak]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-3
|120,497
|21.78
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|24
|[[Korutla]]
|[[Jagtial district|Jagtial]]
|[[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-1
|78,359
|34.10
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|25
|[[Tandur]]
|[[Vikarabad district|Vikarabad]]
|[[Rangareddy district|Rangareddy]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-2
|82,407
|21.50
|<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK RANGAREDDY|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2806_PART_B_DCHB_RANGAREDDY.pdf|website=[[Census of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|26
|[[Kodad]]
|[[Suryapet district|Suryapet]]
|[[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-2
|103,655
|31.19
|<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK NALGONDA |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2808_PART_B_DCHB_NALGONDA.pdf |access-date=16 September 2020 |website=[[Census of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|27
|[[Armoor]]
|[[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
|[[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
|[[Municipa|M]] Grade-2
|92,496
|35
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armoor Municipality |url=https://armoormunicipality.telangana.gov.in/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=armoormunicipality.telangana.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|28
|[[Gadwal]]
|[[Jogulamba Gadwal district|Jogulamba Gadwal]]
|[[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-2
|81,362
|33.46
|<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK MAHBUBNAGAR |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2807_PART_B_DCHB_MAHBUBNAGAR.pdf |website=[[Census of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|29
|[[Wanaparthy]]
|[[Wanaparthy district|Wanaparthy]]
|[[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-3
|80,457
|27.03
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
|30
|[[Kagaznagar, Telengana|Kagaznagar]]
|[[Komaram Bheem district|Komaram Bheem]]
|[[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-3
|62,272
|8.31
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|31
|[[Bellampalle]]
|[[Mancherial district|Mancherial]]
|[[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-3
|71,077
|35.06
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|32
|[[Khanapuram Haveli]]
|[[Khammam district|Khammam]]
|[[Khammam district|Khammam]]
|CT
|53,442
|12.70
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|33
|[[Bhongir|Bhuvanagiri]]
|[[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri]]
|[[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-2
|72,983
|76.537
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
|34
|[[Vikarabad]]
|[[Vikarabad district|Vikarabad]]
|[[Rangareddy district|Rangareddy]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-2
|59,255
|31.70
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
|35
|[[Mahabubabad]]
|[[Mahabubabad]]
|[[Warangal]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-2
|78,963
|44.99
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|36
|[[Jangaon]]
|[[Jangaon district|Jangaon]]
|[[Warangal district|Warangal]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-2
|70,674
|17.49
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK – WARANGAL|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2809_PART_B_DCHB_WARANGAL.pdf|website=Census of India}}</ref>
|-
|37
|[[Mandamarri]]
|[[Mancherial district|Mancherial]]
|[[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-3
|78,933
|38.84
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|38
|Badepally
|[[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
|[[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-2
|78,244
|10.37
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Information of Municipality |url=http://badepallymunicipality.telangana.gov.in/ |website=Badepally Municipality}}</ref>
|-
|39
|[[Bhadrachalam]]
|[[Bhadradri Kothagudem district|Bhadradri Kothagudem]]
|[[Khammam district|Khammam]]
|CT
|58,651
|12.00
|<ref name=":1" />
|}

== Class III towns ==
The following are the Class III towns with populations above 20,000 according to the 2024 Census.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!S.No.
!Town
!District
!Erstwhile District
!Civic Status
!Population (2024)
! class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|40
|[[Bhainsa]]
|[[Nirmal district|Nirmal]]
|[[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-3
|62,358
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|41
|[[Medak]]
|[[Medak district|Medak]]
|[[Medak district|Medak]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-2
|63,987
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|42
|[[Bhupalpally]]
|[[Jayashankar Bhupalpally district|Jayashankar Bhupalpally]]
|[[Warangal district|Warangal]]
|Nagara Panchayat
|54,133
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|43
|[[Narayanpet]]
|[[Narayanpet]]
|[[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-3
|49,905
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
|44
|[[Peddapalli]]
|[[Peddapalli district|Peddapalli]]
|[[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-2
|64,286
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|45
|[[Huzurnagar]]
|[[Suryapet district|Suryapet]]
|[[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-3
|42,736
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
|46
|[[Kyathanpally]]
|[[Mancherial district|Mancherial]]
|[[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-3
|56,773
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|47
|[[Manuguru]]
|[[Bhadradri Kothagudem district|Bhadradri Kothagudem]]
|[[Khammam district|Khammam]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-3
|54,954
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|48
|[[Naspur]]
|[[Mancherial district|Mancherial]]
|[[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-3
|Merged in Mancherial M.Corp
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|49
|[[Narsampet]]
|[[Warangal district|Warangal]]
|[[Warangal district|Warangal]]
|CT
|66,735
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|50
|[[Devarakonda]]
|[[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
|[[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
|M Grade-3
|51,359
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
|52
|[[Dubbaka]]
|[[Siddipet district|Siddipet]]
|[[Medak district|Medak]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-3
|41,944
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|55
|[[Nakrekal]]
|[[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
|[[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
|M Grade-3
|46,753
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
|56
|[[Banswada]]
|[[Kamareddy district|Kamareddy]]
|[[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
|M Grade-3
|49,553
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|57
|[[Kalwakurthy]]
|[[Nagarkurnool district|Nagarkurnool]]
|[[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-3
|60,793
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
|58
|[[Nagar Kurnool]]
|[[Nagar Kurnool district|Nagar Kurnnol]]
|[[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-3
|55,911
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
|59
|[[Parigi, Ranga Reddy|Parigi]]
|[[Vikarabad district|Vikarabad]]
|[[Rangareddy district|Rangareddy]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-3
|40,451
|{{cn|date=March 2021}}
|-
|60
|[[Neredcherla]]
|[[Suryapet district|Suryapet]]
|[[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-3
|35,879
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
|61
|[[Luxettipet]]
|[[Mancherial district|Mancherial]]
|[[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-3
|36,132
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Basic Information of Municipality|url=https://luxettipetmunicipality.telangana.gov.in/pages/basic-information|website=luxettipetmunicipality}}</ref>
|-
|62
|[[Ieeja|Aiza]]
|[[Jogulamba Gadwal district|Jogulamba Gadwal]]
|[[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-3
|31,342
|4.97
|-
|63
|[[Gajwel]]
|[[Siddipet district|Siddipet]]
|[[Medak district|Medak]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-3
|58,154
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|64
|[[Chennur, Mancherial district|Chennur]]
|[[Mancherial district|Mancherial]]
|[[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-3
|31,663
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|65
|[[Asifabad, Telangana|Asifabad]]
|[[Komaram Bheem district|Komaram Bheem]]
|[[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-3
|33,032
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|67
|[[Madhira]]
|[[Khammam district|Khammam]]
|[[Khammam district|Khammam]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-3
|37,124
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|68
|[[Dasnapur]]
|[[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
|[[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
|CT
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|69
|[[Sarapaka]]
|[[Bhadradri Kothagudem district|Bhadradri Kothagudem]]
|[[Khammam district|Khammam]]
|CT
|31,356
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|71
|[[Husnabad]]
|[[Siddipet]]
|[[Karimnagar]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-3
|38,653
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Basic Information of Municipality, Husnabad Municipality|url=https://husnabadmunicipality.telangana.gov.in/pages/basic-information|access-date=2021-08-15|website=Husnabad Municipality}}</ref>
|-
|72
|[[Achampet, Nagarkurnool district|Achampet]]
|[[Nagarkurnool district|Nagarkurnool]]
|[[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-3
|36,197
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
|73
|Thorur
|[[Mahabubabad]]
|[[Warangal]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-3
|39,975
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|74
|[[Utnoor]]
|[[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
|[[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-3
|26,187
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Utnur Census Town City Population Census 2011-2025 {{!}} Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/569596-utnur-andhra-pradesh.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
|75
|Bhoothpur
|[[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
|[[Mahabubnagar district|Mahabubnagar]]
|[[Municipality|M]] Grade-3
|27,096
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Basic Information of Municipality|url=http://bhoothpur municipality.telangana.gov.in/|website=Bhoothpur Municipality}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*[[List of cities in India by population]]
*[[List of Smart and Amrut Cities in Telangana]]
*[[List of urban agglomerations in Telangana]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}{{Cities of India}}
{{Telangana}}

[[Category:Telangana-related lists|Cities by population]]
[[Category:Cities in Telangana| Population]]
[[Category:Lists of cities in India by population|Telangana]]
[[Category:Lists of populated places in Telangana|Cities and towns]]

Shadow (2013 film)

2026-03-25T02:38:35Z

Igortxa: small corrected structure per standard format additionally and improved wording

{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shadow
| image = Shadow 2013 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Meher Ramesh]]
| producer = Paruchuri Kireeti
| writer = {{plainlist|
*[[Kona Venkat]]
*[[Gopimohan]]<ref name="Audio Release on 7th March" />
}}
| screenplay = Meher Ramesh<ref name="Audio Release on 7th March" />
| story = [[Kona Venkat]] [[Gopimohan]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]
*[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]]
*[[Taapsee Pannu|Taapsee]]
*[[Nyra Banerjee]]
}}
| music = [[S. Thaman]]
| cinematography = [[Prasad Murella]]
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = United Movies
| distributor = [[Suresh Productions]] (USA & Canada)<ref name="Shadow by Suresh Productions" />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|4|26|ref1=<ref name="Shadow Release Date Postponed Timesofap" />}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INRConvert|30|c}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofap.com/cinema/venkatesh-s-shadow-movie-budget-.html |title=Venkatesh's Shadow movie budget |publisher=timesofap.com |access-date=7 March 2013 }}</ref>
| gross = {{INRConvert|10.2|c}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=435&cid=6&fid=641 |title=Venkatesh Shadow Total Collections |publisher=andhraboxoffice.com |access-date=14 August 2013 }}</ref>
}}

'''''Shadow''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Telugu language]] [[action film|action thriller film]] directed by [[Meher Ramesh]] and produced by Paruchuri Kireeti on United Movies banner. The film stars [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]], [[Taapsee Pannu|Taapsee]], and [[Nyra Banerjee]]. The music was composed by [[S. Thaman]]<ref name="Audio Release on 7th March">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/90724.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922212359/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/90724.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 September 2013 |title='Shadow' Audio Release on March 7th |website=IndiaGlitz.com |date=7 February 2013 |access-date=28 February 2013}}</ref> with cinematography by [[Prasad Murella]] and editing by [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]].

The film released on 26 April 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/gallery/shadow |title='Shadow' will be released on April 26 |publisher=[[MSN]] |date=26 April 2013 |access-date=19 May 2013  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507073247/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/gallery/shadow |archive-date=7 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was later dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] under the same title and in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] as ''Meri Jung: One Man Army'' by Sumeet Arts in 2013.

== Plot ==
Rajaram ([[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]) is the son of Raghuram ([[Nagendra Babu|Naga Babu]]), an investigative journalist in a [[United Nations agency]] who infiltrates the criminal organization of Nana Bhai ([[Aditya Pancholi]]) and earns his trust. He gathers proof against Nana's activities and hands them over to newspaper publisher Chaitanya Prasad alias CP ([[Sayaji Shinde]]). This is discovered by Nana Bhai, who murders Raghuram in an exceedingly brutal manner. He additionally destroys Raghuram's family. Rajaram manages to flee from the massacre and vows to get revenge on Nana. With the assistance of Baba ([[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]), Rajaram grows up to be a strong young man. He assumes the identity of ''Shadow'' and starts looking for members of Nana's gang in Malaysia. With the help of his friends who were raised by Baba, Rajaram first kills Shakeel (Mukthar Khan), a member of Nana Bhai's gang.

Meanwhile, ACP Prathap ([[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]]), a tricky police officer in the UN agency, also arrives in Malaysia with a special team of officers searching for Nana Bhai and his gang. Prathap and his team manage to arrest Robert ([[Supreeth]]), another member of Nana's gang, and keep him in a high-security jail to be taken to India. Nana's brothers Jeeva ([[Rahul Dev]]) and Lala find out about Robert's arrest and plan to free him from police custody before Nana finds out. Rajaram too learns about Robert's arrest from Baba and assures that Robert will not leave Malaysia alive. However, Rajaram gets arrested by the police on purpose for being drunk and causing a nuisance. He is taken to the same high-security jail where Robert is imprisoned. He sedates a police officer and kills Robert after revealing his identity to him. After sensing something amiss, Prathap arrives at the prison only to find Robert dead. Rajaram escapes by covering the entire prison with smoke. He gets acquainted with Dr. Donga Srinivasa Rao alias Psycho Seenu ([[M. S. Narayana]]) and his team of students, who perform postmortem on Robert's body and hand it over to the police. Madhubala ([[Taapsee Pannu|Taapsee]]) is also a member of Psycho Seenu's team and becomes friendly with Raja.

Soon, a private funeral is held for Robert in a cemetery. Nana Bhai attends the funeral with Jeeva and Lala. Rajaram disguises himself as one of the priests and arrives at the cemetery to finish off Nana and his brothers. Prathap and his team are also at the cemetery in hiding to catch Nana and his brothers red-handed. However, their plans fail as Lala spots the gun, which Rajaram had placed on the tree, and gets shot, saving Nana Bhai. This results in a major shootout in the cemetery. Nana Bhai and Jeeva escape leaving Lala behind. Lala is arrested by Prathap's team and taken to the hospital. Rajaram also escapes from the cemetery and evades the police after a long chase. However he jumps off a truck, rolls down a slope and hits his head hard on a steel post, suffering a major injury. Psycho Seenu spots Rajaram, who falls on his vehicle due to dizziness and takes him to his house where his students also reside. Madhubala is shocked to see Rajaram injured and gives him first aid, a haircut and a new look. Rajaram soon regains consciousness and starts behaving like a child. Psycho Seenu and his team take him to the hospital and learn from the doctor that Rajaram has lost his memory due to his head injury. The doctor also reveals that Rajaram can regain his memory if he sees someone or something he vividly remembers and advises them to take good care of him till then. Soon, everyone starts calling Rajaram as Chanti since they are unaware of his real name.

Meanwhile, Nana Bhai and Jeeva learn that Lala is out of danger at the hospital but still in a coma. They decide to free him from police custody after he regains consciousness. Later, Psycho Seenu and some of his students take Rajaram to the hospital to give him [[electroconvulsive therapy]] to help him regain his memories. However, Psycho Seenu ends up receiving the shock treatment due to a mix-up. Prathap is also at the same hospital, video chatting with his wife Bindu ([[Nyra Banerjee]]). Rajaram arrives and is introduced to Bindu as Chanti by Prathap. Jeeva arrives at the hospital with some goons to free Lala and kills many policemen. Prathap hears the sounds of gunshots and goes to investigate, leaving Rajaram to chat with Bindu. However, Bindu is also tensed and asks Rajaram to check on Prathap. She calls out to her mother. Rajaram is shocked to see his mother Lakshmi ([[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]) alive and finally regains his memories. He realizes that Bindu is his sister and Prathap is his brother-in-law. He also joins the fight and kills all of Jeeva's goons. Baba gets shot by Jeeva thereby saving Rajaram. He blesses Raja after learning that his mother and sister are still alive and dies in the arms of Rajaram and his friends. Lala is found and arrested by Prathap. Rajaram fights with Jeeva at the top of the hospital and kills him by stabbing him and throwing him from the top of the building. Lala is devastated to see his brother Jeeva dead, and Nana Bhai is shocked to learn the same. Prathap and his team arrive in Hyderabad with Lala. Commissioner Thyagi ([[Nagineedu]]) calls Nana Bhai to inform him about Lala's arrival to Hyderabad. Rajaram also arrives in Hyderabad with his friends. He learns that Psycho Seenu is staying in the house opposite to Prathap's house and stays with him. He sees his mother and sister from a distance. He is happy to learn about his sister Bindu's pregnancy. Prathap spots Rajaram and greets him as Chanti.

On the eve of Raksha Bandhan, Bindu is in tears as she is missing her brother. Rajaram arrives and asks her to tie a Rakhi to his hand. She emotionally does so and starts calling him as her brother. Rajaram learns about the bomb blasts Nana Bhai has planned by looking into Prathap's laptop. Lakshmi soon realizes that Chanti is indeed her long-lost son Rajaram and shares an emotional reunion with him. She reveals that she and Bindu had managed to jump off the boat just before the explosion but could not find him after coming out from the water. She also reveals that she came with Bindu to Hyderabad to kill her brother Journalist Surya ([[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]]) for betraying Raghuram only to find him dead. Lakshmi tells him that his aunt ([[Vinaya Prasad]]) knows who the killers are but refused to reveal. Raja and his mother reunite with his estranged aunt at the temple. She finally reveals the truth that Commissioner Thyagi (who was an ACP then) and CP are Nana Bhai's partners in crime. They are the ones who brutally murdered his uncle Surya. Raja vows to punish them for their sins. CP and Nana Bhai meet to plan bomb blasts at Acharyaji's press meet. Nana Bhai learns that his brother is being tortured by Prathap in police custody and orders Thyagi to kill Prathap. Thyagi plans to kill Prathap during Ganesh Immersion with the help of a goon. However, Rajaram arrives at the Ganesh Immersion, kills the goon, and brutally stabs Thyagi to death after revealing his true identity.

Madhubala witnesses the murder along with Psycho Seenu and is shocked. Prathap is shocked to learn that Shadow has murdered the commissioner and gets help from two drunk eyewitnesses. Madhu arrives tensed at Prathap's house and reveals to Lakshmi that Chanti is the killer. However she learns that Chanti is actually Lakshmi's son Rajaram. Rajaram reveals about his past to Madhu, who supports him after learning the truth. She and Raja fall in love with each other. Raja learns that CP is arriving in Hyderabad soon to attend an International Media Seminar in which the home minister Nayudu ([[Jaya Prakash Reddy]]) is the chief guest. With the help of Psycho Seenu, Home Minister Naidu and Madhu, Rajaram sneaks past security into the International Media Seminar. He confronts CP with Naidu's help and brutally shoots him to death using Prathap's revolver. Through Guru Bhai ([[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]]), Nana Bhai learns that Raghuram's wife Lakshmi is still alive and that Prathap is her son-in-law.

Intelligence officer Chakravarthy ([[Suman (actor)|Suman]]) arrives from Delhi to meet with Prathap and his team. Prathap is shocked to learn that Thyagi and Chaitanya Prasad were Nana Bhai's partners in crime and have been working with him for the past 20 years. With the help of Chakravarthy, he realizes that Guru Bhai is still alive and that Chanti is Shadow. Prathap arrives at his house to confront Chanti/Shadow. He is shocked to learn that Chanti/Shadow is none other than Bindu's long-lost elder brother Rajaram. Bindu too is shocked to learn the same from her mother. Prathap learns that Acharyaji's scheduled meeting in [[Bangalore]] is cancelled due to riots and rescheduled in Hyderabad, which makes him realize that Nana had planned the bomb blasts in this very meeting. Nana Bhai and his goons attack Prathap and his team and free Lala from police custody. Prathap is hospitalized in a critical state, which shocks Bindu. Rajaram arrives at the hospital and reunites with Bindu. He learns that Nana Bhai has abducted his mother Lakshmi. Shivaji ([[Rao Ramesh]]), Acharyaji's deputy, is also revealed as Nana Bhai's partner. Rajaram arrives and finally kills Shivaji, Guru Bhai, Lala, Nana Bhai and all their goons. The film ends on a happy note as Prathap fully recovers and reunites with his family and Rajaram in the hospital.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] as Rajaram / Shadow alias Chanti
* [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]] as ACP Prathap
* [[Taapsee Pannu|Taapsee]] as Madhubala
* [[Nyra Banerjee]] as Bindu, Rajaram's sister
* [[Aditya Pancholi]] as Nana Bhai
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Baba (Rajaram’s mentor)
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Chaithanya Prasad "CP"
* [[Nagendra Babu|Naga Babu]] as Raghuram, Rajaram's father
* [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Lakshmi, Rajaram's mother
* [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Chakravarthy, Intelligence officer
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Dr. Donga Srinivasa Rao aka Psycho Srinu
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Peter Penchalayya
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Home Minister Neelakanta Naidu
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as D.G.
* [[Nagineedu]] as Thyagi, Police Commissioner
* [[Subbaraju]] as Sanyasi Naidu, Home Minister's son
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Sivaji
* [[Rahul Dev]] as Jeeva, Nana Bhai’s middle brother
* [[Supreeth]] as Robert, one of Nana Bhai’s right hands
* [[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]] as Guru Bhai, Nana Bhai’s bomb maker
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Journalist Surya (Lakshmi's brother)
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Guru Bhai's henchman
* [[Krishna Bhagavaan]] as Kammareddy Kapuraju
* [[Prabhas Sreenu]] as Daambar, Shadow's friend and partner
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]] as Psycho Srinu's student
* [[Satyam Rajesh]] as Psycho Srinu's student
* [[Thagubothu Ramesh]] as Drunkard
* [[Venu Yeldandi]] as Drunkard
* [[Harsha Vardhan|Harshavardhan]] as Madhubala's brother
*Mukthar Khan as Shakeel, one of Nana Bhai’s right hands
* [[Uttej]] as Shadow's friend and partner
* [[Telangana Shakuntala]] as Home Minister's wife
* [[Hema (actress)|Hema]] as Madhubala's sister-in-law
* [[Vinaya Prasad]] as Lakshmi's sister-in-law
* [[Kesha Khambhati]] as Shadow's ally and an [[item number]] in the song "Shadow Title Track"
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shadow
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[S. Thaman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|3|15}}
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 20:59
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = S. Thaman
| prev_title = [[Jabardasth (film)|Jabardasth]] [[Singam II]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]
| next_year = 2013
}}

The music of the film was composed by [[S. Thaman]] and released on [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] Audio Company. The title track of this film was released at [[Suresh Productions|Ramanaidu Studios]] in Hyderabad. Venkatesh, [[V. V. Vinayak]], Meher Ramesh, Producer Paruchuri Prasad, Paruchuri Kireeti, Kona Venkat, Gopimohan and Thaman attended this event. Vinayak launched the title song of the movie.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/91615.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310025618/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/91615.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 March 2013 |title='Shadow' movie title track launch |website=IndiaGlitz.com |date=7 March 2013 |access-date=8 March 2013}}</ref>

The audio launch of this film was held at [[Shilpakala Vedika]] in Hyderabad on 15 March 2013. Vinayak unveiled the T-Series audio albums and handed one to [[Boyapati Srinu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/shadow-audio-launch-news-telugu-ndtmcuiieec.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407153618/http://www.sify.com/movies/shadow-audio-launch-news-telugu-ndtmcuiieec.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 April 2014 |title=Shadow audio launch |website=[[Sify]] |date=19 March 2013 |access-date=20 March 2013}}</ref> [[Gopichand Malineni]], K. L. Narayana, Nagababu, Boyapati Srinu and V. V. Vinayak launched the songs of the movie. Madhurima, Kona Venkat, Gopimohan, Baba Sehgal, Adithya Pancholi attended this event.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/91859.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319015243/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/91859.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 March 2013 |title=Venkatesh's 'Shadow' audio launch |website=IndiaGlitz.com |date=15 March 2013 |access-date=16 March 2013}}</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 20:59
| title1 = Shadow
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra1 = [[Baba Sehgal]], Naveen, Chorus
| length1 = 3:53
| title2 = Gola Gola
| lyrics2 = [[Viswa]]
| extra2 = [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]], [[Ramya NSK|Ramya N.S]], [[S. Thaman|Thaman SS]] (Vocals), [[Vandana Srinivasan|Vandhana]]
| length2 = 3:24
| title3 = Pilla Manchi Bandhobasthu
| lyrics3 = Bhaskarabhatla
| extra3 = Hemachandra, [[Suchitra]]
| length3 = 4:04
| title4 = Naughty Girl
| lyrics4 = Bhaskarabhatla, [[Kandikonda]]
| extra4 = [[Geetha Madhuri]], Simha, [[L. V. Revanth|Revanth]]
| length4 = 4:10
| title5 = Aythalaka
| lyrics5 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra5 = Hari Charan, [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Rahul Nambiar]], [[Megha (singer)|Megha]], Reeta, Anitha
| length5 = 4:01
| title6 = Revenge of Shadow
| lyrics6 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra6 = Chorus
| length6 = 1:27
}}

== Production ==
This is the first Tollywood film, played in [[Prasads Multiplex]] screen equipped with the high quality Auro 11.1 3D sound with 55 speakers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/92913.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419204551/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/92913.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 April 2013 |title='Shadow' is the 1st Tollywood film using it |website=IndiaGlitz.com |date=19 April 2013 | access-date=20 April 2013}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
The media reported that Venkatesh played the role of a mafia don in this film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.andhravilas.com/movienews/326372/Venkatesh-as-Mafia-don.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130407171348/http://www.andhravilas.com/movienews/326372/Venkatesh-as-Mafia-don.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=7 April 2013 |title=Venkatesh as Mafia don |publisher=andhravilas.com |date=16 January 2013 |access-date=28 February 2013}}</ref> However, he said that this was not the case<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Venkatesh-not-playing-a-don-in-Shadow/articleshow/19241588.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330104024/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-27/news-interviews/38069631_1_srikanth-and-madhurima-meher-ramesh-venkatesh |url-status=live |archive-date=30 March 2013 |title=Venkatesh not playing a don in Shadow |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 March 2013 |access-date=28 March 2013  }}</ref> Bollywood actor [[Aditya Pancholi]] is making his debut as villain in Telugu for this film.<ref name="Audio Release on 7th March" />

== Release ==
Initially the film was scheduled for a Ugadi release on 11 April 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Venkateshs-shadow-to-release-on-April-11/articleshow/19187018.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040730/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-25/news-interviews/38009690_1_paruchuri-kireeti-meher-ramesh-victory-venkatesh |url-status=live |archive-date=11 April 2013 |title=Venkatesh's shadow to release on April 11 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 March 2013 |access-date=25 March 2013  }}</ref> Later director Meher Ramesh confirmed that the film was postponed to 26 April 2013.<ref name="Shadow Release Date Postponed Timesofap">{{cite web |url= http://timesofap.com/cinema/venkatesh-to-clash-with-nagarjuna.html |title=Venkatesh to clash with Nagarjuna |publisher=timesofap.com |date=9 April 2013 |access-date=9 April 2013  }}</ref> The film was censored with a U/A certificate, obtained from the [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] on 18 April 2013, and was released on the previously scheduled release date.<ref name="Shadow CBFC certificate TOI">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Shadow-censored-with-U/A-certificate/articleshow/19615761.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422111148/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-18/news-interviews/38646381_1_venkatesh-starrer-shadow-meher-ramesh-paruchuri-kireeti |url-status=live |archive-date=22 April 2013 |title=Shadow censored with U/A certificate |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 April 2013 |access-date=19 April 2013  }}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
Earlier sources reports that the film was to be released in the U.S. and Canada by Ficus.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/usschedules/shadow.html |title=Venkatesh's SHADOW in USA by FICUS |publisher=idlebrain.com |date=31 March 2013 |access-date=31 March 2013  }}</ref> However, it was released in those countries by [[Suresh Productions]] through Praneeth Media.<ref name="Shadow by Suresh Productions">{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/usschedules/shadow.html |title=SHADOW in USA & Canada by Suresh Production through Praneeth Media |publisher=idlebrain.com |date=20 April 2013 |access-date= 20 April 2013}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
The film received negative reviews from critics. Sashidhar AS from ''[[The Times of India]]'' website reviewed the film and stated, "It's a mash up of several other movies and does not showcase anything new."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Shadow-Telugu-movie-review-highlights/articleshow/19737168.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430035148/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-26/news-interviews/38842172_1_movie-review-meher-ramesh-venky |url-status=live |archive-date=30 April 2013 |title=Shadow Telugu movie review highlights |first=AS |last=Sashidhar |date=26 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]  |access-date=26 April 2013  }}</ref> Shekhar from the Oneindia website reviewed and gave a rating of 2.5/5 for the film and said, "The director has failed in executing his ideas in crispy way. However, it is good entertainer, which will appeal both class and mass audience. It is a must watch film for Venky fans."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/reviews/2013/shadow-movie-review-108403.html#slide149179 |title=Shadow - Movie Review: It's Venky show |author=Shekhar |publisher=Oneindia |date=26 April 2013 |access-date=26 April 2013  }}</ref> A critic from the Way2movies website reviewed and gave a rating of 2/5 for the film and stated, "Even Venkatesh couldn't salvage 'Shadow'."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://telugu.way2movies.com/reviewssingle_telugu/Venkatesh-Shadow-Movie-Review-6-326471.html |title=Venkatesh Shadow Movie Review |publisher=telugu.way2movies.com |date=26 April 2013 |access-date=26 April 2013  }}</ref> Mahesh S Koneru from the 123telugu website reviewed and gave a rating of 2.25/5 for the film, and stated, "Meher Ramesh must realise that style without substance will never work."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/review-shadow-mehers-attack-on-viewers.html |title=Review : Shadow – Meher's attack on viewers |publisher=123telugu.com |date=26 April 2013 |access-date=26 April 2013  }}</ref> A critic from the Supergoodmovies website reviewed and gave a rating of 2/5 for the film, and said that ''Shadow'' "is a below average film. Here Meher Ramesh Direction, Screen Play and Story are bad. It is not a worthy flick."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/56063/tollywood/shadow-movie-review-movie-review-details |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428011622/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/56063/tollywood/shadow-movie-review-movie-review-details |url-status=usurped |archive-date=28 April 2013 |title=Shadow Movie Review |publisher=supergoodmovies.com |date=26 April 2013 |access-date=26 April 2013  }}</ref> Cherukuri Raja from the Apherald website reviewed and gave a rating of 1.5/5 for the film and said, "Biggest Disaster of this Summer, dont waste your bucks on this flick."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apherald.com/Movies/Reviews/16680/Shadow-Movie-Review-Rating/ |title=Shadow Movie Review, Rating |author=Cherukuri Raja |publisher=apherald.com |date=26 April 2013 |access-date=26 April 2013  }}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film collected a worldwide share of {{INR}}11.5 [[crore]] in its full run.<ref name="SD FRun WW Share TOAP">{{cite web |url=http://timesofap.com/cinema/shadow-movie-closing-business.html |title=Shadow Movie Closing Business |publisher=timesofap.com |date=20 May 2013 |access-date=20 May 2013  }}</ref>

==== India ====
The film collected {{INR}}3.75 crore (37.5 m)in the first day in Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="SD FD C APH">{{cite web |url=http://www.apherald.com/Movies/ViewArticle/20577/Shadow-first-day-collections/ |title=Shadow first day collections |author=Cherukuri Raja |publisher=apherald.com |date=27 April 2013 |access-date=27 April 2013  }}</ref>

==== Overseas ====
Trade analyst [[Taran Adarsh]] tweeted that this film collected $22,968 ({{INR}}1.25 million) in two days in the US.<ref name="SD USA TD C IBT TA">{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/462078/20130428/shadow-box-office-collection-venkatesh-overseas.htm |title='Shadow' Box Office Collection: 'Victory' Venkatesh Movie Earns ₹12.49 Lakh in 2 Days Overseas |first=Seshagiri |last=Sangeetha |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=28 April 2013 |access-date=30 April 2013  }}</ref>

==== Home media ====
The VCDs, DVDs and Blu-rays of the film were released through the Company BhavaniDVD on 12 July 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bhavanidvd.com/product_info.php?products_id=7374&osCsid=43d34036ba5d124556cde55f4b60aac6 |title=Shadow DTS® (Pre-Order) |publisher=bhavanidvd.com |date=12 July 2013 |access-date=21 July 2013  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bhavanidvd.com/product_info.php?products_id=7375&osCsid=43d34036ba5d124556cde55f4b60aac6 |title=Shadow Blu-ray (Telugu Blu-ray) (Pre-Order) |publisher=bhavanidvd.com |date=12 July 2013 |access-date=21 July 2013  }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2386295|Shadow}}

{{Meher Ramesh}}

[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:2013 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:2013 crime action films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kuala Lumpur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Films about memory erasure and alteration]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian slapstick comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:2013 crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Films directed by Meher Ramesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Films about journalists]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films set in Kuala Lumpur]]
[[Category:Films about prison escapes]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]

Koffi Bar

2026-03-24T18:56:52Z

Igortxa: starting entry

{{Short description|2011 Indian film by Geetha Krishna}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Koffi Bar Nimidangal
| image = Koffi Bar Poster.jpg
| caption = Official poster of Telugu version
| director = [[Geetha Krishna]]
| producer = Geetha Krishna
| writer = Geetha Krishna
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Shashank (actor)|Shashank]]
*[[Bianca Desai]]
}}
| music = Geetha Krishna
| cinematography = Murali [[M. V. Raghu]]
| studio = Blue Fox Cinema
| released = {{Film date|2011|04|29|Telugu|2013|01|04|Tamil|ref2=<ref>{{Cite web |title=Friday Fury – January 4 |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-8211-january-4-news-tamil-nbelyPchacfsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227035058/https://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-8211-january-4-news-tamil-nbelyPchacfsi.html |archive-date=2022-02-27 |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu Tamil
}}
'''''Koffi Bar'''''{{efn|Made up alternate spelling of ''Coffee Bar''.}} in Telugu and '''''Nimidangal''''' ({{translation|Minutes}}) in Tamil, is a 2011 Indian thriller film directed by [[Geetha Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Koffi Bar announcement press meet - Telugu cinema- Geetha Krishna |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/announcement-koffibar.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227035100/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/announcement-koffibar.html |archive-date=2022-02-27 |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> The film was presented by Lakshmi Ganapathi Film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lakshmi Ganapathi Film buys Koffi Bar movie - Telugu cinema |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-koffibar1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227035103/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-koffibar1.html |archive-date=2022-02-27 |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Shashank (actor)|Shashank]] as Ramakrishna
*[[Bianca Desai]] as Srijana
*[[Atul Kulkarni]] as a rich businessman
*[[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as a CBI officer
*[[Girish Karnad]]
*Baby Shivani
*Moushmi in an [[item number]] in "Jeena Marnahae"

==Production ==
The film was planned to be shot in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]] (both titled as ''Koffi Shop'') and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] (as ''Nimidangal'') and began production in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=5 August 2010 |title=Itsy-bitsy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Itsy-bitsy/article16120807.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309153816/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Itsy-bitsy/article16120807.ece |archive-date=9 March 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022 |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Just a shop, not a bar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2009/dec/25/just-a-shop-not-a-bar-116158.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227040253/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2009/dec/25/just-a-shop-not-a-bar-116158.html |archive-date=2022-02-27 |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Biana Desai, known for glamorous roles, played a role without makeup for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2010 |title=The best of both worlds |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/67688/both-worlds.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227035102/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/67688/both-worlds.html |archive-date=27 February 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> Newcomer Murali from New York was brought to cinematograph the film along with [[M. V. Raghu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trilingual from an ace director - Behindwoods.com - Tamil Movie News - Director Geetha Krishna K Vishwanath Sankeerathana Kokila Keecharalu |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-09-02/geetha-krishna-07-04-09.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227035102/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/apr-09-02/geetha-krishna-07-04-09.html |archive-date=2022-02-27 |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> The film was shot in Hyderabad, Bangalore, and Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The trilingual Koffi Bar |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/the-trilingual-ikoffi-bari-imagegallery-tollywood-kh0rdkfbagbsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227110657/https://www.sify.com/movies/the-trilingual-ikoffi-bari-imagegallery-tollywood-kh0rdkfbagbsi.html |archive-date=2022-02-27 |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film's plot begins in a coffee shop.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2011 |title=Gandhinagar Grapevine |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/155537/gandhinagar-grapevine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227035100/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/155537/gandhinagar-grapevine.html |archive-date=27 February 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> Hindi actress Moushmi did an item number in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nimidangal's new bombshell! - Tamil Movie News - Nimidangal | Geetha Krishna | Priyanka Desai | Suman - Behindwoods.com |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/sep-09-01/nimidangal-01-09-09.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227035100/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/sep-09-01/nimidangal-01-09-09.html |archive-date=2022-02-27 |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> The film was shot for only three days in Bangalore.<ref name="Kannada" /> As a result, the Kannada version stopped production midway after the [[Karnataka]] Film Chamber Of Commerce found out that the film was dubbed from Telugu and that more than fifty percent of the film was not shot in Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stopped in the tracks |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/stopped-in-the-tracks/articleshow/21753595.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227035059/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/stopped-in-the-tracks/articleshow/21753595.cms |archive-date=2022-02-27 |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=This dubbed film has smooth sailing |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/this-dubbed-film-has-smooth-sailing/articleshow/21526560.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227035059/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/this-dubbed-film-has-smooth-sailing/articleshow/21526560.cms |archive-date=2022-02-27 |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref><ref name="Kannada">{{Cite web |title=Paid for one, two for free |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/paid-for-one-two-for-free/articleshow/22091046.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227035100/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/paid-for-one-two-for-free/articleshow/22091046.cms |archive-date=2022-02-27 |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The director turned the music director for the first time. Lyrics by [[Vanamali]] who previously collaborated with Krishna for the Telugu dub of ''[[Time (1999 film)|Time]]'' (1999).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The caffeine obsession |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2008/dec/25/the-caffeine-obsession-13278.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227035058/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2008/dec/25/the-caffeine-obsession-13278.html |archive-date=2022-02-27 |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koffi Bar music launch - Telugu cinema - Geeta Krishna |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-koffibar.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227035058/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-koffibar.html |archive-date=2022-02-27 |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>

== Release and reception==
The film was scheduled to release on 4 March and later 11 March 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telugu cinema news - idlebrain.com |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news291.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227035101/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news291.html |archive-date=2022-02-27 |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koffi Bar on March 11 - Telugu cinema |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-koffibar2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227035104/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-koffibar2.html |archive-date=2022-02-27 |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>

Y. Sunitha Chowdhury of ''[[The Hindu]]'' opined that "Despite Geeta Krishna's dramatic flabbiness, the film has its moments".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=30 April 2011 |title=The mind game |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/The-mind-game/article14906752.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309155322/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/The-mind-game/article14906752.ece |archive-date=9 March 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022 |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Deepa Garimella of ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote that "This is a film begging to be ignored. Pay attention".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coffee Bar review: Coffee Bar (Telugu) Movie Review - fullhyd.com |url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/coffee-bar/telugu/coffee-bar-movie-reviews-4224-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227035110/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/coffee-bar/telugu/coffee-bar-movie-reviews-4224-2.html |archive-date=2022-02-27 |access-date=2022-02-27}}</ref>

==Home media==
[[Sun TV Network|Sun TV]] bought the broadcasting rights for both the Telugu and Tamil versions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nimidangal: On terrorism with a new perspective |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/jan/07/nimidangal-on-terrorism-with-a-new-perspective-440898.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227035059/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/jan/07/nimidangal-on-terrorism-with-a-new-perspective-440898.html |archive-date=2022-02-27 |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes ==
{{notelist}}

[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2011 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:2011 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:2011 Telugu-language films]]

Bracket

2026-03-24T12:21:52Z

Igortxa: updated page

{{Short description|Punctuation mark}}
{{About|the family of punctuation marks}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Bracket terms}}
A '''bracket''' is either of two tall fore- or back-facing [[punctuation]] marks commonly used to isolate a segment of text or data from its surroundings.{{sfn|McArthur|McArthur|2005}} They come in four main pairs of shapes, as given in the box to the right, which also gives their names, that vary between [[British English|British]] and [[American English]].{{sfn|Pointon|Clark|2014|p=406}} ''Brackets'', without further qualification, in British English refers to the {{char|(}}...{{char|)}} marks and in American English the {{char|[}}...{{char|]}} marks.{{sfn|Pointon|Clark|2014|p=406}}{{sfn|McArthur|McArthur|2005}}

Other symbols are repurposed as brackets in specialist contexts, such as [[International Phonetic Alphabet#Brackets and transcription delimiters|those used by linguists]].{{sfn|Peters|2007|p=101}}

Brackets are typically deployed in symmetric pairs, and an individual bracket may be identified as a ''left'' or ''right'' bracket or, alternatively, an ''opening'' or ''closing'' bracket,<ref name="unicode-9">{{cite web |url= https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/#Paired_Brackets |title=Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm |at=§ 3.1.3 Paired Brackets |access-date=24 April 2018 |website=Unicode Technical Reports |publisher=Unicode Consortium |archive-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181003140816/http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/#Paired_Brackets |url-status=live}}</ref> respectively, depending on the [[Writing system#Directionality|directionality]] of the context.

In casual writing and in some technical fields, such as computing and linguistic analysis, of [[grammar]], brackets [[nesting (computing)|nest]], with segments of bracketed material containing embedded within them other further bracketed sub-segments.{{sfn|McArthur|McArthur|2005}} The number of opening brackets matches the number of closing brackets in such cases.{{sfn|McArthur|McArthur|2005}}

[[Glossary of mathematical symbols#Brackets|Various forms of brackets are used in mathematics]], with specific mathematical meanings, often for denoting specific [[function (mathematics)|mathematical functions]] and [[subformula]]s.

==History==
Angle brackets, or [[Wikt:chevron|chevrons]], '''⟨ ⟩''', were the earliest type of bracket to appear in [[written English]]. [[Desiderius Erasmus|Erasmus]] coined the term {{lang|la|lunula}} to refer to the round brackets, or (American English) [[Wikt:parenthesis|parentheses]], '''({{nbsp}})''', recalling the shape of the [[Crescent|crescent moon]] ({{langx|la|luna}}).<ref>{{cite book |last=Truss |first=Lynne |author-link=Lynn Truss |title=[[Eats, Shoots & Leaves]] |date=2003 |page=161 |publisher=Penguin Publishing |isbn=1592400876}}</ref>

Most typewriters only had the left and right round brackets. Square brackets appeared with some teleprinters.

Braces (curly brackets) first became part of a character set with the 8-bit code of the [[IBM 7030 Stretch]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Bob |first=Bemer |title=The Great Curly Brace Trace Chase |url= http://www.bobbemer.com/BRACES.HTM |access-date=5 September 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090903184346/http://www.bobbemer.com/BRACES.HTM |archive-date=3 September 2009}}</ref>

In 1961, [[ASCII]] contained parentheses, square, and curly brackets, and also less-than and greater-than signs that could be used as angle brackets.

==Typography==
In English, [[Typography|typographers]] mostly prefer not to set brackets in [[italics]], even when the enclosed text is italic.<ref>{{cite book |first=Robert |last=Bringhurst |title=The Elements of Typographic Style |at=§5.3.2}}</ref> However, in other languages like [[German language|German]], if brackets enclose text in italics, they are usually also set in italics.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Forsmann |first1=Friedrich |last2=DeJong |first2=Ralf |date=2004 |title=Detailtypografie |trans-title=Detail Typography |language=de |location=Mainz |publisher=Herrmann Schmidt |page=263 |isbn=9783874396424}}</ref>

{{anchor|Parenthesis|Parentheses|Round brackets}}

==Parentheses or round brackets==
{{redirect-several|Parenthesis|Paren|Parens|( )}}
{{self-reference|For [[Bharatpedia:Naming conventions (technical restrictions)|technical reasons]], ":)" and ":(" redirect here. For the generic smiling face, see [[Smiley]]. For the generic frowning face, see [[Frown]].}}
{{original research|section|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox punctuation mark
|name = Parenthesis
|variant1 = ( )
|caption1 = {{ubl|parentheses ([[American English|AE]])|brackets ([[British English|BE]])|round brackets (BE){{sfn|Pointon|Clark|2014|p=406}}}}
|unicode_list =
<div style="text-align:left;">
;General purpose {{nwr|(half-width):<ref name="Basic Latin"/>}}
:* {{unichar|0028|Left parenthesis|html=}}
:* {{unichar|0029|Right parenthesis|html=}}
;General purpose {{nwr|(full-width East Asian):<ref name="Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms" />}}
:* {{unichar|FF08|Fullwidth left parenthesis|html=}}
:* {{unichar|FF09|Fullwidth right parenthesis|html=}}
{{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title=[[Arabic script]]{{br}}(Quranic quotations)<ref name="Unicode Arabic Presentation Forms"/>|
|{{unichar|FD3E|Ornate left parenthesis|html=}}
|{{unichar|FD3F|Ornate right parenthesis|html=}}
}}
{{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title=[[Mediaeval studies]]<ref name="General Punctuation"/><ref name="Supplemental Punctuation" />|
|{{unichar|2E28|Left double parenthesis|html=}}
|{{unichar|2E29|Right double parenthesis|html=}}
}}
{{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title=Technical<ref name="Unicode Miscellaneous Technical" /><ref name="Unicode Superscripts and Subscripts"/><ref name="Unicode Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A"/><ref name="Unicode Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B"/>|
|{{unichar|207D|Superscript left parenthesis|html=}}
|{{unichar|207E|Superscript right parenthesis|html=}}
|{{unichar|208D|Subscript left parenthesis|html=}}
|{{unichar|208E|Subscript right parenthesis|html=}}
|{{unichar|239B|Left parenthesis upper hook|html=}}
|{{unichar|239C|Left parenthesis extension|html=}}
|{{unichar|239D|Left parenthesis lower hook|html=}}
|{{unichar|239E|Right parenthesis upper hook|html=}}
|{{unichar|239F|Right parenthesis extension|html=}}
|{{unichar|23A0|Right parenthesis lower hook|html=}}
|{{unichar|23DC|Top parenthesis|html=}}
|{{unichar|23DD|Bottom parenthesis|html=}}
|{{unichar|27EE|Mathematical left flattened parenthesis|html=}}
|{{unichar|27EF|Mathematical right flattened parenthesis|html=}}
|{{unichar|2983|Left white curly bracket|html=}}
|{{unichar|2984|Right white curly bracket|html=}}
|{{unichar|2985|Left white parenthesis|html=}}
|{{unichar|2986|Right white parenthesis|html=}}
}}
{{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title=Phonetic punctuation<ref name="Unicode Phonetic Punctuation"/>|
|{{unichar|2E59|Top half left parenthesis|html=}}
|{{unichar|2E5A|Top half right parenthesis|html=}}
|{{unichar|2E5B|Bottom half left parenthesis|html=}}
|{{unichar|2E5C|Bottom half right parenthesis|html=}}
}}
{{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title=[[Dingbat]]s<ref name="Unicode Dingbats"/>|
|{{unichar|2768|Medium left parenthesis ornament|html=}}
|{{unichar|2769|Medium right parenthesis ornament|html=}}
|{{unichar|276A|Medium flattened left parenthesis ornament|html=}}
|{{unichar|276B|Medium flattened right parenthesis ornament|html=}}
}}
</div>
}}
{{Wiktionary|parenthesis|round bracket|( )|(|)}}
 

The marks {{char|(}} and {{char|)}} are ''parentheses'' {{IPAc-en|p|ə|ˈ|r|ɛ|n|θ|ᵻ|s|iː|z}} (singular ''parenthesis'' {{IPAc-en|p|ə|ˈ|r|ɛ|n|θ|ᵻ|s|ᵻ|s}}) in American English, and either ''round brackets'' or simply ''brackets'' in British English.{{sfn|Pointon|Clark|2014|p=406}}{{sfn|Peters|2007|p=101}}

In formal writing, "parentheses" is also used in British English.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brackets |url=https://www.awelu.lu.se/language/punctuation/brackets/ |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=www.awelu.lu.se |language=en}}</ref>

===Uses of ( )===
Parentheses contain [[adjunctive]] material that serves to clarify (in the manner of a [[gloss (annotation)|gloss]]) or is aside from the main point.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Straus |first1=Jane |author1-link=Jane Straus |last2=Kaufman |first2=Lester |title=Parentheses—Punctuation Rules |url=https://www.grammarbook.com/punctuation/parens.asp |work=The Blue Book of Grammar and Punctuation |publisher=Jossey Bass |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419025523/http://www.grammarbook.com/punctuation/parens.asp |url-status=live}}</ref>

A comma before or after the material can also be used, though if the sentence contains commas for other purposes, visual confusion may result. A [[dash]] before and after the material is also sometimes used.

Parentheses may be used in formal writing to add supplementary information, such as "Senator John McCain ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]] - Arizona) spoke at length". They can also indicate shorthand for "[[Uncertain plural|either singular or plural]]" for nouns, e.g. "the claim(s)". It can also be used for [[gender-neutral language]], especially in languages with [[grammatical gender]], e.g. "(s)he agreed with his/her physician" (the slash in the second instance, as one alternative is replacing the other, not adding to it).

Parenthetical phrases have been used extensively in informal writing and stream of consciousness literature. Examples include the southern American author [[William Faulkner]] (see ''[[Absalom, Absalom!]]'' and [[The Sound and the Fury#Part 2: June 2, 1910|the Quentin section of ''The Sound and the Fury'']]) as well as poet [[E. E. Cummings]].

Parentheses have historically been used where the [[em dash]] is currently used in alternatives{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}, such as "parenthesis)(parentheses". Examples of this usage can be seen in editions of ''[[A Dictionary of Modern English Usage|Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage]]''.

Parentheses may be nested (generally with one set (such as this) inside another set). This is not commonly used in formal writing (though sometimes other brackets [especially square brackets] will be used for one or more inner sets of parentheses [in other words, secondary {or even tertiary} phrases can be found within the main parenthetical sentence]).

====Language====
A [[Parenthesis (rhetoric)|parenthesis in rhetoric]] and [[linguistics]] refers to the entire bracketed text, not just to the enclosing marks used (so all the text in this set of round brackets may be described as "a parenthesis").<ref>{{cite dictionary |entry=Parenthesis |dictionary=The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar |edition=2 |date=2014 |first=Bas |last=Aarts |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-191-74444-0}}</ref> Taking as an example the sentence "Mrs. Pennyfarthing (What? Yes, that was her name!) was my landlady.", the explanatory phrase between the parentheses is itself called a parenthesis. Again, the parenthesis implies that the meaning and flow of the bracketed phrase is supplemental to the rest of the text and the whole would be unchanged were the parenthesised sentences removed. The term refers to the syntax rather than the enclosure method: the same clause in the form "Mrs. Pennyfarthing{{snd}}What? Yes, that was her name!{{snd}}was my landlady" is also a parenthesis.<ref>{{cite dictionary |entry=Parenthesis |dictionary=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics |edition=3 |date=2014 |first=P. H. |last=Matthews |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-191-75306-0}}</ref> (In non-specialist usage, the term "parenthetical phrase" is more widely understood.<ref>{{cite dictionary |entry=parenthetical |entry-url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/parenthetical |title=The Free Online Dictionary |access-date=13 February 2013 |archive-date=6 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606122628/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/parenthetical |url-status=live}}</ref>)

In [[phonetics]], parentheses are used for indistinguishable<ref name="IPA175">IPA ''Handbook'' p. 175</ref> or unidentified utterances. They are also seen for silent articulation (mouthing),<ref name="IPA191">IPA ''Handbook'' p. 191</ref> where the expected phonetic transcription is derived from lip-reading, and with periods to indicate silent pauses, for example {{IPA|(...)}} or {{IPA|(2 sec)}}.

In some languages, such as the Nicodemus orthography for [[Coeur d'Alene language#Orthography|Coeur d’Alene]], parentheses are used as phonemic symbols instead of punctuation.

====Enumerations====
An unpaired right parenthesis is often used as part of a label in an ordered list, such as this one:
{{blockquote|<poem>
a) [[education]]al testing,
b) technical writing and diagrams,
c) [[market research]], and
d) [[elections]].</poem>}}

====Accounting====
Traditionally in [[accounting]], [[Contra account|contra amounts]] are placed in parentheses. A debit balance account in a series of credit balances will have parentheses and vice versa.

====Parentheses in mathematics====
{{Main|Glossary of mathematical symbols#Parentheses|Bracket (mathematics)}}

Parentheses are used in [[mathematical notation]] to indicate grouping, often inducing a different [[order of operations]]. For example: in the usual order of algebraic operations, {{math|4 × 3 + 2}} equals 14, since the [[multiplication]] is done before the [[addition]]. However, {{math|4 × (3 + 2)}} equals 20, because the parentheses override normal precedence, causing the addition to be done first. Some authors follow the convention in mathematical equations that, when parentheses have one level of nesting, the inner pair are parentheses and the outer pair are square brackets. Example:

{{bi|<math>[4 \times (3 + 2)]^2 = 400.</math>}}

====Parentheses in programming languages====
Parentheses are included in the syntaxes of many [[programming language]]s. Typically needed to denote an argument; to tell the compiler what data type the method/function needs to look for first in order to initialise. In some cases, such as in [[LISP]], parentheses are a fundamental construct of the language. They are also often used for scoping functions and operators and for arrays. In [[syntax diagram]]s they are used for grouping, such as in [[extended Backus–Naur form]].

In Mathematica and the Wolfram language, parentheses are used to indicate grouping{{snd}}for example, with pure anonymous functions.

====Taxonomy====
If it is desired to include the [[subgenus]] when giving the [[scientific name]] of an animal species or [[subspecies]], the subgenus's name is provided in parentheses between the [[generic epithet|genus name]] and the [[specific epithet]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature |title=Names of subgenera |url=https://code.iczn.org/chapter-2-the-number-of-words-in-the-scientific-names-of-animals/article-6-interpolated-names/?frame=1 |website=International Code of Zoological Nomenclature |access-date=6 June 2021 |year=2012 |edition=4th |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607005720/https://code.iczn.org/chapter-2-the-number-of-words-in-the-scientific-names-of-animals/article-6-interpolated-names/?frame=1 |url-status=live}}</ref> For instance, ''Polyphylla'' (''Xerasiobia'') ''alba'' is a way to cite the species ''Polyphylla alba'' while also mentioning that it is in the subgenus ''Xerasiobia''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Welter-Schultes |first1=Francisco W. |title=Guidelines for the Capture and Management of Digital Zoological Names Information |date=March 2013 |publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |location=Copenhagen |isbn=9788792020444 |url=http://www.gbif.org/document/80625 |chapter=1.4.5.4 Species |pages=14–15}}</ref> There is also a convention of citing a subgenus by enclosing it in parentheses after its genus, e.g., ''Polyphylla'' (''Xerasiobia'') is a way to refer to the subgenus ''Xerasiobia'' within the genus ''Polyphylla''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Welter-Schultes |first1=Francisco W. |title=Guidelines for the Capture and Management of Digital Zoological Names Information |date=March 2013 |publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility |location=Copenhagen |isbn=9788792020444 |url=http://www.gbif.org/document/80625 |chapter=1.4.5.3 Genera |page=14}}</ref> Parentheses are similarly used to cite a subgenus with the name of a [[prokaryotic]] species, although the [[International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes]] (ICNP) requires the use of the abbreviation "subgen". as well, e.g., ''Acetobacter'' (subgen. ''Gluconoacetobacter'') ''liquefaciens''.<ref>{{cite journal |editor1-last=Parker |editor1-first=Charles T. |editor2-last=Tindall |editor2-first=Brian J. |editor3-last=Garrity |editor3-first=George M. |title=International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes: Prokaryotic Code (2008 Revision) |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |date=2019 |volume=69 |issue=1A |page=S19 |doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.000778 |pmid=26596770 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

====Chemistry====
Parentheses are used in [[chemistry]] to denote a repeated substructure within a molecule, e.g. HC(CH3)3 ([[isobutane]]) or, similarly, to indicate the stoichiometry of ionic compounds with such substructures: e.g. Ca(NO3)2 ([[calcium nitrate]]).

This is a notation that was pioneered by [[Berzelius]], who wanted chemical formulae to more resemble algebraic notation, with brackets enclosing groups that could be multiplied (e.g. in 3(AlO2 + 2SO3) the 3 multiplies everything within the parentheses).{{sfn|Watts|1877|pp=140–141}}{{sfn|Ihde|1984|p=115}}

In [[chemical nomenclature]], parentheses are used to distinguish structural features and multipliers for clarity, for example in the polymer [[poly(methyl methacrylate)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=R-0.1.5 Enclosing marks |url=https://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/93/r93_61.htm |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=ACDLabs.com |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503033434/https://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/93/r93_61.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{clear right}}

==Square brackets==
{{Infobox punctuation mark
|name = Square brackets
|variant1 = [ ]
|unicode_list =
<div style="text-align:left;">
;General purpose{{br}}(half-width)<ref name="Basic Latin"/>:
:* {{unichar|005B|Left square bracket|html=}}
:* {{unichar|005D|Right square bracket|html=}}
;General purpose (full-width East Asian)<ref name="Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms" />:
:* {{unichar|FF3B|Fullwidth left square bracket|html=}}
:* {{unichar|FF3D|Fullwidth right square bracket|html=}}
{{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title=[[Mediaeval studies]]<ref name="General Punctuation"/><ref name="Supplemental Punctuation" />
|{{unichar|2045|Left square bracket with quill|html=}}
|{{unichar|2046|Right square bracket with quill|html=}}
}}
{{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title=Technical/Mathematical<ref name="Unicode Miscellaneous Technical" /><ref name="Unicode Superscripts and Subscripts"/><ref name="Unicode Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A"/><ref name="Unicode Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B"/>
|{{unichar|23A1|Left square bracket upper corner|html=}}
|{{unichar|23A2|Left square bracket extension|html=}}
|{{unichar|23A3|Left square bracket lower corner|html=}}
|{{unichar|23A4|Right square bracket upper corner|html=}}
|{{unichar|23A5|Right square bracket extension|html=}}
|{{unichar|23A6|Right square bracket lower corner|html=}}
|{{unichar|23B4|Top square bracket|html=}}
|{{unichar|23B5|Bottom square bracket|html=}}
|{{unichar|23B6|Bottom square bracket over top square bracket|html=}}
|{{unichar|27E6|Mathematical left white square bracket|html=}}
|{{unichar|27E7|Mathematical right white square bracket|html=}}
|{{unichar|298B|Left square bracket with underbar|html=}}
|{{unichar|298C|Right square bracket with underbar|html=}}
|{{unichar|298D|Left square bracket with tick in top corner|html=}}
|{{unichar|2990|Right square bracket with tick in top corner|html=}}
|{{unichar|298E|Right square bracket with tick in bottom corner|html=}}
|{{unichar|298F|Left square bracket with tick in bottom corner|html=}}
}}
{{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title=Phonetic punctuation<ref name="Unicode Phonetic Punctuation"/>
|{{unichar|2E55|Left square bracket with stroke|html=}}
|{{unichar|2E56|Right square bracket with stroke|html=}}
|{{unichar|2E57|Left square bracket with double stroke|html=}}
|{{unichar|2E58|Right square bracket with double stroke|html=}}
}}
{{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title=Quotation (East-Asian texts)<ref name="CJK Symbols and Punctuation"/>
|{{unichar|301A|Left white square bracket|html=}}
|{{unichar|301B|Right white square bracket|html=}}
}}
</div>
}}
{{Wiktionary pipe|square bracket||Unsupported titles/Square brackets|<nowiki>[ ]</nowiki>|Unsupported titles/Right square bracket|<nowiki>[</nowiki>|Unsupported titles/Left square bracket|<nowiki>]</nowiki>|crotchet|}}
{{char|[}} and {{char|]}} are ''square brackets'' in both British and American English, but are also more simply ''brackets'' in the latter.{{sfn|Pointon|Clark|2014|p=406}}{{sfn|McArthur|McArthur|2005}}
An older name for these brackets is "crotchets".<ref>Smith, John. ''The Printer's Grammar'' p. 84.</ref>

===Uses of [ ]===
Square brackets are often used to insert explanatory material or to mark where a [word or] passage was omitted from an original material by someone other than the original author, or to mark modifications in quotations.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Chicago Manual of Style |edition=15th |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |date=2003 |at=§6.104}}</ref> In transcribed interviews, sounds, responses and reactions that are not words but that can be described are set off in square brackets — "... [laughs] ...".

When quoted material is in any way altered, the alterations are enclosed in square brackets within the quotation to show that the quotation is not exactly as given, or to add an [[annotation]].<ref>{{cite book |title=California Style Manual |at=§4:59 |edition=4th}}</ref> For example: ''The Plaintiff asserted his cause is just, stating,''
{{blockquote|[m]y causes is [[sic|{{bracket|''sic''}}]] just.}}
In the original quoted sentence, the word "my" was capitalised: it has been modified in the quotation given and the change signalled with brackets. Similarly, where the quotation contained a grammatical error (is/are), the quoting author signalled that the error was in the original with "[''sic'']" (Latin for 'thus').

A bracketed [[ellipsis]], [...], is often used to indicate omitted material: "I'd like to thank [several unimportant people] for their tolerance [...]"<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bartleby.com/68/60/960.html |first=Kenneth G. |last=Wilson |work=The Columbia Guide to Standard American English |date=1993 |title=Brackets (Square, Angle) |publisher=Columbia University Press |via=Bartleby.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080524214802/http://www.bartleby.com/68/60/960.html |archive-date=24 May 2008}}</ref>
Bracketed comments inserted into a quote indicate where the original has been modified for clarity: "I appreciate it [the honor], but I must refuse", and "the future of psionics [see definition] is in doubt". Or one can quote the original statement "I hate to do laundry" with a (sometimes grammatical) modification inserted: He "hate[s] to do laundry".

Additionally, a small letter can be replaced by a capital one, when the beginning of the original printed text is being quoted in another piece of text or when the original text has been omitted for succinctness— for example, when referring to a [[wikt:verbose|verbose]] original: "To the extent that policymakers and elite opinion in general have made use of economic analysis at all, they have, as the saying goes, done so the way a drunkard uses a lamppost: for support, not illumination", can be quoted succinctly as: "[P]olicymakers [...] have made use of economic analysis [...] the way a drunkard uses a lamppost: for support, not illumination." When nested parentheses are needed, brackets are sometimes used as a substitute for the inner pair of parentheses within the outer pair.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Chicago Manual of Style |edition=15th |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |date=2003 |at=§6.102, §6.106}}</ref> When deeper levels of nesting are needed, convention is to alternate between parentheses and brackets at each level.

Alternatively, empty square brackets can also indicate omitted material, usually single letter only. The original, "Reading is also a process and it also changes you." can be rewritten in a quote as: It has been suggested that reading can "also change[] you".<ref>{{cite web |url= https://depts.washington.edu/engl/askbetty/changing_quotations.php |title=How to Integrate Direct Quotations into Your Writing |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210908042208/https://depts.washington.edu/engl/askbetty/changing_quotations.php |archive-date=8 September 2021 |publisher=University of Washington |date=2004 |work=Depts.Washington.edu}}</ref>

In translated works, brackets are used to signify the same word or phrase in the original language to avoid ambiguity.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Chicago Manual of Style |edition=15th |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |date=2003 |at=§6.105}}</ref>
For example: ''He is trained in the way of the open hand [karate].''

[[Style guide|Style and usage guides]] originating in the [[News media#History|news industry of the twentieth century]], such as the ''[[AP Stylebook]]'', recommend against the use of square brackets because "They cannot be transmitted over [[List of wire services|news wires]]."<ref name="AP2014">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Christian |editor-first=Darrell |editor-link=openlibrary:authors/OL7512788A |editor-last2=Froke |editor-first2=Paula Marie |editor-link2=openlibrary:authors/OL8932325A |editor-last3=Jacobsen |editor-first3=Sally A. |editor-link3=Sally Jacobsen |editor-last4=Minthorn |editor-first4=David |editor-link4=openlibrary:authors/OL7512789A |encyclopedia=[[AP Stylebook|Associated Press Stylebook]] 2014 |entry=brackets <nowiki>[]</nowiki> |version=Chapter "Punctuation Guide" |entry-url= https://archive.org/details/associatedpresss2014unse_l3a7/page/289/mode/1up |edition=49th |date=2014 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |location=New York |isbn=9780917360589 |oclc=881182354 |lccn=2002249088 |page=289}}</ref> However, this guidance has little relevance outside of the technological constraints of the industry and era.

In linguistics, [[phonetic transcription]]s are generally enclosed within square brackets,<ref>{{cite book |title=The Chicago Manual of Style |edition=15th |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |date=2003 |at=§6.107}}</ref> whereas [[phonemic]] transcriptions typically use paired [[Slash (punctuation)|slash]]es, according to [[International Phonetic Alphabet#Brackets and transcription delimiters|International Phonetic Alphabet]] rules. Pipes (| |) are often used to indicate a [[Morphophoneme|morphophonemic]] rather than phonemic representation. Other conventions are double slashes (⫽ ⫽), double pipes (‖ ‖) and curly brackets ({ }).

In [[lexicography]], square brackets usually surround the section of a dictionary entry which contains the [[etymology]] of the word the entry defines.

====Proofreading====
Brackets (called ''move-left symbols'' or ''move right symbols'') are added to the sides of text in [[proofreading]] to indicate changes in indentation:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:15%; text-align:left;"| Move left
| style="width:85%; text-align:left;"| [To Fate I sue, of other means bereft, the only refuge for the wretched left.
|-
! style="width:15%; text-align:left;"| Centre
| style="width:85%; text-align:left;"| ]Paradise Lost[
|-
! style="width:15%; text-align:left;"| Move up
| style="width:85%; text-align:left;"| [[File:Quote to be Moved Up.svg|330px|class=skin-invert-image]]
|}

Square brackets are used to denote parts of the text that need to be checked when preparing drafts prior to finalising a document.

====Law====
Square brackets are used in some countries in the citation of [[law report]]s to identify parallel citations to non-official reporters. For example:
{{blockquote|''Chronicle Pub. Co. v [[Superior Court]]'' (1998) 54 Cal.2d 548, [7 Cal.Rptr. 109]}}
In some other countries (such as [[England and Wales]]), square brackets are used to indicate that the year is part of the citation and parentheses are used to indicate the year the judgment was given. For example:
{{blockquote|''National Coal Board v England'' [1954] AC 403}}
This case is in the 1954 volume of the Appeal Cases reports, although the decision may have been given in 1953 or earlier. Compare with:
{{blockquote|(1954) 98 Sol Jo 176}}
This citation reports a decision from 1954, in volume 98 of the ''[[Solicitors Journal]]'' which may be published in 1955 or later.

They often denote points that have not yet been agreed to in legal drafts and the year in which a report was made for certain [[case law]] decisions.

====Square brackets in mathematics====
{{main|Glossary of mathematical symbols#Square brackets}}
Brackets are used in [[mathematics]] in a variety of notations, including standard notations for [[commutator]]s, the [[Floor and ceiling functions|floor function]], the [[Lie bracket of vector fields|Lie bracket]], [[Equivalence class#Notation and formal definition|equivalence classes]], the [[Iverson bracket]], and [[Matrix (mathematics)|matrices]].

Square brackets may be used exclusively or in combination with parentheses to represent [[interval (mathematics)|interval]]s as ''interval notation''.{{sfn|Achatz|Anderson|2005|pp=165–166}} For example, {{math|[0,5]}} represents the set of real numbers from 0 to 5 inclusive. Both parentheses and brackets are used to denote a ''half-open'' interval; {{closed-open|5, 12}} would be the set of all real numbers between 5 and 12, including 5 but not 12. The numbers may come as close as they like to 12, including 11.999 and so forth, but 12.0 is not included. In some European countries, the notation {{math|[5, 12[}} is also used.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Halboffenes Intervall |url=https://www.mathe-lexikon.at/mengenlehre/intervalle/halboffenes-intervall.html |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=www.mathe-lexikon.at |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Intervall Mathe • alle Arten & Schreibweisen |url=https://studyflix.de/mathematik/intervall-mathe-4398 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=Studyflix |language=de}}</ref> The endpoint adjoining the square bracket is known as ''closed'', whereas the endpoint adjoining the parenthesis is known as ''open''.{{sfn|Achatz|Anderson|2005|pp=165–166}}

In [[group theory]] and [[ring theory]], brackets denote the [[commutator]]. In group theory, the commutator {{math|[{{mvar|g}}, {{mvar|h}}]}} is commonly defined as {{math|{{mvar|g}} −1 {{mvar|h}} −1 {{mvar|g}} {{mvar|h}} }}. In ring theory, the commutator {{math|[{{mvar|a}}, {{mvar|b}}]}} is defined as {{math|{{mvar|a}} {{mvar|b}} − {{mvar|b}} {{mvar|a}} }}.

====Chemistry====
Square brackets can also be used in [[chemistry]] to represent the [[concentration]] of a [[chemical substance]] in solution and to denote charge a Lewis structure of an ion (particularly distributed charge in a [[Complex (chemistry)|complex ion]]), repeating chemical units (particularly in polymers) and transition state structures, among other uses.

====Square brackets in programming languages====
Brackets are used in many computer [[programming language]]s, primarily for [[array data structure|array]] indexing. But they are also used to denote general tuples, sets and other structures, just as in mathematics. There may be several other uses as well, depending on the language at hand. In [[syntax diagram]]s they are used for optional portions, such as in [[extended Backus–Naur form]].

===Double brackets ⟦ ⟧===
'''Double brackets''' (or white square brackets or Scott brackets (named after [[Dana Scott]])), {{Char|⟦}} {{Char|⟧}}, are used to indicate the ''semantic evaluation function'' in [[formal semantics (linguistics)|formal semantics]] for natural language and [[denotational semantics]] for programming languages.<ref>Dowty, D., Wall, R. and Peters, S.: 1981, Introduction to Montague semantics, Springer.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Scott |first1=D. |last2=Strachey |first2=C. |date=1971 |title=Toward a Mathematical Semantics for Computer Languages |publisher=Oxford University Computing Laboratory, Programming Research Group}}</ref> In the [[Wolfram Language]], double brackets, either as iterated single brackets ({{not a typo|[[}}) or ligatures (〚) are used for [[Array index|list indexing]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Wolfram Research |title=Part, Wolfram Language function |work=Reference.Wolfram.com |date=2014 |orig-year=1988 |url= https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Part.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230331205319/https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Part.html |archive-date=31 March 2023 |quote=In StandardForm and InputForm, ''expr''{{brackets|''spec''}} can be input as ''expr''〚''spec''〛.}}</ref>

The brackets stand for a function that maps a linguistic expression to its "denotation" or semantic value. In mathematics, double brackets may also be used to denote [[Interval (mathematics)#Integer intervals|intervals of integers]] or, less often, the [[Floor and ceiling functions|floor function]]. In papyrology, following the [[Leiden Conventions]], they are used to enclose text that has been deleted in antiquity.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://papyri.info/docs/leiden_plus#leiden-double-square-brackets-- |website=Papyri.info |title=Text Leiden+ Documentation |access-date=5 March 2020 |archive-date=24 February 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200224062541/http://papyri.info/docs/leiden_plus#leiden-double-square-brackets-- |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Lenticular brackets【】===
{{Wiktionary|【 】}}
Some [[East Asia]]n languages use lenticular brackets {{Char|【}} {{Char|】}}, a combination of square brackets and round brackets. In [[Chinese language|Chinese]], they are called {{linktext|lang=zh|方頭括號}} ({{translit|zh|fāngtóu kuòhào}}) and in [[Japanese language|Japanese]], {{wikt-lang|ja|隅付き括弧}} ({{translit|ja|sumitsuki kakko}}). They are used in titles and headings in both Chinese<ref>{{citation |title=GB/T 15834-2011 标点符号用法 (General rules for punctuation) |date=10 December 2011 |at=4.9.3.3, 4.9.3.5}}</ref> and Japanese. On the Internet, they are used to emphasise a text. In Japanese, they are most frequently seen in dictionaries for quoting Chinese characters and Sino-Japanese loanwords.

===Floor ⌊ ⌋ and ceiling ⌈ ⌉ corner brackets===
{{Infobox punctuation mark
|name = Floor and ceiling
|variant1 = ⌈''ceiling''⌉
|variant2 = ⌊''floor''⌋
|unicode_list =
<div style="text-align:left;">
;Ceilings and floors<ref name="Unicode Miscellaneous Technical"/>:
:* {{unichar|2308|Left ceiling|html=}}
:* {{unichar|2309|Right ceiling|html=}}
:* {{unichar|230A|Left floor|html=}}
:* {{unichar|230B|Right floor|html=}}
</div>
}}
{{Wiktionary|⌊ ⌋|⌈ ⌉}}
The floor corner brackets {{char|⌊}} {{char|⌋}} and ceiling corner brackets {{char|⌈}} {{char|⌉}} are used to denote the integer [[floor and ceiling functions]] in mathematics.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

===Quine corners ⌜⌝ and half brackets ⸤ ⸥ or ⸢ ⸣===
The Quine corners {{char|⌜}} and {{char|⌝}} have at least two uses in [[mathematical logic]]: either as [[quasi-quotation]], a generalisation of quotation marks, or to denote the [[Gödel number]] of the enclosed [[Expression (mathematics)|expression]].

Half brackets are used in English to mark added text, such as in translations: "Bill saw ⸤her⸥".

In editions of [[papyrology|papyrological]] texts, half brackets, ⸤ and ⸥ or ⸢ and ⸣, enclose text which is lacking in the papyrus due to damage, but can be restored by virtue of another source, such as an ancient quotation of the text transmitted by the papyrus.<ref>M.L. West (1973) ''Textual Criticism and Editorial Technique'' (Stuttgart) 81.</ref> For example, [[Callimachus]] ''Iambus'' 1.2 reads: "{{lang|grc|ἐκ τῶν ὅκου βοῦν κολλύ⸤βου π⸥ιπρήσκουσιν}}". A hole in the papyrus has obliterated "{{lang|grc|βου π}}", but these letters are supplied by an ancient commentary on the poem. Second intermittent sources can be between ⸢ and ⸣. Quine corners are sometimes used instead of half brackets.<ref name="Unicode Miscellaneous Technical" />

===Brackets with quills ⁅ ⁆===
Known as "spike parentheses" ({{langx|sv|piggparenteser}}), {{code|⁅}} and {{code|⁆}} are used in Swedish [[bilingual dictionary|bilingual dictionaries]] to enclose supplemental constructions.<ref>Examples may be found under the corresponding entry at [[:sv:Parentes#Piggparenteser ⁅ ⁆|:sv:Parentes]].</ref>

{{clear}}

==Curly brackets==
{{Infobox punctuation mark
|name = Curly brackets
|variant1 = { }
|unicode_list =
<div style="text-align:left;">
;General (half width)<ref name="Basic Latin" />:
:* {{unichar|007B|Left curly bracket|html=}}
:* {{unichar|007D|Right curly bracket|html=}}
;General (full-width East Asian)<ref name="Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms" />:
:* {{unichar|FF5B|Fullwidth left curly bracket|html=}}
:* {{unichar|FF5D|Fullwidth right curly bracket|html=}}
{{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title=Technical/Mathematical (half-width)<ref name="Unicode Miscellaneous Technical" /><ref name="Unicode Superscripts and Subscripts"/><ref name="Unicode Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A"/><ref name="Unicode Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B"/>
|{{unichar|23A7|Left curly bracket upper hook|html=}}
|{{unichar|23A8|Left curly bracket middle piece|html=}}
|{{unichar|23A9|Left curly bracket lower hook|html=}}
|{{unichar|23AB|Right curly bracket upper hook|html=}}
|{{unichar|23AC|Right curly bracket middle piece|html=}}
|{{unichar|23AD|Right curly bracket lower hook|html=}}
|{{unichar|23AA|Curly bracket extension|html=}}
|{{unichar|23B0|Upper left or lower right curly bracket section|html=}}
|{{unichar|23B1|Upper right or lower left curly bracket section|html=}}
|{{unichar|23DE|Top curly bracket|html=}}
|{{unichar|23DF|Bottom curly bracket|html=}}
}}
{{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title=[[Dingbat]]s<ref name="Unicode Dingbats"/>
|{{unichar|2774|Medium left curly bracket ornament|html=}}
|{{unichar|2775|Medium right curly bracket ornament|html=}}
}}
</div>
}}
{{char|{}} and {{char|}}} are ''curly brackets'' or ''braces'' in both American and British English.{{sfn|Pointon|Clark|2014|p=406}}{{sfn|McArthur|McArthur|2005}}

===Uses of { }===
[[File:Curly Bracket Notation.png|thumb|upright=0.5|An example of curly brackets used to group sentences together|class=skin-invert-image]]
Curly brackets are used by text editors to mark editorial insertions<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ypA27dtL0-oC&pg=PA6 |page=6 |title=Medieval Hebrew Poetry in Muslim Egypt: The Secular Poetry of the Karaite Poet Moses Ben Abraham Dar'i |series=Karaite Texts and Studies |volume=3 |editor1-first=Joachim J.M.S. |editor1-last=Yeshaya |publisher=Brill |year=2010 |isbn=9789004191303}}</ref> or interpolations.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9yG9ZB0waQsC&pg=PA1053 |page=1053 |title=Textual Evidence and Commentary |volume=5 |series=The Collected Poetry of Robinson Jeffers |editor1-first=Tim |editor1-last=Hunt |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1988 |isbn=9780804738170}}</ref>

Braces used to be used to connect multiple lines of poetry, such as triplets in a poem of rhyming [[couplet]]s,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0eRtOqjNMxEC&pg=PA122 |page=122 |title=The Poetry Handbook |first=John |last=Lennard |edition=2 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2006 |isbn=9780191532733}}</ref> although this usage had gone out of fashion by the 19th century.{{sfn|Robertson|1785|p=143}}{{sfn|Wilson|1850|p=165}}

Another older use in prose was to eliminate duplication in lists and tables.{{sfn|Wilson|1850|p=165}}
Two examples here from [[Charles Hutton]]'s 19th century table of weights and measures in his ''A Course of Mathematics'':
<blockquote style="border:1px solid; padding:0.5em;">
{| cellpadding=0; cellspacing=0;
|+ In this kingdom{{sfn|Hutton|1836|p=18}}
|-
| rowspan="5" | The standard of ... || rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:middle" | <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:1.25em;">
⎧
⎪
⎨
⎪
⎩
</div>
|| Length is a Yard.
|-
| Surface is a Square Yard, the {{frac|1|4840}} of an Acre.
|-
| ⎰ Solidity is a Cubic Yard.
|-
| ⎱ Capacity is a Gallon.
|-
| Weight is a Pound.
|}
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="border:1px solid; padding:0.5em;">
{| cellpadding=0; cellspacing=0;
|+ Imperial measure of CAPACITY for coals, culm, lime, fish, potatoes, fruit,– and other goods commonly sold by ''heaped measure'':{{sfn|Hutton|1836|p=20}}
|-
| 2 Gallons || = 1 Peck || = 764 || ⎱
| rowspan = "2" | Cubic Inches, nearly
|-
| 8 Gallons || = 1 Bushel || = {{frac|2813|1|2}} || ⎰
|-
| 3 Bushels || = 1 Sack || = {{frac|4|8|9}} || ⎱
| rowspan = "2" | Cubic Feet, nearly
|-
| 12 Sacks || = 1 Chald. || = {{frac|58|2|3}} || ⎰
|}
</blockquote>

As an extension to the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA), [[International Phonetic Alphabet#Brackets and transcription delimiters|braces are used for prosodic notation]].

====Music====
In music, they are known as "[[Accolade (notation)|accolades]]" or "[[Brace (music)|braces]]", and connect two or more lines (staves) of music that are played simultaneously.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.decodeunicode.org/u%2B007B |title=U+007B LEFT CURLY BRACKET |website=DecodeUnicode.org |access-date=3 May 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081202121802/http://www.decodeunicode.org/u%2B007B |archive-date=2 December 2008}}</ref>

==== Chemistry ====
The use of braces in chemistry is an old notation that has long since been superseded by subscripted numbers.{{sfn|Watts|1877|pp=140–141}}
The chemical formula for water, H2O, was represented as <math chem>\left . \ce{{H}\atop{H}} \right \} \ce{O}</math>.{{sfn|Watts|1877|pp=140–141}}

{{clear left}}

====Curly brackets in programming languages====
{{See also|Bracing style}}
In many programming languages, curly brackets enclose groups of [[Statement (programming)|statement]]s and create a local [[Scope (computer science)|scope]]. Such languages ([[C (programming language)|C]], C#, C++ and many others) are therefore called [[curly bracket language]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.riedquat.de/prog/style |title=Brace and Indent Styles and Code Convention |work=Programming with Style |via=Riedquat.de |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924070732/http://www.riedquat.de/prog/style |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> They are also used to define structures and [[enumerated type]] in these languages.

In various [[Unix shell]]s, they enclose a group of strings that are used in a process known as ''brace expansion'', where each successive string in the group is interpolated at that point in the command line to generate the command-line's final form.{{sfn|Newham|Rosenblatt|1998|p=14}}
The mechanism originated in the [[C shell]] and the string generation mechanism is a simple interpolation that can occur anywhere in a command line and takes no account of existing filenames.{{sfn|Sobell|Seebach|2005|p=323}}

In [[syntax diagram]]s they are used for repetition, such as in [[extended Backus–Naur form]].

In the [[Z notation|Z]] [[formal specification]] language, braces define a set.

====Curly brackets in mathematics====
{{main|Glossary of mathematical symbols#Braces}}
In [[mathematics]] they delimit [[Set (mathematics)|set]]s, in what is called ''set notation''.{{sfn|Biggs|2002}}
Braces enclose either a literal list of set elements, or a rule that defines the set elements.{{sfn|Biggs|2002}}
For example:
*{{math|1=S = <nowiki>{</nowiki>{{mvar|a}}, {{mvar|b}}<nowiki>}</nowiki>}} defines a set {{mvar|S}} containing {{mvar|a}} and {{mvar|b}}.{{sfn|Biggs|2002}}
*{{math|1=S = <nowiki>{</nowiki>{{mvar|x}} <nowiki>|</nowiki> {{mvar|x}} > 0<nowiki>}</nowiki>}} defines a set {{mvar|S}} containing elements (implied to be numbers) {{math|{{mvar|x}}0}}, {{math|{{mvar|x}}1}}, and so on where every {{math|{{mvar|x}}{{mvar|n}}}} satisfies the rule that it is greater than zero.{{sfn|Biggs|2002}}

They are often also used to denote the [[Poisson bracket]] between two quantities.

In [[ring theory]], braces denote the [[anticommutator]] where {{math|<nowiki>{</nowiki>{{mvar|a}}, {{mvar|b}}<nowiki>}</nowiki>}} is defined as {{math|{{mvar|a}} {{mvar|b}} + {{mvar|b}} {{mvar|a}} }}.

{{Wiktionary pipe|curly bracket||brace||Unsupported titles/Curly brackets|<nowiki>{ }</nowiki>|Unsupported titles/Right curly bracket|<nowiki>{</nowiki>|Unsupported titles/Left curly bracket|<nowiki>}</nowiki>|squiggly||accolade|}}
{{clear}}

==Angle brackets==
{{Redirect|Angle bracket|a mechanical part used for joining|Angle bracket (fastener)}}
{{More citations needed section|date=November 2012}}
{{Infobox punctuation mark
|name = Angle brackets
|variant1 = ⟨ ⟩
|caption1 = Angle brackets (BE&AE){{sfn|Pointon|Clark|2014|p=406}}
|variant2 = ⟪ ⟫
|caption2 = Angle brackets (BE&AE){{sfn|Pointon|Clark|2014|p=406}}
|variant3 = < >
|caption3 = less-than and greater-than
|unicode_list =
<div style="text-align:left;">
;Less/greater than (half width)<ref name="Basic Latin" />:
:* {{unichar|003C|Less-than sign|html=}}
:* {{unichar|003E|Greater-than sign|html=}}
;Less/greater than (full-width East Asian)<ref name="Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms" />:
:*{{unichar|FF1C|Fullwidth less-than sign|html=}}
:*{{unichar|FF1E|Fullwidth greater-than sign|html=}}
{{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title=Technical/Mathematical (half-width)<ref name="Unicode Miscellaneous Technical" /><ref name="Unicode Superscripts and Subscripts"/><ref name="Unicode Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A"/><ref name="Unicode Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B"/>
|{{unichar|2329|Left-pointing angle bracket|html=}}{{efn|name=lang-rang}}
|{{unichar|232A|Right-pointing angle bracket|html=}}{{efn|name=lang-rang}}
|{{unichar|27E8|Mathematical left angle bracket|html=}}{{efn|name=lang-rang}}
|{{unichar|27E9|Mathematical right angle bracket|html=}}{{efn|name=lang-rang}}
|{{unichar|27EA|Mathematical left double angle bracket|html=}}
|{{unichar|27EB|Mathematical right double angle bracket|html=}}
|{{unichar|2991|Left angle bracket with dot|html=}}
|{{unichar|2992|Right angle bracket with dot|html=}}
|{{unichar|29FC|Left-pointing curved angle bracket|html=}}
|{{unichar|29FD|Right-pointing curved angle bracket|html=}}
}}
{{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title=Quotation (fullwidth East-Asian texts)<ref name="CJK Symbols and Punctuation"/>
|{{unichar|3008|Left angle bracket|html=}}
|{{unichar|3009|Right angle bracket|html=}}
|{{unichar|300A|Left double angle bracket|html=}}
|{{unichar|300B|Right double angle bracket|html=}}
}}
{{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title=[[Dingbat]]s<ref name="Unicode Dingbats"/>
|{{unichar|276C|Medium left-pointing angle bracket ornament|html=}}
|{{unichar|276D|Medium right-pointing angle bracket ornament|html=}}
|{{unichar|2770|Heavy left-pointing angle bracket ornament|html=}}
|{{unichar|2771|Heavy right-pointing angle bracket ornament|html=}}
|{{unichar|276E|Heavy left-pointing angle quotation mark ornament|html=}}
|{{unichar|276F|Heavy right-pointing angle quotation mark ornament|html=}}
}}
</div>
}}

The symbols {{char|&lang;}} and {{char|&rang;}} are ''angle brackets'' in both American and British English.{{sfn|Pointon|Clark|2014|p=406}}{{sfn|McArthur|McArthur|2005}} In (largely archaic) [[computer slang]], they were sometimes known as "brokets".<ref name="brocket">{{cite web |url= http://catb.org/jargon/html/B/broket.html |title=broket |work=[[The Jargon File]] |edition=ver. 4.4.7 |last1=Raymond |first1=Eric S. |via=CatB.org |access-date=13 February 2013 |archive-date=10 February 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130210033248/http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/B/broket.html |url-status=live}}</ref> They are also sometimes called ''chevrons'', but chevrons normally only point upwards or downwards.

The ASCII characters [[less-than sign]] and [[greater-than sign]] {{char|<}} and {{char|>}} are widely substituted for angle brackets. In many cases, only these substituted characters are accepted by computer programs, and the Unicode angle brackets are not recognised (for instance, in [[HTML tag]]s). The characters for "single" [[guillemet]]s (European-style single quotation marks, {{char|‹}} and {{char|›}}) are also occasionally used to indicate angle brackets, and normal guillemets (European-style double quotation marks, {{char|«}} and {{char|»}}) used when "nested" (ie, double) angle brackets are needed.

The angle brackets {{unichar|27E8}} and {{unichar|27E9}} are for mathematical use and Western languages, whereas {{unichar|3008}} and {{unichar|3009}} are [[Halfwidth and fullwidth forms|double width forms]] for East Asian languages. The angle bracket symbols at U+2329 and U+232A are deprecated in favour of the U+3008 and U+3009 East Asian angle brackets. Unicode discourages their use for mathematics and in Western texts,<ref name="Unicode Miscellaneous Technical" /> because they are canonically equivalent to the CJK code points U+300n and thus likely to render as double-width symbols.

{{notelist|refs=
<ref name="lang-rang">&lang; and &rang; were tied to the deprecated symbols U+2329 and U+232A in HTML4 and MathML2, but are being migrated to U+27E8 and U+27E9 for HTML5 and MathML3, as defined in [http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-entity-names/#diff-xhtml1 XML Entity Definitions for Characters] ({{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130127173609/http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-entity-names/#diff-xhtml1 |date=27 January 2013}}).</ref>
}}

===Shape===
Angle brackets are larger than 'less-than' and 'greater-than' signs, which in turn are larger than guillemets.

[[File:Angle brackets and less+greater signs and half guillemets in different fonts.svg|thumb|left|upright=3|class=skin-invert-image|Angle brackets, less-than/greater-than signs and single [[guillemet]]s in fonts [[Cambria (typeface)|Cambria]], [[DejaVu fonts|DejaVu]] Serif, [[Andron (typeface)|Andron]] Mega Corpus, [[Andika (typeface)|Andika]] and [[Everson Mono]]]]
{{clear left}}

===Uses of ⟨ ⟩===
Angle brackets are infrequently used to denote [[Intrapersonal communication|words that are thought]] instead of spoken, such as:

:{{angbr|What an unusual flower!}}

In [[textual criticism]], and hence in many editions of pre-modern works, chevrons denote sections of the text which are illegible or otherwise lost; the editor will often insert their own reconstruction where possible within them.<ref name="Trask">{{cite book |last1=Trask |first1=Robert Lawrence |title=The Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics |date=2000 |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |page=22 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EHeGzQ8wuLQC&pg=PA22 |chapter=Angle brackets |isbn=9781579582180 |access-date=8 August 2015 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031135122/https://books.google.com/books?id=EHeGzQ8wuLQC&pg=PA22#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

In [[linguistics]], angle brackets identify [[grapheme]]s ({{abbr|e.g.|for example}}, letters of an alphabet) or [[orthography]], as in "The English word {{IPA|/kæt/}} is spelled {{angbr|cat}}."<ref>{{cite book |last=Bauer |first=Laurie |title=The Linguistics Student's Handbook |date=2007 |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |page=99 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WsrtrmHkLvoC&pg=PA99 |chapter=Notational conventions: Brackets |isbn=9780748627592 |access-date=8 August 2015 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031135124/https://books.google.com/books?id=WsrtrmHkLvoC&pg=PA99 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sampson">{{cite book |last=Sampson |first=Geoffrey |editor-last=Allan |editor-first=Keith |title=The Routledge Handbook of Linguistics |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |page=60 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3vssCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 |chapter=Writing systems: methods for recording language |isbn=9781317513049 |access-date=8 August 2015 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031135126/https://books.google.com/books?id=3vssCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA60#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Trask" /> {{crossreference|(See [[International Phonetic Alphabet#Brackets and transcription delimiters|IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters]].)}}

In [[epigraphy]], they may be used for mechanical transliterations of a text into the Latin script.<ref name="Sampson" />

In [[Quotation mark#Chinese, Japanese and Korean quotation marks|East Asian punctuation]], angle brackets are used as [[quotation mark]]s. Angle bracket symbols are part of standard [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Korean language|Korean]] punctuation, where they generally enclose the titles of books, as: 〈 ︙ 〉 or 《 ︙ 》 for traditional [[tategaki|vertical printing]] — written in vertical lines — and as 〈 ... 〉 or 《 ... 》 for [[yokogaki|horizontal]] printing — in horizontal.

====Angle brackets in mathematics====
{{main|Glossary of mathematical symbols#⟨⟩}}
Angle brackets (or 'chevrons') are used in [[group theory]] to write [[group presentation]]s, and to denote the [[group generators|subgroup generated]] by a collection of elements. In [[set theory]], chevrons or parentheses are used to denote [[ordered pair]]s<ref>{{cite book |last=Hefferon |first=Jim |title=Linear algebra |edition=Third |url= http://joshua.smcvt.edu/linearalgebra/book_ed3.pdf |page=121 |publisher=Saint Michael's College |access-date=26 March 2021 |archive-date=3 December 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201203193951/http://joshua.smcvt.edu/linearalgebra/book_ed3.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> and other [[tuple]]s, whereas curly brackets are used for unordered sets.

====Physics and mechanics====
In physical sciences and statistical mechanics, angle brackets are used to denote an average (''[[Expected value#Notations|expected value]]'') over a set of data (ensemble average) or over time or another continuous parameter (time or space average). For example:

:<math>\left\langle V(t)^2 \right\rangle = \lim_{T\to\infty} \frac{1}{T}\int_{-\frac{T}{2}}^{\frac{T}{2}} V(t)^2\,{\rm{d}}t. </math>

In mathematical physics, especially [[quantum mechanics]], it is common to write the [[inner product]] between elements as {{math|{{bra-ket|''a''|''b''}}}}, as a short version of {{math|{{bra|''a''}}·{{ket|''b''}}}}, or {{math|{{bra|''a''}}''Ô''{{ket|''b''}}}}, where {{math|''Ô''}} is an [[Operator (physics)|operator]]. This is known as ''Dirac notation'' or ''[[bra–ket notation]]'', to note vectors from the [[dual space]]s of the Bra {{angbr|{{math|''A''{{pipe}}}} and the Ket {{math|{{pipe}}''B''}}}}. But there are [[Inner product space#Alternative definitions, notations and remarks|other notations]] used.

In [[continuum mechanics]], chevrons may be used as [[Macaulay brackets]].

====Angle brackets in programming languages====
{{Wiktionary pipe|angle bracket||⟨ ⟩||Unsupported titles/Enclosing less than greater than|< >|broket||pointy bracket||diamond bracket|}}
In [[C++]] angle brackets (actually less-than and greater-than) are used to surround arguments to [[template (C++)|template]]s. They are also used to surround the names of [[header file#C/C++|header files]]; this usage was inherited from and is also found in [[C (programming language)|C]].

In the [[Z notation|Z]] [[formal specification]] language, angle brackets define a sequence.

In [[HTML]], angle brackets (actually 'greater than' and 'less than' symbols) are used to bracket meta text. For example {{tag|b|o}} denotes that the following text should be displayed as bold. Pairs of meta text tags are required – much as brackets themselves are usually in pairs. The end of the bold text segment would be indicated by {{tag|b|c}}. This use is sometimes extended as an informal mechanism for communicating mood or tone in digital formats such as messaging, for example adding "<sighs>" at the end of a sentence.

{{clear}}

==Unicode==
Representations of various kinds of brackets in [[Unicode]] and their respective [[List of XML and HTML character entity references|HTML entities]], that are not in the infoboxes in preceding sections, are given below.

{|class="wikitable"
|+Unicode and HTML encodings for various bracket characters
|-
!scope="col"| Uses!!scope="col"| Unicode/HTML !!scope="col"| Sample

|-
|rowspan="4"| [[quasi-quotation|Quine corners]]<ref name="Unicode Miscellaneous Technical" />
| {{unichar|231C|html=}}||rowspan="2"| ⌜''quasi-quotation''⌝ ⌜''editorial notation''⌝
|-
| {{unichar|231D|html=}}
|-
| {{unichar|231E|html=}} ||rowspan="2"| ⌞''editorial notation''⌟
|-
| {{unichar|231F|html=}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| Brackets with quill
| {{unichar|2046|html=}} ||rowspan="2"| ⁅...⁆
|-
| {{unichar|2045|html=}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| Fullwidth parentheses<ref name="Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms" />
| {{unichar|FF5F|html=}} ||rowspan="2"| ｟...｠
|-
| {{unichar|FF60|html=}}
|-
| rowspan="28" | Technical/mathematical (specialised)<ref name="Unicode Miscellaneous Technical" /><ref name="Unicode Superscripts and Subscripts"/><ref name="Unicode Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A"/><ref name="Unicode Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B"/>
| {{unichar|23B8|html=}}||rowspan="2"|⎸boxed text⎹
|-
| {{unichar|23B9|html=}}
|-
| {{unichar|23E0|html=}} ||rowspan="2" style="line-height: 1 !important; text-align: center;"|
⏠ 
tortoise shell brackets 
⏡
|-
| {{unichar|23E1|html=}}
|-
| {{unichar|27C5|html=}} ||rowspan="2"| ⟅...⟆
|-
| {{unichar|27C6|html=}}
|-
| {{unichar|27D3|html=}} ||rowspan="2"| ⟓pullback...pushout⟔
|-
| {{unichar|27D4|html=}}
|-
|{{Unichar|27E6}}
| rowspan="2" |⟦...⟧
|-
|{{Unichar|27E7}}
|-
| {{unichar|27EC|html=}}||rowspan="2"| ⟬white tortoise shell brackets⟭
|-
| {{unichar|27ED|html=}}
|-
| {{unichar|2987|html=}}||rowspan="2"| ''{{math|R}}''⦇''{{math|S}}''⦈
|-
| {{unichar|2988|html=}}
|-
| {{unichar|2989|html=}}||rowspan="2"| ⦉{{math|''x'':'''Z'''}}⦊
|-
| {{unichar|298A|html=}}
|-
| {{unichar|2993|html=}}||rowspan="2"| ⦓[[Inequality (mathematics)|inequality]] sign brackets⦔
|-
| {{unichar|2994|html=}}
|-
| {{unichar|2995|html=}}||rowspan="2"| ⦕inequality sign brackets⦖
|-
| {{unichar|2996|html=}}
|-
| {{unichar|2997|html=}}||rowspan="2"| ⦗black tortoise shell brackets⦘
|-
| {{unichar|2998|html=}}
|-
| {{unichar|29D8 |html=}}||rowspan="2"| ⧘...⧙
|-
| {{unichar|29D9|html=}}
|-
| {{unichar|29DA|html=}} ||rowspan="2"| ⧚...⧛
|-
| {{unichar|29DB|html=}}
|-
|{{Unichar|301A|html=}}
| rowspan="2" |〚...〛
|-
|{{Unichar|301B|html=}}
|-
|rowspan="4"| Half brackets<ref name="Supplemental Punctuation"/>
| {{unichar|2E22|html=}}||rowspan="2"| ⸢''editorial notation''⸣
|-
| {{unichar|2E23 |html=}}
|-
| {{unichar|2E24|html=}}||rowspan="2"| ⸤''editorial notation''⸥
|-
| {{unichar|2E25|html=}}
|-
|rowspan="6"| [[Small Form Variants|Compatibility variants for CNS 11643]]<ref name="Small Form Variants"/>
| {{unichar|FE59|html=}} ||rowspan="2"| ﹙...﹚
|-
| {{unichar|FE5A|html=}}
|-
| {{unichar|FE5B |html=}} ||rowspan="2"| ﹛...﹜
|-
| {{unichar|FE5C|html=}}
|-
| {{unichar|FE5D|html=}} ||rowspan="2"| ﹝...﹞
|-
| {{unichar|FE5E |html=}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[Dingbat]]s<ref name="Unicode Dingbats"/>
| {{unichar|2772|html=}} ||rowspan="2"| ❲light tortoise shell bracket ornament❳
|-
| {{unichar|2773|html=}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[N'Ko alphabet|N'Ko]]<ref name="Supplemental Punctuation" />
| {{unichar|2E1C|html=}} ||rowspan="2"| {{script|Nkoo|⸜ߒߞߏ⸝}}
|-
| {{unichar|2E1D|html=}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[Ogham]]<ref name="Uncode Ogham">{{cite web |url= https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1680.pdf |title=Ogham Code Chart |work=The Unicode Standard |publisher=Unicode Consortium |access-date=7 February 2016 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210812013616/https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1680.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{unichar|169B|html=}}||rowspan="2"| <big>᚛ᚑᚌᚐᚋ᚜</big>
|-
| {{unichar|169C|html=}}
|-
| [[Old Hungarian alphabet|Old Hungarian]] || {{unichar|2E42|html=}}|| ⹂
|-
|rowspan="4"| [[Tibetan alphabet|Tibetan]]<ref name="Unicode Tibetan">{{cite web |url= https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0F00.pdf |title=Tibetan Code Chart |work=The Unicode Standard |publisher=Unicode Consortium |access-date=7 February 2016 |archive-date=13 April 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180413024814/http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0F00.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{unichar|0F3A |html=}} ||rowspan="2"| <big>༺དབུ་ཅན་༻</big>
|-
| {{unichar|0F3B |html=}}
|-
| {{unichar|0F3C|html=}}||rowspan="2"| <big>༼༡༢༣༽</big>
|-
| {{unichar|0F3D |html=}}
|-
|rowspan="8"| [[New Testament]] editorial marks<ref name="Supplemental Punctuation" />
| {{unichar|2E02 |html=}}||rowspan="2"| ⸂...⸃
|-
| {{unichar|2E03 |html=}}
|-
| {{unichar|2E04 |html=}} ||rowspan="2"| ⸄...⸅
|-
| {{unichar|2E05|html=}}
|-
| {{unichar|2E09|html=}}||rowspan="2"| ⸉...⸊
|-
| {{unichar|2E0A |html=}}
|-
| {{unichar|2E0C|html=}}||rowspan="2"| ⸌...⸍
|-
| {{unichar|2E0D|html=}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[Medieval studies]]<ref name="General Punctuation"/><ref name="Supplemental Punctuation" />
| {{unichar|2E26|html=}} ||rowspan="2"| ⸦crux⸧
|-
| {{unichar|2E27|html=}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |Indicate ellipsis in certain conventions for
Japanese transliteration<ref name="Supplemental Punctuation" />
|{{Unichar|2E55}}
| rowspan="2" |⹕optional ellipsis⹖
|-
|{{Unichar|2E56}}
|-
|{{Unichar|2E57}}
| rowspan="2" |⹗obligatory ellipsis⹘
|-
|{{Unichar|2E58}}
|-
|rowspan="8"| Quotation (East-Asian texts)<ref name="CJK Symbols and Punctuation" />
| {{unichar|3014 |html=}}||rowspan="2"| 〔...〕
|-
| {{unichar|3015 |html=}}
|-
| {{unichar|3016|html=}} ||rowspan="2"| 〖...〗
|-
| {{unichar|3017 |html=}}
|-
| {{unichar|3018 |html=}} ||rowspan="2"| 〘...〙
|-
| {{unichar|3019 |html=}}
|-
| {{unichar|301D |html=}} ||rowspan="2"| 〝...〞
|-
| {{unichar|301E |html=}}{{efn|name=301E}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Quotation ([[halfwidth and fullwidth forms|halfwidth]] East-Asian texts)<ref name="Unicode Miscellaneous Technical" /><ref name="Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms" />
| {{unichar|FF62 |html=}}|| rowspan="2" | ｢ｶﾀｶﾅ｣
|-
| {{unichar|FF63 |html=}}
|-
|rowspan="6"| Quotation (fullwidth East-Asian texts)<ref name="CJK Symbols and Punctuation"/>
| {{unichar|300C|html=}} ||rowspan="2"| 「表題」
|-
| {{unichar|300D|html=}}
|-
| {{unichar|300E |html=}} ||rowspan="2"| 『表題』
|-
| {{unichar|300F |html=}}
|-
| {{unichar|3010 |html=}} ||rowspan="2"| 【表題】
|-
| {{unichar|3011 |html=}}
|-
|rowspan="20"| Vertical bracket presentation forms<ref name="CJK Compatibility Forms"/><ref name="Vertical Forms"/>{{efn|name=Vertical presentation forms}}
| {{unichar|FE17 |html=}} ||rowspan="2" style="writing-mode: vertical-rl;"| ︗︙︙︘
|-
| {{unichar|FE18|html=|alias=yes}}{{efn|name=FE18}}
|-
| {{unichar|FE35|html=}}||rowspan="2" style="writing-mode: vertical-rl;"| ︵︙︙︶
|-
| {{unichar|FE36 |html=}}
|-
| {{unichar|FE37|html=}}||rowspan="2" style="writing-mode: vertical-rl;"| ︷︙︙︸
|-
| {{unichar|FE38|html=}}
|-
| {{unichar|FE39|html=}} ||rowspan="2" style="writing-mode: vertical-rl;"| ︹︙︙︺
|-
| {{unichar|FE3A |html=}}
|-
| {{unichar|FE3B |html=}} ||rowspan="2" style="writing-mode: vertical-rl;"| ︻︙︙︼
|-
| {{unichar|FE3C |html=}}
|-
| {{unichar|FE3D |html=}} ||rowspan="2" style="writing-mode: vertical-rl;"| ︽︙︙︾
|-
| {{unichar|FE3E |html=}}
|-
| {{unichar|FE3F |html=}} ||rowspan="2" style="writing-mode: vertical-rl;"| ︿︙︙﹀
|-
| {{unichar|FE40 |html=}}
|-
| {{unichar|FE41|html=}} ||rowspan="2" style="writing-mode: vertical-rl;"| ﹁︙︙﹂
|-
| {{unichar|FE42|html=}}
|-
| {{unichar|FE43 |html=}} ||rowspan="2" style="writing-mode: vertical-rl;"| ﹃︙︙﹄
|-
| {{unichar|FE44 |html=}}
|-
| {{unichar|FE47 |html=}} ||rowspan="2" style="writing-mode: vertical-rl;"| ﹇︙︙﹈
|-
| {{unichar|FE48 |html=}}
|-
|}

{{notelist|refs=
<ref name="301E">This is fullwidth version of {{unichar|2033}}. In vertical texts, {{unichar|301F}} is preferred.</ref>
<ref name="Vertical presentation forms">These characters are not used in typical documents. Instead the respective horizontal characters are used and the character that is rendered depends on the [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts#In computing|writing direction]].</ref>
<ref name="FE18">The original name of this character is "Presentation Form For Vertical Right White Lenticular {{sic|Brakcet}}". Since Unicode character names cannot be changed, this character has the corrected name as an [[Unicode alias names and abbreviations|alias]].</ref>
}}

==See also==
* [[Bracket (mathematics)]]
* [[International variation in quotation marks]]
* [[Emoticon]]
* [[Japanese typographic symbols]]
* [[Order of operations]]
* [[Triple parentheses]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms">{{cite web |url= https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFF00.pdf |title=Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms Code Chart |work=The Unicode Standard |publisher=Unicode Consortium |access-date=7 February 2016 |archive-date=22 February 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160222001703/https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFF00.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Basic Latin">{{cite web |url= https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0000.pdf |title=C0 Controls and Basic Latin Code Chart |work=The Unicode Standard |publisher=Unicode Consortium |access-date=27 February 2016 |archive-date=26 May 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160526182105/http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0000.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Unicode Superscripts and Subscripts">{{cite web |url= https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2070.pdf |title=Superscripts and Subscripts Code Chart |work=The Unicode Standard |publisher=Unicode Consortium |access-date=27 February 2016 |archive-date=13 April 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180413025550/http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2070.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Unicode Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A">{{cite web |url= https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U27C0.pdf |title=Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A Code Chart |work=The Unicode Standard |publisher=Unicode Consortium |access-date=7 February 2016 |archive-date=13 April 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180413030824/http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U27C0.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Unicode Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B">{{cite web |url= https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2980.pdf |title=Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B Code Chart |work=The Unicode Standard |publisher=Unicode Consortium |access-date=7 February 2016 |archive-date=12 November 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181112231107/https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2980.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="CJK Symbols and Punctuation">{{cite web |url= https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U3000.pdf |title=CJK Symbols and Punctuation Code Chart |work=The Unicode Standard |publisher=Unicode Consortium |access-date=7 February 2016 |archive-date=7 April 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090407061216/http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U3000.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Unicode Dingbats">{{cite web |url= https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2700.pdf |title=Dingbats Code Chart |work=The Unicode Standard |publisher=Unicode Consortium |access-date=7 February 2016 |archive-date=17 April 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180417062019/http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2700.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Supplemental Punctuation">{{cite web |url= https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2E00.pdf |title=Supplemental Punctuation Code Chart |work=The Unicode Standard |publisher=Unicode Consortium |access-date=7 February 2016 |archive-date=24 November 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211124073722/https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2E00.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="General Punctuation">{{cite web |url= https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2000.pdf |title=General Punctuation Code Chart |work=The Unicode Standard |publisher=Unicode Consortium |access-date=1 March 2016 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175510/http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2000.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Unicode Phonetic Punctuation">{{cite web |url= https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21042-phonetic%20punct.pdf |title=L2/21-042: Unicode request for phonetic punctuation & diacritics |date=11 January 2021 |first=Kirk |last=Miller |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221008021915/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21042-phonetic%20punct.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Unicode Arabic Presentation Forms">{{cite web |url= https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf |title=Arabic Presentation Forms-A Code Chart |work=The Unicode Standard |publisher=Unicode Consortium |access-date=7 February 2016 |archive-date=28 April 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140428184606/http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Unicode Miscellaneous Technical">{{cite web |url= https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2300.pdf |title=Miscellaneous Technical Code Chart |work=The Unicode Standard |publisher=Unicode Consortium |access-date=7 February 2016 |archive-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191230040331/http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2300.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Small Form Variants">{{cite web |url= https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2300.pdf |title=Small Form Variants|work=The Unicode Standard |publisher=Unicode Consortium}}</ref>
<ref name="CJK Compatibility Forms">{{cite web |url= https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE30.pdf|title=CJK Compatibility Forms|work=The Unicode Standard |publisher=Unicode Consortium}}</ref>
<ref name="Vertical Forms">{{cite web |url= https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE10.pdf|title=Vertical Forms|work=The Unicode Standard |publisher=Unicode Consortium}}</ref>
}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language|chapter=Brackets|author1-first=Thomas Burns|author1-last=McArthur|author1-link=Tom McArthur (linguist)|author2-first=Roshan|author2-last=McArthur|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|isbn=9780192806376}}
* {{cite book|title=Words: A User's Guide|author1-first=Graham|author1-last=Pointon|author2-first=Stewart|author2-last=Clark|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=9781317864295|chapter=Punctuation Guide}}
* {{cite book|title=The Cambridge Guide to Australian English Usage|author1-first=Pam|author1-last=Peters|author1-link=Pam Peters|edition=2nd|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|isbn=9781139465212}}
* {{cite encyclopaedia|encyclopaedia=A Dictionary of Chemistry and the Allied Branches of Other Sciences|volume=4|author1-first=Henry|author1-last=Watts|author1-link=Henry Watts (chemist)|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Company|year=1877|article=Notation}}
* {{cite book|title=Learning the Bash Shell|author1-first=Cameron|author1-last=Newham|author2-first=Bill|author2-last=Rosenblatt|publisher=O'Reilly Media|year=1998|isbn=9781565923478}}
* {{cite book|title=A Practical Guide to UNIX for Mac OS X Users|author1-first=Mark G.|author1-last=Sobell|author2-first=Peter|author2-last=Seebach|publisher=Prentice Hall Professional|year=2005|isbn=9780321629982}}
* {{cite book|title=Discrete Mathematics|author1-first=Norman|author1-last=Biggs|publisher=OUP Oxford|year=2002|isbn=9780198507178|chapter=Set notation}}
* {{cite book|title=The Development of Modern Chemistry|series=Dover Books on Chemistry|author1-first=Aaron J.|author1-last=Ihde|publisher=Courier Corporation|year=1984|isbn=9780486642352}}
* {{cite book|title=Technical Shop Mathematics|author1-first=Thomas|author1-last=Achatz|author2-first=John G.|author2-last=Anderson|editor1-first=Kathleen|editor1-last=McKenzie|publisher=Industrial Press|year=2005|isbn=9780831130862}}
* {{cite book|title=Treatise on English Punctuation|author1-first=John|author1-last=Wilson|edition=2nd|publisher=Published by the author|location=Boston|year=1850}}
* {{cite book|title=An Essay on Punctuation|author1-first=Joseph|author1-last=Robertson|author1-link=Joseph Robertson (priest)|publisher=J. Walter|location=London|year=1785}}
* {{cite book|title=A Course of Mathematics|volume=1|edition=11th|author1-first=Charles|author1-last=Hutton|author1-link=Charles Hutton|editor1-first=Olinthus|editor1-last=Gregory|publisher=Longman, Rees|location=London|year=1836}}
{{refend}}

* {{cite book |author-link=John Lennard |last=Lennard |first=John |title=But I Digress: The Exploitation of Parentheses in English Printed Verse |date=1991 |isbn=0198112475 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford}}
* {{cite book |last1=Turnbull |first1=Arthur T. |last2=Baird |first2=Russell N. |title=The Graphics of Communication: Typography, Layout, Design |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston |location=New York |date=1964}} States that what are depicted as brackets above are called braces and braces are called brackets. This was the terminology in US printing prior to computers.

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline|Brackets (punctuation marks)|Brackets}}
* {{wiktionary-inline|bracket}}

{{navbox punctuation}}
[[Category:Punctuation]]
[[Category:Mathematical notation]]

Payakaraopeta mandal

2026-03-24T12:00:45Z

Igortxa: adding a biography and citations...

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Payakaraopeta mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining mandal}}
}}

'''Payakaraopeta mandal''' is one of the 46 mandals in [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is part of [[Adduroad Junction revenue division]].<ref name="districts-20253112">{{Cite news |title=Andhra News:కొత్త జిల్లాలు పోలవరం, మార్కాపురం |date=2025-12-30 |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/ap-cabinet--approves-formation-of-two-new-districts/1799/125240498 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=Eenadu|lang=te}}</ref> As per census 2011,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Villages & Towns in Payakaraopeta Mandal of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/4881-payakaraopeta-visakhapatnam-andhra-pradesh.html |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> there are 1 town and 18 villages.

== Demographics ==
Payakaraopeta Mandal has total population of 93,093 as per the Census 2011 out of which 46,825 are males while 46,268 are females and the Average Sex Ratio of Payakaraopeta Mandal is 988. The total literacy rate of Payakaraopeta Mandal is 63.18%. The male literacy rate is 60.03% and the female literacy rate is 52.61%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Payakaraopeta Mandal Population, Religion, Caste Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh - Census India |url=https://www.censusindia.co.in/subdistrict/payakaraopeta-mandal-visakhapatnam-andhra-pradesh-4881 |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=www.censusindia.co.in}}</ref>

== Towns and villages ==

=== Towns ===

# [[Payakaraopeta]]

=== villages ===
#Aratlakota
#Edatam
#Gopalapatnam
#Guntapalle
#Kandipudi
#[[Kesavaram]]
#Kumarapuram
#Mangavaram
#Masahebpeta
#Namavaram
#Padalavani Laskhsmipuram
#[[Palteru]]
#Pedaramabhadrapuram
#[[Pentakota]]
#Rajavaram
#S. Narasapuram
#Satyavaram
#Srirampuram
# palmanpeta

== See also ==
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Mandals in Anakapalli district]]

Eldhose Kunnappilly

2026-03-23T05:42:21Z

Igortxa: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| name = Eldhose Kunnappilly
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Member of Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Perumbavoor (State Assembly constituency)|Perumbavoor]]
| term_start = 2 June 2016
|predecessor=[[Saju Paul]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| footnotes =
| source =
}}

'''Eldhose Kunnappilly''' is a politician from the state of [[Kerala]] in [[India]]. He is a member of [[Indian National Congress]] party.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaassembly.com/candidate/eldhose-kunnappilly/161|title=Eldhose Kunnappilly - Perumbavoor UDF Candidate Kerala Assembly Elections 2016, Votes, Lead|website=www.keralaassembly.com}}</ref> He was elected to the [[Kerala Legislature|Kerala state legislative assembly]] in 2016 from the [[Electoral district|Constituency]] of [[Perumbavoor Assembly constituency|Perumbavoor]]. He was also the District Panchayath president of [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] from 2010 to 2015.

==Controversies==
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Woman assault case: MLA Eldhose Kunnappily booked under non-bailable charges |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/10/11/sexual-harassment-case-eldhose-kunnappilly.html |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kunnappilly, Eldhose}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Kerala-INC-politician-stub}}

Naina Singh (Jathedar)

2026-03-22T14:45:17Z

Igortxa:

{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|Biography|date=July 2023}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=July 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Akali
| name = Naina Singh
| honorific_suffix = Nihang
| image = Akali Naina Singh Nihang.jpg
| caption = Jathedar Akali Baba Naina Singh Nihang
| birth_name = Narayan Singh
| birth_date = c. 1736
| birth_place = Khudi Khurd, [[Barnala]]
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| years_active =
| other_names =
| known_for = Fifth Jathedar of [[Budha Dal]]
| children =
| predecessor = [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]]
| successor = [[Akali Phula Singh]]
}}
'''Naina Singh''' ([[Floruit|fl.]] 18th century), also known as '''Narayan Singh''',<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Dilgeer |first=Harjinder Singh |title=The Sikh Reference Book |publisher=Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark |year=1997 |isbn=9780969596424 |pages=541 |quote=NAINA SINGH : - Also known as Narayan Singh, Akali Naina Singh was one of the senior most leaders of Shaheedan Misl. He is also known as the first formal Akali.}}</ref>{{Efn|Alternatively spelt as 'Narain'.|group=note}} was a [[Nihang]] warrior and fifth [[Jathedar]] of [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)|Budha Dal]] and a chief of the [[Shaheedan Misl]] during the late 18th century.<ref>[http://budhadal.com/?page_id=1011 Buddha Dal Official website]</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=H.S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries) |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2000 |isbn=9788170103011 |pages=150 |quote=NAINA SINGH: Naina Singh was the chief of the Shahid misl in the later part of the eighteenth century. His real name was Narain Singh. He is credited with the introduction of the Nihang type turban for his followers. He groomed the famous Sikh hero Akali Phula Singh and handed over the command of the Shahid misl to him.}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University |location=Patiala |year=2011 |isbn=978-81-7380-349-9 |edition=3rd |volume=3: M-R |pages=175}}</ref>

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===
Very little is known or can be assured about the early life of Naina Singh.<ref name=":3" /> He was born as Narayan Singh around 1736{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} in Khudi Kurd located in [[Barnala]] district.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> According to [[Harbans Singh]], he must have been alive in or before 1734, the year [[Baba Darbara Singh]] died, because Naina Singh had received the ''[[Amrit Sanskar|Pahul]]'' rites under the supervision of Darbara Singh.<ref name=":3" />
[[File:Fresco of Kharag Singh (left) and Naina Singh (right) from Gurdwara Baba Atal.jpg|thumb|Fresco of Kharag Singh (left) and Naina Singh (right) from Gurdwara Baba Atal]]
He was also caretaker of [[Darbar Sahib Hall|Darbar Sahib]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} He learned [[Gurbani]] and martial skills from [[Baba Deep Singh]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} He became associated with the [[Shaheedan Misl]].<ref name=":1" /> He joined Budha Dal at the age of 20, along with his nephew Nihang Kharag Singh.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} Within the Shaheedan Misl, he rose to the ranks of a junior leader headquartered at Damdama Sahib in Talwandi Sabo, located in modern-day Bathinda district.<ref name=":3" />

Naina Singh is believed to have been talented performer of ''[[kirtan]]'' [[Sikh music|music]].<ref name=":3" />

He became acquainted with a Sikh of the [[Nishanwalia Misl]] named Ishar Singh, developing a friendship.<ref name=":3" />

=== Adoption of Phula Singh ===
[[File:Fresco of Akali Naina Singh from Gurdwara Akalgarh Sahib, Dina, Punjab.jpg|thumb|Fresco of Akali Naina Singh from Gurdwara Akalgarh Sahib, Dina, Punjab<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arshi |first=Pardeep Singh |title=Sikh Architecture in Punjab |publisher=Intellectual Publishing House |year=1986 |isbn=9780836419450 |pages=132}}</ref>]]
During battle in-which the Nishanwalia and Shaheedan misls jointly partook in, Ishar Singh became mortally wounded.<ref name=":3" /> Ishar Singh was the father of two sons, with the elder child named Phula Singh.<ref name=":3" /> On his dying breath in the battlefield, Ishar Singh granted custodianship over his two sons to Naina Singh and requested the latter to take care of them.<ref name=":3" /> Naina Singh would take the two infants to Damdama Sahib and raise them.<ref name=":3" />

He was guardian of [[Akali Phula Singh]] (1761-1823) and trained him with scriptures, warfare and martial arts.<ref>[http://centralsikhmuseum.com/tag/akali-baba-naina-singh/#sthash.vXHwPofM.dpuf baba naina singh on centralsikhmuseum.com]</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2023}}<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |orig-date=October 2006 |title=Interpid Warror Akali Baba Phoola Singh |journal=The Sikh Review |volume=54 |issue=7–12 |publisher=Sikh Cultural Centre, Calcutta, India |pages=35 |quote=But before his death Ishar Singh managed to leave his young son to the affectionate care of Baba Narain Singh, popularly known as Akali Naina Singh.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Samra |first=Mandeep Kaur |title=Modern Sikh Historiography: Analysis of Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh by Baba Prem Singh Hoti |publisher=K.K. Publications |year=2004 |isbn=9788178440255 |pages=92 |quote=According to Hoti, Akali Phula Singh was born in 1761 to Bhai Isher Singh in 'Shihan' in Bangar. He lost his parents at an early age and was brought-up by Baba Naina Singh of Shahid Misl.}}</ref> Bhai Naina Singh, the uncle and the predecessor of [[Akali Phula Singh]] used [[Nihang|Akali]] as a prefix of his name.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

=== Influence on clothing ===
The unique aspects of the Nihang sect's clothing is attributed to Naina Singh traditionally.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |title=The Sikh World |last2=Mandair |first2=Arvind-Pal Singh |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=9780429848384 |series=Routledge Worlds |quote=The blue outfit and oversize turban motif are furthered by Akalis' reference to the story of Naina Singh Akali. As the standard bearer of his misl band, Naina Singh Akali found it wise to wear a turban almost as large as the battle flag so that his compatriots could see it during battle, even if the standard fell. This would also allow him to fight with both hands and embolden the spirit of the fighters around him, just as the battle standard would.}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> He is credited for introducing the tall pyramidal turban, which is common among the [[Nihang|Nihangs.]]<ref>
{{cite encyclopedia
|last=Nabha
|first=Kahn Singh
|encyclopedia=Gur Shabad Ratnakar Mahankosh
|title=Nihang
|trans-title=
|url=
|access-date=
|language=Punjabi
|edition=
|date=
|year=
|publisher=Sudarshan Press
|quote=''ਬਹੁਤ ਨਿਹੰਗ ਸਿੰਘ ਇਹ ਭੀ ਆਖਦੇ ਹਨ ਕਿ ਸ਼੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਿੰਘ ਸ੍ਵਾਮੀ ਨੇ ਸਿੰਘਾਂ ਦੇ ਸੀਸ ਦਮਾਲੇ ਦਾ ਫਂਰਹਰਾ ਨਿਸ਼ਾਨ ਦਾ ਚਿੰਨ੍ਹ ਥਾਪਿਆ, ਪਰ ਗੁਰੁਪੁਰ- ਨਿਵਾਸੀ ਵ੍ਰਿੱਧ ਵਿਵੇਕਾ ਸਿੰਘ ਦੀ ਅਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰੀ ਦੇ ਕਥਨ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਬਾਬਾ ਨੈਣਾ ਸਿੰਘ (ਨਾਰਾਇਣ ਸਿੰਘ) ਨੇ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਫ਼ੌਜ ਦੇ ਨਿਸ਼ਾਨਚੀ ਦੇ ਸਿਰ ਉੱਪਰ ਦਮਾਲਾ ਸਜਾਕੇ ਨਿਸ਼ਾਨ ਦਾ ਫਰਹਰਾ ਝੁਲਾਇਆ, ਤਾਕਿ ਉਹ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਅੱਗੇ ਨਿਸ਼ਾਨ ਦੀ ਥਾਂ ਭੀ ਹੋਵੇ ਅਤੇ ਹੱਥ ਵੇਹਲੇ ਹੋਣ ਕਰਕੇ ਸ਼ਸਤ੍ਰ ਭੀ ਚਲਾ ਸਕੇ''
}}</ref><ref>''NAINA SINGH, AKALI'': [http://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/martial-heritage/naina-singh-akali The Sikh Encyclopedia]</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2023}}<ref name=":3" /> As per Nihang lore, Naina Singh wanted to wear a [[Dastar bunga|large and tall turban]] to help make him more recognizable to his fellow warriors of his Misl, since he held the flag-bearer role in the Misl.<ref name=":0" />

=== Later life and successor ===
In his later life, he moved to Bharpurgarh village located near Amloh in present-day Patiala district.<ref name=":3" /> He was succeeded by his disciple, Phula Singh, as the next chief of the Shaheedan Misl.<ref name=":2" /> His successor Phula Singh became even more popular as an [[Nihang|Akali]].<ref name=":3" />

== Legacy ==
A [[gurdwara]] located in Bharpurgarh claims to possess clothing and musical instrument relics of Naina Singh, which they display to visitors.<ref name=":3" />

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Budha Dal Jathedars|Jassa Singh Ahluwalia||Baba Naina Singh|Akali Phula Singh|}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Nihang]]
[[Category:1730s births]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Sikh Jathedars]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian people]]

Umashree

2026-03-22T02:09:24Z

Igortxa: cleanup citations based on references and updated info

{{short description|Indian politician and actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Umashree
| honorific_suffix =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|5|10}}
| birth_name = Umashree
| birth_place = Nonavinakere, [[Tiptur]] taluk, [[Tumakuru district]], [[Karnataka]], India
| office = Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 21 August 2023
| predecessor = C. M. Lingappa
| constituency = Nominated
| office1 = Minister for Women and Child Development [[Government of Karnataka]]
| term_start1 = 20 May 2013
| term_end1 = 15 May 2018
| predecessor1 = Kalakappa G. Bandi
| successor1 = [[Jayamala]]
| office2 = Minister for Kannada and Culture [[Government of Karnataka]]
| term_start2 = 20 May 2013
| term_end2 = 15 May 2018
| predecessor2 = [[Govind M. Karjol]]
| successor2 = [[Jayamala]]
| othername =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| office3 = Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 17 May 2013
| term_end3 = 15 May 2018
| constituency3 = [[Terdal Assembly constituency|Terdal]]
| predecessor3 = Siddu Savadi
| successor3 = Siddu Savadi
| spouse =
| profession = [[Actor]] {{small|(1978–present)}} [[Politician]] {{small|(2013–present)}}
| image = Umashree.jpg
}}

'''Umashree''' (born 10 May 1957) is an Indian actress and politician. She appears in [[Kannada cinema]], particularly in character roles and supporting roles. She received the [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] for her role as Gulabi in the 2008 Kannada film ''[[Gulabi Talkies]]''.<ref name="Sify.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jo-misses-national-award-by-a-whisker-news-tamil-kkfr56ehcbh.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305152827/http://www.sify.com/movies/jo-misses-national-award-by-a-whisker-news-tamil-kkfr56ehcbh.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 March 2014 |title=Jo misses National Award by a whisker! |website=[[Sify]] |date=8 September 2009 |access-date=3 December 2011}}</ref>

In 2013, Umashree became a Member of the Legislative Assembly<ref>[http://myneta.info/karnataka2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=218 "Karnataka 2013."] Myneta website, National Election Watch. Retrieved 21 February 2014.</ref> in [[Karnataka]] in the government of [[Siddaramaiah (politician)|Siddaramaiah]] where she was the minister for women and child development,<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/writers-remarks-on-umashree-draw-flak/article5668440.ece "Writer's remarks on Umashree draw flak."] ''The Hindu'' Bangelore, 9 February 2014.</ref> empowerment of disabled and senior citizens, [[Kannada language]] and culture.<ref>Nandakumar P. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130610110108/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130518/news-politics/article/karnataka-umashree-lone-woman-minister "Karnataka: Umashree lone woman minister."] Deccan Chronicle 18 May 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2014</ref>

== Personal life ==
Umashree was born into the [[Devanga]] family.<ref>{{cite news |title=Siddharamaiah, increases Quota in Cabinet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Ahead-of-2018-polls-CM-Siddaramaiah-increases-Lingayat-quota-in-Cabinet/articleshow/52837174.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Terdal Election News |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-ex-cop-bidari-pitted-against-cine-star-umashree-at-assembly-polls-1810924}}</ref> She has two children, a daughter named Gayathri, who is a dentist, and a son named Vijayakumar, an advocate, she raised them as a single mother.

== Public office ==

Umashree participates in positive social activities such as supporting rural and disadvantaged women. She performs on stage in rural villages to highlight their needs. Her election in 2013 as the member for [[Terdal]] constituency (Congress Party) allowed Umashree to continue her work. Umashree is Minister for Women and Child Development, Kannada and Culture.

== Stage work ==
Umashree has experience in village, amateur, mythological and professional drama. Her directors have included [[Fritz Bennewitz]], [[B.V. Karanth]], [[Girish Karnad]], C. G. Krishnaswamy, and R. Nagesh. She is a member of Rangasampada amateur theatre group of [[Bangalore]].

== Film work ==

Umashree began her movie career in 1984 in a supporting role in ''Anubhava'' with [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]]. But before that she was seen in a 1980 Kannada film ''Bangarada Jinke'' directed by T S Nagabharana.

However, it [[typecasting (acting)|typecast]] her in comedy roles with a degree of [[innuendo]]. She worked with the actor N. S. Rao and later with Dinesh, Dwarakish, Mysore lokesh, Sihikahi chandru,Umesh, Ramesh bhat, Mukhyamantri Chandru, Doddanna and [[Karibasavaiah]]. Her directors included [[S. V. Rajendra Singh Babu]], Bhargava, Singeetham Srinivasa Rao, Perala, K V Raju, Vijay, Dorai Bhagavan, Dwairakish, D Rajendra babu, Dinesh Babu, V Ravichandran, Puri Jagannath and [[Yograj Bhat]].

== Television work ==
* ''Nondavara Haadu'', a documentary about [[leprosy]] directed by T. S. Ranga for Doordarshan.
* ''Hattye'', a telefilm directed by H. Girijamma for Doordarshan.
* ''Musanje'', a serial directed by T. S. Nagabarana for Udaya TV.
* ''Musanje Katha Prasanga'', a serial directed by Prakash Belawadi for ETv.
* ''Kicchu'', a serial directed by Chaitanya for ETv.
* ''Amma Ninagagi'' for ETv.
* ''Arathigobba Kirthigobba'' for Star Suvarna.
* ''Chinnara Chilipili'' for Udaya TV.
* ''[[Puttakkana Makkalu]]'' for Zee Kannada

==Partial filmography==
===Kannada films===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Bangarada Jinke]]'' (1980)...Asha's friend
* ''[[Anubhava (film)|Anubhava]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Amrutha Ghalige]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Bidugadeya Bedi]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Naanu Nanna Hendthi]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Swabhimana]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Maneye Manthralaya]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Bete (1986 film)|Bete]]'' (1986)
* ''[[27 Mavalli Circle]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Asambhava]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Ee Bandha Anubandha]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Jayasimha (1987 film)|Jayasimha]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Olavina Udugore]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Sowbhagya Lakshmi]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Digvijaya (film)|Digvijaya]]'' (1987)...Shivi
* ''[[Shanthi Nivasa]]'' (1987)
* ''Onde Goodina Hakkigalu'' (1988)
* ''[[Ramanna Shamanna]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Krishna Rukmini]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Balondu Bhavageethe]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Anjada Gandu]]'' (1988)
* ''Jana Nayaka'' (1988)
* ''[[Ranadheera]]'' (1988)
* ''Mathru Vathsalya'' (1988)...Shanti
* ''[[Hrudaya Geethe]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Hongkongnalli Agent Amar]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Ondagi Balu]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Onti Salaga]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Poli Huduga]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Doctor Krishna]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Golmaal Radhakrishna]]'' (1990)...Janaki
* ''[[Mruthyunjaya]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Nigooda Rahasya]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Rani Maharani]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Nammoora Hammera]]'' (1990)
* ''Ashoka Chakra'' (1990)...Alamelu
* ''[[Bangaradantha Maga]]'' (1991)
* ''Golmaal Part 2'' (1991)...Janaki
* ''[[Ranachandi]]'' (1991)
* ''Gruhapravesha'' (1991)
* ''[[Kollur Kala]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Neenu Nakkare Haalu Sakkare]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Sriramachandra]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Shivanaga]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Mannina Doni]]'' (1992)...Meenakshi
* ''[[Malashree Mamashree]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Sangya Balya]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Mysore Jaana]]'' (1992)...Ganga
* ''[[Server Somanna]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Kollura Sri Mookambika]]'' (1993)
* ''Bhagavan Sri Saibaba'' (1993)...Sakku
* ''[[Kotreshi Kanasu]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Jaana (film)|Jaana]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Chinna (1994 film)|Chinna]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Karulina Koogu]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Odahuttidavaru]]'' (1994)...Kamakshi
* ''[[Putnanja]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Himapatha]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Thumbida Mane]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Jeevanadhi]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Sipayi (film)|Sipayi]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Ibbara Naduve Muddina Aata]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Aadithya]]'' (1996)
* ''[[movie | Dhani ]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Muddina Kanmani]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Thayavva]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Mommaga]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Cheluva]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Kalavida]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Ellaranthalla Nanna Ganda]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Preethsod Thappa]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Viralukketha Veekkam]]'' (1999)
* ''[[O Premave (1999 film)|O Premave]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Chora Chittha Chora]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Shabdavedhi]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Krishna Leele]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Yaarige Saluthe Sambala]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Nan Hendthi Chennagidale]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Diggajaru]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Kurigalu Saar Kurigalu]]'' (2001) as Rukmini
* ''[[Ellara Mane Dosenu]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Jipuna Nanna Ganda]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Kothigalu Saar Kothigalu]]'' (2001) as Muniyamma
* ''[[Simhadriya Simha]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Thuntata (film)|Thuntata]]'' (2002) as "Lingo leela"
* ''[[Chandu (2002 film)|Chandu]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Nanjundi]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Abhi (2003 film)|Abhi]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Laali Haadu]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Neenandre Ishta]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Namma Preethiya Ramu]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Katthegalu Saar Katthegalu]]'' (2003) as Jayamma
* ''[[Mani (Kannada film)|Mani]]'' (2003)
* ''Ajju'' (2004)
* ''[[Ranga SSLC]]'' (2004) as Paaru
* ''[[Malla (film)|Malla]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Monalisa (film)|Monalisa]]'' (2004)
* ''Veeru'' (2005)
* ''[[Gopi (2006 Kannada film)|Gopi]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Chellata (film)|Chellata]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Neelakanta (film)|Neelakanta]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Suntaragaali]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Parodi (film)|Parodi]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Ekadantha]]'' (2007) as Sheela devi
* ''[[Gulabi Talkies]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Mast Maja Maadi]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Vasanthakala]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Venkata in Sankata]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Gilli (film)|Gilli]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Krishnan Love Story]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Kanasemba Kudureyaneri]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Vaare Vah]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Prema Chandrama]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Swayam Krushi (2011 film)|Swayam Krushi]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Ujwadu]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Rajadhani (2011 film)|Rajadhani]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Alemari]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Bheema Theeradalli]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna (2012 film)|Sangolli Rayanna]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Kalpana (2012 film)|Kalpana]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Rambo (2012 film)|Rambo]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Super Shastri]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Kalavu (2013 film)|Kalavu]]'' (2013)
* ''Paraari'' (2013)
* ''[[Ambareesha]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Love You Alia]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Rathnan Prapancha]]'' (2021) as Saroja
* ''[[Vedha (2022 film)|Vedha]]'' (2022) as Shankri
* ''[[Kaasina Sara]]'' (2023)
{{colend}}
* ''[[Land Lord]]'' (2026)

===Tamil films===
*''[[Naan Sonnathey Sattam]]'' (1988)
===Telugu films===
*''[[Seenu Vasanthi Lakshmi]]'' (2004)
== Awards ==

*[[2003–04 Karnataka State Film Awards|2004]] - [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for the Film, ''[[Mani (2003 film)|Mani]]''
* 2008 - [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] for the Film, ''[[Gulabi Talkies]]'' ( [[55th National Film Awards]]).
* [[67th Filmfare Awards South|2020-21]] - [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Kannada|South Filmfare Award]]s for [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Kannada|Best Supporting Actress]] for ''[[Rathnan Prapancha]]''
* [[2021 Karnataka State Film Awards|2021]] - [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for ''[[Rathnan Prapancha]]''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Umashree}}
* {{IMDb name|1138456|Umashree}}

{{National Film Award Best Actress}}
{{Karnataka State Award for Best Actress}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Best Actress National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women comedians]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Tumakuru district]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Women state cabinet ministers of India]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Women members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Members of the Karnataka Legislative Council]]

Muhammad Ghawth

2026-03-18T15:53:10Z

Igortxa: adjust formatting also and added references

{{short description|Sufi Saint from Gwalior}}
{{for|the tennis player|Ghaus Mohammad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Muhammad Ghawth
| image =
| image_caption =
| birth_name = Muhammad Ghawth Gwaliyari
| birth_date = {{birth year|1500}}
| birth_place = [[Gwalior]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death year and age|1562|1500}}
| death_place = Gwalior
| module = {{Infobox person | monuments = Tomb of Mohammad Guaz ([[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]] [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Madhya Pradesh/West|N-MP-147]]) }}
| occupation = Master of [[Sufism]], author, musician
| relatives = [[Attar of Nishapur]] (ancestor)
| successor = Ali Sher Bengali
| students = Ali Sher Bengali, [[Shah Manjhan]], [[Wajihuddin Alvi]], [[Nagore Shahul Hamid]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
}}
'''Muhammad Ghawth''' ('''Ghouse''',<ref>[http://www.shattariyah.blogspot.com/ Shattari]</ref> '''Ghaus''' or '''Gwath'''<ref>[[Idries Shah]], ''[[The Sufis]]'' {{ISBN|0-86304-020-9}} [[Octagon Press]] 1989 pp 335, 367</ref><ref>[[Idries Shah]], ''[[Tales of the Dervishes]]'' {{ISBN|0-900860-47-2}} [[Octagon Press]] 1993 pp 111-112</ref>) '''Gwaliyari''' (1500–1562) was a 16th-century [[Sufism|Sufi]] master of the [[Qadri Shattari]] order and Sufi saint, a musician,<ref name=ImagingSound>{{cite book | last=Wade | first=Bonnie C. | title=Imaging Sound: An Ethnomusicological Study of Music, Art, and Culture in Mughal India (Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology) | publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] | year=1998 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/imagingsoundethn00wade/page/113 113–115] | isbn=0-226-86840-0 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/imagingsoundethn00wade/page/113 }} See [https://books.google.com/books?id=4JGY8Yd2ChoC&dq=Muhammad+Ghaus+Tansen&pg=PA113 google book search].</ref> and the author of ''Jawahir-i Khams'' (Arabic: ''al-Jawahir al-Khams'', The Five Jewels). The book mentioning the life and miracles of Gaus named " Heaven's witness" was written by Kugle.<ref>{{Cite book|last=A. Azfar|first=Moin|url=|title=The millennial sovereign : sacred kingship and sainthood in Islam|isbn=|oclc=}}</ref>

== Biography ==

Muhammad Ghawth was born in Gwalior, India in 1500; the name Gwaliyari means "of Gwalior". One of his ancestors was [[Fariduddin Attar]] of Nishapur.<ref name=EOI>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Muḥammad G̲h̲awt̲h̲ Gwaliyārī |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |date=24 April 2012 |edition=2nd |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/muhammad-ghawth-gwaliyari-SIM_5396?s.num=326&s.start=320 |publisher=Brill |accessdate=9 October 2019}}</ref> In the preface of ''al-Jawahir al-Khams'', he states that he wrote the book when he was 25 years old. In 1549 he travelled to [[Gujarat]], when he was 50 years old. He stayed in [[Ahmedabad]] for ten years where he founded [[Ek Toda Mosque]] and preached.<ref name="Yagnik2011">{{cite book |author=Achyut Yagnik |title=Ahmedabad: From Royal city to Megacity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivMAUx6Hdl8C&pg=PT42 |date=2 February 2011 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-81-8475-473-5 |page=42}}</ref>

Ghawth translated the ''[[Amrtakunda]]'' from [[Sanskrit]] to Persian as the ''[[Bahr al-Hayat]]'' (The Ocean of Life), introducing to Sufism a set of [[yoga]] practices. According to the scholar Carl W. Ernst, in this "translation", Ghawth intentionally reframed these practices with great subtlety to identify "points of contact between the terminologies of Yoga and Sufism".<ref name="Ernst 1996">{{Cite journal |last=Ernst |first=Carl W. |title=Sufism and Yoga according to Muhammad Ghawth |journal=Sufi |volume=29 |issue=Spring 1996 |pages=9–13 |date=1996 |url=https://www.academia.edu/4416974 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908023342/http://www.unc.edu/~cernst/pdf/ghawth.pdf |archivedate=8 September 2008}}</ref>

Ghawth died in Gwalior in 1562.<ref name="Kugle 2014">{{cite book |last1=Kugle |first1=Scott |title=Sufis & Saints' Bodies |chapter=Body Refined: The Eyes of Muhammad Ghawth |chapter-url=https://northcarolina.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.5149/9780807872772_kugle/upso-9780807830819-chapter-4 |publisher=North Carolina University Press |date=July 2014 |pages=123–180 |doi=10.5149/9780807872772_kugle.10|isbn=9780807830819 }}</ref> His followers believed that he ascended to heaven and from there was able to direct help down to them; and further, that he was the "axial saint, the pivot of the universe".<ref name="Kugle 2014"/><ref name="Kugle 2003">{{cite journal |last1=Kugle |first1=Scott A. |title=Heaven's Witness: The Uses and Abuses of Muḥammad Ghawth's Mystical Ascension |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |date=2003 |volume=14 |issue=1, January 2003 |pages=1–36 |doi=10.1093/jis/14.1.1 |jstor=26199837|pmid=25373148 |pmc=4199356 }}</ref>

"Among Ghawth's disciples is Fazl Allah Shattari (also known as Shah Fazl Shattari),<ref name="SufismAndYoga">{{cite web
| last = Ernst
| first = Carl W.
| title = Sufism and Yoga according to Muhammad Ghawth
| publisher = [[University of North Carolina]]
| year = 1996
| url = http://www.unc.edu/~cernst/pdf/ghawth.pdf
| accessdate = 2009-08-05
| archive-date = 8 September 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080908023342/http://www.unc.edu/%7Ecernst/pdf/ghawth.pdf
| url-status = dead
}} Reproduced from ''Sufi'' 29 (Spring 1996), pp 9-13.</ref> who wrote a biography<ref name="LifeAndLetters">{{cite web
| editor-last = Chopra
| editor-first = Dr. Pran Nath
| title = Life and Letters Under the Mughals
| publisher = Ashajanak Publications (New Delhi)
| year = 1976
| url = http://www.archive.org/stream/lifeandlettersun020970mbp/lifeandlettersun020970mbp_djvu.txt
| accessdate = 2009-08-05}} See [http://openlibrary.org/b/OL4524565M/Life-and-letters-under-the-Mughals Open library details].</ref> or monograph<ref name="DictionaryIndoPersianLiterature">{{cite book
| last = Hadi
| first = Nabi
| authorlink =
| title = Dictionary of Indo-Persian literature
| publisher = Abhinav Publications
| year = 1998
| location =
| pages = 178–179
| isbn = 81-7017-311-6}} See [https://books.google.com/books?id=qjJmzdJFOHwC&dq=Shah+Fazl+Shattari&pg=PA178 google book search].</ref> in praise of his teacher.<ref name="DictionaryIndoPersianLiterature"/> Gwawth taught the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]] [[Humayun]].<ref name="ReadingInIndianHistory">{{cite book
| last = Yasin
| first = Mohammad
| authorlink =
| title = Reading in Indian History
| publisher = Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (New Delhi)
| year = 1988
| location =
| pages = 42
| isbn = }} No ISBN. ASIN: B0006ERVCA.</ref><ref name="EncyclopediaReligionEthics">{{cite book
| last = Hastings
| first = James (author) and Selbie, John A. (editor)
| authorlink =
| title = Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Part 21
| publisher = [[Kessinger Publishing]], LLC
| year = 2003
| location =
| pages = 69
| isbn = 0-7661-3700-7}} See [https://books.google.com/books?id=PciGnGPiOo8C&dq=Ghawth+1563&pg=PA69 google book search].</ref> Akbar's court musician [[Tansen]] was also familiar with Sufism.<ref name=ImagingSound/>
Badusha, Abdul Qadir, Shahul Hamid Meeran sahib Ganjasavoy Ganja bakhsh Ganja makhfi of nagore Tamil Nadu and Wajihudden Haidar Ali Sani Hussaini Ulvi Gujrati is also one his important disciple.
Muhammad Ghawth died in 1562 CE.<ref name="EncyclopediaReligionEthics" /> Ghawth's tomb, in [[Gwalior]] (a city in [[Madhya Pradesh]] in [[India]]), which was built in his honour by Akbar,<ref name="EncyclopediaReligionEthics" /> is a well-known tourist attraction and regarded as an excellent example of [[Mughal Architecture]]. Tansen was buried in Ghawth's tomb complex.<ref name=ImagingSound/>"

== Tomb at Gwalior ==

His tomb at [[Gwalior]] is famous of its stone lattices ([[jali]]) work.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00004-016-0316-6 | doi=10.1007/s00004-016-0316-6 | title=Nonperiodic Octagonal Patterns from a Jali Screen in the Mausoleum of Muhammad Ghaus in Gwalior and Their Periodic Relatives | date=2017 | last1=Makovicky | first1=Emil | last2=Makovicky | first2=Nicolette M. | journal=Nexus Network Journal | volume=19 | pages=101–120 }}</ref> The entire structure is
enclosed on all sides by the elaborately and delicately carved stone lattice work.<ref>[https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2105051.pdf Jaalis Lattice Screens of India, Asavari Mohdiwale, Smita Agrawal, JETIR May 2021, Volume 8, Issue 5]</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:al-Jawahir al-Khams.jpg|Ghawth's ''Jawahir al-Khams''
File:Tomb of Mohammad Ghauz-3.jpg|Ghawth's tomb in Gwalior
File:Tomb of Mohammad Ghauz-1.jpg|South-east view of tomb
</gallery>
Sufi saeed Ali Shah was the former caretaker of the shrine.<ref>sufishattari website 2007.</ref>

== Works ==

* ''Jawahir-i-Khamsa'' (The Five Jewels) which was later translated to Arabic, ''al-Jawahir al-Khams'', by the [[Mecca]]-based Shattari teacher Sibghat Allah (d. 1606 CE).<ref name="Ernst 1996"/> In this book Gaus also mentioned about the special creatures known as "Muakkil" which comes under the control of sufis by special Islam chant.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Annals of Oriental Research - Volume 32, Part 1 - Page 63}}</ref>
* ''[[Bahr al-Hayat]]'' (The Ocean of Life), his translation and extension of ''Hawd al-Hayat'' (The Pool of Life), an Arabic translation of a lost [[Sanskrit]] text on [[yoga]], the ''Amrtakunda''.<ref name="Ernst 2016">{{cite book |last=Ernst |first=Carl W. |title=Chapter 8: Sufism and Yoga according to Muhammad Ghawth |work=Refractions of Islam in India: Situating Sufism and Yoga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzzUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT121 |year=2016 |publisher=Sage |isbn=978-93-5150-964-6 |pages=121–129}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.shattariyah.blogspot.com/2020/05/introduction-to-qadri-shattari-silsila.html Silsila e Shuttariya]

{{Sufism}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghawth, Muhammad}}
[[Category:Indian Sufi saints]]
[[Category:Sufi writers]]
[[Category:1562 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:People from Gwalior]]
[[Category:1500 births]]
[[Category:Shattariyya]]

==Further reading==
*[https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Sh%C4%81h_Muhammad_G%CC%B2h%CC%B2aus%CC%B2_Gav%C4%81liy%C4%81r%C4%AB/s8JBAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=inauthor:%22Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad%20Mas%CA%BB%C5%ABd%20A%E1%B8%A5mad%22 Shāh Muhammad G̲h̲aus̲ Gavāliyārī by Muḥammad Masʻūd Aḥmad]
*[https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/manaqib-e-ghausiya-shah-fazlullah-shatari-ebooks Manaqib-e-Ghausiya by Shah Fazlullah Shatari]

Revolutionary Communist Party of India

2026-03-15T18:11:16Z

Igortxa:

{{about|the RCPI founded in 1934, and the Dasgupta/Kumar faction that was the majority wing in the 1948 split| information on the party led by S.N. Tagore 1948–1974|Revolutionary Communist Party of India (Tagore)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian Political Party
| party_name=Revolutionary Communist Party of India
| party_logo = [[File:RCPI_flag_(cropped_from_photo).jpg|150px]]
| colorcode = #FF0000
| founder = [[Saumyendranath Tagore]]<ref name=":01">Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali (editors), ''Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (Biographical dictionary) Vol I, 1976/1998, {{in lang|bn}}, p. 607, {{ISBN|81-85626-65-0}}</ref>
| secretary =Mihir Bain<ref name="rcpi-communist.in">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rcpi-communist.in/p/contact-us.html|title = Contact Us}}</ref>
| loksabha_leader =
| rajyasabha_leader =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1 August 1934}}
| alliance = [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] [[Left Democratic Manch]]
| flag = [[File:RCPI Flag.jpg|200px]]
| position = 
| loksabha_seats =
| state_seats =
| rajyasabha_seats =
| states_govt_its_own =
| states_govt_with_coaliation =
| ideology = [[Communism]] [[Anti-capitalism]] [[Anti-Stalinist left|Anti-Stalinism]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radicalsocialist.in/articles/national-situation/614-the-defeat-of-the-left-front-and-the-search-for-alternative-leftism|title=The Defeat of the Left Front and the Search for Alternative Leftism - Radical Socialist|access-date=25 March 2018|archive-date=4 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304083519/https://www.radicalsocialist.in/articles/national-situation/614-the-defeat-of-the-left-front-and-the-search-for-alternative-leftism|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|colours = [[Red]] {{Colorsample|{{party color|Revolutionary Communist Party of India}}}}
| headquarters = [[Kolkata]]<ref name="rcpi-communist.in"/>
| symbol =
| eci =
|publication = ''Ganavani'' ''Toilers' Front'' ''Red Front''
|abbreviation=RCPI
|website={{URL|https://www.rcpi-communist.in/}}
}}
{{Communism in India}}
{{Communism sidebar}}
The '''Revolutionary Communist Party of India''' ({{small|abbreviated as}} '''RCPI''') is a political party in India. The party was founded as the '''Communist League''' by [[Saumyendranath Tagore]] in 1934, breaking away from the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI). RCPI led armed uprisings after the [[independence of India]], but later shifted to parliamentary politics. The party is active in [[Assam]], [[Kerala]], [[West Bengal]], [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rcpi-communist.in/p/contact-us.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228032836/http://www.rcpi-communist.in/p/contact-us.html|url-status=live|archive-date=28 December 2019 |title=Contact Us }}</ref> The party was represented in the West Bengal government while being a part of [[Second United Front Cabinet]] (1969) as well as in various state government during the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] rule in the state (1977–2011). In Assam, the party won four Legislative Assembly seats in 1978, but its political influence has since declined in the state.

==Ideology==
The RCPI works toward a socialist revolution, rather than a [[People's democracy (Marxism–Leninism)|people's democratic revolution]], a national democratic revolution or a [[New Democracy|new democratic revolution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Programme of the RCPI |url=https://www.rcpi-communist.in/p/programme.html |access-date=2026-03-12}}</ref>

The party strives to build socialism under the leadership of the proletariat with active cooperation of other exploited strata of the humanity, including peasants, working intellectuals and non-manual working sections of people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rcpicommunist.in/p/blog-page_26.html?m=1|title=Constitution of RCPI|website=www.rcpicommunist.in|access-date=2018-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Programme of the RCPI |url=https://www.rcpi-communist.in/p/programme.html |access-date=2026-03-12}}</ref>

==Communist League==
S.N. Tagore founded the '''Communist League''' on 1 August 1934.<ref name=pts>Partido de los Trabajadores Socialistas. ''[http://www.pts.org.ar/Origenes-y-formacion-del-trotskismo-en-India-y-Ceilan Origenes y formacion del trotskismo en India y Ceilan]''</ref><ref name="Sadasivan1977">{{cite book|author=S. N. Sadasivan|title=Party and democracy in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJ2KAAAAMAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill|pages=88–90|isbn=9780070965911}}</ref><ref name=a/> Tagore was a communist leader from [[Bengal]] who had attended the 1928 Sixth Congress of the Communist International, and had stayed in Europe for seven years afterwards.<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/><ref name="Laushey1975">{{cite book|author=David M. Laushey|title=Bengal terrorism & the Marxist left: aspects of regional nationalism in India, 1905–1942|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KoYdAAAAMAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay|page=91|isbn=9780883864678}}</ref> He toured the continent on behalf of the [[League Against Imperialism]].<ref name="Haithcox2015"/> At the 1928 Communist International congress Tagore had sought to challenge the role of [[M.N. Roy]] in the organization.<ref name="Laushey1975"/> Tagore had turned hostile towards Stalin, possibly as in reaction to his failed bid to gain recognition from the Communist International in 1928.<ref name="Laushey1975"/> On his return to India in 1934 he appealed to CPI to abandon its ultra-left line.<ref name="Chowdhuri2007">{{cite book|author=S. Chowdhuri|title=Leftism in India, 1917–1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_FZCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA204|date=7 November 2007|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-28804-1|pages=203–205}}</ref> Albeit CPI would later moderate its positions after the Seventh Congress of the Communist International, Tagore broke with CPI and founded his own communist group (the Communist League).<ref name="Chowdhuri2007"/> In May 1934 Tagore set up an 'initiative committee' for the founding of the new party.<ref name=pts/> Other founders of the Communist League included Sudhir Dasgupta, Prabhat Sen, Ranjit Majumdar and Arun Banerjee.<ref name=a/>

Tagore denounced the [[Popular Front]] line of CPI, rejecting the [[Congress Socialist Party]].<ref name=tr/> In Tagore's view the CSP represented an alliance between socialists and reactionary elements of the bourgeoise.<ref name="Chowdhuri2007"/>

==Communist League and the peasantry==
After the formation of the Communist League Tagore began touring the Bengal country-side, organizing peasants to struggle for abolishing the ''[[zamindar]]i'' system.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} In early 1938 Tagore built a peasants wing, the Bangiyo Pradeshik Kisan Sabha, separate from the CPI-led [[All India Kisan Sabha|Krishak Samiti]].{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} Tagore's BPKS demanded abolition of the zamindari system without giving any compensation to landlords, free distribution of land among the cultivators and agricultural labourers, minimization of revenue demands and cancellation of debts to moneylenders.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}

==Communist League in Murshidabad==
Tarapada Gupta set up the Communist League branch in Murshidabad in 1936, raising the [[red flag (politics)|red flag]] for the first time in recorded history in the district.<ref name=b/><ref name="Gupta1992"/> Tarapada Gupta had been released from jail in 1935, and he established contact with Tagore's group.<ref name=b>''Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies''. ''[http://www.ajms.co.in/sites/ajms2015/index.php/ajms/article/download/1764/pdf_18 Saumyendranath Tagore and the Peasant Movement of Murshidabad: A Study on Historical Perspectives]''</ref> The Communist League preceded both the CPI and the RSP in Murshidabad.<ref name=b/> The party successfully organized peasants to refuse to pay rents to landlords in the area.<ref name=b/> Gupta would later side with Tagore in the 1948 party split.<ref name="Gupta1992">{{cite book|author=Bishan Kumar Gupta|title=Political movements in Murshidabad, 1920–1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXluAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Manisha Granthalaya|page=174}}</ref>

==Tagore in Assam==
RCPI was the first left organization to established itself in Assam.<ref name=pl>{{cite book|title=Party Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K9MsAAAAIAAJ|volume=21|year=1985|publisher=Communist Party of India.|page=22}}</ref> RCPI built a student movement in Assam.<ref name=pl/> In 1937 a Radical Club was formed at [[Cotton College, Guwahati|Cotton College]], under the cover of the{{clarify|date=May 2017|reason=missing words?}} and with Haren Kalita as its leader.<ref name="c">''[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/67910/7/07_chapter%202.pdf]''</ref><ref name="Gupta2009">{{cite book|author=Susmita Sen Gupta|title=Radical Politics in Meghalaya: Problems and Prospects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ks02QzhnAMC&pg=PA31|year=2009|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-742-3|page=31}}</ref> In November 1938 Tagore visited [[Assam]] and met with a group of students and youth.<ref name="Gupta2009"/><ref name="Saikia2015134">{{cite book|author=Arupjyoti Saikia|title=A Century of Protests: Peasant Politics in Assam Since 1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sNcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA134|date=12 August 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-32560-4|pages=134–135}}</ref> His visit was organized by the Congressman Debranath Sarma.<ref name="Saikia2015134"/> A Communist League branch was formed in the province in 1939, with several of the Cotton College students as its members.<ref name="Saikia2015134"/> Students who became members of the Communist League included Haren Kalita, Haridas Deka, Tarunsen Deka, Upen Sarma, Ananda Chandra Das, Taracharan Majumdar, Gokul Medhi, Arabinda Ghosh, Loknath Barua, Umakanta Sarma, Bhupen Mahanta, N. Buragohain, Khagendranath Barbarua, Uma Sarma and Kamini Goswami.<ref name="Saikia2015376">{{cite book|author=Arupjyoti Saikia|title=A Century of Protests: Peasant Politics in Assam Since 1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sNcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA376|date=12 August 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-32560-4|pages=376}}</ref> The students would later contest, and eventually win, the Cotton College Students Union through the Assam Provincial Students Federation.<ref name="Saikia2015134"/>

Tagore made a second visit to Assam in December 1941.<ref name=c/> This time he visited Khagen Barbarua at his village in [[Upper Assam]] and discussed building the party organization in the province.<ref name=c/> Tagore was expelled from Assam on 18 December 1941.<ref name=c/> The Assam Provincial Student Federation, which was under the influence of RCPI supported the Quit India movement.<ref>{{cite book|title=Student Power in North-East India: Understanding Student Movements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpGfAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Regency Publications|isbn=978-81-87498-50-6|page=107}}</ref>

On 2 May 1940 the [[Krishak Banuva Panchayat]] was formed in [[Gauhati]] as the open front group of the party in Assam.<ref name="Gupta2009"/> Kedarnath Goswami was the first president of KBP, a former Congressman and labour organizer.<ref name="Saikia2015137">{{cite book|author=Arupjyoti Saikia|title=A Century of Protests: Peasant Politics in Assam Since 1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sNcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA137|date=12 August 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-32560-4|page=137}}</ref> The basic unit of KBP was the Gaon Krishak Panchayat ('Village Peasants Council').<ref name="Saikia2015137"/> The Assamese folk singer [[Bishnu Prasad Rabha]] joined KBP in 1945.<ref name="Saikia2015145">{{cite book|author=Arupjyoti Saikia|title=A Century of Protests: Peasant Politics in Assam Since 1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sNcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA145|date=12 August 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-32560-4|pages=145–146, 148}}</ref> In 1949 he became a RCPI member.<ref name="Saikia2015145"/>

As the Indian National Congress dominated the tea gardens of Assam and there was little industrial labour in the province, the Communist League instead sought to organize rice mill workers, horse cart drivers and steamboat labourers.<ref name="Saikia2015136">{{cite book|author=Arupjyoti Saikia|title=A Century of Protests: Peasant Politics in Assam Since 1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sNcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136|date=12 August 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-32560-4|page=136}}</ref> The efforts had meagre results.<ref name="Saikia2015136"/> Notably RCPI made no intents to build the party in the hill areas of [[Assam]].<ref name=c/>

==RCPI and the World War==
The party was organized along [[Leninist]] lines with party cells at the bottom of the party hierarchy and the [[Central Committee]] as its leadership.<ref name="Weiner2015" /> In preparation of the impending World War, the party developed a three-tier leadership structure in order for the party to survive under waves of repression.<ref name=tr /> The third tier was entirely clandestine, prepared to take over the party affairs after arrests of the first two tiers.<ref name=tr />

The party raised the slogan "Not one [[paisa]], not one man for war". On 4 September 1939 Tagore issued a declaration, labelling the war as an imperialist conflict and called on the Indian workers to turn the imperialist war into civil war.<ref name=pts /> Tagore was arrested and jailed under the [[Defence of India Act, 1939|Defence of India Act]] immediately afterwards.<ref name=pts /><ref name=tr /> With Tagore in jail, Pannalal Dasgupta became general secretary of the party.<ref name=tr /> He toured Assam, [[Bombay]], [[Madras]] and Bengal.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} During the Second World War, peasants influenced by the party were instructed not to sell rice for exportation.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}

In 1941 the Third Party Conference of the Communist League of India changed its name to '''Communist Party of India''' (not to be confused with its far more well-known namesake).<ref name=a>{{cite book|title=Society and Change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c71PAQAAIAAJ|date=April 1995|publisher=Mihir Purkayastha for the ASSSC|pages=1, 4, 36}}</ref> In March 1943 the name RCPI was adopted, in order to differentiate itself from the CPI.<ref name=a /> The party positioned itself claiming to be the sole true leftist party in the country, denouncing all other left forces as ideologically bankrupt.<ref name="Chowdhuri2007" /> Overall RCPI avoided collaboration with other left-wing groups.<ref name="Basu1994" /> RCPI labour organizing was done largely outside the [[All India Trade Union Congress]].<ref name="Basu1994" /> It managed to build a core of political cadres and was active building a labour movement amongst workers at the jute mills in the Beliaghata-Narkeldanga area of Calcutta.<ref name="Basu1994">{{cite book|author=Nirban Basu|title=The working class movement: a study of jute mills of Bengal, 1937–47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lU7tAAAAMAAJ|year=1994|publisher=K.P. Bagchi & Co.|isbn=978-81-7074-148-0|page=46}}</ref> The party was often referred to as the 'Tagorites' or as the <nowiki>'</nowiki>''Ganavani'' group' (after the name of its publication).<ref name="Basu1994" /><ref name="Ralhan2002">{{cite book|author=O.P. Ralhan|title=Documents on Socialist Movements in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CaWaAAAAIAAJ|date=1 September 2002|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-261-0055-2|page=252}}</ref>

RCPI differed with CPI on tactical questions during the [[Second World War]].<ref name="Sadasivan1977" /> RCPI denounced the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]] as well as declaring the Soviet war with [[Finland]] as 'imperialist'.<ref name="Sadasivan1977" /><ref name="Weiner2015">{{cite book|author=Myron Weiner|title=Party Politics in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xz_WCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA122|date=8 December 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-7841-3|pages=122–123}}</ref>

The RCPI fully supported the [[Quit India movement]].<ref name="Sadasivan1977" /> The party sought to develop the Quit India movement into a revolutionary upheaval.<ref name=tr /> Most of the known party leaders were arrested, and would remain in detention until the end of the Second World War.<ref name=tr /> Through the Radical Institute, RCPI promoted dissemination of locally produced weaponry to use against British government forces in Assam.<ref name="Saikia2015145" />

In the "Red Front", in October 1942, [[Saumyendranath Tagore]] wrote:
<blockquote>The conclusions that we draw from the Quit India movement are the following:

First, the utter bankruptcy of the Congress, the party of the Indian bourgeoisie and its total inability to lead the national movement.

Secondly, the complete overthrow of non-violence as a technique of struggle.

Thirdly, the complete exposure of the National Frontists, the legal Communists, the germ-carriers of anti-revolutionary Stalinism.

Fourthly, the rapid revolutionisation of the masses.

Fifthly, the ripening of the ideological premises for the growth of real leftism as a result of the political development, both national and international.

The national revolution in India has definitely jumped over the hurdles of Gandhism and has scornfully rejected the petty bourgeois Congress Socialism which is at the service of the Indian bourgeoisie.

It has thoroughly exposed the legal communist traitors of the Stalinist and the Royist brand. Only the political line of the Revolutionary Communist Party stands fully vindicated by the development and march of the national revolutionary movement.</blockquote>

In 1945 RCPI raised two key slogans in Assam, 'land to the tiller' (''nangal jar mati tar'') and 'one third share' (''tin bhag''), slogans which became very popular amongst landless peasants and agricultural labourers.<ref name="Saikia20153">{{cite book|author=Arupjyoti Saikia|title=A Century of Protests: Peasant Politics in Assam Since 1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sNcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3|date=12 August 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-32560-4|page=3}}</ref> KBP was able to make some inroads amongst these sectors.<ref name="Saikia2015150">{{cite book|author=Arupjyoti Saikia|title=A Century of Protests: Peasant Politics in Assam Since 1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sNcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA150|date=12 August 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-32560-4|page=150}}</ref>

Some Tribal League leaders in Assam, such as Aniram Basumatari and Daben Khaklari, became RCPI members in the mid-1940s.<ref name="Saikia2015168">{{cite book|author=Arupjyoti Saikia|title=A Century of Protests: Peasant Politics in Assam Since 1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sNcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168|date=12 August 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-32560-4|page=168}}</ref> Their presence in the party helped it to make inroads amongst the tribals in Assam.<ref name="Saikia2015168" />

==Independence and Partition==
As the departure of British colonial rule came closer, RCPI denounced the negotiated independence as a joint conspiracy between British imperialism and the Indian bourgeoisie.<ref name="Chowdhuri2007"/> RCPI stated that Independence obtained in 1947 was a false one.<ref name="Saikia2015159">{{cite book|author=Arupjyoti Saikia|title=A Century of Protests: Peasant Politics in Assam Since 1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sNcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA159|date=12 August 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-32560-4|page=159}}</ref> Rejecting the official process for independence, RCPI began organizing ''[[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]]s'' (i.e. [[soviet]]s) of workers and peasants in order to convene a Workers and Peasants Constituent Assembly.<ref name=tr/> RCPI denounced the [[Partition of India]] as betrayal and surrender to British imperialism.<ref name="Chowdhuri2007"/> There was a strong Hindu chauvinist trend within RCPI, as alleged by Charles W. Ervin.<ref name=m/> RCPI opposed the [[1946 Cabinet Mission to India]], which wanted to place Assam into the Muslim-majority grouping of provinces.<ref name="Saikia2015134"/> According to Salkia, through its opposition to the Cabinet Mission grouping RCPI was able to carve out "a niche for itself in the mainstream politics of Assam".<ref name="Saikia2015134"/>

In 1946 RCPI discussed a possible merger with the [[Bolshevik-Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma]].<ref name=tr/> The RCPI delegation in the talks consisted of Sudhir Dasgupta, Tarapada Gupta, and Gour Pal.<ref name=tr/> Nevertheless, the merger discussion didn't go through.<ref name=tr/> RCPI refused to join the [[Fourth International]].<ref name=tr/> The BLPI discarded the RCPI line of organizing ''soviets'' as a premature move.<ref name=tr/>

In September 1947 RCPI and BLPI collaborated to build a United Workers Front to challenge the Congress-led trade unions.<ref name=m>''[https://www.marxists.org/francais/clt/1996-2000/CLT61-Feb-1998.pdf Cahiers Leon Trotsky]'', February 1998</ref> In December 1947 Tagore was elected president of the All India Bank Employees Association, at its conference held in [[Lucknow]].<ref>Syndicate Bank Employees Union (Regd). ''[http://www.sbeu.in/pdf/Looking%20Back%20PDF.pdf Looking Back] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118214704/http://www.sbeu.in/pdf/Looking%20Back%20PDF.pdf |date=18 January 2016 }}''</ref>

==Tagore–Dasgupta split==
Tagore was jailed in November 1947.<ref name="Sadasivan1977" /> Tagore was released from prison in 1948.<ref name="Sadasivan1977" /> After his release from jail Tagore argued that armed revolution was premature in India.<ref name="Sadasivan1977" /> But a sector of the party, led by Pannalal Dasgupta, insisted on turning the campaign of building panchayats into a general armed insurrection.<ref name="Sadasivan1977" /><ref name=tr />

Dasgupta assembled an All India Party Conference in [[Birbhum]] in 1948.<ref name="Sadasivan1977" /> Tagore requested to resign from the RCPI Central Committee, a request the Birbhum conference rejected.<ref name="Sadasivan1977" /> After the Birbhum conference the followers of Dasgupta began to gather arms and prepare for armed struggle.<ref name=tr /> The developments inside RCPI had an echo in the CPI.<ref name="Saikia2015209">{{cite book|author=Arupjyoti Saikia|title=A Century of Protests: Peasant Politics in Assam Since 1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sNcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA209|date=12 August 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-32560-4|pages=209–210}}</ref> Dasgupta's view that India was ripe for armed revolution coincided with the position of the new CPI leader [[B.T. Ranadive]].<ref name="Saikia2015209" />

After the Birbhum conference Tagore, at a public meeting in [[Calcutta]], denounced insurrectional line of Dasgupta.<ref name="Sadasivan1977" /> Tagore's speech pushed the Dasgupta group to issue disciplinary action against him, accepting his resignation from the Central Committee.<ref name="Sadasivan1977" /> Half a year later Tagore gathered his followers for a separate Party Conference, as its 5th Party Congress, in [[Burdwan]].<ref name="Sadasivan1977" /><ref name=tr /> Thus there were two parallel RCPIs, one led by Dasgupta and one led by Tagore.<ref name="Sadasivan1977" /> Dasgupta represented the majority group in the split.<ref name=m /> It was sometimes known as 'RCPI (Rebel Group)'<ref name="Dept1965" /> or as 'RCPI (Dasgupta)'. The Tagore-led party was known as '[[Revolutionary Communist Party of India (Tagore)|RCPI (Tagore)]]'.

==26 February 1949 attacks==
On 26 February 1949 the Dasgupta-led RCPI initiated its armed revolt.<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/> They attacked the [[Dum Dum Airfield]], [[Jessop & Company]] and the Dum Dum Gun and Shell Factory.<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/><ref name="Bandyopadhyay2009">{{cite book|author=Sekhar Bandyopadhyay|title=Decolonization in South Asia: Meanings of Freedom in Post-independence West Bengal, 1947–52|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vt95AgAAQBAJ|date=3 June 2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-01823-9}}</ref> At the Jessop plant equipment was stolen.<ref name="Weiner2015"/> Several persons were killed or injured in the attacks.<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/> At the Dum Dum Gun and Shell Factory the sentry was shot.<ref name="Bandyopadhyay2009"/> The British manager at Jessop was thrown into a furnace, as were two other Europeans.<ref name="Haithcox2015">{{cite book|author=John Patrick Haithcox|title=Communism and Nationalism in India: M.N. Roy and Comintern Policy, 1920–1939|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3d9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA81|date=8 March 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-6932-9|page=81}}</ref><ref name="Bandyopadhyay2009"/> Another European was stabbed, and later died.<ref name="Bandyopadhyay2009"/> At Dum Dum Airfield a plane was set on fire and seven rifles stolen.<ref name="Bandyopadhyay2009"/> The militants then moved towards [[Basirhat]].<ref name="Weiner2015"/><ref name="Bandyopadhyay2009"/> On Jessore Road they attacked the Gouripour Police Post.<ref name="ChakrabartyRoy1982">{{cite book|author1=Saroj Chakrabarty|author2=Bidhan Chandra Roy|title=My Years with Dr. B.C. Roy: A Record Up to 1962, a Documentary In-depth Study of Post-independence Period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-XweAAAAMAAJ|year=1982|publisher=S. Chakrabarty|page=37}}</ref> At Basirhat they attacked a police station, killing two guards and stealing 26 rifles.<ref name="Bandyopadhyay2009"/> The militants attempted to flee into [[East Pakistan]].<ref name="Bandyopadhyay2009"/> Eventually the group was caught as police reinforcements arrived from Calcutta.<ref name="Weiner2015"/><ref name="Bandyopadhyay2009"/> A police inspector was killed during the gun fight.<ref name="Bandyopadhyay2009"/> Only two of the attackers managed to escape arrest.<ref name="Schendel2005">{{cite book|author=Willem van Schendel|title=The Bengal Borderland: Beyond State and Nation in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KqTIhTWuAXcC&pg=PA283|year=2005|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-145-4|page=283}}</ref> 39 RCPI cadres were arrested, including Dasgupta himself.<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/> They were held without trial for 4–5 years, and then sentenced to jail.<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/> Dasgupta himself was sentenced to imprisonment for life.<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/>

After the 1949 revolt, the party cast away its line of insurrectional politics.<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/> Whilst RCPI acted from underground, no formal ban was placed on the party.<ref name="Dept1965"/>

==Assam insurgency==
The Assam branch of RCPI sided with Dasgupta in the 1948 split.<ref name="Saikia2015209"/> In the wake of Independence, RCPI and CPI initiated mass peasant unrest in Assam.<ref name="Gohain1985">{{cite book|author=Hiren Gohain|title=Assam, a burning question|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pFBuAAAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Spectrum|page=174}}</ref> In the wake of the Dum Dum-Basirhat attacks, the party decided to launch an armed movement for the independence of Assam from India.<ref name="Saikia2015209"/> The party held a conference in Khowang, Dibrugarh, at which is decided to build a 'People's Army' as an armed mass front of the party.<ref name="Saikia2015209"/> RCPI-led uprisings in Assam took place between 1948 and 1952.<ref name=cept>''[http://cept.ac.in/UserFiles/File/CUE/Working%20Papers/Revised%20New/29CUEWP-29_Dynamics%20of%20Conflicts%20in%20Hill%20Settlements-Guwahati.pdf Informal Development, Services Access and Land Rights Claims – Dynamics of Conflicts in Hill Settlements, Guwahati]'', CUE Working Paper 29 January 2016</ref> Khagen Barbarua led the movement in the non-tribal areas in Upper Assam.<ref name=c/> The party raised the battle cry 'land belongs to the one who wields a plough, the jungle belongs to one who wields an axe', calling for ownership rights for sharecroppers.<ref name=cept/> The Assam government placed a ban on the party, citing the pretext that RCPI organized peasants to cease payments to landlords and supported illegal felling of trees.<ref name=cept/>

In early 1950 RCPI killed Ganga Sarma, a local Indian National Congress leader in Assam, during a meeting.<ref name="Saikia2015278">{{cite book|author=Arupjyoti Saikia|title=A Century of Protests: Peasant Politics in Assam Since 1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sNcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA278|date=12 August 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-32560-4|pages=278–279}}</ref> According to the government of Assam, RCPI committed 12 assassinations in the state in 1950.<ref name="Saikia2015278"/> RCPI financed its rebellion in Assam through robberies and extortion.<ref name="Saikia2015423">{{cite book|author=Arupjyoti Saikia|title=A Century of Protests: Peasant Politics in Assam Since 1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sNcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA423|date=12 August 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-32560-4|page=423}}</ref> The government responded by cracking down on RCPI in Assam.<ref name="Saikia2015278"/> The government responded by cracking down on RCPI in Assam.<ref name="Saikia2015278"/> As a symbolic protest against the state violence, RCPI cadres tore down the national flag at different places in the state.<ref name="Saikia2015278"/> In the wake of state repression against RCPI, the party lost influence amongst the sharecroppers in Assam.<ref name="Saikia2015246"/>

In the wake of state repression against RCPI, the party lost influence amongst the sharecroppers in Assam.<ref name="Saikia2015246"/> In Assam RCPI and CPI were at loggerheads, especially around the issue of the Soviet Union (RCPI accusing CPI of being controlled by the Soviets, CPI accusing RCPI of being anti-Soviet).<ref name="Saikia2015284">{{cite book|author=Arupjyoti Saikia|title=A Century of Protests: Peasant Politics in Assam Since 1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sNcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA284|date=12 August 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-32560-4|page=284}}</ref> RCPI-CPI relations reached its lowest point in 1952.<ref name="Saikia2015284" />

==Work amongst refugees==
RCPI had a mass organization, the Bastuhara Kalyan Parishad, which organized relief activities in camps of refugees from East Pakistan.<ref name=re>Anusua Basu Roy Chaudhury/Ishita Dey. ''[http://www.mcrg.ac.in/pp21.pdf Citizens, Non-Citizens, and in the Camps Lives]''</ref> The party also had a separate refugee women's organization, Bangiya Dal Seba Sangathan.<ref name=mc/> RCPI concentrated its work amongst refugees in [[Nadia district]].<ref name=re/> In 1948–1949 the RCPI and the [[All India Forward Bloc]] dominated the Chandmari and Goshala refugee camps in Nadia district.<ref name=mc>''[http://www.mcrg.ac.in/RLS_PML/RLS_PM/RLS_PM_Abstracts/Comments_Subhasri.pdf Comments on Refugee Movement: Another Aspect of Popular Movements in West Bengal in the 1950s and 1960s]''</ref> Prabhat Mukherjee and Amalendu Neogi were key RCPI leaders at Chandmari camp.<ref name=m/> At Goshala the RCPI cadre Arun Banerjee organized refugee youth into revolutionary politics.<ref name=m/> The party joined the United Central Refugee Council in August 1950.<ref name="Kaul2001">{{cite book|author=Suvir Kaul|title=The Partitions of Memory: The Afterlife of the Division of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dNbD9i1vPkC&pg=PA108|year=2001|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-21566-8|page=108}}</ref> RCPI(Rebel) in UCRC and ULF.<ref name="Chakrabarti1990">{{cite book|author=Prafulla K. Chakrabarti|title=The Marginal Men: The Refugees and the Left Political Syndrome in West Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAscAAAAIAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Lumière Books|pages=76, 380|isbn=9788185971605}}</ref> In October 1950 RCPI forcefully took control of 175 [[bigha]]s near [[Gayeshpur]] Colony and redistributed the land amongst 350 refugee families.<ref name=mc/>

==First General Election==
The party boycotted the 1951–1952 elections.<ref name="Dept1965">{{cite book|author=West Bengal (India). Land and Land Revenue Dept|title=Report on the Administration of West Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4O2AAAAIAAJ|year=1965|pages=5–6}}</ref> In October 1952, the Assam government withdrew the ban on the RCPI.<ref name="Saikia2015246">{{cite book|author=Arupjyoti Saikia|title=A Century of Protests: Peasant Politics in Assam Since 1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sNcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA246|date=12 August 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-32560-4|page=246}}</ref>

==Union activism==
RCPI was active within the [[United Trade Union Congress]], but opposed RSP domination of UTUC.<ref>[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/55578/19/19_chapter%2012.pdf "United Trade Union Congress and Others"]</ref>

==RCPI in Bihar==
RCPI never gained any prominence in [[Bihar]]. The influence of the party solely included a few trade unions in [[Chhotanagpur]].<ref name="Sharma1995">{{cite book|author=Sadhna Sharma|title=States Politics in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0HdDbdKa8UC&pg=PA96|year=1995|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-619-4|page=96}}</ref> One union influenced by RCPI was the Hindustan Khan Mazdoor Sangh, a coal miners' union.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cahiers Léon Trotsky|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmRdAAAAMAAJ|edition=21|year=1985|publisher=Institut Léon Trotsky|page=10}}</ref>

==RCPI in Bombay==
[[Krishna Desai]], a textile worker from Bombay, joined RCPI in 1947.<ref name=d>{{cite book|title=Intercontinental Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3plEAQAAIAAJ|volume=8|year=1970|publisher=Intercontinental Press|page=697}}</ref> He was elected to the [[Bombay Municipal Corporation]] at numerous times as a RCPI candidate.<ref name=d/> Desai joined CPI ahead of the 1967 state assembly election.<ref name=d/>

Desai had sought refugee in Calcutta, as he was on the run after his role in communal violence. The stayed with the RCPI there and when he returned to Bombay he founded a RCPI branch there.<ref name="Prakash2011">{{cite book|author=Gyan Prakash|title=Mumbai Fables|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-3KBsT1YZEC&pg=PR18|date=5 October 2011|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|isbn=978-93-5029-479-6|pages=xviii–xix}}</ref> Another labour organizer of RCPI in Bombay was K.L. Bajaj, who became a RCPI member after a visit to Calcutta in the early 1950s.<ref name=kl/> He joined CPI(M) in 1964 and later became vice president of the [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions]].<ref>''People's Democracy''. ''[http://peoplesdemocracy.in/2014/0427_pd/comrade-k-l-bajaj Comrade K L Bajaj]''</ref>

RCPI took part in the [[Samyukta Maharashtra]] struggle of the 1950s.<ref name=kl>''People's Democracy''. ''[http://peoplesdemocracy.in/2014/0427_pd/homage-comrade-k-l-bajaj Homage to Comrade K L Bajaj]''</ref>

==1957 elections==
The party fielded 5 candidates in the [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="English1958">{{cite book|author=University of Calcutta. Dept. of English|title=The Calcutta review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4BAxAQAAMAAJ|year=1958|publisher=University of Calcutta|page=137}}</ref>

Khagen Barbarua of RCPI was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] in the [[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Amguri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amguri constituency]].<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Assam_1957.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1957 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ASSAM]''</ref><ref name=ib/>

==1960 Party Congress==
The party held an All India Party Conference in Howrah in 1960.<ref name=tr/> At the Howrah conference the [[Trotskyist]] [[Revolutionary Workers Party (India)|Revolutionary Workers Party]] merged into the RCPI.<ref name=tr>Alexander, Robert J. ''[https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/alex/works/in_trot/india.htm Trotskyism in India]''</ref> Moreover, Howrah conference elected [[Sudhindranath Kumar]] as new general secretary of the party.<ref name=tr/> Kumar had joined the party in 1936.<ref name="(Firm)1969">{{cite book|author=Times of India (Firm)|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vsYVAQAAIAAJ|year=1969|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company|page=905}}</ref> As per an agreement between RWP and RCPI, the Trotskyists were given five seats in the RCPI Central Committee.<ref name=tr/>

==1962 elections==
Ahead of the [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] RCPI joined the CPI-led [[United Left Front (1962)|United Left Front]].<ref>M.V.S. Koteswara Rao. ''Communist Parties and United Front – Experience in Kerala and West Bengal''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 220.</ref> Two RCPI candidates were elected; [[Anadi Das]] from [[Howrah West (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Howrah West]] and [[Kanai Pal]] (ex-RWP) from [[Santipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Santipur]].<ref name=tr/><ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web | url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf | title =General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | publisher =[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date =4 December 2016 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013512/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf | archive-date =5 March 2016 | url-status =dead | df =dmy-all }}</ref>

In Assam RCPI stayed out of the United Opposition Front set up by the [[Praja Socialist Party]] and independents.<ref name="Borgohain1994">{{cite book|author=Munindra Nath Borgohain|title=The Assam Legislative Assembly, 1937–1962|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YXmKAAAAMAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Annada Borgohain|page=59}}</ref> Khagen Barbarua retained the Amguri seat in the [[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Assam_1962.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1962 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ASSAM]''</ref> RCPI had fielded 16 candidates in the election.<ref name=ib>''International Bulletin''. ''[https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/international-bulletin/ib-v01n17-apr-3rd-1962.pdf The General Election Results in India]''</ref>

==1962 Indo-China war==
When Dasgupta returned after his release from jail, the relations with the former RWP cadres deteriorated.<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/> Dasgupta had evolved into a Nehru supporter.<ref name=tr/> In the [[Indo-China war of 1962]] RCPI supported the Nehru government, a move the Trotskyists opposed.<ref name=tr/><ref name=d/> As a result of the dispute over the Indo-China war, the Trotskyists broke with RCPI in 1963.<ref name=d/> Dasgupta himself parted ways with RCPI, moving towards a [[Gandhi]]an position.<ref name=tr/><ref name="Basu2003">{{cite book|author=Asish Krishna Basu|title=Marxism in an Indian State: An Analytical Study of West Bengal Leftism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TabaAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Ratna Prakashan|isbn=978-81-85709-73-4|page=75}}</ref>

==1967 elections==
Kumar served as convenor of the [[United Front (1967)|United Front]] formed ahead of the [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/><ref name="Service1967"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Swarajya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xC8KAQAAIAAJ|edition=1–13|volume=13|year=1968}}</ref> Anadi Das lost his assembly seat in the election.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | publisher = [[Election Commission of India]] | access-date = 4 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015745/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf | archive-date = 5 March 2016 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> During the protests against the dismissal of the first [[United Front (1967)|United Front]] cabinet in 1967, Kumar was arrested under the Preventive Detention Act.<ref name="Service1967">{{cite book|author=British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service|title=Summary of World Broadcasts: Far East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L0XRAAAAMAAJ|date=November 1967|publisher=Monitoring Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref><ref name="Chakrabarty1978">{{cite book|author=Saroj Chakrabarty|title=With West Bengal chief ministers: memoirs, 1962 to 1977|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aJcdAAAAMAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Chakrabarty|page=269|isbn=9780861311170}}</ref>

RCPI won 3 seats in the first Howrah Municipal Corporation polls, held in 1967.<ref name="Corporation1967">{{cite book|author=Calcutta (India) Municipal Corporation|title=Calcutta Municipal Gazette|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3RHnAAAAMAAJ|volume=86|year=1967|publisher=Office of the Registrar of Newspapers. Press in India.|page=199}}</ref>

Md. Shamsul Huda of RCPI won the [[Dhing (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhing seat]] in the [[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="(Firm)1970u">{{cite book|author=Times of India (Firm)|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LkQjAQAAMAAJ|year=1970|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company|page=335}}</ref><ref>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20Assam%201967.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1967 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ASSAM]''</ref>

==In the Second United Front government==
After the [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] Kumar was named Food and Supplies Minister in the second United Front state government.<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Intercontinental Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OwtbAAAAMAAJ|volume=7|year=1969|publisher=Intercontinental Press|page=275}}</ref><ref name=fr>{{cite book|title=Notes et études documentaires|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hL8LAQAAMAAJ|edition=3851–3874|year=1972|publisher=La Documentation Française|page=76}}</ref> The Food Minister had been given to the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] in the coalition government, but CPI(M) opted to name Kumar as its choice for the post.<ref>{{cite book|title=Now|year = 1969|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYnNAAAAMAAJ|volume=6|publisher=S. Sen|page=109}}</ref>

The RCPI won two seats in the [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/> Kumar was named convenor of the [[United Front (1967)|United Front]] as well as being named Food Minister in the [[Second United Front Cabinet]].<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/> After Kumar's entry into the West Bengal state cabinet, the two RCPI legislators, Anadi Das and [[M. Mokshed Ali]], revolted against Kumar's leadership.<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/> In July 1969 the two legislators were expelled from RCPI, accused of "anti-Party and anti-[[United Front (West Bengal)|UF]] activities".<ref name="Sadasivan1977"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Janata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NDhWAAAAYAAJ|volume=24|year=1969}}</ref><ref name="Governments1970">{{cite book|author=Society for Study of State Governments|title=Journal of Society for Study of State Governments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SD0dAAAAMAAJ|volume=3|year=1970|page=94}}</ref> The expulsion provoked a split in RCPI, with Anadi Das leading [[Revolutionary Communist Party of India (Das)|his own RCPI faction]].<ref name=fr/>

==1970s==
After the fall of the United Front cabinet, the RCPI joined the CPI(M)-led United Left Front.<ref>{{cite book|title=Political Science Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XOokAQAAMAAJ|volume=18–19|year=1979|publisher=Department of Political Science, University of Rajasthan.|page=31}}</ref> The front, which was formally constituted in May 1970, had Kumar as its convenor.<ref name="Ghosh1981">{{cite book|author=Anjali Ghosh|title=Peaceful Transition to Power: A Study of Marxist Political Strategies in West Bengal, 1967–1977|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s3EeAAAAMAAJ|year=1981|publisher=Firma KLM|pages= 93, 111}}</ref> In the [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] RCPI won three seats; [[Bimalananda Mukherjee]] in Santipur, Sudhindranath Kumar in [[Howrah Madhya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Howrah Central]] and [[Trilochan Mal]] in [[Hansan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hansan]].<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | publisher = [[Election Commission of India]] | access-date = 4 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305090722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf | archive-date = 5 March 2016 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

In the [[1971 Indian general election]] RCPI and CPI(M) had an electoral understanding in Assam.<ref>{{cite book|title=Link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmxDAAAAYAAJ|volume=13|year=1971|publisher=United India Periodicals|page=23}}</ref> RCPI fielded three candidates in the 1971 Lok Sabha election; two in Assam and one in Bihar.<ref name=i1971>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1971 TO THE FIFTH LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS)]''</ref> In the [[Nowgong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nowgong constituency]] [[Baneswar Saikia]] obtained 32,619 votes (14.34%).<ref name=i1971/> In the [[Jorhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jorhat constituency]] Khogen Bar Barua finished in second place with 31,810 votes (17.10%), challenging [[Tarun Gogoi]].<ref name=i1971/> In Bihar, Lakshmi Narayan Singh contested the [[Katihar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Katihar seat]] and obtained 1,193 votes (0.43%).<ref name=i1971/>

In the [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] RCPI fielded its three incumbent legislators; Mukherjee, Kumar and Mal.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | publisher = [[Election Commission of India]] | access-date = 4 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020346/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf | archive-date = 5 March 2016 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> All three were defeated, gathering 47038 votes (0.35% of the statewide vote).<ref name=vidhansabha1972/> Whilst RCPI lost its Dhing seat in the [[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], it managed to score an impressive victory against Dharanidar Chowdhury in [[Bhabanipur, Assam Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur constituency]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jWxDAAAAYAAJ|volume=14|year=1972|publisher=United India Periodicals|page=20}}</ref> The Bhabanipur legislator was Ghanakanta Boro.<ref name="Reed1976">{{cite book|author=Sir Stanley Reed|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G2LVAAAAMAAJ|year=1976|publisher=Times of India Press|page=802}}</ref>

As of the mid-1970s RCPI published the Bengali weekly ''Mat-o-Path'' and the Bengali fortnightly ''Janasadharan'', both issued from Calcutta.<ref>{{cite book|title=Press in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9Y5AAAAMAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Office of the Registrar of Newspapers.|page=488}}</ref>

RCPI fielded a single candidate in the [[1974 Orissa Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=o1974>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Orissa%201974.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1974 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ORISSA]''</ref> Sarangdhar Muduli, a trade unionist, contested the [[Sukinda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sukinda seat]] and obtained 478 votes (1.21%)<ref name=o1974/><ref>''[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/20308/11/11_chapter%205.pdf The Background of the Political Elite of Orissa]''</ref>

==1977 elections==
Ahead of the [[1977 Indian general election]] RCPI was one of the six founding parties of the CPI(M)-led [[Left Front (West Bengal)|West Bengal Left Front]].<ref name=biman/><ref name=fro>''Frontline''. ''[http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1812/18120100.htm What is the Left Front?]''</ref> The Left Front contested the general election in West Bengal with an electoral understanding with the [[Janata Party]].<ref name=biman>''People's Democracy''. [http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2007/0624/06242007_biman%20basu.htm West Bengal: How The Left Front And Its Government Emerged] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815214713/http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2007/0624/06242007_biman%20basu.htm |date=15 August 2017 }}</ref>

But whilst CPI(M) was supportive of the [[Janata Party]] in Assam in the 1977 Lok Sabha election, RCPI considered the Janata Party and the Congress(I) equally dangerous.<ref name="Chaube1985">{{cite book|author=Shibani Kinkar Chaube|title=Electoral politics in northeast India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8U6AAAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Universities Press|isbn=978-0-86131-470-6|page=54}}</ref> RCPI fielded a single candidate; Shamsul Huda in the [[Kaliabor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaliabor constituency]].<ref name=i1977>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1977 TO THE SIXTH LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS)]''</ref> He finished in third place with 45,047 votes (15.63%).<ref name=i1977/>

In the subsequent [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] RCPI fielded 4 candidates.<ref name=s1977>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1977 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305154628/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |date=5 March 2016 }}''</ref><ref name="Mukherjee1991">{{cite book|author=Bharati Mukherjee|title=Political Culture and Leadership in India: A Study of West Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYg9LlHn21cC&pg=PA31|date=1 January 1991|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-320-9|pages=30–31}}</ref><ref name="Committee">{{cite book|author=Communist Party of India (Marxist). West Bengal State Committee|title=Election results of West Bengal: statistics & analysis, 1952–1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNeNAAAAMAAJ|publisher=The Committee|page=419|isbn=9788176260282}}</ref> Three of the candidates won their seats; [[Bimalananda Mukherjee]] was elected from Santipur, Trilochan Mal from Hansan and Sudhindranath Kumar from Howrah Central.<ref name=s1977/> Malati Bhusan Hazra finished in third place in [[Pingla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pingla]].<ref name=s1977/> In total the party obtained 75,156 votes (0.52% of the statewide vote).<ref name=s1977/>

==Left Front era==
After the 1977 election, Kumar was named Minister for Food and Civil Supplies in the first [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] cabinet.<ref>{{cite book|title=Asian Recorder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KdRtAAAAMAAJ|year=1982|publisher=K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press|page=lviii}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5sgQAQAAMAAJ|year=1978|page=873}}</ref>

RCPI fielded three candidates in the [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]; Mukherjee in Santipur, Kumar in Howrah Central and Mal in Hansan. In total the three candidates obtained 106,973 votes (0.48% of the statewide vote).<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | publisher = [[Election Commission of India]] | access-date = 4 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160804205406/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf | archive-date = 4 August 2016 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Mukherjee and Mal retained their seats.<ref name=vidhansabha1982/> Kumar lost the Howrah Central seat to [[Indian National Congress|Congress(I)]] candidate [[Ambica Banerjee]].<ref name=vidhansabha1982/> Kumar finished in second place with 29,785 votes (43.34%).<ref name=s1982>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdfSTATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1982 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''</ref> After having lost his assembly seat, Kumar lost his post as minister.<ref name=sudhin>''India Today''. ''[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19840331-coming-rajya-sabha-polls-prove-to-be-a-severe-test-for-west-bengal-political-parties-802915-1984-03-30 West Bengal: Seating scrap]''</ref> [[Bimalananda Mukherjee]] replaced him as the RCPI representative in the Left Front government.<ref name=b1>{{cite book|title=Janata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgxDAAAAYAAJ|volume=37|year=1982|page=214}}</ref><ref name=b2>{{cite book|title=Data India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5H1DAAAAYAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Press Institute of India|page=323}}</ref> However, whilst Kumar had been a cabinet minister Mukherjee was named Minister of State (for Excise).<ref name=b1/><ref name=b2/> In 1984 CPI(M) wanted to nominate Kumar for a [[Rajya Sabha]] (Upper House of the [[Parliament of India]]) seat, but that proposal met resistance from other Left Front partners.<ref>''India Today''. ''[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19840331-coming-rajya-sabha-polls-prove-to-be-a-severe-test-for-west-bengal-political-parties-802915-1984-03-30 West Bengal: Seating scrap]''</ref> Kumar died in 1984.<ref name=q>{{cite book|title=The Annual Register of Indian Political Parties|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jKokAQAAIAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Michiko & Panjathan|page=256}}</ref>

In 1985 a by-election was held in the Hansan (SC) constituency, after the death of incumbent legislator Trilochan Mal.<ref name="e">Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls Bye-election results 1952–95]''</ref> RCPI candidate Umakanta Roy won the by-election.<ref>''India Today''. ''[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19850515-assembly-by-election-results-show-a-dip-in-congressi-popularity-770025-2013-12-09 By-elections: Changing fortunes]''</ref>

RCPI contested 8 out of 1111 seats in the West Bengal municipal elections of 1986.<ref>''India Today''. ''[indiatoday.intoday.in/story/congressi-loses-ground-in-west-bengal-municipal-polls/1/348625.html Red revenge]''</ref>

RCPI fielded three candidates in the [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]; Sankar Mondol in Howrah Central, Bimalananda Mukherjee in Santipur and Trilochan Das in Hansan.<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | publisher = [[Election Commission of India]] | access-date = 4 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020807/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf | archive-date = 5 March 2016 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> In total the RCPI candidates obtained 118,985 votes (0.42% of the statewide vote).<ref name=vidhansabha1987/> Mukherjee was the sole RCPI candidate elected.<ref name=vidhansabha1987/>

RCPI contested two seats in the [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]; Trilochan Das in Hansan and Asim Ghosh in Santipur.<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | publisher = [[Election Commission of India]] | access-date = 4 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140404202029/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf | archive-date = 4 April 2014 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Das won the Hansan seat.<ref name=vidhansabha1991/>

In the [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] RCPI fielded Bimalananda Mukherjee in Santipur and Mihir Bain in Hansan.<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | publisher = [[Election Commission of India]] | access-date = 4 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160807000235/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf | archive-date = 7 August 2016 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Both finished in second place in their respective constituencies.<ref name=vidhansabha1996/> The two RCPI candidates obtained 105,366 votes (0.29% of the statewide vote).<ref name=vidhansabha1996/> RCPI failed to regain its presence in the assembly in the [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web | url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf | title =General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | publisher =[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date =4 December 2016 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160305154127/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf | archive-date =5 March 2016 | url-status =dead | df =dmy-all }}</ref>

In the West Bengal panchayat elections, 2003 RCPI won 3 [[Gram Panchayat]] seats (0.01% of the seats in the state), 0 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Panchayat Samiti]] seats and 1 [[District Councils of India|Zilla Parishad]] seat (0.14% of the seats in the state).<ref name=pdp>''People's Democracy''. ''[http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2008/0601_pd/06012008_9.htm C O M P A R A T I V E R E S U L T 2003 & 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331123653/http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2008/0601_pd/06012008_9.htm |date=31 March 2015 }}''</ref> In Nadia district Asit Biswas was elected from [[Gayeshpur]]-II and Gita Rani Kundu won the [[Babla]]-VIII seat.<ref>West Bengal State Election Commission. ''[http://wbsec.gov.in/GP_Result/Nadia.pdf Nadia]''</ref>

RCPI did not win any seat in the [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web | url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf | title =General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | publisher =[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date =4 December 2016 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20141006185506/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf | archive-date =6 October 2014 | url-status =dead | df =dmy-all }}</ref>

In the West Bengal panchayat elections, 2008 RCPI won 3 [[Gram Panchayat]] seats (0.01% of the seats in the state), 0 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Panchayat Samiti]] seats and 1 [[District Councils of India|Zilla Parishad]] seat (0.13% of the seats in the state).<ref name=pdp/>

RCPI contested [[Ward No. 87, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|ward 87]] in the Kolkata Municipal Corporation election, 2010 with Simki Sengupta as its candidate.<ref>''The Telegraph''. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20100530062207/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100525/jsp/calcutta/story_12485128.jsp A tailor-made fight by the riverside – In the name of the brother & Didi]''</ref> Sengupta, an artist, finished in third place with 684 votes (12.38% of the votes cast)<ref>West Bengal State Election Commission. ''[http://www.wbsec.gov.in/(S(l24js355zejoxp45pini2445))/Municipal/Detailed_Mun_KMC.aspx Kolkata Municipal Corporation General Election Results, 2010]''</ref><ref>''Times of India''. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20161228195807/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&Continuation=1&BaseHref=TOIKM%2F2010%2F06%2F02&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=27&EntityId=Ar02501&AppName=1 Our netas have some nerve!]''</ref>

In the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] RCPI fielded Yar Mullick in Santipur and Kamal Hassan in Hansan. Both candidates were new contestants.<ref>''Ganashakti''. ''[http://ganashakti.com/bengali/WBASSEMBLYELECTION2011.pdf Left Front Committee West Bengal – Assembly Election- 2011 List of Candidates]''</ref> The election symbol of the party was determined only a few weeks before the vote.<ref>''The Telegraph''. ''[https://www.telegraphindia.com/1110402/jsp/bengal/story_13800449.html 42 Days to May 13] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229031203/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1110402/jsp/bengal/story_13800449.html |date=29 December 2016 }}''</ref> Both candidates finished in second place in their respective constituencies. In total they obtained 107,662 votes (0.23% of the statewide vote).<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf| title =General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal| publisher =[[Election Commission of India]]| access-date =4 December 2016| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140404205355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf| archive-date =4 April 2014| url-status =dead| df =dmy-all}}</ref>

==1978 Assam elections==
The left forces made significant headway in the post-Emergency [[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=u>Goswami, Sandhya. ''[http://www.ispepune.org.in/PDF%20ISSUE/2003/JISPE1203/2003-1&2-12GOSWAMI.PDF ASSAM: MULTIPLE REALIGNMENTS AND FRAGMENTATION OF PARTY SYSTEM]''</ref> RCPI won 4 seats.<ref>''People's Democracy''. ''[http://peoplesdemocracy.in/2014/0831_pd/comrade-achintya-bhattacharyya-1914-1993 Comrade Achintya Bhattacharyya (1914–1993)]''</ref> In total 10 candidates ran on RCPI tickets, obtaining 72,445 votes.<ref name=a1978>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReportAssam78.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1978 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ASSAM]''</ref>

The four RCPI legislators were Md. Shamsul Huda from Dhing, [[Baneswar Saikia]] from Batadroba, Khagen Barbarua from Amguri and Budha Baruah from Mahmara.<ref name="Hussain1994b">{{cite book|author=Monirul Hussain|title=The Assam movement: class, ideology, and identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szZuAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 1994|publisher=Manak Publications in association with Har-Anand Publications|isbn=978-81-85445-29-8|page=293}}</ref> Whilst Md. Shamsul Huda was elected with over 75% of the votes cast in his constituency, Baruah managed to get elected with just 20.9% of the votes cast.<ref name=a1978/> All other RCPI candidates forfeited their deposits.<ref name=a1978/> In the assembly RCPI formed a Left Bloc aligned with CPI(M), CPI, SUCI and CPI(ML).<ref name="Hussain1994">{{cite book|author=Monirul Hussain|title=The Assam movement: class, ideology, and identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szZuAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 1994|publisher=Manak Publications in association with Har-Anand Publications|isbn=978-81-85445-29-8|page=146}}</ref>

RCPI and CPI(M) supported the formation of a Janata Party cabinet with [[Golap Borbora]] as Chief Minister.<ref name="KhanSarkar1988">{{cite book|author1=Charu Khan|author2=Subodh Chandra Sarkar|author3=Sunil Kumar Pal|title=Hindustan Year-book and Who's who|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXlDAAAAYAAJ|year=1988|publisher=M. C. Sarkar.|page=62}}</ref>

When the [[Assam agitation]] began, RCPI and other progressive forces urged the agigatators to accept 25 March 1971 as the cut-off date for deportation of migrants.<ref name=fra/> As Assam was engulfed in communal violence, members of RCPI and other left parties were killed or maimed.<ref name=fra>''Frontline''. ''[http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2717/stories/20100827271704100.htm Fretful wait]''</ref> The popular support for RCPI and other left parties declined sharply as they had opposed the Assam agitation.<ref name=u/>

==RCPI in Assam after the Assam agitation==
As of 1981 RCPI was part of the Left Democratic Alliance (along with CPI(M), CPI and SUCI).<ref>''India Today''. ''[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19830315-nellie-massacre-assams-image-as-multi-cultural-and-secular-state-lay-shattered-770486-2013-07-23 Assam: A state ravaged]''</ref> In April 1984 RCPI joined a convention of opposition parties (along with CPI, Congress (S) and the Janata Party), a move which side-lined the CPI(M). The April 1984 opposition convention used a language largely supportive of the Assam agitation.<ref name="Dutta1990">{{cite book|author=P. S. Dutta|title=Ethnic movements in poly-cultural Assam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkpuAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Har-Anand Publications in association with Vikas Pub. House|page=216|isbn=9780706952995}}</ref>

RCPI fielded a single candidate in the [[1996 Indian general election]]; [[Baneswar Saikia]] in the [[Nowgong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nowgong constituency]].<ref name=i1996>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1996 TO THE 11th LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS)]''</ref> He obtained 1,803 votes (0.25%).<ref name=i1996/> As of 1996 Baneswar Saikia served as the RCPI general secretary.<ref name="Saikia2015460">{{cite book|author=Arupjyoti Saikia|title=A Century of Protests: Peasant Politics in Assam Since 1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QcNcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT460|date=12 August 2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-32559-8|page=460}}</ref>

RCPI fielded two candidates in the [[1998 Indian general election]]; Abdur Rashid in the [[Kaliabor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaliabor constituency]] and Padma Kamal Phukon in the [[Jorhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jorhat constituency]].<ref name=i1998>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1998 TO THE 12th LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |date=18 July 2014 }}''</ref> In Kaliabor RCPI obtained 2,778 votes (0.43%) and in Jorhat the party obtained 1,642 votes (0.49%).<ref name=i1998/>

RCPI fielded a single candidate in the [[1999 Indian general election]]; [[Baneswar Saikia]] in the [[Kaliabor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaliabor constituency]].<ref name=i1999>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1999 TO THE 13th LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |date=18 July 2014 }}''</ref> He obtained 1,516 votes (0.20%).<ref name=i1999/>

RCPI joined the [[Nationalist Congress Party]]-led Regional Democratic Alliance ahead of the [[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=u/>

RCPI fielded a single candidate in the [[2004 Indian general election]]; Raj Kumar Dowara in the [[Jorhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jorhat constituency]].<ref name=i2004>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 2004 TO THE 14th LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS)]''</ref> He finished in fifth place with 16,691.<ref name=i2004/>

RCPI fielded a single candidate in the [[2009 Indian general election]]; Ambu Bora (then aged 78) in the [[Gauhati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gauhati constituency]].<ref name=i2009>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf 25 – CONSTITUENCY WISE DETAILED RESULTS]''</ref> Bora received 7,788 votes (0.7% of the votes in the constituency).<ref name=i2009/>

==Later period==
In the Kolkata Municipal Corporation, 2015 RCPI again contested ward 87 with Tarun Basu as its candidate.<ref>Kolkata24x7. [https://www.kolkata24x7.com/municipal-elaction-boro-eight.html পুরভোটে বরো আট: মোদী ম্যাজিক সরাতে মমতার কার্ড] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229031540/https://www.kolkata24x7.com/municipal-elaction-boro-eight.html |date=29 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>''Ganashakti''. ''[http://ganashakti.com/english/news/details/8188 Kolkata Municipal Corporation election 2015 LF announced candidate list]''</ref>

==Leadership==
Paramesh Das was the Assam state secretary of RCPI.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/ghy_city/story.php?sec=1&subsec=0&id=252557&dtP=2016-09-25&ppr=1#.WGZG7jMclG8|title=The Sentinel|website=www.sentinelassam.com|access-date=30 December 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Subhas Roy is the West Bengal State Secretary of the party.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Contact Us|url=https://www.rcpi-communist.in/p/contact-us.html|website=www.rcpicommunist.in|access-date=2018-10-30}}</ref>

[[Biren Deka]] is the Secretary of the Central Committee of the party.<ref name=":0" />

On the 28th day of October 2018, an Organising State Committee was formed in Kerala, under the secretaryship of Dipin Thekkepuram.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Organising Committee of the RCPI formed in Kerala|url=https://www.rcpi-communist.in/2018/10/organising-committee-of-rcpi-formed-in.html|website=www.rcpi-communist.in|access-date=2018-10-30}}</ref>

==2016 elections==
As per the second list of Left Front candidates for the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], released in March 2016, RCPI fielded Sanjoy Basu, a [[Calcutta High Court]] lawyer, in the Santipur seat and Kamal Hassan in the Hansan seat.<ref>''The Telegraph''. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160313112358/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160312/jsp/bengal/story_74123.jsp Cadres spoil Buddha lunch]''</ref><ref>''Ganashakti''. [http://ganashakti.com/bengali/current_news_details.php?news_id=613 "আরো ৮৫ আসনে প্রার্থী ঘোষণা বামফ্রন্টের"]</ref> After a period of vacillation RCPI endorsed the Left Front-Congress electoral understanding ahead of the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], although the agreement would mean no seats for RCPI to contest.<ref>''Anandabazaar Patrika''. [http://www.anandabazar.com/elections/west-bengal/state-election-news/rcpi-with-congress-1.350335 "কংগ্রেসের পাশে আরসিপিআই-ও"]</ref> Hassan's candidature was unofficially withdrawn in favour of the Indian National Congress after the prescribed date for withdrawal of nominations.<ref>Prasar Bharati. ''[http://newsonair.nic.in/WB-IT.pdf West Bengal Assembly Elections 2016 Backgrounder] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228200035/http://newsonair.nic.in/WB-IT.pdf |date=28 December 2016 }}''</ref><ref name=s2016/> Kamal Hassan obtained 751 votes (0.4%).<ref name=s2016>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/10-Detailed%20Reportwest.pdf Detailed Report]''</ref> Basu's nomination had been withdrawn prior to the prescribed date.<ref name=s2016/>

RCPI joined the six-party United Left ahead of the [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>''First Post''. ''[http://www.firstpost.com/politics/assam-election-defeating-corrupt-congress-communal-bjp-essential-says-cpm-2688858.html Assam election: Defeating 'corrupt' Congress, 'communal' BJP essential, says CPM]''</ref> RCPI contested the Dhing and Mahmara seats<ref>''The Sentinel''. ''[http://www.sentinelassam.com/mainnews/story.php?sec=1&subsec=0&id=259702&dtP=2016-03-27&ppr=1 Left parties to field 59 candidates in Assam]{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''</ref><ref>''People's Democracy''. ''[http://peoplesdemocracy.in/2016/0515_pd/assam-assembly-elections-close-fight-between-congress-bjp ASSAM: Assembly Elections: Close Fight between Congress & BJP]''</ref> RCPI candidate Jamanur Rahman in Dhing obtained 737 votes (0.43%) and Nityananda Gogoi in Mahmara obtained 448 votes (0.43%).<ref name=a2016>Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/10-DETAILED%20RESULTS.pdf Detailed Results]''</ref> The party has since joined the 11-party Left-Democratic Manch, Assam.<ref>''People's Democracy''. ''[http://peoplesdemocracy.in/2016/0731_pd/left-democratic-manch-opposes-privatisation-assam%E2%80%99s-oilfields Left Democratic Manch Opposes Privatisation of Assam’s Oilfields]''</ref> As of 2016 LDMA demanded that 24 March 1971, be chosen as the base year for deportation of foreigners from Assam.<ref>''The Telegraph''. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20161108133000/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161025/jsp/northeast/story_115398.jsp Muslim migrants the problem: BJP]''</ref>

== Mass Organisations ==
* '''Students' Wings''':
**Assam Provincial Students' Federation (APSF) (till 1949)
** Progressive Students' Federation of India (PSFI)
* '''Youth Wing''': [[Progressive Youth Federation of India]] (PYFI)
* '''Peasants' Wing''': Krishak Panchayat
* '''Women's Wing''': Xodou Axom Pragati Nari Sangha (সদৌ অসম প্ৰগতি নাৰী সংঘ)

== Leaders ==

* [[Saumyendranath Tagore]]
* [Haren Kalita]
* [[Bishnu Prasad Rabha]]
* Khagen Barbarua
* [[Baneswar Saikia]]
* [[Biren Deka]]
* Harakanta Das
* Mihir Bain
* Tarunsen Deka
* Mohan Hazarika
*Sudhindranath Kumar
* [ Sabitri Chetia]
* [Mohanlal Mukherjee ]
*[[Bimalananda Mukherjee]]

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==External links==
* [http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/T_0022.htm Tagore, Soumyendranath (1901–1974)]
* [http://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/alex/works/in_trot/india.htm Trotskyism in India] by Robert Alexander
* [http://www.rcpicommunist.in/p/saumyendranath-tagore.html Writings of Saumyendranath Tagore]

[[Category:Revolutionary Communist Party of India| ]]
[[Category:Anti-capitalist political parties]]
[[Category:Anti-capitalist organizations]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1934]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India breakaway groups]]
[[Category:1934 establishments in India]]

Gourav Vallabh

2026-03-13T18:50:26Z

Igortxa: Made A Article.

{{Short description|Indian academic and politician}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gourav Vallabh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| occupation = Professor, Economist, Politician
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] (until 2024)
| known_for = Member, Prime Minister's Economic Advisory Council
| alma_mater = [[University of Rajasthan]]
}}

'''Gourav Vallabh''' is an Indian academic, economist, and politician affiliated with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). He was previously a national spokesperson for the [[Indian National Congress]] and is known for his televised economic debates and political commentary. In 2024, he was appointed as a member of the Prime Minister’s Economic Advisory Council.<ref name="OneIndia">{{cite web |title=गौरव वल्लभ को पीएम की आर्थिक सलाहकार परिषद में मिली अहम जिम्मेदारी |url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/news/india/gourav-vallabh-pm-economic-advisory-council-member-got-a-big-responsibility-in-pmo-1315457.html |website=OneIndia |date=8 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="PunjabKesari">{{cite web |title=PM's new economic advisory committee announced, four members from DU, DSE get place |date=12 June 2025 |url=https://www.punjabkesari.com/delhi-ncr/pms-new-economic-advisory-committee-announced-four-members-from-du-dse-get-place |access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|title=Who is Gourav Vallabh, the latest leader to resign from Congress and join BJP?
|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-congress-spokesperson-gourav-vallabh-bjp-9250489/
|publisher=Indian Express
|author=Express Web Desk
|date=4 April 2024
|access-date=12 June 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|title=Who is Gourav Vallabh, why did he resign from Congress; can't raise anti‑Sanatana slogans
|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-is-gourav-vallabh-why-did-he-resign-from-congress-cant-raise-anti-sanatana-slogans-101712202537894.html
|publisher=Hindustan Times
|author=HT News Desk
|date=4 April 2024
|access-date=12 June 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|title=Gaurav Vallabh Profile: जीरो की बात करने वाले गौरव वल्लभ कैसे बने राजनीति के हीरो, कांग्रेस छोड़ अब भाजपा के लिए करते दिखेंगे बहस
|url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/gaurav-vallabh-profile-how-gaurav-vallabh-become-the-hero-of-politics-now-left-congress-will-seen-debating-for-bjp-5376138
|publisher=NDTV Rajasthan
|author=प्रभांशु रंजन
|date=4 April 2024
|access-date=12 June 2025
}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Vallabh was born in [[Jodhpur]], Rajasthan, and has academic ties to both Rajasthan and [[Jharkhand]] due to his professional tenure in Ranchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=गौरव वल्लभ का होमटाउन राजस्थान, कनेक्शन झारखंड और दिल्ली से |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/jharkhand/jamshedpur/who-is-gaurav-vallabh-hometown-is-rajasthan-know-jharkhand-and-delhi-connection/articleshow/109023854.cms |website=NBT |access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref> He holds a PhD in finance and has taught accountancy and economics at management institutes including Xavier Institute of Social Service (XISS), Ranchi.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web |title=कौन हैं गौरव वल्लभ जो कांग्रेस छोड़कर बीजेपी में शामिल हो गए |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/articles/cjq857e550po |website=BBC Hindi |date=4 April 2024}}</ref>

==Academic career==
Before entering politics, Vallabh was a professor and finance expert. He had been associated with XLRI Jamshedpur and Delhi-NCR as a faculty in Finance.<ref>https://xlridelhi.ac.in/wps-members/dr-gourav-vallabh/</ref> He became widely known through televised debates on economic policy, especially on topics like GST and national budgeting.<ref>{{cite web |title=गौरव वल्लभ, जिन्होंने पूछा था ट्रिलियन में कितने जीरो |url=https://www.newstak.in/politics/story/gaurav-vallabh-who-asked-sambit-patra-how-many-zeros-in-a-trillion-left-congress-will-go-to-bjp-971185-2024-04-04 |website=NewsTak |date=4 April 2024 |access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref>

==Political career==
Vallabh became a spokesperson for the Indian National Congress, frequently appearing on national television. In 2023, he contested the Rajasthan Assembly elections from [[Udaipur]] but lost.<ref>{{cite web |title=गौरव वल्लभ ने लड़ा था उदयपुर से चुनाव |url=https://www.aajtak.in/business/utility/story/gourav-vallabh-joins-bjp-last-year-fight-assembly-election-in-udaipur-affidavit-and-property-tuta-1911650-2024-04-04 |website=Aaj Tak |date=4 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=गौरव वल्लभ उदयपुर से रघुबर दास के खिलाफ मैदान में थे |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jodhpur/news/gourav-vallabh-to-contest-against-chief-minister-raghubar-das-01688865.html |website=Bhaskar |access-date=12 June 2025 |last1=Sheikh |first1=Sajid }}</ref>

In April 2024, Vallabh resigned from the Congress Party, stating ideological differences over what he termed “anti-Sanatan” slogans and criticism of economic contributors.<ref>{{cite web |title=Can't raise anti-Sanatan slogans or abuse wealth creators: Gourav Vallabh |url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/gourav-vallabh-joins-bjp-hours-after-quitting-directionless-congress-124040400455_1.html |website=Business Standard |date=4 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=गौरव वल्लभ बोले: न तो सनातन के विरोध में नारे लगा सकता हूं, न ही wealth creators को गाली दे सकता हूं |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/congress-gourav-vallabh-resigns-says-cant-raise-anti-sanatana-slogans/3445788/ |website=Financial Express |date=4 April 2024 |access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Congress leader Gourav Vallabh resigns citing ideological discomfort |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/gourav-vallabh-after-joining-bjp-ridicules-congress-i-pray-to-lord-shri-ram-11712240462121.html |website=LiveMint |date=4 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|title="Can neither raise 'anti‑Sanatan' slogans nor abuse wealth creators", says Gourav Vallabh after quitting Congress
|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/can-neither-raise-anti-sanatan-slogans-nor-abuse-wealth-creators-says-gourav-vallabh-after-quitting-congress-424243-2024-04-04
|publisher=Business Today
|date=4 April 2024
|access-date=12 June 2025
}}</ref>

Hours later, he joined the BJP and was formally inducted by senior party leaders.<ref>{{cite web |title=गौरव वल्लभ बीजेपी में शामिल |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gourav-vallabh-joins-bjp-cant-abuse-wealth-creators-gourav-vallabh-switches-from-congress-to-bjp-5372428 |website=NDTV |access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gourav Vallabh joins BJP less than a day after quitting Congress |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/gourav-vallabh-to-join-bjp-less-than-a-day-after-quitting-congress/articleshow/109027407.cms |website=Economic Times |date=4 April 2024}}</ref>

==Appointment to PMEAC==
In May 2024, Vallabh was appointed as a member of the [[Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister|Prime Minister’s Economic Advisory Council]], alongside academics and economists from [[Delhi University]] and the [[Delhi School of Economics]].<ref name="PunjabKesari" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Prof. Gourav Vallabh gets important post in PM's economic panel |url=https://www.pressnote.in/-Lakecity-Headlines-_515453.html |website=PressNote |date=9 May 2024}}</ref>

==Public image==
Vallabh became a popular face during TV debates, particularly after a viral exchange with a BJP spokesperson regarding the number of zeros in a trillion.<ref>{{cite web |title=गौरव वल्लभ कौन हैं, जो बीजेपी में शामिल हो गए? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zee-hindustan/elections/who-is-gourav-vallabh-left-congress-and-joined-bjp-know-his-history/2188733 |website=Zee News |date=4 April 2024 |access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://www.gouravvallabh.com Official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vallabh, Gourav}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]

Islamic holidays

2026-03-07T21:47:34Z

Igortxa: minor update

{{Short description|Holidays in Islam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
[[File:Sholakia_Eidgah_Maidan_08.jpg|thumb|right|Eid celebration in [[Sholakia]], [[Bangladesh]]. The largest [[Eid prayers|Eid congregation]].]]
{{Islam |religion}}
There are two main holidays in [[Islam]] that are celebrated by [[Muslim]]s worldwide: [[Eid al-Fitr]] and [[Eid al-Adha|Eid al Adha]]. The timing of both holidays are set by the lunar [[Islamic calendar]], which is based upon the cycle of the moon, and so is different from the more common, European, solar-based [[Gregorian calendar]]. Every year, the Gregorian dates of the Islamic holidays change.

Both Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha follow a period of 10 holy days or nights: the last 10 nights of [[Ramadan]] for Eid al-Fitr, and the first 10 days of [[Dhu al-Hijjah]] for Eid al-Adha. The [[Night of Power]] (Arabic: لیلة القدر, [[Romanization of Arabic|romanized]]: Laylat al-Qadr), one of the last 10 nights of Ramadan, is the holiest night of the year.<ref>/{{cite web|title=Muslim Hands USA The Night of Power|trans-title=أيدي المسلمين في ليلة القوة في الولايات المتحدة|date=January 28, 2026| website=[[Muslim Hands]]|url=https://muslimhandsusa.org/latest/2025/03/laylat-al-qadr-understanding-the-night-of-power}}</ref> Conversely, the [[Day of Arafah]], the day before Eid al-Adha, is the holiest day of the Islamic year.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

There are a number of other days of note as well as festivals, some common to all Muslims, others specific to [[Shia Islam]] or branches thereof.

Additionally, Friday is considered the holiest day of the week, and, in Islamic tradition, is considered a celebration in itself. [[Friday prayer|Friday prayers]] (Juma) are congregational prayers held in [[mosque]]s, and Muslims are encouraged to wear clean and refined clothes, perfume, and bathe. It is customary to eat special meals with family on this day.

==Holidays==
{{Main|Eid al-Fitr|Eid al-Adha}}
Eid al-Fitr is celebrated at the end of [[Ramadan]] (a month of fasting during daylight hours), and Muslims may perform acts of [[zakat]] (charity) on the occasion, which begins after the new moon is sighted for the beginning of the month of [[Shawwal]]. Celebration begins with prayers on the morning of 1 Shawwal, followed by breakfast, and often celebratory meals throughout the day.

Eid al-Adha is celebrated on the tenth day of [[Dhu al-Hijjah]], when the [[Hajj]] pilgrimage takes place which lasts for four days. Muslims may perform an act of zakat and friendship by slaughtering a sheep or cow and distributing the meat to family, friends, and the poor. Muslims are also encouraged to be especially friendly and reach out to one another during this period.<ref>{{Cite book|last=الشحيمي|first=محمد|title=العيد فرحة وآداب|publisher=[[دائرة الشؤون الإسلامية والعمل الخيري]]|year=2014|isbn=978-9948-499-99-2|location=دبي، الامارات العربية المتحدة}}</ref>

==Religious practices==
===Fasting===
[[File:Fanous Ramadan.jpg|thumb|The [[Fanoos]], a lantern used in homes, mosques and streets during Ramadan]]
{{Main|Ramadan}}
Muslims celebrate when they believe the [[Quran]] was first revealed to Muhammed by fasting from dawn to sunset during [[Ramadan (calendar month)|Ramadan]], the ninth month of the [[Islamic calendar]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=No god but God : the origins and evolution of Islam|last=Reza|first=Aslan|date=2011|publisher=Delacorte Press|isbn=9780385739757|edition=1st|location=New York|pages=118–119|oclc=614990718}}</ref> Fasting is considered a purifying experience so that Muslims can gain compassion and deepen their faith in [[God in Islam|God]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ramadan0000aloi|title=Ramadan|last=Molly.|first=Aloian|date=2009|publisher=Crabtree|isbn=978-0778742852|location=New York|oclc=227911610|url-access=registration}}</ref> Those with certain health conditions such as diabetes, and children are exempt from fasting.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramadan and Diabetes |url=https://mcb.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Ramadan-Factsheet-English-2015-9_3_15.pdf |website=[[Muslim Council of Britain]] |access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref> Travelers, and women who are menstruating or nursing a baby, are exempt from fasting but are required to fast later.<ref>{{cite web |title=What are Missed Fasts in Islam and Who Has to Make Them Up? |url=https://islamic-relief.org/what-are-missed-fasts-in-islam-and-who-has-to-make-them-up/ |website=[[Islamic Relief]] |access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref>

===Pilgrimage===
====Umrah====
{{Main|Umrah}}

====Hajj====
{{Main|Hajj}}

====Eid====
{{Main|Eid al-Adha}}

==Dates of holidays and other days of note==
The Islamic calendar is based on the [[orbital period|synodic period]] of the [[Lunar phase|Moon's revolution]] around the Earth, approximately 29{{1/2}} days. The Islamic calendar alternates months of 29 and 30 days (which begin with the new moon). Twelve of these months make up an Islamic year, which is 11 days shorter than the Gregorian year. Some Gregorian dates may vary slightly from those given, and may also vary by country. See [[Islamic calendar#Astronomical considerations|Islamic calendar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Islamic Calendar|url=http://islamicfinder.org/islamic-calendar/|website=IslamicFinder|access-date=12 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Special Islamic Days|url=http://islamicfinder.org/special-islamic-days/|website=IslamicFinder|access-date=12 September 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Holiday Name!! Hijri Date, 1447 AH
! Gregorian Date, 2025-26
|-
| align="left" | [[Islamic New Year]] || align="left" | 1 Muḥarram
|26 June 2025
|-
| align="left" | [[Tasu'a]]{{efn|name=Shia|Primarily observed by Shias.}} || align="left" | 9 Muharram
|4 July 2025
|-
| align="left" | [[Ashura]] || align="left" | 10 Muḥarram
|5 July 2025
|-
| align="left" | [[Arbaʽeen]]{{efn|name=Shia|Primarily observed by Shias.}} || align="left" | 20 or 21 Ṣafar{{efn|Observed 40 days after Ashura.}}
|14 or 15 August 2025
|-
| align="left" | [[Akhiri Chahar Shambah]]{{efn|Primarily observed by Muslims in Iran and Indian subcontinent.}} || align="left" | Last Wednesday of Ṣafar
|20 August 2025
|-
| align="left" | [[Eid-e-Shuja']] (Eid-e-Zahra){{efn|name=Twelver|Primarily observed by [[Twelver|Twelver Shias]].}} || align="left" | 9 Rabī‘ al-Awwal
|1 September 2025
|-
| align="left" | [[Mawlid|Mawlid an-Nabī]] (Birthday of [[Muhammad]]){{efn|Not observed by Wahhabis, Deobandis and Ahl-i-Hadith}}|| align="left" | 12 Rabī‘ al-Awwal
|4th September 2025
|-
| align="left" | Baptism of Muhammad{{efn|Mostly observed in the [[Sahel]]}} || align="left" | 19 Rabī‘ al-Awwal
|11 September 2025
|-
| align="left" | Beginning the Three Holy Months || align="left" | 1 Rajab
|21 December 2025
|-
| align="left" | [[Laylat al-Raghaib]] || align="left" | 2 Rajab
|22 December 2025
|-
| align="left" | Birthday of [[Ali|‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib]]{{efn|name=Shia}} || align="left" | [[13 Rajab]]
|2 January 2026
|-
| align="left" | [[Isra and Mi'raj|Laylat al-Mi'raj]] || align="left" | 26 Rajab or 27 Rajab{{efn|There is some disagreement about this date; see [[Isra and Mi'raj#Modern Muslim observance|Isra and Mi'raj]].}}
|15 or 16 January 2026
|-
| align="left" | [[Mid-Sha'ban|Laylat al-Bara'at]] || align="left" | 15 Sha‘bān
|3 February 2026
|-
| align="left" | Birthday of [[Hujjat-Allah imam al-Mahdi|Hujjat-Allah al-Mahdī]]{{efn|name=Twelver|Primarily observed by [[Twelver|Twelver Shias]].}} || align="left" | 15 Sha‘bān
|3 February 2026
|-
| align="left" | First day of [[Ramadan|Ramaḍān]] || align="left" | 1 Ramaḍān
|18 February 2026
|-
| align="left" | [[Qadr Night|Laylat al-Qadr]] || align="left" | 21, 23, 25, 27, or 29 Ramaḍān{{efn|Most often observed on 23 Ramaḍān by Shias and 27 Ramaḍān by Sunnis; see [[Qadr Night#Date|Laylat al-Qadr]].}}
|10th, 12th, 14, 16 and 18 March 2026
|-
| align="left" | [[Jumu'atul-Wida]]|| align="left" | Last Friday in the month of Ramadan before Eid al-Fitr
|13 March 2026
|-
| align="left" | [[Chaand Raat]]{{efn|Primarily observed in [[South Asia]].}} || align="left" | 1 or 2
Ramadan
|18 or 19 March 2026
|-
| align="left" | [[Eid al-Fitr]] || align="left" | 1 Shawwāl
|20 March 2026
|-
| align="left" | [[Hajj]] || align="left" | 8–13 Dhū al-Ḥijja
|25 - 30 May 2026
|-
| align="left" | [[Day of Arafah]] || align="left" | 9 Dhū al-Ḥijja
|26 May 2026
|-
| align="left" | [[Eid al-Adha]] || align="left" | 10 Dhū al-Ḥijja
|27 May 2026
|-
| align="left" | [[Eid al-Ghadir]]{{efn|name=Shia}} || align="left" | 18 Dhū al-Ḥijja
|4 June 2026
|-
| align="left" | [[Event of Mubahala|Eid al-Mubahalah]]{{efn|name=Shia}} || align="left" | 24 Dhū al-Ḥijja
|10 June 2026
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Leaman, Oliver, "Festivals of Love", in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol I, pp. 197–199.

==External links==
* [http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura.htm The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia] (with date converter valid from 1937 to 2077)

{{Eid}}
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Mullum Malarum

2026-03-05T06:34:59Z

Igortxa: new first details needs work

{{short description|1978 film by J. Mahendran}}
{{for|the TV series|Mullum Malarum (TV series)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mullum Malarum
| image = Mullum Malarum poster.jpg
| alt = Painted poster of Kali (Rajinikanth) holding a hand drum. On his left is Manga (Jayalakshmi), top right is Valli (Shoba) and bottom right is Kumaran (Sarath Babu). Kali and the drum are painted in greens, reds, and blues. Manga, Valli, and Kumaran are coloured in greyscale.
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]]
| producer = Venu Chettiar V. Mohan
| screenplay = Mahendran
| based_on = {{Based on|''Mullum Malarum''|Uma Chandran}}
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Rajinikanth]]|[[Sarath Babu]]||[[Fatafat Jayalaxmi|Jayalaxmi]]|[[Shoba]]}}
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = [[Balu Mahendra]]
| editing = D. Vasu
| studio = Ananthi Films
| released = {{film date|1978|8|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 143–145 minutes{{efn|The film's runtime is listed in ''Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema'' as 143 minutes,{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=437}} but the version screened at the 1979 [[International Film Festival of India]] was 145 minutes long.<ref name="panorama" />}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Mullum Malarum''''' ({{Translation|'The Thorn and the Flower' or 'Even a Thorn Will Bloom'}}; {{IPA|ta|muɭɭum maɭaɾum|pron}}) is a 1978 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]]. Produced by Venu Chettiar and V. Mohan, the film stars [[Rajinikanth]], [[Sarath Babu]], [[Fatafat Jayalaxmi|Jayalaxmi]] and [[Shoba]]. It marks Mahendran's [[List of directorial debuts|directorial debut]] and is partly based on Uma Chandran's novel of the same name, which was [[Serial (literature)|serialised]] in the Tamil magazine ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' in 1966. ''Mullum Malarum'' tells the story of Kali (Rajinikanth), a [[winch]] operator of a [[cable railway|cable trolley]] who dotes on his sister Valli (Shoba) since they were orphaned, and clashes with his boss Kumaran (Sarath Babu).

Mahendran read only part of the novel, and developed the screenplay as he wanted, making a visually focused film without formulaic Tamil cinema conventions he disliked such as melodrama, overacting, excessive dialogue and duets. Since Mahendran had no previous directing experience, cinematographer [[Balu Mahendra]], who was already an established director, assisted him with the screenplay, dialogue, camera angles, casting and editing. Principal photography lasted for about 30 days, taking place primarily in [[Sringeri]], [[Karnataka]], though some scenes were also filmed in [[Ooty]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. The film was edited by D. Vasu, and the soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].

''Mullum Malarum'' was released on 15 August 1978. Although it opened to tepid box-office earnings, positive reviews from critics and favourable [[word of mouth]] in later weeks helped make it a success with a theatrical run of over 100 days. The film received praise primarily for Rajinikanth's performance, Balu Mahendra's cinematography, Ilaiyaraaja's music, Mahendran's writing and establishing Tamil cinema as a "visual medium". It won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil]], the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]] and Rajinikanth won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]] for his performance.

''Mullum Malarum'' became a breakthrough for Rajinikanth as an actor and a milestone of Tamil cinema for focusing prominently on visuals and realism without the formulaic Tamil cinema conventions that Mahendran disliked. He continued following this style in all his later films. The film's success inspired a [[Malayalam]] remake titled ''[[Venalil Oru Mazha]]'' in 1979, a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] remake titled ''[[Seethamma Pelli]]'' in 1984, and a [[Hindi]] version titled ''[[Pyari Behna]]'' in 1985.

== Plot ==
Orphaned at a young age, Kali and his sister Valli survived by [[Street performance|performing on the streets]]—Kali on the drums, Valli perched atop a pole balanced by an older boy. Kali frequently gets angry at people whom he thinks lack empathy for the socially or financially deprived. As adults, the siblings live in a hilltop village where Kali works for a [[Power station|powerhouse]] in the valley below. From a shed in the village, he operates a [[winch]] for a [[cable railway|cable trolley]] which ferries employees to work. The powerhouse's new divisional engineer, the rule-abiding but fair Kumaran, notices Kali offering free rides to unauthorised townspeople. When he orders the passengers out, citing rules of operation, Kali becomes angry and stops the trolley half-way downhill. Kumaran shrugs off this act with a knowing smile.

One day, while near the canal, Valli encounters a young woman named Manga, who, along with her mother, has arrived from a drought-stricken town, [[Ilaiyangudi]]. The mother is looking for work, and both women are hungry; Manga reveals a ravenous appetite for fish, which quickly becomes a defining trait. Valli feeds and shelters them for the night, and asks Kali about allowing them to use the vacant house next door. Meanwhile, Kali roughs up his fellow employees whom he suspects of snitching on him to Kumaran. Kali is given a final warning by Kumaran as a prelude to serious disciplinary action.

While Kali is at work, Manga appears, picks up his watch and teasingly declares she will run away with it. They chase each other into the woods and end up waist-deep in the river, where Kali finally retrieves the watch and rushes back to the shed. During his absence, a child living in the valley has needed medical attention. After the emergency alarm at the shed has rung for several minutes, a passerby steps in to operate the winch. The child is transported back in the trolley and dispatched to a hospital. The following day, Kumaran suspends Kali from his job for ten days for gross misconduct.

That evening, Kali goes to the nearby Mullimalai to assuage his anger at Kumaran among the [[Badagas]], joining them in singing and dancing. While staggering back home drunk, Kali passes out on an unlit street. A truck drives over his left arm, which is amputated at a city hospital. As a result, Kumaran regretfully fires Kali since he can no longer perform his job adequately with one arm. At Valli's prompting, Kali and Manga agree to marry; they have a simple wedding ceremony held at the local temple. Kumaran attends and brings a present of cash, which Kali rejects, but Manga accepts.

Kumaran becomes attracted to Valli. After determining her willingness for marriage, he requests permission from Kali who asks him to return the following day. Later that day, Kali corners Murgesan, a philandering local grocer, and offers him his sister's hand in marriage. An engagement ceremony for Murgesan and Valli is arranged. At the ceremony, Manga angrily interferes in the main ritual, which makes Kali furious at his wife. He physically assaults her repeatedly, but Manga remains firm in her opposition.

The next day, Manga convinces Kumaran and Valli to marry without Kali's knowledge, but he accosts their wedding party on its way to the temple. Kali accuses his sister of abandoning him because of his handicap. Valli, overwhelmed with guilt, rushes into his arm. Kali holds her close, declaring that no matter what, he remains the most important man in her life. Though he still harbours resentment toward Kumaran, Kali's pride is restored. He offers his blessing.

== Cast ==
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Kali
* [[Sarath Babu]] as Kumaran
* [[Fatafat Jayalaxmi|Jayalaxmi]] as Manga
* [[Shoba]] as Valli
* [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Murugesan<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vamanan |author-link=Vamanan |date=22 July 2015 |title=Raising laughs with those bubbly sounds |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Raising-laughs-with-those-bubbly-sounds/articleshow/48178254.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726160046/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Raising-laughs-with-those-bubbly-sounds/articleshow/48178254.cms |archive-date=26 July 2015 |access-date=26 July 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Samikannu]] as Mayandi<ref name="Rajinikanth 12.12.12" />


== Production ==
=== Development ===
Despite the success of his projects in the 1970s including ''[[Thangappathakkam]]'' (1974) and ''[[Aadu Puli Attam (1977 film)|Aadu Puli Attam]]'' (1977), screenwriter [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]] had become disillusioned with mainstream Tamil cinema, which he criticised for its obsession with commercial success, routine [[melodrama]], excessive dialogues, [[duet]]s and a typical climax. He decided to take a sabbatical from screenwriting, but was under constant pressure from film producers to write for them. It was then that Mahendran began soliciting novels to adapt, one of which was Uma Chandran's ''Mullum Malarum'' (1966).<ref name="Frontline" /> First [[Serial (literature)|serialised]] in the Tamil magazine ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 August 2015 |title=கல்கி இதழுக்கு வயது, 75! |trans-title=The ''Kalki'' magazine's age is 75! |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/malarkal/vara-malar-weekly-magazine/anthumani-pkp/26635 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180830110237/http://www.dinamalar.com/supplementary_detail.asp?id=26635&ncat=2 |archive-date=30 August 2018 |access-date=30 August 2018 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> it won the first prize in ''Kalki''{{'}}s novel competition for the magazine's [[silver jubilee]] in 1966.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sadasivam |first=T. |author-link=Kalki Sadasivam |date=28 August 1966 |title=Twenty-five Years of ''Kalki'' |magazine=Bhavan's Journal |pages=53–57 |volume=13 |oclc=500022666}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Selvaraj |first=N. |date=12 January 2015 |title=நாவல் – விருதுகளும் பரிசுகளும் |trans-title=Novel – Awards and prizes |url=http://puthu.thinnai.com/?p=27916 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150211172216/http://puthu.thinnai.com/?p=27916 |archive-date=11 February 2015 |access-date=30 August 2018 |website=Thinnai |language=ta}}</ref> While reading the novel, Mahendran was attracted by the protagonist Kali's job as a winch operator and his highly self-respecting character. He read until the chapter where Kali loses his arm to a tiger, and developed the screenplay completely according to his own wish.{{Sfn|Mahendran|2013|p=106}} Unlike the novel, in Mahendran's screenplay Kali loses his arm when it is run over by a truck.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=81}} Additionally, the novel ends with the deaths of Kali and his wife Manga, which Mahendran did not include in his screenplay.{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|p=121}}

Upon completion, Mahendran did not immediately pitch his story to investors, but instead "quietly filed it away", as he believed that no producer would want to produce a film that lacked all the formulaic Tamil cinema conventions. It was only after Venu Chettiar of Ananthi Films approached Mahendran with an offer that he pitched ''Mullum Malarum'', describing it as a brother and sister story. Chettiar accepted the story without listening to it fully and wanted Mahendran to both write and direct the film.<ref name="Frontline" /> Under the assumption that Chettiar had only accepted due to his belief that Mahendran would make a melodramatic brother-sister film like ''[[Pasamalar]]'' (1961), Mahendran refrained from disclosing to him that what he envisioned was radically different, with more focus on visuals than dramatics.{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|pp=109–110}} The film marked Mahendran's directorial debut,{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|pp=141, 437}} with Chettiar and V. Mohan producing it.<ref name="credits" />{{efn|Only Mohan's name appeared in the opening credits.}} Ramasamy was signed as the [[art director]],<ref name="balu mahendra blog" /> and D. Vasu as the editor.{{Sfn|Dharap|1977|p=325}} [[Ramachandra Babu]] declined when approached by Mahendran to be the cinematographer, and [[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]], whom Ramachandra Babu suggested, could not accept to work on the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=25 October 2014 |title=My friend Ashok |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/filmmaker-mahendran-pays-homage-to-cinematographer-ashok-kumar-who-passed-away-this-week/article6533218.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026063921/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/filmmaker-mahendran-pays-homage-to-cinematographer-ashok-kumar-who-passed-away-this-week/article6533218.ece |archive-date=26 October 2014 |access-date=26 October 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |date=25 March 1999 |title=Alas, realistic movies are dead |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/mar/25asho.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030314002937/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/mar/25asho.htm |archive-date=14 March 2003 |access-date=4 July 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Mahendran was unable to find a worthy cinematographer until actor [[Kamal Haasan]] introduced him to [[Balu Mahendra]], who agreed to work on the film, making his debut in Tamil cinema.<ref name="Wagah" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 February 2014 |title=Balu Mahendra was also a literary figure |url=http://www.ceylontoday.lk/90-56252-news-detail-balu-mahendra-was-also-a-literary-figure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705211256/http://www.ceylontoday.lk/90-56252-news-detail-balu-mahendra-was-also-a-literary-figure.html |archive-date=5 July 2015 |access-date=24 April 2014 |work=[[Ceylon Today]]}}</ref> Haasan worked as a production manager on the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2019 |title=I was supposed to do Mullum Malarum: Kamal Haasan's emotional speech at veteran director Mahendran's funeral |url=https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/i-was-supposed-to-do-mullum-malarum-kamal-haasans-emotional-speech-at-veteran-director-mahendrans-funeral-360771.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404143028/https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/i-was-supposed-to-do-mullum-malarum-kamal-haasans-emotional-speech-at-veteran-director-mahendrans-funeral-360771.htm |archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=7 May 2019 |website=[[In.com]]}}</ref>

=== Casting and filming ===
After the release of ''Aadu Puli Attam'', Mahendran wanted [[Rajinikanth]], who portrayed the film's antagonist, to act as the male lead in his directorial debut film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 April 2019 |title=Mahendran found Rajinikanth and made him Superstar. How Mullum Malarum became a cult |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mahendran-found-rajinikanth-and-made-him-superstar-how-mullum-malarum-became-a-cult-1492156-2019-04-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429134254/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mahendran-found-rajinikanth-and-made-him-superstar-how-mullum-malarum-became-a-cult-1492156-2019-04-02 |archive-date=29 April 2019 |access-date=29 April 2019 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Though Chettiar remonstrated against the actor's suitability for the role due to his dark skin and typecasting as a villain, he reluctantly capitulated after Mahendran intransigently declared that he could not possibly direct the film without him, believing him to be tailor-made for the part.{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|pp=111–112}}<ref name="newindianexpress1" /> After directing the [[Kannada]] film ''[[Kokila (1977 film)|Kokila]]'' (1977), Balu Mahendra wanted its lead actress [[Shoba]] to act in his first Tamil film.<ref name="balu mahendra blog" /> She was eventually cast as Kali's sister Valli.{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=437}}

''Mullum Malarum'' was filmed on [[35 mm movie film|35 mm]] [[ORWO]] colour film.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=82}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramnarayan |first=Gowri |date=12 April 2002 |title=Cannes is not my goal |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/12/stories/2002041201050100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030908023239/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/12/stories/2002041201050100.htm |archive-date=8 September 2003 |access-date=26 November 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It was shot primarily in [[Sringeri]], [[Karnataka]], with additional filming in [[Ooty]], [[Tamil Nadu]]; principal photography lasted about 30 days.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aravind |first=C. V. |date=6 January 2017 |title=The cinema of J Mahendran: Social milieu was his canvas |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cinema-j-mahendran-social-milieu-was-his-canvas-55328 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110103048/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cinema-j-mahendran-social-milieu-was-his-canvas-55328 |archive-date=10 January 2017 |access-date=10 January 2017 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|p=112}} Chettiar initially refused to let Mahendran shoot in Sringeri, citing financial constraints, but Mahendran's friend Pazhaniappan convinced Chettiar and agreed to pay for the Sringeri shooting schedule.{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|pp=113–114}} Once while passing through [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], Mahendran witnessed a game of [[Sports in Tamil Nadu#Uriyadi|Uriyadi]], which inspired him to include two Uriyadi scenes in the film which were not originally part of the script.{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|p=115}} Mahendran also decided to characterise Manga ([[Fatafat Jayalaxmi|Jayalaxmi]]) as a "meen paithiyam" (meaning a "foodie who loves fish") after being inspired by Sringeri's marine environment.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=15 December 2013 |title=Flashbacks of a director |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/flashbacks-of-a-director/article5459812.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216131932/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/flashbacks-of-a-director/article5459812.ece |archive-date=16 December 2013 |access-date=16 December 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|pp=115–116}}

Balu Mahendra stated that he avoided incorporating the usual hero-heroine dancing into the film because he thought it was like "watching two drunken monkeys dancing". Instead, he allocated music to the background when the lead characters expressed their emotions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2009 |title=Angadi Theru Audio Launch- A simple report! |url=http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php?newsid=958 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122100014/http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=newsdetails.php%3Fnewsid%3D958 |archive-date=22 November 2013 |access-date=23 November 2013 |website=[[Ayngaran International]]}}</ref> Since Mahendran had no previous directing experience, Balu Mahendra, who was already an established director, assumed responsibility and responded to Mahendran's suggestions for screenplay, dialogue, camera angles, casting and editing.<ref name="balu mahendra blog" /> He shot the film predominantly using natural light.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=82}}

According to Mahendran, Chettiar never arrived at the shooting spot;<ref name="Rajini style" /> he expected a melodramatic, dialogue-heavy film,<ref name="Frontline" /> and would have shelved the project had he known about Mahendran's filmmaking style.<ref name="Rajini style" /> [[Sarath Babu]], who plays the engineer Kumaran,<ref>{{Cite web |last=பாரதி|first=திரை|date=27 November 2021|title=ஆறிலிருந்து எழுபது வரை: ரஜினி சரிதம் - 43|trans-title=From Six to Seventy: Rajini's history – 43|url=https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/cinema/rajini-saritham-43|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220917064431/https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/cinema/rajini-saritham-43|archive-date=17 September 2022|access-date=17 September 2022|website=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]]|language=ta}}</ref> was originally supposed to [[lip sync]] the full "Senthazham Poovil" scene, picturised on Kumaran and Valli, but Mahendra and Mahendran agreed on a [[Montage (filmmaking)|montage]] after the actor performed a line or two.<ref name="balu mahendra blog" /> During the filming of the climax where Kali lets Kumaran marry Valli despite their enmity, Sarath Babu disputed the part where Kali professes to still dislike Kumaran, leading him to storm off the set. When he was brought back by the producer, he tempestuously confronted Mahendran, who informed him that Kali dislikes Kumaran till the end. He offered the possibility of filming it with Kali saying those words without Kumaran present, but Sarath Babu ultimately appeared.{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|pp=116–117}}

After watching the film's double positive,{{efn|Double positive is the stage when dubbing for a film has been completed, and picture and sound are on separate tracks—a raw copy where visual effects and background score remain to be added.{{sfn|Krissna|Rangarajan|2012|pp=83–84}}}} Chettiar was perplexed by the lack of melodrama and lengthy dialogues, since he hired Mahendran as director due to his success as a dialogue writer and did not expect such a visually focused film.<ref name="Frontline" />{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|pp=117–118}} At that time, Mahendran had yet to film a scene set before "Senthazham Poovil" but Chettiar, discontent with the [[Cost overrun|budget escalating]], refused to finance it until he was won over by Haasan who financed the scene, and filming was completed.<ref name="Frontline" /><ref name="Wagah" />{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|pp=238–240}} ''Mullum Malarum''{{'s}} final [[reel]] length was {{Convert|3915.46|metres|feet}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 1978 |title=Mullum Malarum (Tamil) |url=http://s1303.photobucket.com/user/kailash29792/media/mullummalarumcertificate_zps1990fb13.jpg.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224544/http://i1303.photobucket.com/albums/ag149/kailash29792/mullummalarumcertificate_zps1990fb13.jpg |archive-date=2 December 2013 |access-date=5 October 2015 |publisher=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref>

== Themes ==
Film critic [[Naman Ramachandran]] likened Kali's relationship with Valli to how flowers need thorns for protection.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=81}} According to critic [[Baradwaj Rangan]], the title ''Mullum Malarum'' can be interpreted in two ways: "the thorn and the flower", which describes Kali and Valli; and "even a thorn will bloom", which foreshadows how Kali softens at the end.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=12 December 2017 |title=Southern Lights: Introducing... Rajinikanth! |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/indepth-stories/south/southern-lights-introducing-rajinikanth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415153308/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/indepth-stories/south/southern-lights-introducing-rajinikanth |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=21 December 2017 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> Mahendran considered the latter to be the real meaning of the film's title.{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|p=234}} S. Rajanayagam, author of the 2015 book ''Popular Cinema and Politics in South India: The Films of MGR and Rajinikanth'', described Kali as the thorn and flower in the film; he characterised Kali as an "angry young man with a kind heart" who does not admit mistakes, despite having committed acts such as breaking car headlights and allowing people to ride the trolley, in violation of the powerhouse's rules.{{Sfn|Rajanayagam|2015|pp=89–90}} He noted that films like ''Mullum Malarum'' stereotype the poor as "all that is pristine and traditional", and leave the "overall socio-economic system" which made them poor unchallenged, but within this system, "the hero will be 'richer' in terms of his moral uprightness".{{Sfn|Rajanayagam|2015|p=79}} Journalist Kavitha Muralidharan wrote that most of Mahendran's films show characters with contrasting personalities, citing the docile Valli and the garrulous Manga in ''Mullum Malarum'' as examples. Regarding this, Mahendran said, "I only show them as they are in real life".<ref name="second coming" />

According to film historian [[:fr:Yves Thoraval|Yves Thoraval]], ''Mullum Malarum'' explores "the extreme [[Oedipus complex|Oedipal]] possessiveness of a married brother for his younger sister". Thoraval said this was a recurring theme in Indian films starting with [[Bahen (film)|''Bahen'']] in 1941.{{Sfn|Thoraval|2000|p=333}} Ramachandran noted that Kali, like Rajinikanth's character in ''[[Bairavi]]'' (1978), is responsible for his sister's welfare. Unlike ''Bairavi'', the siblings in ''Mullum Malarum'' are not separated; this leads Kali's protectiveness of Valli to the brink of obsession.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=81}} Ramachandran regarded egotism as one of ''Mullum Malarum''{{'s}} central themes, identifying Kali as the [[Dominance hierarchy|alpha male]] of his community.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|pp=81–82}} According to an article published in ''Cinema Vision India'', the film stresses "that people change{{mdash}}and they must".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Rao |first1=M. S. |last2=Hariharan |first2=K. |year=1980 |title=Tamil Nadu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X-wKAQAAMAAJ&q=mullum+malarum |magazine=Cinema Vision India |page=59 |volume=1 |issue=2–4}}</ref> Ramachandran noted that when Kali's arm is amputated, he feels helpless and emasculated, and Kumaran becomes an easy target. Kali refuses to see the benefits of his sister marrying a wealthy and educated man, even when Manga asks for his consent, but sees the error of his ways when Valli abandons her wedding party to join her brother: "My sister has shown all of you that I am the most important person in her life. I need only that happiness for the rest of my life. And it is with that pride and arrogance that I give my permission for my sister to marry".{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=82}} Writing for ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]'', Venkatesh Chakravarthy noted that the film ends with Kali relenting to Valli's desire to marry the man she wishes but not before he tells Kumaran that he still dislikes him, "which makes the film open-ended with a feel that life goes on".<ref name="Frontline" />

== Music ==
''Mullum Malarum''{{'}}s soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with lyrics by [[Panchu Arunachalam]], [[Gangai Amaran]] and [[Kannadasan]].<ref name="liner notes" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mullum Malarum (1978) |url=https://mio.to/album/Mullum+Malarum+%281978%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180405055930/http://mio.to/album/Mullum%20Malarum%20(1978) |archive-date=5 April 2018 |access-date=5 April 2018 |website=Music India Online}}</ref> Unlike most Tamil films of that time, the film does not include any duets.<ref name="second coming" /> The song "Adi Penney" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Madhyamavati]].{{Sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=121}} "Raman Aandaalum" is set in [[Mayamalavagowla]],{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=146}} and "Senthazham Poovil" is set in [[Bowli]].{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=157}} "Maan Iname", sung by Ilaiyaraaja, does not feature on the soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ilaiyaraaja |author-link=Ilaiyaraaja |date=9 July 2015 |title=இசையமைப்பாளர்களில் அதிகபாடல்கள் பாடியவர் இசைஞானி இளையராஜாதானாம்... |trans-title=Ilaiyaraaja is the composer who sang the most number of songs |url=https://www.facebook.com/Ilaiyaraaja/posts/980872415290639/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901172923/https://www.facebook.com/Ilaiyaraaja/posts/980872415290639/ |archive-date=1 September 2019 |access-date=1 September 2019 |website=[[Facebook]]}}</ref><ref name="liner notes" /> Elements of "Raman Aandaalum" were later used in "[[Mankatha (soundtrack)|Machi Open the Bottle]]", composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] for ''[[Mankatha]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Sudha |date=15 September 2011 |title=Music Review: Mankatha |url=http://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=7588 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115231611/http://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=7588 |archive-date=15 November 2012 |access-date=23 November 2013 |website=Lokvani.com |location=New England}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=August 2011 |title=மங்காத்தாவில் நடிக்க மிரட்டப்பட்டாரா அஜீத்! |trans-title=Ajith was forced to act in ''Mankatha'' |url=http://cinema.nakkheeran.in/Talkies.aspx?T=1007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728054318/http://cinema.nakkheeran.in/Talkies.aspx?T=1007 |archive-date=28 July 2012 |access-date=22 April 2016 |work=[[Nakkheeran]] |language=ta}}</ref> The song's lyrics also inspired the title of a 2021 film ''[[Raame Aandalum Raavane Aandalum]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aiyappan |first=Ashameera |date=24 September 2021 |title=Raame Aandalum Raavane Aandalum movie review: A well-intentioned but middling social drama |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/raame-aandalum-raavane-aandalum-movie-review-a-well-intentioned-but-middling-social-drama-9993051.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005133832/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/raame-aandalum-raavane-aandalum-movie-review-a-well-intentioned-but-middling-social-drama-9993051.html |archive-date=5 October 2021 |access-date=15 June 2022 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> For the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-dubbed soundtrack ''Mullu Puvvu'', [[L. Vaidyanathan]] composed two original tracks, apart from dubbing three of Ilaiyaraaja's compositions from the original soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mullu Puvvu Telugu FIlm EP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/mullu-puvvu-telugu-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022124353/https://mossymart.com/product/mullu-puvvu-telugu-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=22 October 2021 |access-date=25 October 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mullu Puvvu |url=https://indiancine.ma/BDJI/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240409131823/https://indiancine.ma/BDJI/info |archive-date=9 April 2024 |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Senthazham Poovil
| lyrics1 = [[Kannadasan]]
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| length1 = 4:35
| title2 = Adi Penney
| lyrics2 = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| extra2 = [[Jency Anthony]]
| length2 = 4:30
| title3 = Raman Aandaalum
| lyrics3 = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], L. R. Anjali and Chorus
| length3 = 5:44
| title4 = Niththam Niththam
| lyrics4 = Gangai Amaran
| extra4 = [[Vani Jairam]]
| length4 = 2:54
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Jeevana Sangramamulo
| music1 = L. Vaidyanathan
| lyrics1 = [[Aarudhra|Arudhra]]
| extra1 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length1 = 4:02
| title2 = Andala Mulaka
| music2 = Ilaiyaraaja
| lyrics2 = [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]]
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length2 = 4:09
| title3 = Sakkanaina Saddikudu
| music3 = Ilaiyaraaja
| lyrics3 = Rajasri
| extra3 = [[S. Janaki]]
| length3 = 2:31
| title4 = Pilla
| music4 = L. Vaidyanathan
| lyrics4 = Arudhra
| extra4 = P. Susheela
| length4 = 4:04
| title5 = Ramudu Raajainaa
| music5 = Ilaiyaraaja
| lyrics5 = Rajasri
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length5 = 5:19
}}

== Release ==
''Mullum Malarum'' was released on 15 August 1978.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 December 2014 |title=ஸ்பெஷல் ரிப்போர்ட்: ரஜினிகாந்த் – டாப் 20 திரைப்படங்கள் |trans-title=Special Report: Rajinikanth – Top 20 films |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/24872/special-report/sitemap.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511062925/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/24872/special-report/sitemap.php |archive-date=11 May 2016 |access-date=11 May 2016 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> As the film's commercial performance during its first few weeks was poor, both Mahendran and Rajinikanth summoned Chettiar to further publicise the film to improve its revenues. He declined, caustically replying that an unsuccessful film needs no publicity, and a successful film requires no publicity.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=254}} During its third or fourth week of release, positive magazine reviews and favourable [[word of mouth]] spread; ''Mullum Malarum'' became a commercial success, with a theatrical run of over 100 days.{{efn|Film historian [[G. Dhananjayan]] states that the film picked up after its second week,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |date=16 December 2016 |title=People's review often rewrites box office fate of films, writes G Dhananjayan |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Opinion/2016/12/16103353/1023622/Peoples-review-often-rewrites-box-office-fate-of-films-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190912131610/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Opinion/2016/12/16103353/1023622/Peoples-review-often-rewrites-box-office-fate-of-films-.vpf |archive-date=12 September 2019 |access-date=18 September 2019 |work=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> but J. Mahendran wrote in his autobiographical ''Cinemavum Naanum'' that the film's commercial performance improved in its fourth week of release and did not cease after 100 days.{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|pp=119–120}}}} Chettiar later apologised to Mahendran, who in turn thanked him for letting him make the film.{{Sfn|Mahendran|2013|p=120}}

After watching the film and being impressed with Rajinikanth's performance, his mentor, director [[K. Balachander]] wrote in a letter of appreciation that he was proud to have introduced him as an actor in Tamil cinema.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|pp=82–83}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 April 2019 |title=Mullum Malarum director J. Mahendran passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/mullum-malarum-director-j-mahendran-passes-away/article26715744.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405073042/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/mullum-malarum-director-j-mahendran-passes-away/article26715744.ece |archive-date=5 April 2019 |access-date=5 April 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Balachander's letter has been described by [[Sify]] as Rajinikanth's "most prized moment and possession".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajinikanth in Kathanayakudu |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Rajinikanth-in-Kathanayakudu-imagegallery-6-Movies-jdwmRmdfbdc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217172434/http://www.sify.com/movies/Rajinikanth-in-Kathanayakudu-imagegallery-6-Movies-jdwmRmdfbdc.html |archive-date=17 December 2013 |access-date=17 December 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> It was screened at the 1979 [[International Film Festival of India]] as part of its Indian Panorama section.<ref name="panorama" />{{efn|Indian Panorama is a flagship component of the IFFI under which the best of contemporary Indian films are selected for the promotion of film art.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Panorama |url=https://dff.nic.in/IndianPanorama.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505210755/https://dff.nic.in/IndianPanorama.aspx |archive-date=5 May 2019 |access-date=31 August 2019 |website=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>}}

=== Reception ===
''Mullum Malarum'' was well received at the time of its initial release, with commentators applauding it for establishing Tamil cinema as a "visual medium".{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|p=120}} The writer of a 25 August 1978 review in ''[[The Hindu]]'' appreciated the film for not having the "usual formula of fights, duets, intrigues and cabaret dances". The reviewer further noted that Rajinikanth showed "his mature artistry in a portrayal of a turbulent illiterate worker with a blind passion for his sister". The reviewer also praised the performances of Shoba and Jayalaxmi, called Balu Mahendra's camera work a "feast for the eyes", and Ilaiyaraaja's melodies "delicious". The critic was disappointed of the film's first half for moving at a "leisurely pace", but said the second half was "eventful".<ref name="Rajinikanth 12.12.12" /> The Tamil magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', in its 3 September 1978 review, applauded the performances of Rajinikanth and Sarath Babu, along with Balu Mahendra's cinematography and Ilaiyaraaja's music. The reviewer also praised Mahendran's filmmaking skills and the fact that he told the story in a sharp manner without long dialogues, likening the film to [[Strobilanthes kunthiana|Kurinchi flowers]] due to their rarity and rating it 61 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 1978 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: ''முள்ளும் மலரும்'' |trans-title=Movie Review: ''Mullum Malarum'' |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/44433--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210803115340/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/44433--2 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |access-date=1 August 2019 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "It is rare for a film to combine a good story, the right cast and technicians – ingredients vital for a satisfying film" and ''Mullum Malaram'' "succeeds because it has just the right balance".<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2025-08-14 |title=50 years of Rajinikanth: What Cinema Express critics thought of superstar's films over the ages |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/features/2025/Aug/14/50-years-of-rajinikanth-what-cinema-express-critics-thought-of-superstars-films-over-the-ages |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250815111351/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/features/2025/Aug/14/50-years-of-rajinikanth-what-cinema-express-critics-thought-of-superstars-films-over-the-ages |archive-date=2025-08-15 |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

After watching the film, [[M. G. Ramachandran]]—the then [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]—told Mahendran that he had no words to express his happiness, and that Mahendran set a new trend in Tamil cinema with ''Mullum Malarum''. Ramachandran stated that Mahendran had reached a milestone beyond expectations. He added that Mahendran demonstrated clearly that cinema is a "visual medium". Ramachandran commented that the depiction of brother-sister relationships in film up to this point were full of dramatics, even in his own, but ''Mullum Malarum'' stood apart in its realism. He said the final scene was new not only to Tamil cinema but also to Indian cinema. Ramachandran lauded Rajinikanth's realistic acting and hoped the film would mark a big turnaround in his career.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|pp=253–254}} K. Balachander wrote in a letter of appreciation to Mahendran, "[A]n intelligent filmmaker has come to the cinema world. Silence rules in many places in this film which deserve appreciation".{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=254}}

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |Event{{efn|Awards, festivals and organisations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Recipient(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" |Arima Sangam Awards
|Best Actor
|[[Rajinikanth]]
| style="text-align:center;" |{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=268}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
| rowspan="2" |''Mullum Malarum''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015069813841;view=1up;seq=486 |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who |publisher=[[The Times Group|Bennett Coleman & Co. Ltd]] |year=1984 |pages=234}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=82}} <ref>{{Cite news |date=12 December 2012 |title=Birthday exclusive: Superstar Rajinikanth |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/121212/entertainment-kollywood/gallery/birthday-exclusive-superstar-rajinikanth |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212092415/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/121212/entertainment-kollywood/gallery/birthday-exclusive-superstar-rajinikanth |archive-date=12 December 2012 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |at=slide 24}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize|Special Prize (Best Actor)]]
|[[Rajinikanth]]
|}

== Legacy ==

''Mullum Malarum'' attained cult status in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2017 |title=Raksha Bandhan special: "Thangachi paasam" An evergreen "hit" mantra! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/raksha-bandhan-special-thangachi-paasam-an-evergreen-hit-mantra-news-tamil-rihqjGfgidhcf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190912071800/https://www.sify.com/movies/raksha-bandhan-special-thangachi-paasam-an-evergreen-hit-mantra-news-tamil-rihqjGfgidhcf.html |archive-date=12 September 2019 |access-date=12 September 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> It was a breakthrough for Rajinikanth as an actor and a milestone of Tamil cinema for focusing prominently on visuals and realism without the formulaic Tamil cinema conventions that Mahendran disliked.<ref name="second coming" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S. |date=27 August 2015 |title=40 years of Rajinikanth |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/40-years-of-rajinikanth-south/20150827.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906003255/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/40-years-of-rajinikanth-south/20150827.htm |archive-date=6 September 2015 |access-date=21 October 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|pp=136–138}} Mahendran continued following this style in all his later films.<ref name="Frontline" /> According to K. Balamurugan of [[Rediff.com]], the film established that Rajinikanth "can be a director's actor too" and widened his [[fandom|fan base]] "from youngsters to the families and the women".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balamurugan |first=K. |date=22 May 2007 |title=Rajni's Tamil Top 10 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/22sli5.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125054540/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/22sli5.htm |archive-date=25 November 2013 |access-date=25 November 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> In December 2013, ''[[The Times of India]]'' said that with this film, Rajinikanth "dispelled whatever doubts remained about his acting ability".<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 December 2013 |title=Top 12 Rajinikanth movies – 05 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/Top-12-Rajinikanth-movies/photostory/27121602.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210035119/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/Top-12-Rajinikanth-movies/photostory/27121602.cms |archive-date=10 December 2013 |access-date=10 December 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Rajinikanth himself considers ''Mullum Malarum'' one of his five most favourite films{{efn|The other four films are ''[[Bhuvana Oru Kelvi Kuri]]'' (1977), ''[[Aarilirunthu Arubathu Varai]]'' (1979), ''[[Enkeyo Ketta Kural]]'' (1982) and ''[[Sri Raghavendrar]]'' (1985).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=26 July 2015 |title=Panchu Arunachalam is the man who invented Rajinikanth as an actor |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Panchu-Arunachalam-is-the-man-who-invented-Rajinikanth-as-an-actor/articleshow/48215004.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726155121/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Panchu-Arunachalam-is-the-man-who-invented-Rajinikanth-as-an-actor/articleshow/48215004.cms |archive-date=26 July 2015 |access-date=26 July 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>}} and Mahendran his favourite director.<ref name="newindianexpress1" />

''Mullum Malarum'' was remade in [[Malayalam]] as ''[[Venalil Oru Mazha]]'' in 1979, in Telugu as ''[[Seethamma Pelli]]'' in 1984 (despite the dubbed Telugu version in 1979) and in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Pyari Behna]]'' (1985).{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=82}}{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=254}} "Kali" (alternatively, Kaali) became Rajinikanth's most-frequent onscreen name; his characters in ''[[Kaali (1980 film)|Kaali]]'' (1980), ''[[Kai Kodukkum Kai]]'' (1984) and ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]'' (2019) also shared that name.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayan |first=Anantha |date=9 May 2014 |title=Many names of Rajinikanth |url=http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/many-names-of-rajinikanth/chennai/10109 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821142323/http://indulge.newindianexpress.com/many-names-of-rajinikanth/chennai/10109 |archive-date=21 August 2014 |access-date=20 August 2014 |work=[[Indulge Express]] |publisher=[[Indian Express Limited]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Subhakeerthana |first=S. |date=10 January 2019 |title=Petta review: More celebration, less film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/petta-movie-review-rating-rajinikanth-5532050/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110131700/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/petta-movie-review-rating-rajinikanth-5532050/ |archive-date=10 January 2019 |access-date=10 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> In October 2015, director [[Pa. Ranjith]] said that Rajinikanth's characterisation in ''Mullum Malarum'' was a "lesson" of sorts for him, and the actor's character in Ranjith's ''[[Kabali]]'' (2016) was influenced by Kali in ''Mullum Malarum''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=4 October 2015 |title=Ketta Payyan sir, indha Kabali |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ketta-Payyan-sir-indha-Kabali/articleshow/49206790.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004105729/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ketta-Payyan-sir-indha-Kabali/articleshow/49206790.cms |archive-date=4 October 2015 |access-date=4 October 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film's score has been regarded as one of the best of Ilaiyaraaja's career by commentators; the songs "Senthazham Poovil" and "Raman Aandalum" in particular, remain hugely popular.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathevan |first=Santhosh |date=15 August 2018 |title='Mullum Malarum' stays fresh in mind even after 40 years |url=https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2018/08/15/mullum-malarum-stays-fresh-in-mind-even-after-40-years/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190919051700/https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2018/08/15/mullum-malarum-stays-fresh-in-mind-even-after-40-years/ |archive-date=19 September 2019 |access-date=19 September 2019 |website=[[News Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Karthikeyan |first=D. |date=15 July 2011 |title=Three gems who changed the course of cinema |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/three-gems-who-changed-the-course-of-cinema/article2228523.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920130648/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/three-gems-who-changed-the-course-of-cinema/article2228523.ece |archive-date=20 September 2015 |access-date=19 September 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=வாசுதேவன் |first=கார்த்திகா |date=3 June 2017 |title=அன்னக்கிளியில் தொடங்கி ஆறாயிரம் பாடல்கள் தாண்டிய தெய்வீக இசைக்கு பிறந்தநாள் வாழ்த்துகள்! |trans-title=Happy Birthday to the Divine Music which began in Annakkili and crossed six thousand songs! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-special/2017/jun/02/birthday-wishes-to-you-maestro-2713111--2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190919052138/https://www.dinamani.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-special/2017/jun/02/birthday-wishes-to-you-maestro-2713111--2.html |archive-date=19 September 2019 |access-date=19 September 2019 |work=[[Dinamani]] |pages=2 |language=ta}}</ref> The latter was used in the climax sequence of ''Petta''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=10 January 2019 |title=Petta Movie Review: A Treat For Fans Of The Star Makes You Wish It Had Also Been One For Fans Of The Director |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/petta-single-review-anirudhs-peppy-marana-mass-is-a-song-that-befits-the-superstar-and-of-course-its-the-return-of-spb |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129212528/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/petta-single-review-anirudhs-peppy-marana-mass-is-a-song-that-befits-the-superstar-and-of-course-its-the-return-of-spb |archive-date=29 January 2023 |access-date=19 August 2019 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thirumurthy |first=Priyanka |date=15 January 2019 |title=From "Mullum Malarum" to 'Kabali': All the Rajini film references we spotted in "Petta" |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mullum-malarum-kabali-all-rajini-film-references-we-spotted-petta-95065 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190819135344/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mullum-malarum-kabali-all-rajini-film-references-we-spotted-petta-95065 |archive-date=19 August 2019 |access-date=19 August 2019 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="credits">{{Cite AV media |title=Mullum Malarum |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Ananthi Films |year=1978 |time=0:00 to 4:10 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref>
<ref name="newindianexpress1">{{Cite news |last=Venkadesan |first=S. |date=12 December 2012 |title=He could have missed out on his favourite film |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/dec/12/he-could-have-missed-out-on-his-favourite-film-433065.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209162415/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article1375651.ece |archive-date=9 December 2015 |access-date=24 November 2013 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
<ref name="balu mahendra blog">{{Cite web |last=Mahendra |first=Balu |author-link=Balu Mahendra |date=21 April 2013 |title=முள்ளும் மலரும் படத்தில் நான் |trans-title=Me in the film ''Mullum Malarum'' |url=https://filmmakerbalumahendra.blogspot.com/2013/04/1969.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102020728/http://filmmakerbalumahendra.blogspot.in/2013/04/1969.html |archive-date=2 November 2013 |access-date=19 December 2013 |website=மூன்றாம் பிறை... |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="second coming">{{Cite news |last=Muralidharan |first=Kavitha |date=10 August 2013 |title=Second coming? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/second-coming/article5009772.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814015351/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/second-coming/article5009772.ece |archive-date=14 August 2013 |access-date=30 November 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="panorama">{{Cite web |year=1979 |title=Indian Panorama 1979 |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/indian_cinema_1978-79.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106110851/http://dff.nic.in/2011/indian_cinema_1978-79.pdf |archive-date=6 January 2017 |access-date=6 January 2017 |publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]] |pages=138–139}}</ref>
<ref name="Frontline">{{Cite web |last=Chakravarthy |first=Venkatesh |date=24 April 2019 |title=Icon of change |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/cinema/article26919229.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714184001/https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/cinema/article26919229.ece |archive-date=14 July 2019 |access-date=14 July 2019 |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Rajinikanth 12.12.12">{{Cite book |title=Rajinikanth 12.12.12: A Birthday Special |publisher=[[The Hindu|Kasturi & Sons Ltd]] |year=2012 |editor-last=Ramachandran |editor-first=Naman |editor-link=Naman Ramachandran |pages=68}}</ref>
<ref name="liner notes">{{Cite web |title=Mullum Malarum Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/mullum-malarum-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803120143/https://mossymart.com/product/mullum-malarum-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-2/ |archive-date=3 August 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>
<ref name="Rajini style">{{Cite news |last=Manoj Kumar |first=R. |date=2 April 2019 |title=J Mahendran, the director who invented "Rajini style" |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/j-mahendran-the-director-who-invented-rajini-style-5655209/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407132440/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/j-mahendran-the-director-who-invented-rajini-style-5655209/ |archive-date=7 April 2019 |access-date=7 May 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Wagah">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2016 |title=It was Kamal, who introduced Balu Mahendra to me: Mahendran |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/it-was-kamal-who-introduced-balu-mahendra-to-me-mahendran-news-tamil-qetpCcheaejfe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420032430/http://www.sify.com/movies/it-was-kamal-who-introduced-balu-mahendra-to-me-mahendran-news-tamil-qetpCcheaejfe.html |archive-date=20 April 2016 |access-date=20 April 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |oclc=898765509}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dharap |first=B. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AckHAQAAIAAJ&q=%22D.+Vasu%22 |title=Indian Films |publisher=Motion Picture Enterprises |year=1977}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Krissna |first1=Suresh |author-link1=Suresh Krissna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c1IZtAEACAAJ |title=My Days with Baasha: The Rajnikanth Phenomenon |last2=Rangarajan |first2=Malathi |publisher=Westland Ltd. |year=2012 |isbn=978-93-8162-629-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mahendran |author-link=Mahendran (filmmaker) |title=Cinemavum Naanum |publisher=Karpagam Publications |year=2013 |language=ta |trans-title=Cinema and I |oclc=54777094 |orig-date=2004}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rajanayagam |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eVLeCQAAQBAJ&q=editions:j9zUM-AoTGUC |title=Popular Cinema and Politics in South India: The Films of MGR and Rajinikanth |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-138-82203-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |orig-date=2012}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}
* {{Cite book |last=Thoraval |first=Yves |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OpkAAAAMAAJ&q=oedipal |title=The cinemas of India |publisher=Macmillan India |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-333-93410-4}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{J. Mahendran}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil}}
{{Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film}}
{{Portal bar|Film|India}}

[[Category:1978 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1978 drama films]]
[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:1978 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about orphans]]
[[Category:Films about siblings]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mahendran (filmmaker)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Mahendran (filmmaker)]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Nujum-ul-Ulum

2026-03-04T15:23:15Z

Igortxa: adding the entry first draft

{{short description|Illustrated encyclopedia about ancient Indian astrology}}
[[File:Meister des Nujûm-al-'Ulûm-Manuskripts 001.jpg|thumb|An untypically large miniature from the Dublin MS]]
'''Nujum-ul-Ulum''' ('Stars of the Sciences', {{circa|1570}} CE), is a manuscript commissioned during the [[Adil Shahi]] rulers of [[Bijapur]], [[India]]. The manuscript is described as an illustrated encyclopedia about ancient [[Indian astrology]] and [[Astral plane|astral]] magic. The book consists of 876 miniature paintings and about 400 paintings of various angels, planets, signs, degrees, [[Sufism|Sufic]] [[talisman]]s, magical spells, [[Hindu goddess]]es, astrological tables and [[horoscope]]s, animals and weapons. These are among the earliest examples of the [[Deccan painting]] style.

==History==
The manuscript was completed on August 17, 1570, in [[Bijapur]], during the regime of [[Ali Adil Shah I]]. It is considered to be an illustrated manual or encyclopedia of astrology and astral magic. The imprinted date and painting style indicates that either the work was commissioned by the Bijapur sultan Ali Adil Shah (1557-1579) or by one of the members of his court. This hypothesis is strengthened by the length of the volume, the quality and quantity of its miniatures, the extensive use of gold in the manuscript, and the number of painters employed - all factors that seem to suggest a royal patron.<ref name=Flatt>{{cite journal  |title=The Authorship and Significance of the Nujum al-ulum: A Sixteenth-Century Astrological Encyclopedia from Bijapur|last=Emma|first=Flatt|date=30 June 2011|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|location=Ann Arbor|volume=131|issue=2|pages=223-244|id={{ProQuest|907105123}}}}</ref>

In fact, Emma Flatt in her recent article on the ''Nujum al-‘ulum'' goes further to attribute, from internal evidence, the authorship to Ali Adil Shah himself "or at least the sixteenth-century equivalent of a celebrity ghostwriter".<ref name=Flatt/>{{rp|235}}

The author and professor O. P. Parameswaran writes that this school of Bijapur was patronized by Adil Shah I (1558-1580) and his successor Ibrahim II (1580-1627), both of whom were patrons of art and letters, while the latter was an expert in Indian music and author of a book on this subject, the ''Nauras Nama''. The rulers of Bijapur had cordial relations with [[Turkey]] and [[Persia]], and the astronomical illustrations in the ''Nujum al-‘ulum'' might well derive from an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Turkish manuscript, such as the works of [[Fuzûlî|Fuzuli]].

==Description==
The manuscript's description in the ''[[Chester Beatty Library]]'' says that the ''Nujum al-‘ulum'' (‘Stars of the Sciences’) is a compendium of Muslim and Hindu beliefs mainly dealing with astrology and magic. Depending on how they are counted, the manuscript contains between four and almost eight hundred illustrations. The folios included here illustrate the northern constellations Andromeda (portrayed as a woman) and the Horse, the Sun in a chariot, the zodiac sign Leo (a lion) with accompanying [[Nakshatra|nakshatras]] (mansions of the moon) and degrees, Jupiter depicted as an elderly king in procession, and the Universal Ruler ([[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)|cakravatin]]) upon his seven-storied throne. The only other copy of this text known was also produced in Bijapur, about a hundred years later, and is also in the Chester Beatty Library.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=object;EPM;ir;Mus21;40;en Virtual tour]
*[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2015/06/25/renaissance-sultans/ Book review]
*[http://www.indianart.ru/eng/of_the_deccan/2.php Indian art]

[[Category:Indian paintings| ]]
[[Category:Manuscripts in the Chester Beatty Library]]
[[Category:Sultanate of Bijapur]]
[[Category:Indian artefacts held abroad]]

Doorbeen

2026-03-04T00:28:35Z

Igortxa: minor expand details based on references further and added references

{{Short description|2014 film directed by Swagato Chowdhury}}
{{For|other novels, films, and series about Byomkesh Bakshi|Byomkesh Bakshi in other media}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Doorbeen
| image = Doorbeen poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster.
| native_name =
| director = Swagato Chowdhury
| producer = Saikat Mitra
| writer =
| screenplay = Subrato Guha Roy
| story = Subrato Guha Roy
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| music = Saikat Mitra
| cinematography = Shamit Gupta
| editing = Sujay Dutta Roy
| studio = Macneill Media Pvt. Ltd.
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|1|3|Kolkata}}
| runtime = 112 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Doorbeen''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] [[thriller film]] directed by Swagato Chowdhury and produced by Saikat Mitra. The score was composed by Saikat Mitra.<ref name=gomolo>{{cite web|title=Doorbeen (2014)|url=http://www.gomolo.com/durbin-movie-cast-crew/45798|publisher=Gomolo|accessdate=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092500/http://www.gomolo.com/durbin-movie-cast-crew/45798|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] as [[Byomkesh Bakshi]]<ref name=toi>{{cite news|title=Doorbeen movie review|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/Durbin/movie-review/28431910.cms|accessdate=21 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]] as Prodosh Chandra Mitra/[[Feluda]]<ref name=toi/>
* [[Shantilal Mukherjee]] as Gobinda Haldar
* [[Anjana Basu]] as Pupul's mother<ref name=toi/>
* [[Aparajita Auddy]] as Madhabi Dutta<ref name=toi/>
* Rangeet as Pupul
* Diptodeep as Tatai
* Ahana as Bhebli
* Subrato Guha Roy
* Rajat Ganguly
* Pratik Chowdhury
* Aritra Dutta
* Pradip Chakraborty
* Debranjan Nag
* Arunabha Dutta
* Nitya Ganguly
* Tapas Biswas
* Sanjib Sarkar
* Ranjan Bandyopadhyay

==Critical reception==
{{Film and game ratings
| rev1 = ''[[The Times of India]]''
| rev1score = {{Rating|3|5}}
}}

Madhusree Ghosh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the movie 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Unfortunately, the director, riding high on the excitement of doing something mind-blowing, messes up that balance quite a few times. The weak and predictable plot also doesn't help things much."<ref name=toi/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Byomkesh Bakshi}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2014 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:Byomkesh Bakshi films]]
[[Category:Indian crossover films]]

{{2010s-Bengali-film-stub}}
{{2010s-thriller-film-stub}}

Sattam Oru Iruttarai

2026-03-03T05:19:24Z

Igortxa: started new article

{{short description|1981 film by S. A. Chandrasekhar}}
{{About||the 2012 remake|Sattam Oru Iruttarai (2012 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sattam Oru Iruttarai.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]]
| screenplay = S. A. Chandrasekhar
| story = [[Shoba Chandrasekhar|Shoba]]
| producer = Vadalur S. Chidambaram
| starring = [[Vijayakanth]] Poornima Devi Vasumathi
| cinematography = D. D. Prasad
| editing = B. Gowtham Raj
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| studio = Vadularan Combines
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|1981|02|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 125 minutes{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=58}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Sattam Oru Iruttarai''''' ({{Translation|The Law is a Dark Room}}) is a 1981 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Vigilante film|vigilante]] [[action film]] written and directed by [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]], from a story by his wife [[Shoba Chandrasekhar|Shoba]]. The film stars [[Vijayakanth]], Poornima Devi and Vasumathi, with [[Sangili Murugan]], Nithin and Chowdry in supporting roles. It revolves around a man who seeks to kill three men to avenge his father and elder sister, while his other sister, a police inspector, wants to thwart them the legal way.

''Sattam Oru Iruttarai'' is the second film directed by Chandrasekhar. It was released on 14 February 1981, and became a major commercial success, inspiring more Tamil films with themes about the law system which were mostly directed by Chandrasekhar. The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Chattaniki Kallu Levu]]'' (1981), in [[Malayalam]] as ''Maattuvin Chattangale'' (1982), in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Nyaya Ellide]]'' (1982), in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Andhaa Kaanoon]]'' (1983) and again in Tamil under [[Sattam Oru Iruttarai (2012 film)|the same title]] (2012).

== Plot ==
Vijay and his elder sister, police inspector Sheela live with their widowed mother. Vijay fights for justice whenever he comes across injustice in society and gets caught by the police. He is frequently at loggerheads with Sheela due to his aggressive behaviour. Vijay's only mission in life is to kill three men: George, Rangachari and Bhairavan. Vijay's father once witnessed a murder committed by the trio. Despite being arrested, the trio managed to come out of prison, where they killed Vijay's father and also killed his other sister. When Vijay and Sheela approached the police to report the killings, the police brushed them off by stating that the accused were in prison when the murders took place and hence could not have committed them.

The trio's method of committing the murders with an alibi registers in Vijay's mind and he decides to take revenge on them in the same way. Sheela, however, feels they should be punished legally, hence she takes up the case 15 years after the murders. The trio come to known about the case being reopened and try to kill Sheela by planting a bomb in her jeep. Vijay catches Peter, the man who planted the bomb, and saves Sheela. Peter becomes an ally of Vijay in his crusade.

When Rangachari tries to molest Rekha, a bar dancer who knows Vijay, she saves herself. She later tells Vijay that she did so by knocking out Rangachari's glasses, without which he can hardly see, and Vijay recognises him as one of his father's murderers. Rangachari is killed by Vijay taking him in his car, removing his glasses and leaving him on the road, where he is run over. He then makes Bhairavan drunk, and mixes poison in his drink to kill him. George understands that his friends were murdered by Vijay and decides to challenge him. Meanwhile, Rekha and Vijay marry. George reaches the hotel where they are staying and murders Rekha. Infuriated, Vijay tries to kill George, but Sheela, who is aware of Vijay's activities, corners and arrests him.

From prison, Vijay works out a plan with Peter, creates his alibi and goes to meet George. Sheela, who has gone to meet George, is caught and tied by him. Vijay reaches there, fights George and kills him in Sheela's presence. By the time Sheela returns to the police station, Vijay is back in lock-up. Sheela tries to prove that Vijay had committed the murders. But in court, she is unable to prove this as Vijay as built a strong alibi, showing he was in lock-up when the murder took place. Vijay is exonerated due to lack of evidence, but Sheela remains determined to apprehend him in a higher court.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Vijayakanth]] as Vijay
* Poornima Devi as Rekha<ref name="hindutamil" />
* Vasumathi as Sheela<ref name="hindutamil" />
* [[Sangili Murugan]] as George<ref name="hindutamil" />
* Nithin as Rangachari{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=58}}
* Chowdry as Bhairavan<ref name="hindutamil" />
* [[Shankar–Ganesh|Ganesh]] as the beggar<ref name="hindutamil" />
* Amjad Kumar as Peter{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=58}}
}}

== Production ==
''Sattam Oru Iruttarai'' is the second film directed by [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]] after ''Aval Oru Pachai Kuzhandhai'' (1978).<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2022 |title=Vijayakanth {{!}} 'சரக்கு போட்டு... விஜயகாந்த் திட்ட வெச்சாரு... ' - நினைவுகள் பகிர்ந்த எஸ்.ஏ.சந்திரசேகர்! |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/vijayakanth-asked-how-can-you-work-with-him-sa-chandrasekhar-shares-the-incident-35583 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224064125/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/vijayakanth-asked-how-can-you-work-with-him-sa-chandrasekhar-shares-the-incident-35583 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=[[ABP Nadu]] |language=ta}}</ref> The screenplay was written by him from a story by his wife [[Shoba Chandrasekhar|Shoba]].<ref name="hindutamil" /> The film borrows its title from a dialogue spoken in ''[[Velaikari]]'' (1949): "''Sattam oru iruttarai, adhil vakeelin vadham oru vilakku. aanal adhu ezhaikku ettadha vilakku''", which translates to, "[The] law is a dark room where the lawyer's argument is a lamp. But it is inaccessible to the poor".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maderya |first=Kumuthan |date=2010 |title=Rage against the state: historicizing the "angry young man" in Tamil cinema |url=http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc52.2010/Tamil/text.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804204808/http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc52.2010/Tamil/text.html |archive-date=4 August 2020 |access-date=21 February 2022 |website=[[Jump Cut (journal)|Jump Cut]]}}</ref> The script was rejected by at least 20 producers,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Allirajan |first=M. |date=21 March 2005 |title='Message' man |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/03/21/stories/2005032101490100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110133330/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/03/21/stories/2005032101490100.htm |archive-date=10 November 2016 |access-date=16 September 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> until Vadalur S. Chidambaram of Vadaluran Combines picked it up. Chidambaram chose Vijayakanth for the lead character after he was impressed with his performance in ''Neerottam'' (1980). This casting choice attracted stiff opposition from some quarters protesting against giving the hero chance to Vijayakanth in the film. Despite these objections, the producer stood firm in his decision.<ref name="dina" />{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=59}} Cinematography was handled by D. D. Prasad, and editing by B. Gowtham Raj.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=58}} Vijayakanth's voice was dubbed by [[S. N. Surendar]].<ref name="hindutamil" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 1980 |title=Sattam Oru Iruttarai |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sattam-oru-iruttarai/LtS8UnZz0B4_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224043559/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sattam-oru-iruttarai/LtS8UnZz0B4_ |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sattam Oru Iruttarai Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Shankar Ganesh |url=https://mossymart.com/product/sattam-oru-iruttarai-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024165227/https://mossymart.com/product/sattam-oru-iruttarai-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh/ |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=21 February 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sattam Oru Iruttarai
| lyrics1 = [[Kamakodiyan]]
| extra1 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
| length1 = 3:42
| title2 = Rajathi Munnale
| lyrics2 = Gnani
| extra2 = [[S. N. Surendar]]
| length2 = 4:50
| title3 = Thanimayile
| lyrics3 = Poonguyilan
| extra3 = S. N. Surendar, [[S. Janaki]]
| length3 = 4:42
| title4 = Pagalil Oru Thagam
| lyrics4 = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| extra4 = [[Shoba Chandrasekhar]]
| length4 = 4:27
| total_length = 17:41
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Sattam Oru Iruttarai'' was released on 14 February 1981.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2012 |title=சட்டம் ஒரு இருட்டறை. திரை விமர்சனம் |trans-title=''Sattam Oru Iruttarai''. Movie Review |url=http://etamil24.com/readmore.php?id=v2y2x2q2a4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011246/http://etamil24.com/readmore.php?id=v2y2x2q2a4 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |access-date=11 February 2019 |website=etamil24 |language=ta}}</ref> On 1 March 1981, ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' positively reviewed the film, particularly the script.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=59}} On 15 March, Nalini Sastri of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' called it a routine revenge story, but the director's treatment of the subject made it worthwhile.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சாஸ்திரி |first=நளினி |date=15 March 1981 |title=சட்டம் ஒரு இருட்டறை |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1981/mar/15-03-1981/p22.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220731072357/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1981/mar/15-03-1981/p22.jpg |archive-date=31 July 2022 |access-date=24 February 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=22 |language=ta}}</ref> The film was a commercial success, running for over 100 days in theatres.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=59}}

== Remakes ==
''Sattam Oru Iruttarai'' was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Chattaniki Kallu Levu]]'' (1981), in [[Malayalam]] as ''Maattuvin Chattangale'' (1982), in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Nyaya Ellide]]'' (1982) in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Andhaa Kaanoon]]'' (1983) and again in Tamil under [[Sattam Oru Iruttarai (2012 film)|the same title]] by Chandrasekhar's granddaughter Sneha Britto (2012).{{sfn|Arunachalam|2020|pp=251–252}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2012 |title=Tamil Friday: 'Sattam Oru Iruttarai' is all set to hit the silver screens |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/tamil-friday-sattam-oru-iruttarai-is-all-set-to-hit-the-silver-screens-864526-5.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104175517/https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/tamil-friday-sattam-oru-iruttarai-is-all-set-to-hit-the-silver-screens-864526-5.html |archive-date=4 January 2019 |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The film's success established Vijayakanth as a star in Tamil cinema.<ref name="dina" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Top 10 Vijayakanth movies |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/Top-10-Vijayakanth-movies/Top-10-Vijayakanth-movies/photostory/48666045.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214214133/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/Top-10-Vijayakanth-movies/Top-10-Vijayakanth-movies/photostory/48666045.cms |archive-date=14 February 2017 |access-date=13 February 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The success also inspired more Tamil films with themes about the law system which were mostly directed by Chandrasekhar and his disciple [[S. Shankar]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=27 March 2011 |title=Back to his route |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Back-to-his-route/article14962777.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221104114/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Back-to-his-route/article14962777.ece |archive-date=21 February 2022 |access-date=21 February 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=19 September 2008 |title=A direct hit? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/a-direct-hit/article3023343.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221104142/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/a-direct-hit/article3023343.ece |archive-date=21 February 2022 |access-date=21 February 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="hindutamil">{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=25 August 2020 |title='கேப்டன்' விஜயகாந்தின் முதல் வெற்றி... 'சட்டம் ஒரு இருட்டறை'! |trans-title='Captain' Vijayakanth's first hit... ''Sattam Oru Iruttarai''! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/571701-captain-vijayakanth.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608062348/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/571701-captain-vijayakanth.html |archive-date=8 June 2021 |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="dina">{{Cite web |title=Cine Biography: Vijayakanth (Part-1) |url=http://dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinebio/28-08-99/vijayakan.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000118102004/http://dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinebio/28-08-99/vijayakan.htm |archive-date=18 January 2000 |access-date=16 September 2015 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1981–1990 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |year=2020 |isbn=9788193848227}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{S. A. Chandrasekhar}}

[[Category:1981 Indian films]]
[[Category:1981 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1980s vigilante films]]
[[Category:1981 action films]]
[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. A. Chandrasekhar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by S. A. Chandrasekhar]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Andaaz 2

2026-03-02T04:35:38Z

Igortxa: Adding new info first draft.

{{Short description|2025 Indian drama film}}
{{COI|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Andaaz 2.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Suneel Darshan]]
| writer = {{ubl|Suneel Darshan
*Parasnath Gupta
*Sourabh Ratnu
*Preeti Mamgain
*Dipan Bhatt
}}
| producer = Suneel Darshan
| starring = Aayush Kumar Aakaisha Natasha Fernandez
| cinematography = Chetan Dholi
| editing = Kaushik Chakraborty
| music = [[Nadeem Shravan|Nadeem Saifi]]
| studio = Shree Krishna International
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2025|08|08}}
| runtime = 146 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 30, 2025 |title=''ANDAAZ 2'' |url=https://www.consumerprotectionbc.ca/motion-picture-ratings/classification-details/?cpbc_id=609549 |access-date=July 31, 2025 |website=[[British Columbia Film Classification Office]] |language=en-CA}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Andaaz 2''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic drama]] film directed and produced by [[Suneel Darshan]]. The film stars debutants Aayush Kumar, Aakaisha, and Natasha Fernandez.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.etnownews.com/entertainment/andaaz-2-first-look-and-teaser-out-suneel-darshans-return-with-new-faces-and-a-fresh-love-triangle-watch-article-117776637 | title=Andaaz 2 First Look & Teaser OUT! Suneel Darshan's return with new faces and a fresh love triangle - Watch | date=31 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 February 2025 |title=Aayush Kumar on debuting with Suneel Darshan's Andaaz 2, "I actually pinched myself to check whether this was a dream" 2 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/aayush-kumar-debuting-suneel-darshans-andaaz-2-actually-pinched-check-whether-dream/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 December 2023 |title=After Lara Dutta and Priyanka Chopra, director Suneel Darshan all set to introduce Aayush Kumar, Akaisha and Natasha Fernandez in 'Andaaz 2' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/after-lara-dutta-and-priyanka-chopra-director-suneel-darshan-all-set-to-introduce-ayush-kumar-akaisha-and-natasha-fernandez-in-andaaz-2/articleshow/105970827.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> It is the sequel to the 2003 film ''[[Andaaz]].''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/exclusive-suneel-darshan-calls-andaaz-2s-aayush-kumar-dark-horse-praises-akaisha-natasha-fernandez-as-he-introduces-new-cast-article-105969547 | title=EXCL! Suneel Darshan Calls Andaaz 2's Aayush Kumar 'Dark Horse,' Praises Akaisha, Natasha as He Introduces New Cast | date=13 December 2023 }}</ref> The film released on August 8, 2025 to negative reviews.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-son-sardaar-2-suneel-darshan-shifts-release-andaaz-2-august-8-amid-saiyaara-wave/| title=BREAKING: After Son of Sardaar 2 Suneel Darshan shifts release of Andaaz 2 to August 8 amid Saiyaara wave
| date=20 July 2025|website=Bollywood Hungama }}</ref>

==Cast==
* Aayush Kumar as Raj Malhotra
* Aakaisha as Kajal
* Natasha Fernandez as Jiya
* Parmarth Singh as Karan
* Srikant Maski
* Puja Sharma
* Neetu Pandey
* Sanjay Mehandirata
* Bharat Bhatia
* [[Dolly Bindra]]

==Production==
The film has been shot across various location across [[Allahabad]] and [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite web |date=27 November 2023 |title=Suneel Darshan set to roll cameras for 'Andaaz 2' on November 28: Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/suneel-darshan-set-to-roll-cameras-for-andaaz-2-on-november-28-report/articleshow/105530225.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Andaaz 2 Shoot to Kickstart Soon, Priyanka Chopra, Akshay Kumar and Lara REPLACED by Newcomers |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/andaaz-2-shoot-to-kickstart-soon-priyanka-chopra-akshay-kumar-and-lara-replaced-by-newcomers-8678599.html}}</ref>

==Music==
All songs have been composed by Nadeem Saifi of the [[Nadeem–Shravan]] duo.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/exclusive-akshay-kumar-priyanka-chopra-lara-dutta-andaaz-to-have-a-part-2-nadeem-to-compose-music-article-105527652 | title=Exclusive! Akshay Kumar-Priyanka Chopra-Lara Dutta Andaaz to Have a Part 2; Nadeem to Compose Music | date=27 November 2023 }}</ref> The lyrics are written by [[Sameer Anjaan]].The vocals have been lent by singers including [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Neeraj Shridhar]], [[Palak Muchhal]], [[Javed Ali]], [[Amit Mishra (singer)|Amit Mishra]], [[Shadab Faridi]], Debanjali, and [[Asees Kaur]].

{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| title1 = Tere Bin Kahin Dil Na Lagey"
| extra1 = [[Mohammed Irfan (singer)|Mohammed Irfan]], [[Palak Muchhal]]
| length1 =

| title2 = You Are Beautiful
| extra2 = [[Javed Ali]], Palak Muchhal
| length2 =

| title3 = Ishq Junooni Hai
| extra3 = [[Neeraj Shridhar]]
| length3 =

| title4 = Rabba Ishq Na Hove 2.0
| extra4 = Palak Muchhal, [[Asees Kaur]], [[Shadab Faridi]]
| length4 =

| title5 = Kitni Pyaari Si
| extra5 = Javed Ali
| length5 =

| title6 = Hum Jaise Jee Rahe Hain
| extra6 = [[Amit Mishra (singer)|Amit Mishra]]
| length6 =

| title7 = Waqt Ne Kiya Iss Qadar Sitam
| extra7 = Mohammed Irfan, Palak Muchhal
| length7 =

| title8 = Shammak
| extra8 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], Debanjali B Joshi
| length8 =
}}

==Reception==
Mayur Sanap of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave one-half star out of 5 and said that "The sheer awfulness of Andaaz 2 really doesn't deserve anyone's time or attention."<ref>{{cite web |first=Mayur|last=Snap| url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/andaaz-2-review/20250808.htm | title=Andaaz 2 Review: Tacky Romance| date=8 August 2025|website=rediff.com }}</ref>
''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated it 1.5/5 stars and commented that "On the whole, ANDAAZ 2 is embellished with great music but it suffers on account of a weak script and poor direction."<ref>{{cite web |first=Bollywood|last=Hungama| url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/andaaz-2-2/critic-review/andaaz-2-2-movie-review/andaaz-2-is-embellished-with-great-music-but-it-suffers/| title=Andaaz 2 Movie Review: ANDAAZ 2 is embellished with great music but it suffers.| date=8 August 2025|website=Bollywood Hungama }}</ref>
Bhawna Arya of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and said that "In conclusion, weak performances, a loosely written script and a poor screenplay of the film fail to recreate the magic of the iconic film Andaaz."<ref>{{cite web |first=Bhawna|last=Arya| url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/andaaz-2-movie-review-suneel-darshans-romantic-drama-fails-to-recreate-magic-of-akshay-kumar-priyanka-chopras-iconic-film-review-152427237| title=
Andaaz 2 Movie Review: Suneel Darshan's Romantic Drama Fails To Recreate Magic Of Akshay, Priyanka's Iconic Film| date=8 August 2025|website=Times Now }}</ref>

Subhash K Jha writing for ''[[News 24 (Indian TV channel)|News 24]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and observed that "Suneel Darshan’s unabashed homage to the cinema of the 1970s is sweet, tender, sometimes overdone but never offensive."<ref>{{cite web |first=Subhash K|last=Jha| url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/andaaz-2-review-oldworld-charm-wrapped-in-saiyaara-vibes/612967/| title=Andaaz 2 Review: Oldworld Charm Wrapped In Saiyaara Vibes| date=8 August 2025|website=News 24 }}</ref>

== References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt30224735}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama title|andaaz-2-2}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2025 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]

Indian locomotive class HP

2026-03-01T01:03:40Z

Igortxa:

{{Infobox locomotive
| name = BESA class HP
| bgcolor =
| color =
| image = File:HPS 24467.jpg
| alt =
| caption = HPS 24467 on display at the [[National Rail Museum, New Delhi]].
| powertype = Steam
| designer = [[British Engineering Standards Association]]
| builder = [[Vulcan Foundry]] [[North British Locomotive Co.]] [[Robert Stephenson & Co.]] [[Kitson & Co.]] [[William Beardmore & Co.]]
| ordernumber =
| serialnumber =
| buildmodel =
| builddate = 1906–1950
| totalproduction =
| rebuilder =
| rebuilddate =
| numberrebuilt =
| website =
| whytetype = {{whyte|4-6-0}}
| uicclass = 2{{prime}}C n2
| DRGtype =
| driver = 
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| leadingdiameter = {{convert|3|ft|7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| driverdiameter = {{convert|74|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| trailingdiameter =
| tenderdiameter = 
| carrydiameter =
| minimumcurve =
| wheelbase =
| engine total =
| leading = {{convert|7|ft|0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| coupled = {{convert|6|ft|9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| trailing =
| tender total =
| tenderbogie = 
| wheelbasewithtender = Variant with 3000 gallon tender: 50 ft 7 1 ⁄ 2  in (15,430 mm)
| wheelspacing = 
| length =
| over couplers =
| over buffers = Variant with 3000 gallon tender: 60 ft 9 3 ⁄ 4  in (18,535 mm)
| width = {{convert|9|ft|6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|13|ft|6|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| frametype =
| axleload = {{convert|16.8|LT}}
| leadingbogie/pony= 
| coupled all = 
| coupled 1 = 
| coupled 2 = 
| coupled 3 = 
| tenderbogieload = 
| tenderaxle = 
| weightondrivers =
| emptyweight =
| serviceweight = with 3000 gallon tender: 107 t with 4000 gallon tender: 113 t with 4500 gallon tender: 126 t
| locotenderweight =
| tendertype =
| fueltype =
| fuelcap =
| watercap = {{convert|3000|or|4000|or|4500|impgal}}
| tendercap =
| sandcap =
| fireboxtype = [[Belpaire firebox|Belpaire]]
| firearea = {{convert|32|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| boiler = 
| boilertype = 
| pitch = 
| diameterinside =
| lengthinside = 
| smalltubediameter= 
| largetubediameter= 
| boilerpressure = {{convert|180|psi|bar kgf/cm2|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}
| safetyvalvetype = 
| feedwaterheater =
| totalsurface = {{convert|2037|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| tubearea = {{convert|1880|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| archarea =
| fluearea =
| tubesandflues =
| fireboxarea =
| superheatertype =
| superheaterarea =
| cylindercount = Two, outside
| cylindersize = {{convert|20|x|26|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| cylinderpressure =
| valvegear = [[Walschaerts valve gear|Walschaerts]]
| valvetype = [[Slide valve|Slide]] (HP class) [[Piston valves|Piston]] (HPS/HPC class)
| valvetravel =
| valvelap =
| valvelead =
| trainheating =
| locobrakes =
| locobrakeforce =
| trainbrakes =
| safety =
| coupling =
| maxspeed =
| indicatedpower =
| poweroutput =
| tractiveeffort = Starting:
*11.2 bar boiler pressure: {{convert|101|kN|lbf|abbr=on}}
*9.3 bar boiler pressure: {{convert|84|kN|lbf|abbr=on}}
| factorofadhesion =
| operator = {{ubl|[[East Indian Railway Company]]|[[North Western Railway]]|[[Eastern Bengal Railway]]|[[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]]}}
| operatorclass =
| powerclass =
| numinclass =
| fleetnumbers =
| officialname =
| nicknames =
| axleloadclass =
| locale = [[British Raj]] (until 1947) India (from 1947) Pakistan (from 1947) Bangladesh (from 1971)
| deliverydate =
| firstrundate =
| lastrundate =
| retiredate = 1980s-early 1990s
| withdrawndate =
| preservedunits = 2 (India) 1 (Bangladesh)
| restoredate =
| scrapdate =
| currentowner =
| disposition = Three preserved, remainder scrapped
| notes =
}}

The '''Class HP''' (''Heavy Passenger'') was a {{whyte|4-6-0}} [[broad gauge]] [[Passenger train|passenger]] [[steam locomotive]] introduced in 1906 on the [[Rail_transport_in_India#History|railways]] of [[British Raj|British India]]. It was one of the BESA locomotives developed by the British Engineering Standards Committee, later called the [[British Engineering Standards Association]] (BESA).

== History ==

The HP class passenger locomotive was first catalogued in the BESA report on standard locomotive classes for the British Raj of 1907.<ref>{{cite book |author= |date=February 1907 |title=Second report of the Locomotive committee on standard locomotives for Indian railways |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435015707664&seq=1 |publisher= |pages=4–5 |isbn= |access-date=August 31, 2024}}</ref> Like the [[Indian_locomotive_class_AP|AP class]], the HP was provided with three different tenders: a small one holding 3000 gallons of water, a medium tender holding 4000, and a large tender holding 4500.

The HP class locomotives were delivered to various railways, but only the Indian States Railways (ISR)-operated railways referred to them as the HP class. They were built by several British locomotive manufacturers, including the [[Vulcan Foundry]], [[Robert Stephenson and Company]], [[North British Locomotive Company]], [[Kitson and Company]] and [[William Beardmore and Company]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.steamlocomotive.com/locobase.php?country=India&wheel=4-6-0&railroad=gipr#4241 |title=Great Indian Peninsula 4-6-0 Locomotives in India |last=Llanso |first=Steve |website=SteamLocomotive.com |publisher= Sweat House Media |access-date= August 31, 2020}}</ref>

A later, superheated version was fitted with a [[Wilhelm Schmidt (engineer)|Schmidt]] [[superheater]] and classified as HPS (the S means superheated). Retrofitted HPs with superheaters were classified as HPC (the C means converted).{{sfn|Hughes|1979|page=18}}

<gallery widths="250" heights="150">
BESA steam engine class HP for India with 3000 gallon tender.png|Variant with 3000 gallon tender
BESA steam engine class HP for India with 4000 gallon tender.png|Variant with 4000 gallon tender
BESA steam engine class HP for India with 4500 gallon tender.png|Variant with 4500 gallon tender
</gallery>

== Design ==
The locomotives were designed with two cylinders, a [[Belpaire firebox]], and used saturated steam. The grate was arranged between the two rear coupled wheelsets, which had their wheel base lengths increased to accommodate the grate. The cylinders were fitted on the outside and the [[Valve gear|motion]] was driven from the second [[driving wheel]]. The saturated HPs were fitted with [[Walschaerts valve gear]] with [[slide valves]]; [[piston valves]] were used in the HPS and HPC classes. The running board was positioned low, so splashers had to be fitted above the [[driving wheels]]. As with the [[Indian locomotive class AP|AP class]] locomotives, the cab running board is positioned to match the height of the tender running board, and the cab running board also arcs up to the locomotive running board. A small pilot was attached to the front buffer beam. The driver's cab was completely enclosed with a half-cab on the tender. The tender was equipped with running boards and handrails along the side walls, which made it possible to reach the train from the locomotive while running.<ref>{{cite web|title=North British Locomotive Company Glasgow (NBL) L294, Indian State Railway (ISR)-East Bengal Railway 234|periodical=|location=[[Zurich]]|publisher=[[ETH Library]]|url=http://ba.e-pics.ethz.ch/link.jsp?id=102247|url-status=|format=|access-date=August 31, 2020|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=J. Stuart|date=1907|language=de|pages=|quote=}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Preservation ==
Three HPS class locomotives have been preserved:
* [[Bangladesh Railway]] HPS 30 in Rajshahi<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/bangladesh01.htm|title=Preserved Steam Locomotives in Bangladesh|last=Schneider|first=Torsten|publisher=International Steam Pages |access-date=August 28, 2017}}</ref>
* Indian Railways HPS 32 at the [[Rail Museum, Howrah]]
* Indian Railways HPS 24467 at the [[National Rail Museum, New Delhi|National Rail Museum]] of India, New Delhi.{{sfn|Hughes|1979|page=91}}

{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! Working !! Class !! Number !! Location !! Built !! Zone !! Builders !! Build No !! Name
|-
| No||HPS||30||Rajshahi Railway HQ||||||||||
|-
| No||HPS||32||Regional Rail Museum Howrah||||ER||||||
|-
| No||HPS||24467||National Rail Museum||1950||RB||Vulcan Foundry Ltd, Newton Le Willows||||
|}

<gallery widths="250" heights="150">
India Delhi Museum 1993 Broad gauge class HPS2 4-6-0 Nr 24467.jpg|Preserved HPS in the National Rail Museum of India
</gallery>

== References ==
<references/>
* {{cite book |last=Hughes |first=Hugh |author-link= |date=1979 |title=Steam Locomotives in India, Part 3 - Broad Gauge |url=https://archive.org/details/steamlocomotives0000hugh/mode/2up |location= |publisher=The Continental Railway Circle |page= |isbn=0950346942 |url-access=registration }}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Indian locomotive class HP}}

{{Broad gauge locomotives of India |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Steam locomotives of India]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives]]
[[Category:4-6-0 locomotives]]
[[Category:2′C n2 locomotives]]
[[Category:Vulcan Foundry locomotives]]
[[Category:Robert Stephenson and Company locomotives]]
[[Category:Passenger locomotives]]
[[Category:Kitson locomotives]]
[[Category:William Beardmore and Company locomotives]]
[[Category:NBL locomotives]]
[[Category:Steam locomotives of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1906]]

Zee TV

2026-02-28T12:13:14Z

Igortxa: further improve content for accuracy additionally and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian Hindi-language television channel}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = ZEE TV
| logo = Zee_TV_2025.svg
| logo_size =
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2025
| launch_date = {{start date and age|1 October 1992}}
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]] (downscaled to [[letterboxed]] [[576i]] for the [[SDTV]] feed)
| timeshift_service = Zee TV HD +1 (formerly)
| owner = [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
| parent =
| headquarters = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
| website = {{URL|https://zeetv.zee5.com/}}
| country = India
| area = Worldwide (excluding Malaysia)
| language = Hindi
| sister_channels = ''See [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises#Owned channels|list of channels owned by ZEEL]]''
| terr_serv_1 = [[DVB-T2]] (India)
| terr_chan_1 = Check local frequencies
| availability_note = Available on all major Indian DTH and cable
| online_serv_1 = [[ZEE5]]
| online_chan_1 = SD & HD
| online_serv_2 = [[Jio TV]]
| online_chan_2 = SD & HD
| online_serv_3 = [[YouTube TV]]
| online_chan_3 = SD & HD
}}

'''ZEE TV''', also known as '''Z TV''', is an Indian [[Hindi language]] [[general entertainment]] [[pay television]] channel owned by [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]. It was launched on 1 October 1992 as the oldest privately owned television channel in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2017 |title=Zee TV, India's first private channel, completes 25 years |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-zee-tv-india-s-first-private-channel-completes-25-years-2549809 |access-date=1 November 2021 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023132253/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-zee-tv-india-s-first-private-channel-completes-25-years-2549809 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2021|title=Today In History: Dr Subhash Chandra launched India's first private satellite channel 'Zee TV' in 1992|url=https://zeenews.india.com/companies/today-in-history-dr-subhash-chandra-launched-india-s-first-private-satellite-channel-zee-tv-in-1992-2399038.html|access-date=1 November 2021|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=22 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022155852/https://zeenews.india.com/companies/today-in-history-dr-subhash-chandra-launched-india-s-first-private-satellite-channel-zee-tv-in-1992-2399038.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It now broadcasts worldwide.<ref>https://www.zee.com/in-the-news/zee-tv-celebrates-completion-of-its-20-years-with-you/</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Zee-TV-Logo-2005-.jpg|thumb|Logo used from 2005 to 2011]][[File:Zee_TV_Logo_2014.png|right|thumb|200x200px|Logo used from 2011 to 2017]]
[[File:Zee TV-2018.png|right|thumb|200x200px|Logo used from 2017 to 2025]][[File:Zee_TV_2025.svg|thumb|alt=As part of Zee cine adwards|Logo used since 2025]]

In 1991, [[Li Ka-shing]] started his [[Disney Networks Group Asia Pacific|STAR]] satellite television network. At the end of the year, [[Subhash Chandra]] of the [[Essel Group]] finished a round of negotiations with HutchVision, after a series of rejections, and the condition that Chandra would pay US$5 million a year for the satellite transponder. Li signed the deal in India a few months later and approached interested companies, but nobody was interested in paying the transponder fees. Chandra was the last possible man to sign the contract, by gathering money from his non-resident Indian friends and in the creation of a holding company for the channel, Asia Today.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=There and back again: Subhash Chandra and the Zee TV story |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/DY6tYikVelf4mtIywJh6eN/There-and-back-again-Subhash-Chandra-and-the-Zee-TV-story.html |last1=Bansal |first1=Shuchi |last2=Sheikh |first2=Aminah |date=29 September 2012 |website=[[Livemint]] |language=en |access-date=26 February 2020 |archive-date=26 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226165227/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/DY6tYikVelf4mtIywJh6eN/There-and-back-again-Subhash-Chandra-and-the-Zee-TV-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Zee TV was launched on 2 October 1992,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Zee Entertainment Enterprises History|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/zee-entertainment-enterprises-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-11769.cms|access-date=26 February 2020|website=[[The Economic Times]]|archive-date=25 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725161938/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/zee-entertainment-enterprises-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-11769.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> as the flagship channel of the Zee Telefilms Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Entertainment Inc.: The story of Zee, one of India's first Hindi {{sic|satel|ite|nolink=y}} channels |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20170821-zee-hindi-tv-channel-subhash-chandra-1028931-2017-08-11 |last=Singh |first=Suhani |date=21 August 2017 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |access-date=26 February 2020 |archive-date=12 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312211846/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20170821-zee-hindi-tv-channel-subhash-chandra-1028931-2017-08-11 |url-status=live }}</ref> The channel initially broadcast three hours a day, with its output consisting mainly of old Hindi movies and reruns of [[Doordarshan]] serials. The channel's initial manager was a Doordarshan news reporter who was on leave from his employer.<ref name="mint">{{cite web |title=The Zee TV story turns 20 |url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/JV7xB6PWkkl5q2Glq8tT8K/The-zee-story-turns-20.html |website=Mint |access-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019050219/https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/JV7xB6PWkkl5q2Glq8tT8K/The-zee-story-turns-20.html |archive-date=19 October 2012 |date=4 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Three months later, the airtime had doubled to six hours.<ref name=":0"/>

Within less than a month after its launch, Zee TV was being criticised for its programming lineup; a cynic reviewed the network giving "A for effort" and "Z(ee) for quality",<ref>{{cite news |title=Zee TV gets Z for quality |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/newpaper19921027-1.2.31.3 |access-date=9 February 2024 |work=The Straits Times |date=27 October 1992}}</ref> while others within the network called it an "upbeat clone of Doordarshan". To offset such negative criticism, Zee TV began producing more original content,<ref name="mint"/> opting to create its own pool of producers to reduce reliance on Doordarshan staff.<ref name=":0"/> Over time, the success of the network and its original programmes, such as ''Philip Top Ten'' and ''Tara'', prompted Doordarshan to create its own versions instead (''Superhit Muqabala'', ''Chandrakanta'' and mythological series).<ref>Alka, Lahori Handoo. (1995, Nov 08). Channel wars to attract TV viewers. New Straits Times</ref>

Zee TV rejected a 1993 bid to broadcast [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] during the afternoons, forcing Sun TV to negotiate with competitor [[Asia Television Network|ATN]] instead.<ref name="kalanithi">{{cite web |date=24 April 2018 |title=Kalanithi Maran, Sun TV: the evolution |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/people/kalanithi-maran-sun-tv-the-evolution-180424 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426144038/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/people/kalanithi-maran-sun-tv-the-evolution-180424 |archive-date=April 26, 2018 |access-date=February 9, 2024 |publisher=Indian Television}}</ref>

It began full-day broadcasts in 1993.<ref name=":0"/> After [[Rupert Murdoch]]'s buyout of Star TV, Zee TV faced some uncertainties about its future; nonetheless, Zee TV had gained rural audiences by November 1993. On 22 December 1993, Murdoch was planning to buy a 49.9% equity stake in the channel's owner, [[Hong Kong]]–based, [[British Virgin Islands]]-registered Asia Today.<ref>{{cite news |title=Murdoch's Star TV set to buy stake in owner of Indian station |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/biztimes19931223-1.2.14.6 |access-date=9 February 2024 |work=The Business Times |date=23 December 1993}}</ref> By year-end 1995, Zee TV already had three channels, the other two being Zee Cinema, a Bollywood channel, and EL TV, which broadcast in English and regional languages. Numerous competitors had also emerged around this time.<ref name="mint"/> 11 million households were receiving the channel.<ref name=":0"/> Zee Cinema launched precisely when, in April 1995, Doordarshan cleared all of its programming for seven days when the state network was carrying programming in homage to the deceased former prime-minister [[Morarji Desai]].<ref>What They're Watching -- New Delhi: (1995). Cablefax, 1.</ref> In 1996, Zee TV was airing a programme produced by NDTV, precisely at a time when their programmes were leaving Doordarshan and moving to Star Plus.<ref>India: DD snaps ties with NDTV. (1996, Oct 23). The Hindu</ref>

Its reputation began to falter when, on 4 January 1997, news head Rajat Sharma resigned, while 43 out of 48 staff in the news team quit. The 10pm bulletin that day was completed thanks to the help of a team of outsiders.<ref>India: Key Zee TV professionals quit. (1997, Jan 04). The Hindu</ref> This was largely triggered by STAR's plan of "Indianising" local operations and putting the only independent TV channel in India (in terms of news operation) at risk.<ref>India: Zee TV crisis deepens. (1997, Jan 05). The Hindu</ref> Over time, STAR TV's relations with Zee began to sour more, with Murdoch preferring Star Plus. The network had strengthened its presence in October 1996 when it appointed [[Rathikant Basu]] as its director, increasing the amount of Hindi programmes on the channel and deviating attentions from Zee.<ref>Johnathan Karp (1997, Sep 01). News Corp.'s India-TV Strategy Sours --- Bureaucrat Recruitment Backfires in Crackdown. Wall Street Journal</ref> On 7 October, Murdoch wanted to float the channel at the [[New York Stock Exchange]], which he thought was "very profitable".<ref>Gapper, J. (1997, Oct 08). News Corp is to float Indian TV channel in NY. Financial Times. Wall Street Journal</ref>

Zee TV lost its leadership to Star Plus, which took over its role after Murdoch sold his stake in Asia Today.<ref name=":0"/>

A new logo, an aqua blue Z, was unveiled in June 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=Zee TV's rebranding celebrates the new woman |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/zee-tvs-rebranding-celebrates-the-new-woman-42503.html |work=exchange4media.com}}</ref>

In 2013, Zee TV, along with its sister channels, underwent a branding overhaul.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=28 March 2005 |title=Zee channels to sport new logos |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/zee-channels-to-sport-new-logos-105032801072_1.html |access-date=27 February 2020 |archive-date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227195032/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/zee-channels-to-sport-new-logos-105032801072_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 15 October 2017, coinciding with Zee's 25-year silver jubilee, all of its channels were rebranded, with the main channel adopting its current slogan, ''Aaj Likhenge Kal''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zee TV celebrates 25 years; gears up to reveal new look on October 15 |url=https://www.adgully.com/zee-tv-celebrates-25-years-gears-up-to-reveal-new-look-on-october-15-74414.html |website=Adgully |access-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004100213/https://www.adgully.com/zee-tv-celebrates-25-years-gears-up-to-reveal-new-look-on-october-15-74414.html |archive-date=4 October 2017 |date=4 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 30 May 2021, Zee TV planned to revamp its look and air four new television series, but because of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], the idea was postponed and thereafter scrapped.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/zee-tv-to-go-under-revamp-on-30th-may-6-new-shows-to-be-launched-1455261|title=ZEE TV to go under revamp on 30th May; 6 new shows to be launched|date=29 April 2021|access-date=29 June 2021|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629062651/https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/zee-tv-to-go-under-revamp-on-30th-may-6-new-shows-to-be-launched-1455261|url-status=live}}</ref>

Zee TV unveiled a new logo on 8 June 2025, with its coverage of the 2025 Zee Cine Awards. The new logo features a Z mark, while the channel adopted a new slogan, ''Yours Truly, Z''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Zee unveils new logo, aims to deliver premium content, know what other benefits you will enjoy, details inside |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-zee-unveils-new-logo-aims-to-deliver-premium-content-know-what-other-benefits-you-will-enjoy-details-inside-3152615 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref> The new logo was heavily criticized by netizens, seeing it as a downgrade or similar to the [[JioHotstar]] logo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Zee Drops New Logo – Getting Roasted |url=https://www.m9.news/what-to-watch-on-ott/zee-drops-new-logo-getting-roasted/ |work=m9.news}}</ref>

== Programming ==
{{main|List of programmes broadcast by Zee TV}}
The channel mostly airs content intended for family and coming-of-age audiences ranging from comedy to drama.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/old-html/spotlight/zee2.htm |title=17 New serials are to be launched |date=9 March 2001 |work=IT Team |publisher=indianrelevision.com |access-date=19 December 2015 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143507/http://www.indiantelevision.com/specials/event-coverage |url-status=live }}</ref> It also aired reality shows such as ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/42793_Zee-TV-hikes-ad-rates-for-Sa-Re-Ga-Ma-Pa-Lil-Champs-5 |title=Zee TV hikes ad rates for Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs 5 |last=Prachi |first=Shrivastava |date=18 December 2014 |work=afaqs news bureau |publisher=afaqs |access-date=19 December 2015 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143444/https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/42793_Zee-TV-hikes-ad-rates-for-Sa-Re-Ga-Ma-Pa-Lil-Champs-5%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[I Can Do That (Indian TV series)|I Can Do That]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chunk-ht-ui-homepage-entertainment/after-oye-it-s-friday-farhan-akhtar-is-returning-to-tv/article1-1384902.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829003124/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chunk-ht-ui-homepage-entertainment/after-oye-it-s-friday-farhan-akhtar-is-returning-to-tv/article1-1384902.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 August 2015 |title=After Oye! It's Friday, Farhan Akhtar is returning to TV |date=27 August 2015 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=5 September 2015}}</ref> ''[[India's Best Cinestars Ki Khoj]]'' <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/apr/apr170.htm |title=Zee launches star hunt 'India's Best Cinestars Ki Khoj' |date=21 April 2004 |work=Indiantelevision.com |access-date=19 December 2015 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143520/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/apr/apr170.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[Dance India Dance]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/33966_DID-Little-Masters-tops-the-flock-Zee-slips-back-to-No-3 |title=DID Little Masters tops the flock; Zee slips back to No. 3 |date=4 May 2012 |work=afaqs news bureau |publisher=afaqs |access-date=19 December 2015 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143510/https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/33966_DID-Little-Masters-tops-the-flock-Zee-slips-back-to-No-3%20 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Zee Rishtey Awards ==
Since 2007, the channel has presented an annual award show, the Zee Rishtey Awards, to performers on its show based on popularity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2010 |title='Zee TV' ratings soar this week |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zee-tv-ratings-soar-this-week-1359349 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615102837/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zee-tv-ratings-soar-this-week-1359349 |archive-date=15 June 2020 |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=DNA India}}</ref> Nominations for the awards are declared by the channel. The winners are selected through voting done via online and through SMS.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/Zee-Rishtey-Awards-celebrate-20-years-of-channel/articleshow/17441083.cms|title=Zee Rishtey Awards celebrate 20 years of channel – Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625113251/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/Zee-Rishtey-Awards-celebrate-20-years-of-channel/articleshow/17441083.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/tv-stars-zee-rishtey-awards-mumbai-ravi-dubey-shabbir-ahluwalia-rajat-tokas-paridhi-sharma-achint-kaur-229262-2014-12-01|title=TV stars shine at Zee Rishtey Awards in Mumbai|first=Priyanka|last=Srivastava|date=1 December 2014|website=India Today|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=15 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615102833/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/tv-stars-zee-rishtey-awards-mumbai-ravi-dubey-shabbir-ahluwalia-rajat-tokas-paridhi-sharma-achint-kaur-229262-2014-12-01|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/celebrating-relationships/article5405448.ece|title=Celebrating relationships|first=S. m|last=Aamir|newspaper=The Hindu|date=29 November 2013|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001224214/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/celebrating-relationships/article5405448.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==International versions==
===Europe===
The European version of Zee TV traces its origins to [[TV Asia]], which was set up by non-resident Indian and Pakistani immigrants in the United Kingdom and started broadcasting in July 1992. It was the first channel in Europe targeting Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi immigrants. It launched in France in 1993. By 1994, the channel was facing financial difficulties, forcing Zee TV to take over the channel in March 1995.<ref>Murdoch-backed Zee plans European launch. (1994). New Media Markets, 12(25), 5.</ref><ref>Higham, N. (1995). UK awaits the Asian invasion. Marketing Week, 17(42), 19.</ref> The channel also had local community programming as well as content targeting viewers of different religions (Hinduism, Sikhism, and Islam).<ref>{{cite book |title=InterMedia in South Asia: The Fourth Screen
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=STfaAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22zee+tv%22+%22europe%22+%221995%22+%22tv+asia%22&pg=PA60 |access-date=9 February 2024 |date=2013 | isbn=978-1-135-75948-3 | last1=Dudrah | first1=Rajinder | last2=Gopal | first2=Sangita | last3=Rai | first3=Amit | last4=Basu | first4=Anustup | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Coinciding with the takeover, in April 1995, it signed a deal with Nethold's Multichoice.<ref>Asian channels open continental door. (1995). New Media Markets, 13(13), 9.</ref> As of October 1995, a subscription to Zee TV on British cable cost £24.98, costing even more than [[Home Video Channel|Adult Channel]] (£23.98).<ref>Snoddy, R. (1995, Oct 19). Channel choices facing the cable consumer-to-be. Marketing, 5.</ref>

The network produced special programmes for the [[1997 United Kingdom general election]], the first with candidates of South Asian origin.<ref>{{cite news |title=British parties using TV to woo Asian voters |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19970413-1.2.10.3 |access-date=10 February 2024 |work=The Straits Times |date=13 April 1997}}</ref> Later that year, the [[Independent Television Commission]] ruled that it was carrying live cricket from India with tobacco advertising, which is restricted under British law.<ref>ITC criticises free Sky dish ads and Zee TV cricket. (1997). New Media Markets, 15(29), 6.</ref> In 1998, the channel launched in Portugal on the TV Cabo platform, but only in Lisbon.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.portugaltelecom.pt/financeiras/relatorios/relcc1s1999/2_3.htm |title=2.3 TV Cabo |access-date=30 November 2002 |archive-date=30 November 2002 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20021130050707/http://www.portugaltelecom.pt/financeiras/relatorios/relcc1s1999/2_3.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Three of its sister channels were removed from linear television in the UK on 1 June 2019, as part of a decision taken to implement the [[ZEE5]] platform in Europe, leaving only Zee TV and Zee Cinema.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/lifestyle/its-destination-zee5-zing-tv-and-living-foodz-to-be-available-as-digital-only-channels-on-zee5-in-uk-3658503/|title=Its Destination ZEE5: Zing, &TV, and Living Foodz to be Available as Digital-Only Channels on ZEE5 in UK | India.com|website=India.com}}</ref> An HD feed existed until 2019; it resumed on 13 January 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=ZEE TV HD makes official launch in UK |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/zee-tv-hd-makes-official-launch-in-uk/ |work=bizasialive.com}}</ref> Its advertising sales are handled by Sky Media.<ref>{{cite news |title=Channel profile: Zee TV |url=https://www.skymedia.co.uk/channels/zee-tv/ |work=Sky Media}}</ref>

===Asia===
The channel launched in [[Singapore]] on 11 September 1995, as the first Hindi channel on [[StarHub TV|Singapore Cable Vision]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian station on CableVision |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/biztimes19950905-1.2.11.10.2 |access-date=25 July 2024 |work=The Business Times |date=5 September 1995}}</ref>

=== Africa ===
The channel launched in 1997 and is available with English subtitles on [[DStv]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://zeeafrica.tv/#AboutUs |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Zee Entertainment Africa Corporate Page |language=en-gb}}</ref>

===Americas===
Zee TV launched in the US on 15 July 1998 when [[Dish Network]] was adding new ethnic channels to its line-up.<ref>(1998, Jul 06). DISH Network Increases International Programming Choices; EchoStar Adds More Foreign Language Channels. Business Wire</ref><ref>https://www.nexttv.com/news/indias-zee-tv-sees-strong-us-growth-153965</ref> Zee TV Americas started producing reality content in English in 2017; ''Made in America'' premiered in October 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zee.com/in-the-news/zee-entertainment-ventures-into-original-english-language-programming-in-the-us/|title=Zee Entertainment Ventures into Original English Language Programming in the U.S.|date=13 October 2017|access-date=26 July 2021|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811172728/https://www.zee.com/in-the-news/zee-entertainment-ventures-into-original-english-language-programming-in-the-us/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[&TV (TV channel)|&TV]]
* [[Zee Kannada]]
* [[Zee Marathi]]
* [[Zee Cinema]]

== References ==
* [[File:CC-BY-SA icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from [https://logos.fandom.com/wiki/Zindagi Zindagi] at Logopedia, which is released under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA 3.0) license].

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [[File:CC-BY-SA icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from [https://logos.fandom.com/wiki/Zindagi Zindagi] at Logopedia, which is released under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA 3.0) license].
* {{official website}}

{{Essel Group}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Foreign television channels broadcasting in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television channels in India]]
[[Category:Hindi-language YouTube channels]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1992]]
[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television stations]]
[[Category:Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]
[[Category:Television stations in South Africa]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Sachana Namidass

2026-02-16T07:37:26Z

Igortxa: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Maharaja (2024 film)#Cast]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Tiku Talsania

2026-02-08T04:04:47Z

Igortxa: Refined content and updated sections

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tiku Talsania
| image = Tiku Talsania at Sab TV's show launch.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Talsania in 2013
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|06|07|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Bombay State]], India
| spouse = Deepti Talsania
| children = 2
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 1976{{endash}}present
| othername =
| works = [[Tiku Talsania filmography|Full list]]
| height_cm = 168
}}

'''Tiku Talsania''' (born 7 June 1954 ) is an Indian actor, known for his work in [[Hindi films]]. He is primarily known for his comic roles in popular comedy films. Apart from acting in films and television serials, Talsania also performed as a freelance theatre artist, actively participating in [[Gujarati theatre]] productions.<ref name="hindu1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/more-to-mr-funny-than-meets-the-eye/article63807.ece |title=More to Mr. Funny than meets the eye - The Hindu |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=12 July 2014 |archive-date=13 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513040658/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/More-to-Mr.-Funny-than-meets-the-eye/article16852813.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
===Television===
Tiku has acted in numerous television serials, beginning with ''[[Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi]]'' in 1984. He later appeared in popular TV shows of the 80s and 90s such as ''Fikr Ne Kaha'', ''[[Yeh Duniyan Gazab Ki]]'', ''Zamana Badal Gaya'', and ''[[Ek Se Badkar Ek]]''.

He acted in many successful serials, including ''[[Uttaran]]''. He was also seen in [[Sony SAB]]'s sitcom ''[[Sajan Re Phir Jhooth Mat Bolo]]''.<ref name="toi">{{Cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tiku-talsania-gets-on-board-for-sajan-re-phir-jhooth-mat-bolo/articleshow/58335715.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427153148/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tiku-talsania-gets-on-board-for-sajan-re-phir-jhooth-mat-bolo/articleshow/58335715.cms | url-status=dead | archive-date=27 April 2017 | title=Quick Five: Tiku Talsania - Gets On Board- The Times Of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=24 April 2017 | access-date=27 June 2017}}</ref>

===Films===
Tiku started his [[Bollywood]] career with Rajeev Mehra's ''[[Pyaar Ke Do Pal]]'' in 1986. He continued to play his role as comedian in movies such as ''[[Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin]]'', ''[[Umar 55 Ki Dil Bachpan Ka]]'', ''[[Bol Radha Bol]]'', ''[[Andaz Apna Apna]]'' and ''[[Mr. Bechara]]'' from 1991 to 1996. Breaking from his comedian roles, he donned the cap of a serious character in the movie ''[[Waqt Hamara Hai]]'' in 1993.

He then acted in a number of commercially successful movies such as ''[[Ishq (1997 film)|Ishq]]'' in 1997, ''[[Jodi No.1 (film)|Jodi No.1]]'' in 2001 and up until ''[[Partner (2007 film)|Partner]]'' in 2007. He received critical acclaim for his role in [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]'s ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]''. Tiku, who played the role of the protagonist Devdas's caretaker Dharamdas, said that he was confident that his role would get noticed.<ref name='rediff'>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/11tik.htm |title=Movies: Tiku Talsania on his role in Devdas |access-date=12 July 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714220621/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/11tik.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Talsania continued to work in films such as [[Dhamaal]] and [[Special 26]] with minor roles, as having primary focus on television serials.

==Personal life==
Talsania married Deepti, with whom he has two children, a son, music composer Rohaan Talsania and a daughter, actress [[Shikha Talsania]], who has acted in films like ''[[Veere Di Wedding]]'', ''[[Coolie No. 1 (2020 film)|Coolie No. 1]]'' and ''[[I Hate Luv Storys]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tiku Talsania's life beyond the arc lights: Biking, adventure sports and more|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tiku-talsanias-life-beyond-the-arc-lights-biking-adventure-sports-and-7349224/|date=10 June 2021|accessdate=27 July 2021}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{main|Tiku Talsania filmography}}

==See also==
* [[Talsana]], ancestral village of Talsania

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0848308|name=Tiku Talsania}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Talsania, Tiku}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Gujarati-language films]]

Prataprao Baburao Bhosale

2026-02-03T11:23:01Z

Igortxa: minor edit

{{Short description|Indian politician (1934–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Prataprao Bhosale
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1967
| term_end = 1985
| constituency = [[Wai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Wai]]
| predecessor = Dadasaheb Jagtap
| successor = Madanrao Pisal
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 1984
| term_end1 = 1996
| constituency1 = [[Satara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satara]]
| predecessor1 = [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
| successor1 = [[Hindurao Naik Nimbalkar]]
| office2 = [[Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee|President of Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee]]
| term_start2 = 1998
| term_end2 = 2000
| predecessor2 = [[Ranjeet Deshmukh]]
| successor2 = [[Govindrao Adik]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1934|10|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Satara district|Bhuinj]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|5|19|1934|10|25|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Satara district|Bhuinj]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| spouse = Shantabai Bhosale
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress (Urs)]]
| residence = Bhuinj, Satara district, Maharashtra, India
| alma_mater = [[Jagannath Barooah College]]
| profession = Agriculturist, Political and Social Worker
| education = P.S.C.
| website =
|children = Madan Bhosale<ref name="Sharad Pawar begins poll manoeuvring in Maharashtra, in talks with key leaders">{{cite news |title=Sharad Pawar begins poll manoeuvring in Maharashtra, in talks with key leaders |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/maharashtra-polls-sharad-pawar-bjp-ajit-pawar-samarjeetsinh-ghatge-2593702-2024-09-05 |access-date=18 January 2025 |publisher=India Today |date=5 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118092536/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/maharashtra-polls-sharad-pawar-bjp-ajit-pawar-samarjeetsinh-ghatge-2593702-2024-09-05 |archive-date=18 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''Prataprao Baburao Bhosale''' (25 October 1934 – 19 May 2024) was an Indian politician.<ref name="Maharashtra CM Babasaheb Bhosale faces dissent from party MLAs">{{cite news |title=Maharashtra CM Babasaheb Bhosale faces dissent from party MLAs |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19830115-maharashtra-cm-babasaheb-bhosale-faces-dissent-from-party-mlas-770376-2013-07-30 |access-date=18 January 2025 |agency=India Today |date=30 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118092412/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19830115-maharashtra-cm-babasaheb-bhosale-faces-dissent-from-party-mlas-770376-2013-07-30 |archive-date=18 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref> He was a leader of [[Indian National Congress]] from [[Maharashtra]]. He served as member of the [[Lok Sabha]] representing [[Satara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satara constituency]]. He was elected to the 8th, 9th and [[10th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2989.htm |title=Members Bioprofile -|access-date= 27 December 2017 }}</ref> He was the Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Wai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Wai constituency]] from 1967 to 1985 and also served in the state cabinet in various ministries. Bhosale died on 19 May 2024, at the age of 89.<ref>[https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/politics/2943510-former-congress-mp-prataprao-bhosale-passes-away-patole-expresses-grief Former Congress MP Prataprao Bhosale passes away; Patole expresses grief]</ref><ref name="सातारा : काँग्रेसचे ज्येष्ठ नेते, माजी मंत्री प्रतापराव भोसले यांचं निधन">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=सातारा : काँग्रेसचे ज्येष्ठ नेते, माजी मंत्री प्रतापराव भोसले यांचं निधन |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/maharashtra/senior-congress-leader-former-minister-prataprao-bhosale-passed-away-in-satara-1283159 |access-date=18 January 2025 |work= |date=19 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118091956/https://marathi.abplive.com/news/maharashtra/senior-congress-leader-former-minister-prataprao-bhosale-passed-away-in-satara-1283159 |archive-date=18 January 2025 |language=mr}}</ref><ref name="Former Congress MP Prataprao Bhosale passes away; Nana Patole expresses grief">{{cite news |title=Former Congress MP Prataprao Bhosale passes away; Nana Patole expresses grief |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/former-congress-mp-prataprao-bhosale-passes-away-nana-patole-expresses-grief-3028994 |access-date=18 January 2025 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=19 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118092028/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/former-congress-mp-prataprao-bhosale-passes-away-nana-patole-expresses-grief-3028994 |archive-date=18 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ग्रामीण विकासाचा ध्यास घेतलेले नेतृत्व">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=ग्रामीण विकासाचा ध्यास घेतलेले नेतृत्व |url=https://www.esakal.com/sampadakiya/prithviraj-chavan-editorial-about-passed-away-prataprao-bhosale-political-career-and-work-adi01 |access-date=18 January 2025 |publisher=Marathi News Esakal |date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118092017/https://www.esakal.com/sampadakiya/prithviraj-chavan-editorial-about-passed-away-prataprao-bhosale-political-career-and-work-adi01 |archive-date=18 January 2025 |language=Mr}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhosale, Prataprao Baburao}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:People from Satara district]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1978–1980]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress (U) politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Presidents of Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee]]

{{Maharashtra-INC-politician-stub}}

Chhe To Chhe

2026-01-11T22:21:24Z

Igortxa: improved article

{{Short description|Anthology of Ghazals by Bhavesh Bhatt (2008)}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Chhe To Chhe
| image = Chhe To Chhe Coverpage.jpeg
| caption = Coverpage of Chhe To Chhe
| author = [[Bhavesh Bhatt]]
| orig_lang_code =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist = Kiran Thakar
| country = India
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| genre = [[Ghazal|Ghazal anthology]]
| set_in =
| published = 2008
| publisher = self published
| publisher2 =
| pub_date = May 2008
| media_type = Print
| pages = 68
| awards = [[Shayda Award]] (2014)
| oclc = 862629692
| dewey = 891.471
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by = [[Bhitarno Shankhanaad]]
}}

'''''Chhe To Chhe''''' ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: છે તો છે) is an anthology written by [[Bhavesh Bhatt]] containing Ghazals in Gujarati language. It was first published in May 2008. The book was followed by Bhavesh's another book ''[[Bhitarno Shankhanaad]]'' in 2014<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Parikh |first=Dhiru |date=December 2015 |title=Navya Kavi Navya Kavita (Introduction of New Poets) |magazine= [[Kavilok]] |location=[[Ahmedabad]] |publisher= Kavilok Trust }}
To</ref>

== Content ==
The title of the book translates t''o "Because It Is So"''. The book consists of forty-eight [[ghazal]]s.<ref name="bb">{{cite magazine |last=Matri |first=Jalan |date=March 2015 |title=Urmi Ni Olakh (Introduction of New Poets) |magazine=Kumar |location= [[Ahmedabad]] |publisher= Kumar Trust}}</ref> The preface of the book was written by Indu Puwar and [[Chinu Modi]].

== Reception ==
Bhavesh Bhatt received the [[Shayda Award]], and the Ravji Patel Award in 2014 for ''Chhe To Chhe'' and his other work, ''[[Bhitarno Shankhanaad]]''. The title ghazal, printed on the seventh page, "''Chhidra valu vahan chhe to chhe''", and the first ghazal, "''Chinta karvani me chhodi''" ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: ચિંતા કરવાની મેં છોડી / [[English language|English]]: I quit worrying) are popular recitation selections at many [[mushaira]]s.<ref name="bb"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2008 poetry books]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language poetry collections]]
[[Category:Indian poetry collections]]
[[Category:2008 in India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian books]]

{{poetry-collection-stub}}
{{india-lit-stub}}

List of India-related topics in the Philippines

2026-01-09T22:08:47Z

Igortxa: stub

{{Short description|None}}
{{use Philippine English||date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations | India–Philippines | India | Philippines | filetype = svg |size = 300 | mission1 = Embassy of India<ref>[http://www.indembassymanila.in/ Embassy of India]</ref> 2190 Paraiso, [[Makati]], [[Metro Manila]], Philippines Phone:+63 922 340 4676 [https://www.google.com.sg/maps/place/Embassy+of+India/@14.5444221,121.0232489,15z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x625811727b8d22e3?sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwiK04H5ge7LAhWUwI4KHTDoArYQ_BIIczAK Google map] | mission2 = Embassy of Philippines<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newdelhipe.dfa.gov.ph/ |title=Embassy of Philippines |access-date=1 April 2016 |archive-date=24 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324052824/http://newdelhipe.dfa.gov.ph/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> 50-N Nyaya Marg, [[Chanakyapuri]], [[New Delhi]] 110021, India Phone: +91 11 2611 0152 [https://www.google.com.sg/maps/place/Embassy+Of+The+Philippines/@28.586055,77.1825225,15z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0xee95be3ffdcaa5e0?sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiM_NiZgu7LAhVWA44KHQmHAF4Q_BIIbDAM Google map] | envoytitle1 = Ambassador | envoy1 = Mr. Lalduhthlana Ralte | envoytitle2 = Ambassador | envoy2 = Ms. Teresita C. Daza }}

[[India]] and the [[Philippines]] have historic ties going back over 3000 years and there are over 150,000 people of Indian origin in Philippines.<ref name="IndiansInPhil">[https://books.google.com/books?id=39lJz_L4MdUC&pg=PA537 Indians in Philippines]</ref>

[[Iron Age]] finds in the Philippines also point to the existence of trade between [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[South India]] and the Philippine islands during the ninth and tenth centuries B.C.<ref>[http://www.tamilculturewaterloo.org/tamillanguage.htm Tamil language, www.tamilculturewaterloo.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413062503/http://tamilculturewaterloo.org/tamillanguage.htm |date=13 April 2015 }}</ref> The influence of the [[culture of India]] on the [[culture of the Philippines]] intensified from the 2nd through the late 14th centuries CE.<ref>[http://www.philippinealmanac.com/2010/07/528/the-cultural-influences-of-india-china-arabia-and-japan.html The cultural influence of India, www.philippinealmanac.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701082957/http://www.philippinealmanac.com/2010/07/528/the-cultural-influences-of-india-china-arabia-and-japan.html |date= 1 July 2012 }}</ref>

The [[Indian settlement in the Philippines#Filipino people of Indian descent|Indian-Filipinos]] are [[Philippine nationality law|Philippine citizens]] of Indian descent. The [[Indian diaspora|NRI]] are [[Indian nationality law|Indian citizens]] living in [[Philippines]].

This is an alphabetical list:

==History==
[[File:Indian_cultural_zone.svg|thumb|300px|right|Historic [[Indosphere]] cultural influence zone of [[Greater India]] for transmission of elements of Indian elements such as the [[Indian honorifics|honorific titles]], [[Indian name#Global Indian influence in names|naming of people]], [[Place names in India#Global Indian influence in place name|naming of places]], mottos of organisations and educational institutes as well as adoption of [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Hindu temple architecture#Southeast Asia as part of Greater India|Indian architecture]], [[Indian martial arts#Influence|martial arts]], [[Music of India#Globalization of Indian music|Indian music and dance]], [[Clothing in India|traditional Indian clothing]], and [[Indian cuisine#Outside India|Indian cuisine]], a process which has also been aided by the ongoing historic expansion of [[Indian diaspora]].<ref name=diasind1>{{Cite book|title=A history of India|first=Hermann|last=Kulke|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|others=Rothermund, Dietmar, 1933–|isbn=0203391268|edition= 4th|location=New York|oclc=57054139}}</ref>]]
{{#section:History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia|pushpin map}}

[[File:Filippine, provincia di agusan, immagine hindu, statuetta in oro massiccio, xiii secolo.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Agusan image]] statue (900–950 CE) discovered in 1917 on the banks of the Wawa River near [[Esperanza, Agusan del Sur|Esperanza]], [[Agusan del Sur]], [[Mindanao]] in the [[Philippines]].]]

===Indianisation concepts===

* [[Indianisation]]
** [[Greater India]]
*** [[Mandala (political model)]]
** [[Indosphere]]
*** [[Sanskritisation]]
**** One of the pre-Spanish pre-Catholic pre-colonial ancient native [[Names of the Philippines]] is [[Names of the Philippines#Maharlika|Maharlika]] "freeman" from ancient Indian language Sanskrit. And they are proposals to rename the Philippines to this name to remove the colonialism.<ref name="philstar.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/02/12/1893137/historian-says-maharlika-nobility-misconception|title=Historian says 'Maharlika' as nobility a misconception|website=philstar.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Tan|first=Samuel K.|title=A History of the Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pw5FWmdNmj8C|year=2008|publisher=UP Press|isbn=978-971-542-568-1|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pw5FWmdNmj8C&dq=maharlika+freemen&pg=PA40 40]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/video/news/02/13/19/maharlika-means-noble-not-so-says-historian|title=Maharlika means noble? Not so, says historian|website=ABS-CBN News|date=February 12, 2019}}</ref>

**** Early industries in Philippines that were introduced from India include boatbuilding, metal works, weaving of [[cotton]] clothes and quicklime mining method.

**** Flowers and their [[Sanskrit]] names introduced to Philippines by the Indian traders during the ancient times include [[Jasminum sambac|sampaguita]] the [[Floral emblem#Philippines|National flower of Philippines]] which is one of [[National symbols of the Philippines]] and [[Magnolia champaca|champaka]].<ref name=ew1>[[William Henry Scott (historian)|William Henry Scott]], 1984, [https://books.google.com/books?id=1i-bBQAAQBAJ&dq=sampaguita+originally+from+sanskrit&pg=PA250 Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History], accessed 1 July 2021.</ref><ref name=ew2>Jean-Paul G. POTET, 2013, Arabian and Persian loanwords in Tagalog, p. 250.</ref>

**** Fruits and their [[Sanskrit]] names introduced to Philippines by the Indian traders during the ancient times include [[mango]], [[Jackfruit|nangka (Jackfruit)]] and [[Albizia lebbeck|sirisa]].

**** Vegetables and their [[Sanskrit]] names introduced to Philippines by the Indian traders during the ancient times include [[Momordica charantia|ampalaya]], [[Luffa|patola]] and [[Moringa oleifera|malunggay]]

===Indianised kingdoms of early Philippines history ===
* [[Maritime Southeast Asia]]
* [[History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia]]
** [[Indian influences in early Philippine polities]]
** [[History of the Philippines#Precolonial period (AD 900 to 1565) – Independent polities|Indianised kingdoms of Philippines]]
** Luzon
*** Around Manila and [[Pasig river]] were 3 polities which were earlier Hindu-Buddhist, later Islamic and then subsumed and converted to Catholicism by Spanish in 16th century
**** [[Namayan]] polity was confederation of barangays
**** [[Maynila (historical entity)]]
***** [[Rajah Sulayman]] (also Sulayman III, 1558–1575), Indianized [[Maynila (historical entity)|Kingdom of Maynila]]
***** [[Rajah Matanda]] (1480–1572), ruler of the Indianized [[Maynila (historical entity)|Kingdom of Maynila]], together with [[Rajah Sulayman]] was co-ruled Maynila, their cousin [[Lakandula]] ruled Tondo. Rajah Sulayman was one of three kings that ruled parts of present-day Manila, and fought against the Spanish Empire's colonisation of the Philippines
**** [[Tondo (historical polity)]] on Pasig river near Manila
***** [[Lakandula]], was a raja who was cousin of Rajah Sulayman and Rajah Matanda
***** [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]], earliest known written document found in the Philippines, in [[Sanskritisation|Indianized]] [[Kawi script]] with [[Sanskrit]] loanwords
*** [[Ma-i]], a Buddhist kingdom in [[Mindoro]] island, from before 10th century till the 14th century
** Visayas
*** [[Cebu (historical polity)|Cebu]] at [[Singhapala]] (Mabolo in Cebu city on Mahinga creek) capital city in southern Cebu island was Hindu kingdom founded by [[Sri Lumay]] or Rajamuda Lumaya, a half-Tamil and half-Malay from Sumatra.<ref name="ReferenceA">Jovito Abellana, Aginid, Bayok sa Atong Tawarik, 1952</ref> Cebu was subsumed by Spanish in 16th century.
**** King Sri Lumay was half-[[Tamils|Tamil]] and half-Malay, noted for his strict policies in defending against Moro Muslim raiders and slavers from Mindanao. His use of scorched earth tactics to repel invaders gave rise to the name Kang Sri Lumayng Sugbu (literally "that of Sri Lumay's great fire") to the town, which was later shortened to Sugbu ("scorched earth").
**** Sri Bantug, king and successor son of Sri Lumay
**** [[Rajah Humabon]], king and successor son of Sri Batung
***** [[Battle of Mactan]] on 27 April 1521 between Rajah Humabon and Ferdinand Magellan in which Lapulapu fought on side of Rajah, resulting in the death of Ferdinand Magellan.
***** [[Lapulapu]], warrior under Rajah Humabon, Lapulapu fought Spanish
***** [[Ferdinand Magellan]], Portuguese explorer on hired by Spanish empire
**** [[Rajah Tupas]] (Sri Tupas), nephew and successor of Rajah Humabon, last to rule the kingdom before subsumed by Spanish [[Miguel López de Legazpi]] in the battle of Cebu during 1565.
**** Caste system: Below the rulers were the [[Timawa]], the feudal warrior class of the ancient Visayan societies of the Philippines who were regarded as higher than the ''[[uripon]]'' (commoners, [[serf]]s, and slaves) but below the ''[[Tumao]]'' (royal [[nobility]]) in the Visayan social hierarchy. They were roughly similar to the [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]] ''[[maharlika]]'' caste. Lapu Lapu was a [[Timawa]].
**** A crude Buddhist medallion and a copper statue of a Hindu Deity, [[Ganesha]], has been found by Henry Otley Beyer in 1921 in ancient sites in Puerto Princesa, Palawan and in Mactan, Cebu.<ref name="asj.upd.edu.ph">{{Cite web| title=Indian penetration of pre-Spanish Philippines: a new look at the evidence | url=http://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-15-1977/francisco-indian-prespanish-philippines.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017234145/http://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-15-1977/francisco-indian-prespanish-philippines.pdf | archive-date=2015-10-17}}</ref> The crudeness of the artifacts indicates they are of local reproduction. Unfortunately, these icons were destroyed during World War II. However, black and white photographs of these icons survive.
*** [[Madja-as]] of [[Panay island]], a supra-baranganic polity
** Mindanao
*** [[Kingdom of Butuan|Butuan]] in northeast Mindanao, Hindu kingdom existed earlier than 10th century and ruled till being subsumed by Spanish in 16th century.
**** [[Golden Tara]] ([[Agusan image]]) is a golden statue that was found in [[Agusan del Sur]] in north east Mindanao.
**** [[Mount Diwata]]: named after [[Anito|diwata]] concept of Philippines based on the [[devata]] deity concept of Hinduism
*** [[Confederate States of Lanao]] of Muslims in Maguindanao in northwestern Mindanao from 15th century till present day
*** [[Sultanate of Maguindanao]] in Cotabato in far west Mindanao from split from Srivijaya Hindu ancestors in 16th century and ruled till early 20th century, originally converted by sultan of Johor in 16th century but maintained informal kinship with Hindu siblings who are now likely Christians
*** [[Sultanate of Sulu]] in southwestern Mindanao, established in 1457 by a Johore-born Muslim explorer, gained independence from the Bruneian Empire in 1578 and lasted till 1986. It also covered the area in northeastern side of Borneo, stretching from [[Marudu Bay]] to Tepian Durian in present-day Kalimantan.
*** [[Lupah Sug]], a predecessor Hindu state before the establishment of Sultanate of Sulu.<ref name="Genealogy of Sultan Sharif Ul-Hashim of Sulu Sultanate">{{cite web|last=Julkarnain |first=Datu Albi Ahmad |title=Genealogy of Sultan Sharif Ul-Hashim of Sulu Sultanate |url=http://www.zambotoday.com/archives/7439-Genealogy-of-Sultan-Sharif-Ul-Hashim-of-Sulu-Sultanate.html |accessdate=21 December 2010 |newspaper=Zambo Times |date=30 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718151329/http://www.zambotoday.com/archives/7439-Genealogy-of-Sultan-Sharif-Ul-Hashim-of-Sulu-Sultanate.html |archivedate=18 July 2011 }}</ref>
**** Maimbung principality: Hindu polity, predecessor of Lupah Su]] Muslim sultanate. [[Sulu]] that time was called ''Lupah Sug''<ref name="Genealogy of Sultan Sharif Ul-Hashim of Sulu Sultanate" /> The Principality of Maimbung, populated by [[Buranun people]] (or ''Budanon'', literally means "mountain-dwellers"), was first ruled by a certain [[rajah]] who assumed the title Rajah [[Sipad the Older]]. According to Majul, the origins of the title ''rajah sipad'' originated from the Hindu [[sri]] pada, which symbolises authority.<ref name="ibrahim 51">{{Harvnb|Ibrahim|1985|p=51}}</ref> The Principality was instituted and governed using the system of rajahs. Sipad the Older was succeeded by [[Sipad the Younger]].

===Indians in Philippines during colonial era ===
* 1762–1764 [[British Manila]]
** [[Battle of Manila (1762)]] by the [[East India Company]]'s Indian soldiers during [[Anglo-Spanish War (1761–63)]]
** [[Cainta]] in [[Rizal Province|Rizal]]: historic colonial era settlement of escaped Indians [[sepoy]]s of British East India Company
* [[Indian Filipino]]: Filipino citizens with part or whole Indian blood

===Key Indianised Hindu-Buddhist artifacts found in Philippines ===
* Luzon
** [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]] in Luzon, earliest known written document found in the Philippines, in [[Sanskritisation|Indianized]] [[Kawi script]] with [[Sanskrit]] loanwords
** Palawan [[Tabon Caves#Tabon Caves Garuda Gold Pendant|Tabon Caves Garuda Gold Pendant]] found in the [[Tabon caves]] in the island of [[Palawan]], is an image of [[Garuda]], the eagle bird who is the mount of [[Hindu]] deity [[Vishnu]]<ref name=TabonGaruda>[http://www.oocities.org/lppsec/pp/palawan.htm Palawan Tabon garuda]</ref>
* Visayas
** [[Cebu (historical polity)|Cebu]] Buddhist medallion and copper statue of Hindu Deity: A crude Buddhist medallion and a copper statue of a Hindu Deity, [[Ganesha]], has been found by Henry Otley Beyer in 1921 in ancient sites in Puerto Princesa, Palawan and in Mactan, Cebu.<ref name="asj.upd.edu.ph"/> The crudeness of the artifacts indicates they are of local reproduction. Unfortunately, these icons were destroyed during World War II. However, black and white photographs of these icons survive.
* Mindanao
** [[Golden Tara]] ([[Agusan image]]) from [[Kingdom of Butuan]] in northeast Mindanao is a golden statue that was found in [[Agusan del Sur]] in north east Mindanao.

==Language==
* [[Baybayin]]: a Philippine script classified as an [[abugida]], part of the [[Brahmic family]] of scripts
* [[Indian honorifics]] also influenced the [[Malay styles and titles|Malay]], [[Thai royal ranks and titles|Thai]], [[Filipino styles and honorifics|Filipino]] and [[Indonesian names#Honorifics|Indonesian]] honorifics.<ref name=tit1>Krishna Chandra Sagar, 2002, An Era of Peace, Page 52.</ref> Examples of these include Raja, Rani, Maharlika, Datu, etc. which were transmitted from Indian culture to Philippines via Malays and [[Srivijaya empire]]
* [[List of loanwords in Tagalog#Sanskrit|Influence of Indian languages on Tagalog language]]
* [[Cebuano language#Vocabulary|Sanskrit language loanwords in Cebuano language]]

==Sports==
Filipino sports influenced by the [[Indian martial arts]]
* [[Filipino martial arts]] such as [[Kalis]] and others have been inspired by the [[Indian martial arts]]

==Art, music, epics and chants==
; Filipino epics and chants inspired by the Indian [[Hindu]] religious epics [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]].
* [[Ifugao#Alim and Hudhud Oral traditions of Ifugao|Alim and Hudhud Oral traditions of Ifugao]] of [[Ifugao people]] of the [[Cordillera Administrative Region]] in [[Luzon]] island. The [[Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras#The Ifugao epic Hudhud|Hudhud – the Ifugao epic]] of the Ifugao was chosen as one of the 11 [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]] in 2001 and formally inscribed as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2008.
* [[Biag ni Lam-ang]] ({{Langx|en|"The Life of Lam-ang"}}) is an [[epic poem]] of the [[Ilocano people]] from the [[Ilocos]] region.
* [[Ibalong]] epic of [[Bicol Region|Bikol region]] of southeast Luzon.
* ''"Aginid, Bayok sa atong Tawarik"'', a Bisayan epic of Cebu.
* Bayok, an epic of Marano people of northwestern Mindanao.

; Music instrument
* [[Kudyapi]], native Filipino guitar of [[Maranao]], [[Manobo]] and [[Maguindanao people]], is influenced by the [[Indian classical music]] concepts of melody and scale.

==Religion==
* [[Buddhism in Southeast Asia]]
** [[Buddhism in the Philippines]]
* [[Hinduism in Southeast Asia]]
** [[Hinduism in the Philippines]]
* Related topics
** [[Religion in pre-colonial Philippines]] had Indianized Hindu and Buddhist influence
** [[Nanak Darbar Indian Sikh Temple, Iloilo]]

==People==
* [[Indian settlement in the Philippines#Filipino people of Indian descent|List of Filipino-Indian people]]
* [[Josephine Acosta Pasricha|Josephine Acosta Pasricha, PhD (Indology)]] – Filipina [[Indology|Indologist]]
* [[Juan R. Francisco|Juan R. Francisco, PhD (Indology)]] – Filipino [[Indology|Indologist]]
* [[Filipinos in India]]

==Business==
* [[Business process outsourcing to India]]
* [[Business process outsourcing in the Philippines]]
* [[List of companies of India|Indian Companies]], some operate in Philippines also
* [[Murrah buffalo]] originally from the [[Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes|Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, Haryana, India]] was exported to [[Philippine Carabao Center]] in [[Nueva Ecija]] to improve the breed of Filipino carabao
* [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] under the influence of [[Indosphere]]

==Politics and travel==
* [[India–Philippines relations]]
* [[Visa requirements for Indian citizens]]
* [[Visa requirements for Filipino citizens]]
* [[Tourism in the Philippines]]
* [[Tourism in India]]

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Laguna Copperplate Inscription.gif|[[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]] in [[Kawi script]] with [[Sanskrit]] loanwords
Murrah_buffalo.JPG|[[Murrah buffalo]] originally from [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]] states of India was exported to [[Philippine Carabao Center]] in [[Nueva Ecija]] to improve the breed of Filipino carabao
Binibining_Pilipinas_2008_Q&A-Janina_San_Miguel.jpg|[[Janina San Miguel]], [[Binibining Pilipinas 2008]]
Venus Raj.jpg|[[Venus Raj]], [[Binibining Pilipinas 2010]]

PepeDioknoVenice.jpg|[[Pepe Diokno (director)|Pepe Diokno]] movie director and producer
Juan Cailles.jpg|[[Juan Cailles]] independence revolutionary
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Philippines|Hinduism|Religion}}
{{div col}}
* [[Indian Australians]]
* [[Indian Singaporeans]]
* [[Indian Indonesians]]
* [[Malaysian Indian|Indian Malaysians]]
* [[Filipino Australian]]
* [[Australian Indian Ocean Territories]]
{{col div end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Ibrahim|1985}} |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Ahmad |first2=Sharon |last2=Siddique |first3=Yasmin |last3=Hussain |title=Readings on Islam in Southeast Asia |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |year=1985 |isbn=978-9971-988-08-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BeDKqPTeHnUC}}

{{India-related topics in Philippines}}
{{Former and present states in the Philippines}}
{{Historic Filipino monarchs}}
{{Hinduism (compact)}}
{{Asia in topic|Hinduism in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-related topics in the Philippines}}
[[Category:India–Philippines relations]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora]]
[[Category:Hinduism in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Philippines-related lists|India]]
[[Category:Indosphere]]

Govindarajula Subba Rao

2026-01-08T22:19:46Z

Igortxa: Made New Biography.

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Govindarajula Subba Rao
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1895
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1959|10|29|1895|df=y}}
| death_place = Chennai, India
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| spouse =
| awards =
}}
'''Dr. Govindarajula Venkata Subba Rao''' (1895 – 29 October 1959) was a famous Telugu drama and film actor.<ref>Nata Ratnalu, Dr. Mikkilineni Radhakrishna Murthy, Second edition, Seetharatnam Grandhamala, Vijayawada, 2002, pp:56-59</ref>

==Life sketch==
He played in the drama ''[[Merchant of Venice]]'' during the school days in [[Tenali]]. He portrayed Satyaki and Bheema in ''[[Gayopakhyanam]]'' as his debut performance during the convocation function. Subsequently, he acted many dramas in variety of characters. They include Hyderjung in ''Bobbili'', Lubdhavadhanlu in ''Kanyasulkam''.

He has done L.M.P. in [[Madras]]. During this period he has acted in ''Prataparudreeyam'' written by [[Vedam Venkataraya Sastry]]. During one of their shows he impressed the author. He toured Andhra Pradesh and acted as Yugandhar which brought him laurels. Subsequently, he continues to act in dramas while practising medicine.

He entered Telugu films with ''[[Mala Pilla]]'' (1938) directed by Gudavalli Ramabrahmam as Sundararama Sastry. He played many Mythological, historical and social roles. He has distinct posture and gesture that are characteristic of this great acting genius. He portrayed Mayala Marathi in ''Bala Nagamma'' (1942), Brahma Naidu in ''Palnati Yudham'', Shvaukaru Changaiah in ''Shavukaru'' and Lubdhavadhanulu in ''Kanyasulkam''.

===Filmography===
# ''[[Malapilla]]'' (1938) as Sundara Rama Sastry (debut)
# ''[[Gruhalakshmi (1938 film)|Gruhalakshmi]]'' (1938)
# ''[[Bala Nagamma (1942 film)|Bala Nagamma]]'' (1942) as Mayala Marathi
# ''[[Mugguru Maratilu]]'' (1946) as Marathi ruler Siddhoji
# ''[[Palnati Yuddham (1947 film)|Palnati Yudham]]'' (1947) as Brahma Naidu
# ''[[Ratnamala (film)|Ratnamala]]'' (1947)
# ''Dharmangada'' (1949)
# ''[[Gunasundari Katha]]'' (1949) as King Ugrasena
# ''[[Shavukaru]]'' (1950) as ''Shavukaru'' Changaiah
# ''[[Kanyasulkam (film)|Kanyasulkam]]'' (1955) as Lubdhavadhanlu
# ''[[Charana Daasi]]'' (1956) as Basavaiah
# ''[[Bhagya Rekha]]'' (1957) as Musalaiah
# ''[[Panduranga Mahatyam (film)|Panduranga Mahatyam]]'' (1957)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0332875}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Govindarajula Subba}}
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1959 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Actors from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]

Pramod Ranade

2026-01-08T00:48:26Z

Igortxa: adding new data v1...

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Pramod Ranade
| image =
| alias =
| birth_name = Pramod
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|02|01|df=yes}}
| death_date =
| instrument = Vocalist, violinist and music arranger
| genre = [[Playback singer|playback singing]],
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 1980–present
}}

'''Pramod Ranade '''is an Indian playback singer, violinist and music arranger in Marathi industry.<ref name="pramodranade">{{cite web|url=http://www.pramodranade.com/about.html |title=Pramod Ranade | About|publisher=pramodranade.com|accessdate=2016-06-02}}</ref>

==Career==
Ranade started his career as singer and harmonium player and is performing stage shows for Programmes.

==Programs==
* Mantarlelya Chaitrabanat
* Smaranyatra
* Smarangaani
* Rang Sare Tujhe
* Ranga-Taranga
* Mi Niranjanatil Vaat
* Majhe Jeevan Gaane
* Suvarna-Sangeet
* Geetramayan’.

==Film singing==
* Tu Tithe Mee
* Murali

==Musical work==
* Singer, Violinist and provided administrative assistance for the E-TV (Now Colors Marathi) and Alpha Marathi (Now Z Marathi) channel programmes : 'Devachiye Dwari','Jeevan Gane', and 'Sur-Taal'.
* Technical Assistance for Sudhir Moghe's Programme 'Kavita Panopani'
* Singer, Violinist and music arranger for the cable network programme 'Maiboli' in [[Pune]].
* Singer, violinist and music arranger for the programme and audio-video cassettes of 'Mee Niranjanatil Vaat' and 'Amrutachi Godi'
* Contributed as a Violinist for the Audio-Video Project 'Smaranyatra'

==Awards and recognition==
* Regional Filmfare award for film 'Tu Tithe Mee'

==Personal life==
Pramod Ranade has son. [[Hrishikesh Ranade]] is an Indian playback singer in Marathi film industry. Hrishikesh is married to singer [[Prajkta Ranade]]<ref name="dnasyndication">{{cite web|url=http://dnasyndication.com/dna_photogallery_editorial_images/pid=DNPUN4569&filename=Prajakta_Ranade |title=Prajakta Ranade |publisher=dnasyndication.com|accessdate=2016-06-02}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia">{{cite web|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_MIRRORNEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=PMIR/2011/12/13&ID=Ar01700 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301051132/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_MIRRORNEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=PMIR/2011/12/13&ID=Ar01700 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 March 2016 |title=SYMPHONY OF LOVE |publisher=epaper.timesofindia.com|accessdate=2016-06-02}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranade, Pramod}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Marathi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1955 births]]

Imphal Talkies and The Howlers

2025-12-16T21:17:41Z

Igortxa: starting post

{{Short description|Folk-rock band from Manipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Imphal Talkies and The Howlers
| image = ITTH.jpg
| caption = Imphal Talkies and The Howlers, Festival of Andro, 2015
| landscape = yes
| origin = [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]]
| genre = [[Folk rock]]
| years_active = 2008–present
| current_members = Yoihenba Chingangbam (Vocal and Guitar), Sachidananda Angom (Guitar), Irom Singthoi (Percussion), Choaba Thiyam (Pena), Karnajit Laishram (Bass Guitar)
}}

'''Imphal Talkies and the Howlers''' is a folk-rock band from [[Manipur]], [[India]]. The band released its debut album ''Tiddim Road'' in 2009, and has since then performed across India and released some prominent albums. The band is known for singing [[protest song]]s about politics, insurgency, human rights issues, and racial attacks in Manipur and across the North-East States of India. Their music has also been associated as working against the draconian act [[AFSPA]] of 1958, that grant special powers to the [[Indian Armed Forces]] in some states of India, which are branded as "disturbed areas" by the Indian Government.<ref name="e-pao1">{{cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Rock_Concert.Imphal_Talkies_released_When_The_Home_Is_Burning_By_Ringo_Pebam |title=Imphal Talkies released When The Home Is Burning By Ringo Pebam |publisher=E-pao.net |date= |accessdate=2017-09-29}}</ref> [[Rolling Stone Magazine]], India termed them as the ‘Voice’ of the North Eastern states of India while reviewing their album.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/imphal-talkies-and-the-howlers/ |title=Imphal Talkies and the Howlers |publisher=Rollingstoneindia.com |date=2013-09-23 |accessdate=2017-09-29}}</ref><ref name="thenortheasttoday1">{{cite web |url=http://thenortheasttoday.com/update-on-imphal-talkies-vocalist-road-accident/ |title=Update on Imphal Talkies vocalist road accident |publisher=Thenortheasttoday.com |date=2016-06-25 |accessdate=2017-09-29 |archive-date=27 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627052752/http://thenortheasttoday.com/update-on-imphal-talkies-vocalist-road-accident/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The band was also chosen as one of the 33 bands from 33 countries for the music album compilation entitled ''Album of the Revolution'' released in UK by "Un-convention In Place of War Project".<ref name="e-pao2">{{cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Rock_Concert.Imphal_Talkies_howls_against_environmental_onslaught_By_Jyaneswar_Laishram |title=Imphal Talkies howls against environmental onslaught By Jyaneswar Laishram |publisher=E-pao.net |date=2014-06-06 |accessdate=2017-09-29}}</ref> Recently the band founder Akhu Chingangbam signed a joint [[Human rights|Human right]] activists statement demanding withdrawal of sedition charge and release of Student Activist [[Rinshad Reera]] in [[Kerala]] .<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://keyboardjournal.com/joint-statement-of-human-rights-activists-demand-withdrawal-of-sedition-charged-on-students-of-malappuram-government-college-over-a-poster-they-pasted-regarding-kashmirs-freedom/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601021808/https://keyboardjournal.com/joint-statement-of-human-rights-activists-demand-withdrawal-of-sedition-charged-on-students-of-malappuram-government-college-over-a-poster-they-pasted-regarding-kashmirs-freedom/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-06-01|title=Joint Statement for the release of Students|work=Keyboard journal|access-date=2019-02-23|language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
The band was formed by Akhu Chingangbam (vocal and guitar) with Sachidananda Angom (guitar) in 2008. Other band members include Irom Singthoi (percussion), Chaoba Thiyam (pena), and Karnajit Laishram (bass). Imphal Talkies and the Howlers derive their name from the name of a cinema theatre 'Imphal Talkies', in front of [[Kangla Fort]].<ref name="thenortheasttoday1"/> In June 2016, it was reported that the band's vocalist Akhu Chingangbam was involved in a major road accident and was kept in the ICU for some time. Later he was reported to be out of danger, although he suffered minor haemorrhage.<ref name="thenortheasttoday1"/><ref name="e-pao1"/>

== Career growth: albums and song track lists ==
The band has released two albums and twelve single track lists. Their first album in 2009, ''Tiddim Road'', has ten songs which include Ballad of Kishan, Manglan, Mamagi Macha, Leisabi, Nangbu Kanano, Tiddim Road, Imphal Sahar, and Pirang (Tears.<ref name="blogspot1">{{cite web|last=Pradhan |first=Siddharth |url=http://indianbandshub.blogspot.in/2011/09/imphal-talkies-howlers.html |title=Indian Bands Hub: Imphal Talkies & The Howlers |publisher=Indianbandshub.blogspot.in |date= |accessdate=2017-09-29}}</ref> Their second album ''When The Home Is Burning'' (2014) comes with 13 songs, which include, When The Home Is Burning, Napa Thorai Macha, Ode to The Loktak, I Wanna Go To Moscow, Ei Seeragey, Radha Leela, India, I See Blood In Your Hands, Sarkar Gi Thabak, Mr. President Is Coming, Eise Eini Kaorurey, Nostalgia, Nungshi Hidak, and Eegee Nong.<ref name="blogspot1"/> Their Single Track Lists include Eche,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S_8Z3Y5-_QY |title=Eche (To Irom Sharmila)- Imphal Talkies |publisher=YouTube |date=2016-02-20 |accessdate=2017-09-29}}</ref> In The Fight, Rise, Hey Juliet,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4xpuIceIWho |title=Imphal Talkies - Hey Juliet |publisher=YouTube |date=2016-02-20 |accessdate=2017-09-29}}</ref> Haikhokat Samte! Their Bullets Are Melting In Your Father's Tear, Tomba Gi Esei, AFSPA Why Don't You Go Fuck Yourself?, Local Hero feat. Bonbon,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5o9EbvsHMWI |title=Local Hero – Imphal Talkies Feat. Bonbon |publisher=YouTube |date=2016-04-18 |accessdate=2017-09-29}}</ref> Ho Ya Ya, Qutub Minar,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1F4n3yj9YM |title=The Music Project : Imphal Talkies |publisher=YouTube |date= |accessdate=2017-09-29}}</ref> Lullaby,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-j7CkjG5to |title=Lullaby(Official) - Imphal Talkies |publisher=YouTube |date=2013-09-02 |accessdate=2017-09-29}}</ref> and Song For Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LgNHB_j3m78 |title=Song for Bangladesh - The Imphal Music Project (feat. Summit Attempt, Sunil, Shankar, Davedutta) |publisher=YouTube |date=2013-07-02 |accessdate=2017-09-29}}</ref>

== Musical style and influences in popular culture ==
Ever since the release of their debut album Tiddim Road in 2009, Imphal Talkies and The Howlers have been quite vocal about social and political issues. Their songs are always tuned to societal issues and needs, and to date their internationally acclaimed single, ''Lullaby'', released in late 2013, shows the continuing living situation of the children of Manipur, under political and insurgency tyranny. Their song Where Have All The Flowers Gone? named after the popular [[Pete Seeger]] [[Where Have All the Flowers Gone?|song of the same name]] also voiced against environmental issue in Manipur.<ref name="e-pao2"/> The album ''When The Home Is Burning'' has pushed the band to its popularity in Manipur and across India.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} Released in 2014, the album is a journey into the past. It is a collection of old songs from concerts that Imphal Talkies and the Howlers used to perform in the streets of [[New Delhi]] over the last six or seven years. Songs in this album like India, I See Blood in Your Hands and When the Home Is Burning, written way back in 2007 and 2008, have street influences Other songs in this album like Ei Seeragey, was originally inspired by poet Thangjam Ibopishak's Charamnaraba Keithel Hui from his first poetry book Apaiba Thawai published in 1969. Most of the songs are political and the album is considered as a sense of resistance against political injustice across Manipur and other states in India. Reportedly, some of the band members were thrashed by the Manipur Police who were on duty during the visit of President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] in Imphal in 2013.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} This incident apparently led the members to write the song Mr President Is Coming.

== Discography ==

# Ballad of Kishan
# Manglan
# Mamagi Macha
# Leisabi
# Nangbu Kanano
# Tiddim Road
# Imphal Sahar
# Pirang
# When The Home Is Burning
# Napa Thorai Macha
# Ode To The Loktak
# I Wanna Go To Moscow
# Ei Seeragey
# Radha Leela
# India, I See Blood In Your Hands
# Sarkar Gi Thabak
# Mr. President Is Coming
# Eise Eini Kaorurvey
# Nostalgia
# Nungshi Hidak
# Eegee Nong
# Eche (Sister)
# In The Fight
# Rise
# Hey Juliet
# Haikhokat Samte! Their Bullets Are Melting In Your Father's Tear
# Tomba Gi Esei
# AFSPA Why Don't You Go Fuck Yourself?
# Local Hero ft.Bonbon
# Ho Ya Ya
# Qutub Minar
# Lullaby
# Song For Bangladesh

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Musical groups established in 2008]]
[[Category:People from Manipur]]
[[Category:Indian folk rock groups]]

Amudhavum Annalakshmiyum

2025-12-07T16:29:49Z

Igortxa: Adding some pg v1.

{{short description|2022 Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Family drama|Family]]
| creator = Muthuselvan
| based_on =
| inspired_by =
| developer =
| writer = '''Dialogues''' Mithra Azhaguvel
| screenplay =
| story = Muthuselvan
| director = S. Jeevarajan
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Kanmani Manoharan]]
* [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]]
* Arun Padmanabhan
}}
| narrated =
| editor = G.Daniel Rajadurai
| music = Rakshith. K
| open_theme = "Kangal Kanda Kaayam"
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 470
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Chandru Eenamuthu
| producer = Anwar Ansar Co Producers: Perumalswamy Lakshmiyammal
| news_editor =
| location =
| cinematography = Sugaselvan
| animator =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime =
| company = Abdullah Productions
| budget =
| network = [[Zee Tamil]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2022|07|04}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2024|01|20|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-tv-show-amudhavum-annalakshmiyum-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/106608662.cms|title=Tamil TV show 'Amudhavum Annalakshmiyum' to go off-air soon|date=7 January 2024|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
| related =
}}

'''''Amudhavum Annalakshmiyum''''' is a 2022-2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] soap opera starring [[Kanmani Manoharan]] and [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]], both are in the titular roles with Arun Padmanabhan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kanmani-manoharan-set-for-comeback-with-soon-to-be-launched-amudhavum-annalakshmiyum/articleshow/92407345.cms|title=Kanmani Manoharan set for comeback with soon-to-be-launched 'Amudhavum Annalakshmiyum'|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

It premiered on [[Zee Tamil]] on 4 July 2022 from Monday to Friday, and ended with 470 Episode from on 20 January 2024<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-tv-show-amudhavum-annalakshmiyum-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/106608662.cms|title=Tamil TV show 'Amudhavum Annalakshmiyum' to go off-air soon|newspaper=The Times of India|date=7 January 2024 }}</ref> and is also available on the digital platform on [[Zee5]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/amudhavum-annalakshmiyum/0-6-4z5172466|title=Amudhavum Annalakshmiyum|website=[[ZEE5]]}}</ref>

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Kanmani Manoharan]] in dual role as
**Amudha
*** An enthusiastic and dynamic woman who discontinued the education and take cares the family due to her mother's demise. So being an uneducated woman, she wants a [[teacher]] has a groom. She was Chithambaram's eldest daughter; Elango's youngest sister; Selva and Uma's eldest sister; Senthil's love interest<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kanmani-manoharans-new-tv-serial-to-launch-soon-deets-inside/articleshow/92052660.cms|title=Kanmani Manoharan's new TV serial to launch soon; deets inside|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 June 2022 }}</ref>
**Bhavani (2023-2024)
*** Amudha's twin sister, an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer, Elango's second youngest Sister, Selva and Uma's second Eldest Sister. (Dead)
* [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]] as Annalakshmi
** She was a soft and sweet mother of Senthil, Paramu, Vadivel and Bhuvana. Her pride was his eldest son Senthil, as he full filled her dream to become a [[teacher]]. She also decided Senthil to be marry with Amudha
* Arun Padmanabhan as Senthil
** A responsible and respectable man and his mother Annalakshmi was his world. His family believed that he was a [[teacher]] in [[Government School]] but he hides the truth and works as clerk in that same school. He was Paramu's youngest brother; Vadivel and Bhuvana's eldest brother; He falls in love with Amudha at first sight.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-zee-tamil-tv-amudhavum-annalakshmiyum-serial-update-today-on-september-23-807253.html|title=செந்தில் ஓவியம் வரைய போன இடத்துக்கு வந்து அதிர்ச்சி கொடுத்த அமுதா - அமுதாவும் அன்னலட்சுமியும் சீரியல் அப்டேட்|website=[[News18 Tamil Nadu]]|date=23 September 2022 }}</ref>
* Amruth Kalam as Tharun (2023)
** Bhavani's fiancée

===Supporting===
* [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil film director)|Raj Kapoor]] as Manickam
** Annalashmi's brother; Senthil, Paramu, Vadivel and Bhuvana's maternal uncle
* Ravi Prakash as Chithambaram
** Amudha, Elango, Selva and Uma's father; Nagalakshmi's father-in-law
* Syamantha Kiran as Parameshwari (Paramu)
** Annalakshmi's eldest daughter; Chinna's wife; Senthil, Vadivel and Bhuvana's eldest sister
* Salma Arun as Nagalaskhmi (Naagu) (Antagonist)
** Chithambaram's daughter-in-law; Elango's wife; Amudha, Selva and Uma's eldest sister-in-law
* Anandha Krishnan as Elango
** Chithambaram's eldest son; Nagalaskhmi's husband; Amudha, Selva and Uma's eldest brother
* Munish Raja as Chinna
** Annalakshmi's son-in-law; Paramu's husband; Senthil, Vadivel and Bhuvana's eldest brother-in-law<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-zee-tamil-tv-amudhavum-annalakshmiyum-serial-update-today-on-october-03rd-812731.html|title=மணமேடையில் அமுதா செந்தில்... அதிர்ச்சி கொடுத்த சின்னா - அமுதாவும் அன்னலட்சுமியும் சீரியல் அப்டேட்|website=[[News18 Tamil Nadu]]|date=3 October 2022 }}</ref>
* Sathya Raaja as Vadivel
** Annalakshmi's youngest son; Paramu and Senthil's youngest brother; Bhuvana's eldest brother
* Jeeva Rajendran / DJD Kenny as Selva
** Chithambaram's youngest son; Elango and Amudha's youngest brother; Uma's eldest brother
* Muthazhagi as Uma
** Palani's wife; Chithambaram's youngest daughter; Elango, Amudha and Selva's youngest sister
* Prabukuttimani as Palani
** Uma's husband
* Akshara as Bhuvana
** Annalakshmi's youngest daughter; Paramu, Senthil and Vadivel's youngest sister
* Sujatha Selvaraj as Shanthi
** Nagalakshmi's mother
* [[J. Livingston]] as Kathiresan (deceased)
** Annalakshmi's husband and Vedhanayaki's son; Senthil, Paramu, Vadivel and Bhuvana's father
* [[Vadivukkarasi]] as Nachiyar
** Chithambaram's mother; Amudha, Elango, Selva and Uma's grandmother
* Gaayathri Krishnan as Vedhanayaki
** Annalakshmi's mother-in-law; Senthil, Paramu, Vadivel and Bhuvana's grandmother

==Production==
===Development===
The series shoot began in January 2022 and the first promo was released on 9 February 2022 by revealing only half of the series title name ''Amudhavum _____'', with the main leads Kanmani Manoharan,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kanmani-manoharan-bags-the-lead-role-in-an-upcoming-show/articleshow/89495082.cms|title=Kanmani Manoharan bags the lead role in an upcoming show|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 February 2022 }}</ref> known as Sweety ([[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]] fame)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/i-missed-a-lot-of-opportunities-for-anjali-kanmani-manoharan-opens-up-about-bidding-adieu-to-bharathi-kannamma-and-her-new-role-as-amudha/photostory/89699790.cms|title=Exclusive- I missed a lot of opportunities for Anjali, Kanmani Manoharan opens up about bidding adieu to Bharathi Kannamma and her new role as 'Amudha'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 February 2022 }}</ref> and Arun Padmanabhan (Mangalya Dosham fame) where Amudha, one of the name of the title was played by Kanmani.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LfkPkIfo7Ec|title=Amudhavum .............? Coming Soon on Zee Tamil|website=[[YouTube]] |date=}}</ref>

The promo creates longing among the audience for the full title name and the series is expected to be launched on March or April, but the team postponed and the shoot was halted, also no further announcements regarding the series launch and the promo was not telecasting on Zee Tamil TV for three months. This makes the rumors that the series was shelved and believed that it was dropped.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/makers-put-rumours-to-rest-kanmani-manoharans-amudhavum______-to-premiere-in-april/articleshow/90393003.cms|title=Makers put rumours to rest; Kanmani Manoharan's 'Amudhavum______' to premiere in April|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 March 2022 }}</ref>

In May 2022, the shoot was begun and filmed at [[Karaikudi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kanmani-manoharans-amudhavum____-is-set-for-a-launch-soon-deets-inside/articleshow/91596259.cms|title=Kanmani Manoharan's 'Amudhavum____?' is set for a launch soon; deets inside|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 May 2022 }}</ref> Finally the production team and the channel put an end to the rumors by releasing the second promo on 8 June 2022 with the additional cast members and revealing the full title name ''Amudhavum Annalakshmiyum'', where Annalakshmi character was played by ''[[Karuthamma]]'' fame actress [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KdZh2kji3I4|title=Amudhavum Annalakshmiyum... Coming Soon|website=[[YouTube]] |date=}}</ref> Within a week, the official launch date and timings was released.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/thavamai-thavamirunthu-and-other-shows-get-new-time-slots-due-to-amudhavum-annalakshmiyum-and-maari-deets-inside/articleshow/92522115.cms|title='Thavamai Thavamirunthu' and other shows get new time slots due to 'Amudhavum Annalakshmiyum' and 'Maari'; deets inside|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 June 2022 }}</ref> Sofia, was selected to play the role Nagalakshmi but she quit the series by making only the promo appearance, later she was replaced by Salma Arun. Likewise ''Blacksheep'' fame Shamni was signed to play the character Bhuvana, but she also left the series before the series launch by making only promo appearance, then Akshara replaced her in that role.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/amudhavum-annalakshmiyum-and-maari-set-for-premiere-on-july-4/articleshow/92603198.cms|title=Amudhavum Annalakshmiyum and Maari set for premiere on July 4|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=July 2022 }}</ref>

===Promotion===
[[Zee Tamil]] was promoted their new three fictions Maari, [[Meenakshi Ponnunga]] and including this series by making advertisement with popular film actress [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], [[Saranya Ponvannan]] and [[Sangeetha (actress)|Sangeetha]] with the slogan '''Vanga Paarkalaam Ithu Namma Time''' and this promo released on 26 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-zee-tamil-upcoming-serials-promo-maari-amudhavum-annalakshmiyum-snehka-sangeetha-saranya-sre-764277.html|title=கோவிலுக்கு வந்த இடத்தில் சீரியல் கதை.. சினேகா - சங்கீதா - சரண்யா கொடுத்த ஷாக்!|website=[[News18 Tamil Nadu]]|date=28 June 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaTYVeb9Qt4|title=அமுதாவும் அன்னலட்சுமியும் {{!}} ஜூலை 4 முதல், திங்கள் - சனி இரவு 7 மணிக்கு|website=[[YouTube]] |date=}}</ref>

The Channel also arranged the press meet with the cast of the three fictions at [[Vadapalani]], [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pltMV-LvHQ|title=ZEE Tamil Vanga Paarkalaam Ithu Namma Time {{!}} Vanitha Vijayakumar {{!}} Delhi Ganesh {{!}} Abitha|website=[[YouTube]] |date=28 June 2022}}</ref>

During Week 52 2022, it became No:2 Serial in 7:00PM Slot with excellent ratings.

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue; width:10%;" |Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue; width:20%;" |Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue; width:13%;" |Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue; width:8%;" |Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue; width:8%;" |Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue; width:4%;" |Notes
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''Amudhavum Annalakshmiyum'' அமுதாவும் அன்னலட்சுமியும்
| 4 July 2022
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 20 January 2024
| Original
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Maavaru Mastaru'' మావారు మాస్టారు
| 12 June 2023
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 16 November 2023
| Remake
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Recipient !! Role !! Result
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2022
| rowspan="5" | [[Zee Tamil Kudumbam Viruthugal 2022]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kutumba-viruthugal-awards-2023-to-air-on-january-14/articleshow/96938985.cms|title=Zee Kutumbam Viruthugal Awards 2023 to air on January 14|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 January 2023 }}</ref>
| Most Popular Marumagal
| Kanmani Manoharan
| Amudha
| {{Won}}
|-
| Most Popular Mamiyar
| [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]]
| Annalakshmi
| {{Won}}
|-
| Most Promising Actor
| Arun Padmanabhan
| Senthil
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actor Male
| [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil film director)|Raj Kapoor]]
| Manickam
| {{Won}}
|-
| Favorite Heroine
| Kanmani Manoharan
| Amudha
| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2023
| rowspan="7" | [[Zee Tamil Kudumbam Viruthugal 2023]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.medianews4u.com/diwali-arrives-early-with-zee-tamil-kudumbam-viruthugal/| title= Diwali arrives early with Zee Tamil.| website=[[News18 Tamil Nadu]]| date=4 November 2023|language=en}}</ref>
| Best Actor Female
| rowspan="3" | Kanmani Manoharan
| rowspan="3" | Amudha
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Most Popular Marumagal
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Pudumai Penn
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Actor Male
| Arun Padmanabhan
| Senthil
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Best On Screen Pair
| rowspan="2" | Arun Padmanabhan & Kanmani Manoharan
| rowspan="2" | Senthil & Amudha
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Favorite On Screen Pair
| {{Nom}}
|-
| Most Popular Mamiyar
| [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]]
| Annalakshmi
| {{Nom}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt21231814}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/amudhavum-annalakshmiyum/0-6-4z5172466 ''Amudhavum Annalakshmiyum''] at [[ZEE5]]

{{Zee Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:Television series about families]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Madurai Kamaraj University

2025-12-06T04:03:46Z

Igortxa: page updated

{{Short description|Public state university in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Madurai Kamaraj University
| native_name =
| image = Madurai Kamaraj University logo.jpg
| motto = "To Seek Truth Is Knowledge"
| established = {{start date and age|1966}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[research university]]
| endowment =
| staff =
| faculty =
| president =
| principal =
| rector =
| chancellor = [[Governor of Tamil Nadu]]
| vice_chancellor = ''Vacant''
| dean =
| head_label =
| head =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| city = [[Madurai]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| colours =
| mascot =
| nickname =
| affiliations =
| website = [http://www.mkuniversity.org www.mkuuniversity.org] [http://www.mkudde.org www.mkudde.org]
}}

'''Madurai Kamaraj University''' (MKU) is a [[Public university|public]] [[State university (India)|state university]] located in [[Madurai]] city, in southern [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]], that was established in 1966. MKU is one of the 15 universities in India with the University with Potential for Excellence status, which was awarded by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC) in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=UGC Shortlists 15 Universities with Potential for Excellence {{!}} CollegeDekho|url=https://www.collegedekho.com/news/ugc-shortlists-15-universities-with-potential-for-excellence-37195/|access-date=2022-01-09|website=CollegeDekho.com|language=en}}</ref> In 2021, the university was awarded an 'A++' grade from the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC) in its 4th cycle.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2021-03-25|title=MKU gets A++ accreditation|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/mku-gets-a-accreditation/article34162735.ece|access-date=2022-01-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Madhurai kamaraj university front view.JPG|thumb|left|Madurai Kamaraj University-front view]]
The university was established in the year 1966 as Madurai University. In 1978, the name was changed to Madurai Kamaraj University to honor [[K. Kamaraj]], former [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]] of [[Madras State]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mkuniversity.org/menu_pg.php?id=44?s_id=44 |title=Welcome to the official website of MADURAI KAMARAJ UNIVERSITY |work=mkuniversity.org |access-date=20 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101091613/http://www.mkuniversity.org/menu_pg.php?id=44%3Fs_id%3D44 |archive-date=1 January 2012 }}</ref>

== Rankings ==
{{Infobox India university ranking
|NIRF_O_2023=94
|NIRF_U_2024=63}}

The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) ranked Madurai Kamaraj University 63rd among universities in India in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF Ranking 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref> The ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'' ranked the university 310 in Asia in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-20 |title=QS Asia University Rankings 2025 - Overall |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/asia-university-rankings?page=1&items_per_page=150 |access-date= |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref>

== Academics ==
{{promotional section|date=January 2022}}
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2022}}

There are 121 colleges and institutions under MKU which include 16 aided colleges, 24 autonomous colleges (including both government and self-financed), 4 constituent colleges, 1 MKU college, 5 MKU evening colleges, 57 self-financed colleges and 14 approved institutions. Currently, the university consists of 77 renowned Departments and 20 renowned Schools as a whole.

=== Vice chancellors ===
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2022}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
!Sl. No. !! Name !! Period of Service
|-
|1 || [[T. P. Meenakshisundaram]] || 01.02.1966 to 18.01.1971
|-
|2 || [[Mu. Varadarajan]] (Dr. Mu.Va)|| 01.02.1971 to 10.10.1974
|-
|3|| [[S. V. Chittibabu]]|| 24.02.1975 to 23.02.1978
|-
|4|| [[V. C. Kulandaiswamy]]|| 31.03.1978 to 02.03.1979
|-
|5|| [[V. Sp. Manickam]]|| 17.08.1979 to 30.06.1982
|-
|6|| [[J. Ramachandran]]|| 29.08.1982 to 28.08.1985
|-
|7|| [[S. Krishnaswamy (biologist)|S. Krishnaswamy]]|| 04.10.1985 to 20.11.1988
|-
|8|| [[M. Lakshmanan]]|| 20.01.1989 to 19.01.1992
|-
|9|| [[M. D. K. Kuthalingam]]|| 20.01.1992 to 19.01.1995
|-
|10|| [[K. Aludiapillai]]|| 19.05.1995 to 18.05.1998
|-
|11|| [[M. Salihu]]|| 24.07.1998 to 23.07.2001
|-
|12|| [[P. K. Ponnuswamy]]|| 01.02.2002 to 31.01.2005
|-
|13|| [[P. Maruthamuthu]]|| 07.03.2005 to 06.03.2008
|-
||14|| [[R. Karpaga Kumaravel]]|| 20.04.2008 to 19.04.2011
|-
|15|| [[Kalyani Mathivanan]]|| 09.04.2012 to 08.04.2015
|-
|16|| [[P. P. Chellathurai]]|| 27.05.2017 to June 14, 2018
|-
||17|| [[Muthukalingan Krishnan|Prof Dr. M. Krishnan]]|| 02.01.2019
|-
||18|| [[J. Kumar|Prof Dr. J. Kumar]]||
|}

==Notable alumni and faculties==

* [[Samrat Chaudhary]], 8th [[Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar]]
*[[T. N. Seshagopalan]], very eminent Carnatic vocalist and [[Sangeetha Kalanidhi]] awardee
* [[T. P. Meenakshisundaram]], 1st Honorable Vice-Chancellor of MKU and [[Padma Bhushan]] awardee
* [[Mu. Varadarajan]], 2nd Honorable Vice-Chancellor of MKU and recipient of [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for [[Tamil language|Tamil]] literature
* [[V. C. Kulandaiswamy]], 4th Honorable Vice-Chancellor of MKU and [[Padma Bhushan]] awardee
* [[S. Krishnaswamy (biologist)|S. Krishnaswamy]], 7th Honorable Vice-Chancellor of MKU and legendary biologist
* [[Arumugam Manthiram]], fellow of [[Royal Society of Chemistry]], delivered the 2019 [[Nobel Lecture]] in Chemistry on behalf of Chemistry [[Nobel Laureate]] [[John B. Goodenough]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2019/goodenough/lecture/ |title=John B. Goodenough Nobel Lecture |work=[[Nobel Prize]]}}</ref><ref name="ecs">{{cite web |url=https://www.electrochem.org/ecs-blog/manthiram-presents-goodenoughs-nobel-lecture/ |title=Manthiram Presents Goodenough's Nobel Lecture |work=[[Electrochemical Society]]|date=13 December 2019 }}</ref>
* [[A. S. Gnanasambandan]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[writer]], [[scholar]] and literary critic
* [[G. Balasubramanian]], former Vice Chancellor of [[Tamil University]], Thanjavur, in Tamil Nadu, India (4 October 2018 – 3 October 2021)
* [[G. S. Venkataraman]], [[Padma Shri]] awardee
* [[Veerappan Muthukkaruppan]], renowned [[immunology|immunologist]]
* [[Charle]], Indian actor
* [[AR Chelliah]], Indian religious leader
* [[Dharmakkan Dhanaraj]], Indian Old Testament Scholar
* [[R. M. Pitchappan]], eminent [[immunogenetics|immunogeneticist]]
* [[Kunthala Jayaraman]], eminent [[biotechnology|biotechnologist]]
* [[Kuppamuthu Dharmalingam]], the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate (for Biological Sciences)<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=448 | title=Brief Profile of the Awardee | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref>
* [[P. Sathasivam]], 40th [[Chief Justice of India]]
* [[Rajan Sankaranarayanan]], the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate (for Biological Sciences) and [[Infosys Prize]] winner<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=19 September 2016}}</ref>
* [[Rajiah Simon]], the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate (for Physical Sciences)<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees"/>
* [[Rishikesh Narayanan]], the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate (for Biological Sciences)<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees"/>
* [[Ramamirtha Jayaraman]], the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate (for Biological Sciences)<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees"/>
* [[Tho. Paramasivan]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[anthropologist]], [[writer]], [[folklorist]], [[archeologist]] and [[professor]]
* [[Mohan Raghavan]], Malayalam film director
* [[Santhosh George Kulangara]], is an Indian traveller, television producer, director, broadcaster, editor, publisher and he is the founder and managing director of [[Safari TV]] and also serves as the head of [[Labour India Publications]], an educational publisher for school children.
* [[Mushi Santappa]], the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate (for Chemical Sciences)<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees"/>
* [[Nirmal Selvamony]], Indian scholar and academician
* [[S. A. Choudum]], eminent Mathematician and Graph Theorist
* [[S. Kameswaran]], renowned ENT surgeon and [[Padma Shri]] awardee
* [[H. Raja]], eminent politician
* [[Gunasekaran Paramasamy]], eminent scientist
* [[Karuppannan Veluthambi]], eminent Plant Biotechnologist and Molecular Biologist
* [[Ram Rajasekharan]], N-BIOS awardee
* [[Mukul Roy]], former [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Union Minister of Railways]] and [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
* [[R. Sankararamakrishnan]], N-BIOS awardee
* [[Syed Zahoor Qasim]], [[Padma Bhushan]] awardee
* [[Kaustuv Sanyal]], N-BIOS awardee
* [[K. S. Krishnan]], [[Padma Bhushan]] awardee, [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] and the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate (for Physical Sciences)<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees"/>
* [[M. K. Chandrashekaran]], the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate (for Biological Sciences)<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees"/>
* [[Sonajharia Minz]], eminent Adivasi activist and current Vice Chancellor of [[Sido Kanhu Murmu University]]
* [[Thamizhachi Thangapandian]], Indian Tamil poet, lyricist, orator, politician and writer
* [[Thavamani Jegajothivel Pandian]], the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate (for Biological Sciences)<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees"/>
* [[Vijayalakshmi Navaneethakrishnan]], [[Padma Shri]] awardee
* [[Ganapathy Baskaran]], the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate (for Physical Sciences)<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees"/>
* [[Gopi Shankar Madurai]], Indian equal rights and Indigenous rights activist
* [[Govindappa Venkataswamy]], [[Padma Shri]] awardee and founder of [[Aravind Eye Care System]]
* [[Vijay Siva]], Carnatic music vocalist
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], Indian actor and [[Padma Shri]] awardee
* [[Kailasavadivoo Sivan]], eminent Indian space scientist and current Secretary (Space) and former [[Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation]] and Space Commission
* [[Kumaravel Somasundaram]], N-BIOS awardee
* [[Nazarene Soosai]], Roman Catholic Bishop
* [[A. R. Venkatachalapathy]], Indian historian
* [[Shiv Nadar]], [[Padma Bhushan]] awardee and Indian billionaire industrialist and philanthropist
* [[S. Viyalendiran]], Sri Lankan-Tamil politician
* [[M. Thirumalai|M. Thiurumalai]], Tamil scholar, writer and professor
* [[Sendurai Mani]], Indian-American oncologist
* [[Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy]], Robert W. Parry Collegiate Professor of Chemistry and Biophysics at the [[University of Michigan, Ann Arbor]] and fellow of the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]].
* [[K. K. Pillay|K.K. Pillay]], eminent Indian historian, headed the Department of History in [[University of Madras]] and the first President of South Indian History Congress in the premises of the School of Historical Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University
* [[Sankaran Krishnaswamy]], eminent [[computational biology|computational biologist]]
* [[Ganapathy Marimuthu]], renowned [[chronobiology|chronobiologist]]
* [[Shabaana Khader]], notable Indian-American [[microbiology|microbiologist]]

==Recipients of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize==
* [[Mushi Santappa]] (Chemical Sciences)
* [[M. K. Chandrashekaran]] (Biological Sciences)
* [[Ramamirtha Jayaraman]] (Biological Sciences)
* [[Thavamani Jegajothivel Pandian|T. J. Pandian]] (Biological Sciences)
* [[Kuppamuthu Dharmalingam]] (Biological Sciences)
* [[Rajan Sankaranarayanan|R. Sankaranarayanan]] (Biological Sciences)

==Other associated people==
* [[S. Ramachandran (scientist)|S. Ramachandran]], [[Padma Bhushan]] awardee<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/right-man-right-time-right-place-ramachandran/article8487263.ece |title=Right man, right time, right place - Ramachandran | author=D. BALASUBRAMANIAN |date=18 April 2016 |work=The Hindu |access-date=18 April 2016 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Ch. Mohan Rao]], the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate (for Medical Sciences), Executive Committee member for the Centre of Excellence of the Bioinformatics Centre (founded by Prof. [[Kuppamuthu Dharmalingam|Kappamuthu Dharmalingam]]), Madurai Kamaraj University, 2004
* [[P. N. Rangarajan|P.N. Rangarajan]], the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate (for Medical Sciences) and N-BIOS awardee, Coconvenor of the lecture workshop on ''Recent Advances in Biotechnology of Health and Disease'' (BHD-2011) organized by Madurai Kamaraj University in 2011<ref name="BHD-2011">{{Cite web |url=http://web-japps.ias.ac.in:8080/SEP/Reports/report_lw/217_40.pdf |title=BHD-2011 |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>
* [[Sathees Chukkurumbal Raghavan]], the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate (for Biological Sciences), Convenor of the lecture workshop on ''Recent Advances in Biotechnology of Health and Disease'' (BHD-2011) organized by Madurai Kamaraj University in 2011<ref name="BHD-2011">{{Cite web |url=http://web-japps.ias.ac.in:8080/SEP/Reports/report_lw/217_40.pdf |title=BHD-2011 |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>
* [[Erwin Bünning]], eminent German chronobiologist, invited by [[M. K. Chandrashekaran]] to [[India]] in 1978, to conduct the Biological Oscillation workshop in Madurai Kamaraj University<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/6339008/perspectives-erwin-bunning-indian-academy-of-sciences|title= YUMPU|publisher= YUMPU|access-date=1 May 2010}}</ref>
* [[Dorairajan Balasubramanian]], the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate (for Chemical Sciences),<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees"/> [[Padma Shri]] awardee and member of the advisory committee for 'International Conference on Genome Biology 2019 (ICGB-2019)' organized by the School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University<ref name="readkong.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.readkong.com/page/school-of-biological-sciences-madurai-kamaraj-university-6308630|title= School of Biological Sciences Madurai Kamaraj University Madurai - 625021, India|publisher= School of Biological Sciences Madurai Kamaraj University|access-date=1 May 2010}}</ref>
* [[Dipankar Chatterji]], the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate (for Biological Sciences), [[Padma Shri]] awardee and member of the advisory committee for 'International Conference on Genome Biology 2019 (ICGB-2019)' organized by the School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University<ref name="readkong.com"/><ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees"/>
* [[Seyed Ehtesham Hasnain]], the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate (for Biological Sciences), [[Padma Shri]] awardee and member of the advisory committee for 'International Conference on Genome Biology 2019 (ICGB-2019)' organized by the School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University<ref name="readkong.com"/><ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees"/>
* [[Rakesh Bhatnagar]], member of the advisory committee for 'International Conference on Genome Biology 2019 (ICGB-2019)' organized by the School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University<ref name="readkong.com"/>
* [[Tapas Kumar Kundu]], the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate (for Biological Sciences), N-BIOS awardee and member of the advisory committee for 'International Conference on Genome Biology 2019 (ICGB-2019)' organized by the School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University<ref name="readkong.com"/><ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees"/>
* [[Siddhartha Roy]], the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate (for Biological Sciences) and member of the advisory committee for 'International Conference on Genome Biology 2019 (ICGB-2019)' organized by the School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University<ref name="readkong.com"/><ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees"/>
* [[Rakesh Mishra]], member of the advisory committee for 'International Conference on Genome Biology 2019 (ICGB-2019)' organized by the School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University<ref name="readkong.com"/>
* [[P. Namperumalsamy]], [[Padma Shri]] awardee and the Co-investigator on a research Project “Clinical and Laboratory Studies on Eales Disease” in collaboration with [[National Eye Institute]], [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], United States and [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] and Madurai Kamaraj University.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aravind.org/members/dr-namperumalsamy/#1549962531452-0a90807c-77af6f49-7897|title= ARAVIND EYE CARE SYSTEM|publisher= Aravind Eye Care System|access-date=1 May 2010}}</ref>

== International collaborations ==
*[[University of Oxford]]: Discovery of first Indians in 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/geneticists-identify-first-indians/story-INqikMSk5JRjGsICqHFzMN.html |title=GENETICISTS IDENTIFY FIRST INDIANS|work=mkuniversity.org |access-date=20 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101091613/http://www.mkuniversity.org/menu_pg.php?id=44%3Fs_id%3D44 |archive-date=1 January 2012 }}</ref>
*[[University of Munich]]: Genomics research and studies
*[[University of Tubingen]]: Collaborative research and faculty-student exchange<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/madurai-kamaraj-university-inks-mou-with-german-university/article5181927.ece |title=MADURAI KAMARAJ UNIVERSITY INKS MOU WITH GERMAN UNIVERSITY|work=mkuniversity.org |access-date=20 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101091613/http://www.mkuniversity.org/menu_pg.php?id=44%3Fs_id%3D44 |archive-date=1 January 2012 }}</ref>
*[[Harvard University]]: Ancient [[DNA]] research<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/mku-harvard-university-to-collaborate-in-dna-study-madurai/article29512576.ece |title=KEEZHADI EXCAVATION:MKU, HARVARD UNIVERSITY TO COLLABORATE IN DNA STUDY|work=mkuniversity.org |access-date=20 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101091613/http://www.mkuniversity.org/menu_pg.php?id=44%3Fs_id%3D44 |archive-date=1 January 2012 }}</ref>
*[[University of Melbourne]]: Student exchange and research<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/madurai/article65414588.ece |title=UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE AND MKU ANNOUNCE RESEARCH COLLABORATION|work=mkuniversity.org |access-date=20 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101091613/http://www.mkuniversity.org/menu_pg.php?id=44%3Fs_id%3D44 |archive-date=1 January 2012 }}</ref>
*[[University of Oslo]] and [[Institute for Energy Technology]]: Indo-Norwegian International Online Conference on “Functional materials for energy, environment And biomedical applications" (FARAON 2022)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://faraon2022.mkuniversity.ac.in/about.html |title=INDO-NORWEGIAN INTERNATIONAL ONLINE CONFERENCE ON "FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS AND BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS|work=mkuniversity.org |access-date=20 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101091613/http://www.mkuniversity.org/menu_pg.php?id=44%3Fs_id%3D44 |archive-date=1 January 2012 }}</ref>
*Algoma Algal Biotechnology, [[University of Wisconsin]]: From 2017
*[[Eastern University, Sri Lanka]]: From 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/mku-forms-special-team-for-action-on-mous-signed/articleshow/62214784.cms|title=MKU FORMS SPECIAL TEAM FOR ACTION ON MOU SIGNED|work=mkuniversity.org |access-date=20 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101091613/http://www.mkuniversity.org/menu_pg.php?id=44%3Fs_id%3D44 |archive-date=1 January 2012 }}</ref>
*[[Uppsala University]]: From 2018
*[[South Dakota School of Mines]]: Staff exchange and collaboration, joint research activities and publications, student exchange
*[[Museum and Institute of Zoology of the Polish Academy of Sciences]]: Research collaboration
*[[National Cancer Institute]], [[National Institutes of Health]]: Research collaboration
*[[Okayama University]]: Research collaboration
*[[University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover|University of Veterinary Medicine]], Hannover: Research collaboration
*[[Loyola University Chicago|Loyola University]]: Research collaboration
*[[Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research]]: Research collaboration
*Graduate Medical School, [[Singapore]]: [[Cancer]] [[Genomics]] [[Project]]<ref>{{cite web|title=MADURAI KAMARAJ UNIVERSITY|url=https://mkuniversity.ac.in/new/school/sbs/MoU.php|website=CollegeDekho.com|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[American College, Madurai]]
*[[Sri S. Ramaswamy Naidu Memorial College]]
*[[University of Madras]]
*[[Indian Institute of Science]]
*[[Alagappa University]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.mkuniversity.org Madurai Kamaraj University]

{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|9.940392|78.010536|display=title}}

[[Category:Madurai Kamaraj University| ]]
[[Category:Colleges in Madurai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1966]]
[[Category:Universities in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Madurai]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Kamaraj]]

Dena Paona

2025-11-26T12:58:41Z

Igortxa:

{{short description|1931 film}}
{{about|the film|the short story by Rabindranath Tagore|Denapaona}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Dena Paona
|image = Dena_paona_1931.jpg
|caption = A scene from ''Dena Paona'' (1931) – the first Bengali talkie
|director = [[Premankur Atorthy]]
|producer = [[New Theatres]]
|writer = [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]
|narrator =
|starring = [[Bhanu Bannerjee]] Durgadas Bannerjee
|music = Nripen Majumder [[Raichand Boral]]
|cinematography = [[Nitin Bose]]
|editing =
|distributor =
|released = {{Film date|1931|12|30|df=y}}
|runtime =
|country = India
|language = Bengali
|budget =
}}

'''''Dena Paona'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0154387/|title=Dena Paona (1931)|publisher=www.imdb.com |access-date=23 October 2008|last=|first=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citwf.com/film83853.htm|title=DENA PAONA – Film Database – Movie Database|publisher=www.citwf.com|access-date=23 October 2008|last=|first=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504155421/http://www.citwf.com/film83853.htm|archive-date=4 May 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> ({{langx|bn|<big>দেনা পাওনা</big>}}; {{Translation|Debts}}) is a 1931 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film directed by [[Premankur Atorthy]], starring [[Amar Mullick]], Durgadas Bannerjee, [[Jahar Ganguly]], Nibhanani Devi, and [[Bhanu Bandopadhyay]]. Based on a novel by [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]] and produced by [[New Theatres]], it is credited as one of the first Bengali [[talkie]]s, and along with [[Alam Ara]], was one of the first sound films produced in India. The film explored the ills of the [[dowry]] system and touched on the problems of female oppression in 19th-century [[Bengal]].

==Plot==
Jibananda is a drunkard Zamindar. Ekkari is his companion in all his sinful deeds and greed for money. Sorashi is the priestess in the local Chandi Temple and the estranged wife of Jibananda. She is adamant and stubborn, but responsible and honest, and has immense influence in certain sections of local society. When Sorashi was young, she was known as Alaka. Circumstances force Sorashi to stay all night in the drunk Jibananda's house. This created a ripple amongst the local villagers when they come to know about this incident. But Sorashi gave a legal statement to the police and Magistrate that she went to the Zamindar's house willingly. Jibananda was freed from all offences due to this statement. But the village leaders were very strict about their decision. Sarbeswar Shiromani, Mr. Chowdhury, and Janardan Roy decided not to assign the responsibility of a priestess of the temple to Sorashi any more. Nirmal, the son-in-law of Sabeswar Shiromani, is very impressed by the attitude and intelligence of Sorashi. Jibananda later tries to make advances on Sorashi but she refuses him, making him angry. He attempts to evict her from her shelter. Sagar and his team wait for Sorashi's order to fight against Jibananda. But Sorashi is totally dispassionate and decides to leave the temple as well as the village forever. This brings an unexpected change in Jibananda as he realises his mistakes and surrenders to Sorashi. In response to which she accepts his unconditional apology and accepts him.

==Cast==
*[[Bhanu Bannerjee]] as Nirmal
*[[Durgadas Bannerjee]] as Jibananda
*Nibhanani Devi as Shoroshi
*[[Jahar Ganguly]] as Sagar Sardar
*[[Amar Mullick]] as Ekkari
*Bhumen Roy as Nirmal
*Shishubala as Haimabati
*Umasashi in a crowd scene

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0154387|title=Dena Paona}}

== See also ==
* [[Alam Ara]]
* [[Jamai Shashthi]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dena Paona (Film)}}
[[Category:1931 films]]
[[Category:1931 drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1930s Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Premankur Atorthy]]

{{1930s-Bengali-film-stub}}
[[Category:Bengali films remade in other languages]]

Manuru

2025-11-26T05:51:06Z

Igortxa: new a post v1...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Manuru
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.6163|N|81.1363|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 = [[Eluru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web
|title=District Census Handbook - West Godavari |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf |website=Census of India|accessdate=18 January 2015|page=14,278|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 927
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census" />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 534004
| registration_plate = AP-37
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Manuru''' is a [[village]] in the [[Eluru district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in the [[Eluru mandal]] of the [[Eluru revenue division]].<ref name="census" />

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], Manuru had a population of 927. The total population constitute, 462 males and 465 females with a sex ratio of 1006 females per 1000 males. 116 children are in the age group of 0–6 years with child sex ratio of 871 girls per 1000 boys. The average literacy rate stands at 58.57 %.<ref name=census /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/588428-manuru-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Manuru Census 2011}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Eluru topics}}

[[Category:Villages in Eluru district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

K. S. Vyas

2025-11-25T06:30:31Z

Igortxa: general fixed references for clarity also and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian police officer (died 1993)}}
{{Hatnote|This is a [[Telugu language|Telugu name]]; the family name is ''Kota''.}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Kota Srinivas Vyas
|image = KS Vyas bust in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh.jpg
|caption = K. S. Vyas [[Bust (sculpture)|bust]] in [[Vijayawada]]
|death_date = {{death date |df=yes|1993|01|27}}
|death_cause = Assassination by shooting
|death_place = [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (now in [[Telangana]], India)
|birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
|mother =
|spouse = Kota Aruna
|occupation = [[Indian Police Service|IPS Officer]]
}}

'''Kota Srinivas Vyas''' was an Andhra Pradesh Cadre [[Indian Police Service]] officer of the 1974 batch. He is known for founding the [[Greyhounds (police)|Greyhounds police unit]].<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
In 1989, he founded the elite [[Greyhounds (police)|Greyhounds]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20100419-andhra-model-742564-2010-04-07|title=Andhra model|website=India Today|date=8 April 2010 |language=en|access-date=2018-11-21}}</ref>

==Death==
K. S. Vyas was high on [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) People's War]]'s hit list because he was the architect of the elite Greyhounds to be exclusively involved in anti-Naxalite operations in the state. Though he eventually was moved out of anti-Naxalite task force, he was consulted regularly on operations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19930228-banned-naxalite-group-catches-andhra-pradesh-authorities-on-the-wrong-foot-810748-1993-02-27|title=Banned Naxalite group catches Andhra Pradesh authorities on the wrong foot|date=28 February 1993 }}</ref>

On 27 January 1993, Kota was killed in a surprise attack by [[Mohammed Nayeemuddin]] and four other members of the CPI (M-L) People's War Group (PWG) while taking an evening jog at [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Renegade Naxal had the blood of an IPS officer on his hands|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2016/aug/09/renegade-naxal-had-the-blood-of-an-ips-officer-on-his-hands-1507202.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=9 August 2016 |access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/28/stories/2010012860140500.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201021815/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/28/stories/2010012860140500.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=1 February 2010 | title=Vyas remembered for uprightness | date=28 January 2010 | work=[[The Hindu]] | accessdate=20 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Three-acquitted-in-DIG-Vyas-murder-case/articleshow/3739069.cms|title = Three acquitted in DIG Vyas murder case | Hyderabad News - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]] | date=21 November 2008 }}</ref> GreyHounds commandos subsequently hunted down and shot [[Mohammed Nayeemuddin]] to death at the Millenium Township in Shadnagar, 48 km from Hyderabad, on 8 August 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maoist renegade Nayeem's encounter: AP's Greyhounds avenge founder's murder - Firstpost|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/maoist-renegade-nayeems-encounter-aps-greyhounds-avenge-founders-murder-2942160.html|website=firstpost.com|date=8 August 2016|accessdate=3 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nayeemuddin involved in killing of IPS officer Vyas|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/090816/nayeemuddin-involved-in-killing-of-ips-officer-vyas.html|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=3 March 2018|language=en|date=9 August 2016}}</ref>

A police complex has been named after Kota in Vijayawada and an annual memorial lecture is given at the APPA.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/row-over-naming-of-police-building-after-ks-vyas/article1714327.ece|title = Row over naming of police building after K.S. Vyas|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 21 April 2011}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vyas, K. S.}}
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Terrorism victims in India]]
[[Category:People from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:People murdered in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1990s murders in India]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]]
[[Category:Assassinations in India]]

Patan Devi

2025-11-23T23:03:50Z

Igortxa:

{{short description|Hindu temple in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Patan Devi Temple
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Bihar
| map_caption = Location in Bihar
| coordinates = {{coord|25.60531|85.20629|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = पटन देवी मंदिर
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Patna]]
| locale = [[Patna City]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Sati (goddess)|Sati]]
| festivals= [[Durga Puja]]
| architecture = [[Mandir]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| established =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Patan Devi''', also called Maa Patneshwari, is the oldest and one of the most sacred temples of [[Patna]], Bihar. It is regarded as one of the 51 Siddha [[Shakta pithas]] in [[India]]. According to Puranic legends, the 'right [[thigh]]' of the corpse of Devi Sati had fallen here when it was chopped off by Lord [[Vishnu]] with his '[[Sudarshan Chakra]]'. The ancient [[temple]], originally called Maa Sarvanand Kari Patneshwari, is believed to be the abode of the goddess [[Durga]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahavir mandir budget|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Mandir-trust-submits-Rs-35-cr-budget/articleshow/3017191.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021190121/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-07/patna/27782954_1_mahavir-mandir-trust-temple-trust-religious-trust|url-status=live|archive-date=2012-10-21|access-date=2011-02-05 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2008-05-07}}</ref>

The name of the city Patna is widely believed to have been derived from the name of the Badi Patan Devi Temple. Some, however, doubt whether the name of Patna is derived from this temple. According to them, the name is derived from patan, which means a town and Patna was a big place of export and import.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Patna|url=https://bihardarpan.blogspot.com/2006/10/patan-devi.html|accessdate=2011-02-05}}</ref>

==History==

===Patan devi===
According to the [[Hindu mythology]], it is believed that the right thigh of [[Devi]] [[Sati (goddess)|Sati]] fell in [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadh]] and it is said that the part of the body of Sati fell in both Maharajganj and Chowk areas in Old Patna city. At these places, the Badi Patan Devi temple and the Chhoti Patan Devi temple were built. According to the Tantra Charumani, the small images of the Bari Patan Devi Temple, Patna are the Goddess [[Mahakali]], [[Mahalakshmi]] and [[Mahasaraswati]]. In [[Hindu]] mythology, these Goddesses protected Putraka, who was the founder of [[Pataliputra]]. A strange stone image has been found in a tank near the Bari Patan Devi Temple, Patna. That image has been kept in the eastern veranda of the main temple where this stone is being worshiped regularly.

=== Bari Patan Devi ===
The Bari Patan Devi Temple, Patna is facing the North, towards the [[Ganges]] river. The statues of the temple are all made up in black stone. At the entrance of the temple there is a portico of dimension {{convert|1.5|x|15|ft|abbr=on}}. After that there is a room of about {{convert|8|x|8|ft|abbr=on}} for gods namely, [[Mahakali]] ({{convert|12|in|abbr=on}}), Maha [[Lakshmi]] ({{convert|6|in|abbr=on}})), Maha [[Saraswati]] ({{convert|12|in|abbr=on}})) and [[Bhairava|Bhairav]] ({{convert|3|in|abbr=on}})).All the idols are kept on simhasans (thrones) of about 4 square in cross section and have a height of about {{convert|7|ft}}). First three goddesses are attired in [[Sari|sarees]].

Badi Patan Devi temple was founded by Shri Badrinath Chaudhary, a famous inspector of British era. Devotees can go to the temple at any time of the day. The temple does not distinguish between any [[caste]] or creed and hence is open for all religions and castes. The temple remains open from morning 6 am to 10 pm. Tuesday is a special day for the devotees and a large number of worshipers visit the temple. Promises are being made before the [[Goddess]] and on the fulfillment of the wishes devotees offer gifts and [[Sari|sarees]] in the temple.<ref name="mapsofindia.com">{{cite web |title=Badi Patan Devi Mandir|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/bihar/tourism/bari-patan-devi-temple.html|accessdate=2011-02-05}}</ref>

===Chhoti Patan Devi===
[[File:Chhoti Patandevi during Durga Puja.JPG|right|thumb|Chhoti Patan Devi]]
This temple is situated in the Chowk area of Patna City and once was considered as the main presiding deity of Patna. Over the years it has slipped to the second position of eminence, after the Bari Patan Devi temple, as city's presiding deity, with epithet 'Choti' (smaller) to the more popular one, the Bari (bigger) Patan Devi. But a [[historian]] called Buchanan was very specific in stating that it was this very temple (Choti Patendevi) which held the primary position as the city's presiding deity during 18th and early 19th century.

The present temple does not seem to be of any great antiquity. The images inside the temple, if Buchanan is to be believed, were installed by [[Man Singh]], the famous general of the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]]. The temple, however, houses a host of intact and severed Brahmanical images, including, [[Ganesh]], [[Vishnu]] and [[Surya]]. Beyond the temple, but within its precincts, lie in open fragments of door jumbs/lintels and yet other set of images. Of these, an impressive, but broken sun-image is the most prominent. According to many historians, it is very likely that some early [[medieval]] temple was built here sometime in 9th-11th Century CE and these fragmentary stray sculptural/structural relics are only its ruins. Probably, these were reinstalled in a new temple, built during the 16th-17th century by Man Singh. But authentic information on this count is woefully wanting.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chhoti Patan Devi mandir|url=http://www.brandbihar.com/english/districts/patna/chhoti_patandevi_patna.html|accessdate=2011-02-05}}</ref>

==Important festivals==
As in many other places, a mela is also held near these temples at the time of Vijayadashmi. On [[Saptami]], [[Ashtami]] and [[Navami]] ([[Durga Puja]])during the mela about 1000 people come to offer prayers daily at either of the two temples. Visitors generally bring sweets, garlands and fruits to offer to the deities. The [[priest]] of the temple takes some quantity of the prasad and returns the rest to the devotees. He marks their forehead with Rori (red powder). The devotees also give some money to the priest as ''[[dakshina]]''.

As regards the routine of the rituals, the deity is daily bathed morning and evening and this is followed by offerings of prasad (fruits and sweetmeats etc.) and [[aarti]] with the usual reciting of [[mantras]] by the priest, accompanied by the ringing of bells.<ref>{{cite web |title=Festivals in Patan Devi|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/bihar/tourism/bari-patan-devi-temple.html|accessdate=2011-02-05}}</ref>

==Reaching there==
The place can be easily reached from the Patna Bus Station. The temple is just approx. 10 km from the Patna Junction Railway Station. Buses are also available <ref>{{cite web |title=Traveling to Patan Devi|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Choti-Patan-Devi-Temple-55481.htm|accessdate=2011-02-05}}</ref> Rickshaws, taxis etc. are available at Patna, Gulzarbagh and Patna City railway stations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Patan Devi History|url=https://bihardarpan.blogspot.com/2006/10/patan-devi.html|accessdate=2011-02-05}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[Mahavir Mandir]]
*[[Takht Sri Patna Sahib]]
*[[Hinduism]]
*[[Baba Garib Sthan Mandir]]

==External links==
* [http://patandevi.in/ Maa Patandevi: official Website]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.maapatneshwari.org/ Maa Patneshwari: Official Website]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.srisribadipatandevi.org/ Maa Patneshwari: Official Website]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110215114659/http://www.hindubooks.org/temples/bihar/patandevi/index.htm Hindubooks reference for Patan Devi]
* [http://www.durga-puja.org/devi-patan-temple.html Patan Devi and Durga Puja]
* [http://www.pilgrimage-india.com/bihar/bari-patan-devi-temple.html Bari Patan Devi]
* [http://www.india9.com/i9show/Choti-Patan-Devi-Temple-55481.htm Chhoti Patan Devi]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Hindu temples in Bihar|state=collapsed}}
{{Hindu Deities and Texts}}

[[Category:Durga temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bihar]]
[[Category:Shakti temples]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Patna]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Patna]]

Waghrul

2025-11-06T11:29:35Z

Igortxa: started details

{{more citations needed|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Waghrul
| other_name =
| nickname = Waghrul Deviche
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19|57|38|N|75|58|46|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalna district|Jalna]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Nagar Gram Panchayat
| governing_body = Waghrul Gram Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 7.86
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3741
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code = 431203
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02482
| registration_plate = MH-21
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MH]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Waghrul''' is a village in Jalna Subdivision of [[Jalna district]], [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/local/maharashtra/aurangabad/jalna/news/waghrul-jagir-indkarwadi-village-got-a-new-sarpanch-132111767.html|title=वाघ्रुळ जहागीर, इंदकरवाडी ग्रा.पं.ला मिळाले नवे सरपंच:११ बिनविरोध; २३ जागांसाठी मतदान अन् मतमोजणी|website=Bhaskar|language=Marathi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/farmers-in-3-marathwada-villages-create-oasis-in-suicide-prone-region/732401/|title=Farmers in 3 Marathwada villages create oasis in suicide-prone region|date=June 23, 2017|website=Financial Express}}</ref> There was a small military base during the time of [[Shivaji Maharaj]]. There is a nearly 300-year-old Jagdamba Mata Devi temple with Barav (well) in the village. The [[Marathwada Mukti Sangram]] began from Waghrul.

Schools and colleges in Waghrul include Z.P High School,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://schools.org.in/jalna/27180102691/z-p-boys-high-school.html|title=Z.P.(BOYS)HIGH SCHOOL - Jalna District Jalna (Maharashtra)|website=schools.org.in}}</ref> Rangnath Maharaj High School,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://schools.org.in/jalna/27180118602/rangnath-maharaj-highschool.html|title=RANGNATH MAHARAJ HIGHSCHOOL - Navha District Jalna (Maharashtra)|website=schools.org.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rangnath_Maharaj_School_Transfer_Order.pdf | title=Rangnath Maharaj School Transfer Order | website=commons.wikimedia.org}}</ref> and Rajkunwar High School and College.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rajkunwarcollegewaghrul.com/|title=RAJKUNWAR COLLEGE WAGHRUL}}</ref>

[[Marathi language|Marathi]] is the official language of the village, and the most commonly spoken.

Waghrul is connected to major towns of the state by state highways. There are roads to [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]], [[Deulgaon Raja]], [[Jafrabad]], [[Deulgaon Mahi]], [[Chikhli, Maharashtra|Chikhli]], [[Sambhaji Nagar]], [[Nagpur]], and [[Mumbai]] having been widened to four-lane highways. The new [[Mumbai-Nagpur Expressway]] (Samruddhi Mahamarg) passes through Jalna. The proposed [[Jalna-Nanded Expressway]] is also an important corridor that connects the rest of the [[Marathwada]] cities like [[Parbhani]] and [[Nanded]] to the Samruddhi Mahamarg.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons cat|Jalna}}
{{Portal|India}}
{{NSEW|[[Buldhana]]|[[Beed]] |[[Parbhani]]|[[Aurangabad]]||||}}
{{Jalna district topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Waghrul (Village)}}
[[Category:Villages in Jalna district]]

{{Jalna-geo-stub}}

List of Odia films of 1963

2025-09-15T05:46:38Z

Igortxa: new initial entry added tags

{{Short description|None}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2011}}
{{Ollywood films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Cuttack]] in 1963:

==A-Z==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
|{{Year header}} | '''[[1963 in film|1963]]'''
|-
|''[[Jeevan Sathi]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}||[[Prabhat Mukherjee]]||[[Sarat Pujari]], [[Meenati]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Manik Jodi]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}||[[Prabhat Mukherjee]]||[[Akshya Mohanty]], [[Sukhalata]], [[Babi (actress)|Babi]]||social||
|-
|''[[Naari (1963 film)|Naari]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}||[[Trilochan]]||[[Ashok (Oriya actor)|Ashok]], [[Aneema]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Shri Shri Patitapaban]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}||[[Sukumar Ganguli]]||[[Shyam (Oriya actor)|Shyam]], [[Laxmipriya]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Suryamukhi]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}||[[Praful Sengupta]]||[[Soumendra]], [[Meenati]]|| ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{1963 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|1963]]
[[Category:Lists of 1963 films by language|Ollywood]]
[[Category:1963 in Indian cinema|Films, Ollywood]]
[[Category:1960s in Orissa]]

Baghjan

2025-09-10T11:16:55Z

Igortxa: Adding first pg w/ refs

{{Short description|Village in Assam, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Baghjan Gaon
| other_name = Baghjan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = as
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|27.6002|95.4018|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Subdivision (India)|Subdivision]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Doom Dooma]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 124.99
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 4488
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 786151
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]]
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 =
| footnotes =
| pushpin_map_alt = Tinsukia district
| area_total_ha = 533.84
| official_name = Baghjan Gaon
}}
'''Baghjan Gaon''' is a village under the [[Doom Dooma]] subdivision of the [[Tinsukia district]] in [[Assam]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Koteswar Rao |first1=N |title=Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Sikkim, Tripura, West Bengal |last2=Rajitha |first2=G |publisher=Arise Publishers |year=2008 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=42 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jaiswal |first1=Umanand |title=Baghjan oil blowout noise inducing trauma |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/baghjan-oil-blowout-noise-inducing-trauma/cid/1788325 |access-date=20 July 2022 |publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |date=6 August 2020}}</ref> As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Baghjan Gaon has a total population of 4,488 people including 2,244 males and 2,244 females.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary census abstract at town, village and ward level, Assam - District Tinsukia - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6500/download/9577/DDW_PCA1810_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703062835/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6500/download/9577/DDW_PCA1810_2011_MDDS%20with%20UI.xlsx |archive-date=3 July 2022 |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

On 27 May 2020, an [[2020 Assam gas and oil leak|accidental gas blowout]] happened in [[Oil India Limited]]'s Baghjan Oilfield, near Baghjan Gaon, which killed 3 people and injured 3 foreign experts, and damaged a vast area including Baghjan and nearby villages and forests.<ref>{{cite news |last=Naqvi |first=Sadiq |title=Blowout at Oil India well threatens national park in upper Assam |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/pollution/blowout-at-oil-india-well-threatens-national-park-in-upper-assam-71464 |access-date=20 July 2022 |publisher=[[Down to Earth (magazine)|Down to Earth]] |date=30 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Explosion Near Baghjan Oil Well In Tinsukia Of Assam, 3 Foreign Experts Injured |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-huge-explosion-near-baghjan-oil-well-in-assam/357194 |access-date=20 July 2022 |publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=14 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> It took six months to control the accidental gas blowout.<ref>{{cite news |last=Agarwala |first=Tora |date=29 September 2020 |title=Four months of Baghjan blowout; authorities say will take at least one more month to control |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/assam/four-months-of-baghjan-blowout-authorities-say-will-take-at-least-one-more-month-to-control6635846/ |url-access=limited |access-date=20 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Assam's Baghjan oil wells resume operation after massive blowout |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/assams-baghjan-oil-wells-resumes-operation-after-massive-blowout-1502902325.html |access-date=20 July 2022 |work=The Statesman |date=22 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=15 November 2020 |title=Baghjan blowout well sealed fully |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/baghjan-blowout-well-sealed-fully/article33103989.ece |url-access=limited |access-date=20 July 2022}}</ref>

Baghjan also carries a history of militancy affected areas.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gohain |first1=Chandan B. |title=Watch: 3 youths go missing in Assam's Tinsukia, suspected of joining ULFA (I) |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/news/2021/10/27/watch-3-youths-go-missing-in-assams-tinsukia-suspected-of-joining-ulfa-i/ |access-date=20 July 2022 |publisher=EastMojo |date=27 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Saikia |first=Arunabh |title=An 'Assamese PSU': The Baghjan blowout exposes long suppressed resentments against Oil India |url=https://scroll.in/article/966525/an-assamese-psu-the-baghjan-blowout-exposes-long-suppressed-resentments-against-oil-india |access-date=20 July 2022 |publisher=[[Scroll.in]] |date=8 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wangsu |first=Manta |title=Extractivism and Extremism: The Tangled Resource Politics of Northeast India |url=https://thewire.in/rights/extractivism-and-extremism-the-tangled-resource-politics-of-northeast-india |access-date=20 July 2022 |work=The Wire |publisher=[[The Wire (India)]] |date=30 July 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Tinsukia district]]

{{Assam-geo-stub}}

Pakur block

2025-07-25T03:31:29Z

Igortxa: improve section per sources and cleaned formatting

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pakur
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Pakaur
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24|38|18|N|87|50|38|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pakur district|Pakur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 222.04
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 30
| population_total = 282,075
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| demographics_type2 = Literacy (2011)
| demographics2_title2 = Total literates
| demographics2_info2 = 91,080 (41.55%)
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 816107 (Pakur)
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| area_code = 06435
| registration_plate =[[List of RTO districts in India#JH.E2.80.94Jharkhand|JH]]-16
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Rajmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajmahal]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Pakaur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pakaur]]
| website = {{URL|pakur.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Pakur''' (also spelled Pakaur) is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in the Pakur subdivision of the [[Pakur district]], [[Jharkhand]] [[States and territories of India|state]], India.

==Geography==
[[Pakur]], the eponymous CD block headquarters, is located at {{coord|24|38|18|N|87|50|38|E}}.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wikimapia.org/2940619/Pakur | title= Pakur | work= Jharkhand| publisher= Wikimapia | access-date = 17 January 2016}}</ref>

A predominantly hilly area, Pakur district has pockets of plain land. A long but narrow stretch between the [[Farakka Feeder Canal]], located outside the district, and the [[Sahibganj loop]] line is very fertile. The Littipara and Amrapara CD blocks are largely covered by the [[Rajmahal hills]]. The rest of the district is rolling uplands. The district, once famous for its forests, have lost all of it, except a few hill tops in the [[Damin-i-koh]] area.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jsac.jharkhand.gov.in/Report_PDF/New_Soil_Report/Final-Soil-Report-Pakur-District-ADCC.pdf | title = Report of Soil Resorce Map | publisher = ADCC Infocad Private Limited | access-date = 20 November 2020 | archive-date = 27 July 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220727113048/http://jsac.jharkhand.gov.in/Report_PDF/New_Soil_Report/Final-Soil-Report-Pakur-District-ADCC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2008_PART_A_DCHB_PAKUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Pakur, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 9, PhysicalAspects |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 20 November 2020}}</ref>

Pakur CD block is bounded by [[Barharwa (community development block)|Barharwa]] CD block in Sahibganj district and [[Farakka (community development block)|Farakka]] CD block in Murshidabad district of West Bengal on the north, [[Samserganj (community development block)|Samsherganj]], [[Suti II]] and [[Suti I]] CD blocks in Murshidabad district of West Bengal on the east, [[Murarai I]] CD block in Birbhum district of West Bengal and [[Maheshpur block|Maheshpur]] CD block on the south, and [[Hiranpur block|Hiranpur]] CD block on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/pakur.html | title = CD block/ tehsil map of Pakur | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 20 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/sahibganj.html | title = CD block/ tehsil map of Sahibganj | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 20 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/murshidabad.html | title = CD block/ tehsil map of Murshidabad | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 17 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/birbhum.html | title = CD block/ tehsil map of Birbhum | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 17 November 2020}}</ref>

Pakur CD block has an area of 222.04 km2.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2008_PART_B_DCHB_PAKUR.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Pakur, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 25: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 21 November 2020}}</ref> Pakur Town, Pakur Muffasil and Pakur Mahila police stations serve this block.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/pakur| title = District Police Profile - Pakur| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 21 November 2020| archive-date = 15 March 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120315130610/http://www.jhpolice.gov.in/pakur| url-status = dead}}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Pakur]] town.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2008_PART_A_DCHB_PAKUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Pakur, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Pakur on the third page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 21 November 2020}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Pakur CD block had a total population of 282,075, of which 260,403 were rural and 21,672 were urban. There were 141,564 (50%) males and 140,511 (50%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 62,846. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 7,733 (2.74%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 41,180 (14.60%).<ref name=census2011/>

Pakur CD Block is only one in the district which has recorded some degree of urbanization. [[Pakur]] town is the only one in the district to have a [[nagar palika]]. There are three [[census towns]] in Pakaur CD Block (2011 population in brackets): [[Kumarpur]] (7,153), [[Sagarmpur]] (6,184) and [[Raghunandanpur]] (8,335).<ref name=census2>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-JK.html |title = 2011 Census C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= Jharkhand – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 17 January 2016}}</ref>

===Literacy===
{{As of|2011}} census, the total number of literates in Pakaur CD Block was 91,080 (41.55% of the population over 6 years) out of which 51,274 (56%) were males and 39,806 (44%) were females. The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 12%.<ref name=census2/>

See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]
{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Pakur district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===
[[Hindi]] is the official language in Jharkhand and [[Urdu language|Urdu]] has been declared as an additional official language.<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |pages= 35 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=3 October 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}</ref>{{bar box
|title=Religions in Pakur block (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Jharkhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|64.38}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|29.59}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Jharkhand|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|2.98}}
{{bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|2.74}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.32}}
}}

{{As of|2001}} census, Muslims constituted 60.58% of the population in Pakur CD block, the highest amongst all blocks of the district. Hindus constituted 29.50% of the population. In the district as a whole, Hindus constituted 44.45%, Muslims 32.74% and Christians 6.01% of the population. In 2011, these percentages shifted so Muslims were 64.38% of the population and Hindus 29.59%. The percentage of scheduled tribes in the population of Pakur CD block was 15.48%, the lowest amongst all blocks of the district. In the district as a whole, scheduled tribes constituted 44.59% of the population. Around 85% of the tribal population was composed of [[Santali people|Santhals]]. There are two primitive groups in the district – [[Mal Paharia people|Mal Paharias]] and [[Sauria Paharia people|Sauria Paharias]]. Pakur CD Block covers an area of 221.71 km2 and has 36 panchayats, 155 inhabited (chiragi) villages and 34 uninhabited (bechiragi) villages.<ref name=admin>{{cite web|url=http://pakur.nic.in/Pkr_Dev_Report_PDF/chapter%201.pdf |title=Table 1.3: Select indicators of the administrative blocks, 2001 |work=District Human Development Report, Pakur |publisher=Pakur District Administration |access-date= 21 November 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128185306/http://pakur.nic.in/Pkr_Dev_Report_PDF/chapter%201.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2016 }}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Pakur block (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 75.05 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 12.06 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 5.03 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Khortha language|Khortha]] |value4 = 3.58 |color4 = red
|label5 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value5 = 1.50 |color5 = gold
|label6 = [[Urdu]] |value6 = 1.16 |color6 = green
|label7 = Others |value7 = 1.62 |color7 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 75.05% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 12.06% [[Santali language|Santali]], 5.03% [[Hindi]], 3.58% [[Khortha language|Khortha]], 1.50% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] and 1.16% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
50-60% of the population of Pakur district were in the [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] category in 2004–2005, being in the same category as Sahebganj, Deoghar and Garhwa districts.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/45258/1/MPRA_paper_45258.pdf | title = Rural Poverty in Jharkhand, India| work = Table I: Spatial Distribution of Poverty in Jharkhand | publisher = Munich Personal RePEc Archive | access-date = 21 November 2020}}</ref> Rural poverty in Jharkhand declined from 66% in 1993–94 to 46% in 2004–05. In 2011, it has come down to 39.1%.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Jharkhand%20presentation.pdf | title = Eliminating poverty | publisher = Jharkhand government | access-date = 21 November 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Pakur CD block'''
|value1 = 9.13
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 19.79
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 8.67
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 62.41
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Pakur CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 10,360 and formed 9.13%, agricultural labourers numbered 22,460 and formed 19.79%, household industry workers numbered 9,835 and formed 8.67% and other workers numbered 70,817 and formed 62.41%. Total workers numbered 137,318 and formed 41.88% of the total population. Non-workers numbered 190,597 and formed 58.12% of total population.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2008_PART_A_DCHB_PAKUR.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Pakur | work = Tables 34, 30 Series 21, Part XII A, 2011 census| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | access-date = 21 November 2020 }}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the Factories Act. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers and entertainment artistes.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2008_PART_A_DCHB_PAKUR.pdf | title= District Census Handbook 2011 Pakur, Series 21 Part XII A | work= Page 11: Census Concepts |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| access-date = 21 November 2020}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 156 inhabited villages in Pakur CD block. In 2011, 69 villages had power supply. 9 villages had tap water (treated/ untreated), 138 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 112 villages had hand pumps, and all villages had drinking water facility. 10 villages had post offices, 11 villages had sub post offices, 20 villages had telephones (land lines), 21 villages had public call offices and 78 villages had mobile phone coverage. 136 villages had pucca (paved) village roads, 6 villages had bus service (public/ private), 10 villages had autos/ modified autos, 39 villages had taxis/ vans, 81 villages had tractors, 5 villages had navigable waterways. 6 villages had bank branches, 3 villages had agricultural credit societies, 37 villages had cinema/ video halls, 15 villages had public libraries, public reading room. 73 villages had [[public distribution system]], 19 villages had weekly haat (market) and 9 villages had [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] [[Polling place|polling stations]].<ref name=directory>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2008_PART_A_DCHB_PAKUR.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Pakur, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 566-568 Appendix I: Village Directory | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 21 November 2020}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
Pakur is predominantly a hilly district. There is a narrow fertile alluvial tract bordering the Ganges Feeder Canal. While the hills stretch from the north to the south-east, the rest is rolling area, which is less conducive to agricultural operations than the alluvial strip. The net sown area of the district is around 28%. Thus though the district is predominantly agricultural it offers only limited opportunities to the people. Many people from the district migrate to the neighbouring districts of West Bengal during the agricultural seasons.<ref name=admin/> In Pakur CD block 34.25% of the total area is cultivable area and 8.73% of the cultivable area is irrigated area.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2008_PART_A_DCHB_PAKUR.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Pakur, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Table 41: Distribution of villages according to land use, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 21 November 2020}}</ref>

===Stone chips industry===
Pakur is a centre of mining of black stone which is in great demand in the construction industry. There are four circles for mining of stone – Pakur, Hiranpur, Mahespur and Pakuria. Stone chips are mined in Pakur circle at villages such as Barhabad, Barmesia, Matiyara, Basmata, Bishanpur, Durgapur, Gokulpur, Harirampur, Jogigaria, Kalidaspur, Kashila, Kanhupur, Khaprajora, Kulapahari, Kusmadanga, [[Kumarpur]], Lakhipahari, Malpahari, Mangalpara, Mateyapahari, Patrapahari, Piplajori, Rajbandh, Ramchandrapur, Ramnagar, Saharkol, Salboni, Sitagarh, Sonajori, Sree Rampur, Sundarpahari and Takatola.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pakur.nic.in/mining_lease_list.html | title = List of mining leases area-wise | publisher = Pakur District Administration | access-date = 17 January 2016 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160107111014/http://pakur.nic.in/mining_lease_list.html | archive-date = 7 January 2016 }}</ref>

Pakur stone industry has about 585 mines/quarries and around 800 crushers are in operation.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://swipcc.org/screen/pakur-crushing-stone.html | title = About Pakur district | work = YeYu ZNN | publisher = ShanghainZNN Machinery Co. Ltd. | access-date = 17 January 2016 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160130032546/http://swipcc.org/screen/pakur-crushing-stone.html | archive-date = 30 January 2016 }}</ref>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Pakur district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund created by the Government of India is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 21 districts of Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 21 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 21 November 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
Pakur is on the [[Sahibganj Loop]]. It is part of Howrah Division of Eastern Railway, which handles predominantly passenger traffic. Originating freight in the division is mainly stone chips and ballast from [[Pakur railway station]] and [[Rajgram railway station]], and coal traffic from Pakur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,441,737 | title= About us | work= Howrah Division| publisher= Eastern Railway| access-date = 17 January 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
Pakur CD block had 23 villages with pre-primary schools, 103 villages with primary schools, 46 villages with middle schools, 4 villages with secondary schools, 2 villages with senior secondary schools, 3 special schools for disabled, 51 villages with no educational facility.<ref name=directory/> .*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand

==Healthcare==
Pakur CD block had 2 villages with [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], 11 villages with primary health subcentres, 1 village with dispensary, 1 village with family welfare centre, 17 villages with medicine shops.<ref name=directory/>
 .*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{Blocks of Pakur district}}
{{Santhal Pargana Division topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakur Block}}
[[Category:Community development blocks in Pakur district]]