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Baruipur Paschim Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T05:07:46Z

Igorsiw: Done

{{Short description|West Bengal Legislative Assembly Constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Baruipur Paschim
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Baruipur Paschim.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Baruipur Paschim Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Biman Banerjee]]
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| constituency_no = 140
| established = 1951
| electors = 253,592
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Baruipur Paschim Assembly constituency''' is a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|State]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Delimitation of constituencies]] in the [[West Bengal]], Baruipur Paschim Assembly constituency is composed of the following:<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf| title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 25 October 2010|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>
* [[Baruipur]] municipality
* Dhapdhapi-I, Dhapdhapi-II, Hariharpur, Kalyanpur, Madarat, Mallikpur, Shankarpur-I, Shankarpur-II, Shikharbali-I and Shikharbali-II gram panchayats of [[Baruipur (community development block)|Baruipur]] community development block

Baruipur Paschim Assembly constituency is a part of No. 22 [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
!colspan="4"|''Baruipur''
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Lalit Kumar Sinha
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|Abdus Shukur
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Khagendra Kumar Roy Choudhury
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|Gangadhar Naskar
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|[[Sakti Kumar Sarkar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="2"|Kumud Ranjan Mondal
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Bimal Mistry
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Lalit Gayen
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Hemen Majumdar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Sovandeb Chattopadhyay]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|Arup Bhadra
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Rahul Ghosh
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
!colspan="4"|''Baruipur Paschim''
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Biman Banerjee]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Baruipur Paschim}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Biman Banerjee
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = 104781
|percentage = 47.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Biswajit Paul
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 86919
|percentage = 39.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lahek Ali
|party = Left Front (West Bengal)
|votes = 23479
|percentage = 10.62
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Asitlal Nag
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1397
|percentage = 0.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 1110
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 221031
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = hold
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=
2021 West Bengal Legislative
Assembly election: Baruipur
Paschim}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Biman Banerjee]]
|votes = 121006
|percentage = 57.27
|change = +2.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya Janata Party
|candidate = Debopam Chattopadhay
|votes = 59,096
|percentage = 27.97
|change = +20.41
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Lahek Ali
|votes = 25,639
|percentage = 12.2
|change = -22.53
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,90,275
|percentage = 87.92
|change = +2.15
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Baruipur Paschim}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Biman Banerjee]]
|votes = 99,945
|percentage = 54.73
|change = -2.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Saifuddin Khan
|votes = 63,413
|percentage = 34.73
|change = -2.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Basabdatta Chatterjee
|votes = 13,812
|percentage = 7.56
|change = +4.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 2,217
|percentage = 1.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Gopinath Mondal
|votes = 1,136
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Mukul Mondal
|votes = 1,013
|percentage = 0.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Debabrata Mondal
|votes = 631
|percentage = 0.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Mrinal Kanti Mondal
|votes = 437
|percentage = 0.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 182,604
|percentage = 85.77
|change = +1.18
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Legislative Assembly Election 2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|Legislative Assembly Election, 2011]]: Baruipur Paschim<ref name="vidhansabha2011">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=140| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513170832/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=140| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 13 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Baruipur Paschim| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 30 April 2011}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Biman Banerjee]]
|votes = 88,187
|percentage = 57.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Kanak Kanti Paria
|votes = 56,299
|percentage = 36.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Raneswar Das
|votes = 4,191
|percentage = 2.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = People’s Democratic Conference of India
|candidate = Taher Ali Sekh
|votes = 1,458
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ajit Mondal
|votes = 1,330
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Mukul Mondal
|votes = 1,058
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Anich Gazi
|votes = 72
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 153,252
|percentage = 84.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Legislative Assembly Elections 1977-2006===
In 2006,<ref name="vidhansabha2006">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Rahul Ghosh of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Baruipur Assembly constituency defeating his nearest rival Arup Bhadra of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]. Arup Bhadra of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] defeated Sujan Chakraborty of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] in 2001.<ref name="vidhansabha2001">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Sovandeb Chattopadhyay of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] defeated Sujan Chakraborty of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] in 1996<ref name="vidhansabha1996">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and Hemen Majumdar of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] in 1991.<ref name="vidhansabha1991">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Hemen Majumdar of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeated Arup Bhadra of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1987,<ref name="vidhansabha1987">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Jalil Gazi of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1982<ref name="vidhansabha1982">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and Ram Kanta Mondal of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1977.<ref name="vidhansabha1977">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp104.htm |title = 104 - Baruipur Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 October 2010}}</ref>

===Legislative Assembly Elections 1952-1972===
Lalit Gayen of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won in 1972.<ref name="vidhansabha1972">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Bimal Mistry of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won in 1971.<ref name="vidhansabha1971">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Kumud Ranjan Mondal of [[Samyukta Socialist Party|SSP]] won in 1969<ref name="vidhansabha1969">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and 1967.<ref name="vidhansabha1967">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Sakti Kumar Sarkar of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won in 1962.<ref name="vidhansabha1962">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> In 1957 and 1952, Baruipur Assembly constituency had joint seats. Khagendra Kumar Roy Choudhury and Gangadhar Naskar, both of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]], won in 1957.<ref name="vidhansabha1957">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> In 1952, Lalit Kumar Sinha of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] and Abdus Shukur of [[Indian National Congress|INC]], won.<ref name="vidhansabha1952">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref>

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

2025 Bondi Beach shooting

2026-05-05T18:38:39Z

Igorsiw:

{{Short description|Terrorist attack in Sydney, Australia}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{for|an earlier attack near Bondi Beach|Bondi Junction stabbings}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| image = Bondi Beach gunmen.jpg
| caption = The two gunmen at the Campbell Parade footbridge. The man on the left is shooting towards Archer Park.
| alt =
| date = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2025|12|14}}
| location = [[Archer Park]], Bondi Beach, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| map = {{Infobox mapframe|zoom=10|width=250|height=180|frame-long=151.21|frame-lat=-33.89}}
| map_caption = Location of the shooting in Sydney
| time = 18:42 – 18:48
| timezone = [[AEDT]],{{spaces}}[[UTC+11:00]]
| target = [[Jewish people]] at a{{spaces}}[[Hannukah]]{{spaces}}event
| type = [[Mass shootings in Australia|Mass{{spaces}}shooting]] and attempted{{spaces}}[[bombing]]
| fatalities = 16 (including one attacker)
| injuries = 40 (including the accused)
| motive = {{plainlist|
* [[Ideology of the Islamic State|Islamic State ideology]]
* [[Antisemitism in Australia|Antisemitism]]
}}
| accused = Naveed Akram
| charges = {{Collapsible list
| title = 59 counts
| liststyle = ubli
| [[Murder in Australian law|Murder]] (15 counts)
| [[Attempted murder]] (40 counts)
| [[Criminal Code Act 1995|Committing a terrorist act]]
| Discharging firearm to cause grievous bodily harm
| Public display of prohibited terrorist symbol (the [[Jihadist flag#Muqwaki seal variant|Muqwaki seal variant]] of the "Jihadist flag")
| Placing explosive with intent to cause harm}}
| perpetrator = Sajid Akram
| numparts = 2
| dfens = * [[New South Wales Police]]
* Boris and Sofia Gurman
* Ahmed al-Ahmed
* Reuven Morrison
| weapons = * [[.308 Winchester|.308]] [[Beretta]] BRX1 [[straight-pull rifle|straight{{nbh}}pull rifle]]
* Two [[Gauge (firearms)|12-gauge]] [[Stoeger]] M3000 M3K shotguns
* Five [[Improvised explosive device|homemade bombs]] (failed to detonate)
}}

On 14 December 2025, an [[antisemitic]] [[Islamic State]] (IS)-inspired [[terrorist attack]] occurred at the [[Archer Park]] area of [[Bondi Beach]] in [[Sydney]], Australia, during a celebration of the Jewish holiday of [[Hanukkah]] attended by around 1,000 people. Beginning at 6:42 pm, two gunmen, allegedly Sajid Akram and his son Naveed Akram, killed a total of 15 people including 11 men, 3 women and a 10-year-old girl. Sajid (an Indian national and Australian permanent resident) was shot dead by police; his son Naveed (an Australian citizen) was treated for wounds at a local hospital and survived. Islamic State later claimed credit for the attack.

Naveed is now on remand in [[Goulburn Correctional Centre]] awaiting trial for 15 murders and 44 other offences. Four civilians confronted the gunmen, attempting to curb the attack. Three were killed and one suffered gunshot wounds. Volunteer [[surf lifesavers]] and Waverley Council lifeguards rushed to the scene to provide first aid during the active shooting. Members of the [[New South Wales Police Force]] shot the two alleged gunmen, killing Sajid and critically injuring Naveed, who was detained. Forty people, including two police officers, were injured and taken to various hospitals. Four [[Improvised explosive device|homemade bombs]] were thrown into the crowd but failed to detonate. Another homemade bomb was found in a car belonging to one of the alleged shooters.

Numerous world leaders, news outlets and Australian authorities declared the shooting was motivated by [[Antisemitism in Australia|antisemitism]]. The Australian prime minister, [[Anthony Albanese]], said the shooting was "deliberately targeted at the Jewish community on the first day of Chanukah". The ongoing investigation by federal and New South Wales police forces is named "Operation Arques". A federal [[Royal Commission on Antisemitism and Social Cohesion|royal commission]] will examine the circumstances surrounding the attack. A federal review into federal agencies that had begun, before the decision to hold a royal commission had been made, will become part of the commission.

The Bondi shooting is the first fatal attack on [[Jews in Australia]], the worst [[List of terrorist incidents in Australia|terrorist attack]] in Australia, and the [[List of mass shootings in Australia|deadliest]] mass shooting in Australia since the 1996 [[Port Arthur massacre]] in which 35 people were killed. Mass casualty attacks are uncommon in Australia; the country enacted strict [[Gun laws of Australia|gun laws]] in response to the Port Arthur massacre. Following the Bondi Beach shooting, the [[National Cabinet]] unanimously agreed to further restrict gun laws and introduce [[2026 Australia gun buyback program|a gun buyback program]]. The attack led to changes to federal hate speech laws and was marked by a national day of reflection and a national day of mourning. In New South Wales, the attack led to changes to terrorism and protest laws.

== Background ==
=== Religious and racial intolerance ===
{{Further|Antisemitism in Australia|Ethnic violence and religious persecution linked to ISIS}}
The December 2025 attack in Bondi was the first deadly attack targeting [[Jews in Australia]].<ref name="Maltz-2025" >{{cite news |first=Judy |last=Maltz |date=14 December 2025 |title=Jewish World: The First Deadly Attack Against Jews in Australia Follows Two Years of Unprecedented Antisemitism |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2025-12-14/ty-article-magazine/.premium/the-first-deadly-attack-against-australian-jews-follows-two-years-of-spiking-antisemitism/0000019b-1d79-d93d-a5fb-3f7b0a070000 |work=[[Haaretz]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216044807/https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2025-12-14/ty-article-magazine/.premium/the-first-deadly-attack-against-australian-jews-follows-two-years-of-spiking-antisemitism/0000019b-1d79-d93d-a5fb-3f7b0a070000 |archive-date=16 December 2025 |location=[[Mass media in Israel|Israel]] |quote=Little did they know that later that day, they would witness the first deadly attack ever targeting Jews on Australian soil. |access-date=6 January 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ABC News-2025b" >{{cite news |last=Stuart |first=Riley |date=18 December 2025 |title=How the world reacted to the Bondi massacre |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-19/how-world-reacted-to-bondi-massacre/106151664 |access-date=26 January 2026 |archive-date=2 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102011618/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-19/how-world-reacted-to-bondi-massacre/106151664 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |location = London, via Australia |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref name="Issacharoff 14 Dec 2025">{{cite news |last1=Issacharoff |first1=David |title=Australia's first fatal antisemitic attack was a massacre. Israel must not exploit it |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/haaretz-today/2025-12-14/ty-article/.highlight/australias-first-fatal-antisemitic-attack-was-a-massacre-israel-must-not-exploit-it/0000019b-1dfb-d0fb-a9df-7fff7a780000 |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=14 December 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> Prior to this incident, the Australian Jewish community experienced an increase in [[Antisemitism in Australia#Aftermath of the 7 October 2023 attacks|antisemitic attacks]] on Jewish individuals and institutions since the beginning of the [[Gaza war]] in October 2023.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Chatterjee |first=Nandika |date=14 December 2025 |title=A Timeline of Rising Antisemitism in Australia |url=https://time.com/7340731/anti-semitism-australia-bondi-attack/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251225171230/https://time.com/7340731/anti-semitism-australia-bondi-attack/ |archive-date=25 December 2025 |access-date=25 December 2025 |quote=Figures from the [[Executive Council of Australian Jewry]] (ECAJ) show that antisemitic incidents in Australia have reached historically high levels.|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Chen |first1=Christine |last2=McKeith |first2=Sam |date=14 December 2025 |title=Antisemitic attacks in Australia since start of war in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/antisemitic-attacks-australia-during-war-gaza-2025-01-29/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217162535/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/antisemitic-attacks-australia-during-war-gaza-2025-01-29/ |archive-date=17 December 2025 |access-date=14 December 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |url-status=live}}</ref> The shooting targeted an annual community Hanukkah celebration organised by [[Chabad house|Chabad]] named "Chanukah by the Sea".{{efn|name=spelling|There are multiple ways to transliterate the Hebrew name of the holiday; "Hanukkah" is currently the most common spelling by English-speakers, with "Chanukah" being a more traditional spelling. See {{section link |Hanukkah |Alternative spellings}} for more details.}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Duster |first=Chandelis |date=14 December 2025 |title=At least 12 dead, including 1 gunman, in mass shooting at Hanukkah event on Sydney's Bondi Beach |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/12/14/g-s1-102220/sydney-bondi-beach-hanukkah-shooting |access-date=14 December 2025 |work=[[NPR]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251214200951/https://www.npr.org/2025/12/14/g-s1-102220/sydney-bondi-beach-hanukkah-shooting |archive-date=14 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tercatin |first=Rossella |date=14 December 2025 |title=Targeted Hanukkah lighting underscores decades-old Chabad mission to illuminate the world |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/targeted-hanukkah-lighting-underscores-defiant-chabad-mission-to-set-globe-aglow/amp/ |access-date=14 December 2025 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217153946/https://www.timesofisrael.com/targeted-hanukkah-lighting-underscores-defiant-chabad-mission-to-set-globe-aglow/amp/ |archive-date=17 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> The event was held at [[Archer Park]] just east of the [[Bondi Pavilion]], with around 1,000 people in attendance.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hansen |first1=Alexandra |last2=Dunn |first2=Amanda |last3=Ireland |first3=Judith |last4=Garrow |first4=Matt |title='An act of evil antisemitism': at least 15 dead in terrorist attack on Bondi Beach |url=https://theconversation.com/an-act-of-evil-antisemitism-at-least-15-dead-in-terrorist-attack-on-bondi-beach-272031 |access-date=23 February 2026 |work=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |date=15 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="McGarvey-2025" >{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/ckgk391yzm7t |title=Twelve killed in shooting targeting Jewish community at Australia's Bondi Beach, police say |work=[[BBC News]] |last1=McGarvey |first1=Emily |last2=Moon |first2=Jenna |last3=Yeung |first3=Tinshui |date=14 December 2025 |access-date=14 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251214083541/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/ckgk391yzm7t |archive-date=14 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Antisemitism and [[Islamophobia in Australia]] both rose during the Gaza war.<ref>{{cite news | last1 = Barton | first1 = Greg | title = Australia is reeling from the worst terrorist attack on home soil. Could it have been prevented? | url = https://theconversation.com/australia-is-reeling-from-the-worst-terrorist-attack-on-home-soil-could-it-have-been-prevented-272048 | work = [[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] | date = 15 December 2025 | quote = There is no doubt the general atmosphere between pro-Palestinian and Jewish groups has become far more febrile in the wake of the Hamas attack and the Gaza war. There is a lot of anger and frustration as scenes of violence and suffering are broadcast daily, and we have seen a rise both in antisemitism and Islamophobia since the war began, simply because of the way it plays out in people's imaginations.}}</ref>
But the pattern preceded the war; extremist groups have risen in Australia over the past decade, including [[Neo-Nazism#Australia|neo-Nazi groups]] such as the [[National Socialist Network]].<ref name="Khalil 2025" />{{sfnq|Khalil|2025|q=Terrorism and violent extremism threats in Australia diversified and grew more complicated and diffuse over the past decade. There is a growing and more organised neo-Nazi movement galvanised by the National Socialist Network that has not only motivated lone actor violence and plots but is seeking to mainstream their hateful ideology through a new political party and exploiting grievances among young men.}} In January 2024, the federal government banned [[Nazi salute]]s and displaying Nazi symbols such as the [[swastika]]. In February 2025, the laws were changed to mandatory minimum jail sentences.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ewe |first1=Koh |title=Mandatory jail for Nazi salutes under new Australia laws |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn8x98z0kvlo |access-date=11 February 2026 |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=6 February 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chen |first1=Christine |title=Australia passes tough hate crime laws with mandatory jail time for Nazi salutes |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/australia-passes-tough-hate-crime-laws-with-mandatory-jail-time-nazi-salutes-2025-02-06/ |access-date=11 February 2026 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=6 February 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref name="c20gl66r0wno" />{{sfnq|Turnbull|Wong|2025|q=This includes setting up a federal police taskforce to investigate antisemitic incidents, and an amendment to hate crime laws. Hate symbols, including performing a Nazi salute, and terror offences are now punishable with mandatory jail terms. NSW set up its own state-level task force because many of the recent incidents were in Sydney.}} In November 2025, there was a neo-Nazi rally outside NSW parliament.<ref name="c20gl66r0wno" >{{cite news |last1=Turnbull |first1=Tiffanie |last2=Wong |first2=Tessa |title=Bondi shooting: Australian Jews react to attack with grief and anger {{!}} 'I've grown up in fear': Jewish Australians say rising antisemitism made attack predictable |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c20gl66r0wno |work=[[BBC News]] |date=15 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260123110418/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c20gl66r0wno |archive-date=23 January 2026 |location=Bondi Beach via United Kingdom |quote=There was also an anti-Jewish protest outside the New South Wales (NSW) parliament in November, organised by a neo-Nazi group.}}</ref>

=== Islamic State's strategy ===
{{distinguish|Islamic state|Islamic Republic}}
From [[Timeline of the Islamic State and Australasia|2012 until 2019]] over [[Terrorism in Australia#Australians joining external conflicts|200 Australians]] who supported the self-declared Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS){{efn|During this period, IS was most commonly [[Names of the Islamic State|known as]] ISIS}} migrated to [[Territory of the Islamic State|its territory]] and joined ISIS.<ref name="Roy 2025 Indian Express" /><ref name="Khalil 2025" /><ref name="Roy 200 v 100">{{harvnb|Roy|2025}}: "In 2015, during the heyday of the Islamic state, the then Australian Attorney General George Brandis met top officials in India including National Security Advisor Ajit Doval. The key worry for Brandis was the rise of the Islamic State and how Australians were being recruited into the terrorist group. As senior Cabinet Minister, Senator Brandis was the leader of the Australian government in the Senate and was responsible for national security and law enforcement. A senior Indian official, who attended those meetings in 2015, told The Indian Express: 'Brandis was keen to know how India, despite having a large Muslim population, did not have so many youth joining the ISIS — either by travelling to Syria or Iraq or were causing attacks at home in Australia'. The official Indian response, at the time, was that the Indian Muslims do not identify themselves with those in West Asia. Indians accounted for about 100 ISIS fighters, as compared to 200 Australians who joined ISIS."</ref> Many of them were killed, but dozens of survivors remain in camps guarded by Kurdish forces in [[Rojava-Syria relations|Rojava in Syria]].<ref name="Italian 16 Dec 2025">{{cite news |last1=Di Feo |first1=Gianluca |title=Dalle Filippine a Sydney, il filo rosso dell'Isis. |trans-title=From the Philippines to Sydney, the common thread of ISIS. |url=https://www.repubblica.it/esteri/2025/12/16/news/cosi_i_jihadisti_arruolano_grazie_all_intelligenza_artificiale-425042022/ |work=[[la Repubblica]] |date=16 December 2025 |language=it}}</ref>

After they lost control of the territory in Iraq and Syria, IS changed strategy, to focus on inciting "[[Lone wolf terrorism|lone wolf]]" attacks.{{sfnq|Roy|2025|q=In September 2014, the Islamic State released a directive to supporters around the world, sanctioning unilateral terrorist attacks against Australia and other western nations "wherever, whenever and however" they could, without instruction or permission from its leadership.}}
Since then there have been other Islamic State inspired lone wolf attacks, often on Jewish or Christian festivals.<ref name="Baker McGowan Bachelard 2025 SMH" /><ref name="ISD global 23 Dec 2025">{{cite news |title=Bondi Beach: The hallmarks of an Islamic State attack |url=https://www.isdglobal.org/digital_dispatches/bondi-beach-the-hallmarks-of-an-islamic-state-attack |work=Institute for Strategic Dialogue |date=23 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105015314/https://www.isdglobal.org/digital_dispatches/bondi-beach-the-hallmarks-of-an-islamic-state-attack/ |archive-date=5 January 2026 |location=[[Amman]] {{!}} Berlin {{!}} London {{!}} Paris {{!}} Toronto {{!}} Washington DC}}</ref><ref name="Pearlman 16 Dec 2025" />
However, Islamic State has not historically focused on the Palestine conflict with Israel.<ref name="Baker McGowan Bachelard 2025 SMH" />{{sfnq|Baker|McGowan|Bachelard|2025|q=Until recently, IS has been vague on the issue of Palestine. Historically, it has concentrated on Syria, Iraq and terror attacks on Westerners.}}

=== Violence and terrorism ===

[[Mass casualty incident|Mass casualty]] terrorism is rare in Australia.
The Bondi Beach shooting is the [[List of terrorist incidents in Australia|worst terrorist attack]] committed in Australia.<ref name="Pearlman 16 Dec 2025" >{{cite web |date=16 December 2025 |first=Jonathan |last=Pearlman |newspaper=[[The Straits Times]] |location=Singapore |title = Bondi shooting sparks 'lone wolf' fears, gun law review as Australia reels from worst terror attack |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/australianz/bondi-shooting-sparks-gun-law-review-as-australia-reels-from-deadly-attacks |archive-url= |archive-date= |quote=National security expert Greg Barton said the Bondi shooting was "the worst terrorist attack on Australian soil", while noting that more Australians died in the Bali bombing – an attack by Islamists in 2002 that killed 202 people, including 88 Australians. The worst attack by an Australian was a 2019 attack on two mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand, by a gunman who killed 51 people.}}</ref><ref name="Taylor 2025 ASPI" >{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Chris |title=Bondi terror: we'll need a wide-ranging royal commission |url=https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/bondi-terror-well-need-a-wide-ranging-royal-commission/ |publisher=[[Australian Strategic Policy Institute]] |work=www.aspistrategist.org.au The Strategist |location=Australia |language=en-AU |date=15 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251229163220/https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/bondi-terror-well-need-a-wide-ranging-royal-commission/ |archive-date=29 December 2025 |url-status=live |quote=Yet thanks to effective counter-terrorism investigation and policing (including proactive threat disruption), geography and relative unavailability of firearms and explosives, Australia had been spared the scale of atrocities committed ... elsewhere. Until yesterday evening.}}</ref>

In August 2024, the [[Australian Security Intelligence Organisation]] raised Australia's national terrorism threat level from "possible" to "probable", citing the risk of community tensions and political violence related to the [[Gaza war]] as one of the reasons for doing{{nbsp}}so.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/australianz/an-act-of-evil-at-least-12-dead-29-injured-in-terrorist-attack-at-australias-bondi-beach |title='An act of evil': At least 16 dead, 40 injured in terrorist attack at Australia's Bondi Beach |date=14 December 2025 |first=Jonathan |last=Pearlman |work=[[The Straits Times]] |access-date=15 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215145754/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/australianz/an-act-of-evil-at-least-12-dead-29-injured-in-terrorist-attack-at-australias-bondi-beach |archive-date=15 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Weapons restrictions ====

The terror attack in Bondi was also the most deadly [[Mass shootings in Australia|mass shooting in Australia]] since 1996.<ref name="Pantazi-2025" />
[[Gun laws of Australia|Australia's strict gun laws]] – including restrictions on automatic, semi-automatic and pump action rifles, as well as shotguns – were introduced after 35 people were killed in the 1996 [[Port Arthur massacre]].<ref name="Truu-2025" >{{cite news |last1=Truu |first1=Maani |last2=Armstrong |first2=Clare |date=15 December 2025 |title=National cabinet agrees unanimously to strengthen Australia's strict gun laws in wake of Bondi terror attack |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-15/albanese-proposes-tougher-gun-laws-after-bondi-attack/106143310 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215080053/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-15/albanese-proposes-tougher-gun-laws-after-bondi-attack/106143310 |archive-date=15 December 2025 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]}}</ref><ref name="BBC 19 Dec 2025 guns" >{{cite news |title=Australia was seen as a world leader in gun control - Bondi has exposed a more complicated reality |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cqxql12317qo |work=[[BBC News]] |date=19 December 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref name="AJ 15 December 2025" >{{cite news |first1=Umut |last1=Uras |first2=Federica |last2=Marsi |first3=Lyndal |last3=Rowlands |title=Explainer What gun control measures has Australia taken in the past? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/12/14/bondi-beach-shooting-live-two-in-custody-sydney-police-operation-ongoing?update=4174624 |date=15 December 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260209003546/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/12/14/bondi-beach-shooting-live-two-in-custody-sydney-police-operation-ongoing?update=4174624 |archive-date=9 February 2026}}</ref><ref>Opinion articles and subscription publications: {{bulleted list| {{cite news |title=Editorial / Opinion: The Guardian view on the Bondi terror shootings: do not let these antisemitic attacks drive division |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/dec/14/the-guardian-view-on-the-bondi-terror-shootings-do-not-let-these-antisemitic-attacks-drive-division |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=14 December 2025 |archive-url=|archive-date=}} | {{cite news |url-access=subscription |last1=Nierenberg |first1=Amelia |last2=Yu Young |first2=Jin |title=Mass Shootings Are Rare in Australia, Which Has Strict Gun Laws - The country's stringent rules are often lauded as a model policy by proponents of gun control in the United States |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/12/14/world/australia/australia-gun-laws-sydney-shooting.html |access-date=15 December 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=14 December 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251214175406/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/12/14/world/australia/australia-gun-laws-sydney-shooting.html |archive-date=14 December 2025 |quote=Mass shootings are rare in Australia, which overhauled its gun laws after a gunman massacred 35 people in 1996... For two decades after the 1996 attack, there were no mass shootings in Australia. In 2018, a man killed six members of his own family and then himself.}}}}</ref> Despite this, the number of firearms in Australia, and the number of people licensed to own them, has increased, and hit "a record high" before the shootings.<ref name=jt>{{cite news |title=Australian government says firearms hit a record high in 2025 |work=[[The Japan Times]] |date=18 January 2026 |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2026/01/18/asia-pacific/crime-legal/australian-firearms-hit-a-record-high/ |access-date=26 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="Reuters 2025-12-15" /> In [[New South Wales]], where the Bondi Beach shooting took place, there were 260,000 gun licences in 2025, up from 181,000 in 2001.<ref name="Reuters 2025-12-15" >{{cite news |last=Kaye |first=Byron |date=15 December 2025 |title=Beachside shooting throws Australia's gun control regime into question |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/beachside-shooting-throws-australias-three-decade-gun-control-regime-into-2025-12-15/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260110000855/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/beachside-shooting-throws-australias-three-decade-gun-control-regime-into-2025-12-15/ |archive-date=10 January 2026}}</ref>

Mass shootings are rare, however, there were two notable public stabbings in Sydney in April 2024. One was [[Bondi Junction stabbings|a mass stabbing incident]] at [[Bondi Junction]], which was not related to terrorism.<ref name="cn8eknv7zkyo" >{{cite news |date=22 December 2025 |first=Tiffanie |last=Turnbull |title=A memorial ends, but Bondi tragedy has left Australia reeling, again {{!}} 'I knew something was seriously wrong - again': Bondi area reels from two deadly attacks in two years |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn8eknv7zkyo |work=[[BBC News]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 December 2025 |title=Live Updates: At Least 10 Injured in Shooting at Bondi Beach in Sydney |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2025/12/14/world/sydney-bondi-beach-shooting |url-access=subscription |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-us |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> The other stabbing targeted an [[Assyrian Australian]] bishop, [[Mari Emmanuel]], [[2024 Wakeley church stabbing|during a sermon at his church]] in [[Wakeley, New South Wales|Wakeley]].<ref name="Rubinsztein-Dunlop 16 Dec 2025" >{{cite news |title=Everything we know about the Bondi shooters |url=https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/abc-news-daily/everything-we-know-about-the-bondi-shooters/106150766 |work=ABC listen: ABC News Daily |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |date=16 December 2025 |language=en-AU |quote=(Sean Rubinsztein-Dunlop, ABC investigative reporter) You might remember there was an attack last year in which a Sydney bishop was stabbed in Wakeley in a live streamed church service by a teenage boy.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 Apr 2024 |first=Afeeya |last=Akhand |title=Recent stabbings highlight danger of online misinformation |url=https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/recent-stabbings-highlight-danger-of-on-line-misinformation/ |work=ASPI Strategist |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

== Attack ==
{{external media
| float = right
| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch/_MvTeO96oIM Drone footage showing one gunman neutralised and the other continuing to fire his weapon]
| video2 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch/3QaOwUHy93M Beachgoers fleeing ''en masse'']
| video3 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gKTgxlSM0Ys Compilation by Euronews of the gunmen firing their weapons]
}}
{{OSM Location map |width=250 |height=180 |coord={{coord|-33.8902|151.278}} |zoom=16 |shape1=n-circle |auto-caption=8
|mark-title1=Footbridge |mark-coord1={{Coord|-33.88931|151.27826}}
|mark-title2=Archer Park |mark-coord2={{Coord|-33.8898|151.2785}}
|mark-title3=[[Bondi Pavilion]] |shape-color3=blue |mark-coord3={{Coord|-33.89020312625829|151.27709569326413}}
|mark-title4=[[Bondi Beach]] |shape-color4=blue |mark-coord4={{Coord|-33.891|151.2776}}
}}

=== Timeline ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Time
! Event
! {{Refh}}
|-
| 5:00{{nbsp}}p.m.
| "Chanukah by the Sea" event starts.
| <ref>{{Cite news |title=Police investigating Bondi gunmen's trip to Philippines month before shooting |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/ckgk391yzm7t?page=12 |access-date=6 January 2026 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104091350/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/ckgk391yzm7t?page=12 |archive-date=4 January 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 6:40{{nbsp}}p.m.
| The gunmen park their car (a silver 2001 [[Hyundai Elantra]]) on Campbell Parade near a footbridge. They are confronted by a couple, who are subsequently killed.
| <ref name="Guardian 17 Dec 2025">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4I54jkPvavw |title=Ten minutes of terror: how the Bondi mass shooting unfolded, in real time |date=17 December 2025 |last=[[Guardian Australia]] |access-date=2 January 2026 |via=YouTube |archive-date=1 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260101214400/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4I54jkPvavw&feature=youtu.be |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 6:42{{nbsp}}p.m.
| The gunmen begin firing into the crowd from the footbridge.
| <ref name="Peach-2025">{{Cite news |last1=Peach|first1=Joshua|last2=Reti|first2=Daniel|last3=Cook|first3=Bryan|last4=Davidson|first4=John|date=15 December 2025|title=We analysed the video footage of the shooting. Here's what we found|url=https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/bondi-shooting-nine-minutes-103-bullets-15-dead-20251215-p5nnvd|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251216043346/https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/bondi-shooting-nine-minutes-103-bullets-15-dead-20251215-p5nnvd|archive-date=16 December 2025|work=[[Australian Financial Review]]}}</ref>
|-
| c. 6:43 to 6:45{{nbsp}}p.m. 
| First emergency services calls received by police and ambulance.
| <ref name="Guardian 15 Dec 2025">{{Cite news |last1=Doherty |first1=Ben |last2=Evershed |first2=Nick |last3=Shimada |first3=Yuji |date=15 December 2025 |title=Visual explainer: how a night of terror unfolded in Bondi |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2025/dec/15/a-visual-guide-to-the-bondi-beach-terror-attack |access-date=2 January 2026 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref name="NSWFPrelease14Dec"/>
|-
| 6:47 to 6:49{{nbsp}}p.m.
| The older gunman walks off the footbridge towards the park. A bystander disarms him. The older gunman walks back to the footbridge and picks up another rifle.
| <ref name="Guardian 17 Dec 2025" /><ref name="Guardian 15 Dec 2025" /><ref name="Peach-2025" />
|-
| 6:49 to 6:51{{nbsp}}p.m.
| Police begin firing at the gunmen. Both gunmen are shot and fall to the ground.
| <ref name="Guardian 17 Dec 2025" /><ref name="Peach-2025" />
|-
| 6:57{{nbsp}}p.m.
| Police release a statement confirming that an incident is being responded to, and urge the public to avoid the area.
| <ref name="nswpolice-20252">{{Cite tweet |number=2000125520449867997 |user=nswpolice |title=Police are responding to a developing incident at Bondi Beach and are urging the public to avoid the area.}}</ref>
|-
| 7:08{{nbsp}}p.m.
| Ambulances arrive at the scene.
| <ref>{{Cite news |date= |title=Police investigating Bondi gunmen's trip to Philippines month before shooting |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/ckgk391yzm7t?page=8 |access-date=6 January 2026 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216221542/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/ckgk391yzm7t?page=8 |archive-date=16 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 7:14{{nbsp}}p.m.
| Police release a statement saying they are still responding and urging the public to take shelter.
| <ref>{{Cite news |first1=Billy |last1=Stockwell |first2=Lou |last2=Robinson |date=15 December 2025 |title=Visualizing how Sydney's deadly Bondi Beach shooting unfolded |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/12/15/australia/australia-bondi-beach-shooting-vis-intl |access-date=6 January 2026 |work=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107001056/https://www.cnn.com/2025/12/15/australia/australia-bondi-beach-shooting-vis-intl |archive-date=7 January 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 7:37{{nbsp}}p.m.
| Police announce that two people are in custody.
| <ref name="Guardian 15 Dec 2025" />
|-
| 8:00{{nbsp}}p.m.
| Police raid the home of the suspects.
| <ref name="Guardian 17 Dec 2025" />
|-
| 9:36{{nbsp}}p.m.
| The police commissioner declares a terrorist attack.
| <ref name="Guardian 15 Dec 2025" />
|-
| 10:13{{nbsp}}p.m.
| Police disarm bombs in the suspects' car.
| <ref name="Guardian 15 Dec 2025" />
|-
|}

=== Details ===
Police allege that Sajid and Naveed Akram, a father and son, threw three [[pipe bomb]]s and a tennis ball bomb into the crowd from a footbridge arching over the carpark to the north of the Bondi Pavilion, all of which failed to detonate. After throwing the bombs, they began shooting into the crowd.<ref name="McKinnell-2025" /> Videos of the attack showed two men dressed in black tops firing on the crowd from the footbridge,<ref name="Buckley-2025">{{Cite news |work=[[Guardian Australia|The Guardian]] |title=Bondi beach mass shooting: 12 people killed after gunshots fired at Sydney park hosting Jewish festival |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2025/dec/14/police-advise-people-to-take-shelter-following-reports-of-active-shooter-at-bondi-beach |date=14 December 2025 |access-date=14 December 2025 |first1=Penry |last1=Buckley |first2=Anne |last2=Davies |first3=Nick |last3=Visser |language=en-au |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vsa64AdrR9I |title=Live: Twelve killed in shooting targeting Jewish community at Australia's Bondi Beach |date=14 December 2025 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=14 December 2025 |via=YouTube |archive-date=14 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251214110214/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vsa64AdrR9I |url-status=live}}</ref> reportedly with a [[straight pull bolt action]] rifle and a shotgun.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cubby |first1=Ben |last2=Absalom-Wong |first2=Matthew |last3=McKendrick |first3=Tom |title=How the horrifying Bondi terror attack unfolded, moment by moment |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/how-the-horrifying-bondi-terror-attack-unfolded-moment-by-moment-20251215-p5nnqo.html |access-date=18 December 2025 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |publisher=[[Nine Entertainment]] |date=16 December 2025 |archive-date=18 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218123728/https://www.smh.com.au/national/how-the-horrifying-bondi-terror-attack-unfolded-moment-by-moment-20251215-p5nnqo.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Fell-2025">{{cite news |last1=Fell |first1=Julian |title=The Bondi shooter only had a basic gun licence. How could he buy multiple high-powered rifles? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-16/bondi-shooter-legally-had-many-guns-australian-laws-explained/106145624 |access-date=18 December 2025 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=16 December 2025}}</ref> A nearly continuous 11-minute video, recorded by a bystander and beginning shortly after the gunmen opened fire, filmed the attackers from the street side of the footbridge approximately {{convert|50|m|ft}} away. The video includes the final moments of the shooting including the first police officer stepping onto the footbridge to apprehend the gunmen, as well as treatment of the wounded.<ref name="McGarvey-2025" />

Prior to the start of the attack, Boris and Sofia Gurman, a [[Russian-Jewish]] Australian couple, noticed an [[Jihadist flag#Muqwaki seal variant|Islamic State flag]] displayed on a parked vehicle. One gunman was already firing his weapon on the footbridge, while another exited the vehicle, at which point the Gurmans struggled with him, seizing his gun. The second gunman then retrieved another rifle, and one or both of the attackers shot them dead.<ref name=SyncedVideos/><ref name="Bagshaw-2025">{{Cite news |last1=Bagshaw |first1=Eryk |last2=Barwell |first2=David |last3=Fagan |first3=Siena |last4=Groch |first4=Sherryn |date=16 December 2025 |title=Four heroes tried to stop the Bondi terrorists. Three paid with their lives |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/four-heroes-tried-to-stop-the-bondi-terrorists-three-paid-with-their-lives-20251216-p5no4d.html |access-date=16 December 2025 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217102210/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/four-heroes-tried-to-stop-the-bondi-terrorists-three-paid-with-their-lives-20251216-p5no4d.html |archive-date=17 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Lu |first1=Donna |last2=Kolovos |first2=Benita |last3=Cassidy |first3=Caitlin |date=16 December 2025 |title=Couple in dashcam footage who were killed trying to fight off Bondi shooter identified as Boris and Sofia Gurman |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2025/dec/16/boris-and-sofia-gurman-identified-as-couple-who-lost-lives-trying-to-stop-bondi-gunmen-as-attack-began-ntwnfb |access-date=16 December 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> The altercation was captured on dashcam footage at 18:42.<ref name=SyncedVideos/>

The gunmen fired repeatedly at Archer Park, shooting several attendees and trapping dozens of others within the fencing bordering the festival.<ref name=SyncedVideos/> The younger gunman paused and appeared to wave away bystanders approaching him from directions other than that of the Hanukkah celebration, before resuming fire at the Jewish gathering.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/alleged-bondi-gunman-tells-bystanders-to-move-away-while-shooting-at-hanukkah-crowd-20251215-p5nnqq.html |date=15 December 2025 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |title=Alleged Bondi gunman tells bystanders to move away as he shoots at Hanukkah crowd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219164543/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/alleged-bondi-gunman-tells-bystanders-to-move-away-while-shooting-at-hanukkah-crowd-20251215-p5nnqq.html |archive-date=19 December 2025 |access-date=17 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> During the attack, bystander footage filmed Reuven Morrison confronting one of the attackers, apparently to draw the gunfire away from others.<ref name=SyncedVideos/>

As one of the attackers left the footbridge and walked towards the festival,<ref name=SyncedVideos/> he was disarmed by Ahmed al-Ahmed, an unarmed 43-year-old [[Syrian Australian]] Muslim and father of two<ref name="CBC Jabakhanji" >{{cite news |last1=Jabakhanji |first1=Sara |title=What we know about Ahmed al-Ahmed, the Bondi Beach bystander who disarmed gunman |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/bondi-mass-shooting-hannukah-gunmen-hero-9.7015882 |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=[[CBC News]] |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=15 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217141449/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/bondi-mass-shooting-hannukah-gunmen-hero-9.7015882 |archive-date=17 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> born in [[Al-Nayrab]], near [[Idlib]], in Syria. Al-Ahmed approached him by crouching between two parked cars.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 December 2025 |title='He saw the victims and acted', father tells BBC of 'hero' son who tackled Bondi gunman |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce3wkey5p33o |access-date=16 December 2025 |work=[[BBC News]] |first1=Abdelrahman |last1=Abutaleb |first2=Emily |last2=Atkinson |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251214230705/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce3wkey5p33o |archive-date=14 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Chen-2025">{{Cite news |last=Chen |first=Christine |date=14 December 2025 |title=Bystander who tackled armed man at Bondi Beach shooting hailed as hero |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/bystander-who-tackled-armed-man-bondi-beach-shooting-hailed-hero-2025-12-14/ |access-date=14 December 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Cassidy |first=Caitlin |date=15 December 2025 |title='It was a matter of conscience': Ahmed al-Ahmed's family reveal why he risked his life to disarm alleged Bondi shooter |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2025/dec/15/man-who-tackled-alleged-bondi-gunman-couldnt-bear-to-see-people-dying-cousin-says-ntwnfb |access-date=15 December 2025 |work=[[Guardian Australia|The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> He then tackled the gunman from behind, seized the weapon, and turned it toward him before propping the weapon against a tree.<ref name="Chen-2025" /><ref>Sources: {{bulleted list | {{Cite news |last=Pawle |first=Freddy |date=14 December 2025 |title=Premier confirms 12 people killed in horrific mass shooting at Bondi Beach |url=https://7news.com.au/news/bondi-beach-shooting-gunmen-open-fire-at-australias-most-famous-beach-with-fears-of-multiple-dead-c-21000601 |access-date=14 December 2025 |work=[[7News]] |language=en |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20251214203020/https://7news.com.au/news/bondi-beach-shooting-gunmen-open-fire-at-australias-most-famous-beach-with-fears-of-multiple-dead-c-21000601 |archive-date=14 December 2025 |url-status=live}} | {{Cite news |date=17 December 2025 |title=Millions are pledged to a Syrian Australian man who stopped a gunman and became a national hero |url=https://apnews.com/article/al-ahmed-bondi-shooting-australia-fundraising-hero-c4680d7b8220c212af4fe6d1fac4f07f |work=[[Associated Press]] |last=Graham-McLay |first=Charlotte |access-date=17 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217000733/https://apnews.com/article/al-ahmed-bondi-shooting-australia-fundraising-hero-c4680d7b8220c212af4fe6d1fac4f07f |archive-date=17 December 2025 |url-status=live}} }}</ref><ref name="Shamim-2025">{{cite news |last=Shamim |first=Sarah |title=What we know about Ahmed al-Ahmed, 'hero' who disarmed Bondi attacker |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=16 December 2025 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/16/what-we-know-about-ahmed-al-ahmed-hero-who-disarmed-bondi-attacker |access-date=19 December 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> Al-Ahmed was accompanied by Gefen Bitton, an Israeli citizen living in Australia who ran back towards the gunfire after seeing al-Ahmed confronting the attacker.<ref name=SyncedVideos/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Humphreys |first=Joseph |date=20 December 2025 |title=Family of Bondi shooting hero tell how he was shot confronting gunman alongside Ahmed Al Ahmed |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/family-of-bondi-shooting-hero-tell-how-he-was-shot-confronting-gunman-alongside-ahmed-al-ahmed/news-story/ecee2ef8b6170aa866d357e6f48e2faa |work=[[The Australian]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

After the first gunman was disarmed, the second gunman reacted by briefly leaving the footbridge and firing three shots towards al-Ahmed and Bitton, injuring the latter.<ref name=SyncedVideos/> The disarmed gunman retreated to the footbridge; as he did, Morrison charged at him and threw a brick at him.<ref name=SyncedVideos/><ref name="Bagshaw-2025" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kolovos |first1=Benita |date=16 December 2025 |title='He went down fighting': Daughter of Bondi terror victim Reuven Morrison says her father threw bricks at the gunman |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2025/dec/16/he-went-down-fighting-daughter-of-bondi-terror-victim-reuven-morrison-says-her-father-threw-bricks-at-the-alleged-gunmen-ntwnfb |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> Upon returning to the bridge, the disarmed gunman retrieved another weapon. At that point, al-Ahmed was shot twice and wounded, and Morrison was killed.<ref name=SyncedVideos/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Olaya |first1=Kayla |last2=Rachwani |first2=Mostafa |last3=Kowal |first3=Emily |last4=Jaeger |first4=Carla |last5=Ganko |first5=Josefine |last6=Newling |first6=Nick |title=Hero who wrestled gun from terrorist says he'd do it again despite being 'riddled with bullets' |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/hero-bystander-tackles-gunman-in-incredible-footage-20251214-p5nnlb.html |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |publisher=[[Nine Entertainment]] |date=15 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222201240/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/hero-bystander-tackles-gunman-in-incredible-footage-20251214-p5nnlb.html |archive-date=22 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Several police officers responded to the scene and used their pistols to shoot at the gunmen from both sides of the footbridge.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Joint Counter Terrorism Team to investigate public place shooting – Bondi Beach |url=https://www.police.nsw.gov.au/news/news?sq_content_src=%2BdXJsPWh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGZWJpenByZC5wb2xpY2UubnN3Lmdvdi5hdSUyRm1lZGlhJTJGMTIyNDc3Lmh0bWwmYWxsPTE%3D |website=[[New South Wales Police Force]] |access-date=18 December 2025 |date=15 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217175935/https://www.police.nsw.gov.au/news/news?sq_content_src=%2BdXJsPWh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGZWJpenByZC5wb2xpY2UubnN3Lmdvdi5hdSUyRm1lZGlhJTJGMTIyNDc3Lmh0bWwmYWxsPTE%3D |archive-date=17 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Jordan |title=Police were young and outgunned: Where was the back-up at Bondi? |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/police-were-young-and-outgunned-where-was-the-back-up-at-bondi-20251216-p5no5i.html |access-date=18 December 2025 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |publisher=[[Nine Entertainment]] |date=17 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218113401/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/police-were-young-and-outgunned-where-was-the-back-up-at-bondi-20251216-p5no5i.html |archive-date=18 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> A detective, using a tree as cover approximately {{convert|40|m|ft}} away, fired on the gunmen from behind, killing one of them with a fatal shot to the head.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walter |first1=Riley |title=Hero cop who shot Bondi terrorist identified |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/hero-cop-who-shot-bondi-terrorist-identified-20251217-p5nofm.html |access-date=18 December 2025 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |publisher=[[Nine Entertainment]] |date=17 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218044936/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/hero-cop-who-shot-bondi-terrorist-identified-20251217-p5nofm.html |archive-date=18 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=McArthur |first=Tom |date=14 December 2025 |title=What we know so far about Bondi Beach Hanukkah shooting |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cqjg22rey0lo |access-date=14 December 2025 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218201538/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cqjg22rey0lo |archive-date=18 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> The second gunman was shot twice in the stomach and wounded, apparently by the detective and a female officer.<ref name=SyncedVideos/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Barr |first1=Eliza |title=They'd Planned Attack for Months |url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/truecrimeaustralia/police-courts-nsw/bondi-beach-terror-attack-police-facts-tendered-in-court-case-shed-new-light-on-alleged-gunmen/news-story/b26bb107278c52936db55528ab819697 |access-date=29 December 2025 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Daily Telegraph]] |publisher=[[News Corp Australia]] |date=23 December 2025 |pages=6–7 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=December 2025}} A bystander went onto the bridge and kicked away a weapon from one of the gunmen; continued fire forced him to duck, and the bystander was briefly mistaken for an attacker by other bystanders.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shanagher |first=Lily |date=15 December 2025 |title=Watch: Second Bondi hero helps disarm gunmen, only for police to shoot at him |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/12/15/watch-second-bondi-hero-helps-disarm-gunmen-only-for-police/ |access-date=15 December 2025 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251215202303/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/12/15/watch-second-bondi-hero-helps-disarm-gunmen-only-for-police |archive-date=15 December 2025}}</ref> The attack had lasted for six minutes from 18:42 to 18:48.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buffini |first1=Fiona |last2=Burke |first2=Andrew |last3=Peach |first3=Joshua |last4=King |first4=Lucy |last5=Tadros |first5=Edmund |last6=Karp |first6=Paul |last7=Bearup |first7=Greg |last8=Drummond |first8=Matthew |title=6 minutes and 11 seconds: Anatomy of Australia's deadliest terror attack |url=https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/anatomy-of-bondi-shooting-australia-s-deadliest-terror-attack-20251219-p5np3y |access-date=8 January 2026 |work=[[Australian Financial Review]] |publisher=[[Nine Entertainment]] |date=20 December 2025 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=11 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260111175351/https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/anatomy-of-bondi-shooting-australia-s-deadliest-terror-attack-20251219-p5np3y |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to ''[[The Guardian]]'', the first thing police did when they reached the footbridge was give [[CPR]] to Naveed.<ref name="The Guardian-2025">{{Cite web |date=17 December 2025 |title=Ten minutes of terror: how the Bondi mass shooting unfolded in real time – video |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/video/2025/dec/17/ten-minutes-of-terror-how-the-bondi-mass-shooting-unfolded-in-real-time-video |access-date=11 January 2026 |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> The wounded Naveed was apprehended by police and rushed to hospital in critical condition.<ref name="Buckley-2025" /><ref name="Dervisevic-2025">{{Cite news |last=Dervisevic |first=Hanan |date=14 December 2025 |title=What we know so far about the Bondi Beach shooting |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-14/what-we-know-bondi-beach-shooting/106141672 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Rubinsztein-Dunlop |first1=Sean |last2=Rose |first2=Anton |last3=Robertson |first3=Josh |last4=Baker |first4=Emily |date=14 December 2025 |title=Police had 'little knowledge' of Bondi father and son gunmen |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-15/bondi-beach-attack-gunmen-father-and-son/106142630 |access-date=14 December 2025 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |language=en-AU |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> According to the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]], the gunmen fired a total of 82 rounds (61 from Naveed and 21 from Sajid) during the attack, with police firing an additional 26 rounds.<ref name=SyncedVideos>{{Cite news |last1=Ting |first1=Inga |last2=Palmer |first2=Alex |last3=Brettell |first3=Thomas |last4=Welch |first4=Dylan |last5=Sonnenschein |first5=Lara |last6=Shatoba |first6=Katia |date=28 February 2026 |title=Dozens of synced videos capture humanity amid horror of Bondi attack |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-02-28/synchronised-video-timeline-bondi-terror-attack/106282432 |access-date=2 March 2026 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref>

Emergency services were first called to the scene at about 18:45{{nbsp}}([[AEDT]], [[UTC+11]]).<ref name="NSWFPrelease14Dec">{{Cite press release |title=Police operation continues at Bondi Beach |date=14 December 2025 |publisher=[[New South Wales Police Force]] |url=https://www.police.nsw.gov.au/news/news_article?sq_content_src=%2BdXJsPWh0dHBzOi8vZWJpenByZC5wb2xpY2UubnN3Lmdvdi5hdS9tZWRpYS8xMjI0NjcuaHRtbCZhbGw9MQ== |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222114858/https://www.police.nsw.gov.au/news/news_article?sq_content_src=%2BdXJsPWh0dHBzOi8vZWJpenByZC5wb2xpY2UubnN3Lmdvdi5hdS9tZWRpYS8xMjI0NjcuaHRtbCZhbGw9MQ== |archive-date=22 December 2025|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="McGarvey-2025" /> [[New South Wales Police]] released a statement at 18:57 confirming their response to an ongoing incident.<ref name="nswpolice-20252" /> More than 123 [[New South Wales Ambulance|ambulance]] personnel attended the scene.<ref name="Albanese-2025a">{{cite web |last1=Albanese |first1=Anthony |author1-link=Anthony Albanese |last2=Minns |first2=Cris |author2-link=Chris Minns |last3=Lanyon |first3=Mal |author3-link=Mal Lanyon |last4=Morgan |first4=Dominic |date=15 December 2025 |title=Press conference - Sydney - Transcript |url=https://www.pm.gov.au/media/press-conference-sydney-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219231421/https://www.pm.gov.au/media/press-conference-sydney-26 |archive-date=19 December 2025 |access-date=20 December 2025 |website=[[Prime Minister of Australia]] |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{gallery|mode=packed
| File:Bondi from above (cropped).jpg | A 2018 aerial view of Bondi Beach proper; [[Archer Park]] is in the centre, with the footbridge over the car park to its north. The curving road is Campbell Parade.
| File:Pedestrian bridge across carpark, Bondi (47931944248) (cropped).jpg | The gunmen mostly fired from this footbridge (2019 photo). The view is from the northwest; Archer Park is in the background.
}}

=== First aid ===
In addition to those who directly confronted the gunmen, off-duty volunteer lifesavers from [[Bondi Surf Bathers' Life Saving Club|Bondi Surf Lifesaving Club]] and North Bondi Surf Lifesaving Club, adjacent to [[Archer Park]], rushed to the aid of victims under fire at the risk to their own lives. They were on the unsecured scene before police and ambulance crews arrived. They used surfboards as stretchers and depleted the club's stock of bandages, as well as giving approximately 250 people shelter inside the club, including a heavily pregnant woman who went into labour during the attack.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cassidy |first=Caitlin |date=16 December 2025 |title='Pandemonium', a woman in labour and every bandage in the clubhouse: how lifesavers became first responders in the Bondi shooting |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2025/dec/16/the-lifeguards-who-became-first-responders-during-the-bondi-terror-attack-ntwnfb |access-date=19 December 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> There was also one water rescue.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 December 2025 |title="Ran Under Fire": Witnesses Recall Lifeguards' Bravery During Sydney Shooting |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/ran-under-fire-witnesses-recall-lifeguards-bravery-during-sydneys-bondi-beach-shooting-9810568 |access-date=16 December 2025 |work=[[NDTV]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219093436/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/ran-under-fire-witnesses-recall-lifeguards-bravery-during-sydneys-bondi-beach-shooting-9810568 |archive-date=19 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Cave |first=Damien |date=15 December 2025 |title='There's Still Hope': How the Bondi Community Rushed to Help |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/12/15/world/asia/bondi-community-hanukkah-attack.html |access-date=16 December 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

New South Wales Opposition Leader [[Kellie Sloane]] was among those present who helped surf lifesavers giving first aid to victims.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.9news.com.au/national/bondi-beach-shooting-kellie-sloane-nsw-opposition-leader-speech-at-vigil/2d0eef36-f33c-412d-8b48-2f9d9614a879 |title=NSW Opposition Leader arrived at Bondi as attack unfolded, parked under the bridge with shooters above her |first=Kieran |last=Campbell |work=[[Nine News]] |date=22 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222030007/https://www.9news.com.au/national/bondi-beach-shooting-kellie-sloane-nsw-opposition-leader-speech-at-vigil/2d0eef36-f33c-412d-8b48-2f9d9614a879 |archive-date=22 December 2025 |access-date=23 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Support for Ahmed al-Ahmed and other bystanders ===
{{external media
| float = right
| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/WELBZxEuLi8 Dashcam captures Boris and Sofia Gurman struggle with one of the gunmen]
| video2 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch/IBhJBlvzvrc Ahmed al-Ahmed tackles one of the gunmen]
}}
[[File:Archer Park, 2025-12-18 (1).jpg|thumb|The spot where Ahmed al-Ahmed disarmed Sajid]]

Many of the responses included praise for Ahmed al-Ahmed, one of the bystanders who intervened to disarm one of the attackers, praising his bravery.<ref>{{cite news |author=TOI staff |date=15 December 2025 |title='A genuine hero': Unarmed Muslim bystander filmed disarming Sydney terrorist |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/a-genuine-hero-unarmed-muslim-bystander-filmed-disarming-sydney-terrorist/ |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215220649/https://www.timesofisrael.com/a-genuine-hero-unarmed-muslim-bystander-filmed-disarming-sydney-terrorist/ |archive-date=15 December 2025 |access-date=15 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> United States president Donald Trump praised a man who intervened, saying "it's been a very, very brave person who went and attacked frontally one of the shooters and saved a lot of lives."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Doran |first1=Matthew |title=Benjamin Netanyahu lashes out at Anthony Albanese over Bondi Beach shooting |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-15/israels-pm-benjamin-netanyahu-lashes-out-over-bondi-shooting/106142722 |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |date=15 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217135352/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-15/israels-pm-benjamin-netanyahu-lashes-out-over-bondi-shooting/106142722 |archive-date=17 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> King Charles' 2025 [[Christmas message]] paid tribute to "the ways in which individuals and communities display spontaneous bravery, instinctively placing themselves in harm's way to defend others", such as those at Bondi.<ref>{{cite news |title=King Charles pays homage to acts of 'spontaneous bravery' in Christmas Day message |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-26/king-charles-pays-homage-to-bondi-bravery-in-christmas-message/106176872 |access-date=28 December 2025 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |date=26 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251226050854/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-26/king-charles-pays-homage-to-bondi-bravery-in-christmas-message/106176872 |archive-date=26 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Eva Corlett, ''[[The Guardian]]''{{'}}s correspondent from Wellington New Zealand, wrote that many global headlines covering the shooting centred on the intervention from bystander al-Ahmed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Corlett |first=Eva |date=15 December 2025 |title='Horror and heroism at Bondi': what the papers say about the Sydney terrorist attack |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2025/dec/15/bondi-terror-attack-shooting-coverage-papers |access-date=20 December 2025 |work=[[Guardian Australia|The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>
[[Jonathan Sacerdoti]] wrote in ''[[The Jewish Chronicle]]'' that British news media emphasised the heroism of al-Ahmed while editorially sidelining the fact that Jews were killed in an act of antisemitic terror.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sacerdoti |first=Jonathan |date=15 December 2025 |title=Why did Bondi hero overshadow mass murder of Jews in the headlines? |url=https://www.thejc.com/opinion/why-did-bondi-hero-overshadow-mass-murder-of-jews-in-the-headlines-gepm5vlv |access-date=20 December 2025 |work=[[The Jewish Chronicle]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223004300/https://www.thejc.com/opinion/why-did-bondi-hero-overshadow-mass-murder-of-jews-in-the-headlines-gepm5vlv |archive-date=23 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Israeli prime minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] praised al-Ahmed without naming him: "We saw an action of a brave man – turns out a Muslim brave man, and I salute him – that stopped one of these terrorists from killing innocent Jews".<ref>Full speech: {{Bulleted list| Video: {{Cite AV media |time=1:25 |last1=Netanyahu |first1=Benjamin |author1-link=Benjamin Netanyahu |trans-title=Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu at the government meeting in Dimona |script-title=he: ראש הממשלה בנימין נתניהו בישיבת הממשלה בדימונה |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DouCy0BWc6U |work=@IsraeliPM |date=14 December 2025 |language=English}} | Transcript: {{cite news |last1=Netanyahu |first1=Benjamin |author1-link=Benjamin Netanyahu |title=PM Netanyahu at the Government meeting in Dimona: Antisemitism is a cancer. It spreads when leaders stay silent; it retreats when leaders act. |url=https://www.gov.il/en/pages/pm-netanyahu-at-the-government-meeting-in-dimona-14-dec-2025 |publisher=[[Government of Israel]] |work=Type: Press Releases Topic: Foreign Policy Terrorism {{!}} Secondary topic: Antisemitism Today |date=14 December 2025}} }}</ref> In earlier remarks, Netanyahu praised an unnamed Jew, describing a video he saw.<ref>Newspapers and news sites: {{Bulleted list| {{cite news |trans-title=Netanyahu attacks Australian PM: "Anti-Semitism - a cancer that spreads when leaders are silent" |script-title=he: נתניהו תוקף את ר"מ אוסטרליה: "אנטישמיות - סרטן שמתפשט כשמנהיגים שותקים" |title= |url=https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/geopolitics/article/19457184 |work=[[Israel Hayom]] |date=14 December 2025 |language=he |script-quote=he:באוסטרליה היום קרה משהו נורא - רצח בדם קר. מספר הנרצחים, לצערי, עולה מרגע לרגע. ראינו את הרוע וראינו גם גבורה יהודית בשיאה. ראיתי בדרך הנה סרטון של יהודי שמתנפל על אחד המרצחים. שומט ממנו את הנשק ומציל מי יודע כמה נפשות. |trans-quote=Something terrible happened in Australia today - a cold-blooded murder. The number of those murdered, unfortunately, is rising by the minute. We have seen evil and we have also seen Jewish heroism at its peak. On the way, I saw a video of a Jew pouncing on one of the murderers. Knocking the weapon off him and saving who knows how many lives.}} | {{cite news |last1=Barsky |first1=Anna |trans-title=The attack in Australia angered Netanyahu: "We must fight - there is no other way" |title= |script-title=he: הפיגוע באוסטרליה עורר את זעמו של נתניהו: "חייבים להילחם - אין דרך אחרת" |url=https://www.maariv.co.il/news/politics/article-1262215 |newspaper=[[Maariv (newspaper)|Maariv]] |date=14 December 2025 |location=Israel |language=he |script-quote=he: עוד אמר נתניהו: "ראינו את הרוע וראינו גבורה יהודית בשיאה, ראיתי סרטון בדרך של יהודי שמתנפל על אחד המרצחים, שומט ממנו את הנשק ומציל מי יודע כמה נפשות". |trans-quote=Netanyahu also said: "We saw evil and we saw Jewish heroism at its peak. I saw a video of a Jew attacking one of the murderers, knocking the weapon off him and saving who knows how many lives".}}}}</ref> The ''Times of Israel'' placed a translated quote in a [[liveblog]] update about al-Ahmed.<ref name="Swan 2025" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Hero who disarmed Sydney Hanukkah event terrorist named as passerby Ahmed al Ahmed |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hero-who-disarmed-sydney-hanukkah-event-terrorist-named-as-passerby-ahmed-al-ahmed |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=14 December 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251214160323/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hero-who-disarmed-sydney-hanukkah-event-terrorist-named-as-passerby-ahmed-al-ahmed/ |archive-date=14 December 2025 |quote=Earlier, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu referred to the act of bravery as 'the pinnacle of Jewish heroism'.}}</ref> ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' reported that Netanyahu "initially got it wrong" by telling journalists that it was a Jewish bystander who wrestled the gun away.<ref name="Swan 2025" >{{cite news |last1=Swan |first1=David |title=Fake hero, wrong suspect: Misinformation floods social media after Bondi shooting |url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/fake-hero-wrong-suspect-misinformation-floods-social-media-after-bondi-shooting-20251216-p5nnyx.html |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=16 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216010548/https://www.smh.com.au/technology/fake-hero-wrong-suspect-misinformation-floods-social-media-after-bondi-shooting-20251216-p5nnyx.html |archive-date=16 December 2025 |language=en |quote=Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu also initially got it wrong, telling journalists it was a Jewish bystander who wrestled the gun away, The Times of Israel reported.}}</ref><ref>Videos: {{Bulleted list| {{cite news |title=Who stopped the Bondi attack? We compare and contrast Netanyahu calling the Bondi shooter's disarmer Jewish vs. his cousin saying he's Syrian Muslim |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/video/compare-contrast/2025/12/15/who-stopped-the-bondi-attack#flips-6386511160112:0 |work=Compare & Contrast |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]] |date = 15 Dec 2025 |quote=(title card) 'However, the cousin of Ahmed al-Ahmed the man who disarmed the Bondi Beach shooter has publicly corrected Netanyahu's claim'. (subtitles) 'Ahmed al-Ahmed holds Australian citizenship and is of Syrian origin, from the city of Idlib'.}} | {{cite news |title=Netanyahu calls Bondi rescuer symbol of Jewish heroism, rescuer later identified as Syrian Muslim |url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/xyb1I0m5P8Q |language=Hebrew}}}}</ref> Boris Gurman, a Jewish man, was videoed tackling and temporarily disarming Sajid during the beginning of the attack, before al-Ahmed was videoed tackling and temporarily disarming Sajid.<ref name="Aubusson Segaert-2025" />

==== Iranian refugee on the bridge ====
A Muslim Iranian immigrant also rushed to help, but has remained anonymous in the media; [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|the ABC]] referred to him as "AB".<ref name="RN 20 Mar 2026" >{{cite news | last1 = Connaughton | first1 = Maddison | title = 02 The Road to Bondi | series = A Test of Character | url = https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/backgroundbriefing/02-the-road-to-bondi-a-test-of-character/106474234 | website = ABC listen | date = 20 March 2026 |language=en-AU}}</ref> AB was at Bondi on the day of the attack, he approached the bridge to disarm Naveed, unaware of the second gunman, and kicked away Naveed's gun.<ref name="RN 20 Mar 2026" /><ref name="Robertson 13 March 2026">{{cite news | last1 = Robertson | first1 = Josh | title = He risked his life at Bondi. But this Iranian refugee failed our character test | url = https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-03-14/iranian-refugee-faces-deportation-despite-bondi-bravery/106450922 | work = ABC News | date = 13 March 2026 |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | last = Shanagher | first = Lily | date = 15 December 2025 | title = Watch: Second Bondi hero helps disarm gunmen, only for police to shoot at him | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/12/15/watch-second-bondi-hero-helps-disarm-gunmen-only-for-police/ | access-date = 15 December 2025 | newspaper = [[The Daily Telegraph]] | url-access = limited }}</ref> In March 2026 the ABC reported that the Australian Government was trying to [[Nauru Regional Processing Centre|deport]] AB to Nauru, due to his drug and assault convictions.<ref name="RN 20 Mar 2026" /><ref name="Robertson 13 March 2026" />

== Casualties ==
Sixteen people were killed in the attack (including gunman Sajid Akram, who was killed at the scene by police), with fourteen having died at the scene and two in a hospital.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kim |first1=Victoria |last2=Albeck-Ripka |first2=Livia |date=15 December 2025 |title=The Panicked Moments When a Beach Celebration Became a 'War Zone' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/12/15/world/australia/bondi-beach-shooting-sydney-australia.html |access-date=15 December 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref name="NSW Police-2025">{{cite press release |title=16 dead, 40 injured following public place shooting – Bondi |url=https://www.police.nsw.gov.au/news/news_article?sq_content_src=%2BdXJsPWh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGZWJpenByZC5wb2xpY2UubnN3Lmdvdi5hdSUyRm1lZGlhJTJGMTIyNDczLmh0bWwmYWxsPTE%3D |website=[[New South Wales Police Force]] |access-date=16 December 2025 |date=15 December 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref name="Roy 2025 Indian Express" >{{cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Shubhajit |date=17 December 2025 |title=Before Bondi beach attack, what has been the Islamic State's footprint in Australia? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/before-bondi-beach-attack-what-has-been-the-islamic-states-footprint-in-australia-10424947/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |location=New Delhi, India |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260112071907/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-global/before-bondi-beach-attack-what-has-been-the-islamic-states-footprint-in-australia-10424947/ |archive-date=12 January 2026}}</ref> Forty people were injured and taken to a hospital, including the other alleged gunman, Naveed Akram, with five people in critical condition.<ref name="NSW Police-2025" /><ref name="Albanese-2025a" /> {{As of|2026|1|9}}, five people remained in hospital in Sydney.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pollock |first=Aidan Elwig |date=9 January 2026 |title=Bondi hero bound for treatment in Israel after bungle, while Ahmed honoured in US |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/nsw/bondi-hero-bound-for-treatment-in-israel-after-bungle-while-ahmed-honoured-in-us-20260109-p5nstl.html |access-date=29 January 2026 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

[[Liverpool Hospital]] changed the name of wounded victim Rosalia Shikhverg to "Karen Jones" in their records while she was a patient there. The reason given was to protect Shikhverg's privacy, however, Shikhverg believed it was to deceive hospital staff treating her.<ref>{{Cite news |date= |title='Can't trust their own staff': Hospital gave Bondi victim fake Anglo name |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_WRE170_a&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnation%2Fjewish-victim-of-bondi-attack-allegedly-given-anglo-pseudonym-at-western-sydney-hospital%2Fnews-story%2F403ab603808916fa9517933c9afb5e53&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&v21=HIGH-Segment-1-SCORE&V21spcbehaviour=append |work=[[The Australian]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Ripped of my identity': Bondi terror victim says name was changed in hospital |url=https://www.9news.com.au/national/bondi-victim-has-named-changed-while-in-hospital/3cfa267d-8d4e-4829-b4af-2971e3af5eb1 |work=[[Nine News]] |date=8 January 2026 |access-date=2 February 2026 |language= |first=Joseph |last=Sahyoun |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

=== List of victims killed ===
The fifteen victims killed in the shooting were:<ref name="Aubusson Segaert-2025" >{{Cite news |last1=Aubusson |first1=Kate |last2=Segaert |first2=Anthony |last3=Power |first3=Julie |last4=Barwell |first4=David |last5=Busby |first5=Ellie |last6=Walter |first6=Riley |last7=Fagan |first7=Siena |last8=Yin |first8=Cindy |last9=Bagshaw |first9=Erik |last10=McSweeney |first10=Jessica |date=20 December 2025 |title='I was holding her': Shattered father reveals Matilda's final moments as more families share tributes |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/what-we-know-about-the-victims-of-bondi-terror-attack-so-far-20251215-p5nnnp.html |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116122703/https://www.smh.com.au/national/what-we-know-about-the-victims-of-bondi-terror-attack-so-far-20251215-p5nnnp.html |archive-date=16 January 2026 |access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Alsharif |first1=Mirna |last2=Reilly |first2=Kate |last3=Talmazan |first3=Yuliya |date=17 December 2025 |title=What we know about the victims of the Bondi Beach shooting in Australia |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/world/australia/bondi-beach-shooting-victims-australia-hanukkah-attack-rcna249203 |access-date=18 December 2025 |work=[[NBC News]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216094153/https://www.nbcnews.com/world/australia/bondi-beach-shooting-victims-australia-hanukkah-attack-rcna249203 |archive-date=16 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Reuters-2025" >{{Cite news |ref=Reuters (December 2025) |date=18 December 2025 |title=What we know about the shooting victims at Sydney's Bondi Beach Jewish event |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/what-we-know-about-shooting-victims-at-sydneys-bondi-beach-jewish-event-2025-12-15/ |access-date=18 December 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251224191758/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/what-we-know-about-shooting-victims-at-sydneys-bondi-beach-jewish-event-2025-12-15/ |archive-date=24 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="bhol">{{cite news |script-title=he: זוהו עוד שני הרוגים בפיגוע בסידני: דן אלקיים ואלכס קלייטמן הי״ד - בחדרי חרדים |title= |trans-title= |url=https://www.bhol.co.il/news/1713203 |work=www.bhol.co.il |date=14 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260211045457/https://www.bhol.co.il/news/1713203 |archive-date=11 February 2026 |language=he |script-quote=he: הנרצח הראשון שזוהה בפיגוע הוא שליח חב"ד בסידני אלי שלנגר הי"ד, אזרח ישראלי-אוסטרלי. |trans-quote=The first person killed in the attack was identified as the Chabad emissary in Sydney, Eli Schlenger, an Israeli-Australian citizen.}}</ref><ref name="Aubusson Bagshaw Gorrey 13 Feb 2026">{{cite news |last1=Aubusson |first1=Kate |last2=Bagshaw |first2=Eryk |last3=Gorrey |first3=Megan |last4=Power |first4=Julie |last5=Schultz |first5=Amber |last6=Thomson |first6=Angus |first13= |title=The world knows how they died. Their families share how they lived |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/the-world-knows-how-they-died-their-families-share-how-they-lived-20260115-p5nued.html |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=13 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260213185133/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/the-world-knows-how-they-died-their-families-share-how-they-lived-20260115-p5nued.html |archive-date=2026-02-13 |location=Australia |language=en-AU}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=24em}}
* Edith Brutman, 68, vice president of [[B'nai B'rith]] NSW anti-prejudice and anti-discrimination committee
* Dan Elkayam, 27, a French national who played for [[Rockdale Ilinden FC]] and worked as an IT analyst for [[NBCUniversal]]
* Boris, 69, and Sofia Gurman, 61, who disarmed the older gunman on his arrival but were killed with another rifle
* Alex Kleytman, 87, a [[Holocaust survivor]] who immigrated to Australia from Ukraine and worked as a [[civil engineer]]
* Yaakov Levitan, 39, a [[South African Australians|South African]]–born rabbi who was secretary of [[Sydney Beth Din]]
* Peter Meagher, 61, retired police detective and [[Randwick DRUFC]] manager who was hired as a freelance photographer at Chanukah by the Sea
* Reuven Morrison, 62, a [[Post Soviet states|Soviet]]–born businessman who threw an object at the older gunman before being killed
* Marika Pogany, 82, a Czechoslovak–born Australian who delivered meals and services to Jewish seniors
*  Matilda,{{efn|Matilda's family have requested that her last name not be published.<ref name="Aubusson Segaert-2025"/>}} 10, the youngest fatality; a student at [[La Perouse, New South Wales|La Perouse]] Public School, born to [[Ukrainian Australians|Ukrainian immigrants]]
* Eli Schlanger, 41, Israeli-Australian dual citizen, assistant rabbi of [[Chabad]] and [[chaplain]] for [[Corrective Services NSW]]
* Adam Smyth, 50, a Bondi local taking a walk with his wife
* Boris Tetleroyd, 68, a Soviet–born singer who was attending the event with his son, who was injured
* Tania Tretiak, 68, a Soviet–born [[Randwick]] resident who attended the event with her Jewish husband and granddaughter
* Tibor Weitzen, 78, a Soviet–born automotive engineer who died shielding his wife and Edith Brutman
{{end div col}}

== Investigations ==
=== Initial investigation ===
On the night of the attack, the New South Wales police commissioner, [[Mal Lanyon]], declared the attack a terrorist incident,<ref name="Dervisevic-2025" /><ref name="Visser-2025">{{Cite news |last1=Visser |first1=Nick |last2=Readfearn |first2=Graham |last3=Visser |first3=Nick |last4=Readfearn |first4=Graham |date=14 December 2025 |title=Bondi beach shooting live updates: attack at Jewish festival declared terror incident as death toll rises to 12 including one shooter; police investigate possibility of third gunman |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/live/2025/dec/14/nsw-police-responding-to-reports-of-shooting-at-sydneys-bondi-beach-follow-latest |access-date=14 December 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> Australian intelligence officials said one of the offenders was known to them.<ref name="Visser-2025" /> After the shooting, police located a large, box-like [[homemade bomb]] in the boot of the suspects' vehicle.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Costin |first1=Luke |title=Failed pipe bombs among new Bondi massacre allegations |work=[[The Canberra Times]] |publisher=[[Australian Community Media]] |date=23 December 2025 |page=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rabe |first1=Tom |title=Tactical training, surveillance, home-made bomb: The build-up to Bondi |url=https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/tactical-training-surveillance-home-made-bomb-the-build-up-to-bondi-20251222-p5npju |url-access=subscription |access-date=29 December 2025 |work=[[Australian Financial Review]] |publisher=[[Nine Entertainment]] |date=22 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251229204320/https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/tactical-training-surveillance-home-made-bomb-the-build-up-to-bondi-20251222-p5npju |archive-date=29 December 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hewson |first1=Georgie |title=Explosive devices found in a car nearby |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-14/bondi-beach-shooting-terrorist-attack-12-dead/106141580 |access-date=29 December 2025 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=14 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215140746/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-14/bondi-beach-shooting-terrorist-attack-12-dead/106141580 |archive-date=15 December 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> The investigation was named Operation Arques.<ref name="Graham-McLay-2025">{{Cite news |last1=Graham-McLay |first1=Charlotte |last2=Gelineau |first2=Kristen |last3=McGuirk |first3=Rod |date=17 December 2025 |title=Accused gunman in Bondi Beach shooting charged with 15 counts of murder |url=https://abc7.com/post/accused-gunman-bondi-beach-shooting-charged-15-counts-murder/18294729/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217123902/https://abc7.com/post/accused-gunman-bondi-beach-shooting-charged-15-counts-murder/18294729/ |archive-date=17 December 2025 |access-date=17 December 2025 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |language=en-US |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NSW Police-2025b">{{cite press release |title=Bondi gunman formally charged by NSW Joint Counter Terrorism Team |date=17 December 2025 |url=https://www.police.nsw.gov.au/news/news_article?sq_content_src=%2BdXJsPWh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGZWJpenByZC5wb2xpY2UubnN3Lmdvdi5hdSUyRm1lZGlhJTJGMTIyNTA0Lmh0bWwmYWxsPTE%3D |access-date=18 December 2025 |website=[[New South Wales Police Force]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20251217074019/https://www.police.nsw.gov.au/news/news_article?sq_content_src=%252BdXJsPWh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGZWJpenByZC5wb2xpY2UubnN3Lmdvdi5hdSUyRm1lZGlhJTJGMTIyNTA0Lmh0bWwmYWxsPTE%253D |archive-date=17 December 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the incident, [[Operation Shelter]], a NSW Police operation aimed at preventing antisemitic and other hate-related attacks, was expanded with additional personnel, resources and operational support deployed to boost surveillance and increase police presence across Sydney.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sydneytimes.net.au/news-headlines-breaking-news/news/nsw-police-deploy-operation-shelter-in-response-to-bondi-terror-attack-vow-to-protect-jewish-community/? |title=NSW Police deploy Operation Shelter in response to Bondi terror attack, vow to protect Jewish community |work=[[The Sydney Times]] |date=16 December 2025 |access-date=20 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251226030002/https://www.sydneytimes.net.au/news-headlines-breaking-news/news/nsw-police-deploy-operation-shelter-in-response-to-bondi-terror-attack-vow-to-protect-jewish-community/ |archive-date=26 December 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cde644367j0o |title=Police 'shot in the front': NSW premier rejects criticism of Bondi response |first=Helen |last=Livingstone |work=[[BBC News]] |date=16 December 2025 |access-date=20 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217232718/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cde644367j0o |archive-date=17 December 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On the night of the attack, police raided a property in [[Bonnyrigg, New South Wales|Bonnyrigg]] where the suspects had lived. Three people were taken into custody but released without charge shortly after.<ref name="Jackson-2025" >{{cite news |last=Jackson |first=Patrick |date=15 December 2025 |title=Bondi Beach Hanukkah shooting: What we know about the suspects |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cpvd8z7k8kwo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217014018/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cpvd8z7k8kwo |archive-date=17 December 2025 |access-date=19 December 2025 |work=[[BBC News]] |url-status=live}}</ref>

Police also raided an [[Airbnb]] house in [[Campsie, New South Wales|Campsie]] where the suspects were believed to have been staying prior to the attack. ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'' reported that the pair had told family members they were going on a fishing trip to [[Jervis Bay]].<ref name="Thomson-2025" />

On 16 December, the [[Australian Federal Police]] commissioner, [[Krissy Barrett]], said, "Early indications point to a terrorist attack inspired by Islamic State."<ref>{{cite web |first1=Anthony |last1=Albanese |author1-link=Anthony Albanese |first2=Cris |last2=Minns |author2-link=Chris Minns |last3=Barrett |first3=Krissy |author3-link=Krissy Barrett |first4=Mal |last4=Lanyon |author4-link=Mal Lanyon |title=Press conference - Sydney - Transcript |url=https://www.pm.gov.au/media/press-conference-sydney-16-dec-2025 |website=[[Prime Minister of Australia]] |access-date=24 December 2025 |date=16 December 2025 }}[[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50x50px]] This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence]].</ref>

The motivations were described by Albanese and NSW Police as encompassing and being rooted in [[antisemitism]] and the [[ideology of the Islamic State]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Press conference |publisher=Parliament House, Canberra |date=23 December 2025 |url=https://www.pm.gov.au/media/press-conference-parliament-house-canberra-23-dec-2025 |website=[[Prime Minister of Australia]] |access-date=25 December 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref name="SBS News-2025">{{cite news |title='Act of evil antisemitism': Terrorist incident declared after 12 killed in Bondi Beach shooting – as it happened |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/live-blog/bondi-beach-shooting/4v2jthaao |work=[[SBS News]] |date=14 December 2025 |access-date=14 December 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref name="Chung-2025" >{{cite news |last=Chung |first=Laura |date=22 December 2025 |title=Alleged Bondi Shooters Conducted 'Tactical' Training In Countryside, Police Say |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/alleged-bondi-shooters-conducted-tactical-training-in-countryside-police-say-82e10d60 |work=[[Barron's]] |agency=[[Agence France Presse]] |access-date=22 December 2025 |quote=The pair also recorded a video in October railing against "Zionists" while sitting in front of a flag of the Islamic State Group and detailing their motivations for the attack, police said. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260109210814/https://www.barrons.com/news/alleged-bondi-shooters-conducted-tactical-training-in-countryside-police-say-82e10d60 |archive-date=9 January 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date=15 December 2025 |title=Sydney Hanukkah massacre appears motivated by 'Islamic State ideology' – Australian PM |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/sydney-hanukkah-massacre-appears-motivated-by-islamic-state-ideology-australian-pm/ |access-date=16 December 2025 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |issn=0040-7909 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

On 22 December, further details of the attack were released following the lifting of a court [[suppression order]]. It was revealed that four homemade bombs had been thrown into the crowd but had failed to detonate.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Jordan |last2=Duffin |first2=Perry |last3=Sibthorpe |first3=Clare |title=Alleged terrorists pictured planning Bondi attack as new evidence emerges |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/alleged-terrorists-pictured-planning-bondi-attack-as-new-evidence-emerges-20251222-p5npfl.html |access-date=22 December 2025 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |publisher=[[Nine Entertainment]] |date=22 December 2025 |archive-date=22 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222042043/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/alleged-terrorists-pictured-planning-bondi-attack-as-new-evidence-emerges-20251222-p5npfl.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="McKinnell-2025">{{cite news |last1=McKinnell |first1=Jamie |last2=Soliman-Marron |first2=Rhiannon |title=Bondi gunmen filmed 'firearms training' and threw explosives into crowd, court told |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-22/nsw-sydney-bondi-terror-attack-naveed-akram-court-police-facts/106170286 |access-date=22 December 2025 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=22 December 2025 |archive-date=30 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230183132/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-22/nsw-sydney-bondi-terror-attack-naveed-akram-court-police-facts/106170286 |url-status=live}}</ref> Screenshots from a video located on Naveed's phone were also released, showing him and Sajid allegedly conducting firearms training in October 2025 in a rural location. Another video, also located on Naveed's phone filmed in October, allegedly showed him and Sajid sitting in front of an image of an IS flag in which the two made statements "condemning the acts of 'Zionists{{'"}}.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bogle |first1=Ariel |title=Police allege Bondi shooters had 'tennis ball bomb' and made IS-inspired video manifesto, court documents reveal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2025/dec/22/police-alleged-bondi-shooters-had-tennis-ball-bomb-and-video-manifesto-linked-to-is-court-documents-reveal-ntwnfb |access-date=1 February 2026 |work=[[Guardian Australia|The Guardian]] |date=22 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Livingstone |first1=Helen |last2=Watson |first2=Katy |last3=Atkinson |first3=Emily |title=Bondi gunmen 'meticulously' planned attack for months, police allege |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce86l95gx5po |access-date=1 February 2026 |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=22 December 2025}}</ref>

On 30 December, Barrett said, "There is no evidence to suggest these alleged offenders were part of a broader terrorist cell or were directed by others to carry out an attack".<ref>{{cite web |first1=Anthony |last1=Albanese |author1-link=Anthony Albanese |first2=Tony |last2=Burke |author2-link=Tony Burke |last3=Barrett |first3=Krissy |author3-link=Krissy Barrett |date=30 December 2025 |title=Press conference - Canberra |url=https://www.pm.gov.au/media/press-conference-canberra-30-dec-2025 |website=[[Prime Minister of Australia]] |access-date=2 January 2026 |archive-date=30 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230235957/https://www.pm.gov.au/media/press-conference-canberra-30-dec-2025 |url-status=live }}[[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50x50px]] This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence]].</ref>

Sajid's family in [[Hyderabad]] were questioned by Indian authorities.<ref name="TNM 16 Dec 2025">{{cite news |date=16 December 2025 |author1=Jahnavi |editor-last=Attar |editor-first=Samrah |title=Bondi Beach shooter's family in Hyderabad say they are shocked, cut ties years ago |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/bondi-beach-shooters-family-in-hyderabad-say-they-are-shocked-cut-ties-years-ago |location=Southern India |work=[[The News Minute]] |agency=AAP (image credit) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260204073056/https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/bondi-beach-shooters-family-in-hyderabad-say-they-are-shocked-cut-ties-years-ago |archive-date=4 February 2026 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Accused ==
{{see also|Islamic State terrorism and Australia}}
[[File:Naveed and Sajid Akram walking outside their Campsie home with guns.jpg|thumb|Naveed and Sajid Akram outside their Campsie rental house at about 2 a.m. on 14 December]]
The alleged shooters were a father and son duo: 50-year-old Sajid<ref>{{cite web |last1=Maiden |first1=Samantha |title=Police statement of facts against 24-year-old alleged Bondi gunman Naveed Akram revealed in court |url=https://www.news.com.au/national/nsw-act/courts-law/police-statement-of-facts-against-24yearold-alleged-bondi-gunman-naveed-akram-revealed-in-court/news-story/07379339ad22b64d9f427ad78b83b42f |website=news.com.au |access-date=19 February 2026 |language=en-AU}}</ref> and 24-year-old Naveed Akram (born 12 August 2001).<ref name="Thomson-2025">{{Cite news |last=Thomson |first=Angus |date=14 December 2025 |title=16 dead, including child: health minister |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/bondi-beach-shooting-live-updates-sydney-on-high-alert-for-further-terrorist-acts-as-multiple-people-killed-injured-in-antisemitic-attack-on-chanukah-by-the-sea-celebration-20251214-p5nnm6.html?post=p59nio#p59nio |access-date=14 December 2025 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref name="Atkinson-2025a">{{Cite news |first1=Emily |last1=Atkinson |first2=Helen |last2=Sullivan |first3=Katy |last3=Watson |first4=Simon |last4=Atkinson |date=15 December 2025 |title=Bondi Beach: Father and son who killed 15 people, as PM pushes for tougher gun laws |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/ckgk391yzm7t |access-date=15 December 2025 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215155608/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/ckgk391yzm7t |archive-date=15 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sajid was a fruit shop owner and Naveed an unemployed bricklayer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shorten |first=Kristin |date=15 December 2025 |title=Every detail you need to know about the Bondi gunmen |url=https://thenightly.com.au/australia/who-were-the-bondi-gunmen-backgrounds-of-sajid-and-naveed-akram-firearms-access-and-asio-attention-c-21007553 |access-date=7 February 2026 |website=The Nightly |language= |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>
[[Australian National University]] (ANU) radicalisation expert Clarke Jones said that it is unusual for a father and son to attack together. However, Levi West, an ANU expert in countering violent extremism, said "If the two are on board, they are driving each other."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bachelard |first=Michael |last2=Baker |first2=Jordan |last3=McGowan |first3=Michael |date=19 December 2025 |title=A father, a son and the radical world of terror |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/a-father-a-son-and-the-radical-world-of-terror-20251218-p5nomv.html |access-date=8 February 2026 | newspaper = [[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |language= |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> Associates and experts who spoke to the [[ABC (Australia)|ABC]]'s ''[[Background Briefing (Australian radio program)|Background Briefing]]'' said that Sajid might have radicalised his son.<ref name="RN 13 Mar 2026" /><ref name=robertson>{{cite web | last=Robertson | first=Josh | title=Secrecy, 'manipulation' and a long interest in guns: Sajid Akram's road to Bondi | website=ABC News | date=1 May 2026 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-05-02/secrecy-guns-manipulation-sajid-akram-road-to-bondi/106621098 | access-date=2 May 2026}}</ref>

=== Sajid Akram ===
Sajid was shot and killed by police at the scene of the attack.<ref name="The Nightly-2025" />

[[Telangana Police]] reported that Sajid was an Indian national born into a [[Muslim]]<ref name='SajidABCNewsAustralia'>{{cite news |last1=Rubinsztein-Dunlop |first1=Sean |last2=Taylor |first2=Kyle |date=9 February 2026 |url-status=live |access-date=3 March 2026 |archive-date=9 February 2026 |title=Bondi Beach terrorist Sajid Akram voiced support for Islamic State in 2019, former ASIO agent says |newspaper=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News Australia]] |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-02-10/sajid-akram-voiced-support-for-islamic-state-in-2019-ex-spy-says/106321482 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260209233717/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-02-10/sajid-akram-voiced-support-for-islamic-state-in-2019-ex-spy-says/106321482 |language=en-AU }}</ref> family in [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]]. He had migrated to Australia in 1998 on a [[International students in Australia|student visa]] after completing a business degree in Hyderabad.<ref name="Singh-2025">{{Cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Vijaita |last2=Haidar |first2=Suhasini |date=16 December 2025 |title=One of two Bondi Beach attackers is Indian, last visited Hyderabad in 2022: Indian officials |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bondi-beach-attack-gunmen-indian-visited-hyderabad-dec-16-2025/article70402458.ece |access-date=16 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217110400/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bondi-beach-attack-gunmen-indian-visited-hyderabad-dec-16-2025/article70402458.ece |archive-date=17 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Henry |first1=Nikhila |last2=Manral |first2=Mahender Singh |date=16 December 2025 |title=Bondi beach shooters had links to Hyderabad: What we know about them so far |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bondi-beach-shooters-had-links-to-hyderabad-police-confirm-10423359/ |access-date=16 December 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en-IN |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>{{sfnq|Baker|McGowan|Bachelard|2025|n=Baker McGowan Bachelard 19 Dec 2025|q=Sydney Morning Herald: "Akram was born in India, studied commerce at university there, and moved to Australia in 1998 on a student visa. Indian news outlets have quoted Akram's brother saying his family cut ties with him after he married Venera Grosso, a woman of Italian descent living in Australia, and that he'd repeatedly tried, and failed, to get Australian citizenship.}} Sajid had no "adverse record" prior to his emigration, and his family in India appeared to be unaware of his "radical mindset or activities".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2025/dec/17/bondi-beach-terror-attack-indian-family-of-sajid-akram-ntwnfb |title=Bondi beach terror attack: Sajid Akram's family in India unaware of alleged 'radical mindset', local officials say |date=16 December 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] }}</ref> According to the [[Department of Home Affairs (Australia)|Australian home affairs minister]], [[Tony Burke]], he transferred to a [[Family visa|partner visa]] in 2001 and later obtained a resident return visa because he was an [[Australian permanent resident]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 December 2025 |title=Australia Bondi Beach shooting |url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/bondi-beach-gunshots-reported-12-14-25 |access-date=15 December 2025 |work=[[CNN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218043541/https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/bondi-beach-gunshots-reported-12-14-25 |archive-date=18 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Sajid was from an affluent, moderate, Muslim family in [[Hyderabad]], India.<ref name="RN 13 Mar 2026" /><ref name=robertson/> His brother, who lives in Hyderabad, said that his family in India cut ties with him after he married a [[Christian]] [[Italian Australians|Italian-Australian]] woman, Naveed's mother, in 2001.<ref name="TNM 16 Dec 2025" /><ref name="The Nightly-2025">{{Cite web |date=22 December 2025 |title=Dead Bondi terrorist's body bombshell after wife's move |url=https://thenightly.com.au/australia/bondi-beach-terrorist-sajid-akrams-body-handed-to-government-as-estranged-wife-refuses-possession-c-21082275 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223102810/https://thenightly.com.au/australia/bondi-beach-terrorist-sajid-akrams-body-handed-to-government-as-estranged-wife-refuses-possession-c-21082275 |archive-date=23 December 2025 |access-date=23 December 2025 |website=The Nightly |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref name="Singh-2025" /><ref name="Baker McGowan Bachelard 2025 SMH">{{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Jordan |last2=McGowan |first2=Michael |last3=Bachelard |first3=Michael |title=A father, a son and the radical world of terror |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/a-father-a-son-and-the-radical-world-of-terror-20251218-p5nomv.html |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=19 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219185448/https://www.smh.com.au/national/a-father-a-son-and-the-radical-world-of-terror-20251218-p5nomv.html |archive-date=19 December 2025 |language=en-AU}}</ref> Naveed's mother's family were devoutly religious Catholics who had migrated to Australia from Italy.<ref name="RN 13 Mar 2026" >{{cite news | last1 = Connaughton | first1 = Maddison | title = 01 The Road to Bondi | series = Father and Son | url = https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/backgroundbriefing/01-the-road-to-bondi-father-and-son/106452024 | work = ABC listen | publisher = [[Radio National]], [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] | date = 13 March 2026 |language=en-AU}}</ref> Sajid was [[Family estrangement|estranged]] from Naveed's mother at the time of the attack. She has owned the family home in [[Bonnyrigg, New South Wales|Bonnyrigg]] since Sajid assigned his share to her in 2024.<ref name="The Nightly-2025" /><ref name=robertson/> Associates of Sajid described him as a controlling father and husband, and very secretive.<ref name="RN 13 Mar 2026" /><ref name=robertson/>

=== Naveed Akram ===
In 2001, Sajid's son Naveed was born in Australia,<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 December 2025 |title=16 killed in terrorist attack during Jewish event at Bondi Beach in Sydney, one shooter identified |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world/australia-mass-shooting-sydney-bondi-beach-several-killed-injured-gunmen-open-fire-police-arrest-probe-latest-updates-2025-12-14-1021687 |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=IndiaNewsTV |archive-date=22 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222081709/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world/australia-mass-shooting-sydney-bondi-beach-several-killed-injured-gunmen-open-fire-police-arrest-probe-latest-updates-2025-12-14-1021687 |url-status=live}}</ref> and is a citizen due to his mother's citizenship and his father's permanent residence.<ref name="Atkinson-2025a" />

The [[Australian Security Intelligence Organisation]] (ASIO) director-general, [[Mike Burgess (intelligence chief)|Mike Burgess]] stated that Naveed was known to ASIO in 2019.<ref name="Barton 15 Dec 2015 diplomat" /> This was most likely in association with a July 2019 investigation into Islamic State's Sydney cell leader, [[Isaac El Matari]].<ref name="Barton 15 Dec 2015 diplomat" >{{cite web |ref={{sfnref|Barton (''The Diplomat'')|2025}} |date=15 December 2025 |first1=Greg |last1=Barton |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)]] |title=Bondi Shooting: Could Australia's Worst Terrorist Attack on Home Soil Have Been Prevented? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/12/bondi-shooting-could-australias-worst-terrorist-attack-on-home-soil-have-been-prevented/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104160950/https://thediplomat.com/2025/12/bondi-shooting-could-australias-worst-terrorist-attack-on-home-soil-have-been-prevented/ |archive-date=4 January 2026 |quote=The Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) Director-General Mike Burgess has said one of the alleged gunmen was "known" to ASIO, though he did not specify which one. Being "known" to authorities can simply mean someone has been associated with networks and communications that have caused concern to authorities. The ABC has reported that Naveed Akram came to the attention of authorities after the arrest of Islamic State Sydney cell leader [[Isaac El Matari]] in July 2019.}}</ref> Naveed followed radical Islamic preacher William Haddad (known as "Wissam Haddad" and "Abu Ousayd"),<ref name="RNZ-2025">{{cite news |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/581978/bondi-beach-shooting-gunman-naveed-akram-was-follower-of-pro-islamic-state-preacher-wisam-haddad |title=Bondi Beach shooting gunman Naveed Akram was follower of pro-Islamic State preacher Wisam Haddad |work=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=16 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251229190621/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/581978/bondi-beach-shooting-gunman-naveed-akram-was-follower-of-pro-islamic-state-preacher-wisam-haddad |archive-date=29 December 2025 |language=en-nz |quote=(ASIO were) concerned about Naveed Akram's association with an IS youth recruiter... [who was] later jailed for nearly four years for encouraging Australian minors to launch attacks while acting as a youth leader at Mr Haddad's prayer centre...}}</ref> who was found to have violated Australia's racial hatred laws in July 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dellerba |first=Isabelle |date=16 December 2025 |title=Police suspect Sydney gunmen were 'inspired by Islamic State' |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/12/16/police-suspect-sydney-killing-was-inspired-by-islamic-state_6748544_4.html |work=[[Le Monde]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216142459/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/12/16/police-suspect-sydney-killing-was-inspired-by-islamic-state_6748544_4.html |archive-date=16 December 2025 |access-date=17 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=McKinnell |first=Jamie |date=1 July 2025 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-07-01/federal-court-sydney-wissam-haddad-lectures-social-media/105480506 |title=Federal Court orders series of Islamic preacher Wissam Haddad's lectures be removed from social media |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |access-date=16 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215232410/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-07-01/federal-court-sydney-wissam-haddad-lectures-social-media/105480506 |archive-date=15 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Doherty |first=Ben |date=1 July 2025 |title=Federal court orders Sydney Muslim cleric to remove 'racist and antisemitic' lectures from social media |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2025/jul/01/wissam-haddad-sydney-muslim-cleric-racist-anti-semitic-online-lectures-federal-court-ntwnfb |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> Several men linked to Haddad have been convicted of terrorism-related offences, but none had carried out attacks.<ref name="SMH 16 Dec 2025"/> Naveed was investigated in relation to these connections and authorities concluded he was not a high-risk member of the network.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Rice |last2=Mendes |first1=Stephen |first2=Liam |date=16 December 2025 |title=Bondi terror suspect linked to Islamic State through jihadi preacher network |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/bondi-terror-suspect-linked-to-islamic-state-through-jihadi-preacher-network/news-story/759f0ce56fe6fc870a13bd404e9c0398 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251216011130/https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/bondi-terror-suspect-linked-to-islamic-state-through-jihadi-preacher-network/news-story/759f0ce56fe6fc870a13bd404e9c0398?amp |archive-date=16 December 2025 |access-date=16 December 2025 |work=[[The Australian]]}}</ref><ref name="El Matari 2019" >{{cite web |last1=Barton |first1=Greg |title=Australia is reeling from the worst terrorist attack on home soil. Could it have been prevented? |url=https://theconversation.com/australia-is-reeling-from-the-worst-terrorist-attack-on-home-soil-could-it-have-been-prevented-272048 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |date=15 December 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date= |quote=The ABC has reported that Naveed Akram came to the attention of authorities after the arrest of Islamic State Sydney cell leader Isaac El Matari in July 2019.}}</ref> In response to a ''[[Four Corners (Australian TV program)|Four Corners]]'' investigation in 2026, ASIO defended their 2019 investigation and criticised a former undercover agent the ABC used as a source.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/asio-v-abc-broadcaster-stands-by-bondi-investigation-after-spy-agency-rebuke-20260209-p5o0mb.html |title=ASIO v ABC: Broadcaster stands by Bondi investigation after spy agency rebuke |first1=Calum |last1=Jaspan |first2=Ben |last2=Cubby |date=9 February 2026 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

After being shot at the scene, Naveed was hospitalised in critical condition and woke from a [[coma]] two days later on 17 December.<ref name="SMH 16 Dec 2025">{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/bondi-gunman-linked-to-is-radical-sydney-islamic-centre-20251216-p5no2o.html |title=Bondi shooter's terror links revealed as police investigate manifesto |date=16 December 2025 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |first1=Perry |last1=Duffin |first2=Sally |last2=Rawsthorne |first3=Mostafa |last3=Rachwani |first4=Michael |last4=McGowan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217041909/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/bondi-gunman-linked-to-is-radical-sydney-islamic-centre-20251216-p5no2o.html |archive-date=17 December 2025 |access-date=16 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> He is being held on remand in [[Goulburn Supermax prison|Goulburn Supermax]], having been charged with 59 offences, including 15 murders.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Braddish |first=Kimberley |date=5 January 2026 |title=Alleged Bondi shooter moved to Supermax prison |url=https://thenightly.com.au/australia/alleged-bondi-shooter-naveed-akram-moved-from-sydney-prison-hospital-to-goulburn-supermax-c-21213165 |access-date=7 February 2026 |website=The Nightly |language=}}</ref>

== Weapons ==
Sajid had a [[Gun laws of Australia|firearms licence]], was the registered owner of six guns, and was a member of a shooting club, Zastava Hunting Association.<ref name="Fell-2025" /><ref name="Bucci-2025">{{cite news |last1=Bucci |first1=Nino |last2=Beazley |first2=Jordyn |title=Bondi beach terror attack: father and son duo allegedly used licensed firearms in shooting |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2025/dec/15/bondi-beach-terror-attack-father-son-duo-alleged-behind-shooting-licensed-firearms-ntwnfb |access-date=18 December 2025 |work=[[Guardian Australia|The Guardian]] |date=16 December 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref name="Taylor-2025">{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Hayley |title=Bondi Beach terrorist Sajid Akram had firearm licence and gun club membership |url=https://7news.com.au/news/bondi-beach-terrorist-sajid-akram-had-firearm-licence-and-gun-club-membership-c-21008111 |access-date=18 December 2025 |work=[[7News]] |publisher=[[Seven Network]] |date=15 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218104014/https://7news.com.au/news/bondi-beach-terrorist-sajid-akram-had-firearm-licence-and-gun-club-membership-c-21008111 |archive-date=18 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Naveed had trained at the same shooting club.<ref>{{cite news |last=Callinan |first=Rory |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-18/bondi-naveed-akram-firearm-hunting-training/106159540 |title=Bondi gunman Naveed Akram trained in firearm safety and hunting, Sydney shooting club president reveals |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=18 December 2025 |access-date=18 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107071404/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-18/bondi-naveed-akram-firearm-hunting-training/106159540 |archive-date=7 January 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Taylor-2025" />
''The Serbian Times'' said the Naveed had a membership card, but quoted the Zastava club president as saying "we haven't seen him for five years".<ref name="ZHA ST">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-12-15 |title="WE HAVEN'T SEEN HIM FOR FIVE YEARS": A Serbian hunting club membership card was found on the Sydney terrorist! {{!}} Serbiantimes.info EN |url=https://serbiantimes.info/en/we-havent-seen-him-for-five-years-a-serbian-hunting-club-membership-card-was-found-on-the-sydney-terrorist/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130103432/https://serbiantimes.info/en/we-havent-seen-him-for-five-years-a-serbian-hunting-club-membership-card-was-found-on-the-sydney-terrorist/ |archive-date=2026-01-30 |access-date=2026-02-05 |work=Serbian Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

Three firearms were used during the attack, and a fourth was located at the scene.<ref name="Bucci-2025" /><ref name="Gilbody-Dickerson-2025" /> The firearms used during the attack are believed to be a [[Beretta]] BRX1 [[.308]] [[straight-pull rifle]] and two [[Stoeger]] M3000 M3K [[12-gauge]] straight-pull shotguns.<ref name="Gilbody-Dickerson-2025">{{cite news |last1=Gilbody-Dickerson |first1=Claire |last2=Parker |first2=Adam |url=https://news.sky.com/story/timeline-of-bondi-beach-shooting-videos-show-how-terror-attack-unfolded-13483667 |title=Timeline of Bondi Beach shooting: Videos show how terror attack unfolded |work=[[Sky News]] |date=15 December 2025 |access-date=15 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Spencer |first1=Thomas |title=What type of weapons did the Bondi Beach attackers use? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/cq5qqq6gv6yt?post=asset%3A0155ee15-a357-43df-a934-4cd698ee9b82#post |access-date=16 December 2025 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=15 December 2025 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20251223004144/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/cq5qqq6gv6yt?post=asset:0155ee15-a357-43df-a934-4cd698ee9b82#post |archive-date=23 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> These weapons were imported to Australia to bypass restrictions on [[pump action]]s, as they are capable of a rate of fire which is not greatly inferior to the banned weapons.<ref>{{cite AV media |last=Bevan |first=Matt |url=https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/if-youre-listening |title=If You're Listening: Guns in Australia |work=[[Radio National|ABC Radio National]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |type=Radio broadcast |date=18 December 2025 |access-date=16 January 2026 |archive-date=25 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825002754/https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/if-youre-listening |url-status=live}}</ref>

During 2025, the pair had travelled to a rural property west of Sydney owned by a Greek army veteran, ostensibly to shoot foxes that were attacking baby goats and sheep. However, they spent their time shooting at cardboard targets.<ref name =robertson/>

== Islamic State influence ==
Naveed had been known to intelligence officials since 2019 but was deemed "not an immediate threat".<ref name="Atkinson-2025a" /> The Akrams were inspired by Islamic State ideology, and appear to fit the profile of "[[Lone wolf terrorism|lone wolf]]" attackers.<ref name="The Conversation">{{cite news |last=Barton |first=Greg |date=15 December 2025 |title=Australia is reeling from the worst terrorist attack on home soil. Could it have been prevented? |url=https://theconversation.com/australia-is-reeling-from-the-worst-terrorist-attack-on-home-soil-could-it-have-been-prevented-272048 |work=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228065928/https://theconversation.com/australia-is-reeling-from-the-worst-terrorist-attack-on-home-soil-could-it-have-been-prevented-272048 |archive-date=28 December 2025 |access-date=26 December 2025 |quote= Given the alleged gunmen were father and son, this technically fits the profile of a "lone actor" attack... |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Pearlman 16 Dec 2025" /> Such lone wolf attacks increased after Islamic State lost territory in Iraq and Syria in 2019,<ref name="AIIA LW">[https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/lone-wolf-violence-why-isis-haunts-australian-streets/] [[Australian Institute of International Affairs]]</ref> and had been sanctioned by them since 2014.{{sfnq|Roy|2025|q=In September 2014, the Islamic State released a directive to supporters around the world, sanctioning unilateral terrorist attacks against Australia and other western nations "wherever, whenever and however" they could, without instruction or permission from its leadership.}} Police said both gunmen had pledged allegiance to IS,<ref name="Atkinson-2025a" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 December 2025 |title=24-Year-Old Sydney Shooter Was Probed For ISIS Links In 2019: Report |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/sydneys-bondi-beach-shooter-naveed-akram-was-probed-for-isis-links-6-years-ago-report-9810316?utm_ |work=[[NDTV]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=Stefan |last=Grobe |date=15 December 2025 |title=Bondi Beach gunmen had pledged allegiance to Islamic State group |url=https://www.euronews.com/2025/12/15/bondi-beach-gunmen-had-pledged-allegiance-to-islamic-state |access-date=15 December 2025 |work=[[Euronews]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215184438/https://www.euronews.com/2025/12/15/bondi-beach-gunmen-had-pledged-allegiance-to-islamic-state |archive-date=15 December 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> and two [[Flag of ISIS|IS flags]] were found in their car.<ref name="Khalil 2025">{{cite magazine |last1=Khalil |first1=Lydia |date=24 December 2025 |title=Bondi Beach and the Shadow of the Islamic State |url=https://time.com/7342421/bondi-beach-australia-terrorism-islamic-state/ |access-date=15 January 2026 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-date = 24 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251224165237/https://time.com/7342421/bondi-beach-australia-terrorism-islamic-state/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 December 2025 |title=Law enforcement source identifies Bondi gunman as Sydney man Naveed Akram |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-14/law-enforcement-source-identifies-bondi-gunman-as-naveed-akram/106141750 |access-date=16 December 2025 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |first1=Sean |last1=Rubinsztein-Dunlop |first2=Josh |last2=Robertson |language=en-AU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251214214834/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-14/law-enforcement-source-identifies-bondi-gunman-as-naveed-akram/106141750 |archive-date=14 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=14 December 2025 |title=Bondi Beach terror attack shooters were father and son |url=https://newsroom.co.nz/2025/12/15/ten-dead-in-bondi-beach-shooting/ |access-date=15 December 2025 |work=Newsroom |language=en-NZ |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> According to police reports, documents prove the gunmen planned the attack months{{spaces}}ahead.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 December 2025 |title=Bondi gunmen 'meticulously' planned attack for months, police allege |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce86l95gx5po |access-date=22 December 2025 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103082036/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce86l95gx5po |archive-date=3 January 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Travel to the Philippines {{anchor|Philippines response|Philippines}} ==
Australian counterterrorism officials investigated a trip the two suspects made to the Philippines a month before the attack, to see whether they received military training there.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yeung |first1=Jessie |last2=Sidhu |first2=Sandi |last3=Jorgio |first3=Jinky |last4=Symons |first4=Todd |date=16 December 2025 |title=The Bondi Beach gunmen were a father and son driven by Islamic State ideology. Here's what we know about the suspects |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/12/16/australia/bondi-beach-shooting-suspects-intl-hnk-dst |access-date=16 December 2025 |work=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 December 2025 |title=Bondi live updates: Gunmen travelled to Philippines month before shooting, police say |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cd9zg01neydt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216071100/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cd9zg01neydt |archive-date=16 December 2025 |access-date=16 December 2025 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB |url-status=live}}</ref> According to Filipino officials, the men travelled to [[Manila]] on 1 November, Sajid Akram on an Indian passport and Naveed Akram on an Australian one, and then headed to [[Davao City]], on the island of [[Mindanao]], where an [[Philippines and the Islamic State|IS insurgency]] is ongoing.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Oelofse |first1=Louis |last2=Hairsine |first2=Kate |date=16 December 2025 |title=Bondi Beach suspects visited Philippines before shooting |url=https://www.dw.com/en/bondi-beach-hanukkah-shooting-antisemitism-attack-sydney-australia/a-75171696 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216003931/https://www.dw.com/en/bondi-beach-hanukkah-shooting-antisemitism-attack-sydney-australia/a-75171696 |archive-date=16 December 2025 |access-date=16 December 2025 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref> According to local police and staff, they spent their entire 28-day stay in Davao City, rarely leaving their hotel room and then for only an hour or so at a time, and receiving no visitors, before departing on 28 November.<ref name="Fonbuena-2025">{{Cite news |last1=Fonbuena |first1=Carmela |last2=Dejeto |first2=Manman |date=17 December 2025 |title=Bondi terror suspects spent whole Philippines visit in city and rarely left hotel, staff and police say |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2025/dec/17/bondi-terror-suspects-spent-whole-philippines-visit-in-city-and-rarely-left-hotel-staff-and-police-say |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chen |first=Christine |date=16 December 2025 |title=Bondi gunmen were inspired by Islamic State, had travelled to the Philippines, Australia police say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/sydney-mourns-15-killed-australias-worst-mass-shooting-nearly-30-years-2025-12-15/ |access-date=16 December 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> According to hotel staff, they had initially booked a 7-day stay, but repeatedly extended it.<ref name="Fonbuena-2025" />

According to the [[Philippine National Police]], the pair rarely left the hotel during their visit, and there is no evidence that they undertook training for their attacks.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 December 2025 |title=Bondi Beach attack probe yields no evidence of "broader terrorist cell", police say |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bondi-beach-attack-probe-yields-no-evidence-of-broader-terrorist-cell-police-say/ |access-date=1 January 2026 |work=[[CBS News]] |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231153857/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bondi-beach-attack-probe-yields-no-evidence-of-broader-terrorist-cell-police-say/ |archive-date=31 December 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In the Philippines, the country's [[National Bureau of Investigation (Philippines)|National Bureau of Investigation]], [[Bureau of Immigration (Philippines)|Bureau of Immigration]] and the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]] are investigating the claim that the shooting suspects went to Mindanao prior to the attack.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alleged Bondi gunmen visited Philippines, BI confirms |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/the-nation/2025/12/16/719372/alleged-bondi-gunmen-visited-philippines-bi-confirms/ |access-date=17 December 2025 |work=BusinessWorld |date=16 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216172752/https://www.bworldonline.com/the-nation/2025/12/16/719372/alleged-bondi-gunmen-visited-philippines-bi-confirms/ |archive-date=16 December 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Mindanao Development Authority]] (MinDA) refuted the characterisation of Mindanao as a "terror hotspot", citing a 2025 opinion poll in which respondents yielded 88.51% in safety perception.<ref>{{cite news |title=MINDANAO 2025: The Bondi tragedy and "unfair" labeling of Mindanao as "terror hotspot" |url=https://mindanews.com/top-stories/2026/01/mindanao-2025-the-bondi-tragedy-and-unfair-labeling-of-mindanao-as-terror-hotspot/ |access-date=6 January 2026 |work=[[MindaNews]] |date=6 January 2026 |archive-date=6 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106110746/https://mindanews.com/top-stories/2026/01/mindanao-2025-the-bondi-tragedy-and-unfair-labeling-of-mindanao-as-terror-hotspot/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Australian authorities stated on 30 December that there is no evidence the suspects were part of a terrorist cell or trained in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lee-Brago |first1=Pia |title='Bondi Beach gunmen didn't train in Philippines' |url=https://qa.philstar.com/headlines/2026/01/07/2499282/bondi-beach-gunmen-didnt-train-philippines |access-date=7 January 2026 |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |date=7 January 2026 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

== Criminal proceedings ==
On 17 December, police [[Criminal charge|charged]] Naveed Akram with 59 offences, including 15 counts of [[Murder in Australian law|murder]], one count of [[Criminal Code Act 1995|committing a terrorist act]], and 40 counts of [[attempted murder]]. He did not request bail, and his court date was set for 8 April 2026.<ref name="Graham-McLay-2025" /><ref name="NSW Police-2025b" /> Additional charges included discharging a firearm to cause grievous bodily harm, public display of prohibited terrorist symbols, and placing an explosive with intent to cause harm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bondi gunman formally charged by NSW Joint Counter Terrorism Team |url=https://www.police.nsw.gov.au/news/news?sq_content_src=+dXJsPWh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGZWJpenByZC5wb2xpY2UubnN3Lmdvdi5hdSUyRm1lZGlhJTJGMTIyNTA0Lmh0bWwmYWxsPTE= |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=[[NSW Police]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260101165128/https://www.police.nsw.gov.au/news/news?sq_content_src=+dXJsPWh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGZWJpenByZC5wb2xpY2UubnN3Lmdvdi5hdSUyRm1lZGlhJTJGMTIyNTA0Lmh0bWwmYWxsPTE%3D |archive-date=1 January 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 22 December 2025, Naveed was moved from [[Royal North Shore Hospital]] to [[Long Bay Correctional Centre]].<ref name="SMH 22 December 2025" >{{cite news |last1=Gramenz |first1=Jack |title=Bondi gunman Naveed Akram transferred from hospital |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/bondi-shooting-live-updates-albanese-s-approval-rating-plummets-as-social-cohesion-frays-vigil-hosted-at-bondi-beach-marks-one-week-since-massacre-20251222-p5npdc.html |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |publisher=[[Nine Entertainment]] |date=22 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222080532/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/bondi-shooting-live-updates-albanese-s-approval-rating-plummets-as-social-cohesion-frays-vigil-hosted-at-bondi-beach-marks-one-week-since-massacre-20251222-p5npdc.html |archive-date=22 December 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 5 January 2026, he was transferred to [[Goulburn Correctional Centre]], a [[supermax prison|supermax{{spaces}}prison]].<ref name="SMH 5 January 2026" >{{Cite news |last=Lo Surdo |first=Daniel |date=5 January 2026 |title=Bondi gunman transferred to Goulburn Supermax prison |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/bondi-gunman-transferred-to-goulburn-supermax-prison-20260105-p5nrtq.html |access-date=5 January 2026 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105083459/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/bondi-gunman-transferred-to-goulburn-supermax-prison-20260105-p5nrtq.html |archive-date=5 January 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 16 February, Naveed appeared by video link for a court status mention hearing. He said little, only acknowledging that he had heard what was said in court.<ref name="Chen Perry 2026" >{{cite news |last1=Chen |first1=Christine |last2=Perry |first2=Michael |title=Alleged Bondi Beach gunman makes first court appearance |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/alleged-bondi-beach-gunman-makes-first-court-appearance-2026-02-16/ |access-date=16 February 2026 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=16 February 2026 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2026/feb/16/naveed-akram-bondi-beach-shooting-terror-attack-accused-court-ntwnfb |title=Bondi beach terror attack accused Naveed Akram makes first court appearance |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=16 February 2026 |access-date=17 February 2026 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

A committal mention is listed for 8 April at the [[Downing Centre]] [[Local Court of New South Wales|Local Court]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Prosecution of Naveed Akram |url=https://www.cdpp.gov.au/prosecution-naveed-akram |website=[[Director of Public Prosecutions (Australia)|Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions]] |access-date=16 February 2026 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

In March 2026, Naveed sought a court order to prevent publication of details about his mother, brother and sister, including their names, addresses and workplaces.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Duffin |first=Perry |date=9 March 2026 |title=Bondi terror accused seeks gag order to protect family |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/bondi-terror-accused-seeks-gag-order-to-protect-family-20260309-p5o8u0.html |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |language=en-AU |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> The application was declined on 2 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bolza |first=Miklos |date=2026-04-02 |title=Bondi terror accused loses suppression bid |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/bondi-terror-accused-loses-suppression-bid-20260402-p5zkwx.html |access-date=2026-04-02 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |language=en-AU |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==

=== Judicial and community responses ===

The inquest findings for the April 2024 [[Bondi Junction stabbings]] were due days after the shooting, but the delivery of the findings was delayed out of respect for the Bondi victims.<ref name="Mao 16 December 2025">{{cite news |date=16 December 2025 |last1=Mao |first1=Frances |last2=Convery |first2=Stephanie |last3=Kelly |first3=Cait |title=Bondi attack: 'I couldn't imagine I would lose my daughter here,' says mother of youngest victim Matilda – as it happened |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/live/2025/dec/16/bondi-beach-shooting-live-updates-victims-terror-attack-jewish-festival-hanukah-al-ahmed-hero-gun-control-ntwnfb |archive-url= |archive-date= |quote=Delivery of the inquest findings into the 2024 stabbings at Westfield Bondi Junction, which were due in the coming days, will be delayed out of respect for the victims of the Bondi beach shooting.}}</ref>

After a [[Australian Red Cross Lifeblood|Lifeblood]] request for [[O blood|O-negative blood]] donations, over 50,000 people volunteered to donate blood.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Alexandra |last=Koster |date=16 December 2025 |title='Feel like such a hero': The Australians who shattered blood donation records |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/bondi-terror-attack-what-to-know-about-giving-blood/f48vu6q70 |access-date=16 December 2025 |work=[[SBS News]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216015340/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/bondi-terror-attack-what-to-know-about-giving-blood/f48vu6q70 |archive-date=16 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Security responses ===

Following the shooting, the [[Queensland Police Service]] increased their security presence at Jewish places of worship.<ref name="Twyford-2025">{{cite news |last=Twyford |first=Lottie |date=15 December 2025 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |access-date=15 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215100524/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-15/qld-police-meet-review-security-arrangements-bondi-shooting/106143320 |url-status=live |archive-date=15 December 2025 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-15/qld-police-meet-review-security-arrangements-bondi-shooting/106143320 |title=Queensland Police ramp up presence at Jewish places of worship after Bondi mass shooting, as public Hanukkah events cancelled}}</ref> Across Australia and New Zealand, Jewish events were cancelled due to the security risks from terror threats, after already having had to cancel many public events in recent years due to the high risk of attacks.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/581884/nz-s-jewish-community-on-edge-after-bondi-beach-attack |title=NZ's Jewish community on edge after Bondi Beach attack |first1=Amy |last1=Williams |date=15 December 2025 |work=[[Radio New Zealand]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215190231/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/581884/nz-s-jewish-community-on-edge-after-bondi-beach-attack |archive-date=15 December 2025 |access-date=15 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Stub |first1=Zev |date=14 December 2025 |title=Melbourne Hanukkah event canceled after attack in Sydney |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/melbourne-hanukkah-event-canceled-after-attack-in-sydney/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219131054/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/melbourne-hanukkah-event-canceled-after-attack-in-sydney/ |archive-date=19 December 2025 |access-date=15 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Twyford-2025" /> In other areas of Sydney, Jewish synagogues, schools, and similar sites were closed on 15 December.<ref>{{cite news |url-status=live |url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/police-in-melbourne-boost-security-as-hanukkah-events-cut-short-after-bondi-massacre-20251214-p5nnlg.html |access-date=16 December 2025 |date=15 December 2025 |orig-date=14 December 2025 |first1=Cassandra |last1=Morgan |last2=Dow |last3=Precel |name-list-style=and |first3=Nicole |first2=Aisha |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251214124932/https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/police-in-melbourne-boost-security-as-hanukkah-events-cut-short-after-bondi-massacre-20251214-p5nnlg.html |work=[[The Age]] |title=Melbourne's Jewish school children face the unfathomable after Bondi bloodshed |archive-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>

Victorian premier [[Jacinta Allan]] increased funding for security services{{clarify|date=February 2026}} for Jewish spaces.<ref>{{cite news |last=McMillan |first=Isabel |date=16 December 2025 |title=Bondi shooting live updates: John Howard criticises Albanese government's approach to rising antisemitism, Palestinian recognition; alleged shooters' Philippines trip before attack revealed |url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/nsw/bondi-beach-shooting-live-updates-national-firearms-agreement-to-be-renegotiated-following-deaths-of-15-victims-mourners-gather-in-bondi-20251215-p5nnwu.html?post=p59nsv&gb=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251216031121/https://www.theage.com.au/national/nsw/bondi-beach-shooting-live-updates-national-firearms-agreement-to-be-renegotiated-following-deaths-of-15-victims-mourners-gather-in-bondi-20251215-p5nnwu.html?post=p59nsv&gb=1 |archive-date=16 December 2025 |access-date=16 December 2025 |work=[[The Age]] |at=Allan increases Victorian security funding}}</ref>

==== Prevention of retaliatory race riots ====
The Bondi shooting exacerbated older ethnic and religious tensions in the community. In the immediate aftermath of the attack there was a threat of escalating violence with incitement circulated online focused on [[Cronulla]], another beach in Sydney, that was the epicentre of an anti-[[Arab Australians|Arab]] and anti-Muslim [[2005 Cronulla riots|race riot in 2005]].<ref name="Keoghan and White 16 December 2025" >{{cite news |last1=Keoghan |first1=Sarah |last2=White |first2=Robert |date=16 December 2025 |title=Bondi terror attack fallout: Cronulla riot fears grow after vile social media threat |url=https://www.themercury.com.au/news/we-riot-police-issue-warning-over-cronulla-bashing-day/news-story/c79595c7508632a0441396150cd0b3a2 |work=[[The Mercury]] |access-date=31 December 2025}}</ref> In response to this, public assemblies were prohibited across the entire Sydney metro area for 14 days.<ref>{{cite news |last=Schmidt |first=Nathan |date=26 December 2025 |title=NSW Police warn 'zero tolerance' ahead of 'bashing day' at Sydney's Cronulla beach |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/breaking-news/nsw-police-warn-zero-tolerance-ahead-of-bashing-day-at-sydneys-cronulla-beach/news-story/8af0829912fac77a4cf25a69ac5bce6d |work=[[The Australian]] |access-date=31 December 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
The targets of the calls for violent retaliation were the "Middle Eastern" and broader locally-described "[[wog]]" ethnic groups, referring to [[Lebanese Australians]] and other Eastern Mediterranean ethnic groups, the target of the previous mob violence.<ref name="jpost 27 Dec 2025" >{{cite news |title=Police up presence in response to calls for Sydney 'bashing day' rally against 'Middle Easterns' – Police promised to take a zero-tolerance policy against any potential violent protest, which was planned at the site of the Cronulla riots. |url=https://www.jpost.com/international/islamic-terrorism/article-881501 |newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=27 December 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251228063431/https://www.jpost.com/international/islamic-terrorism/article-881501 |archive-date=28 December 2025}}</ref><ref>Tweet sharing the image: {{cite web |title=Tweet by Mr Pål Christiansen @TheNorskaPaul |url=https://x.com/TheNorskaPaul/status/2003895495304040898 |date=24 December 2025 |website=[[Twitter|X]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251230063857/https://x.com/TheNorskaPaul/status/2003895495304040898?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E2003895495304040898%7Ctwgr%5E17487d52e0c30cd58b9bcde9c4c584191b1f2f4b%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&ref_url=https://www.jpost.com/international/islamic-terrorism/article-881501 |archive-date=30 December 2025 |quote= NSW Police on Monday confirmed the force was aware of a planned 'bashing day' on Cronulla Beach{{nbsp}}... A flyer advertising the event has been widely shared across Snap, FB & TikTok{{nbsp}}... However, that call could be easily ignored when even former legendary PM Tony Abbott directly narrowed the blame to one minority in media interviews.👌🇦🇺}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tamer |first1=Rayane |last2=Anderson |first2=Cheyne |title=Why Sara and Issam still can't go to Cronulla beach 20 years after the riots |work=[[SBS News]] |date=14 December 2025 |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/cronulla-riots-twenty-years-lebanese-community/s9p0kmg7t |access-date=31 December 2025 |archive-date=30 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230091646/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/cronulla-riots-twenty-years-lebanese-community/s9p0kmg7t |url-status=live}}</ref> The previous race riots, 20 years earlier, were triggered by local violent crimes committed by individual Lebanese Australian men in Sydney, in the context of tensions already heightened by terrorist attacks in [[2002 Bali bombings|Bali in 2002]] targeting Australian tourists, and the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001.<ref name="NMoA-2020" >{{cite web |title=Cronulla race riots |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]] |date=4 November 2020 |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/cronulla-race-riots |access-date=31 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230170555/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/cronulla-race-riots |archive-date=30 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="AWM-2021" >{{cite news |title=Twenty years on: 11 September 2001 |publisher=[[Australian War Memorial]] |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/blog/twenty-years-on |work=www.awm.gov.au |date=10 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919174750/https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/blog/twenty-years-on |archive-date=19 September 2021}}</ref>
A 20-year-old man appeared in court on charges of "using a carriage service to menace, harass, offend, and publicly threaten violence on grounds of race or religion", for attempting to incite retaliatory mob violence in response to the Bondi shooting.<ref name="Guardian 22 Dec 2025">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2025/dec/22/man-arrested-after-allegedly-inciting-racist-violence-at-cronulla-beach-following-bondi-terror-attack-ntwnfb |title=Man accused of inciting racist violence at Cronulla following Bondi terror attack denied bail |agency=[[Australian Associated Press]] |date=22 December 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Schmidt |first=Nathan |title=NSW Police warn 'zero tolerance' ahead of 'bashing day' at Sydney's Cronulla beach |work=[[The Mercury]] |date=26 December 2025 |url=https://www.themercury.com.au/news/breaking-news/nsw-police-warn-zero-tolerance-ahead-of-bashing-day-at-sydneys-cronulla-beach/news-story/8af0829912fac77a4cf25a69ac5bce6d?nk=7c6d22b2e4786ff7afc19fd97122ece4-1767167988 |access-date=31 December 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref name="MH20" /> The article headline in ''[[The Tenterfield Star]]'' called him a "Muslim hater".<ref name="MH20" >{{cite news |last1=Sciberras |first1=Allanah |title='Muslim hater' faces court over Cronulla bashing call |url=https://www.tenterfieldstar.com.au/story/9139849/muslim-hater-faces-court-over-cronulla-bashing-call/ |work=[[The Tenterfield Star]] |date=22 December 2025 |language=en-au |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231101520/https://www.tenterfieldstar.com.au/story/9139849/muslim-hater-faces-court-over-cronulla-bashing-call/ |archive-date=31 December 2025 |access-date=31 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> He was denied bail.<ref name="Guardian 22 Dec 2025"/>

==== Other arrests ====
* A man in Perth was arrested on 23 December 2025 for expressing support for the attack. Police in Perth discovered six rifles, thousands of rounds of ammunition and Hezbollah and Hamas flags in the man's home.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 February 2026 |title=Man accused of backing Bondi attackers faces more firearms charges |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-02-03/perth-man-accused-of-backing-bondi-attackers-faces-more-charges/106299954 |access-date=4 February 2026 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |language=en-AU |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Press |first=Australian Associated |date=2025-12-24 |title=Perth man charged with racial harassment for alleged post backing Bondi attack |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2025/dec/24/perth-man-charged-with-racial-harassment-for-alleged-post-backing-bondi-attack-ntwnfb |access-date=4 February 2026 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>
* A police employee in Queensland was charged on 5 January 2026 with antisemitic online posts and comments related to the Bondi shooting.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 January 2026 |title=Police employee faces court over alleged antisemitic online posts |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-01-05/police-service-employee-faces-court-over-alleged-hate-crimes/106201402 |access-date=4 February 2026 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |language=en-AU |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

==== Other anti-Muslim incidents ====
{{See also|Islamophobia in Australia|Islamophobia during the Gaza war#Australia}}
Two weeks after the attack, the [[Australian National Imams Council]] reported an almost tripling in hostile acts towards [[Australian Muslims]] and Islamic institutions, including vandalism, [[Cyberbullying|online abuse]], and physical intimidation, in particular [[Hijabophobia|towards]] women wearing [[hijab]]s.<ref name ='ABCNewsHijab'>{{cite news |last1=Pin |first1=Phoebe |last2=Corvo |first2=Shannon |title=Women wearing hijabs targeted in anti-Muslim abuse post-Bondi attack, says Imams Council |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |date=30 December 2025 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-30/rise-in-islamophobic-incidents-post-bondi-beach-terror-attack/106186118 |access-date=30 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230030934/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-30/rise-in-islamophobic-incidents-post-bondi-beach-terror-attack/106186118 |archive-date=30 December 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name ='MRachwani'>{{cite news |last1=Rachwani |first1=Mostafa |title='It's hateful racism': Islamophobia spikes since Bondi attack |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/nsw/it-s-hateful-racism-islamophobia-spikes-since-bondi-attack-20251223-p5npu4.html |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=30 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Some groups started taking security measures, such as members sleeping in mosques overnight to protect the buildings against vandalism.<ref>{{cite news |last=Renaldi |first=Erwin |title=Muslim community members sleep in mosques as Islamophobic threats rise after Bondi mass shooting |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |date=31 December 2025 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-31/islamophobic-attacks-surge-after-bondi-mass-shooting/106187910 |access-date=31 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231042612/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-31/islamophobic-attacks-surge-after-bondi-mass-shooting/106187910 |archive-date=31 December 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Policy changes and proposals ===
Albanese vowed to advocate for [[Gun laws of Australia|stricter gun laws]] following the attack.<ref name="Atkinson-2025a" /> On the day following the shooting, the [[National Cabinet]], which consists of the leaders of Australia's [[States and territories of Australia|state and territory]] governments and the prime minister, unanimously agreed to strengthen gun laws. Proposals brought forward during the meeting included restricting firearm ownership to Australian citizens only, accelerating the launch of a national firearms register, limiting the number of firearms a single person can own, and further restricting the types of legal weapons.<ref name="Truu-2025"/><ref>{{cite web |title=National Cabinet |url=https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/how-parliament-works/three-levels-of-government/national-cabinet |website=Parliamentary Education Office |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |access-date=19 January 2026 |archive-date=15 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215215541/https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/how-parliament-works/three-levels-of-government/national-cabinet |url-status=live}}</ref> The NSW Parliament was [[Recall of parliament|recalled]] to debate the state's proposed reforms before Christmas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 December 2025 |title=NSW premier flags gun reforms and protest restrictions |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-17/nsw-parliament-recalled-for-gun-reform-over-bondi-beach-shooting/106154014 |access-date=17 December 2025 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |language=en-AU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217033413/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-17/nsw-parliament-recalled-for-gun-reform-over-bondi-beach-shooting/106154014 |archive-date=17 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 December, Albanese announced that the federal government will establish a [[2026 Australia gun buyback program|gun buyback program]], which will require the state and territory governments to agree to ambitious new gun law reforms.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Anthony |last1=Albanese |author1-link=Anthony Albanese |last2=Burke |first2=Tony |author2-link=Tony Burke |title=Albanese Labor Government will establish a National Gun Buyback Scheme |url=https://www.pm.gov.au/media/albanese-labor-government-will-establish-national-gun-buyback-scheme |website=[[Prime Minister of Australia]] |access-date=19 January 2026 |date=19 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106063809/https://www.pm.gov.au/media/albanese-labor-government-will-establish-national-gun-buyback-scheme |archive-date=6 January 2026 |url-status=live}}[[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50x50px]] This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence]].</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Truu |first1=Maani |title=Prime minister announces 'largest' gun buyback scheme since Howard era |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-19/prime-minister-announces-national-gun-buyback-scheme/106162002 |access-date=20 December 2025 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |date=19 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220035148/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-19/prime-minister-announces-national-gun-buyback-scheme/106162002 |archive-date=20 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Albanese government intends to introduce legislation into parliament to fund the buyback scheme, under a 50:50 cost-sharing arrangement between [[Australian Government|Australia's federal government]] and its [[States and territories of Australia|state and territory]] governments.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jervis-Brandy |first1=Dan |title=Parliament to be recalled early as Labor seeks to crack down on 'hate preachers' and fund gun buybacks |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2026/jan/05/parliament-recalled-early-labor-crack-down-hate-preachers-gun-buybacks-ntwnfb |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=5 January 2026 |date=5 January 2026 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

On 18 December, the [[Albanese government]] responded to a report delivered to the government in July 2025 on antisemitism, by the government's special envoy to combat antisemitism [[Jillian Segal]], saying that they would take action on all the report's recommendations.<ref name="Albanese-2025">{{cite press release |first1=Anthony |last1=Albanese |author1-link=Anthony Albanese |first2=Tony |last2=Burke |author2-link=Tony Burke |first3=Jason |last3=Clare |first4=Anne |last4=Aly |title=Special envoy's plan to combat antisemitism |url=https://www.pm.gov.au/media/special-envoys-plan-combat-antisemitism |website=[[Prime Minister of Australia]] |access-date=20 December 2025 |date=18 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220111345/https://www.pm.gov.au/media/special-envoys-plan-combat-antisemitism |archive-date=20 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Basford Canales |first1=Sarah |title=Labor is fast-tracking its response to the antisemitism envoy's report after the Bondi attack. What are the recommendations? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2025/dec/16/labor-fast-tracking-response-antisemitism-envoy-report-bondi-attack-jillian-segal-what-are-the-recommendations-explainer-ntwnfb |access-date=20 December 2025 |work=[[Guardian Australia|The Guardian]] |date=17 December 2025}}</ref> The same day, the Albanese government announced the strengthening of [[Hate speech laws in Australia|hate speech laws]].<ref name="Albanese-2025" /><ref name="Truu-2025a" /> The [[Minister for Home Affairs (Australia)|Minister for Home Affairs]] would receive new powers to cancel or reject visas of hate preachers.<ref name="Albanese-2025" /><ref name="Truu-2025a" /> A taskforce to ensure that the education system counters antisemitism will be set up.<ref name="Albanese-2025" /><ref name="Truu-2025a" /> Special envoy Segal had previously supported lessons on antisemitism and [[the Holocaust]].<ref name="Truu-2025a" />

On 24 December, the [[NSW government]] passed new legislation{{snd}}the Terrorism and Other Legislation Amendment Bill 2025<ref>{{cite web |title=Terrorism and Other Legislation Amendment Bill 2025 |url=https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/bills/Pages/bill-details.aspx?pk=18853 |website=[[Parliament of New South Wales]] |access-date=5 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222091329/https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/bills/Pages/bill-details.aspx?pk=18853 |archive-date=22 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{snd}}addressing [[hate speech]], the display of offensive symbols and tightened gun controls.
Premier [[Chris Minns]] stated that the government will take stronger action against what it classifies as hate speech and confirmed plans to have the chant "[[globalise the intifada]]" officially designated as hate speech.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c14v23vppz8o |first=Harry |last=Sekulich |access-date=20 December 2025 |date=20 December 2025 |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Australian state plans to ban intifada chants after Bondi shooting |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220080325/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c14v23vppz8o |archive-date=20 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Immigration debates and hate crime laws ====
The attack prompted discussions regarding Australia's [[immigration]] framework and gun laws, with some officials questioning the pathways from [[Temporary resident|temporary visas]] to permanent residency and the criteria for obtaining a firearms license as a non-citizen permanent resident.<ref>{{cite news |first=Kristina |last=Kukolja |title=Australia to review migration laws after Bondi Beach shooting |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/12/18/nx-s1-5647854/australia-to-review-migration-laws-after-bondi-beach-shooting |work=[[NPR]] |date=18 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230105138/https://www.npr.org/2025/12/18/nx-s1-5647854/australia-to-review-migration-laws-after-bondi-beach-shooting |archive-date=30 December 2025 |access-date=28 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 12 January 2026, Albanese announced that the Australian Parliament would reconvene on 19 January to introduce fast-tracked hate speech and firearms legislation. The Prime Minister also confirmed that the federal government would seek cross-party support from the [[Coalition (Australia)|Coalition]] and [[Australian Greens]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=McIlroy |first1=Tom |last2=Dhanji |first2=Krishani |title=PM recalls parliament to fast-track hate speech and gun laws in wake of Bondi terror attack |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2026/jan/12/pm-recall-parliament-hate-speech-reform-bondi-terror-attack-ntwnfb |access-date=15 January 2026 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=12 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113173601/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2026/jan/12/pm-recall-parliament-hate-speech-reform-bondi-terror-attack-ntwnfb |archive-date=13 January 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Sajid was born to a [[Islam in India|Muslim family in India]], went to Australia as a student, married an Australian and settled down, retaining his Indian citizenship.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bondi-beach-attack-gunmen-indian-visited-hyderabad-dec-16-2025/article70402458.ece One of the Bondi Beach attackers was an Indian citizen who last visited Hyderabad in 2022: police], The Hindu, 17 December 2025.</ref>

=== Royal commission ===
{{Main|Royal Commission on Antisemitism and Social Cohesion}}

In the days following the attack, the New South Wales government announced that it would hold a royal commission to investigate the actions of New South Wales authorities, including the police response, gun licensing issues and antisemitism.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vidler |first1=Adam |title=Premier Chris Minns promises 'answers' from royal commission as victims' families pen scathing letter to Anthony Albanese |url=https://www.9news.com.au/national/bondi-beach-terror-attack-scathing-letter-from-victims-families-to-anthony-albanese-calls-for-royal-commission/397e89fe-67f5-4f35-bbbc-4c3e6e4e1b3f |access-date=4 January 2026 |work=[[Nine News|9News]] |publisher=[[Nine Network]] |date=29 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104123253/https://www.9news.com.au/national/bondi-beach-terror-attack-scathing-letter-from-victims-families-to-anthony-albanese-calls-for-royal-commission/397e89fe-67f5-4f35-bbbc-4c3e6e4e1b3f |archive-date=4 January 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Ria |last2=Schmidt |first2=Nathan |date=4 January 2026 |title=Olympic legend Dawn Fraser blasts Anthony Albanese as "spineless" as athletes call for Bondi probe |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/breaking-news/ian-thorpe-jess-fox-among-prominent-australian-athletes-pushing-for-a-commonwealth-royal-commission-into-antisemitism/news-story/28b0d506eb9d408ab90f0939edad3406 |work=[[The Australian]] |publisher=[[News Corp Australia]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first1=Anthony |last1=Albanese |author1-link=Anthony Albanese |first2=Tony |last2=Burke |author2-link=Tony Burke |first3=Michelle |last3=Rowland |author3-link=Michelle Rowland |title=Press conference - Parliament House, Canberra - Transcript |url=https://www.pm.gov.au/media/press-conference-parliament-house-canberra-22-dec-25 |website=[[Prime Minister of Australia]] |access-date=16 January 2026 |date=22 December 2025 |archive-date=9 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260109181619/https://www.pm.gov.au/media/press-conference-parliament-house-canberra-22-dec-25 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TheAustralianJan8" />

On 21 December, Albanese announced an Independent Commonwealth Review into Australia's federal law enforcement and intelligence agencies to be led by retired public servant [[Dennis Richardson (public servant)|Dennis Richardson]] that would deliver a public report on the attack to government by the end of April 2026.<ref>{{cite press release |last1=Albanese |first1=Anthony |author1-link=Anthony Albanese |title=Review into federal law enforcement and intelligence agencies |url=https://www.pm.gov.au/media/review-federal-law-enforcement-and-intelligence-agencies |website=[[Prime Minister of Australia]] |access-date=29 December 2025 |date=21 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251229152831/https://www.pm.gov.au/media/review-federal-law-enforcement-and-intelligence-agencies |archive-date=29 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 December, the review's terms of reference were{{spaces}}released.<ref>{{cite web |title=Independent Commonwealth Review into Australia's federal law enforcement and intelligence agencies terms of reference |url=https://www.pmc.gov.au/resources/independent-review-federal-law-enforcement-intelligence-agencies-terms-reference |website=[[Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (Australia)|Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet]] |access-date=29 December 2025 |date=29 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251229143938/https://www.pmc.gov.au/resources/independent-review-federal-law-enforcement-intelligence-agencies-terms-reference |archive-date=29 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 December, Albanese said that there were no plans for a federal royal commission, as it would give a platform to antisemitic view, and was not the best format for national security issues.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Anthony |last1=Albanese |author1-link=Anthony Albanese |first2=Tony |last2=Burke |author2-link=Tony Burke |title=Press conference - Parliament House, Canberra |url=https://www.pm.gov.au/media/press-conference-parliament-house-canberra-29-dec-2025 |website=[[Prime Minister of Australia]] |access-date=4 January 2026 |date=29 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107052704/https://www.pm.gov.au/media/press-conference-parliament-house-canberra-29-dec-2025 |archive-date=7 January 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 8 January, Albanese announced a federal [[Royal Commission on Antisemitism and Social Cohesion]] which will examine the circumstances surrounding the attack.<ref name="Albanese-2026"/> Former [[High Court of Australia|High Court]] justice [[Virginia Bell (judge)|Virginia Bell]] has been appointed the commissioner.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Viñales |first1=Pablo |title=Who is Virginia Bell, the woman who will head the royal commission into antisemitism? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-01-08/virginia-bell-antisemitism-royal-commission/106211026 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=8 January 2026 |language=en-AU |archive-date=8 January 2026 |access-date=8 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260108072402/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-01-08/virginia-bell-antisemitism-royal-commission/106211026 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Albanese-2026">{{cite press release |first1=Anthony |last1=Albanese |author1-link=Anthony Albanese |first2=Tony |last2=Burke |author2-link=Tony Burke |first3=Michelle |last3=Rowland |author3-link=Michelle Rowland |title=Establishment of Royal Commission on Antisemitism and Social Cohesion |url=https://www.pm.gov.au/media/establishment-royal-commission-antisemitism-and-social-cohesion |website=[[Prime Minister of Australia]] |access-date=8 January 2026 |date=8 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260108112613/https://www.pm.gov.au/media/establishment-royal-commission-antisemitism-and-social-cohesion |archive-date=8 January 2026 |url-status=live}}[[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50x50px]] This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence]].</ref> The Richardson review will become part of the commission and he will support its work, with delivery of an interim report by the commission in April.<ref name="Albanese-2026"/> The federal royal commission will replace the proposed state-based New South Wales royal commission.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Armstrong |first1=Clare |last2=Gould |first2=Courtney |title=Former High Court justice Virginia Bell to lead Bondi royal commission |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-01-08/albanese-bell-royal-commission-antisemitism-bondi/106210052 |access-date=8 January 2026 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=8 January 2026 |archive-date=8 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260108050520/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-01-08/albanese-bell-royal-commission-antisemitism-bondi/106210052 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TheAustralianJan8">{{cite news |last=Leeming |first=Lachlan |title=NSW to dump state royal commission |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/politics/chris-minns-dumps-nsw-royal-commission-signals-further-state-investigations/news-story/53a0ba9c340d889bcd65e68c1b68773a |access-date=19 January 2026 |work=[[The Australian]] |publisher=[[News Corp Australia]] |date=8 January 2026 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> {{update after |2026|12 |text=The commissioner is required to deliver her report before the end of 2026.<ref name="Albanese-2026"/>}}

On 8 January, the [[Law Council of Australia]], prior to the release of the royal commission's terms of reference, suggested that the New Zealand's royal commission into the 2019 [[Christchurch mosque shootings#Royal commission of inquiry|Christchurch mosque shootings]] could provide a "blueprint" for a royal commission into the attack "to ensure a criminal case is not compromised".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Andrew |title=Christchurch royal commission could be blueprint for Bondi inquiry |url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2026/01/08/christchurch-royal-commission-could-be-blueprint-for-bondi-inquiry/ |access-date=18 January 2026 |work=[[1News]] |agency=[[Australian Associated Press|AAP]] |date=8 January 2026 |archive-date=14 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114071534/https://www.1news.co.nz/2026/01/08/christchurch-royal-commission-could-be-blueprint-for-bondi-inquiry/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 9 January, the royal commission's terms of reference were released.<ref>{{cite web |title=Royal Commission on Antisemitism and Social Cohesion |url=https://www.ag.gov.au/about-us/publications/royal-commission-antisemitism-and-social-cohesion |website=Attorney-General's Department |access-date=25 January 2026 |date=12 January 2026}}</ref>

== Reactions to the attack ==

=== Labelling as a massacre ===
Organisations such as the [[Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (Australia)|DPMC]], [[SBS World News|SBS News]], [[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]], [[The Ethics Centre]] and ''[[The Guardian]]'' have referred to the attack as the ''Bondi massacre''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2025 |title=National Day of Mourning for the victims of the Bondi Beach terrorist attack |url=https://www.pmc.gov.au/news/national-day-mourning-victims-bondi-beach-terrorist-attack |access-date=4 February 2026 |website=www.pmc.gov.au |archive-url= |archive-date= |quote=Fifteen suggested Mitzvah for the 15 people lost in the Bondi attack ... Prayer for healing – say a prayer for the complete physical and spiritual recovery for the victims of the Bondi massacre.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2026 |title='Unsafe' and 'unfairly scrutinised': How the Bondi terror attack changed Australia |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/one-month-since-bondi-terror-attack/s69zq4jg5 |access-date=4 February 2026 |work=[[SBS News]] |language=en-AU |archive-url= |archive-date=}} {{verify source|reason=was "massacre" said by SBS or in a quote|date=February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 February 2026 |title=Bondi: Light Over Darkness |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-02-02/bondi-light-over-darkness-four-corners/106297366 |access-date=4 February 2026 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |language=en-AU |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Longstaff |first=Simon |date=2 January 2026 |title=The Bondi massacre: A national response |url=https://ethics.org.au/the-bondi-massacre-a-national-response/ |access-date=4 February 2026 |website=THE ETHICS CENTRE |language=en-AU |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Buckley |first=Penry |date=19 January 2026 |title=Rushed laws after a tragedy are 'never good', warns father of youngest Bondi victim |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2026/jan/19/bondi-terror-attack-footbridge-painted-yellow-parents-victim-matilda-ntwnfb |access-date=4 February 2026 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

=== Tributes ===
[[File:Flower Memorial at Bondi Pavilion, 2025-12-18 (3).jpg|240px|thumb|right|A large floral memorial was established at the Bondi Pavilion.]]
[[File:Bondi-shooting-bridge-memorial2.jpg|180px|thumb|Person paying tribute at the footbridge where the shooters fired]]

On the second day of [[Hanukkah]], the [[Sydney Opera House]] was lit with an image of candles on the Menorah. The decision to do this was an initiative of the [[NSW Premier]] [[Chris Minns]].<ref name="Premier's Department 16 December 2025" >{{cite web |publisher=Premier's Department, NSW Government |title=Statement on Chanukah lights |url=https://www.nsw.gov.au/ministerial-releases/statement-on-chanukah-lights |date=16 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218125121/https://www.nsw.gov.au/ministerial-releases/statement-on-chanukah-lights |archive-date=18 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

At the third [[The Ashes|Ashes]] test in [[Adelaide]] on 17 December, a three-minute silence was observed before the start of play, while both the Australian and English teams wore black armbands in memory of the victims of the shooting.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20251217-players-pay-tribute-to-bondi-victims-at-ashes-test |access-date=20 December 2025 |date=17 December 2025 |work=[[France 24]] |title=Players pay tribute to Bondi victims at Ashes Test |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217135422/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20251217-players-pay-tribute-to-bondi-victims-at-ashes-test |archive-date=17 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> A second tribute was held at the opening of the fifth Ashes test in Sydney on 4 January 2026 to honour victims and first responders.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=[[Australian Associated Press]] |date=4 January 2026 |title=Crowd roars in standing ovation for Bondi hero Ahmed al-Ahmed at sold-out Ashes Test in Sydney |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2026/jan/04/crowd-roars-in-standing-ovation-for-bondi-hero-ahmed-al-ahmed-at-sold-out-ashes-test-in-sydney-ntwnfb |access-date=8 January 2026 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

On 21 December, a nationwide [[minute of silence]] was held in Australia as part of a national day of reflection<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pmc.gov.au/honours-and-symbols/australian-national-symbols/australian-national-flag/flag-network/2025-12-21 |title=Flag announcement: Bondi Beach attack - National Day of Reflection |publisher=[[Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (Australia)|Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet]] |date=21 December 2025 |access-date=22 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231154859/https://www.pmc.gov.au/honours-and-symbols/australian-national-symbols/australian-national-flag/flag-network/2025-12-21 |archive-date=31 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> over the shooting.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Katy |last1=Watson |first2=Tiffanie |last2=Turnbull |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cre3l2xq9nzo |access-date=21 December 2025 |date=21 December 2025 |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Minute's silence held to remember Bondi Beach attack victims |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228121024/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cre3l2xq9nzo |archive-date=28 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The 2025 [[Sydney New Year's Eve]] fireworks event included a minute's silence at 11pm and the projection of a menorah onto the pylons. The original plan was for a dove with the word "Peace" but after criticism from the Jewish community, the decision was made to feature a Jewish-specific symbol.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Davis |first1=Miriah |title=Menorah to light up Sydney Harbour Bridge on New Year's Eve after open letter from Jewish creatives |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-29/nsw-nye-sydney-changes-after-jewish-creatives-open-letter/106185368 |access-date=29 December 2025 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |date=29 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251229085536/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-29/nsw-nye-sydney-changes-after-jewish-creatives-open-letter/106185368 |archive-date=29 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 22 January 2026, Australia observed a national day of mourning.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2026 |title=National Day of Mourning for the victims of the Bondi Beach terrorist attack |url=https://www.pmc.gov.au/news/national-day-mourning-victims-bondi-beach-terrorist-attack |access-date=23 January 2026 |website=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hale |first=Erin |title=Australia observes day of mourning for victims of Bondi Beach mass shooting |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/22/australia-observes-day-of-mourning-for-victims-of-bondi-beach-mass-shooting |access-date=23 January 2026 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date=21 January 2026 |title=Australia to hold national day of mourning for victims of Bondi Hanukkah massacre |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/australia-to-hold-national-day-of-mourning-for-victims-of-bondi-hanukkah-massacre/ |access-date=23 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |issn=0040-7909 |archive-url= |archive-date=}} {{better source needed|date=January 2026}}</ref>

On the Jewish holiday of [[Tu BiShvat]], in early February 2026, the Jewish community planted trees in honour of those killed in the attack.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marlow |first=David |date=3 February 2026 |title=Tree Planting in Melbourne in honour of Bondi victims |url=https://www.jwire.com.au/tree-planting-in-melbourne-in-honour-of-bondi-victims/ |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=J-Wire |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

Two days after the attack, the prime minister visited [[Syria]]n-born Ahmed al-Ahmed in hospital.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bondi Beach hero Ahmed Al Ahmed receives over $1M in donations after tackling gunman in Australia shooting |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bondi-beach-australia-shooting-hero-ahmed-al-ahmed-donations-recovery/ |date=17 December 2025 |work=[[CBS News]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> On 18 December, al-Ahmed received {{Currency|2.5|AUD|linked=no}} million in donations from [[GoFundMe]], with the largest donation coming from Jewish-American billionaire [[Bill Ackman]], who donated {{Currency|99,999|AUD|linked=no}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gilson |first=Grace |date=16 December 2025 |title=Jewish donors help raise $1.3m for the Muslim man who disarmed a Bondi Beach attacker |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-donors-help-raise-1-3m-for-the-muslim-man-who-disarmed-a-bondi-beach-attacker/ |access-date=18 December 2025 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |language=en-US |issn=0040-7909 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218053224/https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-donors-help-raise-1-3m-for-the-muslim-man-who-disarmed-a-bondi-beach-attacker/ |archive-date=18 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Praveen |date=18 December 2025 |title=Australia's 'Bondi Hero' handed $1.65 mln collected from fundraising |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/australias-bondi-hero-handed-165-mln-collected-fundraising-2025-12-19/ |work=[[Reuters]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251226172147/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/australias-bondi-hero-handed-165-mln-collected-fundraising-2025-12-19/ |archive-date=26 December 2025 |access-date=19 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== One Mitzvah for Bondi ====
{{main|One Mitzvah for Bondi}}

Led by [[Steve Kamper]], the [[Minister for Multiculturalism]], an emergency meeting of the New South Wales Faith Affairs Council was held on 19 December, at which the campaign [[One Mitzvah for Bondi]] was established. Minns announced the project at a vigil at Bondi Beach on the eighth and final night of the holiday on 21 December. The effort encourages individuals to make the commitment to perform a ''[[mitzvah]]'', the Jewish principle of performing an act of kindness or charity, on behalf of a neighbour or of the community at large, citing the message of Hanukkah "that darkness cannot extinguish the light".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/live-blog/live-australia-marking-day-of-reflection-one-week-after-bondi-beach-massacre/24krpkm5i |title=Thousands gather at Bondi vigil; PM orders security agency review as calls for royal commission grow — as it happened |work=[[SBS World News]] |date=21 December 2025 |access-date=5 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251231092034/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/live-blog/live-australia-marking-day-of-reflection-one-week-after-bondi-beach-massacre/24krpkm5i |archive-date=31 December 2025 |quote=NSW Premier Chris Minns has announced his government is launching an initiative called One Mitzvah for Bondi, which aims to spread light through acts of goodness. |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nsw.gov.au/community-services/one-mitzvah-for-bondi |title=One Mitzvah for Bondi |website=[[New South Wales Government]] |date=18 December 2025 |access-date=5 January 2026 |quote=We are calling on people of all faiths and all communities across NSW, to come together in the wake of the terrorist attack at Bondi on Sunday, 14 December 2025, and help unite our state. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260101063301/https://www.nsw.gov.au/community-services/one-mitzvah-for-bondi |archive-date=1 January 2026 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Responses from Australian political leaders ===
Australian prime minister [[Anthony Albanese]] described the shooting as "shocking and distressing" and called it "deliberately targeted at the Jewish community on the first day of Chanukah" and "an act of pure evil, an act of antisemitism and terrorism on our shores".<ref name="Visser-2025" /><ref name="Dervisevic-2025" /><ref name="Pantazi-2025">{{Cite news |last=Pantazi |first=Andrew |date=14 December 2025 |title=Australia sees deadliest shooting since 1996 at Hanukkah celebration |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/12/14/australia-bondi-beach-hanukkah-shooting-terror |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251215020615/https://www.axios.com/2025/12/14/australia-bondi-beach-hanukkah-shooting-terror |archive-date=15 December 2025 |access-date=14 December 2025 }}</ref><ref name="Albanese-2025a" /> He later said that more could have been done to prevent the attack, and that he accepts his share of responsibility as the prime minister.<ref name="Truu-2025a" /> The minister for home affairs, [[Tony Burke]], called the shooting an "appalling act of violence".<ref name="ABC News-2025">{{Cite news |date=14 December 2025 |title=Live: One shooter dead, another in custody after 10 killed in Bondi Beach attack |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-14/active-shooter-bondi-beach-sydney-nsw/106141580 |access-date=14 December 2025 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |language=en-AU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218002853/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-14/active-shooter-bondi-beach-sydney-nsw/106141580 |archive-date=18 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Premier of New South Wales, [[Chris Minns]], said "the reports and images coming out of Bondi tonight are deeply distressing" and encouraged people to follow the directions of police.<ref name="Dervisevic-2025" />

Australian opposition leader [[Sussan Ley]] delayed the release of the [[Liberal–National Coalition|Coalition]]'s new migration policy, citing concerns about fraying social cohesion and the risk that a fresh debate on migration levels would be inflammatory during "an extremely sensitive time".<ref name=sbs-20251229142806/> Instead of pursuing the migration debate, Ley shifted the Coalition's focus to [[national security]] and [[counterterrorism]], calling for the immediate formation of an [[Antisemitism in Australia|antisemitism]] and counter-terrorism taskforce.<ref name=sbs-20251229142806>{{cite news |title=Opposition puts migration policy on ice after Bondi Beach massacre |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/opposition-migration-policy-bondi-beach-attack/ibn3gotg6 |work=[[Special Broadcasting Service]] |date=16 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251229142806/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/opposition-migration-policy-bondi-beach-attack/ibn3gotg6 |archive-date=29 December 2025 |access-date=28 December 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ley caused controversy and confusion by stating that the Royal Commission "must include reference to radical Islamic extremism, as well as far-left (pause) neo-Nazi extremism". When asked if she meant that Nazis were left wing, she said, "Far left and neo-Nazi extremism were the words that I used. Yes."<ref>{{cite news |date=7 January 2026 |title=Pressure increases on PM to establish post-Bondi Royal Commission |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/podcast-episode/pressure-increases-on-pm-to-establish-post-bondi-royal-commission/ci0n4o4iy |work=[[SBS News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107080534/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/podcast-episode/pressure-increases-on-pm-to-establish-post-bondi-royal-commission/ci0n4o4iy |archive-date=7 January 2026 |quote=Ms Ley says the Royal Commission must include what she calls a "reckoning" with extremist ideology. "Secondly, there must be a reckoning with antisemitism and extremist ideology. The terms of reference must properly address the systemic rise of antisemitism in Australia, and they must include reference to radical Islamic extremism, as well as far-left, neo-Nazi extremism. Victims' families have been very clear about this. Antisemitism can't be re-scoped or redefined". When questioned on whether she was conflating far-left and neo-Nazi movements, Ms Ley clarified her phrasing. "Far left and neo-Nazi extremism were the words that I used. Yes." |language=en-AU |access-date=10 January 2026 |url-status=live}} Audio is also available from: {{cite news |title=Pressure increases on PM to establish post-Bondi Royal Commission (audio of speech) |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/pressure-increases-on-pm-to-establish-post-bondi-royal/id73329715?i=1000744088722 |publisher=[[SBS News]] |via=[[Apple Podcasts]] |language=en-AU}}</ref>

=== Responses from Australian Jewish organisations ===
Various Australian Jewish organisations had differing responses.<ref name="Connaughton-2025">{{cite news |last1=Connaughton |first1=Maddison |title=As Sydney's Jewish community reels from the Bondi attack, the path forward is unclear |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |date=20 December 2025 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-21/bondi-attack-sydney-jewish-community-darkness-light/106160056 |access-date=28 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251229123201/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-21/bondi-attack-sydney-jewish-community-darkness-light/106160056 |archive-date=29 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Executive Council of Australian Jewry]] issued a statement saying: "The time for talking is over. We need decisive leadership and action now to eradicate the scourge of antisemitism from Australia's public life, for which the Jewish community has long been advocating{{nbsp}}... The shooting attack targeted the Jewish community but it took place at Bondi Beach, the people's beach, on what should have been a carefree summer's day. It was an attack on all Australians, our freedoms and our way of life."<ref>{{cite web |title=Terror attack on Bondi Chanukah event |date=14 December 2025 |url=https://www.ecaj.org.au/terror-attack-on-bondi-chanukah-event/ |website=[[Executive Council of Australian Jewry]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251214150823/https://www.ecaj.org.au/terror-attack-on-bondi-chanukah-event/ |archive-date=14 December 2025 |url-status=live |access-date=28 December 2025}}</ref> The CEO of the conservative [[Australian Jewish Association]], Robert Gregory, said: "This is an attack on the Jewish community that deeply pains us as a community".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kim |first=Victoria |date=14 December 2025 |title=Live Updates: At Least 10 Injured in Shooting at Bondi Beach in Sydney |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2025/12/14/world/sydney-bondi-beach-shooting/cd4e7bf2-4649-5dd3-8c6f-9084acf0a12e |access-date=14 December 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |quote=Robert Gregory, the CEO of the Australian Jewish Association, said "This is an attack on the Jewish community deeply that pains us as a community". |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215224605/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2025/12/14/world/sydney-bondi-beach-shooting/cd4e7bf2-4649-5dd3-8c6f-9084acf0a12e |archive-date=15 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=At least 12 killed in mass shooting at one of the world's most famous beaches |work=Newsday |url=https://newsday.co.za/international/13556/at-least-12-killed-in-mass-shooting-at-one-of-the-worlds-most-famous-beaches/ |date=14 December 2025 |access-date=14 December 2025 |language=en-ZA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251214203059/https://newsday.co.za/international/13556/at-least-12-killed-in-mass-shooting-at-one-of-the-worlds-most-famous-beaches/ |archive-date=14 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> The president of the [[Zionist Federation of Australia]], [[Jeremy Leibler]], said: "An attack on Jews celebrating their faith is an attack on Australia itself. It is an assault on our values, our social cohesion, and the basic right of people to gather without{{spaces}}fear."<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Heller |first1=Mathilda |last2=Perets |first2=Shir |last3=Genn |first3=James |date=14 December 2025 |title=Sixteen murdered in Bondi Beach, Sydney Hanukkah shooting |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-880251 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217222419/https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-880251 |archive-date=17 December 2025 |access-date=14 December 2025 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |url-status=live}}</ref>

Other organisations issuing statements included the Jewish Communal Appeal, Chabad NSW, Jewish National Fund Australia, Australian Association of Jewish Holocaust Survivors and Descendants, Sydney Jewish Museum, Queensland Jewish Board of Deputies, Anti-Defamation Commission, and The Joint Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Statements from communal organisations |url=https://www.australianjewishnews.com/statements-from-communal-organisations/ |access-date=4 February 2026 |website=www.australianjewishnews.com |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

Co-founder and executive of the progressive non-Zionist group [[Jewish Council of Australia]] (JCA) [[Max Kaiser]] called remarks by special envoy [[Jillian Segal]] "highly irresponsible", for a statement suggesting that the attack was a logical consequence of pro-Palestinian protests since October 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last=Issa |first=Antoun |date=16 December 2025 |title=Jewish Council urges 'pushback' against divisive rhetoric after Bondi attack |url=https://www.deepcutnews.com/p/jewish-council-urges-pushback-against |work=Deepcut News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228055239/https://www.deepcutnews.com/p/jewish-council-urges-pushback-against |archive-date=28 December 2025 |access-date=28 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Connaughton-2025" /> The JCA later published an online petition calling upon the prime minister and all Australian leaders to oppose division hindering the fight against antisemitism.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sign ✍️ We will not be divided after Bondi |website=[[Jewish Council of Australia]] |url=https://jewishcouncil.good.do/unity/jewish-council-petiton/ |access-date=28 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251228042720/https://jewishcouncil.good.do/unity/jewish-council-petiton/ |archive-date=28 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Responses from Australian Islamic organisations ===
The [[Australian National Imams Council]] condemned the shooting, saying: "This is a moment for all Australians, including the [[Australian Muslim]] community, to stand together in unity, compassion, and solidarity, rejecting violence in all its forms and affirming our shared commitment to social harmony and the safety of all Australians".<ref name="ABC News-2025" /> They issued a statement saying the council stood in solidarity with the Australian Jewish community and "unequivocally condemns ISIS as an evil, dangerous terrorist organisation whose actions and ideology stand in complete opposition to the teachings of Islam and the values upheld by Muslims worldwide".<ref name="ANIC on ISIS" >{{cite news |date=30 December 2025 |first=Rashida |last=Yosufzai |work=[[SBS News]] |title=Australia: 'I was called a dirty Muslim': Fears of a 'surge in hate-driven incidents' after Bondi attack |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/dirty-muslim-islamic-leaders-warn-of-attacks-against-community-blamed-for-bondi-terror-attack/lff4nrms4 |archive-url= |archive-date= |quote=The Australian National Imams Council (ANIC), the peak body representing Muslim leaders, has denounced IS as an "evil terrorist organisation" and said shortly after the attack that the ANIC stood in solidarity with the Australian Jewish community, the victims and their families.}}</ref> Muslim leaders in Sydney refused to [[Islamic funeral|perform funeral rites]] or receive the deceased gunman's body, condemning the shooting as a "barbaric, criminal, and terrorist{{spaces}}act".<ref>{{Cite news |last=White |first=Robert |date=15 December 2025 |title=Sydney Muslims refuse funeral rites for Bondi massacre attackers |url=https://www.news.com.au/national/nsw-act/sydney-muslims-refuse-funeral-rites-for-bondi-massacre-attackers/news-story/02de03b003a4e6b9e1b80b675c6e52dd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216042018/https://www.news.com.au/national/nsw-act/sydney-muslims-refuse-funeral-rites-for-bondi-massacre-attackers/news-story/02de03b003a4e6b9e1b80b675c6e52dd |archive-date=16 December 2025 |access-date=17 December 2025 |work=[[news.com.au]] |language=en-AU |url-status=live}}</ref>{{bsn|date=April 2026}}<ref>{{cite AV media |last1=Rifi |first1=Jamal |author-link1=Jamal Rifi |interviewer-last1=Elston |interviewer-first1=Rhiannon |date=16 December 2025 |title=Muslim community receiving increased hostility |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-16/naus-muslimcommunitynr-1612/106151218 |access-date=31 December 2025 |work=[[ABC NewsRadio]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |type=Radio broadcast |language=en-AU}}</ref> The [[Australia Palestine Advocacy Network]] condemned the attack and said "perpetrators of this horrendous attack do not represent our movement or the values we uphold".<ref>{{Cite news |first1=Frances |last1=Mao |first2=Stephanie |last2=Convery |first3=Krishani |last3=Dhanji |date=15 December 2025 |title=Bondi beach shooting: vigils held for victims as more than A$1m raised for man who tackled shooter – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/live/2025/dec/14/bondi-beach-shooting-live-updates-victims-terror-attack-jewish-festival-hanukah |access-date=15 December 2025 |work=[[Guardian Australia|The Guardian]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

===International responses===

==== Israel ====

Prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu spoke about the attack on Sunday 14 December Israeli time (Monday [[AEDT]]).<ref name="AFR p59nht" /> Netanyahu delivered a speech from a government meeting at [[Dimona Nuclear Centre|Dimona]].{{sfnq|Eichner|2025|q=Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu retracted his statement during the government meeting in Dimona, after claiming that a Jew neutralized one of the terrorists in the attack at Bondi Beach in Sydney.}} Netanyahu attacked prime minister Albanese and called antisemitism a "cancer".{{sfnq|Eichner|2025|q=Netanyahu attacked Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese, claiming that "your government has done nothing to prevent the spread of antisemitism in Australia, you have done nothing to cut off the cancer cells that have grown in your country".}} In what ''[[The Times of Israel]]'' called "an oblique attack on the Australian government" Netanyahu said, "...We will continue to demand from them to do what is demanded of leaders of free nations. We will not give up, we will not bow our heads, we will continue to fight as our ancestors did".<ref name="toi oblique" >{{Cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/after-sydney-attack-netanyahu-says-he-warned-albanese-that-canberra-pours-fuel-on-antisemitic-fire/ |title=After Sydney attack, Netanyahu says he warned Albanese that Canberra 'pours fuel on antisemitic fire' |first=Lazar |last=Berman |date=14 December 2025 |work=[[Times of Israel]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref name="AFR p59nht" >{{cite news |last1=Hohne |first1=Josh |last2=Shanahan |first2=Maxim |title=Bondi Beach shooting: 12 killed, 29 injured in Bondi shooting |url=https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/shooting-deeply-distressing-minns-20251214-p5nnl0?post=p59nht |work=[[Australian Financial Review]] |date=14 December 2025 |language=en |quote=Netanyahu cited his letter to Albanese in August, when he urged Albanese against recognising Palestinian statehood, "Three months ago I wrote to the Australian prime minister that your policy is pouring oil on the fire of antisemitism"...}}</ref>

About a month before the attack, Mossad warned Australian intelligence about possible attacks from the [[Islamic Republic]] of [[Iran]].<ref name="Mossad had warned" >{{cite news |date=15 December 2025 |script-title=fa:جهان اسلام، به جز طالبان، حمله به یهودیان را محکوم کرد |title= |trans-title=The Islamic world, except the Taliban, condemned the attack on Jews |url=https://www.afintl.com/202512153513 |work=[[Afghanistan International]] |archive-url= |archive-date= |language=fa |script-quote=fa:موساد حدود یک ماه پیش به نهادهای اطلاعاتی استرالیا درباره «زیرساخت تروریستی» مورد حمایت جمهوری اسلامی در این کشور که قصد حمله به اهداف یهودی را داشت، هشدار داده بود. کانال ۱۲ اسرائیل افزود موساد پیش‌تر اعلام کرده بود شبکه‌ای فراملی وابسته به نیروی قدس سپاه پاسداران پشت حملات به مراکز یهودی در کشورهای غربی، از جمله استرالیا، قرار دارد. |trans-quote=Mossad had warned Australian intelligence agencies about a month ago about a "terrorist infrastructure" supported by the Islamic Republic in the country that was planning to attack Jewish targets. [[Channel 12 (Israel)|Israel's Channel 12]] added that Mossad had previously stated that a transnational network affiliated with the [[IRGC]]'s Quds Force was behind attacks on Jewish centers in Western countries, including Australia.}}</ref>
The ''[[Australian Financial Review]]'' said Mossad was "helping" [[ASIO]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.afr.com/policy/foreign-affairs/israel-joins-bondi-terror-probe-as-calls-grow-for-asio-review-20251215-p5nnoh |title=Israel joins Bondi terror probe as calls grow for ASIO review |first1=Michael |last1=Read |first2=Nicola |last2=Smith |date=15 December 2025 |work=[[Australian Financial Review]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

Two days after the shooting, [[Amichai Chikli]], Israel's [[Ministry of Diaspora Affairs and Combating Antisemitism|Minister of Diaspora Affairs and Combating Antisemitism]], made a brief visit to Sydney.<ref>{{cite news | script-title = he: ניצול הטבח בסידני משחזר את הרגעים הקשים: "הבדל של מילימטרים, נס חנוכה" - בחדרי חרדים | trans-title = Sydney massacre survivor relives difficult moments: "A difference of millimeters, a Chanukah miracle" - Haderei Haredim | url = https://www.bhol.co.il/news/1713648 | work = www.bhol.co.il | date = 18 December 2025 |language=he}}</ref>

Writing in ''[[Haaretz]]'', Dana Segall said that progressive reactions to the attack failed to acknowledge and emphasise its antisemitic nature, "dilut[ing] Jewish victimhood into a vague slurry of 'violence,' 'tragedy,' and 'shared humanity'."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Segall |first=Dana |date=16 December 2025 |title=After the Bondi Terror Attack, the Erasure of Its Jewish Victims |url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2025-12-16/ty-article-opinion/.premium/after-the-bondi-terror-attack-the-erasure-of-its-jewish-victims/0000019b-26fc-d5c5-a3df-befea4ff0000 |work=[[Haaretz]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

===== Israeli presidential visit =====

On 9 February 2026, Israeli president [[Isaac Herzog]] began an [[Australia–Israel relations#2026 Israeli presidential visit to Australia|official visit to Australia]], arriving in Sydney and laying of a wreath at the Bondi Beach memorial site, where he also met survivors and victims' families.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c62grw02gpjo |title=Israeli president Isaac Herzog lays wreath at Bondi at start of controversial visit |date=9 February 2026 |work=[[BBC News]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 February 2026 |title=Live: Isaac Herzog lays wreath at Bondi to commemorate victims of antisemitic attack |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-02-09/isaac-herzog-to-visit-israel-president-bondi-attacks/106320994 |access-date=9 February 2026 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |language=en-AU |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 February 2026 |title=Pro-Palestine protest planned in Sydney against Israeli President Herzog's visit |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pro-palestine-protest-planned-sydney-against-israeli-president-herzogs-visit-2026-02-08/ |access-date=9 February 2026 |work=[[Reuters]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

In debates in the [[Australian Senate]] before the visit, the [[Australian Greens]] said that the president's visit would "inflame community tensions".<ref name="SBS video senate Herzog" />
The [[Jewish Council of Australia]] opposed his visit, urging the Australian government to rescind the invitation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2026 |title=Untying antisemitism from anti-Israel sentiment will take political courage |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-02-07/isaac-herzog-visit-australia/106294858 |via=www.abc.net.au}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Schwartz |first1=Sarah |date=9 February 2026 |quote=While legacy Jewish organisations have welcomed the visit, many Jewish Australians, myself included, have expressed profound opposition. More than 1000 Jews and counting have signed the Jewish Council of Australia's open letter... |others=[[Jewish Council of Australia]] |title=Not all Jewish Australians welcome Herzog here |url=https://www.afr.com/policy/foreign-affairs/not-all-jewish-australians-welcome-herzog-here-20260209-p5o0lf |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260209114652/https://www.afr.com/policy/foreign-affairs/not-all-jewish-australians-welcome-herzog-here-20260209-p5o0lf |archive-date=9 February 2026 |work=[[Australian Financial Review]] |language=en-AU}}</ref>
According to the [[Executive Council of Australian Jewry]], the visit was intended to "lift the spirits of a pained community", express solidarity with Jewish Australians and recalibrate bilateral ties.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Doherty |first=Ben |date=3 February 2026 |title=Who is Israel's president Isaac Herzog and why is his visit to Australia expected to prompt mass protests? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2026/feb/04/isaac-herzog-israel-president-australia-visit-controversy-ntwnfb |access-date=9 February 2026 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language= |issn= |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2026 |title=Israeli President Isaac Herzog arrives in Australia to welcome embrace and rally rage |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/israeli-president-arrives-court-decision-on-protest-expected-soon/wcr3lu11s |access-date=9 February 2026 |work=[[SBS News]] |language=en}}</ref> His visit was also welcomed by the [[Zionist Federation of Australia]].<ref>{{cite news |date=23 December 2025 |title=ZFA Statement - Invitation to President Herzog to visit Australia |url=https://www.zfa.com.au/zfa-statement-invitation-to-president-herzog-to-visit-australia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260209073741/https://www.zfa.com.au/zfa-statement-invitation-to-president-herzog-to-visit-australia/ |archive-date=9 February 2026 |work=[[Zionist Federation of Australia]]}}</ref>

United Nations Commissioner [[Chris Sidoti]] said the visit should not have happened because Herzog is personally guilty of incitement to genocide, relating to the [[Gaza genocide|genocide in Gaza]].<ref name="Sidoti 4 Feb 2026 Guardian">{{cite news |author1-link=Chris Sidoti |last1=Sidoti |first1=Chris |title=Isaac Herzog is accused of inciting genocide in Gaza. He shouldn't be welcomed to Australia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2026/feb/05/albanese-can-still-withdraw-the-invitation-to-israels-president-he-should-do-so-for-the-sake-of-social-cohesion-ntwnfb |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=4 February 2026 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref name="Commissioner Chris Sidoti" >{{cite news |title=video interview: 'Wrong time, wrong person': UN Commissioner says Herzog shouldn't be visiting {{!}} 7NEWS |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ts4_dlsa0g |website=@7news |date=8 February 2026 |publisher=[[7 News]] |quote=UN Commissioner Chris Sidoti has condemned Israeli President Isaac Herzog's visit to Australia |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
There were calls for Herzog to be arrested, and discussion about whether this was possible.<ref name="Olivia Di Iorio 9 Feb 2026" >{{cite news |first=Olivia |last=Di Iorio |agency=[[Australian Associated Press]] |title=Israeli President Isaac Herzog arrives in Australia to welcome embrace and rally rage |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/israeli-president-arrives-court-decision-on-protest-expected-soon/wcr3lu11s |work=[[SBS News]] |date=9 February 2026 |language=en-AU |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=What Herzog has said about Gaza, and why he won't be arrested in Australia |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-02-06/herzog-will-be-aware-controversy-wont-be-arrested-in-australia/106311734 |work = [[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |date=5 February 2026 |language=en-AU |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>
The visit drew attention to other past actions of Herzog, such as signing bombs that were later dropped in Gaza.<ref name="SBS video senate Herzog">{{cite news |title=Greens push for Australia to uninvite Israeli president |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rrtPj_0tJJw |work=@SBSNews |publisher=[[SBS News]] |date=3 February 2026 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref name="Doherty 6 Feb 2026" >{{cite news |last1=Doherty |first1=Ben |title=Legal groups push for Australian federal police to arrest retired general travelling with Israeli president |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2026/feb/06/legal-groups-push-for-australian-federal-police-to-arrest-retired-general-travelling-with-israeli-president |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=6 February 2026 |archive-url= |archive-date= |quote=But members of his own party have said they are "very uncomfortable" about the invitation. The former Labor minister Ed Husic said: "It's really hard for me to reconcile the vision of him [Herzog] signing bombs that went on to be dropped on Palestinian homes ... with the notion of social cohesion. So from that perspective, I've obviously got deep concerns." In late 2023, Herzog was pictured signing an Israeli artillery shell being prepared to be fired into Gaza... In September last year, a UN commission of inquiry alleged Herzog incited genocide against Palestinians in Gaza by publicly declaring all Palestinians in Gaza were responsible for the Hamas attacks of October 2023, "It's an entire nation out there that is responsible..." he said.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hartcher |first1=Peter |title=We have a choice with Herzog visit – futile fury or solemn solidarity |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/middle-east/we-have-a-choice-with-herzog-visit-futile-fury-or-solemn-solidarity-20260206-p5o09h.html |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=6 February 2026 |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-02-06/herzog-will-be-aware-controversy-wont-be-arrested-in-australia/106311734 |title=What Herzog has said about Gaza, and why he won't be arrested in Australia |date=5 February 2026 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>{{sfnq|Di Iorio|2026|q=Nevertheless, Herzog sparked outrage in 2023 for being photographed signing an Israeli artillery shell.}}

Herzog's visit was met with several protests, including pro-Palestinian demonstrations in Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane criticising Israel's actions in Gaza and opposing Herzog's presence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shepherd |first=Tory |last2=McLeod |first2=Catie |last3=Dhanji |first3=Krishani |last4=Shepherd (now) |first4=Tory |last5=Dhanji (earlier) |first5=Krishani |date=9 February 2026 |title=Australia news live: police use pepper spray as Sydney protesters attempt to march; thousands rally in Melbourne to oppose Isaac Herzog's visit |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/live/2026/feb/09/anthony-albanese-sussan-ley-labor-liberal-national-coalition-israel-president-arrives-sydney-melbourne-protests-vic-nsw-qld-ntwnfb |access-date=9 February 2026 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Jose |first=Renju |date=8 February 2026 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pro-palestine-protest-planned-sydney-against-israeli-president-herzogs-visit-2026-02-08/ |title=Pro-Palestine protest planned in Sydney against Israeli President Herzog's visit |work=[[Reuters]] |location=Sydney |access-date=9 February 2026 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> Police used [[pepper spray]] on protesters and journalists in Sydney.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2026 |title=Police pepper spray protesters as Israeli president visits Sydney |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c62grw02gpjo |access-date=10 February 2026 |work=[[BBC News]] |language= |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Photos: Australians rally against Israeli president's visit |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2026/2/9/sydney-police-use-pepper-spray-on-protesters-during-herzog-visit |access-date=10 February 2026 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/protests-in-sydney-against-herzogs-visit-turn-violent-amid-scuffles-with-police/ |title=Protests in Sydney against Herzog's visit turn violent amid scuffles with police |date=9 February 2026 |work=[[Times of Israel]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

More than 100 Muslim organisations condemned the actions of NSW Police using disproportionate force against the group of Australian Muslims who were praying near the rally.<ref>{{cite news |title=More than 100 Muslim organisations condemn use of police force at Sydney rally |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/podcast-episode/more-than-100-muslim-organisations-condemn-use-of-police-force-at-sydney-rally/px2yrepcz |work=[[SBS News]] |date=10 February 2026 |language=en-AU |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>
Aftab Malik, Australia's special envoy to combat Islamophobia, demanded an apology from NSW police for using "excessive and unprovoked" force against a group of Muslim men who conducted impromptu prayers during a protest in Sydney which, according to Minns, was in "the middle of a riot".<ref>{{cite news |first1=Hayley |last1=Taylor |title=Islamophobia envoy to demand protest apology |url=https://7news.com.au/news/7news-live-updates-melbourne-protestors-announce-second-round-of-protests-against-israel-president-isaac-herzogs-visit-c-21584125#44625 |work=[[7 News]] |access-date=10 February 2026 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Special envoy against Islamophobia demands apology for police treatment of Muslim demonstrators |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/video/special-envoy-against-islamophobia-demands-apology-for-police-treatment-of-muslim-demonstrators/8bjz47cja |work=[[SBS News]] |date=10 February 2026 |language=en-AU |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2026 |title=Protesters compare police response at anti-Herzog rally to 'Trump's America' |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-02-10/nine-charged-sydney-protest-isaac-herzog-protest/106326288 |access-date=10 February 2026 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |language=en-AU |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> The independent [[Law Enforcement Conduct Commission]] will investigate the conduct of police at the rally.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McSweeney |first=Jessica |last2=Rachwani |first2=Mostafa |date=13 February 2026 |title=Police watchdog to investigate actions of officers at Sydney Town Hall rally |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/police-watchdog-to-investigate-actions-of-officers-at-sydney-town-hall-rally-20260213-p5o21y.html |access-date=13 February 2026 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |language= |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

A demonstration outside parliament house in Canberra was addressed by [[Australian Greens|Greens]] deputy leader [[Mehreen Faruqi]] and joined by [[Independent politicians in Australia|independent]] senator [[David Pocock]].<ref>{{cite news |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=11 February 2026 |title=Australia presses Israel's Herzog for criminal charges over strike killing Zomi Frankcom |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/australasia/article/3343184/australia-presses-israels-herzog-criminal-charges-over-strike-killing-zomi-frankcom |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

==== New Zealand ====
[[File:Bondi beach vigil in Dunedin, 21 Dec 2025.jpg|thumb|320px|Vigil for victims of the Bondi Beach shooting at the [[Dunedin Cenotaph]] in [[New Zealand]]]]

Press statements were made by the New Zealand prime minister, [[Christopher Luxon]],<ref>{{cite news |author=Reporters |date=15 December 2025 |title='We're family': Luxon expresses solidarity after Bondi terror attack |url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2025/12/15/were-family-luxon-expresses-solidarity-after-bondi-terror-attack/ |work=[[1News]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251214214359/https://www.1news.co.nz/2025/12/15/were-family-luxon-expresses-solidarity-after-bondi-terror-attack/ |archive-date=14 December 2025 |access-date=14 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> and armed police in New Zealand were deployed on 15 December to guard Jewish sites across the country, including the Holocaust Centre of New Zealand and [[Kadimah School]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bondi Beach shooting: Armed police guard New Zealand Jewish sites |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/bondi-beach-terror-attack-armed-police-guard-new-zealand-jewish-sites/YEH4MZP75RAGTNECI65EDALYQI/ |access-date=15 December 2025 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=15 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215035409/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/bondi-beach-terror-attack-armed-police-guard-new-zealand-jewish-sites/YEH4MZP75RAGTNECI65EDALYQI/ |archive-date=15 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== United Kingdom ====
A press statement was made by UK prime minister [[Keir Starmer]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Rawnsley |first=Jessica |title=King 'appalled and saddened' by Bondi attack on Jewish community |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8e95gkl5r3o |work=[[BBC News]] |date=14 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215021640/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8e95gkl5r3o |archive-date=15 December 2025 |access-date=14 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ganko-2025" />

[[King Charles III]], Australia's [[Monarchy of Australia|head of state]],{{efn|Usually represented in Australia by the [[Governor-General of Australia|governor-general]].}} wrote:<ref>{{cite web |title=King 'appalled and saddened' by Bondi attack on Jewish community |url=https://www.govhouse.qld.gov.au/government-house/office-of-the-governor/news-and-publications/latest-news/king-s-message-to-australians-after-bondi-beach-attack |website=[[Government House, Queensland|Government House Queensland]] |date=15 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251225052752/https://www.govhouse.qld.gov.au/government-house/office-of-the-governor/news-and-publications/latest-news/king-s-message-to-australians-after-bondi-beach-attack |archive-date=25 December 2025 |access-date=25 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{blockquote |text=In times of hurt, Australians always rally together in unity and resolve. I know that the spirit of community and love that shines so brightly in Australia{{nbsp}}... will always triumph over the darkness of such evil.}}

In the United Kingdom, authorities cited the Bondi Beach attack as a factor in increasing enforcement against potentially violent protest behavior, alongside the [[Manchester synagogue attack]] that took place on the Jewish holiday of [[Yom Kippur]] on 2 October 2025. On 17 December 2025, police forces in [[Metropolitan Police|London]] and [[Greater Manchester Police|Greater Manchester]] announced that individuals chanting "[[globalise the intifada]]" at protests would be arrested, describing the action as necessary because "violent acts have taken place, the context has changed, words have meaning and consequence".<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 December 2025 |title=London and Manchester police forces to arrest those chanting 'globalize the intifada' |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/12/17/london-and-manchester-police-forces-to-arrest-those-chanting-globalize-the-intifada_6748606_4.html |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=[[Le Monde]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217185813/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/12/17/london-and-manchester-police-forces-to-arrest-those-chanting-globalize-the-intifada_6748606_4.html |archive-date=17 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 December 2025 |title=Two arrested after police say they will act against intifada chants |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cde65de81jgo |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220100850/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cde65de81jgo |archive-date=20 December 2025 |access-date=21 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== United States ====

US President [[Donald Trump]] described the shooting as a "terrible ... antisemitic attack".<ref>{{cite news |title=Dec. 14: Trump condemns Sydney shooting as 'a purely antisemitic attack' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog-december-14-2025/ |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=14 December 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=14 December 2025 |title=Watch: Trump addresses deadly attacks in Syria, Australia and Rhode Island at Christmas reception |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/watch-trump-addresses-deadly-attacks-in-syria-australia-and-rhode-island-at-christmas-reception |access-date=14 December 2025 |work=[[PBS News]] |language=en-US |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

According to ''The Jerusalem Post'', an American official told [[Fox News]] that the US would support Israeli strikes on Iran if the Bondi attack had been ordered by Iran.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-880387 |title=Should Israel strike Iran if it's behind Bondi shooting? |date=15 December 2025 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

==== Elsewhere overseas ====
The attack was condemned by the leaders of many other nations:<ref name="ABC News-2025b" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=14 December 2025 |title=World reacts to Jewish festival shooting attack at Sydney's Bondi Beach |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/14/world-condemns-mass-shooting-at-jewish-festival-in-sydneys-bondi-beach |access-date=26 January 2026 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>
* French president [[Emmanuel Macron]] expressed "deep sadness" at the death of a French citizen.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wood |first=Richard |date=15 December 2025 |title=French citizen identified as victim of Bondi shooting attack |url=https://www.9news.com.au/world/bondi-beach-shooting-french-national-identified-as-victim/7272a4f3-fc22-4c97-866a-551fadd70b6d |work=[[Nine News]] |access-date=16 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215032440/https://www.9news.com.au/world/bondi-beach-shooting-french-national-identified-as-victim/7272a4f3-fc22-4c97-866a-551fadd70b6d |archive-date=15 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=14 December 2025 |title=World leaders express horror at Bondi beach shooting |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20251214-world-leaders-express-horror-revulsion-at-bondi-beach-shooting |work=[[France 24]] |access-date=16 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221161626/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20251214-world-leaders-express-horror-revulsion-at-bondi-beach-shooting |archive-date=21 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Indian prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] condemned the attack, adding that "India has zero tolerance [[Terrorism in India|towards terrorism]] and supports the fight against all forms and manifestations of terrorism".<ref>{{cite news |date=14 December 2025 |title=PM Modi condemns terror attack in Australia |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-condemns-terror-attack-in-australia/article70395516.ece |access-date= 14 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>
* The [[Iranian Foreign Ministry]] issued a condemnation of the shooting, with spokesman [[Esmail Baghaei|Esmaeil Baghaei]] writing on [[Twitter|X]] that "Terror and killing of human beings, wherever committed, is rejected and condemned".<ref>{{Cite news |author=Al Jazeera Staff and News Agencies |date=14 December 2025 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/14/world-condemns-mass-shooting-at-jewish-festival-in-sydneys-bondi-beach |title=World reacts to Jewish festival shooting attack at Sydney's Bondi Beach |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> He also said "We condemn the violent attack in Sydney, Australia. Terror violence and mass killing shall be condemned, wherever they're committed".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202512149284 |title=Australia probing possible Iran link to Sydney attack - Times of Israel |date=14 December 2025 |work=[[Iran International]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>
* [[Foreign relations of Jordan|Jordan's Foreign Ministry]] spokesperson Ambassador Fouad al-Majali affirmed Jordan's solidarity with "friendly Australia".<ref name="MEMO Q J UAE" >{{Cite news |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20251214-arab-states-condemn-deadly-sydney-beach-shooting/ |title=Arab states condemn deadly Sydney beach shooting – Middle East Monitor |work=[[Middle East Monitor]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>
* Pakistan's prime minister and president condemned the attack. ''[[Arab News Pakistan]]'' reported that "Pakistan says it stands in solidarity with Australia", and Prime Minister [[Shehbaz Sharif]] condemned "terrorism in all its forms and manifestations". President [[Asif Ali Zardari]] said "Pakistan itself a victim of terrorism, stands in solidarity with and condemns violence against innocent civilians". Both men expressed condolences to the victims.<ref name="ANP and AFP" >{{cite news |date=15 December 2025 |location=Islamabad |work=[[Arab News Pakistan]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |title=Australia says father and son carried out Sydney beach attack as Pakistan condemns violence |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2626296/pakistan |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>
* The [[Palestinian Authority]]{{efn|The authority of the [[Palestinian government]] in [[Ramallah]]. There is a parallel Palestinian [[Government of Gaza|government in Gaza]], due to the [[Fatah–Hamas conflict]], Australia [[International recognition of Palestine|recognises]] only the Ramallah government.{{citation needed|date=February 2026}}}} condemned the attack and rejected "all forms of extremism and terrorism, including the killing of civilians".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stewart |first1=Cameron |last2=Packham |first2=Ben |title=Bondi hero attacked as 'traitor' in Arab world |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/bondi-hero-ahmed-alahmed-branded-a-traitor-for-saving-jewish-lives/news-story/f487bace55d0101053ddca0040f2c38b |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=[[The Australian]] |publisher=[[News Corp Australia]] |date=17 December 2025 |url-access=subscription |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>
* Qatar's [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Qatar)|Foreign Ministry]] said the nation rejects "violence, terrorism and criminal acts regardless of their motives or causes".<ref name="MEMO Q J UAE"/>
* The [[Saudi foreign ministry]] issued a statement saying, "The Kingdom affirms its stance against all forms of violence, terrorism, and extremism" and offering "sincere condolences to the families of the victims and to the government and people of Australia".<ref>{{cite news |title=Saudi Arabia condemns Sydney Bondi Beach shooting |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/saudi-arabia/2025/12/14/saudi-arabia-condemns-sydney-bondi-beach-shooting |work=[[Al Arabiya English]] |date=14 December 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref name="MEMO Q J UAE"/>
* The [[Turkish Foreign Ministry]] issued a statement expressing condolences for the families of victims and saying, "Türkiye reiterates its principled stance against terrorism in all its forms and manifestations".<ref name="TRT foreign ministry" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2025 |title=Türkiye condemns Sydney attack, vows solidarity against terrorism |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/turkiye-condemns-sydney-attack-vows-solidarity-against-terrorism/news |access-date=28 January 2026 |website=[[Daily Sabah]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> [[TRT World]] reported, "The ministry stressed that Türkiye stands in solidarity with Australia".<ref name="TRT foreign ministry">{{Cite web |title=Türkiye condemns terrorist attack at Sydney's Bondi Beach |date=14 December 2025 |url=https://www.trtworld.com/article/4b9cf29cc7cc |access-date=28 January 2026 |work=[[TRT World]] |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2026}}
* The United Arab Emirates' [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (United Arab Emirates)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] said that the country "strongly condemns such criminal acts" and rejects "all forms of violence and terrorism".<ref name="MEMO Q J UAE"/>

===== Islamic State =====
{{See also|Mass media use by the Islamic State}}
On 18 December, IS called the attack a "source of pride" on its [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]] channel. [[Reuters]] and several other media sources in English described the announcement as not claiming responsibility.<ref>{{cite news |title=Islamic state calls Bondi beach killings a 'source of pride', but does not claim responsibility |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/islamic-state-calls-bondi-beach-killings-source-pride-does-not-claim-2025-12-18/ |work=Reuters |date=19 December 2025 |archive-date=19 December 2025 |access-date=5 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219170233/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/islamic-state-calls-bondi-beach-killings-source-pride-does-not-claim-2025-12-18/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Harris |first=Trudy |date=19 December 2025 |title=Bondi shooting: ISIS praises attackers as 'lions' and 'heroes' |url=https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/isis-praises-bondi-attackers-as-lions-and-heroes-20251219-p5noxs |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251218233705/https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/isis-praises-bondi-attackers-as-lions-and-heroes-20251219-p5noxs |archive-date=18 December 2025 |work=[[Australian Financial Review]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=18 December 2025 |title=ISIS Praises Bondi Beach Shooting as 'Source of Pride' Without Claiming Responsibility |url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/asia-and-australia/2025-12-18/ty-article/isis-praises-bondi-beach-shooting-as-source-of-pride-without-claiming-responsibility/0000019b-32e3-dc39-abbb-fff324690000 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219050457/https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/asia-and-australia/2025-12-18/ty-article/isis-praises-bondi-beach-shooting-as-source-of-pride-without-claiming-responsibility/0000019b-32e3-dc39-abbb-fff324690000 |archive-date=19 December 2025 |access-date=19 December 2025 |work=[[Haaretz]] |quote=The Islamic State praised Sunday's Bondi Beach Hanukkah festival shooting in Australia as a "source of pride" in a newsletter posted to its Telegram channel on Thursday, but stopped short of claiming responsibility{{nbsp}}... "...{{nbsp}}the zealots answered the call and carried out the recommendations to target religious festivals and gatherings" ...{{nbsp}}The militant group has also incited refugees in Belgium to carry out attacks on Jews and Christians there during the holiday season.}}</ref>
According to [[SITE Intelligence]], IS has been using the attack as propaganda.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shalvey |first=Kevin |date=17 December 2025 |title=Alleged Bondi Beach gunman charged with 15 counts of murder, police say |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/alleged-bondi-beach-gunman-charged-15-counts-murder/story?id=128475208 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217065131/https://abcnews.go.com/International/alleged-bondi-beach-gunman-charged-15-counts-murder/story?id=128475208 |archive-date=17 December 2025 |access-date=17 December 2025 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |location=United States}}</ref> IS also dedicated the entire full page editorial to the attack in the 18 December 2025 issue of ''[[Al-Naba]]'', their Arabic-language propaganda magazine.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Ingram |first1=Haroro J. |last2=Ingram |first2=Kiriloi M. |date=24 December 2025 |title=The Bondi Attack, the Islamic State, and the Price of Strategic Shortsightedness |url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/12/the-bondi-attack-the-islamic-state-and-the-price-of-strategic-shortsightedness/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251224082212/https://thediplomat.com/2025/12/the-bondi-attack-the-islamic-state-and-the-price-of-strategic-shortsightedness/ |archive-date=24 December 2025 |magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |quote=Then, on 18 December, the editorial in issue 526 of Islamic State's ''[[Al-Naba]]'' magazine praised the father-son duo as the "Pride of Sydney" while mocking counterterrorism efforts that "look for a structure to pursue... a cell to arrest... a camp or a guesthouse to bomb". Reflecting the group's transition from a proto-state, the editorial claims that the group's incitement of supporters to engage in lone actor attacks is "an effective strategy that does not require many jihad resources and overcomes many obstacles, and moreover, plunges enemies into an endless cycle of attrition". The editorial presents lone attackers as fighters behind enemy lines and thus crucial to the Islamic State's global insurgency. The article, however, refrains from explicitly claiming responsibility for the Bondi attack, instead emphasizing that adopting the "Prophetic method" to carry out lone actor attacks is more important than a formal connection to the group...}}</ref><ref name="Al Naba – page 3">{{cite news |date=18 December 2025 |title= |script-title=ar: مفخرة سيدني |trans-title=Sydney's Pride |newspaper=صحيفة النبأ [[Al-Naba]] |publisher=[[Mass media use by the Islamic State|Daesh state media]] and [[Social media use by the Islamic State|Telegram channel]] |page=3 |language=ar |via=[[The Diplomat (magazine)]], [[Haaretz]], [[Reuters]], and others |issue=526}} – Citation in {{langx|ar|صحيفة النبأ العدد 526 - الخميس، 18 ديسمبر 2025 – مفخرة سيدني||Al-Nabaa Newspaper, Issue No. 526 – Thursday, 18 December 2025 – Sydney's Pride}} (newspaper editorial)</ref>
Lebanese news quoted the ''al-Naba'' editorial as saying, "The Islamic State's official speeches and writings have consistently incited attacks against Jews and Christians during their holidays and gatherings," and the attackers "answered the call and carried out the recommendations to target holidays and gatherings".<ref name="Daesh quotes from Lebanon">Article: {{cite news |title= |script-title=ar:"داعش" يتباهى بهجوم "بونداي" |trans-title=Daesh (ISIS) boasts of the Bondai attack |url=https://iconnews.net/post/119260/ |website=iconnews.net |publisher=Icon News |language=ar |archive-url= |archive-date=}} Also via: {{Bulleted list | {{cite news |date=18 December 2025 |trans-title=ISIS boasts of the Bondi attack |title= |script-title = ar:"داعش" يتباهى بهجوم "بونداي" |url=https://www.alnuhud.com/?p=164120 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128051738/https://www.alnuhud.com/?p=164120 |archive-date=28 January 2026 |work=al-Nuhud Centre |location=Lebanon |language=ar}} | {{cite news |date=18 December 2025 |trans-title=ISIS boasts of the Bondi attack |title= |script-title=ar:"داعش" يتباهى بهجوم "بونداي" |url=https://al-jareeda.com/archives/774136 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128054103/https://al-jareeda.com/archives/774136 |archive-date=28 January 2026 |website=al-jareeda.com |language=ar}}}}</ref>

In late February 2026, IS spokesperson [[Abu Hudhayfah al-Ansari]] claimed credit for the Bondi massacre, calling Sajid and Naveed Akram "soldiers" and "brave lions".<ref name="ABCClaimR">{{cite news |title=Bondi attackers embraced as 'soldiers' by Islamic State |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-02-27/islamic-state-claims-credit-bondi-massacre/106399514 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |access-date=28 February 2026 |language=en-AU |date=27 February 2026 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> Counter terrorism experts commented that it was part of a propaganda strategy to extend its influence and "typical" of them to claim affiliation and that the group sought to inspire "self-directed" terrorism.<ref name="ABCClaimR"/>

==== Criticism of Islamic world opponents to IS ====
{{Further|topic=the related conflicts|Islamic State–Taliban conflict|Iran and the Islamic State}}

According to Saudi-backed UK-based news agency [[Iran International]], Iranian or Iran-affiliated [[Tasnim News Agency]] and [[Sabereen News]]{{efn|Sabereen News is published in Iraq, but is believed to have ties to [[Iran's Revolutionary Guard]],<ref name="Iran International-2025"/> an [[Iran and the Islamic State|opponent of the Islamic State]].}} appeared to have praised the killings.<ref name="Iran International-2025">{{Cite news |date=14 December 2025 |title=From false-flag claims to celebration: Iran's state media spin Sydney attack |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202512148264 |access-date=16 December 2025 |work=[[Iran International]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219094020/https://www.iranintl.com/en/202512148264 |archive-date=19 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{additional citation needed|date=February 2026}} Iran international also pointed out that "The son of Iran's ex-ambassador to Australia" had posted about Hanukkah on [[Twitter|X]] on 15 December 2015, even though his post made no mention of the attack.<ref name="Iran International-2025"/>
[[Afghanistan International]] criticised the Taliban for allegedly failing to condemn the attack, but noted that the rest of the Islamic world had, highlighting that officials in Iran, Jordan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates voiced strong disapproval of the attack.<ref name="except the Taliban" >{{cite news |date=15 December 2025 |script-title=fa:جهان اسلام، به جز طالبان، حمله به یهودیان را محکوم کرد |title= |trans-title=The Islamic world, except the Taliban, condemned the attack on Jews |url=https://www.afintl.com/202512153513 |work=[[Afghanistan International]] |archive-url= |archive-date= |language=fa}}</ref>{{additional citation needed |date=February 2026}}

=== Speculation and accusations ===

==== Recognition of the state of Palestine ====
The [[Ideology of the Islamic State|Islamic State ideology]] explicitly opposes the concept of nation states, including the existence of a Palestinian state.<ref name="Beaumont 2025" >{{cite news |date=22 December 2025 |last1=Beaumont |first1=Peter |title=What is the status of Islamic State, the group linked to the Bondi attacks? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/dec/22/could-the-bondi-terror-suspects-be-linked-to-islamic-state |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=4 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260204015514/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/dec/22/could-the-bondi-terror-suspects-be-linked-to-islamic-state}}</ref>

Australian opposition leader [[Sussan Ley]] and other [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]]–[[National Party of Australia|National]] coalition MPs criticised Australia's [[recognition of Palestine]] for being linked to the shooting,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Butler |first=Josh |date=22 December 2025 |title=Coalition attacks Penny Wong for not shedding 'a single tear' after Bondi shooting, says 'multicultural nirvana' has failed |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2025/dec/22/coalition-attacks-penny-wong-bondi-beach-shooting-terror-attack-sussan-ley-press-conference-ntwnfb |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> despite this being directly contrary to the [[Ideology of the Islamic State|goals of the Islamic State]], who aspire to be the only [[Islamic state]] and reject [[nation states]] as a concept, and have no interest in their local supporters.<ref name="Sydney cleric-2025">{{Cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-08-21/how-wisam-haddad-exploited-sydney-harbour-bridge-protest/105649430 |title=Sydney cleric, IS child groomer target pro-Palestinian cause for recruits |date=20 August 2025 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116041429/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-08-21/how-wisam-haddad-exploited-sydney-harbour-bridge-protest/105649430 |archive-date=16 January 2026 |access-date=5 January 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Rubinsztein-Dunlop-2025">{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-16/video-shows-bondi-beach-shooting-gunman-preaching-islam-to-teens/106145626 |title=Bondi Beach shooting gunman Naveed Akram was follower of pro-Islamic State preacher Wisam Haddad |first1=Sean |last1=Rubinsztein-Dunlop |first2=Michael |last2=Workman |first3=Olivia |last3=Caisley |date=15 December 2025 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |access-date=5 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104064720/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-16/video-shows-bondi-beach-shooting-gunman-preaching-islam-to-teens/106145626 |archive-date=4 January 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Israeli prime minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] blamed the [[Albanese government]] for "pouring fuel on this antisemitic fire" as a result of policies such as the [[recognition of Palestine]] at the [[United Nations General Assembly]] in September 2025.<ref name="Ganko-2025">{{cite news |last1=Ganko |first1=Josefine |last2=Koziol |first2=Michael |last3=Dyer |first3=Paul |name-list-style=and |date=15 December 2025 |orig-date=14 December 2025 |title='You let the disease spread': Netanyahu accuses Albanese of failing to curb antisemitism |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/world-leaders-condemn-deeply-distressing-bondi-mass-shooting-20251214-p5nnl7.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251215010656/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/world-leaders-condemn-deeply-distressing-bondi-mass-shooting-20251214-p5nnl7.html |archive-date=15 December 2025 |access-date=14 December 2025 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |agency=[[Reuters]], [[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Albanese rejected the accusations,<ref>{{cite news |title=Australian PM rejects Netanyahu's linking of Palestine recognition to Bondi beach attack |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2025/dec/15/australian-pm-rejects-netanyahu-linking-palestine-recognition-bondi-beach-attack |work=[[Guardian Australia|The Guardian]] |date=15 December 2025 |last=Burke |first=Jason |access-date=16 December 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> but later expressed his concern regarding some of the language used during pro-Palestine protests.<ref name="Truu-2025a">{{cite news |last=Truu |first=Maani |title='I'm not perfect': PM's concession as he reveals hate speech law reforms |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-18/albanese-announces-tougher-hate-speech-laws-after-bondi-terror/106157020 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |access-date=18 December 2025 |language=en-AU |date=18 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218005311/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-18/albanese-announces-tougher-hate-speech-laws-after-bondi-terror/106157020 |archive-date=18 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Netanyahu has been pushing a "[[Public diplomacy of Israel#Hamas is ISIS|Hamas is ISIS]]" slogan since the [[2014 Gaza war]].<ref>{{cite web |date=15 January 2026 |first=Binoy |last=Kampmark |title=The Cancellation of Randa Abdel-Fattah |url=https://www.counterpunch.org/2026/01/15/the-cancellation-of-randa-abdel-fattah/ |website=[[CounterPunch|Counterpunch]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260115084940/https://www.counterpunch.org/2026/01/15/the-cancellation-of-randa-abdel-fattah/ |archive-date=15 January 2026 |quote=If this decision (to exclude Randa Abdel-Fattah) was intended to reflect balance, intellectual awareness and understanding about the shootings, it failed on all counts. It ignored the fact that the two shooters had been allegedly inspired by Islamic State (ISIS or Daesh), an obscurantist group indifferent to Palestinian statehood and hostile to Hamas. (The repeated comparison of Hamas to ISIS by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has always been erroneous to the point of mendacity). It imputed a degree of responsibility to Abdel-Fattah as a Palestinian...}}</ref>

In an interview with ''[[Channel 4 News]]'' UK, former Australian prime minister [[Malcolm Turnbull]] criticised Israeli Prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu for attributing the attack to Australian recognition of the State of Palestine, pointing out that the vast majority of nations recognise the state, and told "Bibi Netanyahu" to "stay out of our politics".<ref name="Turnbull 4" >{{Cite interview |title=Interview Channel 4 News on Bondi Beach terrorist attack |last1=Turnbull |first1=Malcolm |interviewer=[[Matt Frei]] |date=2025-12-15 |subject-link=Malcolm Turnbull |type=video and transcript |publisher=[[Channel 4 News]] |place=United Kingdom |language=en-AU}} {{cite news |title=Transcript |url=https://www.malcolmturnbull.com.au/media/interview-channel-4-news-on-bondi-beach-terror-attacks |website=malcolmturnbull.com.au |publisher=Malcolm Turnbull |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128005330/https://www.malcolmturnbull.com.au/media/interview-channel-4-news-on-bondi-beach-terror-attacks |archive-date=2026-01-28 |language=en-AU |quote=And I would respectfully say to Bibi Netanyahu, please stay out of our politics. If you've got that kind of commentary to make, you are not helping. I know Netanyahu, I know him pretty well actually. And look I understand where he's coming from, his passion and so forth. But this is not helping and it's not right. As Albanese has said, and as we all know, as Wes Streeting has said in your country, the vast majority of countries in the world recognise Palestine as a state.The vast majority support a two-state solution. Indeed, when I was Prime Minister, Israel notionally supported a two-state solution. It doesn't any longer. But this is not helping. And the message that I used to make when I was in Parliament and the message I've made since then is we cannot allow these foreign wars and conflicts to be imported here. We are a very successful multicultural society.}}</ref> Turnbull's remarks to Channel 4 UK were repeated in multiple other news sources.<ref name="Netanyahu Turnbull videos" >{{cite news |last1=Netanyahu |first1=Benjamin |last2=Turnbull |first2=Malcolm |author1-link=Benjamin Netanyahu |author2-link=Malcolm Turnbull |title=EX-Australian PM Malcolm Turnbull TELLS Netanyahu: 'Stay Out of Our Politics! |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aWJMz9WT32E |work=@TheWorld_2080 |publisher=The World |via=YouTube |date=17 December 2025 |location=South Korea}}</ref><ref name="TYT Bibi">{{cite news |title=Bibi's Boys |date=16 December 2025 |work=[[The Young Turks]] |via=[[Apple Podcasts]] |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/az/podcast/bibis-boys-december-16-2025/id597919007?i=1000741620010}}</ref><ref>Other news reports quoting Malcolm Turnbull's comments: https://www.arabnews.com/node/2626468/world https://www.arabnews.jp/en/middle-east/article_160825/ {{cite news |title=Malcolm Turnbull Warns Netanyahu {{!}} Stay Out of Australian Politics {{!}} Palestine Two-State Support |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnHZgg4fT1w |work=@aajtvofficial |publisher=Aaj News |date=17 December 2025 |location=Pakistan |via=YouTube}}</ref>

==== False flag conspiracy theories ====
Islamic State (Daesh) [[mass media use by the Islamic State|state media]] criticised the false flag claims in their ''[[Al-Naba]]'' newspaper.<ref name="Al Naba – page 3" />

Iranian officials condemned the attack. Iran's [[Mehr News Agency]] called the attack a "[[false flag]]" and blamed Israel for it. [[IRGC]] military officer [[Mohammad Reza Naqdi]] and [[Iranian Armed Forces]] chief [[Abdolrahim Mousavi]] were also quoted making false flag accusations.<ref name="Iran International-2025"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Genn |first=James |date=22 December 2025 |title=Mousavi accuses Israel of Bondi Beach false flag |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/iran-news/article-881023 |access-date=22 December 2025 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222210512/https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/iran-news/article-881023 |archive-date=22 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>
False flag conspiracy theories had broadly become more common over the past five years.<ref>{{cite web |title=The rise of false flag conspiracy theories in moments of crises |url=https://www.isdglobal.org/digital_dispatches/the-rise-of-false-flag-conspiracy-theories-in-moments-of-crises/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102191650/https://www.isdglobal.org/digital_dispatches/the-rise-of-false-flag-conspiracy-theories-in-moments-of-crises/ |archive-date=2 January 2026 |access-date=12 January 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The Israeli false flag rumours were also circulating on social media.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bondi Beach shooting: False claims and narratives spread rapidly online / The 5 fake Bondi attack stories spread by AI and social media |url=https://www.afr.com/companies/media-and-marketing/the-five-fake-bondi-attack-stories-spread-by-ai-and-social-media-20251215-p5nnpz |date=15 December 2025 |work=[[Australian Financial Review]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251216042149/https://www.afr.com/companies/media-and-marketing/the-five-fake-bondi-attack-stories-spread-by-ai-and-social-media-20251215-p5nnpz |archive-date=16 December 2025 |quote=viral posts made categorically false claims that (one gunman) was a former soldier in the Israeli Defence Force who had lost his mind after being stationed in Gaza. Others stated he was a Mossad agent and that this was some sort of "false-flag" attack, a term describing an incident designed to look like it was perpetrated by someone other than the person or group responsible.}}</ref>

There were also false flag conspiracy theories about [[Iran and the Islamic State]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bondi Beach shooting: False claims and narratives spread rapidly online / The 5 fake Bondi attack stories spread by AI and social media |url=https://www.afr.com/companies/media-and-marketing/the-five-fake-bondi-attack-stories-spread-by-ai-and-social-media-20251215-p5nnpz |date=15 December 2025 |work=[[Australian Financial Review]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251216042149/https://www.afr.com/companies/media-and-marketing/the-five-fake-bondi-attack-stories-spread-by-ai-and-social-media-20251215-p5nnpz |archive-date=16 December 2025 |quote=There were other false claims that Akram had studied at Islamabad University and had been planted by Iran to conduct the attack.}}</ref>

=== Misinformation ===
Following the attack, various pieces of [[misinformation]] were shared online. A website impersonating ''[[The Daily Aus]]'', registered the same day as the shooting, launched an article purposely mislabelling bystander Ahmed al-Ahmed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Arok |first=Achol |date=17 December 2025 |title=Fake Daily Aus website spreads Bondi attack disinformation |url=https://thedailyaus.com.au/news/fake-daily-aus-website-spreads-bondi-attack-disinformation-17-12-2025 |access-date=18 December 2025 |work=[[The Daily Aus]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219100502/https://thedailyaus.com.au/news/fake-daily-aus-website-spreads-bondi-attack-disinformation-17-12-2025 |archive-date=19 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Taouk-2025">{{Cite news |last1=Taouk |first1=Maryanne |last2=Workman |first2=Michael |last3=Hair |first3=Jonathan |date=16 December 2025 |title=The most pervasive false information on the Bondi terror attack |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-17/abc-news-verify-misinformation-bondi-terrorist-attack/106150286 |access-date=18 December 2025 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |language=en-AU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217223343/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-17/abc-news-verify-misinformation-bondi-terrorist-attack/106150286 |archive-date=17 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 December 2025 |title=Fact Check: Bondi Beach bystander who disarmed gunman not named Edward Crabtree |url=https://www.reuters.com/fact-check/bondi-beach-bystander-who-disarmed-gunman-not-named-edward-crabtree-2025-12-15/ |access-date=18 December 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pearson |first=Nick |date=16 December 2025 |title=Fake news website created within hours of shooting names fictional man as Bondi hero |url=https://www.9news.com.au/national/bondi-shooting-fake-hero-edward-crabtree-ai-fake-ahmed-el-ahmed-national-news/6aadb900-9997-47f6-ac96-5c4fb10640f1 |access-date=18 December 2025 |work=[[Nine News]] |language=en-AU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216075228/https://www.9news.com.au/national/bondi-shooting-fake-hero-edward-crabtree-ai-fake-ahmed-el-ahmed-national-news/6aadb900-9997-47f6-ac96-5c4fb10640f1 |archive-date=16 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

There were rumours on social media blaming Lebanese people and other Arabs, or claiming the shooters were Pakistani.<ref name="AFR point 3" >{{cite news |title=Bondi Beach shooting: False claims and narratives spread rapidly online / The 5 fake Bondi attack stories spread by AI and social media |url=https://www.afr.com/companies/media-and-marketing/the-five-fake-bondi-attack-stories-spread-by-ai-and-social-media-20251215-p5nnpz |date=15 December 2025 |work=[[Australian Financial Review]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251216042149/https://www.afr.com/companies/media-and-marketing/the-five-fake-bondi-attack-stories-spread-by-ai-and-social-media-20251215-p5nnpz |archive-date=16 December 2025 |quote=3. IDF, Iran, Palestine ties ... weaponised by people on either side of Israel's war in Gaza... There were other false claims that Akram had studied at Islamabad University and had been planted by Iran to conduct the attack. When Akram's name was released, there were also erroneous reports about the identity of the second shooter which named an unconnected Lebanese national of Palestinian descent and which were false.}}</ref>

Additional posts online falsely claimed one of the alleged shooters had served in the [[IDF]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Silk |first=Marty |date=16 December 2025 |title=Misinformation exploits confusion, grief after Bondi attack |url=https://www.thenewdaily.com.au/social-media/2025/12/16/bondi-attack-misinformation |work=[[The New Daily]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219051353/https://www.thenewdaily.com.au/social-media/2025/12/16/bondi-attack-misinformation |archive-date=19 December 2025 |access-date=18 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jackson |first1=Will |last2=Aeria |first2=Gillian |last3=Hogan |first3=Libby |title=X payments incentivised misinformation in wake of Bondi shooting, expert says |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-18/expert-says-x-incentivising-misinformation-bondi-shooting/106152144 |access-date=18 December 2025 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |date=18 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218023244/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-18/expert-says-x-incentivising-misinformation-bondi-shooting/106152144 |archive-date=18 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Taouk |first1=Maryanne |last2=Workman |first2=Michael |last3=Hair |first3=Jonathan |date=17 December 2025 |title=AI deepfakes of Bondi gunman spread online |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-18/verify-disinformation-and-deepfakes-after-bondi-attack/106154250 |access-date=20 December 2025 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |language=en-AU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218114847/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-18/verify-disinformation-and-deepfakes-after-bondi-attack/106154250 |archive-date=18 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Arsen Ostrovsky, a human rights attorney, survivor of the [[October 7 attacks]], and employee of the Israeli think-tank [[Misgav Institute for National Security and Zionist Strategy]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ostrovsky |first=Arsen |date=21 December 2025 |title=Arsen Ostrovsky |url=https://www.misgavins.org/en/author/arsen_ostrovsky |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=[[Misgav Institute for National Security and Zionist Strategy]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223002433/https://www.misgavins.org/en/author/arsen_ostrovsky |archive-date=23 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> moved to Australia on 1 December, and became a victim of diverse online suspicion and even accusation after the shooting.<ref>Sources: {{bulleted list| | {{Cite news |last=Laznik |first=Jacob |date=14 December 2025 |title=Arsen Ostrovsky, 'Post' contributor and pro-Israel human rights lawyer, wounded at Bondi Beach |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-880260 |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216064456/https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-880260 |archive-date=16 December 2025 |url-status=live}} | {{Cite news |last=Cramer |first=Philissa |date=14 December 2025 |title=Witnesses, including antisemitism activist, describe 'absolute bloodbath' in Bondi Beach Hanukkah attack |url=https://www.jta.org/2025/12/14/global/witnesses-including-antisemitism-activist-describe-grim-scene-after-bondi-beach-hanukkah-attack |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] |language=en |archive-date=14 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251214183649/https://www.jta.org/2025/12/14/global/witnesses-including-antisemitism-activist-describe-grim-scene-after-bondi-beach-hanukkah-attack |url-status=live}} | {{Cite news |date=14 December 2025 |title=Bloodied but 'okay,' Arsen Ostrovsky, who just moved from Israel to Sydney, describes 'blood gushing in front of me' on Bondi Beach |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/bloodied-but-okay-arsen-ostrovsky-who-just-moved-from-israel-to-sydney-describes-blood-gushing-in-front-of-me-on-bondi-beach |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220221057/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/bloodied-but-okay-arsen-ostrovsky-who-just-moved-from-israel-to-sydney-describes-blood-gushing-in-front-of-me-on-bondi-beach/ |archive-date=20 December 2025 |url-status=live}}}}</ref><ref name="Taouk-2025" />

Jordanian [[List of fact-checking websites#Jordan|fact checking]] website [[Misbar]] reported that a fabricated statement was circulating on social media. The social media posts contained a fabricated quote "welcoming" the attack, claiming it was from a statement issued by Hamas. Some posts contained the additional false claim that it was translated by Al Jazeera. Misbar found that no genuine statements issued by Hamas referred to the attack.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boufous |first=Khadija |date=19 December 2025 |title=Hamas Did Not Issue a Statement Welcoming the Bondi Beach Attack |url=https://www.misbar.com/amp/en/factcheck/2025/12/19/hamas-did-not-issue-statement-welcoming-bondi-beach-attack |website=[[Misbar]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>

A fake [[AI-generated image]] was posted on the [[social media]] website [[Twitter|X]] on 16 December 2025 by a [[Pakistan]]-based account going by the username of @RomiAlerts, with the caption claiming that Naveed Akram, one of the alleged assailants in the shooting, had travelled to [[Manila, Philippines]] on an [[Indian passport]] before the shooting, and met with Kant Kothari, the [[defence attaché]] of India, outside a [[Jollibee]] restaurant.<ref name="Atkinson-2025" /><ref name="Gilani-2025">{{cite news |date=23 December 2025 |last=Gilani |first=Masroor |work=[[AFP Fact Check]] |url-status=live |access-date=29 December 2025 |url=https://factcheck.afp.com/doc.afp.com.88TR3G3 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251229013728/https://factcheck.afp.com/doc.afp.com.88TR3G3 |archive-date=29 December 2025 |title=Image of Sydney shooter with India defence attache is AI-generated |language=en}}</ref> The post was [[List of fact-checking websites|fact-checked]] and debunked as "[[fake news]]" by the [[Australian Associated Press]]<ref name="Atkinson-2025">{{cite news |date=17 December 2025 |last=Atkinson |first=Kate |url=https://aapnews.aap.com.au/news/image-of-bondi-shooter-meeting-foreign-diplomat-is-an-ai-fake |newspaper=[[Australian Associated Press]] |url-status=live |access-date=29 December 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251223012939/https://aapnews.aap.com.au/news/image-of-bondi-shooter-meeting-foreign-diplomat-is-an-ai-fake |archive-date=23 December 2025 |title=Image of Bondi shooter meeting foreign diplomat is an AI fake |language=en}}</ref> and the [[Agence France-Presse]].<ref name="Gilani-2025" />

A Pakistani man living in Australia was harassed and threatened online due to having an identical name to one of the attackers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2025/dec/15/pakistani-man-living-in-australia-describes-nightmare-of-being-labelled-as-bondi-attacker |title=Pakistani man living in Australia describes 'nightmare' of wrongly being labelled as Bondi attacker |first1=Josh |last1=Taylor |first2=Hannah |last2=Ellis-Petersen |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=15 December 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> Pakistani officials accused "hostile countries", in particular India, of spreading such misinformation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/pakistan-hostile-countries-false-online-claims-linking-australia-128480891 |title='Hostile countries' behind false claims linking it to Australia killings: Pakistan |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |first=Munir |last=Ahmed |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=17 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218194044/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/pakistan-hostile-countries-false-online-claims-linking-australia-128480891 |archive-date=18 December 2025 |access-date= |url-status=}}</ref>

Such claims, alongside others, were spread by [[XAI (company)|xAI]]'s chatbot, [[Grok (chatbot)|Grok]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yildirim |first=Ece |date=14 December 2025 |title=Grok Is Glitching and Spewing Misinformation About The Bondi Beach Shooting |url=https://gizmodo.com/grok-is-glitching-and-spewing-misinformation-about-the-bondi-beach-shooting-2000699533 |access-date=18 December 2025 |website=[[Gizmodo]] |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217105354/https://gizmodo.com/grok-is-glitching-and-spewing-misinformation-about-the-bondi-beach-shooting-2000699533 |archive-date=17 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ha |first=Anthony |date=14 December 2025 |title=Grok got crucial facts wrong about Bondi Beach shooting |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/12/14/grok-gets-the-facts-wrong-about-bondi-beach-shooting/ |work=[[TechCrunch]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215001608/https://techcrunch.com/2025/12/14/grok-gets-the-facts-wrong-about-bondi-beach-shooting/ |archive-date=15 December 2025 |access-date=18 December 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=O'Brien |first=Terrence |date=14 December 2025 |title=Grok is spreading misinformation about the Bondi Beach shooting |url=https://www.theverge.com/news/844443/grok-misinformation-bondi-beach-shooting |access-date=18 December 2025 |work=[[The Verge]] |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216042705/https://www.theverge.com/news/844443/grok-misinformation-bondi-beach-shooting |archive-date=16 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] noted social media posts from around the world claiming that Ahmed al-Ahmed, one of the bystanders who intervened, had a completely different name or that he was a [[Lebanese Maronite Christian]] or a Jew. Al-Ahmed was later confirmed to be a Muslim, and a naturalised citizen of Australia who had [[Syrian diaspora|emigrated from Syria]].<ref name="Shamim-2025" />

Various social media personalities and influencers circulated misinformation surrounding the attack. A false story was circulated that Australian Muslims launched fireworks to celebrate the attack.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Buckingham-Jones |first1=Sam |last2=Amelia |first2=McGuire |date=15 December 2025 |title=The 5 fake Bondi attack stories spread by AI and social media |url=https://www.afr.com/companies/media-and-marketing/the-five-fake-bondi-attack-stories-spread-by-ai-and-social-media-20251215-p5nnpz |url-access=subscription |work=[[Australian Financial Review]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103012441/https://www.afr.com/companies/media-and-marketing/the-five-fake-bondi-attack-stories-spread-by-ai-and-social-media-20251215-p5nnpz |archive-date=3 January 2026 |access-date=28 December 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Memorialisation ==
In the wake of the incident, the [[Sydney Jewish Museum]] worked to preserve artifacts from the massacre, including rescue boards used as stretchers for victims, flowers and plush toys placed at the site to memorialise the tragedy, and recordings of eyewitness testimonies. Saying that the incident was "not history yet", the museum's senior curator said that the effort to gather and display the items was intended to provide a measure of "comfort that can be found in knowing that these stories are going to be preserved".<ref>Chung, Laura. [https://www.nytimes.com/2026/03/05/world/australia/bondi-australia-memorial.html "Australia Moves to Memorialize an Atrocity That's 'Not History Yet'; The country and its small Jewish community are still trying to process the mass shooting at Bondi Beach in December."], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 5 March 2026. Accessed 5 March 2026. "The Sydney Jewish Museum in Australia opened three decades ago to commemorate victims of the Holocaust ... Now it is adding pieces of a more recent vintage: surf rescue boards that were used as stretchers, Christmas-themed rash guards worn by lifeguards, a part of a car's rear window, as well as hundreds of plush toys and thousands of dried flowers left at a beachside memorial. They are reminders of an atrocity that was committed less than three months ago. Just east of the museum, at Bondi Beach, two gunmen targeted Jews and killed 15 people."</ref>

== Media depictions ==

=== Documentaries ===
* [[Four Corners (Australian TV program)|''Four Corners'']] produced a two-part special on the attack. Part 1, ''Bondi: Light Over Darkness'', aired on 2 February 2026.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Willacy |first1=Mark |title=VIDEO: Bondi: Light Over Darkness |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-02-02/bondi-light-over-darkness-four-corners/106297366 |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |work=[[Four Corners (Australian TV program)|Four Corners]] |access-date=8 February 2026 |date=2 February 2026 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> Part 2, ''Bondi: Path to Terror'', was aired on 9 February, and investigated the secret lives of the terrorists, uncovering new information about the years leading up to the attack.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2026 |title=Bondi: Path to Terror |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-02-09/bondi-path-to-terror-four-corners/106322408 |access-date=10 February 2026 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |language= |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> The report was criticised by the [[Australian Security Intelligence Organisation]] for focusing on a former ASIO informant as a source. The ABC stood by the report.<ref name="auto1"/>
* ''Bondi: A Timeline of Terror'' – [[Sky News Australia]] (owned by [[News Corp Australia]]) announced that it will release its 90-minute documentary of the event on 24 February 2026.<ref>{{cite news | url-access = subscription | work = [[The Australian]] | publisher = [[News Corp Australia]] | title = Sharri Markson's Bondi documentary captures courage under fire | url = https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/sharri-marksons-bondi-documentary-captures-courage-under-fire/news-story/8dc3e814bb83cdbf59b67021a72614f1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | title = Sky News Australia's unlikely standoff with clothing giant Zara over 'Lefties Losing It' brand | url = https://www.theguardian.com/media/commentisfree/2026/jan/30/sky-news-australia-lefties-losing-it-zara |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=30 January 2026 |access-date=1 February 2026 |issn=0261-3077 |language=en-GB |first=Amanda |last=Meade |archive-url= |archive-date=}} {{relevance inline|date=February 2026}}</ref>

=== Books ===
* In January 2026, [[Menachem Creditor]], an American rabbi, published ''We Will Prevail: Jewish Responses to Bondi Beach'', an anthology of essays, poems and firsthand reflections from around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Rob |date=2026-01-29 |title=We Will Prevail: voices, fury and faith after Bondi |url=https://www.jwire.com.au/we-will-prevail-voices-fury-and-faith-after-bondi/ |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=J-Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Denick |first=Laura |date=2026-02-02 |title=Rabbi Sara Sapadin is featured in "We Will Prevail: Jewish Responses to Bondi Beach" |url=https://emanuelnyc.org/rabbi-sara-sapadin-is-featured-in-we-will-prevail-jewish-responses-to-bondi-beach/ |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=Temple Emanu-El |language=en-US}}</ref> The anthology includes a foreword by a survivor of the attack, Creditor's brother-in-law Arsen Ostrovsky.<ref>{{Cite web |title=We Will Prevail: voices, fury and faith after Bondi|url=https://www.jwire.com.au/we-will-prevail-voices-fury-and-faith-after-bondi/ |website=J-Wire |date=2026-01-29 |access-date=2026-02-01 |language=en |first=Rob |last=Klein}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ostrovsky |first=Arsen |title=What I Learned on Bondi Beach |url=https://www.thefp.com/p/what-i-learned-on-bondi-beach |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=[[The Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Crime|New South Wales}}
* [[2024 Melbourne synagogue attack]] – an unconnected arson attack on the Adass Israel Synagogue, in a neighbouring state
* [[2024 Wakeley church stabbing]] – stabbing of Bishop [[Mari Emmanuel]] and others at a church in Sydney
* [[Demographics of Sydney]]
* [[List of massacres in Australia]]
* [[List of Islamist terrorist attacks]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist |30em}}

=== Works cited ===
* {{cite news |last1=Eichner |first1=Itamar |title=Netanyahu at government meeting: 'Brave Muslim stopped one of the terrorists in Australia' |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/w5fmpl6jk |work=[[Ynet]] global |date=14 December 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

== Further reading ==
{{Commons}}
* {{cite news |last=Connaughton |first=Maddison |date=20 December 2025 |title=As Sydney's Jewish community reels from the Bondi attack, the path forward is unclear |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-12-21/bondi-attack-sydney-jewish-community-darkness-light/106160056 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |archive-url= |archive-date=}}
* Australian Yiddish: {{cite web |title=A Personal Definition of Doykayt (Bundist Tenant of "Hereness"): Living Demonstrably Jewishly |publisher=Yiddish Book Center |url=https://www.yiddishbookcenter.org/collections/oral-histories/excerpts/woh-ex-0004115/personal-definition-doykayt-bundist-tenant-hereness-living-demonstrably-jewishly}} – a [[Jewish Australian]] explains the concept of "Hereness" in [[Yiddish]]

{{Jews and Judaism in Australia}}
{{Massacres or pogroms against Jews}}
{{Islamic State}}
{{Australian terrorism}}
{{Mass shootings in Australia}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Subject bar |auto=y |portal1=Australia |portal2=Crime |portal3=Judaism |portal4=Islam}}

{{coord|type:event_region:AU-NSW|format=dms|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bondi Beach shooting, 2025}}
[[Category:2025 crimes in Australia]]
[[Category:2025 in Judaism]]
[[Category:2025 in Sydney]]
[[Category:2025 mass shootings in Oceania]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in Australia]]
[[Category:Bondi Beach]]
[[Category:Mass shootings in New South Wales]]
[[Category:December 2025 crimes]]
[[Category:December 2025 in Australia]]
[[Category:Filmed killings]]
[[Category:History of Hanukkah]]
[[Category:Antisemitic attacks and incidents]]
[[Category:Mass shootings involving shotguns]]
[[Category:Massacres of Jews]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Australia in the 2020s]]
[[Category:ISIL terrorist incidents in 2025]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents against Jews]]
[[Category:Massacres in 2025]]
[[Category:Attacks claimed by the Islamic State militant movement]]

INS Gharial

2026-05-05T16:59:40Z

Igorsiw:

{{Short description|Indian amphibious warfare vessel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}{{italic title|string=Gharial}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image= INS Gharial demonstrating unloading of relief material through its bow door onto the ramp.jpg
|image_caption=INS Gharial demonstrating unloading of relief material through its bow door onto the ramp.
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=[[India]]
|flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
|name= INS ''Gharial''
|namesake= [[Gharial]]
|owner=
|operator=
|registry=
|route=
|ordered=
|awarded=
|builder=*[[Hindustan Shipyard Limited]]
*[[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]]
|original_cost=
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|laid_down=
|launched=
|sponsor=
|christened=
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|commissioned= 14 February 1997
|recommissioned=
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|identification=[[Pennant number]]: L23
|motto=
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|fate=
|status= Active
|notes=
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}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class= {{sclass|Magar|amphibious warfare vessel}}
|type=
|tonnage=
|displacement= 5665 tons (full load)<ref name=in-magar>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/landing_ships_magar.htm |title=Surface Ships of Indian Navy |accessdate=2009-08-13 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619083910/http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/landing_ships_magar.htm |archivedate=2009-06-19 }}</ref>
|length= 120 m
|beam= 17.5 m
|height=
|draught=
|draft= 4 m
|depth=
|hold_depth=
|decks=
|deck_clearance=
|ramps= Bow doors
|ice_class=
|power=
|propulsion= 2 × 8560 hp sustained diesel engine
|sail_plan=
|speed= 15 knots
|range= 3000 miles @ 14 knots
|endurance=
|test_depth=
|boats= 4 [[LCVP (United Kingdom)|LCVP]]s
|capacity= 15 Tanks, 8 APCs<ref name=br-magar>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Active/163-Magar-Class.html|title=Magar Class - Bharat Rakshak :: Indian Navy|access-date=13 August 2009|archive-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221231940/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Active/163-Magar-Class.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|troops= 500
|complement= 136 (incl 16 officers)
|crew=
|time_to_activate=
|sensors= 1 BEL 1245 navigation radar
|EW= BEL Ajanta as intercept
|armament=*4 × Bofors 40 mm/60 guns
*2 × 122 mm multiple-barrel rocket launchers
|armour=
|armor=
|aircraft= 1 [[Westland Sea King|Sea King]]
|aircraft_facilities= 2 helicopter platforms
|notes=
}}
}}

'''INS ''Gharial'''''{{efn|group=lower-alpha|[[Gharial]] is a long-snouted, fish-eating [[crocodilian]] native to the Indian subcontinent}} is a [[Magar-class amphibious warfare vessel|''Magar''-class]] [[amphibious warfare vessel]] of the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name=in-magar/>

== Service history ==
On 8 November 2024, Indian Navy gifted two [[Solas Marine fast interceptor boat]] to [[Mozambique Defence Armed Forces#Navy|Mozambique Navy]] which were carried onboard INS ''Gharial''. The Fast Interceptor Crafts are capable of reaching speeds of {{Convert|45|knots|abbr=on}} and equipped with [[machine guns]] and bullet-resistant cabins. They will significantly enhance Mozambique's capability to address maritime threats, including terrorism and [[insurgency in Cabo Delgado]] region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-10 |title=Indian Navy gifts two Fast Interceptor Crafts to Mozambique |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-navy-mozambique-fast-interceptor-crafts-maritime-threat-indian-ocean-region-2631002-2024-11-10 |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-09 |title=HANDING OVER TWO INTERCEPTORS TO MOZAMBIQUE AT NACALA |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2072061 |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=[[Press Information Bureau|PIB]]}}</ref>

On 7 December 2025, INS ''Gharial'', carrying 645 tons of relief material, was dispatched from [[Chennai]] and arrived in [[Trincomalee]], Sri Lanka on 8 December. in support of India's [[Cyclone Ditwah#Operation Sagar Bandhu (India)|Operation Sagar Bandhu]], a [[Humanitarian Assistance]] and [[Disaster Relief]] (HADR) mission to support Sri Lanka following the devastating Cyclone Ditwah. One day earlier, three [[Mk. IV LCU]]s including LCU 51, LCU 54 and LCU 57, transferred 352 tons of relief material, from [[Tuticorin]] to [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka.<ref name=":3">{{Cite press release |title=Operation Sagar Bandhu continues providing Emergency HADR Support to Sri Lanka following Cyclone Ditwah |date=2025-12-09 |publisher=[[Indian Ministry of External Affairs]] |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/40420/Operation_Sagar_Bandhu_Continues_providing_Emergency_HADR_Support_to_Sri_Lanka_following_Cyclone_Ditwah |access-date=2025-12-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251210022026/https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/40420/Operation_Sagar_Bandhu_Continues_providing_Emergency_HADR_Support_to_Sri_Lanka_following_Cyclone_Ditwah |archive-date=2025-12-10}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite press release |title=Operation Sagar Bandhu - Indian Navy deploys four more warships to deliver 1000 tons of HADR material to Sri Lanka |date=2025-12-08 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2200316&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2025-12-09}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Saurabh |date=2025-12-08 |title=India ramps up humanitarian efforts in Sri Lanka under Operation Sagar Bandhu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-ramps-up-humanitarian-efforts-in-sri-lanka-under-operation-sagar-bandhu/article70372962.ece |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 6 February 2026, the Indian Army and the Indian Navy, in partnership with [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]], delivered 10 extra-wide modular [[bailey bridge]] systems onboard INS ''Gharial''. The Indian Army and Sri Lanka’s Road Development Authority are undertaking damage assessment for seven critical bridge sites across [[Central Province, Sri Lanka|Central]], [[Uva Province|Uva]] and [[Sabaragamuwa Province]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-06 |title=Indian Army transports ten extra-wide bridges under Operation Sagarbandhu to Sri Lanka |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/indian-army-transports-ten-extra-wide-bridges-under-operation-sagarbandhu-to-sri-lanka/ |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Later that month, she participated at the [[International Fleet Review 2026]] held at [[Visakhapatnam|Visakapatanam]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=IFR & MILAN 2026 |url=https://www.ifrmilan26.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219124733/https://www.ifrmilan26.com/ |archive-date=2026-02-19 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=IFR & MILAN 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==

{{notelist}}
<references/>

{{Magar-class amphibious warfare vessel}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gharial (L23)}}
[[Category:Magar-class amphibious warfare vessels]]
[[Category:Amphibious warfare vessels of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Ships built in India]]
[[Category:1997 ships]]

Char Chapori

2026-05-05T11:51:28Z

Igorsiw: Adding New Data...

{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=October 2024}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = Char Chapori
| image_name = Doriya River of Majuli.jpg
| image_caption = Doriya River of Majuli
| image_size = 200px
| pushpin_map = India Assam
| pushpin_map_caption =
| nickname =
| location = [[Brahmaputra River]] and its tributaries
| coordinates = {{Coord|26|57|0|N|94|10|0|E|display=inline}}
| archipelago =
| total_islands =
| major_islands =
| area_km2 =
| length_km =
| width_km =
| highest_mount =
| elevation_m =
| country = India
| country_admin_divisions_title = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| country_admin_divisions = [[Assam]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = [[List of districts of Assam|District]]
| country_admin_divisions_1 =
| country_admin_divisions_title_2 =
| country_admin_divisions_2 =
| country_largest_city =
| country_largest_city_population =
| population =
| population_as_of =
| density_km2 =
| ethnic_groups = [[Miya people]], [[Mishing people|Mishing]], [[Deori people|Deori]], [[Sonowal Kacharis]], [[Koch people|Koch]], [[Ahom people|Ahom]], [[Chutia people|Chutia]], [[Kalita (caste)|Kalita]], [[Brahmin]], Keot, Sut, Nath(yogi) groups
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 785102, 785104, 785105, 785110, 785106.781001, 788334 etc
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| additional_info =
}}
'''Char Chapori''' ({{Langx|as|চৰ চাপৰি}}) is an area in [[Brahmaputra]] river and its tributaries in the Indian state [[Assam]] constitution of floodplain sediments. According to the Assam Government record, the Char Chapori covers 3,608 km2 of the Brahmaputra basin, or 4.6% of Assam's area.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

==Livelihood and Environment==

Communities in the Char Chaporis have developed livelihood and farming practices closely linked to the seasonal rhythms of the Brahmaputra. Agriculture, grazing, and small-scale settlements are sustained by the fertile but shifting terrain. These practices rely on generational knowledge and adaptation to an uncertain environment. However, increasing climate variability poses significant risks to these adaptive systems, making long-term sustainability a growing concern.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Living in a transient riverine environment: Environmental stressors and opportunities in the braid bars of Brahmaputra River |url=https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/637692562/Living_in_a_transient_riverine_environment.pdf}}</ref>
== Problems==
The people of Char Chapori face a certain number of problems including soil erosion, over flooding, illiteracy, high population growth and organised hate crime against them.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Uddin |first=Main |date=2024-11-29 |title=Genesis of nellie massacre and assam agitation |url=https://www.academia.edu/17665743/Genesis_of_nellie_massacre_and_assam_agitation |journal=Academia}}</ref><ref>http://www.nezine.com/info/Literacy%20declining%20in%20Assam%E2%80%99s%20char%20areas {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715122342/http://www.nezine.com/info/Literacy%20declining%20in%20Assam%E2%80%99s%20char%20areas |date=15 July 2018 }} Literacy declining in Assam’s char areas</ref>

==Population==
Char Chapori bears maximum numbers of Minority Muslim .According to Government of Assam the population of approx. 24.90 lakhs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Directorate of Minority Affairs and Char Areas, Assam {{!}} Government Of Assam, India |url=https://dircad.assam.gov.in/about-us/history-0 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=dircad.assam.gov.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181119153953/http://charchapori.com/ Char Chapori, Assam ]

[[Category:Environment of Assam]]
[[Category:Geography of Assam]]
[[Category:Brahmaputra River]]

{{Assam-geo-stub}}

Basil Scott

2026-05-03T13:30:30Z

Igorsiw: Started

{{Short description|British Indian judge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Basil Scott
| honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
| image = Basil_Scott.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Bombay High Court|8th Chief Justice]] of [[Bombay High Court]]
| term_start = 1908
| term_end = 1919
| appointer = [[Edward VII]]
| predecessor = [[Lawrence Hugh Jenkins]]
| successor = [[Norman Cranstoun Macleod]]
| office1 = [[Advocate-General of Bombay]]
| term_start1 = 1903
| term_end1 = 1908
| appointer1 = [[Edward VII]]
| predecessor1 = Basil Lang
| successor1 = [[Thomas Strangman]]
| office2 = Acting Judge of [[Bombay High Court]]
| term2 = 1906
| appointer2 = [[Edward VII]]
| birth_date = 1859
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1926
| death_place =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[Balliol College, Oxford]]
| education = [[B.A.]] and [[M.A.]]
| occupation = [[Lawyer]], [[Judge]]
| profession = [[Chief Justice]]
| relations = Basil Lang
| parents = Henry Scott
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sir Basil Scott''' (1859 — 1926) was 8th [[List of Chief Justices of the Bombay High Court|Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court]].

==Early life==
Sir Basil Scott was the son of Henry Scott educated at [[Balliol College, Oxford]]. He passed B.A. in 1882 and M.A. in 1886. He was called to Bar [[Inner Temple]] and came out as a barrister to practice in the Bombay High Court in 1884.<ref>{{cite IBD1915|wstitle= Scott, Hon’ble Sir Basil |volume= 20.2 |page= 384 |year=1915|short=}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:The Honourable Chief Justice Sir Basil Scott.jpg|thumb|140px]]
Scott's uncle Basil Lang was the Advocate General and leading in practitioner of the [[Bombay High Court]]. Scott became acting Advocate-General in 1899 and was also appointed permanent [[Advocate-General of Bombay]]. In 1906 he was elevated as Puisne Judge, and after retirement of Sir [[Lawrence Hugh Jenkins]], appointed as Chief Justice in 1908. It is known that some of his decisions were reversed by the [[Privy Council (United Kingdom)|Privy Council]] and he had to some extent, the prevailing prejudices of the Anglo-Indians of his time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/cjshow.php?auth=amdldGlkPTcmcGFnZW5vPTE=|title=Sir BASIL SCOTT|website=bombayhighcourt.nic.in|access-date=May 18, 2018}}</ref> Scott was the member of the [[Rowlatt commission|Rowlatt Commission]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6t093m7sd0C&q=Sir+Basil+Scott+justice&pg=PA123|title=Annie Besant's Rise to Power in Indian Politics, 1914-1917|last=Raj Kumar, Raj Pruthi|year=1981|access-date=May 18, 2018}}</ref> and also the head of Special Tribunal under the Special Tribunal Act in 1910 to deal with the case against [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1J3uk3x_k6sC&q=Sir+Basil+Scott+justice&pg=PA82|title=Veer Savarkar Father of Hindu Nationalism|last=Jaywant Joglekar|date=October 2006|isbn=9781847283801|access-date=May 18, 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Scott, Basil}}
[[Category:1859 births]]
[[Category:1926 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:British India judges]]
[[Category:20th-century English judges]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Bombay High Court]]
[[Category:People from Bombay Presidency]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]

Kaṇāda

2026-05-03T12:30:34Z

Igorsiw: adding a page

{{short description|Vedic sage and founder of Vaisheshika school of Hindu philosophy}}
{{Distinguish|Canada}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| name = Kaṇāda
| birth_date = Unclear, 6th – 2nd century BCE
| relatives = Kashypa, Sulakshada (parents)
| school_tradition = [[Vaisheshika]]
| notable_ideas = [[Atomism]]
|region=[[Indian philosophy]]|main_interests=:[[Metaphysics]]
:[[Ethics]]
:[[Physics]]|image=|caption=Maharishi Kanada}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}

[[File:Illustration_of_the_atomic_theory_of_Acharya_Kanada_showing_Paramāṇu,_Dvyaṇuka,_and_Tryaṇuka_concepts_from_the_Vaisheshika_philosophy..jpg|thumb|center|acharya Kaṇāda]]

'''Kaṇāda''' ({{Langx|sa|कणाद}}, {{IAST3|Kaṇāda}}), also known as Kaṇabhaksha, Kaṇabhuj{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=175}}{{Sfn|Riepe|1961|p=228 with footnote 12}} was an ancient [[India]]n natural scientist and philosopher who founded the [[Vaisheshika]] school of [[Indian philosophy]] that also represents the earliest Indian [[physics]].{{Sfn| Bart Labuschagne| Timo Slootweg|2012|p=60, Quote: "Kanada, a Hindu sage who lived either around the 6th or 2nd century BCE, and who founded the philosophical school of Vaisheshika.}}{{Sfn|Jeaneane D. Fowler|2002|pp=98-99}}

Estimated to have lived sometime between 6th century to 2nd century BCE, little is known about his life.<ref>Oliver Leaman (1999), ''Key Concepts in Eastern Philosophy.'' Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415173629}}, page 269</ref><ref>J Ganeri (2012), The Self: Naturalism, Consciousness, and the First-Person Stance, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199652365}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Approximate Chronology of Indian Philosophers|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/language-india/chronology.html|access-date=2022-02-21|website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref>{{Sfn|Jeaneane D. Fowler|2002|pp=98-99}} His traditional name ''Kaṇāda'' means "eater of atoms",{{Sfn|Monier-Williams|1899|p=245}} and he is known for developing the foundations of an atomistic approach to philosophy in the Sanskrit text ''[[Vaiśeṣika Sūtra]]''.{{Sfn|Riepe|1961| pp=227-229}}<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/thevaiasesikasut00kanauoft/thevaiasesikasut00kanauoft_djvu.txt "The Vaisesika sutras of Kanada. Translated by Nandalal Sinha"] Full Text at archive.org</ref> His text is also known as ''Kaṇāda Sūtra'', or "[[Aphorism|Aphorisms]] of Kaṇāda".{{Sfn|Riepe|1961|p=229}}<ref name="Kak">Kak, S. 'Matter and Mind: The Vaisheshika Sutra of Kanada' (2016), Mount Meru Publishing, Mississauga, Ontario, {{ISBN|978-1-988207-13-1}}.</ref>

The school founded by Kaṇāda explains the creation and existence of the universe by proposing an atomistic theory, applying logic and realism, and is one of the earliest known systematic realist [[ontology]] in human history.{{Sfn|Jeaneane D. Fowler|2002|p=98}} Kaṇāda suggested that everything can be subdivided, but this subdivision cannot go on forever, and there must be smallest entities (''paramāṇu'') that cannot be divided, that are eternal, that aggregate in different ways to yield complex substances and bodies with unique identity, a process that involves heat, and this is the basis for all material existence.{{Sfn|H. Margenau|2012|p=xxx-xxxi}}{{Sfn|Jeaneane D. Fowler|2002|pp=100-102}} He used these ideas with the concept of [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (soul, Self) to develop a non-theistic means to [[moksha]].<ref>{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch |url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/729 729]–731}}</ref>{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=177-186}} If viewed from the prism of physics, his ideas imply a clear role for the observer as independent of the system being studied. Kaṇāda's ideas were influential on other schools of Hinduism, and over its history became closely associated with the [[Nyaya]] school of Hindu philosophy.{{Sfn|Jeaneane D. Fowler|2002|p=98}}

Kaṇāda's system speaks of six properties ([[padārtha]]s) that are nameable and knowable. He claims that these are sufficient to describe everything in the universe, including observers. These six categories are ''dravya'' (substance), ''guṇa'' (quality), ''karma'' (action/ motion), ''sāmānya'' (generality/ commonness), ''viśeṣa'' (particular), and ''samavāya'' (inherence). There are nine classes of substances (''dravya''), some of which are atomic, some non-atomic, and others that are all-pervasive.

The ideas of Kaṇāda span a wide range of fields, and they influenced not only philosophy, but possibly scholars in other fields such as [[Charaka]] who wrote a medical text named ''[[Charaka Samhita]]''.{{Sfn|Bimal Krishna Matilal|1977|pp=55-56}}

==Lifetime==
The century in which Kaṇāda lived is unclear and has been a subject of a long debate.{{Sfn|Jeaneane D. Fowler|2002|p=98}} In his review of 1961, Riepe states Kaṇāda lived sometime before 300 CE, but convincing evidence to firmly put him in a certain century remains elusive.{{Sfn|Riepe|1961|pp=228-229}}

The ''Vaiśeṣika Sūtra''s mention competing schools of Indian philosophy such as ''Sāṃkhya'' and ''Mīmāṃsā'',{{Sfn|Bimal Krishna Matilal|1977|p=54}} but make no mention of Buddhism, which has led scholars in more recent publications to posit estimates of 6th century BCE.{{Sfn| Bart Labuschagne| Timo Slootweg|2012|p=60, Quote: "Kanada, a Hindu sage who lived either around the 6th or 2nd century BCE, and who founded the philosophical school of Vaisheshika.}}{{Sfn|Jeaneane D. Fowler|2002|pp=98-99}}{{Sfn|H. Margenau|2012|p=xxx-xxxi}} The ''Vaiśeṣika Sūtra'' manuscript has survived into the modern era in multiple versions and the discovery of newer manuscripts in different parts of India by Thakur in 1957 and Jambuvijayaji in 1961, followed by [[critical edition]] studies, suggest that the text attributed to Kaṇāda was systematized and finalized sometime between 200 BCE and the start of the common era, with the possibility that its key doctrines may be much older.{{Sfn|Bimal Krishna Matilal|1977|p=54}}{{Sfn|Jeaneane D. Fowler|2002|pp=98-99}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Wilhelm Halbfass|title=On Being and What There Is: Classical Vaisesika and the History of Indian Ontology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x7cLHPj1dj8C |year=1992|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1178-0|pages=79–80}}</ref> Multiple Hindu texts dated to the 1st and 2nd century CE, such as the ''Mahāvibhāṣa'' and ''Jñānaprasthana'' from the [[Kushan Empire]], quote and comment on Kaṇāda's doctrines.{{Sfn|Bimal Krishna Matilal|1977|p=55}} His ideas are also mentioned in Buddhist texts attributed to [[Aśvaghoṣa]] of the same period.{{Sfn|Bimal Krishna Matilal|1977|p=55}}

In [[Jainism]] literature, he is referred as ''Sad-uluka'', which means "the Uluka who propounded the doctrine of six categories".{{Sfn|Bimal Krishna Matilal|1977|p=54}} His ''Vaiśeṣika'' philosophy similarly appears with alternate names, such as "''Aulukya'' philosophy" (derived from his nickname ''Uluka'' "owl").{{Sfn|Bimal Krishna Matilal|1977|p=54}}{{refn|group=note|A legend in the Hindu tradition states that ascetic scholar Kanada would spend all day in his studies and in meditation, eat only once every night like an owl.{{Sfn|Jeaneane D. Fowler|2002|p=99}}}}

Kaṇāda was influential in Indian philosophies appearing in various texts by dictators, philosophers, and more, such as Kashyapa, Uluka, Kananda, Kanabhuk among others.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=175}}{{Sfn|Riepe|1961|p=228 with footnote 12}}

==Ideas==
Physics is central to Kaṇāda's assertion that all that is knowable is based on motion. His ascribing centrality to physics in the understanding of the universe also follows from his invariance principles. For example, he says that the atom must be spherical since it should be the same in all dimensions.<ref>[https://medium.com/@subhashkak1/kaṇāda-the-great-physicist-and-sage-of-antiquity-5a2abd79b6f1 Kak, S. Kaṇāda, Great Physicist and Sage of Antiquity]</ref> He asserts that all substances are composed of four types of atoms, two of which have mass and two are massless.

Kaṇāda presents his work within a larger moral framework by defining Dharma as that which brings about material progress and highest good.{{Sfn|Bimal Krishna Matilal|1977|pp=55-56}}<ref>{{cite book|author1=Purusottama Bilimoria|author2=Joseph Prabhu|author3=Renuka M. Sharma|title=Indian Ethics: Classical traditions and contemporary challenges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g78Cw4xQmsMC |year=2007|publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-0-7546-3301-3|page=76}}, Quote: "Kanada's Vaisesikasutra: dharma is that from which prosperity and the highest good come about."</ref> He follows this ''sūtra'' with another that asserts that the Vedas have gained respect because they teach such Dharma, and something is not Dharma simply because it is in the Vedas.{{Sfn|Bimal Krishna Matilal|1977|pp=55-56}}

{{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=240
| image1 = (A) Hindu puja, yajna, yagna, Havanam in progress.jpg | width1=2339|height1=3685
| image2 = Feeling magnetic attraction.jpg |width2=2575|height2=2000
| image3 = Thunderstorm on River Ganga.jpg |width3=1280|height3=720
| image4 = (Canavalia lineata) sprout at Madhurawada.JPG | width4=2960 |height4=1665
| footer = Kanada makes empirical observations such as the rising upwards of fire, magnetic movement, rain and thunder, the growth of grass, and offers naturalistic explanations to them in his text ''Vaisheshika Sutra''.{{Sfn|Bimal Krishna Matilal|1977|p=57}}
}}
Kaṇāda and early Vaisheshika scholars focused on the evolution of the universe by law.<ref name="SiemensRoodt2008"/> However, this was not unusual for his times since several major early versions of Hindu philosophies such as Sāṃkhya, Nyāya, Mīmāṃsā along with sub-schools of Yoga and Vedanta, as well as non-Vedic schools such as Jainism and Buddhism, were similarly non-theistic.<ref>{{cite book|author=Surendranath Dasgupta|title= A History of Indian Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PoaMFmS1_lEC |year=1992|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0412-8 |pages=281–285 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Roy W. Perrett |title=Philosophy of Religion: Indian Philosophy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sf9XAQAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-70329-5 |pages=xiii–xiv}}</ref> Kaṇāda was among the sages of India who believed in man's potential to understand existence and reach [[moksha]] on his own, without God, a notion of ancient Indians summarized by Nietzsche as the belief that "with piety and knowledge of the Veda, nothing is impossible".<ref name="SiemensRoodt2008">{{cite book|author1=Herman Siemens|author2=Vasti Roodt|title=Nietzsche, Power and Politics: Rethinking Nietzsche's Legacy for Political Thought|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=L2sEL7Kj6lcC| year=2008| publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-021733-9|pages=578–579}}</ref>

The text states:<ref name="Sinha">[https://archive.org/stream/thevaiasesikasut00kanauoft#page/n7/mode/2up The ''Vaisheshika sutras'' of Kanada], 2nd Edition, Translator: Nandalal Sinha (1923); Editor: BD Basu; Note: this is the translation of non-critical edition of the manuscript</ref>
* There are nine constituents of realities: four classes of [[atoms]] (earth, water, light and air), space ([[akasha|''akāṣa'']]), time ([[Kāla (time)|''kāla'']]), direction (''diśa''), infinity of souls ([[Ātman (Hinduism)|''Ātman'']]), mind ([[Manas (early Buddhism)|''manas'']]).<ref>O'Flaherty, p. 3.</ref>
* Every object of creation is made of atoms (''paramāṇu'') Atoms are eternal, and their combinations constitute the empirical material world.
* Individual souls are eternal and pervade material bodies for a time.
* There are six categories ([[padārtha|''padārtha'']]) of experience—substance, quality, activity, generality, particularity, and inherence.

Several traits of substances ([[dravya|''dravya'']]) are given as colour, taste, smell, touch, number, size, the separate, coupling and uncoupling, priority and posterity, comprehension, pleasure and pain, attraction and revulsion, and wishes.<ref>Vitsaxis, Vassilis. Thought and Faith: Comparative Philosophical and Religious Concepts in Ancient Greece, India, and Christianity. Somerset Hall Pr 2009-10-01 (October 2009). P. 299. {{ISBN|1935244035}}.</ref>

Thus the idea of the subdivision is carried further to analytical categories as well, which explains its affinity with [[Nyaya]].

===Observations and theories===
In the fifth chapter of ''Vaiśeṣika Sūtra'', Kaṇāda mentions various empirical observations and natural phenomena such as the falling of objects to the ground, rising of fire and heat upwards, the growth of grass upwards, the nature of rainfall and thunderstorms, the flow of liquids, the movement towards a magnet among many others, asks why these things happen, then attempts to integrate his observations with his theories on atoms, molecules, and their interaction. He classifies observed events into two: those caused by volition, and those caused by subject-object conjunctions.{{Sfn|Bimal Krishna Matilal|1977|p=57}}<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/thevaiasesikasut00kanauoft#page/296/mode/2up The Vaisesika Sutras of Kanada], pp. 152-166, Translated by Nandalal Sinha (note this translation is of the old disputed manuscript, not critical edition)</ref><ref name=wells>John Wells (2009), [http://darshanapress.com/The%20Vaisheshika%20Darshana.pdf The Vaisheshika Darshana], Darshana Press, Chapter 5 verses (main and appendix), critical edition</ref>

His idea of the observer, that is the subject, being different from objective reality is completely consistent with [[Vedanta]], which speaks of the difference between "Apara" and "Para" knowledge, where "Apara" represents normal associational knowledge whereas "Para" represents deeper subjective knowledge.

===The concept of paramanu (atom)===
{{see also|Mahābhūta|Dravya|Akāraṇavat}}

{{Quote box
| quote = '''Vaiśeṣika Darśana''' 
[[Dharma]] is that through which there is the accomplishment of rising to the unsurpassed good. Because it is an exposition of that, it has the authority of [[Veda]]. – ''Vaiśeṣika Sūtras 1.1-2'' 
(...) That there is only one individual (soul) is known from the absence of particularity when it comes to the emergence of an understanding of happiness and suffering, (whereas) a multiplicity of individuals is inferred from their perseverance in dharma, and from the strength of their teaching. – ''Vaiśeṣika Sūtras 3.16-18'' 
The true being is eternal, having no cause. Its indicator is its effect. The presence of the effect arises from the presence of its cause. – ''Vaiśeṣika Sūtras 4.1-3''
| source = —Kaṇāda, Translated by John Wells<ref>John Wells (2009), [http://darshanapress.com/The%20Vaisheshika%20Darshana.pdf The Vaisheshika Darshana], Darshana Press</ref><ref>For Sanskrit and an alternate translation: Debasish Chakravarty (2003), Vaisesika Sutra of Kanada, DK Printworld, {{ISBN|978-8124602294}}</ref>
| width = 33%
| align = right
}}
Kaṇāda proposes that ''paramāṇu'' ([[atom]]) is an indestructible particle of matter. The atom is indivisible because it is a state at which no measurement can be attributed. He used invariance arguments to determine properties of the atoms. He also stated that ''anu'' can have two states—absolute rest and a state of motion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ece.lsu.edu/kak/roopa51.pdf|title=Space, Time and Anu in Vaisheshika|author=Roopa Narayan|publisher= Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA|access-date=29 May 2013}}</ref>

Kaṇāda postulated four different kinds of atoms: two with mass, and two without.<ref name="Kak"/> Each substance is supposed to consist of all four kinds of atoms.

Kaṇāda's conception of the [[atom]] was likely independent from the similar concept among the ancient Greeks, because of the differences between the theories.<ref name=edwardcraig199/> For example, Kaṇāda suggested that atoms as building blocks differ both qualitatively and quantitatively, while Greeks suggested that atoms differed only quantitatively but not qualitatively.<ref name=edwardcraig199>{{cite book|author=Edward Craig|title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Index|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FWa85vgoTQC |year=1998|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-18715-2|pages=198–199}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics]]
* [[List of Indian inventions and discoveries]]
* [[Leucippus]]
* [[Vedanta]]
* [[Vaiśeṣika Sūtra]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJbsAAAAIAAJ|title=Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|year=2002|isbn=978-1-898723-93-6|author=Jeaneane D. Fowler}}
*{{cite book|author=H. Margenau|title=Physics and Philosophy: Selected Essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gfrtCAAAQBAJ |year=2012 |publisher=Springer Science |isbn=978-94-009-9845-2}}
*{{cite book|author=Bimal Krishna Matilal|title=Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyJ--9uUtx0C |year=1977|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-01807-4 }}
*{{cite book|author=Subhash Kak|title=Matter and Mind: The Vaiśeṣika Sūtra of Kaṇāda|year=2016|publisher=Mount Meru Publishing|isbn=9781988207148}}
*{{cite book|last=Riepe|first=Dale Maurice |title=Naturalistic Tradition in Indian Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UZZGEhp8gasC |year=1961 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint 1996)|isbn=978-81-208-1293-2}}
*{{cite book|author1=Bart Labuschagne|author2=Timo Slootweg|title=Hegel's Philosophy of the Historical Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHa3WiPqpiYC |year=2012|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-22618-0}}
*{{cite book|first=Chandradhar|last= Sharma|title=A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3gQVd5WogsC |year=2000 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0365-7}}

==External links==
* [https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/015/10/0905-0925 Early Atomism - Resonance magazine, Oct 2010]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131226223953/http://www.childrensbooktrust.com/books/info/sci.htm Scientists of India by Dilip M. Salwi - Children's Book Trust] - {{ISBN|81-7011-318-0}}, 2007

{{Rishis of Hindu mythology}}
{{Indian Philosophy}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanada}}
[[Category:Ancient Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Atomists]]
[[Category:Ancient physicists]]
[[Category:Metaphysicians]]
[[Category:Rishis]]

Koviloor, Kerala

2026-05-01T15:45:19Z

Igorsiw: adding new entry.

{{Short description|Village in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Koviloor
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = KOVILOOR.jpg
| image_caption = Koviloor village
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Idukki district|Idukki]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of subdistricts in India|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Devikulam taluk|Devikulam]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]]
| governing_body = Vattavada Panchayat
| elevation_m = 1700
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 685615
| area_code = 04865
| area_code_type = [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD code]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in Kerala|KL-68]] (Devikulam Sub RTO)
| blank_name_sec1 = Nearest town
| blank_info_sec1 = Munnar
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = {{Plain list|
* [[Malayalam]]
* [[English language|English]]
}}
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = {{Plain list|
* [[Malayalam]]
* [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
}}
| blank_name_sec2 = Nearest airport
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Kochi International Airport|Cochin Airport]]
| pushpin_map = India Kerala #India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|11|00|N|77|15|25|E|region:IN-KL|display=inline}}
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 11
}}
'''Koviloor''' is a village located in [[Vattavada]] [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]] of [[Devikulam taluk]] in [[Idukki district]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vattavada Panchayath |url=https://www.vattavada.com/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Vattavada Panchayath |language=en-US}}</ref> It is situated around {{Cvt|1700|m}} above sea level near the [[Tamil Nadu]] border. It is {{Cvt|43|km}} east of [[Munnar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Koviloor, Vattavada Panchayat, Idukki District, Kerala, India |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/routes-locations/koviloor/id/7862 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en}}</ref> The village is known for growing a wide range of vegetables and fruits through [[Terrace (earthworks)|terrace]] farming.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=സഞ്ചാരികളുടെ ലിസ്റ്റിലില്ലാത്ത മൂന്നാറിലെ കോവിലൂർ |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/travel/vattavad-koviloor-stunning-places-to-visit-in-munnar/articleshow/69269450.cms |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> The majority of the population speaks [[Tamil language|Tamil]], as the region borders Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Vattavada is hailed as agricultural haven of Kerala |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2019/09/06/vattavada-agricultural-haven-munnar-idukki-hillstation.html |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The name ''Koviloor'' is a combination of two Tamil words: {{Lang|tn|[[Koil|Kovil]]}}, which means <nowiki>''temple''</nowiki> and {{Lang|tn|Oor}}, which means "village", thus it literally means the "village of temples".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-08 |title=കോവിലൂർ കണ്ടതിലേറെ കാഴ്ചകളുമായി കാത്തിരിക്കുന്ന ഗ്രാമം |url=https://malayalam.nativeplanet.com/travel-guide/koviloor-in-idukki-attractions-and-how-to-reach-003698.html |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=malayalam.nativeplanet.com |language=ml}}</ref>
== Economy ==
[[File:Kovilloor 4 by Joseph Lazer.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Terrace fileds near Koviloor]]
The economy of Koviloor is built on agriculture, with farmers constituting the majority of the population. Farms surrounding the village use traditional agricultural practices to grow crops including carrots, garlic, beans and cabbage.<ref name=":0" /> There are also several strawberry farms near the village.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=ഈ പാത യാഥാർഥ്യമായാൽ; വട്ടവടയിൽ നിന്ന് കൊടൈക്കനാലിലേക്ക് 2 മണിക്കൂർ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/travel/travel-kerala/2021/05/29/proposed-munnar-kodaikanal-road-will-increase-tourist-attractions-in-vattavada.html |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Idukki district]]
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Koviloor}}

Ayodhya Cantt – Lokmanya Tilak Superfast Express

2026-04-30T22:41:27Z

Igorsiw:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
[[File:Ayodhya Cantt Superfast Express.jpg|250px|right]]

'''Ayodhya Superfast Express''',<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.railyatri.in/trains/route-22103-mumbai-lt-faizabad-sf-expres |work=[[RailYatri]] |title=22103 - Mumbai Ltt Ayodhya Cantt Sf Express Train Schedule and Route Details |access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref> (formerly Faizabad Superfast Express) is a train which runs weekly connecting [[Ayodhya Cantt railway station]] to [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]], [[Mumbai]]. It is numbered as '''22103/22104'''.

==Stoppage==
Total: 15 stops.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/14024|title=Faizabad-Mumbai LTT SF Express/22104|publisher=indiarailinfo.com/}}</ref>

===From LTT to Ayodhya Cantt ===
[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus|Mumbai LTT]]→{{Stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}}→{{Stnlnk|Nasik Road}}→{{Stnlnk|Jalgaon Junction}}→{{Stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction}}→{{Stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}}→{{Stnlnk|Jabalpur Junction}}→{{Stnlnk|Katni Junction}}→{{Stnlnk|Satna Junction}}→{{Stnlnk|Manikpur Junction}}→{{Stnlnk|Prayagraj Junction}}→Janghai Junction→Mariahu→{{Stnlnk|Jaunpur Junction}}→{{Stnlnk|Shahganj Junction}}→{{Stnlnk|Akbarpur Junction}}→{{Stnlnk|Ayodhya Cantt}}

===From Ayodhya Cantt to LTT===
Ayodhya Cantt→{{Stnlnk|Akbarpur Junction}}→Shahganj Junction→{{Stnlnk|Jaunpur Junction}}→Mariahu→Janghai Junction→{{Stnlnk|Prayagraj Junction}}→{{Stnlnk|Manikpur Junction}}→{{Stnlnk|Satna Junction}}→{{Stnlnk|Katni Junction}}→{{Stnlnk|Jabalpur Junction}}→{{Stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}}→{{Stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction}}→{{Stnlnk|Jalgaon Junction}}→{{Stnlnk|Nasik Road}}→{{Stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}}→Mumbai LTT

==Timings==
===Train no. 22103 (from LTT to Ayodhya Cantt)===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#ffffff;"
|-
! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Train no.
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Train name
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Starting station
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Destination
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" |MON
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" |TUE
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" |WED
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" |THU
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" |FRI
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" |SAT
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" |SUN
|-
| align="left" | 22103
| align="left" | LTT AY Sup. Ex.
| align="left" | Mumbai LTT at 14:30
| align="left" | Ayodhya Cantt at 18:00
| align="left" |YES
| align="left" |NO
| align="left" |NO
| align="left" |NO
| align="left" |NO
| align="left" |NO
| align="left" |NO
|-
|}

===Train no. 22104 (from Ayodhya to LTT)===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#ffffff;"
|-
! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Train no.
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Train name
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Starting station
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Destination
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" |MON
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" |TUE
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" |WED
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" |THU
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" |FRI
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" |SAT
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" |SUN
|-
| align="left" | 22104
| align="left" | AYC LTT Sup. Ex.
| align="left" | Ayodhya Cantt at 00:15
| align="left" | Mumbai LTT at 5:00
| align="left" |NO
| align="left" |YES
| align="left" |NO
| align="left" |NO
| align="left" |NO
| align="left" |NO
| align="left" |NO
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Saket Express]]
* [[Ayodhya railway station]]
* [[Jaunpur Junction]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Railways in Western India}}

[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Trains from Faizabad]]
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2011]]

List of metro networks in Uttar Pradesh

2026-04-24T05:37:40Z

Igorsiw: new some details basic info...

{{Short description|none}}
The History of Metro in Uttar Pradesh starts with [[Lucknow Metro]] when It began its commercial operation on 5 September 2017.Currently there are 6 cities in Uttar Pradesh with available metro network including Ghaziabad which is connected with Delhi metro's Red line and Blue Line.

There are 4 Authorities responsible to run 6 Metro networks
*[[UPMRC]] for [[Lucknow Metro]], [[Kanpur Metro]], [[Agra Metro]]
*[[Noida Metro Rail Corporation|NMRC]] for [[Noida Metro]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]] for Metro lines in Ghaziabad
*[[NCRTC]] for [[Meerut Metro]]

== Metro Network summaries ==
* '''Lucknow Metro:''' Operational since 2017, Lucknow Metro is first metro network in UP.
* '''Kanpur Metro:''' Launched recently, Kanpur Metro is the one of the fastest build and network in the country.
* '''Meerut Metro:''' Operated by NCRTC, Meerut Metro is part of a broader regional transit plan integrated with Delhi Metro and Delhi-Meerut RRTS, allowing riders to buy direct tickets to any Delhi Metro station via the Namo Bharat App. Its the fastest metro in the country <ref>{{Cite web|title=National Capital Region Transport Corporation|url=https://www.ncrtc.in/|access-date=2025-09-17}}</ref>
* '''Noida Metro:''' The Largest metro network in UP also called Aqua Line connects Noida and Greater Noida, and its integration with Delhi Metro facilitates convenient commuter interchange.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Noida Metro Rail Corporation|url=https://nmrcnoida.com|access-date=2025-09-17}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sr.No.
! City
! Metro Name
! Operated by
! Connected with
! Integrated with
! System Length (km)
|-
| 1
| Lucknow
| [[Lucknow Metro]]
| Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation (UPMRC)
| Connected with Indian Railways but not integrated
| NA
| 22.87
|-
| 2
| Kanpur
| [[Kanpur Metro]]
| Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation (UPMRC)
| Connected with Indian Railways but not integrated
| NA
| 16.0
|-
| 3
| Noida / Greater Noida
| [[Noida Metro]]
| Noida Metro Rail Corporation (NMRC)
| Connected with DMRC Blue line via Sky Bridge
| None
| 29.7
|-
| 4
| Agra
| [[Agra Metro]]
| Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation (UPMRC)
| Planned connectivity with Indian Railways and ISBT
| None
| 6
|-
| 5
| Meerut
| [[Meerut Metro]]
| National Capital Region Transport Corporation (NCRTC)
| Delhi Metro Pink Line, Blue Line, Red line
| Delhi Metro, Delhi-Meerut RRTS (Riders can buy direct tickets to any Delhi Metro station from Namo Bharat App)
| 23.6
|}

== See also ==
* [[Metro systems in India]]
* [[List of metro systems]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rapid transit in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh-related lists]]

Graham Staines

2026-04-23T23:20:59Z

Igorsiw: Adding A Data...

{{short description|Australian missionary killed in India (1941–1999)}}
{{confused|Gram stain}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Australian English|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = Graham Staines Family.jpeg
| caption = Graham Staines with his wife and children
| birth_name = Graham Stuart Staines
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1941|01|18}}
| birth_place = [[Palmwoods]], [[Queensland]], [[Australia]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1999|01|23|1941|01|18}}
| death_place = [[Keonjhar]], [[Orissa]] (Odisha), [[India]]
| death_cause = Murder by burning
| occupation = Missionary
| spouse = [[Gladys Staines]]
| children = 3
}}
'''Graham Stuart Staines''' (18 January 1941 – 23 January 1999) was an Australian [[Christian missionary]] who, along with his two sons, Philip (aged 10) and Timothy (aged 6), was burnt to death in India by members of the [[Bajrang Dal]], a militant [[Hindutva]] organisation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Parashar |first1=Swati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoH8AgAAQBAJ |title=Women and Militant Wars: The politics of injury |date=5 March 2014 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-134-11606-5 |page=27 |language=en |quote=The Sangh Parivar (literally known as the Sangh family) includes groups such as the Rashtriye Swayamsewak Sangh, the Bajrang Dal, Shiv Sena, and the Vishwa Hindu Parishad. They articulate a militant Hindu nationalist politics, opposing the Muslim 'other'. |access-date=13 February 2021 |url-access=limited |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> In 2003, Bajrang Dal member [[Dara Singh (Bajrang Dal)|Dara Singh]] was convicted of leading the murderers and was sentenced to life in prison.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Natasha CoutinhoNatasha Coutinho|date=Feb 20, 2019|title=Sharman Joshi brings Graham Staines' story to the screen|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sharman-joshi-brings-graham-staines-story-to-the-screen/articleshow/68068553.cms|access-date=2022-01-28|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en}}</ref>

Staines had been working in [[Orissa]] (Odisha) since 1965 as part of an [[Evangelicalism|evangelical missionary]] organisation named "Mayurbhanj Leprosy Home" caring for people who had [[leprosy]] and looking after the [[Adivasi|tribal people]] in the area who lived in [[Extreme poverty|abject poverty]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/21-years-after-his-killing-odisha-village-says-it-still-weeps-for-staines/articleshow/68666096.cms|title=21 years on, Odisha village still weeps for Graham Staines|last=Singha|first=Minati|date=Jan 23, 2020|website=Times of India}}</ref> However, some Hindutva groups alleged that during this time he had supposedly tricked, lured or [[Forced conversion|forcibly coerced]] many Hindus into believing in the Christian faith. The Wadhwa Commission noted that there was no evidence of forced conversions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/in-the-age-of-fake-news-flashback-to-first-kill/cid/1687607|title=In the age of fake news, flashback to first kill|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-31}}</ref> Staines's widow [[Gladys Staines|Gladys]] has also denied the allegation of forced conversions.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/264326.stm|work=BBC News|title=Missionary widow continues leprosy work|date=27 January 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/feb/08vir.htm |title=Rediff On The NeT: Vir Sanghvi on the Orissa incident |work=Rediff.com |date=1999-02-08 |access-date=2015-04-16}}</ref>

Gladys continued to live and work in India caring for those who were poor and were affected by leprosy until she returned home to Australia in 2004. In 2005, she was awarded the fourth highest civilian honour of India, the [[Padma Shree]], in recognition for her work in Orissa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3129222.stm|work=BBC ,News|first=Soutik|last=Biswas|title=Widow keeps missionary's memory alive|date=22 September 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4555355.stm |title=South Asia | Missionary widow's emotional return |publisher=BBC News |date=2005-05-18 |access-date=2015-04-16}}</ref> In 2016, she received the [[Mother Teresa Award|Mother Teresa Memorial International Award for Social Justice]].<ref>Forgiver feted. ''Christianity Today'' Jan. 2016, p.17.</ref>

==Early life and early career==
Graham Staines was born in the Sunshine Coast suburb of [[Palmwoods]] in the Australian state of [[Queensland]]. He visited India for the first time in 1965 by joining the [[Evangelical Missionary Society of Mayurbhanj]] (EMSM), and worked in the remote tribal areas of [[Odisha|Orissa]], a state with a long history of Christian missionary work. He took over the management of the Mission at [[Baripada]] in 1983 after helping to establish the [[Mayurbhanj]] Leprosy Home as a registered society in 1982.<ref name="hvk">{{cite web|author=Hindu Vivek Kendra|url=http://www.HVK.org/specialrepo/wadhwa/Graham.html|title=Graham Staines: His Background|publisher=hvk.org|access-date=13 October 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409123228/http://www.hvk.org/specialrepo/wadhwa/Graham.html|archive-date=9 April 2011|df=dmy-all}}{{unreliable source|date=February 2025}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Staines met [[Gladys Staines|Gladys]] in June 1981, while they worked together taking care of leprosy patients on the mission field. Not too long after that they decided to get married, in 1983; they worked together until his death. Together they had three children: a daughter, Esther, and two sons, Philip and Timothy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://religionunplugged.com/news/2019/1/23/film-marks-the-20thnbspanniversary-of-missionary-graham-staines-killing-in-india|title=Film marks the 20th anniversary of missionary Graham Staines' killing in India|website=Religion Unplugged|date=23 January 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> During the course of his work Staines had managed to assist in the translation of part of the Bible into the [[Ho language|language]] of the [[Ho people]] of India, which included his crosschecking the work with the entire manuscript of the [[New Testament]], though it is largely believed his main focus was on his ministry to the lepers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bible-translated-in-oriya-dialect/story-Kk7xAxiP8nCw9eVXw79cJO.html|title=Bible translated in Oriya dialect|date=2006-11-25|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> It was reported that he could speak the [[Odia language]] fluently, and was popular among the patients whom he had managed to cure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19990208-staines-killing-murder-of-australian-missionary-and-his-two-sons-in-orissa-shocks-india-780092-1999-02-08|title=Staines' killing: Murder of Australian missionary and his two sons in Orissa shocks India|last=BANERJEE|first=RUBEN|date=8 February 1999|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> In addition to this it was also reported that he used to teach people how to make mats and baskets out of rope, sabai grass ([[Eulaliopsis binata]]) and tree leaves.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The politics behind anti Christian violence : a compilation of investigation committee reports into acts of violence against the Christian minorities|date=2006|publisher=Media House|others=Puniyani, Ram.|isbn=81-7495-237-3|location=Delhi|pages=261–265|oclc=182969294}}</ref>

==Murder==
On 22 January 1999, Staines attended a jungle camp in Manoharpur, which was an annual gathering for Christians in the area to congregate for a conference and discuss their beliefs in a social setting. The camp was on the border between the tribal villages of [[Mayurbhanj]] and [[Keonjhar]]. He was travelling to Kendujhar with his sons, who were on a break from their schooling in [[Ooty]], a [[List of hill stations in India|hill station]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. At a point, they decided to take a break from the journey towards the jungle camp, and elected to spend the night in Manoharpur, sleeping in the vehicle due to the severe cold at the time. His wife and daughter did not accompany them on the journey, having decided to remain behind in the town and municipality of [[Baripada]].

A mob of about fifty [[people]], armed with [[axe]]s and other implements, attacked the vehicle while Staines and his sons were fast asleep, and set the [[station wagon]] alight, trapping them inside and burning them to death.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jan/23oris.htm |title=Rediff On The NeT: Missionary, children burnt alive in Orissa |work=Rediff.com |date=1999-01-23 |access-date=2015-04-16}}</ref> Current BJP MP [[Pratap Sarangi|Pratap Chandra Sarangi]] was also believed to be a part of this murder as he was Orissa State Unit Chief of the Bajrang Dal during this planned murder.

Staines and his sons had awakened and apparently tried to escape but were prevented from doing so by the angry mob of vigilantes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/staines-murder-case-dara-seeks-review-of-sc/760057 |title=Staines murder case: Dara seeks review of SC verdict |publisher=Indian Express |date=2011-03-09 |access-date=2015-04-16}}</ref>

===Reactions===
The murders were widely condemned by religious and civic leaders of the time, along with politicians and journalists.

The US-based [[Human Rights Watch]] group accused the Indian government of failing to prevent violence against Christians, and for exploiting the sectarian tensions that existed at the time for their own political gain.

Then [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] condemned the "ghastly attack," and called for swift action in catching the killers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/261391.stm |title=South Asia | Thousands mourn missionary's death |publisher=BBC News |date=1999-01-25 |access-date=2015-04-16}}</ref>

Published reports stated that the church leaders alleged the attacks were carried out at the behest of Hindutva organisations seeking revenge for what they perceived to be forced conversions of the tribal poor into Christianity.<ref name="M1">{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/626979.stm |title=SOUTH ASIA | Missionary 'killer' arrested in India |publisher=BBC News |date=2000-02-01 |access-date=2015-04-16}}</ref> Dara Singh, who was convicted of the murders, was treated as a hero by the supporters of Hindutva and the Bajrang Dal and reportedly protected by some villagers. In an interview with the ''Hindustan Times'', one of the accused killers, Mahendra Hembram, stated that the killers "were provoked by the 'corruption of tribal culture' by the missionaries, who they claimed fed villagers [[beef]], and gave the women [[bra]]ssieres and [[Sanitary napkin|sanitary towels]]."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/4189940/Australian-missionarys-killer-sentenced-to-death.html|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|title=Australian missionary's killer sentenced to death|date=23 September 2003}}</ref>

In her affidavit before the commission on the death of her husband and both sons, Gladys Staines stated:<ref>[http://www.hvk.org/specialrepo/wadhwa/Graham.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409123228/http://www.hvk.org/specialrepo/wadhwa/Graham.html|date=9 April 2011}}</ref><blockquote>The Lord God is always with me to guide me and to help me try to accomplish the work of Graham, but I sometimes wonder why Graham was killed, and what also made his assassins behave in such a brutal manner on the night of the 22nd/23rd of January 1999. ... It is far from my mind to punish the persons who were responsible for the death of my husband Graham and my two children. But it is my desire and hope that they would repent and be reformed.
</blockquote>

==Supreme Court of India judgement==
A trial (sessions) court in [[Bhubaneswar]], the capital of Orissa, sentenced the convicted ringleader of the mob, Dara Singh, to death by hanging for killing Staines and his two sons.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/23/world/hindu-given-death-for-killing-missionary.html|work=The New York Times|title=Hindu Given Death for Killing Missionary|date=23 September 2003}}</ref> In 2005, the [[Orissa High Court]] commuted the sentence to life imprisonment. The Supreme Court upheld the High Court decision on 21 January 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/graham-staines-case-supreme-court-refuses-death-penalty-80741 |title=Graham Staines case: Supreme Court refuses death penalty |publisher=Ndtv.com |date=2011-01-21 |access-date=2015-04-16}}</ref>

"In the case on hand, though Graham Staines and his two minor sons were burnt to death while they were sleeping inside a station wagon at Manoharpur, the intention was to teach a lesson to Graham Staines about his religious activities, namely, converting poor tribals to Christianity. All these aspects have been correctly appreciated by the High Court and modified the sentence of death into life imprisonment with which we concur." the court declared. The Court stated, "Our concept of secularism is that the State will have no religion. The State shall treat all religions and religious groups equally and with equal respect without in any manner interfering with their individual right of religion, faith and worship." The Court also said, "It is undisputed that there is no justification for interfering in someone's belief by way of 'use of force', provocation, conversion, incitement or upon a flawed premise that one religion is better than the other".<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Rabindra Kumar Pal @ Dara Singh vs Republic of India | pinpoint=72 | court=Supreme Court of India | date=21 January 2011 | url=https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/37394.pdf#page=72 | access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref>

Dismissing the Central Bureau of Investigation's plea for sentencing Singh to death, a Bench of Justice P. Sathasivam and Justice B. S. Chauhan endorsed the Orissa High Court's finding that his crime did not fall under the rarest of rare category. In its 76-page judgement, the court came out strongly against the practice of conversion. However, four days later, on 25 January 2011, the Supreme Court of India, in a rare move, expunged its own comments with regards to conversions from its verdict.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/313196/Staines-verdict-SC-expunges-controversial-remarks.html |title=The Pioneer |publisher=Dailypioneer.com |date= |access-date=2015-04-16}}</ref> This was perhaps done due to severe criticism from the media.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/expunge-remarks-against-graham-staines/article1117865.ece |title=Expunge remarks against Graham Staines |newspaper=The Hindu |publisher=Thehindu.com |date=2011-01-23 |access-date=2015-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SC-changes-controversial-paras-in-ruling-on-Staines-killings/articleshow/7361029.cms |title=SC changes controversial paras in ruling on Staines' killings |work=The Times of India |date=2011-01-25 |access-date=2015-04-16}}</ref> Leading editors, media groups, and civil society members from across the country signed a statement taking strong exception to the Supreme Court's observation that the killing of Graham Staines and his two minor children was intended to teach the Australian missionary a lesson for preaching and practising conversion.

==In popular culture==
In the Tamil film ''[[Ramanaa]]'' (2002), the protagonist's neighbour (played by [[Theni Kunjarammal]]) reveals to Devaki ([[Ashima Bhalla]]) that the parents and two younger brothers of one of Ramanaa's ([[Vijayakanth]]) adopted daughters (played by [[Amanda Deal]]) were burnt in a van in [[North India]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYl8gaXa99s |title=Ramana {{!}} Tamil Full Movie {{!}} Vijayakanth {{!}} Simran {{!}} Ashima Bhalla {{!}} Murugadoss {{!}} Bayshore Records |date=2024-07-14 |last=Bayshore Records |access-date=2025-12-13 |via=YouTube}}</ref> This is a loose allusion to the incident.

''[[The Least of These: The Graham Staines Story]]'', an American film about the real incident, was released in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Least of These - The Graham Staines Story |url=https://www.fathomevents.com/events/the-least-of-these-the-graham-staines-story |access-date=29 January 2019 |archive-date=29 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129122748/https://www.fathomevents.com/events/the-least-of-these-the-graham-staines-story |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Hindu terrorism]]
* [[Right-wing terrorism]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110123121932/http://arunshourie.voiceofdharma.com/articles/wadhwa.htm "Who Killed Australian Missionary Graham Staines?"], by Arun Shourie
* [http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/22staines1.htm "Graham Staines murder case: Chronology of events" at rediff.com], 22 September 2003
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160108065640/http://glsindia.com/shopping/?s=burnt+Alive&search_submit= "Burnt Alive: The Staines and the God they Loved". A Book by Gospel Literature Service]

{{Protestant missions to India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Staines, Graham}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:1999 murders in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Australian translators]]
[[Category:Anti-Christian sentiment in India]]
[[Category:Australian biblical scholars]]
[[Category:Australian evangelicals]]
[[Category:Australian expatriates in India]]
[[Category:Australia–India relations]]
[[Category:Australian people murdered abroad]]
[[Category:Australian Protestant missionaries]]
[[Category:Australian terrorism victims]]
[[Category:Bible translators]]
[[Category:Child murder in India]]
[[Category:Conversion to Christianity]]
[[Category:Evangelicalism in India]]
[[Category:Hate crimes in India]]
[[Category:Hinduism-motivated violence in India]]
[[Category:Leprosy nurses and caregivers]]
[[Category:Lynching deaths in India]]
[[Category:Lynching victims]]
[[Category:Missionary linguists]]
[[Category:People executed by burning]]
[[Category:People from the Sunshine Coast, Queensland]]
[[Category:People murdered in Odisha]]
[[Category:Protestant missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Victims of anti-Christian violence]]
[[Category:Victims of serial killers]]
[[Category:20th-century Australian nurses]]
[[Category:Hindu terrorism]]
[[Category:20th-century biblical scholars]]
[[Category:Hindu terrorist incidents]]

Mechuka Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:47:24Z

Igorsiw: new basic post v1

{{Short description|Constituency of the Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Mechuka
|state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|type= SLA
| constituency_no = 33
| map_image = Mechuka Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|district = [[Shi Yomi district|Shi Yomi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal East Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal East]]
|established = 1978
|reservation = ST
|mla = [[Pasang Dorjee Sona]]
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|electors = 11,000
}}
'''Mechuka''' is one of the 60 assembly constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], a northeastern state of [[India]]. It is part of [[Arunachal East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal East Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/arunachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/mechuka.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Mechuka West Assembly Constituency]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S02/Old/partycomp24.htm Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://www.arunachalassembly.gov.in/ Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Tadik Chije || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Pasang Wangchuk Sona
|-
| [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || Tadik Chije
|-
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=2 | Pasang Wangchuk Sona
|-
| [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan=2 | Tadik Chije<ref name="Former Minister Tadik Chije passes away">{{cite news|title=Former Minister Tadik Chije passes away|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2017/10/11/former-minister-tadik-chije-passes-away/|accessdate=27 May 2025|publisher=The Arunachal Times|date=11 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250527155308/https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2017/10/11/former-minister-tadik-chije-passes-away/|archivedate=27 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Veteran politician Tadik Chije passes away">{{cite news|title=Veteran politician Tadik Chije passes away|url=https://www.easternsentinel.in/news/state/veteran-politician-tadik-chije-passes-away.html|accessdate=27 May 2025|publisher=Eastern Sentinel|date=10 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250527155520/https://www.easternsentinel.in/news/state/veteran-politician-tadik-chije-passes-away.html|archivedate=27 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Former Minister passes away">{{cite news|title=Former Minister passes away|url=https://assamtribune.com/former-minister-passes-away|accessdate=27 May 2025|publisher=Assam Tribune|date=15 September 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250527155617/https://assamtribune.com/former-minister-passes-away|archivedate=27 May 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan=4 | [[Pasang Dorjee Sona]]
|-
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || {{Full party name with color|People's Party of Arunachal}}
|-
| [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Mechuka<ref name="Mechuka Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Pasang Dorjee Sona wins">{{cite news |title=Mechuka Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Pasang Dorjee Sona wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/mechuka-assembly-election-results-2024-mechuka-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110638728.cms |accessdate=27 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250527155202/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/mechuka-assembly-election-results-2024-mechuka-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110638728.cms |archivedate=27 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Mechuka">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Mechuka |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0233.htm |accessdate=27 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250527155152/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0233.htm |archivedate=27 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mechuka (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Mechuka (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/mechuka |accessdate=27 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250527155142/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/mechuka |archivedate=27 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pasang Dorjee Sona]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,320 |percentage=62.42% |change={{increase}}12.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aju Chije |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,762 |percentage=37.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=43 |percentage=0.42% |change={{increase}}0.01 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,558 |percentage=25.26% |change= {{increase}}24.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,125 |percentage=92.05% |change= {{increase}}2.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,000 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.78 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}12.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Mechuka<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 - Arunachal Pradesh - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= 24 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pasang Dorjee Sona]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,261 |percentage=50.19% |change={{increase}}47.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tori Ragyor |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=4,193 |percentage=49.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=35 |percentage=0.41% |change={{increase}}0.15 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=68 |percentage=0.80% |change= {{increase}}0.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,489 |percentage=89.35% |change= {{increase}}4.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,501 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.83 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=People's Party of Arunachal |swing= {{increase}}1.91 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Mechuka<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pasang Dorjee Sona]] |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=3,825 |percentage=48.28% |change={{increase}}33.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tori Ragyor |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,779 |percentage=47.70% |change={{decrease}}3.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maung Koje |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=238 |percentage=3.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bote Yuto |party=Naga People's Front |votes=59 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=21 |percentage=0.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=46 |percentage=0.58% |change= {{decrease}}19.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,922 |percentage=84.91% |change= {{decrease}}0.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,330 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=People's Party of Arunachal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.39 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Mechuka<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pasang Dorjee Sona]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,973 |percentage=51.67% |change={{decrease}}3.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tsering Naksang |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,423 |percentage=31.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bote Yuto |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=1,175 |percentage=15.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tako Puning |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=118 |percentage=1.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,550 |percentage=20.16% |change= {{increase}}10.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,689 |percentage=84.93% |change= {{increase}}5.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,053 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.01 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.41 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Mechuka<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tadik Chije |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,680 |percentage=55.08% |change={{decrease}}8.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pasang Wangchuk Sona |party=Independent politician |votes=3,001 |percentage=44.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=679 |percentage=10.16% |change= {{decrease}}16.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,681 |percentage=79.71% |change= {{decrease}}5.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,382 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.74 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Mechuka<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tadik Chije |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,791 |percentage=63.58% |change={{increase}}23.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pasang Wangchuk Sona |party=Arunachal Congress |votes=2,172 |percentage=36.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,619 |percentage=27.15% |change= {{increase}}22.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,963 |percentage=86.47% |change= {{decrease}}4.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,000 |ref = |change= {{increase}}36.03 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Mechuka<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Pasang Wangchuk Sona |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,843 |percentage=39.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tadik Chije |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,632 |percentage=35.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tanya Mosing |party=Independent politician |votes=1,154 |percentage=24.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=211 |percentage=4.56% |change= {{decrease}}1.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,629 |percentage=91.35% |change= {{increase}}6.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,146 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}8.81 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Mechuka<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Pasang Wangchuk Sona |party=Independent politician |votes=2,395 |percentage=51.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tadik Chije |party=Independent politician |votes=2,125 |percentage=45.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tako Koje |party=Independent politician |votes=168 |percentage=3.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=270 |percentage=5.76% |change= {{increase}}1.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,688 |percentage=84.23% |change= {{increase}}6.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,643 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.67 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Mechuka<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1984 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820040016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tadik Chije |party=Independent politician |votes=1,492 |percentage=35.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pasang Wangchuk Sona |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,310 |percentage=31.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tasi Gaduk |party=Independent politician |votes=720 |percentage=17.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tanya Mosing |party=Independent politician |votes=422 |percentage=10.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tapik Rinya |party=Independent politician |votes=243 |percentage=5.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=182 |percentage=4.35% |change= {{decrease}}5.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,187 |percentage=80.76% |change= {{decrease}}0.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,443 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.25 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}5.51 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Mechuka<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106193245/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-date=6 January 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Pasang Wangchuk Sona |party=Independent politician |votes=1,541 |percentage=41.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tadik Chije |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=1,159 |percentage=30.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tapik Rinya |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=847 |percentage=22.62% |change={{decrease}}5.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lamey Pusang |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=198 |percentage=5.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=382 |percentage=10.20% |change= {{decrease}}9.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,745 |percentage=79.65% |change= {{decrease}}4.99 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,849 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.12 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}6.64 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Mechuka<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613112141/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tadik Chije |party=Independent politician |votes=1,903 |percentage=47.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tapik Rinya |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=1,119 |percentage=28.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pasnag Wangchuk Sona |party=Janata Party |votes=960 |percentage=24.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=784 |percentage=19.69% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,982 |percentage=84.80% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,843 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Mechuka]]
* [[Shi Yomi district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|28.600|94.135|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shi Yomi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Nalin Prabhat

2026-04-15T22:39:56Z

Igorsiw: new basic biography w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian police officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nalin Prabhat
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|06|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Thungri Village, [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh]], India
| education = B.A (Honours) M.A
| alma_mater = [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St.Stephen's College]]
| office = Director General J&K Police
| term_start = 1 October 2024
| term_end =
| successor =
| predecessor = R R Swain
| office1 = [[Director General of the National Security Guard]]
| term_start1 = 1 May 2024
| term_end1 = 15 August 2024
| successor1 = B.Srinivasan
| predecessor1 = [[M. A. Ganapathy (police officer)|M. A. Ganapathy]]
| occupation = [[Director General of Police]] of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]], former [[Director General of the National Security Guard]] [[File:NSG OF-8.svg|20px|NSG OF-8]] [[File:Director General of Police.png|30px]]
| awards = {{ubl|Police Medal for Gallantry with 2nd bar (ie three times)|Parakram Padak (Wound Medal)|Police Medal for Distinguished Service|Police Medal for Meritorious Service|Antrik Suraksha Padak (AP)|Antrik Suraksha Padak (J&K)|Police (Spl Duty) Medal with Bar (J&K)}}
| caption = Prabhat in 2024
}}

'''Nalin Prabhat''' (born 14 March 1968<ref name="Personal details"/>) is an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer of the 1992 batch of [[Andhra Pradesh]] cadre. He served as the [[Director General of the National Security Guard|director general of the National Security Guard]] from 1 May 2024 to 15 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nalin Prabhat appointed D-G of National Security Guard|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nalin-prabhat-appointed-d-g-of-national-security-guard/article68084524.ece|access-date=2024-04-24|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=National Security Guard|url=https://nsg.gov.in/whos-who|website=nsg.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-15 |title=Nalin Prabhat's tenure as NSG chief cut short, sent to AGMUT cadre |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/nalin-prabhats-tenure-as-nsg-chief-cut-short-sent-to-agmut-cadre-9514874/ |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Thereafter, he was transferred to AGMUT cadre to be appointed as [[director general]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] and took the charge on 1 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-15 |title=IPS Nalin Prabhat appointed new DGP of Jammu and Kashmir, set to assume charge from Oct 1 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ips-nalin-prabhat-appointed-new-dgp-jammu-kashmir-9515767/ |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Nalin Prabhat was born in 1968 in the Thungri Village of [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.himachal.punjabkesari.in/himachal-pradesh/news/ips-officer-nalin-prabhat-appointed-as-nsg-director-general-1969876|title=मनाली से IPS अधिकारी नलिन प्रभात बने NSG के महानिदेशक|publisher=punjabkesari.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/shimla/manali-s-nalin-prabhat-becomes-nsg-chief-2024-04-20|title=IPS Nalin Prabhat: मनाली के नलिन प्रभात बने एनएसजी प्रमुख, सीएम सुक्खू समेत स्थानीय नेताओं ने दी बधाई|publisher=[[Amar Ujala]]}}</ref> He completed his B.A. (Honours) and M.A. from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]].<ref name="Personal details">{{cite web|title=Nalin Prabhat's Biodata|url=https://www.policeuniversity.ac.in/univ_uploads/Nalin_Prabhat.pdf|publisher=policeuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|[[File:IND POLICE MEDAL (modified).png|100px]] [[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|90px]]
|-
|[[File:IND Police Medal for Meritorious Service.png|81px]] [[File:Wound Medal-India.svg|90px]] [[File:IND Police Medal for Service.png|90px]] [[File:IND Police Medal.png|90px]]
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|width=90}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND High Altitude Medal Ribbon.svg|width=90}} [[File:IND Antarik Suraksha Padak.png|90px]] [[File:IND Antarik Suraksha Padak.png|90px]]
|-
|[[File:Police (Special Duty) Medal.png|90px]] [[File:75yearmedal.svg|90px]] [[File:IND 50th Anniversary Independence Medal.png|82px]] [[File:IND Police Service Ribbon.png|90px]]
|-
|}

Prabhat has been awarded for his special contributions to the Indian government in his career.

*Police Medal for Gallantry with 2nd bar (ie three times)
*Parakram Padak (Wound Medal) | Police Medal for Distinguished Service
*Police Medal for Meritorious Service
*Antrik Suraksha Padak (AP)
*Antrik Suraksha Padak (J&K)
*Police (Spl Duty) Medal with Bar (J&K)
*Sainya Seva Medal with bar (i.e. two times)

==Career==
Prabhat served many positions in the central and [[state government]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="Personal details"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhat, Nalin}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption measures in India]]
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]
[[Category:People from Manali, Himachal Pradesh]]

Khair Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:27:40Z

Igorsiw: adding a stub.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khair
| map_image = 71-Khair.svg
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Aligarh Lok Sabha constituency|Aligarh]]
| constituency_no = 71
| district = [[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Surender Diler]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 elections in India#Uttar Pradesh|2024^]]
| electors = 319,003 (2012)
}}

'''Khair Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Aligarh district|Aligarh]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Aligarh Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1951 after the "DPACO (1951)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1951.<ref name="DPACO (1951)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1951)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=13 Jul 2013|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-51.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 71.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable"
! Election
! Assembly
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! Remarks
|-
| [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| 3rd Assembly<ref name="election1962">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=7 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007085123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| Chetanya Raj Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Swatantra Party}}" |
| [[Swatantra Party]]
| -
|-
| [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| 4th Assembly<ref name="election1967">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=6 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006114503/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| Piarey Lal
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| -
|-
| [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| 5th Assembly<ref name="election1969">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1969 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=7 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007134105/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| Mahendra Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
| -
|-
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| 6th Assembly<ref name="election1974">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1974 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=6 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006080051/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | Piarey Lal
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| -
|-
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| 7th Assembly<ref name="election1977">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=7 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007053924/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}"|
| [[Janata Party]]
| -
|-
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| 8th Assembly<ref name="election1980">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=6 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006054456/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| Shivraj Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
| -
|-
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| 9th Assembly<ref name="election1985">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=6 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006170606/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | Jagveer Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Lok Dal}}"|
| [[Lok Dal]]
| -
|-
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| 10th Assembly<ref name="election1989">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=6 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006085257/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
| [[Janata Dal]]
| -
|-
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| 11th Assembly<ref name="election1991">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1991 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=6 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006055723/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| Chd. Mahendra Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| -
|-
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| 12th Assembly<ref name="election1993">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613130455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| Jagveer Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
| [[Janata Dal]]
| -
|-
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| 13th Assembly<ref name="election1996">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713084900/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| Gyan Wati
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| -
|-
| [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| 14th Assembly<ref name="election2002">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713105915/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| Pramod Gaur
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}"|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| -
|-
| [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| 15th Assembly<ref name="election2007">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713102642/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| Satpal Singh
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}" |
| rowspan="2" | [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| -
|-
| [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[16th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|16th Assembly]]<ref name="election2012">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=8 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508084526/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| [[Bhagwati Prasad (politician)|Bhagwati Prasad]]
| -
|-
| [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|17th Assembly]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Anoop Pradhan]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" | [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| -
|-
| [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| rowspan="2" | [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Assembly]]
| -
|-
| [[2024 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections|2024]]^
| [[Surender Diler]]
| -
|}

^ denotes bypoll

==Election results==

===2024 bypoll===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 elections in India#Uttar_Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election, 2024]]: Khair}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Surender Diler]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,00,181
|percentage = 54.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Charu Kain
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 61,788
|percentage = 33.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pahal Singh
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 13,365
|percentage = 7.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nitin Kumar Chotel
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|votes = 8,269
|percentage = 4.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 760
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 38,393
|percentage = 20.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,85,506
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Khair<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Anoop Pradhan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:139643}}
|percentage = 55.55
|change = {{increase}}2.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Charu Kain Kain
|votes = {{formatnum:65302}}
|percentage = 25.98
|change = {{increase}}2.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Bhagwati Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:41644}}
|percentage = 16.57
|change = {{decrease}}1.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1454}}
|percentage = 0.58
|change = {{decrease}}0.14
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:74341}}
|percentage = 29.57
|change = {{decrease}}0.9
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:251380}}
|percentage = 61.7
|change = {{decrease}}0.11
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = BJP
|loser = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Khair<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Anoop
|votes = {{formatnum:124198}}
|percentage = 53.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rakesh Kumar Maurya
|votes = {{formatnum:53477}}
|percentage = 23.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Om Pal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:41888}}
|percentage = 18.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Prashant Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:7496}}
|percentage = 3.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1651}}
|percentage = 0.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:70721}}
|percentage = 30.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:232118}}
|percentage = 61.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===

{{main|Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Election box begin | title=2012 SC Elections: Khair<ref name="election2012"/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = [[Bhagwati Prasad (politician)|Bhagwati Prasad]]
|votes = 93,470
|percentage = 48.76
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajrani
|votes = 54,696
|percentage = 28.53
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Anoop
|votes = 26,609
|percentage = 13.88
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 06 candidates
|votes = 16,910
|percentage = 8.82
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 38,774
|percentage = 20.23
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 191,685
|percentage = 60.09
|change = -
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|winner = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Aligarh district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Bansur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:16:58Z

Igorsiw: Started

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}{{expand list|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bansur
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-63-Bansur.svg
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 63
| district = [[Kotputli-Behror district|Kotputli-Behror]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jaipur Rural Lok Sabha constituency|Jaipur Rural]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Devi Singh Shekhawat]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| established = 1951
| electors = {{formatnum:254753}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
}}
'''Bansur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[Alwar district|Alwar]] district. As of 2023, its representative is [[Devi Singh Shekhawat]] of the [[Bhartiya Janata Party]].<ref name=election2023/> Bansur assembly constituency is considered as gurjar dominant. And the number of [[gurjar]] voters in this seat is around 50 thousand.{{update after|2029|2}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[Hari Singh Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[Badri Prasad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Jagat Singh Dayma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| [[Rohitashwa Kumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[Jagat Singh Dayma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| [[Mahipal Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Rohitash Kumar]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan=2|[[Shakuntala Rawat]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Devi Singh Shekhawat]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2023]]: Bansur<ref name=election2023Rajasthan>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2023/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date= |accessdate= 25 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Devi Singh Shekhawat
|votes = {{formatnum:61605}}
|percentage = 33.84
|change = +7.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Rohitash Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:54185}}
|percentage = 29.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shakuntala Rawat
|votes = {{formatnum:45639}}
|percentage = 25.07
|change = -13.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mukesh
|votes = {{formatnum:12580}}
|percentage = 6.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Neeta Bai
|votes = {{formatnum:6394}}
|percentage = 3.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1623}}
|percentage = 0.89
|change = -0.28
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7420}}
|percentage = 4.07
|change = -6.57
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:182026}}
|percentage = 71.45
|change = -3.92
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Bansur<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Shakuntala Rawat
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:65656}}
|percentage = 38.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Devi Singh Shekhawat
|votes = {{formatnum:47736}}
|percentage = 28.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mahendra Kumar Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:44226}}
|percentage = 26.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Mukesh
|votes = {{formatnum:3122}}
|percentage = 1.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1966}}
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:17920}}
|percentage = 10.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:168451}}
|percentage = 75.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Alwar district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|27.68|76.35|display=title}}

[[Category:Alwar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Rajasthan]]

St. Mary's Church, Meenangadi

2026-04-11T10:12:28Z

Igorsiw:

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox church
| logo =
| name = '''St. Mary's Church, Meenangadi'''
| fullname = E. A. E St. Mary's 'Soonoro' Syrian Orthodox Pilgrim Church Meenangadi
| other name =
| native_name = ഇ.ഏ.ഇ സെന്‍റ് മേരീസ് 'സൂനോറോ' സുറിയാനി ഓർത്തഡോക്സ് തീർത്ഥാടന കേന്ദ്രം, മീനങ്ങാടി
| native_name_lang = ml
| image = Eaechurch3.jpeg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pushpin map = India Kerala
| pushpin label position =
| pushpin map alt =
| pushpin mapsize =
| relief =
| map caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.65934|76.16751|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| osgraw = 
| osgridref = 
| location = [[Meenangadi]] (Post), [[Wayanad District]], [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| denomination = [[Syriac Orthodox]]
| tradition = [[Malankara Church]]
| religious institute = 
| churchmanship =
| membership =
| attendance =
| website = 
| former name =
| bull date =
| founded date = 1957
| founder =
| dedication = [[Saint Mary]], [[Thomas the Apostle|Saint Thomas]], [[Saint George]]
| dedicated date =
| consecrated date = {{start date|df=yes|1958|02|01}}
| cult =
| relics = [[Holy Soonoro]](Girdle Of [[St.Mary]]), Relics of Patriarch [[Ignatius Elias III]]
| events =
| past bishop =
| status = Soonoro Pilgrim Centre
| functional status =
| heritage designation =
| designated date =
| architect =
| architectural type = Church
| style =
| years built =
| groundbreaking =
| completed date = 1991
| construction cost =
| closed date =
| demolished date =
| capacity =
| length = 
| width = 
| width nave = 
| height = 
| diameter = 
| other dimensions =
| floor count =
| floor area = 
| dome quantity =
| dome height outer = 
| dome height inner = 
| dome dia outer = 
| dome dia inner = 
| spire quantity =
| spire height = 
| materials =
| bells =
| bells hung =
| bell weight = 
| parish =
| deanery =
| archdeaconry =
| episcopalarea =
| archdiocese = ''[[E.A.E Arch Diocese]]''
| metropolis =
| diocese =
| province =
| presbytery =
| synod =
| circuit =
| district = [[Wayanad district]]
| division =
| subdivision =
| archbishop =
| bishop = [[Mor Chrysostomos Markose Metropolitan]]
| auxiliary bishop =
| abbot =
| prior =
| subprior =
| exarch =
| provost-rector =
| provost =
| viceprovost =
| rector =
| vicar = Rev. Fr. Varghese Kakkattil
| dean =
| subdean =
| archpriest =
| precentor =
| succentor =
| chancellor =
| canonchancellor =
| canon =
| canonpastor =
| canonmissioner =
| canontreasurer =
| prebendary =
| priestincharge =
| priest =
| asstpriest =
| honpriest =
| curate =
| asstcurate =
| nonstipendiaryminister =
| minister =
| assistant =
| seniorpastor =
| pastor =
| chaplain =
| archdeacon =
| deacon =
| deaconess =
| reader =
| student intern =
| organistdom =
| director =
| organist =
| organscholar =
| chapterclerk =
| laychapter =
| warden =
| verger =
| businessmgr =
| liturgycoord =
| reledu =
| rcia =
| youthmin =
| flowerguild =
| musicgroup =
| parishadmin =
| serversguild =
| sacristan =
| embedded =
}}
'''E. A. E St. Mary's Soonoro Syriac Orthodox Church, Meenangadi''' ({{langx|ml|സെന്‍റ് മേരീസ് 'സൂനോറോ' തീര്‍ത്ഥാടന കേന്ദ്രം മീനങ്ങാടി}}), is a Marian Pilgrim center of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch |url=http://syriacpatriarchate.org/ |website=Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and General Literature |date=1893 |publisher=Werner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eq84AQAAMAAJ&q=Syriac+Orthodox+Church+Patriarchate+of+Antioch+and+All+the+East |language=en}}</ref> located at [[Meenangadi]] in [[Kerala]], India. The church is under [[Evangelistic Association Of The East|E.A.E Arch Diocese]], ({{langx|ml|പൗരസ്ത്യ സുവിശേഷ സമാജം}})<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eaepbr.org/ |title=E.A.E |access-date=18 October 2013 |archive-date=6 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006090533/http://eaepbr.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> the first missionary association of [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East]], and is currently under the direct control of [[Ignatius Aphrem II]], [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East|Patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://syrian-orthodox.com/ |title=Syriac Orthodox Church Official Website |access-date=29 April 2014 |archive-date=3 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903003405/http://www.syrian-orthodox.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2006, the church was elevated to the status of "Marian Pilgrim Centre", and in 2018, it celebrated its [[diamond jubilee]]. It is the first church to adopt the [[8 Day Lent]] in [[Malabar Region]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Syriac Orthodox (Jacobite) Churches in India|url=http://www.syriacchristianity.info/MalankaraSyrianChurch/Malankara_parishes.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429180026/http://www.syriacchristianity.info/MalankaraSyrianChurch/Malankara_parishes.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=29 April 2015|website=syriacchristianity.info}}</ref>

==Feasts==

* 1 February – Commemorative of the Foundation Day of the Church.
* 2 February – Commemoration of [[Ignatius Elias III]].
* 23 April – Commemoration of [[St. George]].
* 1–8 September – Feast of the [[Saint Mary]]'s birth – Thousands attend the annual [[8 Day Lent]] celebration, known as Ettu Nombu Perunnal.
* November – Commemoration of [[Gheevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala]] (Parumala Thirumeni (Bishop of Parumala) or Chathuruthiyil Kochu Thirumeni).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hage|first1=Wolfgang|title=Das orientalische Christentum|date=2007|publisher=[[Kohlhammer Verlag]]|isbn=9783170176683|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgz_NyvRFIUC&pg=PA528|language=de}}</ref>
*Mor Basil Chapel, Mepperikunnu-Commemoration of [[Baselios Yeldo]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Burgess |first1=Michael |title=The Eastern Orthodox Churches: Concise Histories with Chronological Checklists of Their Primates |date=2005 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=9780786421459 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhbZAAAAMAAJ&q=Baselios+Yeldo |language=en}}</ref>
* 24 December – Commemoration of the Nativity of Jesus.

==History==

The migration of [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christian]] families from [[Travancore]], especially from [[Kothamangalam]], [[Perumbavoor]] and [[Muvattupuzha]] to India's [[Malabar region]] started in the early 1920s.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mateer|first1=Samuel|title="The Land of Charity:": A Descriptive Account of Travancore and Its People, with Especial Reference to Missionary Labour|date=1871|publisher=J. Snow and Company|url=https://archive.org/details/landcharityades00mategoog|quote=malabar.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wayanad.gov.in/|title=Wayanad District, Kerala Website}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Joseph|first1=Kumbattu Varkey|title=Migration and Economic Development of Kerala|date=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170990925|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U_5LaVpuge4C&q=malabar+migration|language=en}}</ref>

St. Thomas Church Malankarakunnu was one of the first churches of Syrian Christians but due to the lack of transport in rural areas, the people had no access to the church so new parishes were established, [[Meenangadi]] was a major trade hub of the Malabar region. The 20th century schism of the [[Malankara Church]]<ref>{{cite web|title=The 20th century schism in the Malankara Church|url=http://www.syriacchristianity.info/Articles/PoothicoteZach.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423015843/http://www.syriacchristianity.info/Articles/PoothicoteZach.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=23 April 2016|website=syriacchristianity.info}}</ref> caused a feud between members of the church, leading to their isolation. In 1958, a [[caucus]] excluded some parishioners from holy sacraments and forced them to move to other parishes for their sacraments. This led to the establishment of the Meenangadi church. According to a local tradition, the parishioners fasted and prayed according to a bible verse they found; {{Bibleverse|2 Chronicles|7:12|KJV}}. Under the leadership of [[K.O Varghese]], a parishioner built a temporary prayer shed on high terrain on his land at Meenangadi town. E.A.E missionary Corepiscoppa Geevarghese Athunkal, the founder of [[Evangelistic Association Of The East]] (EAE) discussed the establishment of a church.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Evangelistic Association of the East, EAE, Perumbavoor, Kerala, India, Founder, forefathers, Very Rev. Geevarghese Cor-Episcopa Athunkal |url=http://www.eaepbr.org/profile.php |website=www.eaepbr.org |access-date=28 September 2019 |archive-date=3 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903105253/http://eaepbr.org/profile.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:H.B Baselious Paulose II,Very.Rev Malphono Naseeho Athungal Coreppiscoppa with K.O Varghese.JPG|thumb|left|H.B Baselious Paulose II, Very.Rev Malphono Naseeho Athungal Coreppiscoppa with K. O. Varghese]]

[[Mor Yulios Elias Qoro]], third patriarchal delegate to Malankara, approved the order for a church from the guidance of patriarch [[Ignatius Jacob III]]. The new, independent church was built in the name of [[Mary, mother of Jesus|St. Mary]]. The fathers of the church renovated the building. The church was [[Consecration|consecrated]] and the foundation stone was laid on 1 February 1958. The first [[Holy Mass]] was celebrated by Vicar Malphono Naseeho Geevarghese Athunkal Corepiscoppa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ots.edu.in/userfiles/Library%20Archives.doc |title=Archived copy |access-date=10 May 2019 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217014041/http://www.ots.edu.in/userfiles/Library%20Archives.doc |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1974, [[Geevarghese Mor Gregorios Perumpally]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Joseph|first1=Thomas|title=Mor Gregorius Gheevarghese, Perumpilly (1933–1999)|url=http://sor.cua.edu/Personage/Malankara/MGregoriusGPerumpilly.html|website=sor.cua.edu}}</ref> Thomas Mor Dhivanyasos ([[Baselios Thomas I]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://catholicose.org/PauloseII/Primates.htm |title=Primates of the Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church |access-date=2 May 2014 |archive-date=2 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502131243/http://catholicose.org/PauloseII/Primates.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> arrived to the church and consecrated the St.Mary's shrine. In 1976, a youth association was started in the church. In 1982 there was a grand welcome for the Apostolic Visit<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.syrianchurch.org/pzakka/visit1982.htm|title=Apostolic Visit 1982|access-date=29 April 2014|archive-date=22 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322182429/http://www.syrianchurch.org/pzakka/visit1982.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> of Patriarch of Antioch Moran Mor [[Ignatius Zakka I Iwas]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Patriarch H.H.Ignatius Zakka I Iwas|url=http://syriacchristianity.info/PZakka/biography.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102203625/http://www.syriacchristianity.info/PZakka/biography.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=2 January 2015|website=syriacchristianity.info}}</ref> to the church, and [[Baselios Paulose II]] [[Catholicos]], [[Mor Athanasius Paulose II Metropolitan]] and [[Mor Polycarpose Geevarghese]], also supported the church. Baselios Paulose II visited the church frequently and gifted relics of [[Ignatius Elias III]] to the church. which was installed by Mor Polycarpose Geevarghese and the [[Holy Soonoro]] was installed on 28 April 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.syrianchurch.org/bio/malankaraprelates/bio_PolGeevarghese.htm|title=Biography of Mor Polycarpus Geevarghese}}</ref>

==Relics==

=== Holy Soonoro (Holy Girdle of St.Mary) ===
[[File:Assumptiongirdle.jpg|thumb|Depiction of the Soonoro giving her Girdle to [[Thomas the Apostle]]. Below is a styllized representation of [[Mary's Tomb]], with flowers lying on the sarcophagus.]]

According to [[Oriental Orthodox Church]] tradition, the Virgin Mary died in the presence of all apostles except [[Thomas the Apostle]]. At the time of the assumption, Thomas was in India and he returned to [[Jerusalem]] and travelled on the sky by the help of [[Holy Spirit]] to attend the [[assumption of Mary]]. He arrived late and the saint visualised that Mary's body was taken by the Angels. At that time, St. Thomas could reach there. Thomas had doubtful nature; to persuade others, he asked Mary to give him a sign of her for her memory and remembrance. Then a chariot stopped in the air and Mary gave her girdle (soonoro) to Thomas. He showed this girdle to other disciples of Jesus and convinced them. He took the girdle on his journey. Many miracles have been reported after people have seen or touched this girdle. It was taken to [[Şanlıurfa]] and was then kept in a church in [[Homs]], Syria. The original girdle is a relic belonging to [[Saint Mary Church of the Holy Belt]].<ref name="Darke2014">{{cite book|author=Diana Darke|title=My House in Damascus: An Inside View of the Syrian Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mVcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT84|date=15 August 2014|publisher=Haus Publishing|isbn=978-1-908323-65-1|pages=84–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Observations on Palaestine Or the Holy Land, Syria, Mesopotamia, Cyprus, and Candia: 2,1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52ZUAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA18|year=1745|publisher=Bowyer|pages=18–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mgocsmdiaspora.org/blog/holy-soonoro-holy-gridle-of-our-mother-discovery/|title="Holy Soonoro (Holy Girdle) of our Mother" (Discovery)|date=14 August 2014}}</ref>

[[File:Soonoro of St.mary.jpg|thumb|left|Soonoro in E.A.E [[St. Mary's Church Meenangadi]], [[Wayanad]]]]

Saint Thomas kept the holy belt with him. After he died as a martyr in [[Mylapore]], his and relics have been kept in India. In 394 AD, the holy girdle moved from India to [[Şanlıurfa]] on 22 August 705.<ref>The Orien Biblio of Assimaany | Volume I | page 399</ref> and established in Saint Mary Church of the Holy Belt. This church is also known as the Church of Holy Girdle or The Church of the Lady of the Girdle. Some manuscripts and a [[Garshunian]] book containing stories and speeches were sent by the people of Homs in 1852. The [[Archbishop of Homs]] ordered the renovation of the church. On 20 July 1953 A.D, The Holy Girdle was discovered at the Altar of the church by Patriarch Ignatius Aphrem I Barsoum in the presence of Alexandros, the Greek Orthodox bishop of Homs, Syria. This girdle is considered to be one of the most important relic in [[Syriac Orthodox Church]].<ref>Excerpts from a Patriarchal statement on the Girdle of Our Lady the Virgin Mary in the Church of Homs | Syria records how the belt was discovered. Thomas Joseph, PhD</ref><ref>The Oxford History of Christian Worship | pg 157 | https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0195138864</ref>

=== Relics of Patriarch Ignatius Elias III ===

Saint [[Ignatius Elias III]] (died 13 February 1932) was the 119th Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch from 1917 to 1932 who arrived in Malankara and spend his last days there, and is buried at the monastery of [[Manjinikkara Dayara]] in Kerala,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manjinikarachurch.com/ |title=Manjinikara Church:: |website=www.manjinikarachurch.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207183510/http://manjinikarachurch.com/ |archive-date=2011-02-07}} </ref> India, which is now a site of pilgrimage for Syriac Orthodox Christians. The church at Meenangadi also holds the sacred relics of [[Ignatius Elias III]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sor.cua.edu/Personage/PElias3/|title=Patriarch Mor Elias III Shakir (1867–1932)|last=SOR|website=sor.cua.edu}}</ref>

==Historical visits to the church==
=== Apostolic Visits of Patriarch of Antioch ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year!! Patriarch
|-
| 1982|| [[Ignatius Zakka I Iwas]], Patriarch of Antioch & All East. 
|}

=== Maphrians ===
[[Baselios Paulose II]], the second Catholicos/Maphrian of the [[Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Ostkirchliche Studien|date=1981|publisher=Augustinus-Verlag.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR_ZAAAAMAAJ&q=Baselios+Paulose+II|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bryner|first1=Erich|title=Die Ostkirchen vom 18. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert|date=1996|publisher=[[Evangelische Verlagsanstalt]]|isbn=9783374016204|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJPYAAAAMAAJ&q=Baselios+Paulose+II|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=M. A.|last2=L.|first2=M. A. Thomas|title=An Outline History of Christian Churches and Denominations in Kerala|date=1977|publisher=Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szoaAAAAMAAJ&q=Baselios+Paulose+II|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Leustean|first1=Lucian N.|title=Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty-First Century|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317818656|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yt6vAwAAQBAJ&q=Baselios+Paulose+II&pg=PT486|language=en}}</ref> 
[[Baselios Thomas I]], Catholicos/Maphrian of the [[Malankara Jacobite Syriac Orthodox Church]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Jacobite Church synod meets on Monday|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/jacobite-church-synod-meets-on-monday/article19228924.ece|work=The Hindu|date=7 July 2017}}</ref>

=== Patriarchal Delegates and Metropolitans ===
[[Mor Yulios Elias Qoro]], Third Patriarchal Delegate to Malankara. 
[[Mor Athanasius Paulose II Metropolitan|Mor Athanasius Paulose]] (Kadavil II)(Metropolitan of E.A.E Arch Diocese)<ref>{{cite news |title=21st Dukhrono of Dr. Paulose Mor Athanasius (Kadavil II) & 1st Dukhrono of Geevarghese Mor Policarpose observed by the Malankara Archdiocese Malankara Archdiocese of The Syrian Orthodox Church In North America |url=https://www.malankara.com/node/1257 |work=www.malankara.com}}</ref> 
[[Geevarghese Mor Gregorios]] Perumbalil (Perumbally Thirumeni)<ref>{{cite journal |title=Mor Gregorius Gheevarghese, Perumpilly (1933-1999) |journal=Sor.cua.edu |url=http://sor.cua.edu/Personage/Malankara/MGregoriusGPerumpilly.html}}</ref> 
[[Mor Clemis Abraham]], 'Great Metropolitan of the East' of Knanaya Diocese.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Joseph|first1=Thomas|title=Mor Clemis Abraham Vayala (1918–2002)|url=http://sor.cua.edu/Personage/Malankara/MClemisAVayala.html|website=sor.cua.edu}}</ref> 
[[Mor Philoxenos Shamuel]] Metropolitan of Malabar Diocese. 
[[Mor Polycarpose Geevarghese]] (Metropolitan of E.A.E Arch Diocese) 
[[Yuhanon Mor Philoxenos]] Valiya Thirumeni, Bishop Emeritus of Malabar Diocese<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dec 31 |first1=TNN |title=Yuhanon Mor Philoxenos passes away {{!}} Kozhikode News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Yuhanon-Mor-Philoxenos-passes-away/articleshow/50390116.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Clergy ===
'Malphono Naseeho' Athunkal Geevarghese Corepiscopa (First Vicar & Founder of the Church) 
'Malankara Malpan' [[Kurien Kaniamparambil Corepiscopa]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bremer |first1=Ernst |last2=Röhl |first2=Susanne |title=Language of Religion, Language of the People: Medieval Judaism, Christianity, and Islam |date=2006 |publisher=Wilhelm Fink Verlag |isbn=9783770542819 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_EnAAAAYAAJ&q=Curien+Kaniamparambil |language=en}}</ref> 
Fr. Philip Pallichira Kathanar (Ass. Vicar of Church During 1958) <ref>{{cite web |title=St. Marys Orthodox Syrian Church |url=http://stmarysoscvascogoa.in/aboutus.php |website=stmarysoscvascogoa.in}}</ref> 
Fr. Boniface Kathanar, Manglore (Ass. Vicar of Church During 1958) 
Fr. P.K Mathews Pazhamadam (Ass. Vicar of Church During 1958) 
Fr. T. C. Alexander Alexander Corepiscopa <ref>{{cite web |title=Very Rev. Fr. T. C. Alexander, Corepiscopa, Alexanderachan, Pakalomattam Thondalil Keerikkal family, parish member, Adoor Kannamkode Mar Ignatius sunarro church, Alias Mar youliyos bava, Manager of Santhom Public School, Thungali, Vengoor, Pourasthya suvishesha samajam |url=http://www.kuruppampady.com/myvillage_Alexander.php |website=www.kuruppampady.com}}</ref>

==Sub-organisations==
* Mor Basil Chapel, Mepperikunnu
* St. Mary's Sunday School under M.J.S.S.A (Malankara Jacobite Syrian Sunday School Association)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mjssa.in/|title=Malankara Jacobite syrian Sunday School Association|website=mjssa.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=വയനാടന്‍ കാപ്പി ബ്രാന്‍ഡ്‌ ചെയ്‌താല്‍ വന്‍ സാധ്യത: മന്ത്രി ഡോ. ടി.എം. തോമസ്‌ ഐസക്‌ |url=https://www.mangalam.com/news/district-detail/259077-wayanad.html |work=www.mangalam.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Mor Ignatius Youth Association
* Mor Baselios Paulose II Charitable Trust
* St. Mary's Women's League
[[File:St. Mary's Church, Meenangadi Interior.jpg|thumb|The building's interior]]
[[File:Eucharist at St. Mary's Church, Meenangadi 02.jpg|thumb|Eucharist at St. Mary's Church, Meenangadi]]
==Daughter parish==
E.A.E [[Mar Behnam]] [[Malankara Jacobite Syriac Orthodox Church]] Kallinkara – Cheeral<ref>[[Cheeral, Bathery]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Kallinkara,+Cheeral/@11.6095992,76.2996883,17.42z/data=!4m18!1m12!4m11!1m3!2m2!1d76.3182321!2d11.5950897!1m6!1m2!1s0x3ba605a401f406d1:0xf8118e4b0680b3a!2sKallinkara+-+Cheeral+church!2m2!1d76.300382!2d11.610232!3m4!1s0x3ba605a401f406d1:0xf8118e4b0680b3a!8m2!3d11.610232!4d76.300382|title=Google Maps|publisher=Google Maps}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|St. Mary's Church, Meenangadi}}
* [http://www.syriacpatriarchate.org/ Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate]
* [http://www.eaepbr.org/index.php The Evangelistic Association of the East]
* [http://www.syrianchurch.org/malankarasyrianchurch/MalankaraHistory.htm Malankara History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430210942/http://www.syrianchurch.org/MalankaraSyrianChurch/MalankaraHistory.htm |date=30 April 2009 }}
* [http://palliativecare.in/ Pain and Palliative care]

{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Churches of Kerala}}
{{Wayanad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Mary's Soonoro Church Meenangadi}}
[[Category:Shrines to the Virgin Mary]]
[[Category:Syriac Orthodox churches in India]]
[[Category:Churches in Wayanad district]]
[[Category:Soonoro churches in Kerala]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1958]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1991]]
[[Category:20th-century churches in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Oriental Orthodox church buildings]]

Nazir Hussain

2026-04-10T14:45:11Z

Igorsiw: new new page and citations...

{{Short description|Indian film actor}}
{{Similar names|Nasir Hossain (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nazir Hussain Khan
| image = Nazir_Hussain_Khan_(cropped).jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date |df=yes|1922|5|15}}
| birth_place = [[Usia]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri-cinema-scripts-a-success-story-for-five-decades/story-eIm0eF5NVInsQVT9qZp8eN.html | title=Bhojpuri cinema scripts a success story for five decades | date=29 June 2010 }}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1987|10|16|1922|5|15}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actor Film director Film producer Screenwriter
| years active = 1953–1984
| works = [[Nazir Hussain filmography|Filmography]]
}}

'''Nazir Hussain''' (15 May 1922 – 16 October 1987) was an Indian actor, [[Film director|director]] and [[screenwriter]].<ref name=INA>{{cite web |title=Nazir Hussain: From INA to Bollywood | date=15 May 2012 | first=Danish | last=Khan |url=https://twocircles.net/2012may15/nazir_hussain_ina_bollywood.html | publisher=TwoCircles }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/such-a-long-journey/558114 | title=Such a long journey | first=Jaskiran |last=Kapoor | date=23 December 2009 | newspaper=The Indian Express | access-date=3 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://hindi.oneindia.in/movies/bollywood/deepfocus/2009/05/a-brief-history-of-bhojpuri-cinema-part-two.html | title=golden age of bhojpuri cinema | first=Jaskiran | last=Kapoor | date=8 May 2009 | newspaper=online india | access-date=16 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222040946/http://hindi.oneindia.in/movies/bollywood/deepfocus/2009/05/a-brief-history-of-bhojpuri-cinema-part-two.html | archive-date=22 February 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.brandbharat.com/english/hindi_cinema/bhojpuri_cinema.html | title=The bhojpuri (purvanchal) film industries | first=Jaskiran | last=Kapoor | date=8 May 2009 | access-date=16 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222052403/http://www.brandbharat.com/english/hindi_cinema/bhojpuri_cinema.html | archive-date=22 February 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was famous as a character actor in [[Hindi cinema]] and was a pioneer of [[Bhojpuri cinema]]. He acted in almost 500 films, with [[Dev Anand]] starring in a large proportion of the films he acted in.

==Early life==

Nazir Hussain's father Shahabzad Khan was a guard in the [[Railways]] and Hussain grew up in [[Lucknow]].<ref name=Ghosh/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://urdufigures.blogspot.in/2012/05/nazir-hussain-from-ina-to-bollywood.html |title=Nazir Hussain: From INA to Bollywood |access-date=4 February 2016 |archive-date=20 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420080751/http://urdufigures.blogspot.in/2012/05/nazir-hussain-from-ina-to-bollywood.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He himself worked as a fireman in the railways for few months and soon joined the [[British army]] during [[World War II]]. He was posted in [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]] where he became a [[prisoner of war]].<ref name=Ghosh>{{cite book |title=CINEMA BHOJPURI | date=5 January 2016 | first=Avijit | last=Ghosh | publisher=Penguin UK |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAuTZ6_1XL4C&q=Pehla+Aadmi+%281950%29&pg=PT190 | isbn=9788184752564 }}</ref> After being freed, he came under the influence of [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] and joined the [[Indian National Army]] (INA).<ref name=INA/> He was accorded the status of [[freedom fighter]] and was given a free railway pass for life.

==Film career==

After the [[Indian National Army|INA]], unable to find jobs, he began performing in plays. [[B. N. Sircar]] of [[New Theatres]], impressed by his performance, called him to Calcutta to join New Theatres.<ref name=Ghosh/> In [[Calcutta]], he met [[Bimal Roy]] and became his assistant. He joined with [[Bimal Roy]] to make the film ''Pahela Aadmi'', based on the [[Indian National Army|INA]] experience.<ref name=INA/> He not only acted in the film, but also wrote the story and co-wrote the dialogues for the film.<ref name=Ghosh/> ''Pehla Aadmi'' was released in 1950 and launched him to stardom and he became a permanent fixture in Bimal Roy's movies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bimal Roy: The Man who spoke in pictures | date=5 January 2016 | first=Rinki Roy | last=Bhattacharya |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8184758189 }}</ref> Later, he worked in many socialist themed films such as ''[[Do Bigha Zamin]]'', ''[[Devdas (1955 film)|Devdas]]'' and ''[[Naya Daur (1957 film)|Naya Daur]]''.

==Bhojpuri cinema==

Hussain discussed the possibility of a [[Bhojpuri cinema]] industry with Indian president [[Rajendra Prasad]].<ref name=Prasad>{{cite news |title=Other India |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/article435630.ece?service=print |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=4 February 2016 }}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name=exp>{{cite news |title=Strong at 50, Bhojpuri cinema celebrates |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/strong-at-50-bhojpuri-cinema-celebrates/749762/0 |publisher=[[Indian Express]]|date=14 February 2011 }}</ref> He is considered as the Pitamah of Bhojpuri cinema.<ref>[http://www.screenindia.com/old/20000922/50e.htm A page from screenindia.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022124829/http://www.screenindia.com/old/20000922/50e.htm |date=22 October 2008 }}</ref> Hussain created ''[[Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo]]'' (1963), the first Bhojpuri film.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/first-bhojpuri-film-to-be-screened-during-bihar-divas-92406 | title=First Bhojpuri Film To Be Screened During Bihar Divas | publisher=NDTV/Indo-Asian News Service | date=17 March 2011 | access-date=3 February 2014 | archive-date=23 February 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223171354/http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/first-bhojpuri-film-to-be-screened-during-bihar-divas-92406 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/such-a-long-journey/558114 | title=Such a long journey | first=Jaskiran | last=Kapoor | date=23 December 2009 | newspaper=The Indian Express | access-date=3 February 2014 }}</ref> Nazir turned producer with Bhojpuri film Hamaar Sansar and also directed it.<ref name=Ghosh/> Hussain was also known for the hit Bhojpuri film ''[[Balam Pardesia]]'' in the late 1970s.<ref name=IT2011>{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/giridhar-jha/story/bhojpuri-films-must-return-to-their-roots-128048-2011-02-06 | title=Bhojpuri films must return to their roots | first=Giridhar | last=Jha | newspaper=Mail Today | date=7 February 2011 | access-date=3 February 2014 }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{main|Nazir Hussain filmography}}

==Associations==
Nazir worked with several eminent actors and actresses of Hindi cinema.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&dq=%22Nitin+Bose%22+%22playback+singing%22&pg=PT40 Google Books preview from 'Encyclopedia of Hindi Cinema'], Gulzar, Govind Nihalani, Saibal Chatterjee, Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema, {{ISBN|81-7991-066-0}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0403827|Nazir Hussain}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nazir Hussain}}
[[Category:Male actors in Bhojpuri cinema]]
[[Category:Film producers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Ghazipur]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]

Thukkaram

2026-04-07T14:46:35Z

Igorsiw: Info

{{for|the saint whose life the film is based on|Tukaram}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thukkaram
| image = Tukkaram_tamil_film_1938_screenshot.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Main Characters in the film
| director = [[B. N. Rao]]
| producer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = The life of Saint [[Tukaram]]
| starring = [[Musiri Subramania Iyer]] [[K. Sarangapani]] [[R. Balasubramaniam]] M. S. Murugesan [[Chokkalinga Bhagavathar]] K. Seetha Meenambal [[R. Balasaraswathi]]
| narrator =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = [[Central Studios]]
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|1938|9|17|India|df=yes}}<ref name="anandan">{{cite book | url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1938-cinedetails12.asp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130111313/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1938-cinedetails12.asp | url-status=usurped | archive-date=30 November 2016 | title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru | publisher=Sivakami Publishers | author=Film News Anandan | authorlink=Film News Anandan | date= 23 October 2004 | location=Chennai | language=Tamil |trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films}}</ref>
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Thukkaram''''' is a 1938 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[biographical film]] directed by B. N. Rao and produced by [[Central Studios]] in [[Coimbatore]]. The film featured [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] vocalist [[Musiri Subramania Iyer]] as the [[Tukaram|eponymous saint]].<ref name="hindu">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/tukaram-1938/article3022407.ece | title=Tukaram 1938 | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=11 January 2008 | access-date=30 November 2016 | last=Guy | first=Randor | authorlink=Randor Guy | archive-url=https://archive.today/20161125051202/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/tukaram-1938/article3022407.ece | archive-date=25 November 2016 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Plot==
The film depicts the life story of the saint [[Tukaram]].

==Cast==
*[[Musiri Subramania Iyer]] as [[Tukaram]]
*[[K. Sarangapani]]
*[[R. Balasubramaniam]]
*M. S. Murugesan
*[[Chokkalinga Bhagavathar|K. A. Chokkalinga Bhagavathar]]
*K. Seetha
*Meenambal
*[[R. Balasaraswathi]] as Tukaram's daughter

==Production==
This is the only film that Musiri Subramania Iyer had any stint in the celluloid world. According to writer and critic [[Kalki Krishnamurthy]], Tukaram wore a moustache whereas Subramania Iyer had a clean shaved face. When he was acting the part, he used a fake moustache. Subramania Iyer could not bear the itching caused by the gum that held the moustache in place. He told the producers to wait for sometime until he grew his own moustache. It was a scene of merriment to see him sporting a moustache because basically he was a [[List of Carnatic singers|Carnatic singer]] for whom in those days it was considered a taboo to wear a moustache. However, the moment the shooting was over, Subramania Iyer got a clean shave done.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://s-pasupathy.blogspot.com/2012/08/3_25.html |title='Thukkaram' Film Review|language=Tamil|access-date=30 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://bibliolore.org/2019/04/09/musiris-moustache/ |title=Musiri's moustache|date=9 April 2019|access-date=27 November 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191127135234/https://bibliolore.org/2019/04/09/musiris-moustache/|archive-date=27 November 2019}}</ref>

[[R. Balasaraswathi]] who became a popular playback singer in later years, appeared as a child artiste, playing the role of Tukkaram's daughter. The film was produced also in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] with C. S. R. Anjaneyulu playing the title role.<ref name=hindu />

==Soundtrack==
Although no print of the film has survived, making it a [[lost film]], some song discs of the film were still available as of January 2008.<ref name="hindu" />

==Reception==
''Thukkaram'' was a commercial success, prompting B. N. Rao to make more films with Central Studios.<ref name="hindu" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb title|39399142}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thukkaram}}
[[Category:1938 films]]
[[Category:1938 Indian films]]
[[Category:1938 lost films]]
[[Category:1930s biographical films]]
[[Category:1930s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about classical music and musicians]]
[[Category:Films scored by B. N. Rao]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Lost Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Alive & Kicking (Shaan album)

2026-04-01T17:46:20Z

Igorsiw:

#REDIRECT [[Shaan discography]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from album}}
}}

Master Mind (2015 film)

2026-04-01T05:50:59Z

Igorsiw: new new details v1

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Short description|2015 Indian film in Kannada language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Master Mind
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = [[Kumar Govind]]
| producer = Kumar Govind
| writer = Kumar Govind
| story =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Rajvardhan
* Kumar Govind
* Thamanna
* Bhakthi
* Divya Gowda
}}
| music = M Fazil
| cinematography = A C Mahendar
| editing = Harish G
| studio = Kumar Govind Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2015| 03|14|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Master Mind''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film written, produced, and directed by [[Kumar Govind]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kumar-govind-masterminds-a-comeback/articleshow/19779466.cms|title=Kumar Govind masterminds a comeback|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=29 April 2013|last1=Muthanna |first1=Anjali }}</ref> The film stars Rajvardhan, Kumar Govind, Thamanna Pasha, Divya Gowda, and Bhakthi. The film is inspired by the Korean film ''[[Oldboy (2003 film)|Oldboy]]'' (2003).<ref name="N"/>

== Cast ==
*Rajvardhan as Raj
*[[Kumar Govind]] as Mahesh
*Thamanna Pasha as Seema
*Divya Gowda as Madhu
*Bhakthi as Anu
*[[Bullet Prakash]]

==Production==
The film marked the return of Thamanna Pasha, who previously acted in ''[[Swayam Krushi (2011 film)|Swayam Krushi]]'' (2011). She plays a taxi driver in the film.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/tamanna-pasha-is-back-to-acting/articleshow/19912709.cms|title=Tamanna Pasha is back to acting|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 May 2013|last1=Talukdar |first1=Taniya }}</ref> The film was shot in Thailand.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Mastermind-to-shoot-in-Sri-Lanka/articleshow/20714803.cms?frmapp=yes|title=Upendra flags off Master Mind|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 May 2013|last1=Talukdar |first1=Taniya }}</ref>

==Reception==
GS Kumar of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of 3/5 and wrote "Rajavardhan is impressive as the formidable Raj. Tamanna Pasha’s brilliant portrayal of the taxi driver makes her stand out. Divya Gowda and Kumar Govind play their parts with ease. Music by M Fazil is average".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/master-mind/movie-review/46570787.cms?from=mdr|title=MASTER MIND MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 May 2016}}</ref> Shyam Prasad S of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' gave the film a rating of 1/5 and wrote "Apart from Raj Vardhan’s unappetising performance, Tamanna’s Kannada, which gives Pooja Gandhi a run for her money, has to be endured. Only ‘Bullet ‘Prakash manages to act in the entire film".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/mastermind/articleshow/46556126.cms|title= Movie Review: Mastermind|publisher=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=13 May 2015}}</ref> [[Sify.com]] wrote "M Fazil seems to have scored the film for the heck of it, nothing special about it. Unfortunately there is not even a single element that can draw audience to theatres! The movie is a total waste of time and can be avoided even if it is played on TV, in near future!"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/master-mind-review-kannada-pdols5giebjif.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314185931/http://www.sify.com/movies/master-mind-review-kannada-pdols5giebjif.html|archive-date=14 March 2015|title=Master mind|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=14 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> SV from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "Suffice to say Master Mind may not be masterly but much, much better than the weekly tripe dished out at theatres".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/465669/a-deft-attempt-thriller.html|title=A deft attempt at thriller|date=15 March 2015 |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=15 March 2015}}</ref> A Sharadhaa from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "Master Mind fails on several counts and mostly it fails the audience and their faith in the actor-director who had the courage to introduce a new face — Raj Vardhan — in an otherwise big-budget film. This turned to be a poor choice as the actor cannot act, run, dance, deliver dialogues and nor does he have the ability to emote. The film’s tagline - "The Game of Death", is ominous as it alludes to its own death knell at the box office".<ref name="N">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2015/mar/14/a-masterclass-on-how-not-to-make-a-film-728499.html|title=A Masterclass on how not to Make a Film|date=14 March 2015 |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|13275854}}

[[Category:2015 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]

Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax

2026-03-29T05:19:06Z

Igorsiw: rework section as per guidelines and updated info as per guidelines

{{Short description|British politician (1881–1959)}}
{{redirect|Lord Halifax|other holders of the title|Marquess of Halifax|and|Earl of Halifax}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Earl of Halifax
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|KG|OM|GCSI|GCMG|GCIE|TD|PC}}
| image = 1st Earl of Halifax 1947.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Halifax in 1944
| office = [[British Ambassador to the United States]]
| term_start = 23 December 1940
| term_end = 1 May 1946
| nominator = [[Winston Churchill]]
| appointer = [[George VI]]
| predecessor = [[Philip Kerr, 11th Marquess of Lothian]]
| successor = [[Archibald Clark Kerr, 1st Baron Inverchapel]]
| office1 = [[Leader of the House of Lords]]
| term_start1 = 3 October 1940
| term_end1 = 22 December 1940
| prime_minister1 = Winston Churchill
| predecessor1 = [[Thomas Inskip, 1st Viscount Caldecote|The Viscount Caldecote]]
| successor1 = [[George Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd|The Lord Lloyd]]
| term_start2 = 22 November 1935
| term_end2 = 21 February 1938
| prime_minister2 = {{unbulleted list|[[Stanley Baldwin]]|[[Neville Chamberlain]]}}
| predecessor2 = [[Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry|The Marquess of Londonderry]]
| successor2 = [[James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope|The Earl Stanhope]]
| office3 = [[Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)|Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs]]
| term_start3 = 21 February 1938
| term_end3 = 22 December 1940
| prime_minister3 = {{unbulleted list|Neville Chamberlain|Winston Churchill}}
| predecessor3 = [[Anthony Eden]]
| successor3 = Anthony Eden
| office4 = [[Secretary of State for War]]
| prime_minister4 = Stanley Baldwin
| term_start4 = 7 June 1935
| term_end4 = 22 November 1935
| predecessor4 = [[Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham|The Viscount Hailsham]]
| successor4 = [[Duff Cooper]]
| office5 = [[Lord President of the Council]]
| term_start5 = 28 May 1937
| term_end5 = 9 March 1938
| prime_minister5 = Neville Chamberlain
| predecessor5 = [[Ramsay MacDonald]]
| successor5 = [[Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham|The Viscount Hailsham]]
| office6 = [[Lord Privy Seal]]
| term_start6 = 22 November 1935
| term_end6 = 28 May 1937
| prime_minister6 = Stanley Baldwin
| predecessor6 = [[Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry|The Marquess of Londonderry]]
| successor6 = [[Herbrand Sackville, 9th Earl De La Warr|The Earl De La Warr]]
| office7 = [[Chancellor of the University of Oxford]]
| term_start7 = 1933
| term_end7 = 1959
| predecessor7 = [[Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon]]
| successor7 = [[Harold Macmillan]]
| office8 = [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India]]
| term_start8 = 3 April 1926
| term_end8 = 18 April 1931
| monarch8 = [[George V]]
| prime_minister8 = {{unbulleted list|Stanley Baldwin|Ramsay MacDonald}}
| predecessor8 = [[Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading|Rufus Isaacs, 1st Earl of Reading]]
| successor8 = [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon]]
| office9 = [[Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food#Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries|Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries]]
| term_start9 = 6 November 1924
| term_end9 = 4 November 1925
| prime_minister9 = Stanley Baldwin
| predecessor9 = [[Noel Buxton]]
| successor9 = [[Walter Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne|Walter Guinness]]
| office10 = [[Secretary of State for Education#President of the Board of Education|President of the Board of Education]]
| term_start10 = 24 October 1922
| term_end10 = 22 January 1924
| prime_minister10 = [[Bonar Law]] Stanley Baldwin
| predecessor10 = [[H. A. L. Fisher]]
| successor10 = [[Sir Charles Trevelyan, 3rd Baronet|Charles Trevelyan]]
| office11 = [[Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies]]
| term_start11 = 1 April 1921
| term_end11 = 24 October 1922
| prime_minister11 = [[David Lloyd George]]
| predecessor11 = [[Leo Amery]]
| successor11 = [[William Ormsby-Gore, 4th Baron Harlech|William Ormsby-Gore]]
| office12 = Member of the [[House of Lords]]
| status12 = Lord Temporal
| term_label12 = as a [[hereditary peer]]
| term_start12 = 5 December 1925
| term_end12 = 23 December 1959
| predecessor12 = ''Created Baron Irwin in 1925''{{thin space|{{efn|He inherited [[Charles Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax|his father]]'s titles in 1934.}}}}
| successor12 = [[Charles Wood, 2nd Earl of Halifax|The 2nd Earl of Halifax]]
| office13 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Ripon (UK Parliament constituency)|Ripon]]
| term_start13 = 10 February 1910
| term_end13 = 5 December 1925
| predecessor13 = [[H. F. B. Lynch]]
| successor13 = [[John Hills (politician)|John Hills]]
| birth_name = Edward Frederick Lindley Wood
| birth_date = {{birth date|1881|4|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Powderham Castle]], [[Exminster]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|1959|12|23|1881|4|16|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Garrowby]], England
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| alma_mater = [[Christ Church, Oxford]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Dorothy Wood, Countess of Halifax|Lady Dorothy Onslow]]|21 September 1909}}
| children = 5, including [[Charles Wood, 2nd Earl of Halifax]], and [[Richard Wood, Baron Holderness]]
| parents = {{plainlist|
* [[Charles Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax]]
* [[Agnes Wood, Viscountess Halifax|Lady Agnes Courtenay]]
}}
| module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Lord Halifax on Lend-Lease.ogg|title=The Earl of Halifax's voice|type=speech|description=Halifax giving a speech in support of [[Lend-Lease]] Recorded 11 March 1944}}
}}

'''Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax''' (16 April 1881 – 23 December 1959), known as '''the 1st Baron Irwin''' from 1925 until 1934 and '''the 3rd Viscount Halifax''' from 1934 until 1944, was a [[British Conservative]] politician of the 1930s. He held several senior ministerial posts during this time, most notably those of [[Viceroy of India]] from 1926 to 1931 and of [[Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)|Foreign Secretary]] between 1938 and 1940. He was one of the architects of the policy of [[appeasement]] of [[Adolf Hitler]] in 1936–1938, working closely with Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]]. After ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' on 9–10 November 1938 and the [[Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)|German occupation of Czechoslovakia]] in March 1939, he was one of those who pushed for a new policy of attempting to deter further German aggression by promising to go to war to defend [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]].

Halifax was the leading candidate to succeed Chamberlain as prime minister early in May 1940, but effectively declined the position as he felt he would be little more than a figurehead with [[Winston Churchill]] running the war (Halifax's membership in the [[House of Lords]] was given as the official reason). A few weeks later, with the Allies nearing catastrophic defeat and British forces falling back to [[Dunkirk]], Halifax favoured approaching [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Italy]] to see if acceptable peace terms could be negotiated. He was overruled by Churchill after [[1940 British war cabinet crisis|a series of stormy meetings]] of the [[War cabinet]]. From 1941 to 1946, he served as [[List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the United States|British Ambassador to the United States]].

== Early life and education ==
Wood was born on 16 April 1881 at [[Powderham Castle]] in Devon at the home of his maternal grandfather, [[William Courtenay, 11th Earl of Devon]]. He was born into a [[Yorkshire]] family, the sixth child and fourth son of [[Charles Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax]] (1839–1934), and Lady Agnes Elizabeth Courtenay (1838–1919). His father was President of the [[English Church Union]], which pushed for ecumenical reunion, in 1868, 1919, and 1927–1934. His great-grandfather was [[Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey]], of tea fame, also the prime minister who introduced the [[Reform Act 1832]].<ref name=matthew81>Matthew 2004, p. 81.</ref>

Between 1886 and 1890, Wood's three older brothers died young, leaving him, at the age of nine, heir to his father's fortune and seat in the [[House of Lords]].<ref>Roberts 1991, p. 10.</ref> He was brought up in a world of religion and hunting. His [[religiosity]] as a devout [[Anglo-Catholic]] like his father earned him the nickname, possibly coined by Churchill, of the "Holy Fox". He was born with an atrophied left arm and no left hand, which did not stop him from enjoying riding, hunting and shooting.<ref name=matthew81/> He had an artificial left hand with a spring-operated thumb, with which he could hold reins or open gates.<ref>Roberts 1991, p. 9.</ref>

Wood's childhood was divided mainly between two houses in Yorkshire: [[Hickleton Hall]], near Doncaster, and [[Garrowby]]. He attended St David's Prep School from September 1892 and [[Eton College]] from September 1894. He was not happy at school as he was not talented either at sport or classics. He went up to [[Christ Church, Oxford]], in October 1899. He took no part in student politics but blossomed academically, graduating with a first class degree in Modern History.<ref name="matthew81" /> Whilst at Oxford he was a member of the private all-male dining society the [[Bullingdon Club]], known for its wealthy members, grand banquets, and bad behaviour.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mutch |first1=Tom |title=Breaking the Bullingdon Club Omertà: Secret Lives of the Men Who Run Britain |website=[[The Daily Beast]] |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/breaking-the-bullingdon-club-omerta-secret-lives-of-the-men-who-run-britain |access-date=1 January 2023 |date=7 July 2020}}</ref>

He was on 11 April 1900 commissioned a [[second lieutenant]] in the [[Queen's Own Yorkshire Dragoons]], a [[West Riding of Yorkshire|West Riding]] volunteer cavalry regiment.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27181|page=2351|date=10 April 1900}}</ref>

From November 1903 until 1910, he was a Fellow of [[All Souls College, Oxford]].<ref name=matthew81/> After a year at All Souls, he went on a Grand Tour of South Africa, India, Australia and New Zealand with [[Heathcoat-Amory baronets#Other Descendants of Sir John Heathcoat-Amory, 1st Baronet|Ludovic Heathcoat-Amory]]. In 1905, he returned to England for two years of study at All Souls.<ref name=matthew82>Matthew 2004, p. 82.</ref> He visited Canada in 1907.<ref>Roberts 1991, p. 11.</ref> He wrote a short biography of the Victorian cleric [[John Keble]] (1909).<ref name=matthew82>Matthew 2004, p. 82.</ref>

== Early political career and war service ==
Wood had not stood in the [[1906 UK general election]], at which the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberals]] won a landslide victory, choosing to devote his energies to his All Souls Fellowship. By 1909, the political tides had turned enough for Wood to put himself forward for the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] candidacy at [[Ripon (UK Parliament constituency)|Ripon]] in Yorkshire, and he was easily selected through local influence.<ref>Roberts 1991, pp. 11–12.</ref> Ripon had gone Liberal in 1906; Wood won it with a 1,000 vote majority in [[January 1910 United Kingdom general election|January 1910]] and held it with a reduced majority in [[December 1910 United Kingdom general election|December 1910]]. He remained [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for Ripon until his elevation to the Lords in 1925.<ref name=matthew82/> He was a Ditcher (i.e. opposed to the bitter end and ready to "die in the last ditch" to defend the House of Lords' right to veto legislation) in the disputes over the [[Parliament Act 1911]] but really made little impact on politics before 1914. He was vigorously opposed to [[Welsh Church Act 1914|Welsh Disestablishment]].<ref name=matthew82/>

Before the [[First World War]], Wood was already a captain in the volunteer regiment Queen's Own Yorkshire Dragoons. He made a rare intervention in debate, urging that conscription be introduced immediately. He was sent to the front line in 1916. In January 1917 he was [[mentioned in despatches]] ("Heaven Knows What For" he wrote). He rose to the rank of [[Major (United Kingdom)|major]]. He was then deputy director of Labour Supply at the [[Ministry of National Service]] from November 1917 to the end of 1918. He was initially sympathetic to [[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne|Lord Lansdowne]]'s [[Lansdowne letter|proposal for a compromise peace]], but ultimately demanded all-out victory and a punitive peace.<ref name=matthew82/>

Wood was unopposed in the UK general elections of [[1918 United Kingdom general election|1918]], [[1922 United Kingdom general election|1922]], [[1923 United Kingdom general election|1923]], and [[1924 United Kingdom general election|1924]]. He was a signatory to the April 1919 Lowther Petition calling for harsher peace terms against Germany in the [[Treaty of Versailles]] then being negotiated. In the 1918–1922 Parliament, Wood was an ally of [[Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood|Samuel Hoare]], [[Philip Lloyd-Greame]] and [[Walter Elliot (Scottish politician)|Walter Elliot]], all ambitious younger MPs in favour of progressive reform.<ref name=matthew82/>

In 1918, Wood and [[George Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd|George Lloyd]] (later Lord Lloyd) wrote "The Great Opportunity", a tract aiming to set an agenda for a revived Conservative and Unionist Party following the end of the [[Lloyd George ministry|Lloyd George coalition]]. They urged the Conservative Party to concentrate on the welfare of the community rather than the good of the individual. With the [[Irish War of Independence]] then in progress Wood urged a federal solution. At this time he concentrated on housing and agriculture and Ireland.<ref name=matthew83>Matthew 2004, p. 83.</ref>

== Early ministerial career ==
In May 1920, Wood accepted the [[Governor-General of the Union of South Africa|Governor-Generalship]] of [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]]; the offer was withdrawn after the South African government announced that it wanted a cabinet minister or a member of the royal family.<ref name=matthew83/> In April 1921, he was appointed [[Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies]], under Churchill who was initially reluctant to meet him (on one occasion he stormed into Churchill's office and told him that he "expected to be treated like a gentleman"). In the winter of 1921–1922, Wood visited the [[British West Indies]] and wrote a report for Churchill.<ref name="matthew83" />

On 16 October 1922, Wood attended the meeting of the junior ministers who expressed disquiet at the Lloyd George Coalition. On 19 October 1922, he voted at the [[Carlton Club meeting]] for the Conservatives to fight the next election as an independent force. The Coalition ended and [[Bonar Law]] formed a purely Conservative government. Wood was promoted to the [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|Cabinet]] on 24 October 1922 as [[President of the Board of Education]]. Some saw this as an improvement in the moral character of the government. Austerity policies left no room for constructive policies. Wood, who spent two days hunting each week, was neither interested nor particularly effective in the job but saw it as a stepping stone to greater things. He was not happy about [[Stanley Baldwin]]'s adoption of tariffs in December 1923, which saw the Conservatives [[1923 United Kingdom general election|lose their majority]] and give way to a [[First MacDonald ministry|minority Labour government]].<ref name=matthew83/>

When the Conservatives were [[1924 United Kingdom general election|returned to power]] on 6 November 1924, Wood was appointed [[Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food|Minister for Agriculture]], a more onerous job than Education had been. He took an Agriculture and Tithes Bill through the Commons.<ref name=matthew83/>

== Viceroy of India ==
[[File:Lord Irwin (Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax), Viceroy of India (1926-1931).JPG|thumb|left|Statue of Lord Irwin at [[Coronation Park, Delhi]]]]

In October 1925, [[F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead|Lord Birkenhead]], [[Secretary of State for India]], offered Wood the job of [[Viceroy of India]] at the suggestion of King [[George V]]. His grandfather [[Sir Charles Wood]] had been Secretary of State for India in 1859–1865. He almost declined, as he had two sons of school age and his aged father seemed unlikely to live until 1931 when his term was due to end. He accepted on the advice of his father (who lived to see him return). He was created '''Baron Irwin''', of [[Kirby Underdale]] in the [[County of York]], in December 1925.<ref name=createdbaronirwin>{{London Gazette|issue=33117|page=8567|date=25 December 1925}}</ref> He left for India on 17 March 1926,<ref name=matthew83/> and arrived in [[Bombay]] on 1 April 1926. Irwin was honoured with the GCSI and GCIE in 1926.<ref name="matthew84">Matthew 2004, p. 84.</ref>

Irwin relished the pomp of the viceroyalty. He was an able horseman, and stood 6' 5". He had a "[[Marquess of Salisbury|Cecilian]] stoop and sympathetic kindly eyes" and gave an impression of a [[Prince of the Church]] (R. Bernays ''Naked Fakir'' 1931). Several attempts were made to assassinate him. He was more sympathetic to Indians than his predecessors had been, although he had no compunctions about signing death warrants when he thought them justified. He wanted Indians to be more united and friendly to the UK; his first major speech as viceroy, and several more throughout his term of office, urged an end to communal violence between Hindus and Muslims.<ref name=matthew83/>

=== Simon Commission ===
The [[Government of India Act 1919]] had incorporated the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]] ("[[Diarchy]]" – shared rule between British and Indians at the local level) and had promised that after ten years there would be a commission to inquire about a new constitution and to advise on whether further reforms were needed. Irwin accepted that greater self-government was necessary, as Indian national aspirations had grown since 1919. Birkenhead brought forward the date of the commission, and put it under [[Sir John Simon]]. Irwin recommended an all-British inquiry, as he thought that the Indian factions would not agree among themselves but would fall into line behind the results of the inquiry.<ref name=matthew83/> David Dutton believes that this was "the most fateful mistake of his viceroyalty, and one he came bitterly to regret".<ref name=matthew84/>

In November 1927, the composition of the [[Simon Commission]] was announced. All the leading Indian parties, including the [[Indian National Congress]], boycotted it. Irwin assured Birkenhead that Simon could win over moderate Indian opinion. Simon arrived in Bombay on 3 February 1928. He achieved some limited successes, but Irwin became convinced that a new gesture would be necessary.<ref name=matthew84/> Indian responses to Simon's arrival included the All-Parties Conference, a committee of which produced the [[Nehru Report]] (May 1928), advocating [[dominion]] status for India. However, there was also violence, including the death of [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] in November 1928 and the revenge attack of [[Bhagat Singh]] in December 1928. Other responses included the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] leader [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]'s [[Fourteen Points of Jinnah|14 points]] (March 1929).{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

=== Irwin Declaration ===
In [[1929 United Kingdom general election|June 1929]], a new Labour government took office in the UK, with [[Ramsay MacDonald]] Prime Minister for the second time and [[William Wedgwood Benn]] as Secretary of State for India. On 13 July 1929, Irwin arrived in England on leave, having chosen [[George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen|Lord Goschen]] to be his acting viceroy in India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Birkenhead |first=Frederick Winston Furneaux Smith |title=Halifax: The Life of Lord Halifax |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=1966 |page=270}}</ref> Indeed, on his return to London, Irwin brought with him a "suggested" draft exchange of letters between MacDonald and Simon. His plan was for Simon to write proposing a Round Table Conference to discuss the findings of the commission, and that MacDonald would then reply pointing out that the 1917 Montagu Declaration implied a commitment to [[Dominion]] status (i.e. that India should become completely self-governing, like Canada or Australia). Simon saw the drafts and had serious misgivings about the planned Round Table Conference. The exchange of letters did not mention Dominion status as the other commissioners did not favour it, although Simon did not report the depth of their feeling, which he came to share, that such a declaration would undermine the findings of the Commission and that Dominion status would now become a minimum demand for the Indian leaders rather than an ultimate goal. The author David Dutton finds it "curious" that Irwin, who had believed that Simon would not object to Dominion status, did not understand this.<ref name=matthew84/>

The Irwin Declaration of October 1929 committed Britain to eventual Dominion status for India. Despite such a policy having been implicit for a decade, the Declaration was denounced by many on the Tory Right. [[Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading|Lord Reading]] (Irwin's predecessor as Viceroy) denounced it, and Simon made his displeasure known. There was brief hope of a breakthrough in Anglo-Indian relations, but the New Delhi Conference of December 1929 between Irwin and the Indian leaders failed to reach agreement. Gandhi now began a [[Salt Satyagraha|campaign of civil disobedience]] with a view to achieving complete independence. He walked for 24 days to the sea, where he proceeded to make salt, in breach of the government's historic monopoly. Irwin had all the Congress leaders put behind bars, including Gandhi eventually.<ref name=matthew84/>

Some criticism of Irwin may have been unfair but he had made an error and the consequences were serious and unrest grew. Irwin's position was seen as excessively lenient by London but as half-hearted in India. With little room for manoeuvre, Irwin resorted to repression using his emergency powers to ban public gatherings and crush rebellious opposition. Gandhi's detention, however, only made matters worse.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

=== Agreement with Mahatma Gandhi ===
[[File:The First Round Table Conference was inaugurated by King George-V on Nov.12, 1930 in London, Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar, Delegate, seen in the left row (9th).png|thumb|400px|The First Round Table Conference in London, 12 November 1930]]
In November 1930, King George V opened the First [[Round Table Conference]] in London; no Congress delegates took part because Gandhi was in jail.<ref name=matthew84/> In January 1931, Gandhi was released and at Irwin's invitation they had eight meetings together. Irwin wrote to his aged father that "it was rather like talking to someone who had stepped off another planet onto this for a short visit of a fortnight and whose mental outlook was quite other to that which was regulating most of the affairs on the planet to which he had descended". But they had mutual respect based on their respective religious faiths.<ref name="matthew84" />

The fortnight-long discussions resulted in the [[Gandhi–Irwin Pact]] of 5 March 1931, after which the Civil Disobedience Movement and the boycott of British goods were suspended in exchange for a Second Round Table Conference that represented all interests.<ref name=matthew84/> The salient points were:
* The Congress would discontinue the Civil Disobedience Movement.
* The Congress would participate in the Round Table Conference.
* The Government would withdraw all ordinances issued to curb the Congress.
* The Government would withdraw all prosecutions relating to offences not involving violence.
* The Government would release all persons serving sentences of imprisonment for their activities in the civil disobedience movement.

It was further agreed that Gandhi would join the Second Round Table Conference as the sole representative of the Congress. On 20 March 1931, Irwin paid tribute to Gandhi's honesty, sincerity and patriotism at a dinner given by ruling princes.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} On the evening of 23 March 1931, after a trial now widely viewed to have been unlawful and unfair, the Indian revolutionaries [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Shivaram Rajguru]] and [[Sukhdev Thapar]] were hanged, in an execution brought forward by 12 hours. The exact extent of political interference is yet to be brought to light.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

== British politics 1931–1935 ==
Irwin returned to the UK on 3 May 1931. He was honoured with the [[Order of the Garter]] (he became [[Chancellor of the Order of the Garter|chancellor of the order]] in 1943). In 1931 he declined the [[Foreign Office]] in the new [[National Government (1931)|National Government]], not least because the Tory Right would not have liked it. Officially, he declared that he wanted to spend time at home. He went to Canada, at the invitation of [[Vincent Massey]], to speak at the [[University of Toronto]].<ref name=matthew84/> He was still a firm protégé of [[Stanley Baldwin]]. In June 1932, on the sudden death of [[Sir Donald Maclean]], he returned to the Cabinet as President of the Board of Education, for the second time, having been apparently genuinely reluctant to accept. His views were somewhat old-fashioned: he declared: "We want a school to train them up to be servants and butlers."<ref name="matthew84" />

Irwin became Master of the Middleton Hunt in 1932 and was elected as [[List of Chancellors of the University of Oxford|Chancellor]] of [[Oxford University]] in 1933. In 1934 he inherited the title [[Viscount Halifax]] on the death of his 94-year-old father.<ref name="matthew85">Matthew 2004, p. 85.</ref> He helped [[Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood|Samuel Hoare]] draft what became the [[Government of India Act 1935]], the largest single piece of legislation of the [[National Government (1931–1935)|1931–1935 government]].<ref name="matthew85" /> In June 1935, Baldwin became prime minister for the third time, and Halifax was appointed [[Secretary of State for War]]. He was pleased to give up the Education job. He felt the country was unprepared for war, but he resisted the Chiefs of Staffs' demands for rearmament.<ref name="matthew85" /> In November 1935, after the [[1935 United Kingdom general election|general election]], Halifax became [[Lord Privy Seal]] and [[Leader of the House of Lords]].<ref name="matthew85" />

== Foreign policy ==

===Colleague of Eden===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-17986, Schorfheide, Lord Edward Frederik Halifax, Hermann Göring crop.jpg|thumb|225px|Lord Halifax with [[Hermann Göring]] at [[Schorfheide]], Germany, 20 November 1937]]
By this time, Halifax was becoming increasingly influential in foreign affairs.<ref name="matthew85"/> Cabinet met on the morning of 18 December 1935 to discuss the public outcry over the [[Hoare–Laval Pact]]. Halifax, who was due to make a statement in the Lords that afternoon, insisted that the [[Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)|Foreign Secretary]] [[Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood|Samuel Hoare]] must resign to save the government's position, causing [[J. H. Thomas]], [[William Ormsby-Gore, 4th Baron Harlech|William Ormsby-Gore]] and [[Walter Elliot (Scottish politician)|Walter Elliott]] also to come out for his resignation. [[Anthony Eden]] was appointed Foreign Secretary in Hoare's place.<ref>Roberts 1991, pp. 78–79.</ref> The following year, Halifax said the provisions of the Pact "were not so frightfully different from those put forward by the Committee of Five [of the League]. But the latter were of respectable parentage: and the Paris ones were too much like the off-the-stage arrangements of nineteenth-century diplomacy".<ref>Keith Feiling, ''A Life of Neville Chamberlain'' (London: Macmillan, 1970), p. 275.</ref> Effectively, although not formally, Halifax was deputy Foreign Secretary to Eden. Halifax was one of the signatories to the [[Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Historic Anglo-Egyptian treaty signed in London – archive, 1936 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/27/historic-anglo-egyptian-treaty-signed-in-london-archive-1936 |website=Guardian |date=27 August 2021 |access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref> In general they got on well.<ref name="matthew85"/>

Halifax and Eden were in agreement about the direction of foreign policy (and in line with prevailing opinion throughout Britain) that [[Nazi Germany]]'s [[remilitarization of the Rhineland]], its "own backyard", would be difficult to oppose and should be welcomed insofar as it continued Germany's seeming progress towards normality after the tribulations of the post-First World War settlement.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} In 1936, [[Neville Chamberlain]] recorded that Halifax was always saying he wanted to retire from public life.<ref name="matthew88">Matthew 2004, p. 88.</ref> In May 1937, when Neville Chamberlain succeeded Baldwin as prime minister, Halifax became [[Lord President of the Council]], as well as remaining Leader of the House of Lords.<ref name="matthew85" /> Chamberlain began increasingly to intervene directly in foreign policy, activity for which his background had not prepared him, and which caused increasing tension with Eden.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

In November 1937, Halifax visited Germany in a semi-official capacity, and met [[Adolf Hitler]]. The visit came about after [[Hermann Göring]] invited Halifax, in his private capacity as Master of the [[Middleton Hunt]], to attend a hunting exhibition in Berlin, and to hunt foxes with Göring in [[Pomerania]]. Halifax later stated that he had initially been unenthusiastic about the circumstances of the visit,<ref name="matthew85"/> although Eden had pressed him to accept the invitation, and Halifax's trip to Germany had not been an attempt by Chamberlain to bypass the Foreign Office. In Germany, Göring gave Halifax the nickname "Halalifax" – after a German hunting call, ''Halali!''. At Berchtesgaden, there was a long and tense meeting with Hitler, whom he initially mistook for a footman.<ref>The Earl of Halifax, ''Fulness of Days'' (London: Collins, 1957), p. 185.</ref> In these discussions, Halifax spoke of "possible alterations to the European order which might be destined to come about with the passage of time". Ignoring Eden's reservations, he did not object in principle to Hitler's designs on [[Federal State of Austria|Austria]], and parts of [[First Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovakia]] and [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]], although he stressed that only peaceful processes of change would be acceptable.<ref name="matthew85"/> Halifax was generally regarded publicly at the time as acting on behalf of the British government, and attempting to renew dialogue with the German government.<ref>Lois G. Schwoerer, "Lord Halifax's Visit To Germany: November 1937." ''Historian'' 32#3 (1970): 353–375.</ref>

[[File:0929 fc-churchill-halifax.jpg|thumb|250px|Halifax and [[Winston Churchill]] in 1938. Note Halifax's artificial left hand, concealed under a black glove.]]
Writing to Baldwin on the subject of the conversation between [[Carl Jacob Burckhardt]] (the League of Nations' Commissioner of [[Free City of Danzig|Danzig]]) and Hitler, Halifax said: "Nationalism and Racialism is a powerful force but I can't feel that it's either unnatural or immoral! I cannot myself doubt that these fellows are genuine haters of Communism, etc.! And I daresay if we were in their position we might feel the same!"<ref name=":0">Andrew Roberts, ''The Holy Fox. The Life of Lord Halifax'' (Phoenix, 1997), p. 282.</ref>

In December 1937, Halifax told the Cabinet that "we ought to get on good terms with Germany", as despite the best efforts of Eden and Chamberlain, Britain was still faced with the prospect of war with Germany, [[Fascist Italy|Italy]] and [[Empire of Japan|Japan]].<ref name="matthew85"/> By February 1938, Halifax warned Chamberlain of strains in the Cabinet, and tried to broker a deal between Chamberlain and Eden. Eden resigned as [[Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)|Foreign Secretary]] on 20 February, in protest at Chamberlain's wish to make further concessions to [[Benito Mussolini]], whom Eden regarded as an untrustworthy gangster,{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} without gestures of good faith on his part. Halifax was appointed Foreign Secretary on 21 February 1938, despite some criticism from Labour and elsewhere that so important a job was being given to a peer.<ref name="matthew85" /> Halifax commented "I have had enough [[wikt:obloquy|obloquy]] for one lifetime" (i.e. as viceroy of India) before accepting appointment as Foreign Secretary.<ref>Jago 2015, p. 85.</ref> Chamberlain preferred him to the excitable Eden: "I thank God for a steady unruffled Foreign Secretary."<ref name="matthew85" />

===Foreign Secretary===

====Analysis====
Halifax's political line as Foreign Secretary must be seen in the context of existing British foreign policy, which was predicated on a broad consensus that in none of the democracies was there popular support for war, military pressure, or even rearmament. There was debate about the extent to which the dictatorships' very separate interests could be teased apart. It was clear that an alignment of Germany and Italy would divide Britain's forces in any general war and that, without at least a neutral Italy, Britain would be unable to move large naval forces east to confront Japan, given strong [[United States non-interventionism|isolationist sentiment in America]]. For many, especially in the [[Foreign Office]], appeasement was a necessary compromise to buy time for rearmament, a process to which Britain was already heavily committed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Britain to increase spending on arms|url=https://www.theguardian.com/century/1930-1939/Story/0,,126998,00.html |work=The Guardian|date=4 March 1935|access-date=31 October 2017}}</ref> Others, especially Churchill, hoped that a strong military alliance with [[Interwar France|France]] would permit a more robust foreign policy towards the dictators. Many shared Churchill's confidence in the large [[French Army]], although fewer shared his belief that France would be a resilient ally.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

Chamberlain embraced the policy of appeasement as a moral force for good, as did many others who were deeply opposed to war and defence spending. By comparison, Halifax's policy appears more pragmatic, like that of [[Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood|Samuel Hoare]], coupled to a firm commitment to rearmament, albeit unenthusiastically. All parties recognised the hostility of public opinion to war or military preparations, and the difficulty of acting without a readiness on the part of America or the [[Soviet Union]] to play their part (the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] opposed rearmament until well after the [[Munich Agreement]]). Nonetheless, Halifax was criticised as an appeaser, along with Chamberlain, Hoare, and twelve others, in the anonymous 1940 book ''[[Guilty Men]]''.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

====Munich====
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H12478, Obersalzberg, Münchener Abkommen, Vorbereitung.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Adolf Hitler]] greets British Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]] on the steps of the [[Berghof (residence)|Berghof]], 15 September 1938 during the crisis over Czechoslovakia. [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] stands on the right.]]
Hitler's [[annexation of Austria]] in March 1938 made Halifax keener on [[British rearmament]]. [[First Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovakia]] was clearly next on the agenda, but neither Britain nor France believed they had the military capacity to support her, and in the summer of 1938, Halifax still wanted to urge the Czechoslovaks in private to make concessions to Germany, which was making demands regarding the status of the [[Sudeten Germans]].<ref name=matthew86>Matthew 2004, p. 86.</ref> Halifax remained in London and did not accompany Chamberlain on his dramatic flights to Germany in the autumn of 1938. This was once seen as a sign of Chamberlain's dominance of his Cabinet.<ref name="matthew86" />

It appears that a frank conversation with his pugnacious Permanent Secretary, Sir [[Alexander Cadogan]], brought Halifax to the sharp realisation that the road to appeasement had taken Britain into a series of concessions that were unwise and that were unlikely to secure the necessary pacification of Germany. On 25 September 1938, Halifax spoke out in Cabinet against the inflated demands presented by Hitler in the [[Godesberg Memorandum]] after his second summit meeting with Chamberlain.<ref>Jago 2015, p. 106.</ref> It is now known that Halifax, under Cadogan's influence, persuaded the Cabinet to reject the Godesberg terms. Britain and Germany came close to war until Chamberlain flew to Munich. Chamberlain could hardly afford to lose a second Foreign Secretary, and his dominance of his Cabinet was never so overwhelming again.<ref name="matthew86" />

The eventual [[Munich Agreement]], signed after Chamberlain's third summit meeting with Hitler, was apparently popular around the world and humiliating to many in the British government, but it was short of Hitler's desires (and of Chamberlain's proposed concessions) and increased Hitler's determination to return to destroy Czechoslovakia in the spring. On 3 October 1938, Halifax defended the Munich Agreement in the House of Lords, in much more measured terms than the Prime Minister had done, not as a triumph but as the lesser of two evils.<ref name="matthew86" />

The Munich crisis had seen Halifax begin to take a stronger line than Chamberlain against further concessions to Germany. [[Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia|Andrew Roberts]] argues that from this point on, Halifax set his face firmly towards a policy of deterrence. He hoped that increased rearmament—including strengthening of alliances with and economic support to the countries of Eastern Europe, and the reintroduction of conscription—coupled with a firmer line towards Germany, Italy, and Japan would reduce the risks of those three hostile powers acting in combination. It is of note that, when war began, neither Japan nor Italy was prepared to join in until the pendulum had swung much further in Germany's favour.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8a-fEAAAQBAJ |title=The Holy Fox: The Life of Lord Halifax |date=1 April 2024 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-78185-696-3 |language=en |access-date=27 April 2024 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

====After Munich====
[[File:Mussolini and Chamberlain in Rome 1939.jpg|thumb|250px|Neville Chamberlain, [[Benito Mussolini]], Halifax, and [[Count Ciano]] at the Opera of Rome, January 1939]]
After Munich, Halifax (successfully) advised Chamberlain against capitalising on his popularity by calling a snap general election; instead, he urged (in vain) for Chamberlain to widen the [[National Government (1937–1939)|National Coalition]] by offering jobs not just to Churchill and Eden but also to Labour and Liberal figures.<ref name=matthew86 /> Halifax was also disgusted by the anti-Jewish pogrom of [[Kristallnacht]] (10 November). He advocated British financial aid to the countries of Central and Eastern Europe to discourage them from coming under Germany's influence.<ref name=matthew86 /> With Hitler's lack of commitment regarding the Munich Agreement becoming clearer, Halifax worked steadily to assemble a stronger British position by pushing Chamberlain to take economic steps to underpin British interests in Eastern Europe and prevent additional military supplies from reaching Germany, such as [[tungsten]]. In January 1939, Halifax accompanied Chamberlain to Rome for talks with Mussolini. That month Halifax pushed for staff talks with France, in view of the danger of war with both Germany and Italy simultaneously. After Hitler broke the Munich agreement and occupied the rump of "Czecho-slovakia" (the hyphen had been added after Munich), Chamberlain gave a speech in Birmingham on 17 March 1939, pledging that Britain would go to war to defend Poland. Halifax had been one of the drivers in this change of policy.<ref name=matthew86 /> By March 1939, Eden, then out of office, observed that thanks to Halifax the government are "now doing what we would wish".<ref name=matthew88 />

Halifax granted a guarantee to Poland on 31 March 1939, triggered by alarming intelligence of German preparations, in hopes of sending clear signals to Germany that, in Halifax's words, there would be "no more Munichs".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ben-Villada |first=Gene H. |date=1 April 1988 |title=No more Munichs! What the media won't tell |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=00270520&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA6323522&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs |journal=Monthly Review |language=English |volume=39 |issue=11 |pages=9–22 |doi=10.14452/MR-039-11-1988-04_2 |access-date=27 April 2024 |via=Gale|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Foreign Office received intelligence in early April 1939 that Italy was about to [[Italian invasion of Albania|invade Albania]]. At a Cabinet meeting on 5 April 1939, Halifax rejected these reports. Two days later, Italy invaded Albania; Halifax met Sir [[Alexander Cadogan]] and "decided we can't ''do'' anything to stop it".<ref>Christopher Andrew, ''The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5'' (London: Allen Lane, 2009), p. 208.</ref> Although he disliked the Soviet regime, not least because of its [[atheism]], Halifax was quicker than Chamberlain to realise that Britain should attempt to ally with the Soviets. He told the Foreign Affairs committee: "Soviet Russia is something between that of the unconquerable steamroller and looking on her as entirely useless militarily. We cannot ignore a country with a population of 180,000,000 people."<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Taylor, A. J. P. |editor-link = A. J. P. Taylor | title=Lloyd George: Twelve Essays | date=1971 | publisher=Hamish Hamilton | location=London |isbn=0-241-01905-2 | pages=336}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Aster |first1 = Sidney | title=1939: The Making of the Second World War | date=1973 | publisher=Andre Deutsch |isbn=978-0-233-96369-3 | pages=156}}</ref>

The negotiations (in summer 1939) failed, and the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact|Soviets signed an agreement with the Germans instead]] on 23 August. It has been suggested that Halifax should have led the negotiations himself,<ref name="matthew86" /> but that would not have suited Halifax's purpose because his government had not carried out the negotiations in good faith.<ref name="doveton-p372">{{Cite book|last=Holroyd-Doveton|first=John|title=Maxim Litvinov: A Biography|publisher=Woodland Publications|year=2013|pages=372}}</ref> The Foreign Office confirmed to the US [[chargé d'affaires]] on 8 August 1939 that "the military mission, which had now left Moscow, had been told to make every effort to prolong discussions until 1 October 1939".<ref>{{Cite book |title=FRUS, Volume I, General |year=1939 |pages=294 |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1939v01/d287}}</ref> Halifax disclosed to the Foreign Affairs Committee on 10 July 1939: "Although the French were in favour of the military conversations commencing, the French Government thought that the military conversations would be spun out over a long time and as long as they were taking place we should be preventing Soviet Russia from entering the German camp."<ref>{{cite book |title=Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) |year=1939 |volume=1 |page=294}}</ref>

While Henry Roberts has spoken of Halifax's fellow Foreign Minister (of the Soviet Union), [[Maxim Litvinov]], as having acute perceptive skills and an ability "to detect major trends in the 1930s and to anticipate the course of events indicates his tremendous understanding of the decade",<ref>{{Citation | last=Roberts | first=Henry | editor1-last=Craig | editor1-first=Gordon | editor2-last=Gilbert | editor2-first=Felix | title=Maxim Litvinov | encyclopedia=The Diplomats, 1919-1939 | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=1994 | pages=376}}</ref> Halifax had completely misunderstood Hitler.<ref name="doveton-p372" /> Halifax said: "Hitler had a very low opinion of the Soviet Union, and our action [in aligning with the Soviets] would confirm to him the idea that we were a weak and feeble folk".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Records of the Cabinet Office, CAB 27/625 |pages=295}}</ref> On the contrary, what made Hitler worried was the thought of a joint pact between France, Britain and the Soviet Union to prevent a pact between Germany and the Soviet Union.<ref name="doveton-p372" /> Halifax did not know that in April 1939, Hitler told [[Ernst von Weizsäcker]] that he was contemplating a reconciliation with the Soviet Union.<ref>{{Cite book | last=von Weizsäcker | first=Ernst | author-link=Ernst von Weizsäcker | title=Erinnerungen | language=German | trans-title=Recollections | publisher=List | location=Munich | year=1950 | pages=186}}</ref> On 2 August 1939, Hitler asked [[Konstantin von Neurath]], a former Foreign Minister and career diplomat during the [[Weimar Republic]], whether the German people would accept such an ideological shift from anti-communism to signing a pact with the Soviet Union. Neurath assured Hitler that he "could do what he liked with the [National Socialist] Party".<ref>{{cite book | last1=Heineman | first1=John L. | title=Hitler's First Foreign Minister: Constantin Freiherr Von Neurath | date=1979 | publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-03442-6| pages=200}}</ref>

With Poland now looking likely to be carved up between Germany and the Soviets (as indeed soon took place), the diarist [[Henry Channon|"Chips" Channon]], [[Parliamentary Private Secretary]] to Halifax's junior minister [[Rab Butler]], who opposed the guarantee, recorded (25 August 1939) that "the barometer of war kept shifting" and that "the Polish guarantee was [Halifax]'s pet scheme and favourite god-child".<ref name=matthew86 /> When Germany invaded Poland, Halifax refused any negotiations while German troops remained on Polish soil. However, he stood solid with Chamberlain, who delayed in giving a commitment to go to war until the French had also committed. Both of them were the objects of a Cabinet revolt, which insisted on Britain honouring the guarantee to Poland. [[United Kingdom declaration of war on Germany (1939)|Britain declared war on Germany]] on 3 September 1939.<ref name="matthew86" />

===Phoney War===
After the outbreak of war, Halifax's diplomacy aimed to dissuade the Soviets from formally joining the [[Axis powers]]. He opposed the bombing of Germany, lest the Germans retaliate.<ref name=matthew86/> Swedish intermediary [[Birger Dahlerus]] had approached Britain for peace talks in August 1939, just before the outbreak of war. On 1 November 1939, Halifax replied to an approach through Swedish channels that no peace was possible with Hitler in power. Even that aroused the wrath of Churchill, [[First Lord of the Admiralty]], who sent a private note to Halifax rebuking him that such talk was dangerous.<ref>Howard 1987, p. 96.</ref> Halifax remained opposed to any hint of a compromise peace during the [[Phoney War]].<ref name="matthew87">Matthew 2004, p. 87.</ref>

===Churchill as Prime Minister===
On 8 May 1940, Chamberlain's government survived a motion of no confidence brought about by the deteriorating [[Norwegian campaign|military situation in Norway]]. The government had a nominal majority of 213 in the House: at the end of the "[[Norway Debate]]", they won the vote with a majority of only 81; 33 Conservatives and 8 of their allies voted with the opposition parties, and 60 abstained. Churchill had only grudgingly been appointed [[First Lord of the Admiralty]]. Nevertheless, he mounted a strong and passionate defence of Chamberlain and his government in the debate preceding the vote.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1940/may/08/conduct-of-the-war |title=Conduct of the War |work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |date=8 May 1940 |access-date=2 January 2013}}</ref> Under ordinary circumstances, such a weak vote would not have been politically disastrous, but it was decisive at a time when the Prime Minister was being strongly criticised by both sides of the House and there was a strong desire for national unity.<ref>Jenkins 2002, p. 582.</ref> Talking to Churchill after the vote, Chamberlain admitted his dismay and said that he would try for a [[coalition government]] with the Labour and Liberal parties, but Churchill opposed that.

At 10.15{{nbsp}}am the next morning (9 May), Chamberlain met with Halifax and Churchill in the Cabinet Room. Churchill's own account of these events, published eight years later in ''The Gathering Storm'', the first volume of his ''[[The Second World War (book series)|The Second World War]]'', does not tally exactly with contemporary accounts such as Halifax's own diary and [[Alexander Cadogan]]'s record of his conversations with Halifax, or accounts given by Chamberlain or by the [[Chief Whip]] [[David Margesson]] (whose presence at the meeting Churchill does not mention). Churchill described a battle of wills in which Chamberlain opened the meeting by arguing that Churchill could not command the support of the Labour Party after he had had to defend the government at the Norway Debate, only to be met with a lengthy silence before Halifax, with some hesitation, expressed his own unfitness for the job. Other accounts describe Halifax demurring much more rapidly, and Churchill actively agreeing with him. Churchill also misdates the events of 9 May to the following day, and although his writing assistant [[William Deakin]] accepted responsibility for this error he later confirmed, in an interview in 1989, that Churchill's account was embellished after numerous retellings and was not meant to be taken seriously.<ref>Roberts 1991, pp. 275–277.</ref> The description of Chamberlain attempting to persuade Churchill to agree tacitly to Halifax's appointment as prime minister is also hard to reconcile with Halifax's having expressed his reluctance to do so to Chamberlain at a meeting between the two men on the morning of the 9th.<ref>Jenkins 2002, p. 583.</ref><ref>On the 9 May meeting, see Taylor Downing, "Cometh the finest hour." ''History Today'' 60.5 (2010): 25ff.</ref>

At 4.30{{nbsp}}pm that afternoon Chamberlain held another meeting, attended by Halifax, Churchill, and the leader and the deputy leader of the opposition Labour Party ([[Clement Attlee]] and [[Arthur Greenwood]] respectively). He asked the Labour leaders if they would agree to serve in a coalition government. They replied that it might be possible but only with a different prime minister and that before they could give an official answer, they would need the approval of Labour's [[National Executive Committee of the Labour Party|National Executive Committee]], then in [[Bournemouth]] preparing for the annual conference which was to start on the Monday. They were asked to telephone with the result of the consultation by the following afternoon.<ref name="Jenkins 2002 p. 586">Jenkins 2002, p. 586.</ref><ref>Roberts 1991, p. 279.</ref> In his diary entry for 9 May, written up the following morning, Halifax later wrote:
{{blockquote
|I had no doubt at all in my own mind that for me to succeed him would create a quite impossible situation. Apart altogether from Churchill's qualities as compared with my own at this particular juncture, what would in fact be my position? Churchill would be running Defence, and in this connexion one could not but remember the relationship between [[Asquith]] and [[Lloyd George]] had broken down in the first war... I should speedily become a more or less honorary Prime Minister, living in a kind of twilight just outside the things that really mattered.<ref>Roberts 1991, p. 277.</ref>
}}

The Labour leaders telephoned at 5{{nbsp}}pm on the 10th to report that the party would take part in a coalition government, although it had to be under the leadership of someone other than Chamberlain. Accordingly, Chamberlain went to [[Buckingham Palace]] to tender his resignation, recommending that [[George VI]] ask Churchill to form a government.<ref name="Jenkins 2002 p. 586"/> On doing so, one of Churchill's first actions was to form a new, smaller [[War cabinet]] by replacing six of the Conservative politicians with Greenwood and Attlee, retaining only Halifax and Chamberlain.

Churchill's political position was weak, although he was popular with the Labour and Liberal parties for his stance against appeasement in the 1930s. He was unpopular in the Conservative Party, however, and he might not have been the choice of the King. Halifax had the support of most of the Conservative Party and of the King and was acceptable to the Labour Party. His position as a peer was a merely technical barrier given the scale of the crisis, and Churchill reportedly was willing to serve under Halifax. As [[Lord Beaverbrook]] said, "Chamberlain wanted Halifax. Labour wanted Halifax. [[Archibald Sinclair, 1st Viscount Thurso|Sinclair]] wanted Halifax. The Lords wanted Halifax. The King wanted Halifax. And Halifax wanted Halifax." Only the last sentence was incorrect, however; Halifax did not want to become prime minister. He believed that Churchill's energy and leadership skills were superior to his own.<ref>{{cite book | title=Churchill | publisher=Clarendon Press | author=Blake, Robert | year=1993 | location=Oxford | pages=264–270 | chapter = How Churchill Became Prime Minister |editor1=Blake, Robert B. |editor2=Louis, William Roger |isbn=0-19-820626-7}}</ref>

Unlike Simon, Hoare and Chamberlain, Halifax was not the object of Labour hatred in May 1940. Dutton argues that he "drew back" because of "inner self-doubt". "Political ambition had never been the most compelling motivation". He had a stomach ache, possibly psychosomatic, at the thought of becoming prime minister, and also probably thought that he could wield more influence as Churchill's deputy.<ref name=matthew86/> Like Chamberlain, he served in Churchill's cabinet but was frequently exasperated by Churchill's style of doing business. Like many others, Halifax had serious doubts about Churchill's judgement.<ref name=matthew87/>

===May 1940 war cabinet crisis===
{{main|1940 British war cabinet crisis}}
Germany invaded [[Battle of Belgium|Belgium]], [[Battle of the Netherlands|the Netherlands]], and [[Battle of France|France]] on 10 May 1940, the day that Churchill became prime minister. On 22–23 May, the [[Wehrmacht|German army]] reached the [[English Channel]], isolating the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British Expeditionary Force]] at [[Battle of Dunkirk|Dunkirk]]. Churchill soon had a confrontation with Halifax who believed that the United Kingdom should try to negotiate a peace settlement with Hitler, using Mussolini as an intermediary. Halifax believed it better to try to get terms "safeguarding the independence of our Empire, and if possible that of France", in the belief that peace talks would make it easier to get the BEF (British Expeditionary Force) home. He did not believe that there was any realistic chance of defeating Germany.<ref name=matthew87/> Churchill disagreed, believing that "nations which went down fighting rose again, but those which surrendered tamely were finished"{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} and that Hitler was unlikely to honour any agreement. Moreover, he believed that this was the view of the British people.

On 24 May, Hitler ordered his armies to halt before they reached Dunkirk, and two days later, the British and French navies began to evacuate the Allied forces. Between 25 and 28 May, Churchill and Halifax each fought to bring the War Cabinet around to their own respective points of view; by 28 May, it seemed as if Halifax had the upper hand and that Churchill might be forced from office. Halifax came close to resignation, which might have brought down Churchill's government.<ref name=matthew87/> Churchill outmanoeuvred Halifax by calling a meeting of his 25-member Outer Cabinet, to whom he delivered a passionate speech, saying, "If this long island story of ours is to end at last, let it end only when each one of us lies choking in his own blood upon the ground",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/events/churchill_decides_to_fight_on |publisher=BBC |title=Churchill decides to fight on |access-date=1 January 2013}}</ref> convincing all who were present that Britain must fight on against Hitler whatever the cost. Churchill also obtained the backing of Neville Chamberlain, who was still Conservative Party leader.<ref name="matthew87" />

Churchill told the War Cabinet that there would be no negotiated peace. Halifax had lost. A few weeks later, in July 1940, Halifax rejected German peace offers presented through [[Filippo Bernardini|the Papal Nuncio in Berne]] and the [[António de Oliveira Salazar|Portuguese]] and [[Risto Ryti|Finnish]] prime ministers. Halifax wrote in his memoirs of an occasion during a short holiday in [[Yorkshire]]:{{blockquote|One such interlude early in June 1940 is for ever graven into my memory. It was just after the fall of France, an event which at the time it happened seemed something unbelievable as to be almost surely unreal, and if not unreal then quite immeasurably catastrophic. Dorothy and I had spent a lovely summer evening walking over the Wolds, and on our way home sat in the sun for half an hour at a point looking across the plain of York. All the landscape of the nearer foreground was familiar—its sights, its sounds, its smells; hardly a field that did not call up some half-forgotten bit of association; the red-roofed village and nearby hamlets, gathered as it were for company round the old greystone church, where men and women like ourselves, now long dead and gone, had once knelt in worship and prayer. Here in Yorkshire was a true fragment of the undying England, like the White Cliffs of Dover, or any other part of our land that Englishmen have loved. Then the question came, is it possible that the [[Prussia]]n jackboot will force its way into this countryside to tread and trample over it at will? The very thought seemed an insult and an outrage; much as if anyone were to be condemned to watch his mother, wife or daughter being raped.<ref>Halifax, p. 215.</ref>}}

== Ambassador to the United States ==
When Chamberlain retired from the Cabinet due to ill health, Churchill tried to ease Halifax out of the Foreign Office by offering him a job as ''de facto'' Deputy Prime Minister, living at [[11 Downing Street]]. Halifax refused, although he agreed to become Leader of the Lords once again.<ref name=matthew87/> In December 1940, the [[Philip Kerr, 11th Marquess of Lothian|Marquess of Lothian]], British Ambassador to the United States, died suddenly. Halifax was told to take the job by Churchill, with the proviso that he could still attend meetings of the War Cabinet when he was home on leave in London.<ref name=matthew87/> Churchill's secretary [[Jock Colville]] recorded on 20 December that Churchill thought the Washington job was a great opportunity for Halifax to help bring the United States into the war. Colville recorded Churchill's view that Halifax "would never live down the reputation for appeasement which he and the F.O. had won themselves here. He had no future in this country." Colville thought Churchill had been influenced by the monthly censorship reports, which showed that Halifax had inherited some of Chamberlain's unpopularity.<ref>Colville, ''Fringes of Power'', p. 321.</ref> Halifax was the last man linked with appeasement to leave the Cabinet, as Chamberlain had by then died, and both [[Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood|Hoare]] and [[John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon|Simon]] had already moved to other jobs. Halifax and his wife desperately tried to persuade [[Anthony Eden]] to take the Washington job instead, but to no avail. Eden was restored to the Foreign Office in Halifax's place.<ref name=matthew87/>

[[File:Halifax and Litvinoff, 1942 crop.JPG|thumb|200px|left|Halifax and Soviet ambassador [[Maxim Litvinov]] at a garden party in Washington, D.C., in 1942]]

Halifax set sail for the still neutral United States in January 1941.<ref name=matthew87/> President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] welcomed him in person when he arrived. Casting aside diplomatic protocols, Roosevelt took the presidential yacht the ''[[USS Potomac (AG-25)|Potomac]]'' to greet Halifax as his ship made harbour in the Chesapeake Bay. Initially Halifax damaged himself by a series of public relations disasters. Two weeks after his arrival in the United States, Halifax went to Capitol Hill, meeting with House and Senate leaders. Upon leaving, Halifax told reporters that he had inquired about the timetable for passage of the [[Lend-Lease Act]].<ref name=":0" /> Isolationists seized upon the meetings to decry British meddling in American political affairs. He likened Washington politics to "a disorderly day's rabbit shooting".<ref name=matthew87/>

Halifax was initially a cautious and elusive public figure, not an effective public diplomat like his predecessor. His relations with Roosevelt were satisfactory, but Halifax kept a low profile. Churchill's close engagement with the United States and his investment in personal communication with the President meant a more constrained role for the British Ambassador. Communications technology meant that Churchill could communicate directly with Roosevelt from London; the Prime Minister was also a regular visitor to Washington, enabled by more advanced transportation technology (including both faster ships and aeroplanes). Halifax's cousin [[Angus McDonnell]] helped him find his feet, and he soon led a very effective propaganda effort. Even an incident that autumn where he was pelted with rotten eggs and tomatoes by isolationists helped his reputation in the long run. He maintained good relations with Roosevelt and [[Harry Hopkins]], and toured the country, meeting many more ordinary Americans than his predecessor had done. He became especially popular after [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]].<ref name="matthew87" />

[[File:Pacific War Council.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Lord Halifax in the middle (behind a seated [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]) as a member of the [[Pacific War Council]]]]

Relations also increasingly turned on military issues channelled through the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] secretariat in Washington. Halifax wearied of Washington, especially after the death in action of his middle son Peter in November 1942, and the serious wounding of his younger son Richard in January 1943. In March 1943 he vainly asked Eden to be relieved of his post, but had to stay.<ref name=matthew87/> In May 1944, Wood was created [[Earl of Halifax]], the fourth creation of the title.<ref name=matthew87/> Halifax took part in a plethora of international conferences over the UN and the [[Soviet Union]]. With Labour in power under [[Clement Attlee]] from July 1945, Halifax agreed to Foreign Secretary [[Ernest Bevin]]'s request to stay on until May 1946. In February 1946, he was present at Churchill's "Iron Curtain" speech at [[Fulton, Missouri]], of which he did not entirely approve. He believed that Churchill's view of the Soviet threat was exaggerated and urged him to be more conciliatory. He also helped [[John Maynard Keynes]] negotiate the [[Anglo-American loan]], which was finalised in July 1946.<ref name="matthew88" />

The final year of his Ambassadorship also witnessed the transition to President [[Harry S. Truman]]. Those years contained fraught moments and challenges for the relationship, as American power eclipsed that of Britain, and Britain's interests and rights were ignored on occasion, in particular, the cessation of nuclear co-operation after construction of the atom bomb. However, the partnership in World War II was immensely successful and as close as any other such partnership. It was a demanding post by any standards, but Halifax could reasonably claim to have played his part, and he enjoyed a notably longer term than his less successful successor [[Archibald Clark Kerr, 1st Baron Inverchapel]].{{Original research inline|date=February 2018}}

== Later life ==
Back in the United Kingdom, Halifax refused to rejoin the Conservative front bench, arguing that it would be inappropriate as he had been working for the Labour Government then still in office. The Labour Government were proposing that [[British Raj|India]] become fully independent by May 1948 (later brought forward to August 1947) with no plans in place to protect minorities. Viscount Templewood (as Samuel Hoare was now known) opposed the plan, but Halifax spoke in the government's favour, arguing that it was not appropriate to oppose the plan if no alternative was suggested. He persuaded many wavering peers to support the government.<ref name=matthew88/>

In retirement, Halifax returned to largely honorary pursuits. He was [[Chancellor of the Order of the Garter]]. He was an active governor of Eton and [[Chancellor of Oxford University]]. He was an honorary Fellow of All Souls from 1934. He was Chancellor of the [[University of Sheffield]] and [[High Steward of Westminster Abbey]]. He was Master of the Middleton Hunt. He was President of the [[Pilgrims Society]], a society dedicated to better Anglo-American relations. From 1947 he was chairman of the General Advisory Council of the [[BBC]]. From 1957 he was Grand Master of the [[Order of Saint Michael and Saint George]].<ref name=matthew88/>

By the mid-1950s, his health was failing.<ref name=matthew88/> One of his last major speeches in the House of Lords was in November 1956, when he criticised the government's [[Suez Crisis|Suez policy]] and the damage it was doing to Anglo-American relations.<ref name=matthew88/> He did little to challenge the critical view of appeasement which was then fashionable. His 1957 autobiography ''Fulness of Days'' was described in the ''[[Dictionary of National Biography]]'' as "gently evasive".<ref>{{cite book |title=The Order of Merit: one hundred years of matchless honour |first=Stanley |last=Martin |page=375 |year=2007 |location=London |publisher=I. B. Tauris}}</ref> David Dutton describes it as "an extremely reticent book which added little to the historical record".<ref name=matthew88/> He gave the impression that he had been Chamberlain's faithful subordinate, omitting to mention his role in changing policy in spring 1939.<ref name=matthew85/>

He died of a heart attack at his estate at [[Garrowby]] on 23 December 1959, aged 78. His widow survived him until 1976.<ref name=matthew88/>

Halifax had sold [[Temple Newsam]] to the City of Leeds for less than market value in 1925, although a similar offer for its contents was declined by the council. In 1948 he donated 164 of his paintings to a museum being opened there by [[Leeds City Council]].<ref>Roberts 1991, p. 14; the book says "there" which presumably means at Temple Newsam rather than the [[Leeds City Museum]].</ref> His will was valued for probate at £338,800 10s 8d (not including [[settled land]] – land tied up in family trusts so that no individual has full control over it), equivalent to around £{{Format price|{{Inflation|UK-GDP|338800.5333|1959|r=-5}}}} in {{Inflation/year|UK-GDP}}.<ref name=matthew89>Matthew 2004, p. 89.</ref>{{Inflation-fn|UK-GDP}} Despite his great wealth, Halifax was notoriously mean with money. [[Rab Butler]] recounted a tale of how he had once been having a meeting with Halifax, his boss at the time. An official brought in two cups of tea and four biscuits for them; Halifax passed two of the biscuits back, instructing the official not to charge him for them.<ref name=matthew89/><ref>Roberts 1991, p. 14.</ref>

== Assessments ==
Halifax [[Rhotacism (speech impediment)|could not pronounce his "r"s]]. He had professional charm and the natural authority of an aristocrat, the latter aided by his immense height. He stood {{convert|1.96|m|ftin}}.<ref name=matthew88/> [[Harold Begbie]] described Halifax as "the highest kind of Englishman now in politics" whose "life and doctrine were in complete harmony with a very lofty moral principle, but who has no harsh judgement for men who err and go astray."<ref>A Gentleman with a Duster [pseud. for Harold Begbie], ''The Conservative Mind'' (London: Mills & Boon, 1924), pp. 47–48.</ref> [[Harold Macmillan]] said that Halifax possessed a "sweet and Christian nature."<ref>Harold Macmillan, ''Winds of Change'' (London: Macmillan, 1966), p. 531.</ref> [[Rab Butler]] called him "this strange and imposing figure—half unworldly saint, half cunning politician."<ref>Lord Butler, ''The Art of the Possible'' (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1971), p. 77.</ref>

In 1968, the official records were released of Halifax's years as Foreign Secretary (the "fifty-year rule" was replaced by the "thirty-year rule"). Conservative historian [[Maurice Cowling]] argued that Halifax's stance of increasing resistance to Hitler, especially the Polish guarantee in the spring of 1939, was motivated not so much by considerations of strategy but by a need to keep ahead of a sea-change in British domestic opinion. He wrote in 1975: "To history, until yesterday, Halifax was the arch-appeaser. This, it is now recognised, was a mistake. His role, however, was complicated. In these pages he is not the man who stopped the rot, but the embodiment of Conservative wisdom who decided that Hitler must be obstructed because Labour could not otherwise be resisted."<ref>Maurice Cowling, ''The Impact of Hitler: British Politics and British Policy, 1933–1940'' (Cambridge University Press, 1975), p. 9.</ref>

David Dutton argues that Halifax, like Chamberlain, was slow to appreciate the sheer evil of Hitler and was overly confident that negotiation could yield results. His period as Foreign Secretary was "the pivot of his career and it remains the period upon which his historical reputation ultimately depends"; just as Eden saved his reputation by resigning in time, so Halifax damaged his by being Foreign Secretary in 1938–40. "He deserves some credit for abandoning, or at least for decisively modifying, the policy of appeasement". His refusal to seize the premiership in May 1940 was "the most significant act of his long career". He argues that later that month, far from being a potential [[Quisling]], Halifax based his policies on rational considerations, and that "on rational grounds, there had been much to be said for the Foreign Secretary's line that Britain should at least have investigated what peace terms were on offer." However, his "most important role in public life" was, in Dutton's view, as Ambassador to the United States, where he helped to smooth a relationship which was "often more fraught than early interpretations ... tended to suggest".<ref>Matthew 2004, pp. 85–88.</ref>

[[Halifax College]] at the [[University of York]] is named after him. [[Lady Irwin College]], a women's college in Delhi, was established under the patronage of Dorothy, Lady Irwin, in 1931.<ref>{{cite news|title=Making history with brick and mortar |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Making-history-with-brick-and-mortar/Article1-745801.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205200651/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Making-history-with-brick-and-mortar/Article1-745801.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 December 2012 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=15 September 2011 }}</ref>

== Styles and honours ==
{{further|List of titles and honours of Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax}}
[[File:Shield of Arms of Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax, KG, OM, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, TD, PC.png|thumb|Garter-encircled shield of Arms of Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax, KG, OM, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, TD, PC (as displayed on his Garter stall plate in St. George's chapel)]]
* 16 April 1881 – 8 August 1885: Edward Frederick Lindley Wood
* 8 August 1885 – 10 February 1910: The Hon. Edward Frederick Lindley Wood
* 10 February 1910 – 25 October 1922: The Hon. Edward Frederick Lindley Wood MP
* 25 October 1922 – 22 December 1925: The Rt. Hon. Edward Frederick Lindley Wood MP<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32759 |supp=y|page=7527|date=24 October 1922}}</ref>
* 22 December 1925 – 3 April 1926: The Rt. Hon. The Lord Irwin PC<ref name=createdbaronirwin/>
* 3 April 1926 – 18 April 1931: ''His Excellency'' The Rt. Hon. The Lord Irwin PC, [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33139|page=1667|date=5 March 1926}}</ref>
* 18 April 1931 – 19 January 1934: The Rt. Hon. The Lord Irwin PC
* 19 January 1934 – December 1940: The Rt. Hon. The Viscount Halifax PC
* December 1940 – 1944: ''His Excellency'' The Rt. Hon. The Viscount Halifax PC, HM Ambassador to the United States of America
* 1944–1946: ''His Excellency'' The Rt. Hon. The Earl of Halifax PC, HM Ambassador to the United States of America
* 1946–1959: The Rt. Hon. The Earl of Halifax PC

==Private life==
Halifax married [[Dorothy Wood, Countess of Halifax|Lady Dorothy Evelyn Augusta Onslow]] (1885–1976), daughter of [[William Onslow, 4th Earl of Onslow]], former Governor-General of New Zealand, on 21 September 1909.<ref name=matthew82/>

They had five children together:<ref name=":02">Mosley, Charles, ed. (2003). ''Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood'' (107 ed.). Burke’s Peerage & Gentry. p. 1729. {{ISBN|0-9711966-2-1}}.</ref>

* Lady Anne Dorothy Wood, {{post-nominals|country=GBR|OBE|JP}} (31 July 1910 – 25 March 1995); married [[Charles Duncombe, 3rd Earl of Feversham]], on 14 December 1936.<ref name=":02" />
* Mary Agnes Wood (31 July 1910 – 3 August 1910)
* [[Charles Wood, 2nd Earl of Halifax|Charles Ingram Courtenay Wood, 2nd Earl of Halifax]] (3 October 1912 – 19 March 1980)
* Major Hon. Francis Hugh Peter Courtenay Wood (born 5 October 1916, [[killed in action]]<ref>[http://www.chch.ox.ac.uk/cathedral/memorials/WW2/francis-wood Christ Church Oxford, Biography] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224012249/http://www.chch.ox.ac.uk/cathedral/memorials/WW2/francis-wood |date=2012-12-24 }}</ref> 26 October 1942 while serving with the [[Royal Armoured Corps]] in Egypt<ref>{{Cite news |date=1942-11-03 |title=HALIFAX'S SON KILLED IN FIGHTING IN EGYPT; Lieut. the Hon. Peter Wood Was in Royal Armored Corps |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1942/11/03/archives/halifaxs-son-killed-in-fighting-in-egypt-lieut-the-hon-peter-wood.html |access-date=2023-04-21 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>)
* [[Richard Wood, Baron Holderness|Richard Frederick Wood, Baron Holderness]] (5 October 1920 – 11 August 2002); MP from [[1950 United Kingdom general election|1950]], holding office from 1955.<ref name=matthew88/>

==In popular culture==
Lord Halifax was portrayed in [[Richard Attenborough]]'s blockbuster film ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'' by [[John Gielgud]], depicting his time as Viceroy of India and his role in negotiations with Gandhi regarding Indian independence.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0083987/ |title=Gandhi |website=[[IMDb]] |access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref> Halifax was also portrayed, as an [[antagonist]], in the 2017 film ''[[Darkest Hour (film)|Darkest Hour]]'' by [[Stephen Dillane]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4555426/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0 |title=Darkest Hour |website=[[IMDb]] |access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)|List of covers of ''Time'' magazine (1920s)]] – 12 April 1926

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* Churchill, Winston S., ''Their Finest Hour''. New York, 1949.
* Churchill, Winston S., ''The Gathering Storm''. Boston, 1948.
* [[Jock Colville|Colville, John]], ''The Fringes of Power: 10 Downing Street Diaries 1939–1955''. New York, 1985.
* Dalton, Hugh, The Fateful Years, Memoirs 1939–1945. London, 1957.
* [[Gilbert, Martin]], ''Churchill: A Life''. New York, 1991.
* Gilbert, Martin, ''Finest Hour: Winston S. Churchill 1939–1941''. London, 1983.
* Gilbert, Martin (ed.), ''The Churchill War Papers Volume I: At the Admiralty. September 1939 – May 1940''. London, 1993.
* Gilbert, Martin (ed.), ''The Churchill War Papers Volume II: Never Surrender. May 1940 – December 1940''. London, 19.
* Gries, Thomas E. (ed.), ''The Second World War: Europe and the Mediterranean''. West Point, New York 2002.
* Halifax, Lord, ''Fullness of Days''. New York, 1957.
* [[Anthony Howard (journalist)|Howard, Anthony]], ''RAB: The Life of R. A. Butler'', Jonathan Cape 1987 {{ISBN|978-0-224-01862-3}}.
* Jago, Michael, ''Rab Butler: The Best Prime Minister We Never Had?'' Biteback Publishing 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-84954-920-2}}.
* [[Jenkins, Roy]], ''Churchill''. London: Pan, 2002. {{ISBN|0 330 48805 8}}.
* [[B. H. Liddell Hart|Liddell-Hart, B. H.]], ''History of the Second World War''. Old Saybrook, CT: Konecky & Konecky, 1970. {{ISBN|978-1-56852-627-0}}.
* Lukacs, John, ''Five Days in London: May 1940''. Yale University, 1999 {{ISBN|0-300-08466-8}}.
* {{cite book | editor-last1 = Matthew| editor-first1 = Colin| editor-link1 = Colin Matthew| year = 2004| title = Dictionary of National Biography|volume = 60| location = Oxford| publisher = Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-861411-1}}, essay on Halifax (pp. 81–89) written by David Dutton.
* [[Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia|Roberts, Andrew]], ''The 'Holy Fox': The Life of Lord Halifax.'' London, 1991.
* Schwoerer, Lois G. "Lord Halifax's Visit To Germany: November 1937." ''Historian'' 32.3 (1970): 353–375.
* [[Peter Young (historian)|Young, Peter]] (ed.), Illustrated World War II Encyclopedia. Volume 2. Jaspard Polus, Monaco 1966.

== References ==
* Christopher Andrew, ''The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5'' (London: Allen Lane, 2009).
* A Gentleman with a Duster [pseud. for Harold Begbie], ''The Conservative Mind'' (London: Mills & Boon, 1924).
* Lord Butler, ''The Art of the Possible'' (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1971).
* Maurice Cowling, ''The Impact of Hitler: British Politics and British Policy, 1933–1940'' (Cambridge University Press, 1975).
* Keith Feiling, ''A Life of Neville Chamberlain'' (London: Macmillan, 1970).
* The Earl of Halifax, ''Fulness of Days'' (London: Collins, 1957).
* Andrew Roberts, ''The Holy Fox: The Life of Lord Halifax'' (Phoenix, 1997 (originally published 1991)).

== Further reading ==
* Campbell-Johnson, Alan, and R. Hale. ''Viscount Halifax: A Biography''. 1941
* Chapnick, Adam. "Testing the Bonds of Commonwealth with Viscount Halifax: Canada in the Post-War International System, 1942–1944." ''International History Review'' 31.1 (2009): 24–44.
* [[Frederick Winston Furneaux Smith, 2nd Earl of Birkenhead|Earl of Birkenhead]]. ''Halifax: The Life of Lord Halifax''. Hamilton, 1965.
* Neville, Peter. "Sir Alexander Cadogan and Lord Halifax's 'Damascus road' conversion over the Godesberg terms 1938." ''Diplomacy and Statecraft'' 11.3 (2000): 81–90.
* Schwoerer, Lois G. "Lord Halifax's Visit To Germany: November 1937." ''Historian'' 32#3 (1970): 353–375.
* Young, Ronald Bruce. "The Viscount Halifax (Charles Lindley Wood) and the Transformation of Lay Authority in the Church of England, 1865–1910." (Diss. General Theological Seminary, 2003). [http://anglicanhistory.org/halifax/young2003.pdf online]

===Primary sources===

* ''Speeches on Foreign Policy, 1934–1989. By Viscount Halifax''. Edited by HHE Craster. (Oxford University Press, 1940) pp. x, 368.

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{FadedPage|id=Lindley, Charles, Lord Halifax|name=Charles, Lord Halifax Lindley|author=yes}}
* {{Internet Archive author|sname=Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax}}
* {{Hansard-contribs|hon-edward-wood|the Earl of Halifax}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20050106213938/http://www.indhistory.com/lord-irwin.html Lord Irwin]}}
* [http://www.spartacus-educational.com/2WWhalifaxL.htm Biography], spartacus-educational.com
* [http://www.houseofdavid.ca/Ind_uni.htm#gon1935 Bibliography]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7933.shtml Lord Halifax, Our War Aims – Now and After, radio broadcast November 1939]
* {{PM20|FID=pe/006985}}

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Mumbai Central–New Delhi Tejas Rajdhani Express

2026-03-28T17:41:53Z

Igorsiw:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Mumbai Central–New Delhi Tejas Rajdhani Express
| logo =
| color2 =
| color = D24E01
| image = Mumbai tejas.jpg
| image_width = 300
| caption = Mumbai Central– New Delhi Tejas Rajdhani Express Skipping [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station]]
| type = [[Tejas Rajdhani Express]]
| status = Operating
| locale = [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] & [[Delhi]]
| first = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1972|05|17}}
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Mumbai Central}} (MMCT)
| stops = 6
| end = {{stnlnk|New Delhi}} (NDLS)
| distance = {{convert|1,386|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 15 hour and 30 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment = No
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach|LHB Tejas]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}}
| trainnumber = 12951 / 12952
| line_used = *[[Vadodara–Mumbai section|Mumbai–Vadodara section]]
*[[Mathura–Vadodara section|Vadodara–Mathura section]]
*[[New Delhi–Mathura section|Mathura–New Delhi section]]
| speed = {{convert|140|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum speed, 
{{convert|90|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| maintenance = Mumbai Central
| sharing = 12953 / 12954 [[August Kranti Tejas Rajdhani Express]]
| map = [[File:(New Delhi - Mumbai) Rajdhani Express Route map.png|250px|(New Delhi–Mumbai) Rajdhani Express route map]] {{Mumbai Tejas Rajdhani Express Route}}
| map_state =
}}

The ''' 12951 / 12952 Mumbai Central – New Delhi - Mumbai Central Tejas Rajdhani Express''' is a High Speed Tejas [[ Rajdhani Express|Rajdhani class]] train of [[Indian Railways]], that connects {{stnlnk|Mumbai Central}} (MMCT) and {{stnlnk|New Delhi}} (NDLS) in India. It is the fastest across all [[Rajdhani Express]] service of India, with an average speed of 90
km/h and maximum permissible speed of 140 km/h.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} It is widely regarded as the most premium train on the Indian Railway network and is given the highest priority in terms of clearance and is referred to as “ The King “ by many on railfanning forums. It was the second [[Rajdhani Express]] train in India to be introduced after the [[Howrah–New_Delhi_Rajdhani_Express_(via_Gaya)|Howrah Rajdhani Express]]. It covers almost 1,400 km distance in just 15 hours and 30 minutes. It is one of the fastest active-rail trains in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.railanalysis.com/the-prestigious-mumbai-new-delhi-rajdhani-express-of-western-railway-has-completed-50-glorious-years/ |title=The prestigious Mumbai-New Delhi Rajdhani Express of Western Railway has completed 50 glorious years |date=18 May 2022 }}</ref>

==History==
[[File:NewDeli Mumbai Rajdhani AC 2 tier new livery.jpg|thumb|left|Earlier, Mumbai Rajdhani Express had [[LHB coach|LHB rakes]]]]The initial mention of the Rajdhani service originating from Bombay was documented in the Annual Railway Budget for the fiscal year 1970-71, coinciding with the introduction of a meter gauge Rajdhani from [[Ahmedabad]] to Delhi. Subsequently, on 17 May 1972, the second Rajdhani Express in India was inaugurated from [[Mumbai Central railway station|Bombay Central]] under the auspices of the then [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]], [[Kengal Hanumanthaiah|Shri. K. Hanumanthaiya]]. This inaugural service, identified as '''151 DN / 152 UP Bombay Central – New Delhi Rajdhani Express''', comprised f[[Indian Railways coaching stock|our air-conditioned chair car coaches (ACC), two air-conditioned sleeper car coaches (AC Sleeper), one air-conditioned first-class coach (AC First Class)]], one pantry car (PC), and two power cars. The inaugural Bombay Rajdhani Express was hauled by a single [[Indian locomotive class WDM-2|WDM-2]] locomotive from the [[Ratlam Junction railway station|Ratlam shed]]. This locomotive was specially retrofitted for Rajdhani Express operations, featuring re-gearing and resilient thrust pad enhancements to facilitate speeds of up to 120 km/h. Departing from platform number 5 of Bombay Central at 15:45 hrs, the Rajdhani Express traversed the Baroda (now [[Vadodara]]) – [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] – [[Mathura]] route, arriving in [[New Delhi]] the following morning at 11:50 hrs, thereby achieving a record journey time of 19 hours 05 minutes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Speech of Shri Gulzari Lal Nanda Introducing the Railway Budget for 1970-71, on 23rd February, 1970 |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1970-71.pdf |access-date=18 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422073030/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1970-71.pdf |archive-date=2024-04-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Western Railway |url=https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=6517&did=1652795420777840E9594AE94B74802D3431ED93DDBB2 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=wr.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-17 |title=50 years since maiden journey, Mumbai-Delhi Rajdhani Express set for an upgrade |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/50-years-since-maiden-journey-mumbai-delhi-rajdhani-express-set-for-an-upgrade-101652810084611.html |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:MumbaiRajdhani.jpg|thumb|Mumbai Rajdhani Express with [[Indian locomotive class WCAM-2|WCAM-2P]] locomotive, read to depart from Mumbai Central.]]
[[File:Coach H1 - 12952 Mumbai Rajdhani Express.JPG|thumb|An AC First Class coach of Mumbai Rajdhani Express]]
Until 1974, the Bombay Rajdhani operated as a weekly service, but due to its increasing popularity and passenger demand, its frequency was increased to thrice a week in 1975. To accommodate more passengers, the number of coaches was expanded to 18, which included 8 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|air-conditioned chair car coaches (ACC), five air-conditioned 2-tier coaches (AC 2 Tier), one air-conditioned first-class coach (AC First Class)]], and two pantry cars (PC) starting from 2 October 1981. With the larger train size, the Bombay Rajdhani began to be pulled by twin re-geared [[Indian locomotive class WDM-2|WDM-2]] locomotives from the [[Ratlam Junction railway station|Ratlam shed]], earning it the nickname "'''Double Headed Rajdhani'''." In 1982, the frequency of the service was increased from thrice a week to four days a week, eventually reaching five days a week by the end of 1985. By late 1989, the train's numbering was revised to '''2951 DN / 2952 UP''', and new [[Railway air brake|air brake systems]] were introduced for enhanced safety and efficiency. By 1987, the entire [[New Delhi–Mumbai main line|New Delhi – Bombay]] route had been electrified, but with variations in traction systems. The Bombay section utilized [[Railway electric traction|1500V DC traction]], while the remainder of the route up to New Delhi was under [[Railway electric traction|25 KV AC traction]]. As a result, the train was initially pulled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara]]-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-1|WAP-1]] locomotive from New Delhi to Vadodara. From Vadodara onwards, the train was entrusted to twin Ratlam-based WDM-2 locomotives for the journey to [[Mumbai|Bombay]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=[IRFCA] Evolution of High-Speed Haulage on Indian Railways |url=https://www.irfca.org/docs/high-speed-evolution.html |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>
[[File:Indian Railways Delhi Rajdhani.jpg|thumb|Mumbai - New Delhi Rajdhani Express with [[Indian locomotive class WCAM-2|WCAM-2P]] locomotive]]
During this period, the popularity of the Bombay Rajdhani surged, leading to increased demand from passengers traveling between Delhi and Bombay for an additional Rajdhani Express service. Consequently, on 1 July 1991, an AC Express with a similar coach composition to the Bombay Rajdhani was launched between Delhi and Bombay, with a slightly longer travel duration. This AC Express was later formalized on 1 January 1992, as the 2953 DN / 2954 UP Bombay – H. Nizamuddin [[August Kranti Rajdhani Express]]. In 1992, the Bombay Rajdhani and its counterpart August Kranti Rajdhani saw a change in their coach configurations, with AC Chair Car coaches being replaced by [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Three Tier (AC 3 Tier)]] coaches. Meanwhile, in 1993, Indian Railways introduced [[Indian locomotive class WCAM-2|WCAM-2P dual AC-DC locomotives]] in the [[Mumbai|Bombay]] region, replacing the iconic [[Indian locomotive class WDM-2|WDM-2 locomotives]] between Bombay and Vadodara. Similarly, between Vadodara and New Delhi, the [[Indian locomotive class WAP-1|WAP-1]] link was replaced by [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4 locomotives]]. By the early 2000s, [[Three-phase AC railway electrification|three-phase electric locomotives]] were introduced in India, resulting in the replacement of the WAP-4 locomotives with [[Indian locomotive class WAP-5|WAP-5]] and subsequently [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] locomotives.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ - IR History - 1970 - 1994 |url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history5.html |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Speech of Shri C.K. Jaffer Sharief Introducing the Railway Budget, 1993-94 On 24th february, 1993 |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1993-94.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421073223/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1993-94.pdf |access-date=18 September 2024 |archive-date=2024-04-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:12951 Mumbai Rajdhani.jpg|thumb|227x227px|Mumbai Rajdhani Express bound to Delhi, hauled by [[Indian locomotive class WAP-5|WAP-5]] locomotive, after full conversion of the [[New Delhi–Mumbai main line|Delhi - Mumbai]] route to AC traction.]]
On 2 October 2000, the Bombay Rajdhani Express was renamed as the Mumbai Rajdhani and began operating daily between Delhi and Mumbai, making it the second Rajdhani service after the [[Howrah–New Delhi Rajdhani Express|Howrah Rajdhani Express]] to run daily to the [[Delhi|national capital]]. On 5 December 2003, marked the introduction of modern [[Alstom]]-developed [[LHB coach|Linke-Hofmann-Busch (LHB) coaches]] in the Mumbai Rajdhani Express, which allowed for an increase in maximum speed from 120 km/h to 130 km/h. Subsequently, the maximum speed of the Mumbai Rajdhani and its counterpart, the August Kranti Rajdhani Express, was briefly increased to 140 km/h in 2010 as part of an experimental project, but was later reverted back to 130 km/h. On 19 July 2021, under the Rajdhani upgradation project, the Mumbai Rajdhani Express was equipped with modern [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Tejas LHB coaches]], leading to its rebranding as the '''Mumbai Tejas Rajdhani Express'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Western Railway |url=https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=6517&did=1652795420777840E9594AE94B74802D3431ED93DDBB2 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=wr.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=[IRFCA] Evolution of High-Speed Haulage on Indian Railways |url=https://www.irfca.org/docs/high-speed-evolution.html |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>

== Coach composition ==
The train consists of twelve AC 3 Tier coaches (B1 to B12), five AC 2 Tier coaches (A1 to A5), one AC First Class (H1), one Pantry Car (PC), two End on Generation Car (EOG) / Power Cars and one High Capacity Parcel Van (HCPV). The train is equipped with the modern LHB Tejas rakes, and it shares its rake with the 12953 / 12954 Mumbai Central – H. Nizamuddin [[August Kranti Rajdhani Express]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Talele |first=RF Himanshu |title=12951/Mumbai Central - New Delhi Tejas Rajdhani Express - Mumbai to New Delhi WR/Western Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-mumbai-central-new-delhi-tejas-rajdhani-express-12951/1351/12293/664 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

== Timings ==
The 12951 Mumbai Central – New Delhi Rajdhani Express departs from [[Mumbai Central railway station|Mumbai Central Railway Station]] at 17:00 hrs and arrives in [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]] on the next day at 08:30 hrs. On its return journey, the train departs from New Delhi Railway Station at 16:55 hrs and arrives in Mumbai Central on the next day at 08:35 hrs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Talele |first=RF Himanshu |title=12952/New Delhi - Mumbai Central Tejas Rajdhani Express - New Delhi to Mumbai WR/Western Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-new-delhi-mumbai-central-tejas-rajdhani-express-12952/1352/664/12293 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

== Route & halts ==

* '''[[Mumbai Central railway station|Mumbai Central]]'''
* [[Borivali railway station|Borivali]]
* [[Surat railway station|Surat]]
* [[Vadodara Junction railway station|Vadodara Junction]]
* [[Ratlam Junction railway station|Ratlam Junction]]
* [[Nagda Junction railway station|Nagda Junction]]
* [[Kota Junction railway station|Kota Junction]]
* '''[[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]'''

==Traction==
It is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Valsad|Valsad Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] and [[WAP-5]] electric locomotive from end to end.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Talele |first=RF Himanshu |title=12951/Mumbai Central - New Delhi Tejas Rajdhani Express - Mumbai to New Delhi WR/Western Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-mumbai-central-new-delhi-tejas-rajdhani-express-12951/1351/12293/664 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==Incidents==
On 18 April 2011, three coaches of the train caught fire, including the pantry car. There were no casualties among the 900 passengers.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2011/04/18/Train-catches-fire-in-India-passengers-OK/UPI-24711303107251/ | title=Train catches fire in India, passengers OK }}</ref>

==Further reading==
*{{cite news|last=Brunhouse|first=Jay|title=Bombay–New Delhi by Luxury Train Is Way to Go|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-02-09-tr-6299-story.html|access-date=2 April 2013|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=9 February 1986}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Mumbai Tejas Rajdhani Express}}
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Madhav Gadgil

2026-03-27T17:33:49Z

Igorsiw: new a data from scratch

{{Short description|Indian ecologist (1942–2026)}}
{{For|the environmental report|Gadgil Commission}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Madhav Gadgil
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Prof.Madhav Gadgil.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Gadgil in 2016
| birth_name = Madhav Dhananjaya Gadgil
| birth_date = {{birth date|1942|05|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Poona]], Bombay Province, British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2026|01|07|1942|05|24|df=y}}
| death_place = Pune, [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_cause = 
| resting_place = Vaikuntha Crematorium, [[Pune]]
| resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|18.5113|N|73.8449|E|region:IN-MH|display=inline,title}}
| siglum =
| pronounce =
| citizenship = [[British Raj]] (1942–1947) India (since 1947)
| field = {{hlist|Ecology|[[human ecology]]|[[conservation biology]]|ecological history}}
| work_institutions = {{ubl|[[Harvard University]]|Centre for Ecological Sciences|[[Indian Institute of Science]]}}
| patrons =
| education = {{hlist|[[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc.]]|[[Master of Science|M.Sc.]]|[[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]]}}
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[University of Pune]]|[[University of Mumbai]]|[[Harvard University]]}}
| thesis_title = Life History Strategies: A Theoretical Investigation{{-}}
| thesis_url = https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Life_History_Strategies_a_Theoretical_In/zU9BIAAACAAJ?hl=en
| thesis_year = 1969
| doctoral_advisor = [[William H. Bossert]]
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for = [[Gadgil Commission]]
| prizes = ''[[#Awards and recognition|Awards and recognition]]''
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| spouse = [[Sulochana Gadgil]]
| children =
| father = [[Dhananjay Ramchandra Gadgil]]
| relatives =
| signature = 
| signature_type = 
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}

'''Madhav Dhananjaya Gadgil''' (24 May 1942 – 7 January 2026) was an Indian ecologist,<ref name=Telegraph>{{cite web |last=Gadgil |first=Madhav |title=My Fundays |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060223/asp/telekids/story_5886178.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911164553/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060223/asp/telekids/story_5886178.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 September 2012 |publisher=The telegraph |access-date=11 January 2012}}</ref> academic, writer, columnist and the founder of the Centre for Ecological Sciences,<ref name="Centre for Ecological Sciences">{{cite web |url=http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/new/ |title=Centre for Ecological Sciences |publisher=Indian Institute of Science |date=2015 |access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> a research unit of the [[Indian Institute of Science]].<ref name="HONORARY MEMBERSHIP AWARD">{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.org/history/Awards/bulletin/honorary2001.pdf |title=HONORARY MEMBERSHIP AWARD |publisher=Ecological Society of America |date=2015 |access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref> He was a member of the Scientific Advisory Council to the [[Prime Minister of India]] and the Head of the [[Western Ghats]] Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP) of 2010, popularly known as the [[Gadgil Commission]].<ref name="FDI does not benefit any country">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-inter-fdi-does-not-benefit-any-country-madhav-gadgil/20120727.htm |title=FDI does not benefit any country |publisher=ReDiff Business |date=27 July 2012 |access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="Report of the Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel">{{cite web |url=http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/wg-23052012.pdf |title=Report of the Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests |date=2015 |access-date=7 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920103920/http://www.moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/wg-23052012.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Gadgil was a recipient of the [[Volvo Environment Prize]] and the [[Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement]]. The [[Government of India]] awarded him the fourth highest civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]] in 1981 and followed it up with the third highest award of the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2006.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> He received the [[Champions of the Earth]] in 2024.<ref name="Ecologist Madhav Gadgil gets U.N.'s highest environmental honour, says he 'stood up for what's right'">{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-12-10 |title=Ecologist Madhav Gadgil gets U.N.'s highest environmental honour, says he 'stood up for what's right' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/ecologist-madhav-gadgil-gets-uns-highest-environmental-honour-says-he-stood-up-for-whats-right/article68969474.ece |access-date=2024-12-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and academic career ==
Gadgil was born on 24 May 1942<ref name="Madhav Gadgil was a nation builder: Jairam Ramesh">{{Cite web |title=Madhav Gadgil was a nation builder: Jairam Ramesh |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/madhav-gadgil-a-nation-builder-his-influence-on-public-policy-was-profound-jairam-ramesh-3855077 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name="IAS Fellow">{{cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/php/fell_all.php3?alpha=G |title=IAS Fellow |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |date=2015 |access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> in [[Pune]], in the western Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. His parents were Pramila and [[Dhananjay Ramchandra Gadgil]], a Cambridge scholar,<ref name="In love with life">{{cite journal |title=In love with life |author=Gadgil, M. |journal=Seminar |date=September 1993 |issue=409 |pages=25–30}}</ref> economist, former director of the [[Gokhale Institute]] and the author of the [[Gadgil formula]].<ref name="Shri. Dhananjayrao Gadgil">{{cite web |url=http://sahakarbharati.jagojantajago.org/DhananjayraoGadgil.aspx |title=Shri. Dhananjayrao Gadgil |publisher=Saharakar Bharati |date=2015 |access-date=10 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000856/http://sahakarbharati.jagojantajago.org/DhananjayraoGadgil.aspx |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He graduated in biology from [[Fergusson College]] of the [[University of Pune]] in 1963, and secured a master's degree in zoology from the [[Mumbai University]] in 1965.<ref name="INSA Fellow">{{cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=N84-0244 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812222801/http://www.insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=N84-0244 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=12 August 2016 |title=INSA Fellow |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |date=2015 |access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="How Much Should a Person Consume?: Environmentalism in India and the United States">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fQxSxT_yWwYC&q=%22In+love+with+life%22+Seminar+gadgil&pg=PA192 |title=How Much Should a Person Consume?: Environmentalism in India and the United States |publisher=University of California Press |author=Ramachandra Guha |year=2006 |pages=262 |isbn=9780520248038}}</ref>

=== Harvard years ===
Gadgil was encouraged to join [[Harvard University]] by Giles Mead, then curator of fishes at the [[Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology]]. Initially intending to do research under Mead, Gadgil later changed subjects by hearing lectures of [[E. O. Wilson]], "the brightest young star in the ecology-evolution end of biology at Harvard at that time," and subsequently did his doctoral research on mathematical ecology and fish behaviour, under the guidance of William Bossert,<ref name="In love with life" /> one of Wilson's former students.<ref name="Wilson">{{harv|Michael L. Lewis|2003|pp=109–137}}</ref>

It earned him a PhD in 1969.<ref name="2015 Tyler Laureates">{{cite web |url=http://tylerprize.usc.edu/laureates.html |title=2015 Tyler Laureates |publisher=University of Southern California |date=2015 |access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref> Subsequently, he received a Fellowship from [[IBM]] to continue his work as a research fellow at the Harvard Computing Center and simultaneously worked as a lecturer of biology at the university for two years.<ref name="2015 Tyler Laureates" />

=== Return to India ===
Gadgil returned to India in 1971<ref name="My tryst with the monsoon">{{cite web |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/public/Resources/Initiatives/Women_in_Science/Contributors/sulochana.pdf |title=My tryst with the monsoon |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |date=2015 |access-date=11 March 2021 |author=Sulochana Gadgil}}</ref> and took up a job as a scientific officer at [[Agharkar Research Institute]] of the Maharashtra Association for Cultivation of Science, Pune where he stayed for two years.<ref name="INSA Fellow" /> In 1973, he joined the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc), [[Bengaluru]], starting an association that would stretch for over thirty years, superannuating from the institute as its chairman in 2004.<ref name="INSA Fellow" /> During this period, he established two research centres at IISc, the ''Centre of Theoretical Studies'' and the ''Centre for Ecological Studies''.<ref name="2015 Tyler Laureates" /> He also worked as a visiting professor at [[Stanford University]] (1991) and the [[University of California, Berkeley]] (1995). After his retirement from IISc, he went back to Pune in 2004 to resume his association with Agharkar Research Institute<ref name="INSA Fellow" /> and held the [[Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi]] chair of the visiting research professor at the [[University of Goa]].<ref name="Visiting Research Professor">{{cite web |url=https://www.unigoa.ac.in/vrpp/gadgil |title=Visiting Research Professor |publisher=University of Goa |date=2015 |access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="Madhav Gadgil to file Goa's ecological history">{{cite web |url=http://article.wn.com/view/2013/06/16/Madhav_Gadgil_to_file_Goas_ecological_history/ |title=Madhav Gadgil to file Goa's ecological history |publisher=VN |date=2015 |access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref>

In 1976, when the [[Government of Karnataka]] decided to look into protecting the bamboo resources of the state, Gadgil was asked to conduct a study, which is reported to have influenced the government to curb the subsidies provided to forest-based industries.<ref name="Indian Institute of Astrophysics profile">{{cite web |url=http://www.iiap.res.in/MadhavGadgil |title=Indian Institute of Astrophysics profile |publisher=Indian Institute of Astrophysics |date=2015 |access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref> A decade later, in 1986, he was appointed a member of the Scientific Advisory Council to Prime Minister of India, a post he held till 1990.<ref name="Indian Institute of Astrophysics profile" /> During this period, he assisted the efforts to establish the first [[biosphere]] reserve in the country at the [[Nilgiris]] in 1986.<ref name="Indian Institute of Astrophysics profile" /> In 1998, he was appointed the chairman of the ''Science and Technology Advisory Panel of Global Environment Facility'', an agency under the United Nations. He held the chair till 2002. He also served as a member of the environmental education panel of the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT) and as a member of the [[National Advisory Council]].<ref name="Why India must protect the Western Ghats from getting lost">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/why-india-must-protect-the-western-ghats-from-getting-lost/story-gvb5C0b1PJAZlw211YUxOM.html |title=Why India must protect the Western Ghats from getting lost |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2 February 2014 |access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref> He was a member of the [[National Tiger Conservation Authority]]<ref name="Indian Institute of Astrophysics profile" /> and was the chairman of the committee proposing ''Environmental Education Curriculum'' at School level.<ref name="User profile">{{cite web |url=http://www.eoearth.org/profile/Madhav.gadgil |title=User profile |publisher=Encyclopedia of Earth |date=2015 |access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> In 2010, when the Government of India constituted an expert panel, ''Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel'' (WGEEP), to examine the ecological issues related to the [[Western Ghats]], he was selected as the chairman of the panel.<ref name="Gadgil committee recommendations on Western Ghats ideal, practical: Experts">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/developmental-issues/Gadgil-committee-recommendations-on-Western-Ghats-ideal-practical-Experts/articleshow/41136674.cms |title=Gadgil committee recommendations on Western Ghats ideal, practical: Experts |publisher=Times of India |date=29 August 2014 |access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref>

== Personal life and death ==
Gadgil, an active sportsman during his college years, held the Maharashtra State Junior and [[Pune University]] high jump records in 1959 and 1961 respectively. He has also represented Pune University at the All India University Athletic meet.<ref name="National Institute of Engineering profile">{{cite web |url=http://www.nieindia.org/wp-content/uploads/FellowsCV/Gadgil_M/M_Gadgil.pdf |title=National Institute of Engineering profile |publisher=National Institute of Engineering |date=2015 |access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> He was married to [[Sulochana Gadgil]], a [[meteorologist]] and a [[Harvard University|Harvard]] scholar, whom he met during his Fergusson College years.<ref name="My tryst with the monsoon" /> The couple has a daughter, who is a journalist cum Spanish teacher, and a son who is a mathematician.<ref name="How Much Should a Person Consume?: Environmentalism in India and the United States" /><ref name="My tryst with the monsoon" /> The family lives in Pune, his home town. His life story has been recorded in a biographical book, ''Vidnyanyatri – Dr. Madhav Gadgil'', written in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] by A. P. Deshpande.<ref name="Vidnyanyatri - Dr. Madhav Gadgil">{{cite book |url=http://www.menakabooks.com/rajhans-prakashan/5152-vidnyanyatri-dr-madhav-gadgil-a-p-deshapnde-rajhans-prakashan-buy-online.html?nosto=nosto-page-category1 |title=Vidnyanyatri – Dr. Madhav Gadgil |publisher=Rajhans Prakashan |author=A. P. Deshpande |date=2011 |isbn=9788174345516 |access-date=8 October 2015 |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629112035/http://www.menakabooks.com/rajhans-prakashan/5152-vidnyanyatri-dr-madhav-gadgil-a-p-deshapnde-rajhans-prakashan-buy-online.html?nosto=nosto-page-category1 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Gadgil died in [[Pune]] on 7 January 2026, at the age of 83.<ref name="Renowned ecologist Madhav Gadgil passes away at 82">{{Cite news |date=January 8, 2026 |title=Renowned ecologist Madhav Gadgil passes away at 82 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/renowned-ecologist-madhav-gadgil-passes-away-at-82/article70485030.ece |access-date=2026-01-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.lokmat.com/pune/senior-environmental-expert-madhav-gadgil-passes-away-a-a653/|title= ज्येष्ठ पर्यावरण तज्ज्ञ माधव गाडगीळ यांचे निधन, वयाच्या ८३ व्या वर्षी घेतला अखेरचा श्वास | work= [[Lokmat]]|date=8 January 2026|access-date=8 January 2026}}</ref> He was survived by his son and daughter, and was predeceased by his wife, who died in July 2025.<ref name="Veteran ecologist, Madhav Gadgil, passes away in Pune after brief illness">{{Cite web |date=January 8, 2026 |title=Veteran ecologist, Madhav Gadgil, passes away in Pune after brief illness |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/veteran-ecologist-madhav-gadgil-passes-in-pune-after-brief-illness-101767833929633.html |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve.jpg|thumb|left|220px|[[Nilgiris]] Biosphere Reserve]]
[[File:Poomparai village.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Poombarai]] village in the [[Western Ghats]].]]
One of the major contributions of Gadgil is his effort towards the preservation of ecology of India. His early researches in the 1980s have helped in the identification of the [[Nilgiris]] as the first [[biosphere]] reserve in India.<ref name="Indian Institute of Astrophysics profile" /> As the chairman of the ''Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel'' (WGEEP), which later came to be known as the [[Gadgil Commission]], he submitted a report in 2011,<ref name="Vested interests harm Western Ghats">{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/395071/vested-interests-harm-western-ghats.html |title=Vested interests harm Western Ghats |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=28 March 2014 |access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> marking around 64 percent of the Western Ghats region as ''Ecologically Sensitive Area'' (ESA).<ref name="Why India must protect the Western Ghats from getting lost" /> The report attracted support and dissension,<ref name="Tyler Prize">{{cite web |url=http://tylerprize.usc.edu/laureates.html#gadgil |title=Tyler Prize |publisher=University of Southern California |date=2015 |access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> the environmentalists welcoming the recommendations and the state governments of the neighbouring states and the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] of Kerala disapproving it.<ref name="Gadgil committee recommendations on Western Ghats ideal, practical: Experts" /><ref name="Vested interests harm Western Ghats" /> This paved way for the subsequent [[Gadgil Committee#Kasturirangan Report|Kasturirangan Commission]], which diluted the recommendations to a level more acceptable to the state governments.<ref name="Why India must protect the Western Ghats from getting lost" /> He has been credited by many with the introduction of quantitative investigations of ecology and animal behaviour in India and for including humans as a vital part of [[ecosystems]].<ref name="Indian Institute of Astrophysics profile" /><ref name="Central University of Orissa DSc">{{cite web |url=http://eodishasamachar.com/en/central-university-of-orissa-confers-degree-of-doctor-of-science-honoris-causa-to-professor-madhav-gadgil/ |title=Central University of Orissa DSc |publisher=Odisha Samachar |work=2013 |access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> His contributions, as a member of the draft committee, has been reported in the preparation of the Biological Diversity Act 2002<ref name="People’s Biodiversity Registers">{{cite web |url=http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/PBR.html |title=People's Biodiversity Registers |publisher=Centre for Ecological Sciences |date=2006 |access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> and the manual he prepared for the ''People's Biodiversity Registers'' has been accepted by the [[National Biodiversity Authority]].<ref name="National Institute of Engineering profile" /> He was still associated with the Authority in the preparation of a biodiversity inventory at the local bodies' level.<ref name="National Institute of Engineering profile" />

Gadgil is known to have done extensive researches in the areas of [[population biology]], [[conservation biology]], [[human ecology]] and [[History of ecology|ecological history]]. His researches have been documented by over 250 scientific articles,<ref name="INSA Fellow" /> published in various journals and magazines.<ref name="IAS Open Access Repository">{{cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Gadgil=3AMadhav_Dhananjaya=3A=3A.html |title=IAS Open Access Repository |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |date=2015 |access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> He developed a penchant for writing at an early age and his first publication was a series of ten articles on animal behaviour, published in ''[[Srishtidnyan]]'', a [[Marathi language]] science magazine, when he was studying in the 10th standard.<ref name="Indian Institute of Astrophysics profile" /> His doctoral thesis is reported to have been a citation classic.<ref name="Indian Institute of Astrophysics profile" /><ref name="National Institute of Ecology profile">{{cite web |url=http://www.nieindia.org/wp-content/uploads/FellowsCV/Gadgil_M/CV-MADHAV-GADGIL.doc |title=National Institute of Ecology profile |publisher=National Institute of Ecology |date=2015 |access-date=8 October 2015 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306044323/http://www.nieindia.org/wp-content/uploads/FellowsCV/Gadgil_M/CV-MADHAV-GADGIL.doc |url-status=dead }}</ref> He published his first book in English, ''[[This Fissured Land]]'', a book on the ecological history of India, in 1992.<ref name="This Fissured Land">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D9iwuQAACAAJ |title=This Fissured Land |publisher=Oxford University Press India |author=Madhav Gadgil, Ramachandra Guha |year=1992 |pages=312 |isbn=9780198077442}}</ref> The next book, ''Ecology and Equity: The Use and Abuse of Nature in Contemporary India'',<ref name="Ecology and Equity: The Use and Abuse of Nature in Contemporary India">{{cite book |title=Ecology and Equity: The Use and Abuse of Nature in Contemporary India |publisher=Routeledge |author=Madhav Gadgil, Ramachandra Guha |year=1995 |pages=223 |isbn=978-0415125246}}</ref> again co-authored by [[Ramachandra Guha]], was released in 1995, followed by ''Nurturing Biodiversity: An Indian Agenda'', a book co-authored by P. R. Seshagiri Rao, in 1998.<ref name="Nurturing Biodiversity: An Indian Agenda">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gt_aAAAAMAAJ |title=Nurturing Biodiversity: An Indian Agenda |publisher=Centre for Environment Education |author=Madhav Gadgil, P. R. Seshagiri Rao |year=1998 |pages=163 |isbn=9788186385135}}</ref> In 2005, he published two books, ''Diversity : The cornerstone of life''<ref name="Diversity : The cornerstone of life">{{cite book |url=http://www.bookswala.in/Science-Fiction/Diversity-The-Cornerstone-Of-Life-BW-726?limit=75 |title=Diversity : The cornerstone of life |publisher=Vigyan Prasar |author=Madhav Gadgil |year=2005 |pages=64 |isbn=8174800263}}</ref> and ''Ecological Journeys''.<ref name="Ecological Journeys">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XJ2HHZcM6oC |title=Ecological Journeys |publisher=Orient Blackswan |author=Madhav Gadgil |year=2005 |pages=257 |isbn=9788178241128}}</ref> As a part of his responsibilities as a ''Pew Fellow in Conservation and the Environment'',<ref name="PEW Fellow">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewtrusts.org/sitecore/content/pewtrusts_org/projects/marine-fellows/fellows-directory/1993/madhav-gadgil?sc_lang=en |title=PEW Fellow |publisher=The PEW Charitable Trusts |date=2015 |access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> he has contributed towards the preparation of ''People's Biodiversity Registers'' and has published a manual, ''People's Biodiversity Registers: A Methodology Manual''.<ref name="KVIFF Honours">{{cite web |url=http://www.kirloskarvasundharafest.in/kviff-madhav-gadgil.html |title=KVIFF Honours |publisher=Kirloskar Vasundhara |date=2015 |access-date=8 October 2015}}{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Ecology is for the People: A Methodology Manual for People’s Biodiversity Register">{{cite web |url=http://nbaindia.in/uploaded/docs/ec_for_ppl.pdf |title=Ecology is for the People: A Methodology Manual for People's Biodiversity Register |publisher=Centre for Ecological Sciences |date=2006 |access-date=8 October 2015 |author=Madhav Gadgil |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074318/http://nbaindia.in/uploaded/docs/ec_for_ppl.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of his books have been translated into many languages and serve as texts for academic studies.<ref name="Tyler Prize" /> He has also published two books,<ref name="Visiting Research Professor" /> ''Nisarganiyojan Lokasahabhagane'' being one among them,<ref name="National Institute of Ecology profile" /> and over 40 articles in Marathi and handled a fortnightly column on natural history, in [[The Hindu]], from 1999 till 2004.<ref name="National Institute of Engineering profile" /> He handled a monthly column in the Marathi daily, [[Sakal]].<ref name="National Institute of Engineering profile" />

;Books
* {{cite book |title=This Fissured Land |publisher=Oxford University Press India |author=Madhav Gadgil, Ramachandra Guha |year=1992 |pages=312 |isbn=9780198077442}}
* {{cite book |title=Ecology and Equity: The Use and Abuse of Nature in Contemporary India |publisher=Routeledge |author=Madhav Gadgil, Ramachandra Guha |year=1995 |pages=223 |isbn=978-0415125246}}
* {{cite book |title=Nurturing Biodiversity: An Indian Agenda |publisher=Centre for Environment Education |author=Madhav Gadgil, P. R. Seshagiri Rao |year=1998 |pages=163 |isbn=9788186385135}}
* {{cite book |title=Diversity : The cornerstone of life |publisher=Vigyan Prasar |author=Madhav Gadgil |year=2005 |pages=64 |isbn=8174800263}}
* {{cite book |title=Ecological Journeys |publisher=Orient Blackswan |author=Madhav Gadgil |year=2005 |pages=257 |isbn=9788178241128}}
* Madhav Gadgil (2013), Science, democracy and ecology in India. Nehru Memorial Museum & Library {{ISBN|978-8187614760}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cppr.in/archives/cppr-quarterly-lecture-series-prof-madhav-gadgil/ |title=CPPR Quarterly Lecture Series- Prof. Madhav Gadgil}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
[[File:Dr. Madhav Gadgil and Col. Ashwin Baindur at Wikidata workshop in Pune on 18 September 2017.jpg|thumb|Dr. Madhav Gadgil (right) and Col. Ashwin Baindur (left, in white shirt) at a Wikidata workshop in Pune on 18 September 2017]]
The [[Indian National Science Academy]] (INSA) elected him as their Fellow in 1984.<ref name="INSA Fellow" /> Six years later, the two other major science academies of India, The [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (IAS)<ref name="IAS Fellow" /> and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] (NASI), followed suit by electing him as a Fellow in 1990.<ref name="NASI Fellow">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=G |title=NASI Fellow |publisher=National Academy of Sciences India |date=2015 |access-date=8 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021102942/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=G |archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> He was Fellow of the [[Third World Academy of Sciences]] (TWAS), an honorary Fellow of the Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation (ATBC) and a recipient of the National Environment Fellowship of the [[Ministry of Environment and Forests]] for his field research in the [[Western Ghats]].<ref name="Honorary Fellow ATBC">{{cite web |url=http://tropicalbiology.org/honorary-fellow-atbc-2010-dr-madhav-gadgil/ |title=Honorary Fellow ATBC |publisher=Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation |date=2015 |access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> He was elected as a Foreign Associate of the [[US National Academy of Sciences]] in 1991<ref name="Foreign Associate">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/59589.html |title=Foreign Associate |publisher=[U.S. National Academy of Sciences |date=2015 |access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> and he served as a member of the [[British Ecological Society]] and Ecological Society of America.<ref name="HONORARY MEMBERSHIP AWARD" /><ref name="Honorary Fellow ATBC" />

The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]] in 1981<ref name="Padma Awards" /> and the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR), an autonomous government agency awarded him [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], the highest Indian award in the Science and Technology sector, in 1986.<ref name="Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize">{{cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Prize_Winner_Index%20(Alphabetical).htm |title=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |date=2015 |access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> In between, in 1983, the Government of Karnataka honoured him with [[Rajyotsava Prashasthi]], their second highest civilian award.<ref name="National Institute of Engineering profile" /> His alma mater, [[Harvard University]], presented him with the [[Harvard Centennial Medal]], an annual honour given to its alumni for their achievements in their respective field of service, in 2002.<ref name="Harvard Centennial Medal">{{cite web |url=http://www.gsas.harvard.edu/alumni/gsas_centennial_medalists.php |title=Harvard Centennial Medal |publisher=Harvard University |date=2015 |access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> The next year, he shared the 2003 [[Volvo Environment Prize]] of the Volvo Environment Prize Foundation, with [[Muhammad Yunus]], the [[social entrepreneur]] from Bangladesh.<ref name="Volvo Environment Prize">{{cite web |url=http://www.environment-prize.com/laureates/by-year/2003/madhav-gadgil-,-mohammad-yunus/ |title=Volvo Environment Prize |publisher=The Volvo Environment Prize Foundation |date=2015 |access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref>

Gadgil received the [[Padma Bhushan]], the third highest civilian award from the Government of India in 2006<ref name="Padma Awards" /> and the [[H K Firodia awards|H. K. Firodia award]] of the H. K. Firodia Foundation reached him a year later, in 2007.<ref name="H K Firodia awards">{{cite web |url=http://hkfirodiaawards.org/awards_2.html |title=H K Firodia awards |publisher=H K Firodia Foundation |date=2015 |access-date=8 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304234211/http://hkfirodiaawards.org/awards_2.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Central University of Orissa, Koraput|Central University of Orissa]] honoured him with the degree of Doctor of Science (Honoris Causa) in 2013<ref name="Central University of Orissa DSc" /> and [[The Energy and Resources Institute]] (TERI) recognised the contributions of the ''Western Ghats Ecology Experts Panel'' (WGEEP) and its chairman with the Georgescu-Roegen Award in 2014.<ref name="Georgescu-Roegen Award">{{cite web |url=http://dsds.teriin.org/2014/georgescu.php |title=Georgescu-Roegen Award |publisher=The Energy and Resources Institute |date=2015 |access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> The [[University of Southern California]] awarded him the [[Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement|John and Alice Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement]] in 2015, which he shared with [[Jane Lubchenco]], a Distinguished Professor of [[Oregon State University]],<ref name="Tyler Prize" /> making him the second Indian, after [[M. S. Swaminathan]], to receive the Prize.<ref name="Indian ecologist Madhav Gadgil, US scientist Jane Lubchenco share 2015 Tyler Prize">{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/eco-news/indian-ecologist-madhav-gadgil-us-scientist-jane-lubchenco-share-2015-tyler-prize_1567590.html |title=Indian ecologist Madhav Gadgil, US scientist Jane Lubchenco share 2015 Tyler Prize |publisher=Zee News |date=25 March 2015 |access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> He is also a recipient of the [[Vikram Sarabhai]] Award and [[Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar]] Award.<ref name="National Institute of Engineering profile" />

He received the Fergusson Gaurav Puraskar 2019, for being an Outstanding Alumnus from his [[Alma Mater]], [[Fergusson College]] on 6 January 2019. The [[United Nations]] awarded him the [[Champions of the Earth]] award in 2024.<ref name="Ecologist Madhav Gadgil gets U.N.'s highest environmental honour, says he 'stood up for what's right'" />

== Eponymy ==
''Elaeocarpus gadgilii'', is a tree species described in 2021 from the Nelliampathy hills in Palakkad district of Kerala, India named in honour of him.<ref>Manoharan, M.A., Prabhukumar, K.M., Arjun, S.K., Jose, S. and Veerankutty, S., 2021. Elaeocarpus gadgilii (Elaeocarpaceae), a new species from Western Ghats (India). [https://www.mapress.com/j/pt/article/view/phytotaxa.489.1.7 Phytotaxa, 489(1), pp.87-93].</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |author=Michael L. Lewis |title=Inventing Global Ecology: Tracking the Biodiversity Ideal in India, 1947–1997 |chapter=Modern Ecology Comes to India |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Bl8s5JCM4UC&pg=PA109 |year=2003 |publisher=Ohio University Press |isbn=978-0-8214-1540-5}}
* {{cite web |url=http://moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/wg-23052012.pdf |title=Report of the Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests |date=2015 |access-date=7 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920103920/http://www.moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/wg-23052012.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web |url=http://nbaindia.in/uploaded/docs/ec_for_ppl.pdf |title=Ecology is for the People: A Methodology Manual for People's Biodiversity Register (Full Text) |publisher=Centre for Ecological Sciences |date=2006 |access-date=8 October 2015 |author=Madhav Gadgil |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074318/http://nbaindia.in/uploaded/docs/ec_for_ppl.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |url=http://www.menakabooks.com/rajhans-prakashan/5152-vidnyanyatri-dr-madhav-gadgil-a-p-deshapnde-rajhans-prakashan-buy-online.html?nosto=nosto-page-category1 |title=Vidnyanyatri – Dr. Madhav Gadgil |publisher=Rajhans Prakashan |author=A. P. Deshpande |date=2011 |isbn=9788174345516 |access-date=8 October 2015 |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629112035/http://www.menakabooks.com/rajhans-prakashan/5152-vidnyanyatri-dr-madhav-gadgil-a-p-deshapnde-rajhans-prakashan-buy-online.html?nosto=nosto-page-category1 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite journal |title=In love with life |author=Gadgil, M. |journal=Seminar |date=September 1993 |issue=409 |pages=25–30}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Madhav Gadgil}}
* {{cite web |url=http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/cesmg/ |title=Home Page on IISc |publisher=Indian Institute of Science |work=Faculty home page |date=2015 |access-date=8 October 2015}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OkD8-UDNGQI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325152451/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OkD8-UDNGQI |archive-date=2016-03-25 |url-status=dead |title=A dialougue on Development & Environment |publisher=Goa University |work=Students in conversation with Dr. Madhav Gadgil and Dr. Amit Bhaduri- YouTube video |date=31 January 2014 |access-date=8 October 2015}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Biological Science}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Civil Service}}
{{Authority control}}
{{portal bar|India|Environment|Ecology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gadgil, Madhav}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:Scientists from Pune]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in civil service]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science]]
[[Category:Indian ecologists]]
[[Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Harvard University faculty]]
[[Category:Fellows of The World Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 1983]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Stanford University faculty]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley faculty]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]

Noor Bano (politician)

2026-03-26T07:25:14Z

Igorsiw: adjust structure and corrected details to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Begum Noor Bano
| honorific_prefix =
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1939|11|11}}
| birth_place = [[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| residence =
| office1 = Member of [[11th Lok Sabha]] and [[13th Lok Sabha]]
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| constituency1 = [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| parents =
| spouse = [[Syed Zulfiqar Ali Khan]]
| profession =
}}
'''Begum Noor Bano''' served as a [[Member of Parliament]] in the [[11th Lok Sabha]] and [[13th Lok Sabha]], lower house of [[parliament of India]]. She was elected from [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]] on the ticket of [[Indian National Congress]] party.

== Early life and education ==
Begum Noor Bano''' Mehtab Zamani Begum'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/electionanalysis/GE/PartyCompWinner/S24/partycomp04.htm|title=Rampur Partywise Comparison|website=eci.nic.in|access-date=2017-07-29}}</ref> alias was born to Nawab [[Amin ud-din Ahmad Khan]], the last ruling Nawab of [[Loharu]], a [[princely state]], now in [[Bhiwani district]] and Shaukat Jehan Begum on 11 November 1939. She obtained her preliminary education from M.G.D Girls' Public School in [[Jaipur]].

== Political career ==
# Noor Bano joined the All India Congress Committee in the year 1992 and was elected to the Lok Sabha in the year 1996, with 36.96% of votes. She was the runner-up in the next election, losing to Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/electionanalysis/GE/PartyCompWinner/S24/partycomp04.htm|title=Rampur Partywise Comparison|website=eci.nic.in|access-date=2017-07-29}}</ref>
# In the year 1996–97, she served as a member in the Committee of the papers laid on the table.
# She was a member of the Consultative Committee, Ministry of Home Affairs in the years 1996 -99<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/electionanalysis/GE/PartyCompWinner/S24/partycomp04.htm|title=Rampur Partywise Comparison|website=eci.nic.in|access-date=2017-07-29}}</ref>
# She was reelected to the 13th Lok Sabha in the year 1999 for her second term, with 41.77% of votes.
# She was a part of the Committee on Commerce in the session 1999–2000.
# She was a member of the Consultative Committee, Ministry of Chemistry and Fertilizers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=50&lastls=13|title=Members : Lok Sabha|website=164.100.47.194|access-date=2017-07-29}}</ref>

== Special interests and hobbies ==
Noor Bano is a supporter of music and dance. She serves as a patron for the Naina Devi Foundation and the Rampur Gharana, which focuses on music.

Bano is interested in research on Historical and Cultural [[Persian Empire|Persian]] and [[Arabic]] books and Environment and Forest Protection. She enjoys reading, painting, gardening and music. She is a member of several sports clubs across the nation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=50&lastls=13|title=Members : Lok Sabha|website=164.100.47.194|access-date=2017-07-29}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Begum Noor Banu married [[Syed Zulfiqar Ali Khan]] of [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]] on 2 June 1956, and they have three children.<ref>[http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/l/loharu.html Genealogy of the Nawabs of Loharu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122063058/http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/l/loharu.html |date=22 January 2023 }} ''[[Queensland University]]''.</ref>

1. Nawabzada Sayyid Muhammad Kazim 'Ali Khan Bahadur (16 October 1960-), who succeeded as Nawab of Rampur. Succeeded on the death of his father as head of the Royal House of Rampur, 5 April 1992. MLA for Swar Tanda Uttar Pradesh state assembly since 2002, Minister for Minority Welfare & Haj Affairs 2003, and Minister of State for Tourism since 2006. Chair Uttar Pradesh Tourism Development Corp since 2003, and Uttar Pradesh Minorities Financial & Development Corp. Convenor The Indian National Trust For Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) - Rohilkhand Chapter. Mbr Raza Library Brd 1993–2002. m. at Bangalore, 28 December 1987, H.H. Nawab Firda uz-Zamani Yaseen Sultan Jahan Begum Sahiba (b. at Hyderabad, 27 March 1968), younger daughter of Meherban Nawab 'Abdu’l Rashid Khan Sahib Bahadur, Diler Jang, Nawab of Savanur, by his wife, Nawab Safinaz Jahan Begum Sahiba. He has two sons:<ref>Christopher Buyers, March 2004 – February 2011, p.2.</ref>

a) Nawabzada Syed 'Ali Muhammad Khan Bahadur (16 February 1989-)

b) Nawabzada Syed Haider 'Ali Khan Bahadur (19 March 1990-)

2. Kaniz-i-Rabab Nawabzadi Saman Begum Sahiba (17 November 1957-) (d/o Noor Bano Begum) married to Sahibzada Irfan 'Ali Khan, son of Nawabzada Yunus 'Ali Khan, of Najibabad. She has two sons:<ref>Christopher Buyers, March 2004 – February 2011, p.3.</ref>

a) Sahibzada Abbas Asadu'llah Khan (27 July 1982-)

b) Sahibzada Ahmad 'Abdu'llah Khan (26 May 1993-)

3. Kaniz-i-Shaharbanu Nawabzadi Saba Begum Sahiba (2 February 1959-) (d/o Noor Bano Begum) married to Badar Durrez Ahmed [The Hon. Mr Justice Ahmed] (born at Shillong, 16 March 1956). Lecturer in Economics St Stephen's Coll, Delhi Univ 1977–1979, enrolled as an Advocate 1980, served in chambers of Siddhartha Shanker Ray 1980–1983, practised independently 1983–1986, partner "Lawyers Associated" 1986–2000, Judge of the Delhi High Court since 2002, Sec. Ghalib Institute, son of H.E. Dr Fakhruddin 'Ali Ahmed, President of India (24 August 1974 – 11 February 1977)<ref>http://presidentofindia.nic.in/formerpresidents.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210120916/http://presidentofindia.nic.in/formerpresidents.html |date=10 December 2008 }}, p.4</ref> by his wife, Abida Begum, of Haldoi. She has one daughter and one son:<ref>Christopher Buyers, March 2004 – February 2011, p.5</ref>

a) Sahibzada Zulnoor Ali Ahmed (15 November 1986-)

b) Sahibzadi Mahira Ali Ahmed (Mahira Ali Soomar) (25 August 1981-) married to Murtaza Ali Soomar. She has one son- Aariz Ali Soomar (11 November 2011-)

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=http://eci.nic.in/archive/electionanalysis/GE/PartyCompWinner/S24/partycomp04.htm}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bano, Noor}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Bhiwani district]]
[[Category:People from Rampur district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:United Progressive Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Women in Uttar Pradesh politics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]

Bhavanarayana Temple, Sarpavaram

2026-03-25T21:44:27Z

Igorsiw: Stub

{{short description|Hindu temple in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Sri Bhavanarayana Swamy Temple
| image =
| caption = View of the main structure of the temple
| coordinates = {{coord|16|57|N|82|15|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = India Andhra Pradesh
| map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh
| deity = Lord Bhavanarayana (Vishnu)
| location = Sarpavaram, [[Kakinada]]
| district = [[Kakinada district]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| festivals = [[Ugadi]], Vaisakha Sudha Ekadasi, [[Kartika Purnima|Karthika Pournami]], [[Ratha Saptami]]
| architecture = South Indian
| year_completed = Prior to 1073 CE
| inscriptions = [[Eastern Chalukyas]], [[Kulottunga I]], [[Reddi Kingdom]]
}}

'''Sri Bhavanarayana Swamy Temple''' is a historic [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temple dedicated to [[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]], located in [[Sarpavaram]], approximately 5 km from [[Kakinada]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sri Bhavanarayana Swamy Temple, Sarpavaram |url=https://eastgodavari.ap.gov.in/temples/sri-bhavanarayana-swamy-temple-sarpavaram/ |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=East Godavari District Web Portal |language=en-US}}</ref> The temple is recognized as one of the [[List of State Protected Monuments in Andhra Pradesh|State Protected Monuments]] by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) in Andhra Pradesh<ref name="ASI MNI">{{Cite web |title=Protected Monuments in Andhra Pradesh |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_andhra.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607002152/http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_andhra.asp |archive-date=7 June 2014 |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]}}</ref> and is renowned for its religious significance and historical inscriptions.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=10 August 2022 |title=Kakinada: Ancient temple in Sarpavaram in pitiable condition |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/kakinada-ancient-temple-in-sarpavaram-in-pitiable-condition-757129 |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>

The temple's history is recorded in several inscriptions, the earliest of which is dated 1073 CE, indicating that the temple likely existed earlier. Over the centuries, the temple underwent repairs and reconstructions, reflecting the patronage of successive rulers. In addition to its historical significance, the temple features prominently in regional literature. It is referenced in 15th-century [[Telugu language|Telugu]] works by the poet [[Srinatha]], such as ''[[Kasi Khandamu]]'' and ''[[Bhimeswara Puranam]]''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=12 January 2024 |title=నారదుడి కోసం వెలసిన భావనారాయణుడు |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-article/sunday-magazine/significance-of-bhavanarayana-temple-sarpavaram/3/323001231 |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te}}</ref>

== History ==
The Bhavanarayana Temple holds historical and architectural importance, reflecting the contributions and patronage of various dynasties over centuries.<ref name=":1" /> Inscriptions found in the temple provide evidence of contributions by [[Eastern Chalukyas|Eastern Chalukyan]] kings, Chola King [[Kulottunga I|Kulottunga]], and Kataya Vema Reddi (1414 CE) of the [[Reddi Kingdom]].<ref name=":732">{{Cite book |last=Hemingway |first=F. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/godavaridistrict01frhe/page/214/mode/2up |title=Godavari District Gazetteer |date=1915 |publisher= |isbn=978-81-206-1462-8 |volume=1 |page=215}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Suryakumari |first=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzgdAAAAMAAJ&q=sarpavaram |title=The Temple in Andhradesa |date=1982 |publisher=Sarvodaya Ilakkiya Pannai |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1NhtAAAAMAAJ&q=Bhavanarayana+Temple+sarpavaram |title=South Indian Inscriptions |date=1986 |publisher=Superintendent, Government Press |language=te}}</ref> Over centuries, the temple underwent repairs and reconstructions, reflecting the patronage of successive rulers.<ref name=":1" />

As of 1995, 32 inscriptions have been published from the temple, dating from the 11th to the 14th century CE.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VP1tAAAAMAAJ&q=1073 |title=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society |date=1995 |publisher=Mythic Society |volume=86 |pages=28–29 |language=en}}</ref> The earliest inscription, dated to 1073 CE, suggests that the temple may have been constructed prior to this period.<ref name=":3" /> It documents a donation of 50 cows by a woman named Meenavana Mahadevi for maintaining a perpetual lamp in the temple. Similar inscriptions from the following centuries also record donations of cows for the upkeep of lamps.<ref>{{Cite web |last=B. Sowjanya |year=2016 |title=Recent Trends In Historical & Cultural Studies |url=https://www.svrkgdc.ac.in/uploads/ssr/recent%20Dr.%20B.%20Sowjanya%20SVRK%20GDC%20NDD.pdf |publisher=[[Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University]], Srisailam |page=175}}</ref>

Several other inscriptions, dating to the early 13th century, document grants made by a ruler identified as Vishnuvardhana Maharaja, who is believed to be the same as the local chieftain Mallapa III.<ref name=":732" />

The temple is also referenced in 15th-century literary works by the poet [[Srinatha]], including ''[[Kasi Khandamu]]'' and ''[[Bhimeswara Puranam]]''. These texts further emphasize the temple's prominence in regional religious and cultural traditions.<ref name=":2" />

A gopuram of the temple was constructed at considerable expense by a ruler of Pithapuram.<ref name=":732" />

== Architecture ==
Architecturally, the temple exemplifies a blend of Chalukyan and Chola styles, characterized by red stone masonry and intricate carvings. The construction of the Stambha Mandapa (Navaranga), Sukhansi, and Garbhagruha is attributed to the Chalukyas. The temple’s [[Gopuram|gopura]] (tower) features elaborate depictions of various deities and mythological scenes, while the pillars and [[mandapa]] (hall) display intricate carvings, including the detailed representations of the dwarapalakas (gatekeepers), Jaya and Vijaya.<ref name=":1" />

== Legend ==
The origins of the temple are rooted the [[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]. The great sage [[Agastya]] narrated the tale of [[Sarpavaram]] to other sages in the Nymisha forest. According to the legend, Sage [[Kashyapa|Kasyapa]]'s wife, [[Kadru]], gave birth to a thousand serpent sons. When Kadru's trick to deceive her co-wife [[Vinata]] failed due to her sons' disobedience, she cursed them to perish in King [[Janamejaya]]'s serpent sacrifice. Ananta, one of Kadru's pious sons, chose to perform penance at Sarpavaram to seek [[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]]'s protection. Lord Vishnu, pleased with Ananta's devotion, appeared and declared that the place would be named "Sarpapura" in his honour, promising that He and His consort [[Lakshmi]] would reside there and would be consecrated there by sage [[Narada]].<ref name=":0" />

== Deities ==
The Bhavanarayana Temple is dedicated to its main deity, Lord Bhavanarayana Swamy, who is worshipped alongside his consort, Sri Rajyalakshmi Devi. Within the Paatala Bhavanarayana Swamy Temple, the deity is depicted seated on [[Garuda]]. Opposite to the main shrine, Rajyalakshmi Devi has her own dedicated space. The temple also houses a shrine for Manavala Mahamuni near the main deity.<ref name=":2" />

The temple complex includes additional shrines dedicated to Garudadeva and [[Hanuman|Lord Hanuman]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2021 |title=Bhavanarayana Temple - where Ananta became Vishnu's bed |url=https://www.tirthayatra.org/bhavanarayana-temple-sarpavaram/ |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=Tirtha Yatra |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Festivals ==
The temple celebrates several key festivals:<ref name=":0" />
* [[Ugadi]] (March/April)
* Vaisakha Sudha Ekadasi (May)
* Jyeshta Sudha Ekadasi (June)
* Karthika Pournami and Ekadasi (November)
* [[Ratha Saptami]] (February)

== Condition ==
Despite its historical and religious importance, the temple is currently in a deteriorating state. Cracks on pillars and rainwater seepage have raised concerns about structural safety. Local devotees and spiritual leaders, including [[Chaganti Koteswara Rao]] and [[Garikapati Narasimha Rao]], have called for government intervention to preserve this ancient temple.<ref name=":1" />

== Significance ==
The temple is considered one of the holiest sites, visited by saints like [[Agastya]] and [[Vyasa]]. It holds the promise of divine blessings and salvation for devotees who worship here or reside nearby. The location has been esteemed as a sacred ''Punya Kshetra'' since ancient times, with royal patronage from the [[Pithapuram Estate|Rajas of Pithapuram]] supporting grand festivities.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[List of Hindu temples in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Vaishnavism]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Hindu Temples in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Vishnu temples}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kakinada district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples in Andhra Pradesh]]

Run (2002 film)

2026-03-20T20:54:42Z

Igorsiw: slightly enhanced content for consistency and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{short description|2002 film by N. Lingusamy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Run
| image = Run (2002 film) poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[N. Linguswamy]]
| screenplay = N. Linguswamy
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Mona. Pazhanisamy
}}
| story = N. Linguswamy
| producer = [[A. M. Rathnam]]
| starring = [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] [[Meera Jasmine]] [[Raghuvaran]] [[Atul Kulkarni]] [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]
| studio = [[A. M. Rathnam|Sri Surya Movies]]
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| distributor = Sri Surya Movies
| cinematography = [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]]
| editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2002|09|05}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| gross =
}}
'''''Run''''' is a 2002 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[action film]] directed by [[N. Linguswamy]] and produced by [[A. M. Rathnam]] under Sri Surya Movies. It stars [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] and [[Meera Jasmine]] (in her [[Tamil language|Tamil]] debut), alongside [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Atul Kulkarni]], [[Raghuvaran]] and [[Anu Hasan]]. The music was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]] and [[V. T. Vijayan]].

''Run'' was released on 5 September 2002 to positive reviews from critics blockbuster movie of year 2002 & Highest grossing movie of the year, which prompted the film to be partially reshot in Telugu with [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] playing Vivek's role. It was remade in Hindi [[Run (2004 film)|under the same title]] by Jeeva, with [[Abhishek Bachchan]] and [[Bhumika Chawla]] reprising the roles of Madhavan and Meera Jasmine.

==Plot==
Shiva lives in [[Srirangam]], arrives at [[Chennai]] to gain admission to a college, and stays with his sister and her husband. He does not like his brother-in-law and never talks to him despite several attempts made by his sister to convince them. Shiva meets Priya during a bus journey. He meets her on a few more occasions and proposes to her. However, Priya warns him to stop following her despite being in love with him.

Shiva learns that Priya's brother, Bhaskar, is a local gangster who attacks when anyone follows Priya. She does not want Shiva to get beaten by Bhaskar and advises him to stop following her. Bhaskar's henchmen spot Shiva and Priya together and try to attack him. Shiva thrashes them, ultimately encouraging Priya to go against Bhaskar. Shiva's brother-in-law learns about his love and offers help which makes them talk to each other, much to the happiness of Shiva's sister.

Bhaskar arrives to attack Shiva's family, but Shiva threatens to attack Bhaskar's family, thereby frightening him. Priya elopes with Shiva and Bhaskar chases after them along with his men. The couple is tracked down and the goons start attacking Shiva. Priya interferes and challenges Bhaskar to attack Shiva single-handedly without any help from his men. Bhaskar accepts and starts attacking Shiva, but Shiva retaliates and hits back at Bhaskar, who gets severely injured. He finally lets Shiva and Priya unite.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] as Shiva
* [[Meera Jasmine]] as Priya
* [[Raghuvaran]] as Shiva's brother-in-law
* [[Atul Kulkarni]] as Bhaskar
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Mohan
* [[Anu Hasan]] as Shiva's sister
* [[Janaki Sabesh]] as Shiva's mother
* [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]] as Priya's sister-in-law
* [[Kalairani]]
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]]
* [[Madhan Bob]] as Ticket examiner
* [[Vijayan (actor)|Vijayan]] as Bhaskar's Right hand
* [[Nellai Siva]] as Politician
* Ravi Prakash as Shiva's father
* [[Bonda Mani]] as Biriyani shop owner
* "Saathappan" Nandhakumar as Nagaraj, Mohan's father
* [[Sampath Ram]]
* [[Bava Lakshmanan]]
* [[Benjamin (actor)|Benjamin]]
;Telugu version
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Mohan
* [[Babu Mohan]] as Nagaraj, Mohan's father
* Lakshmi Priya as Kamakshi, Mohan's mother
* [[Kallu Chidambaram]] as Childless man
* [[Gautam Raju]] as Fake doctor
* Kadambari Kiran as Real doctor
}}

==Production==
[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] was initially considered to play the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2016 |title=அஜித் தவறவிட்ட படங்கள்...ஜாக்பாட் அடித்த விஜய், சூர்யா, விக்ரம்! |url=http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/news/72593-13-movies-rejected-by-ajithkumar.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522044327/http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/news/72593-13-movies-rejected-by-ajithkumar.html |archive-date=22 May 2017 |access-date=17 June 2022 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] signed the film in January 2002 after being impressed with Lingusamy's narration and through the project would make his first appearance in an action-orientated role. Madhavan wanted to do an [[action film]] after being instructed by [[Mani Ratnam]] to move away from [[romantic drama film]]s and lost eight kilograms to portray the lead role. [[Vidya Balan]] was originally selected to play the lead role in the film, but was later released from her contract.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/the-vidya-magic-news-tamil-kkfv22bcabh.html |title=The Vidya magic! |date=7 July 2005 |website=[[Sify]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222210357/http://www.sify.com/movies/the-vidya-magic-news-tamil-kkfv22bcabh.html |archive-date=22 December 2013 |access-date=23 November 2006}}</ref>

The makers then signed on [[Raima Sen]] to portray the lead role before deciding to change the lead actress again after the actress struggled with the Tamil dialogues. [[Meera Jasmine]] was consequently signed on to make her first appearance in Tamil films before finalising [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]]. [[Atul Kulkarni]] was signed to play an antagonist, marking a rare move for the actor towards regular antagonistic roles. [[Raghuvaran]], [[Anu Hasan]], and [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] were also signed on to work on the film with Vivek filming a separate comedy track.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/04/stories/2002090400060200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030309135006/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/04/stories/2002090400060200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 March 2003|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Switching over to action|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/23/stories/2002092301070300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030505025128/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/23/stories/2002092301070300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 May 2003|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Mad about 'Maddy'|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="Angelfire">{{cite web|url=https://www.angelfire.com/hi4/scorpion/run.html|title=Run : - : Starring Madhavan and Meera Jasmine|website=Angelfire.com|access-date=18 July 2018|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225153807/http://www.angelfire.com/hi4/scorpion/run.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/the-vidya-magic-news-tamil-kkfv22bcabh.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222210357/http://www.sify.com/movies/the-vidya-magic-news-tamil-kkfv22bcabh.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 December 2013|title=The Vidya magic!|website=[[Sify]] |access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/17ss.htm|title=rediff.com, Movies: Gossip from the southern film industry|website=Rediff.com|access-date=18 July 2018|archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606055517/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/17ss.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.new-media.8m.com/newmovies2.htm |title=RUN |work=New Media Online |access-date=17 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324233129/http://www.new-media.8m.com/newmovies2.htm |archive-date=24 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/nov/09atul.htm|title=rediff.com: Movies: An interview with Atul Kulkarni|website=Rediff.com|access-date=18 July 2018|archive-date=26 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326230134/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/nov/09atul.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sandpaper.bitsaa.org/archives/links/SandpaperSpring2004/masalaspice/masalaspice.html|title=bitsaa_homepage|website=sandpaper.bitsaa.org|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref>

The scenes were shot at locations in [[Chennai]], [[Karaikudi]], and [[Srirangam]], among other places, while the songs were shot abroad in [[Denmark]] and [[Switzerland]]. The team also filmed scenes at the [[MGR Film City|M.G. R. Film City]] in Chennai, where action sequences were filmed. The film completed production in one schedule, with Madhavan remarking about the well-organised structure of the shoot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/run.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021021010432/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/run.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 October 2002|title=Run|date=21 October 2002|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="rediff">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/sep/20mad.htm|title=rediff.com: Movies: 'It's an out-and-out Madhavan film!'|website=Rediff.com|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Run
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 12 August 2002
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Five Star Audio [[Ayngaran International|Ayngaran Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Karmegham]]
| prev_year = 2002
| next_title = [[Villain (2002 film)|Villain]]
| next_year = 2002
}}
The music was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], with lyrics written by [[Na. Muthukumar]], [[Pa. Vijay]], [[Thamarai]], [[Yugabharathi]], [[Arivumathi]], and [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]. The soundtrack won critical acclaim and became Vidyasagar's most successful album at the time of its release.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=12181720&cid=2408 |title=Vidyasagar |work=sify |access-date=17 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405164830/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=12181720&cid=2408 |archive-date=5 April 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| lyrics3 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| headline = Track listing
| lyrics1 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra2 = [[Devan Ekambaram|Devan]], [[Sowmya Raoh]], Naveen, [[Pop Shalini]]
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Timmy, [[Manicka Vinayagam]]
| lyrics2 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| extra3 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length10 =
| extra4 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| lyrics4 = [[Arivumathi]]
| lyrics5 = [[Thamarai]]
| extra5 = Balram, Sadhana Sargam
| lyrics6 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| extra6 = [[Harish Raghavendra]], Sadhana Sargam, Jack Smelly
| lyrics7 = Viveka
| total_length =
| title10 =
| title1 = Theradi Veethiyile
| title5 = Panikaatrey
| length1 = 04:57
| title2 = Ichutha Ichutha
| length2 = 04:35
| title3 = Kaadhal Pisase
| length3 = 04:38
| title4 = Poi Solla Koothichi
| length4 = 04:53
| length5 = 04:38
| length9 =
| title6 = Minsaram En Meethu (Kadhal Seeye)
| length6 = 04:57
| title7 = Azhagiya Thimirudan (Priya O Priya)
| length7 = 02:16
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| extra7 = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], Sadhana Sargam, Jack Smelly
}}

==Release==
The release was postponed from July 2002 to September 2002 to finish off post-production works. However, the [[box-office bomb]] of [[Rajinikanth]]-starrer ''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]'' (2002) meant that the makers were able to prepone the film to the earliest release date in September to avoid other competition.<ref name="Angelfire"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/aug/19baba.htm|title=rediff.com: Movies|website=Rediff.com|access-date=18 July 2018|archive-date=9 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509094452/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/aug/19baba.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The makers of the film chose to release the film on Thursday instead of Friday, in order to avoid a box office clash with ''[[King (2002 film)|King]]'' (2002).<ref name="rediff"/> The film was later dubbed and released in Telugu under the same name on 03 April 2003 with the comedy portions re-shot with Telugu actors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-run.html|title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Run - Madhavan, Meera Jasmin - Linguswamy - Vidya Sagar - Jeeva|website=Idlebrain.com|access-date=18 July 2018|archive-date=22 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122111412/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-run.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Telugu version was released on the same day as ''[[Dil (2003 film)|Dil]]'' (2003) since that film had a similar storyline.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/fullstory.php?id=12991826|title=Run Vs Dil|work=[[Sify]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030501052654/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/fullstory.php?id=12991826|archive-date=1 May 2003|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Run'' received positive reviews from critics.

=== Critical response ===
Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "The track Lingusamy has chosen could be an age-old one, but the agility and youthfulness make the run interesting".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/09/13/stories/2002091300930200.htm |title=Run |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=13 September 2002 |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225193205/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/09/13/stories/2002091300930200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=25 February 2008 }}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote "It is to the director’s credit that he has kept the narration fast paced and engaging with not many lagging moments".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov209.asp|title=RUN|work=Chennai Online|date=13 September 2002|last=Mannath|first=Malini|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050205001658/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov209.asp|archive-date= 5 February 2005}}</ref> ''Nowrunning'' wrote "Director Linguswamy has given a very enjoyable film with good music by Vidyasagar and brilliant cinematography by Jeeva. Madhavan has proved in this film that he can also do action and that too convincingly".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/113/tamil/run/42/review.htm|title=nowrunning.com - Indian Movies, showitmes, reviews, videos - Indian movie portal.|website=Nowrunning.com|access-date=18 July 2018}}</ref> ''Cinema Today'' wrote "There is nothing new about the film's story, but Madhavan's new incarnation as an action hero and Linguswamy's racy screenplay has made this a thoroughly enjoyable experience".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cinematoday3.itgo.com/Review%20-%20Run.htm |title=Run review |work=cinematoday2itgo|access-date=17 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224170815/http://cinematoday3.itgo.com/Review%20-%20Run.htm |archive-date=24 February 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> R Shiva Srivatsav of ''Angelfire'' wrote "The other hero in this film apart from our cute hero Madhavan is the screenplay of the movie".<ref name="Angelfire"/>

=== Box office ===
''Run'' went on to become amongst the highest-grossing Tamil films of the year in 2002 and became Madhavan's most profitable film at the time of release.<ref name="rediff"/> [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] also won the [[Filmfare Best Comedian Award (Tamil)|Best Comedian Award at the Filmfare Awards 2002]].

==Legacy==
The film was later remade the film in [[Run (2004 film)|Hindi]] by [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]] with [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Bhumika Chawla]] and [[Vijay Raaz]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/14run.htm|title=for Abhishek!|website=Rediff.com|access-date=18 July 2018|archive-date=16 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716010555/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/14run.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and into Bengali Bangladesh in 2004 as ''[[Rukhe Darao]]'' with [[Shakib Khan]] and [[Sahara (actress)|Sahara]].

A film titled ''[[Kadhal Pisase]]'', named after the song from the film, was released in 2012. A popular scene involving Madhavan closing a subway shutter was later parodied in the spoof film ''[[Tamizh Padam]]'' (2010), while it was also referred to in ''[[Vettai]]'' (2012), in which the actor and director had collaborated again.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/R-Madhavans-tribute-to-Run/articleshow/9421650.cms|title=R Madhavan's tribute to Run|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 January 2017|access-date=18 July 2018|archive-date=10 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810192341/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/R-Madhavans-tribute-to-Run/articleshow/9421650.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0331621|title=Run}}
{{N. Lingusamy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Run (2002 Film)}}
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic action films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Films directed by N. Lingusamy]]
[[Category:2002 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Films set in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karaikudi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Denmark]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films produced by A. M. Rathnam]]

Canara Engineering College

2026-03-20T12:44:47Z

Igorsiw: redirect created

{{Short description|Private engineering college in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Canara Engineering College
| native_name = Benjanapadavu
| image = Canara Engineering College logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| motto = ''Persistent Perseverance In Pursuit of Perfection''
| established = 2001
| founder = [[Ammembal Subba Rao Pai]]
| type = Autonomous (Since 2025)
| accreditation = Grade 'A' (NAAC Accredited)
| affiliation = [[Visvesvaraya Technological University|VTU]]
| free_label = Approvals
| free = [[AICTE]]
| principal = Dr.Nagesh H R
| city = [[Mangaluru]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|12|54|6|N|74|59|58.2|E|region:IN}}
| campus = Rural, {{convert|26|acre|m2}}
| other_name = CEC
| website = {{URL|canaraengineering.in}}
}}

'''Canara Engineering College''' ('''CEC''') is an autonomous private<ref>{{Cite news |title=Canara Engineering College of Mangaluru gets autonomous status |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/canara-engineering-college-of-mangaluru-gets-autonomous-status/article69905260.ece |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250826103957/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/canara-engineering-college-of-mangaluru-gets-autonomous-status/article69905260.ece |archive-date=2025-08-26 |access-date=2026-03-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> [[engineering college]] in [[Karnataka]], India,<ref>{{cite news|last=Shridhar|first=Deepthi|title=Engg students put campus placements on web portal|url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=10&contentid=20111011201110112356201724dd16baf|access-date=11 July 2012|newspaper=Bangalore Mirror|date=11 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209130515/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=10&contentid=20111011201110112356201724dd16baf|archive-date=2011-12-09|url-status=dead}}</ref> approximately {{cvt|22|km}} from [[Mangaluru]] in the surroundings of Benjanapadavu. It was established in 2001 as a Millennium project by [[Canara High School]] Association.<ref>{{cite web|title=Canara Engineering College|url=http://www.minglebox.com/college/Canara-Engineering-College-Bantwal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410110735/http://www.minglebox.com/college/Canara-Engineering-College-Bantwal|url-status=usurped|archive-date=10 April 2010|publisher=minglebox.com|access-date=12 July 2012}}</ref> The college is affiliated to [[Visvesvaraya Technological University]], [[Belgaum]] . It is also recognized by government of Karnataka and is approved by [[AICTE]], New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Canara Engineering College Details|url=http://www.studyguideindia.com/Colleges/Engineering/canara-engineering-college.html|publisher=studyguideindia.com|access-date=12 July 2012}}</ref> Approximately 500 engineers graduate annually.<ref>{{cite web|title=Growth|url=http://www.canaraengineering.in/growth.html|publisher=canaraengineering.in|access-date=12 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510060419/http://www.canaraengineering.in/growth.html|archive-date=2012-05-10|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== About The College ==
The college spreads over 26 acres in Benjanapadavu and is accessible from Mangalore or Bantwal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Location Map|url=http://www.canaraengineering.in/location_map.html|publisher=canaraengineering.in|access-date=12 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510060819/http://www.canaraengineering.in/location_map.html|archive-date=2012-05-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> The college is equipped with Cafeteria, Wi-Fi campus, Gym, Basketball Court, Badminton Court, Football and Cricket Ground, Mess and Hostel facility along with college bus facility for Day Scholars.

CEC is run by Canara High School Association (CHSA), an association based in Mangaluru contributing towards [[Konkani language|Konkani]] [[linguistic minority]] education. The group was founded by the late [[Ammembal Subba Rao Pai|Sri. Ammembal Subba Rao Pai]] (also founder of [[Canara Bank]]) in 1891. Ammembal Subbarao Pai was a social reformer and a philanthropist who aimed at imparting modern education blended with ancient cultural values to the youth of Dakshina Kannada. With this in mind he started the Canara High School Association with its primary project being the [[Canara High School]] which was established in 1891 and functions even today. The Group, which is now primarily funded by alumni, also runs several other educational institutions in and around Mangalore.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.canara.ac.in/index.php/about-us/|publisher=canara.ac.in|access-date=12 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331042357/http://canara.ac.in/index.php/about-us/|archive-date=31 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Currently the principal of the college is Dr Nagesh H R<ref>https://canaraengineering.in/download/REPORT%20OF%2033TH%20GOVERNUNG%20COUNCIL%20MEETING.pdf</ref>.

== Courses ==
Following are the courses in the college:<ref>{{cite web|title=PROPOSED DETAILS FOR DATA BASE OF AFFILIATED ENGINEERING COLLEGES|url=http://www.vtu.ac.in/index.php/affiliated-institutes/108.html?article=|publisher=vtu.ac.in|access-date=12 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019164510/http://vtu.ac.in/index.php/affiliated-institutes/108.html?article=|archive-date=2012-10-19|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* B.E in Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning
* B.E in Computer Science and Business System
* B.E in Computer Science and Design
* B.E in Computer Science and Engineering
* B.E in Electronics and Communication Engineering
* B.E in Information Science and Engineering
* B.E in Mechanical Engineering

== Professional Society Chapters and Clubs. ==
The following Professional Society Chapters function in the college:<ref>{{cite web|title=Clubs & Culturals |url=http://www.canaraengineering.in/clubs___culturals.html |publisher=canaraengineering.in |access-date=12 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809033604/http://www.canaraengineering.in/clubs___culturals.html |archive-date=9 August 2012 }}</ref>
* [[Indian Society for Technical Education|ISTE]] Student Chapter
* [[SAE International|SAE]] Student Chapter
* [[IEEE]] Student Chapter
*[[Computer Society of India|CSI]] Student Chapter
* [[National Service Scheme]]
* CEC-[[UiPath]] Student Community
* Entrepreneurship Development Cell.
* Gavels Club.
* CEC Nexus Club.

== Technical & Cultural Events ==
Canara Engineering College hosts several events with the association of various technical chapters in the college. "Aakriti" is the annual national level Technical & Cultural event of the college.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bookspar|title=Canara Engineering College presents AAKRITI-12|url=http://www.bookspar.com/festies/canara-engineering-college-presents-aakriti-12/}}</ref> Several other events like INNOVATE,<ref>{{cite web|last=Knowafest.com|url=http://www.knowafest.com/2013/04/innovate-13-canara-engineering-college-fest.html|title=INNOVATE 13, Canara Engineering College, Mangalore, Technical Fest, Karnataka, April 19 2013}}</ref> TECHNOPHILIA, TECHGURU,<ref>{{cite web|last=collegekhabar.com|url=http://www.collegekhabar.com/event/view/Techguru-3-0-CEC-Mangalore-Karnataka|title=Techguru 3.0 fest by CEC Mangalore - Technology Events in Karnataka - Technology Events- of Canara Engineering College, Mangalore - Campus Festivals in India-College Events, Festivals , Cultural and Technical Festivals in India -2013 | College Khabar|access-date=2013-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501064044/http://www.collegekhabar.com/event/view/Techguru-3-0-CEC-Mangalore-Karnataka|archive-date=2013-05-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> EMERGIA,<ref>{{cite web|last=cecieee.com|title=EMERGIA 13|url=https://site.ieee.org/sb-cec/}}</ref> CIPIX maintains associations of various technical chapters in the college. College has had a successful quiz club over the years winning a good number of competitions. Most Notably, Winning the first place in General Quiz in VTU's annual youth fest for the year 2018 a reputed competition where hundreds of colleges affiliated to the university had taken part.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.canaraengineering.in/ Official Website]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Affiliates of Visvesvaraya Technological University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2001]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Karnataka]]

Mark Boyle (Moneyless Man)

2026-03-15T19:48:54Z

Igorsiw: adjust page additionally and added references per sources

{{Short description|Irish writer}}
{{Use Hiberno-English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mark Boyle
| image = Mark Boyle, 2009 (cropped2).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Boyle in 2009
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1979|05|08}}
| birth_place = [[Ballyshannon]], [[County Donegal]], Ireland
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| alma_mater = [[Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology]] (BA)
| employer =
| occupation = Writer
}}

'''Mark Boyle''' (born 8 May 1979), also known as '''The Moneyless Man''', is an Irish writer best known for living without money from November 2008,<ref>Mark Boyle, [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/nov/09/mark-boyle-money "My year of living without money"] ''The Guardian'', 9 November 2009</ref> and for living without modern technology since 2016.<ref name=guardian-off-grid-daily-letters-good-sleep>Mark Boyle, [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/mar/30/off-grid-daily-letters-good-sleep "After two years off-grid, I'm embracing daily letters, good sleep and my DIY hot tub"] ''The Guardian'', 30 March 2019</ref> Boyle writes regularly for the British newspaper ''[[The Guardian]]'', and has written about his experiences in a couple of books. His first book, ''The Moneyless Man: A Year of Freeconomic Living'', was published in 2010.<ref name=book>{{cite book |author = Mark Boyle |title = The Moneyless Man: A Year of Freeconomic Living |publisher = [[Oneworld Publications]] |date = 16 September 2010 |isbn = 978-1-85168-781-7 }}</ref> His fourth book, ''The Way Home: Tales from a life without technology'', was published in 2019.<ref name=book4>{{cite book |author = Mark Boyle |title = The Way Home: Tales from a life without technology |publisher = [[Oneworld Publications]] |date = 4 April 2019 |isbn = 978-1-78607-600-7 }}</ref>
Boyle lives near [[Loughrea]], in [[County Galway]].<ref>Bryony Stone, [https://www.unlimited.world/munchies/what-do-we-own-living-off-the-land-in-galway-with-the-moneyless-man "What do we own? Living off the land in Galway with the Moneyless Man"] ''Unlimited'', 16 August 2016, retrieved 17 May 2017</ref>

== Early life ==
Mark Boyle took a degree in Business at the [[Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology]], before moving to Britain in 2002.<ref>Conor Pope, [http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/pricewatch/2010/0809/1224276414794.html "Putting cash in the trash"], ''Irish Times'', 9 August 2010</ref><ref name="Mark Boyle – The Moneyless Man">Mark Boyle, [http://www.tpuc.org/content/mark-boyle-moneyless-man "Mark Boyle – The Moneyless Man"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728212347/http://www.tpuc.org/content/mark-boyle-moneyless-man |date=28 July 2022 }}, ''The People's United Community'', retrieved 14 February 2011</ref>

During the final year of his degree, Boyle watched the film ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'', about the life of [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mohandas K. Gandhi]]. He has frequently cited this as the moment that changed his life.<ref name="Mark Boyle – The Moneyless Man" /><ref name=Mark_Boyle>Mark Boyle, [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/green-living-blog/2009/oct/28/live-without-money "I live without money – and I manage just fine"], ''The Guardian'', 28 October 2009</ref>

== Early career ==
During his first six years in Britain, Boyle lived in [[Bristol]] and managed two [[organic food]] companies. In 2007, after a conversation with a friend during which they decided "money... creates a kind of disconnection between us and our actions", Boyle set up the Freeconomy Community.<ref>{{cite web | first=Matt | last=Ford | url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/05/18/eco.free.economy/index.html | title=Free and easy? One man's experiment in living without money | publisher=[[CNN]] | date=18 May 2010 | accessdate=29 September 2011}}</ref>

== Moneyless lifestyle ==
A few months after creating the Freeconomy Community, Boyle set out on a two-and-a-half-year trek from [[Bristol]] to [[Porbandar]] in India, the birthplace of Gandhi. Inspired by the [[nonviolent]] [[salt march]] led in India by Gandhi in 1930, and by the woman in America known as [[Peace Pilgrim]], he set off in January 2008, carrying no money and only a small number of possessions.<ref>Kimberley Mok, [http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/02/freeconomy_pilgrim.php ""Freeconomy" Pilgrim Begins Walk From Britain to India"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728212409/https://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/02/freeconomy_pilgrim.php |date=28 July 2022 }}, ''Treehugger'', 1 February 2008</ref><ref>BBC, [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/bristol/somerset/7217788.stm "Penniless India trek is under way"], BBC News, 30 January 2008</ref> However, he was forced to turn back only a month into the trip, as language barriers and difficulties in persuading people he would work for food and a place to stay halted his journey shortly after he arrived in [[Calais]].<ref name=guardian-passage-to-india-curtailed-as-language-barrier-curtails-campaigner>Steven Morris, [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/mar/01/ethicalliving.travelandtransport "Passage to India curtailed in Calais as language barrier trips campaigner"], ''The Guardian'', 1 March 2008</ref> One of his travelling companions had travellers cheques for emergencies, which allowed them to travel back to the UK.<ref name=guardian-passage-to-india-curtailed-as-language-barrier-curtails-campaigner /> He had not planned the trip, believing it was best to let fate take its course.<ref name=guardian-passage-to-india-curtailed-as-language-barrier-curtails-campaigner />

Later in the same year, Boyle developed an alternative plan: to live without money entirely. After some preparatory purchases (including a solar panel and wood-burning stove), he began his first year of "moneyless living" on [[Buy Nothing Day]] 2008.<ref>The Mirror, [https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2009/11/25/meet-the-man-who-lived-on-no-cash-for-a-year-115875-21847674 "Meet the man who lived on no cash for a year"], ''The Mirror'', 25 November 2009</ref><ref>Simon Newton, [http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/UK-News/Mark-Boyle-From-Bristol-To-Become-Freeconomist-As-He-Plans-To-Live-Without-Money-For-A-Year/Article/200811415164753 "Man To Go Cashless For A Year"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429214639/http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/UK-News/Mark-Boyle-From-Bristol-To-Become-Freeconomist-As-He-Plans-To-Live-Without-Money-For-A-Year/Article/200811415164753 |date=29 April 2011 }}, ''Sky News'', 29 November 2008</ref>

Boyle has received considerable positive and negative publicity for his moneyless lifestyle, appearing on television, radio and other media in the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Australia, South Africa, United States and Russia. Much of the attention has focused on his day-to-day routine, including food, hygiene, and traditionally expensive aspects of life, such as Christmas.<ref>Matt Ford, [http://articles.cnn.com/2010-05-18/world/eco.free.economy_1_caravan-organic-food-credit-cards?_s=PM:WORLD "Free and easy? One man's experiment in living without money"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214231106/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-05-18/world/eco.free.economy_1_caravan-organic-food-credit-cards?_s=PM%3AWORLD |date=14 February 2011 }}, ''CNN World'', 18 Many 2010</ref><ref>Jessica Salter, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100820084055/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/greenerliving/7951968/The-man-who-lives-without-money.html "The man who lives without money"], ''The Daily Telegraph'', 18 August 2010</ref><ref>Mark Boyle, [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mark-boyle/mark-boyles-moneyless-man_b_735238.html "Mark Boyle's 'Moneyless Man': Why I Live Without Money (VIDEO)"], ''The Huffington Post'', 23 September 2010</ref><ref>Mark Boyle, [http://www.abc.net.au/environment/articles/2010/04/12/2870334.htm "The man who lives without money"], ''ABC Environment'', 12 April 2010</ref><ref name="Priceless liberation">Tiara Walters, [http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/article734528.ece/Priceless-liberation "Priceless liberation"], ''Times Live'' (South Africa), 31 October 2010</ref> The activist [[Robin Greenfield]] has cited Boyle's book ''The Moneyless Man'' as an inspiration for his activism.<ref>{{cite web | title=Mark Boyle's Books Changed My Life | date=2 March 2016 | url=https://www.robgreenfield.org/markboyle/ }}</ref>

Mark Boyle is one of a small number of individuals who have lived without money in recent times. These include {{Interlanguage link multi|Heidemarie Schwermer|de}}, {{Interlanguage link multi|Tomi Astikainen|fi}} and [[Suelo|Daniel Suelo]].<ref>[http://livingwithoutmoney.org/about-the-film/about-heidemarie/ Heidemarie Schwermer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201110811/http://livingwithoutmoney.org/about-the-film/about-heidemarie/ |date=1 December 2022 }} Living without Money</ref><ref>Stefanie Marsh, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110811113126/http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/article6928744.ece "Living without money"], ''The Times'', 24 November 2009</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tomiastikainen.com/contact/bio |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 May 2022 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331141046/http://tomiastikainen.com/contact/bio/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Christopher Ketcham, [http://www.details.com/culture-trends/career-and-money/200907/meet-the-man-who-lives-on-zero-dollars "Meet the man who lives on zero dollars"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903054236/http://www.details.com/culture-trends/career-and-money/200907/meet-the-man-who-lives-on-zero-dollars |date=3 September 2012 }}, ''Details'', July 2009</ref> One woman, Jo Nemeth also lives without money and has specifically cited reading Boyle's book ''The Moneyless Man'' as the inspiration for her own choice.<ref name=guardian-meet-the-woman-who-lives-without-money>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2025/feb/01/meet-the-woman-who-lives-without-money-i-feel-more-secure-than-when-i-was-earning | title=Meet the woman who lives without money: 'I feel more secure than when I was earning' | work=The Guardian | date=31 January 2025 }}</ref> Nemeth was reported in 2025 as living a moneyless lifestyle since 2015, a total of ten years.<ref name=guardian-meet-the-woman-who-lives-without-money/> However, Boyle frequently reminds his readers that a moneyless life is not a new idea; indeed it is the system of [[History of money|money itself that is the new development]], having existed for only a small fraction of humanity's c. 200,000-year existence. Other observers note that for nearly all of recorded human history (the c. 5,000 years since the invention of writing) there has been a system of money or currency in place.<ref name="Mark Boyle – The Moneyless Man" /><ref>David Fleming, [https://leanlogic.online/glossary/money-fallacy-argumentum-ad-crumenam/ "Money, The Fallacy of"] ''LeanLogic.online'', retrieved 15 June 2020</ref>

Boyle gave up his moneyless lifestyle in 2011 and the first item he bought with money in three years was a pair of shoes from a charity shop.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-25 |title=Save while saving the planet: how to be eco-friendly at home |url=https://www.independent.ie/business/personal-finance/save-while-saving-the-planet-how-to-be-eco-friendly-at-home/40347627.html |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Irish Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/money/2015/sep/04/moneyless-man-gave-up-cash-embraced-foraging-farming | title=The Moneyless Man who gave up on cash and embraced foraging and farming | newspaper=The Guardian | date=4 September 2015 | last1=Brignall | first1=Miles }}</ref> He was so used to not using money at that time that he felt that "it felt as strange as giving it [money] up in the first place had".<ref name="auto2"/>

Also in 2011, Boyle had a [[vasectomy]] done on himself by a doctor because he was worried about the fate of the world and did not want to bring children into a world which he claimed was an overpopulated "[[artificial intelligence]] world".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-13 |title=Irishman who had a vasectomy because of "big bad world" reveals romantic struggles |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/irishman-vasectomy-big-bad-world-romantic-struggles |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=IrishCentral.com |language=en}}</ref> This vasectomy was voluntary and he had it done "against all sorts of advice".<ref name=":0" /> In 2017, Boyle noted that the trip to the doctor for the voluntary vasectomy was his only trip to a medical facility in the previous 20 years.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Boyle |first=Mark |date=2017-09-21 |title=I live a healthier life now I'm free of the trappings of modernity |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/sep/21/healthier-life-free-modernity-doctors-technology-exercise-herbs |access-date=2024-11-11 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

In 2013, he moved back to Ireland.<ref name="times-moneyless-man-branched-beyond-technology">{{Cite web |last=Lennox |first=Graeme |date=2020-05-02 |title=How 'moneyless man' Mark Boyle has branched beyond technology |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/ireland-world/article/how-moneyless-man-mark-boyle-has-branched-beyond-technology-86j8wqlx3 |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=www.thetimes.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2015, Mark Boyle opened a moneyless pub on a three-acre permaculture smallholding in County Galway, Ireland.<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="guardian-galway-pub-free-beer-food-drinks">{{Cite news |last=Pasteiner |first=Jess |date=2014-02-06 |title=The Galway pub with free beer for those who lend a hand |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/blog/galway-pub-free-beer-food-drinks-donations-sustainable-business |access-date=2024-11-11 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The moneyless pub is called the "Happy Pig" as the building it's in was formerly a [[pigsty]] before Boyle bought the farm that he converted into a smallholding.<ref name="auto2"/><ref name=guardian-galway-pub-free-beer-food-drinks/> The renovations needed for the Happy Pig were all done using inexpensive natural materials such as [[Cob (material)|cob]], cordwood as well as [[wattle and daub]]. The Happy Pig serves all food and drink there for free.<ref name="auto2"/><ref name=guardian-galway-pub-free-beer-food-drinks/>

Also in 2015, Mark Boyle gave up reading newspapers, watching television and listening to radio.<ref name=times-moneyless-man-branched-beyond-technology/><ref name="guardian-social-media-24-hour-news-cycle">{{Cite news |last=Boyle |first=Mark |date=2017-07-10 |title=Life without social media has taught me the virtues of being social |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jul/10/social-media-24-hour-news-cycle |access-date=2024-11-11 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Boyle notes that the exclusion of newspapers includes even ''[[The Guardian]]'' for which he was a columnist, though this didn't stop him from getting columns of his published in the paper.<ref name=guardian-social-media-24-hour-news-cycle/>

Around this time, Mark Boyle reached a turning point in his thinking.<ref name="guardian-living-without-money-what-i-learned">{{Cite news |last=Boyle |first=Mark |date=2015-09-15 |title=Living without money: what I learned |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/sep/15/living-without-money-what-i-learned |access-date=2024-11-11 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Boyle decided that more radical means were needed for the environmental movement and that merely peaceful protest wasn't working to stop eco-catastrophe.<ref name=guardian-living-without-money-what-i-learned/>

In 2016, Mark Boyle spent the summer hand-building a [[straw bale]] house at the permaculture smallholding in County Galway and had moved in there by December that year.<ref name=guardian-off-grid-daily-letters-good-sleep/><ref name="guardian-life-without-technology">{{Cite news |last=Boyle |first=Mark |date=2016-12-19 |title=Technology destroys people and places. I'm rejecting it |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/dec/19/life-without-technology-rejecting-technology |access-date=2024-11-11 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> On 19 December 2016, Boyle made an announcement in his ''Guardian'' column that starting on Wednesday 21 December 2016, he will stop using all "complex technology" which he names as computers, the internet, phones, washing machines, water from taps, gas, fridges, televisions and anything requiring electricity to run.<ref name=guardian-life-without-technology/> Boyle says there are two reasons why he chose to do this, the first is because he feels happier without technology, the second is that he feels that technology is the direct cause of modern-day environmental and social problems and he rejects technology to set an example.<ref name=guardian-life-without-technology/> He also announced that he will still continue to write for ''The Guardian'' by writing down his articles by hand and posting them to ''The Guardian''.<ref name=guardian-life-without-technology/> An article on ''The Guardian'' website by Sarah Marsh posted on the same day as Boyle's article announced that users can still communicate with Boyle by posting a letter to ''The Guardian'' head office address labeled "Opinion Editors" or by posting in the comments section of the article where once a month, the staff will select some comments from the page, print them off and post them to Boyle.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Marsh |first=Sarah |date=2016-12-19 |title=No fridge, no TV: send your questions to the writer ditching technology |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/dec/19/no-fridge-no-tv-send-your-questions-to-the-writer-ditching-technology |access-date=2024-11-11 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Mark Boyle's last day of technology was on Tuesday, 20 December 2016.<ref name=guardian-off-grid-daily-letters-good-sleep/> He stopped using it shortly before midnight when he checked his last ever e-mails and turned off his phone for the last time.<ref name=guardian-off-grid-daily-letters-good-sleep/>

As promised, Boyle kept writing for ''The Guardian'' and his first article after the start of Boyle's renunciation of technology was published on 6 February 2017.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/feb/06/life-without-technology-tech | title=No bills, so many riches: The lessons of living like a prince outside cyberia | work=The Guardian | date=6 February 2017 | last1=Boyle | first1=Mark }}</ref> In it, he wrote about what he noticed in the month since then along with further explaining his reasons for renouncing technology as well as briefly answering a question from a ''Guardian'' commenter during one of the explanations.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/feb/06/life-without-technology-tech | title=No bills, so many riches: The lessons of living like a prince outside cyberia | work=The Guardian | date=6 February 2017 | last1=Boyle | first1=Mark }}</ref> Boyle also notes his admiration for the author [[Henry David Thoreau]] who had similar views<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/feb/06/life-without-technology-tech | title=No bills, so many riches: The lessons of living like a prince outside cyberia | work=The Guardian | date=6 February 2017 | last1=Boyle | first1=Mark }}</ref>

Boyle's next article in ''The Guardian'' was published on 25 March 2017 and in it, Boyle noted that he went three months so far without using technology.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Boyle | first1=Mark | title=Bored? No way. Ditching technology makes life complicated and beautiful | work=The Guardian | date=25 March 2017 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/mar/25/boredom-ditched-technology-life-beautiful }}</ref> Boyle wrote that he was recently interviewed for a television show about digital privacy and the future of technology (he does not mention the name of the show).<ref>{{cite web | last1=Boyle | first1=Mark | title=Bored? No way. Ditching technology makes life complicated and beautiful | work=The Guardian | date=25 March 2017 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/mar/25/boredom-ditched-technology-life-beautiful }}</ref> One of the first questions the presenter of the show (a woman, but her name is not given in the article) asked Boyle was "Do you not get really bored?"<ref>{{cite web | last1=Boyle | first1=Mark | title=Bored? No way. Ditching technology makes life complicated and beautiful | work=The Guardian | date=25 March 2017 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/mar/25/boredom-ditched-technology-life-beautiful }}</ref> In response, Boyle laughed. Boyle noted that he does get this question asked a lot by various people curious about his choice to not use technology.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Boyle | first1=Mark | title=Bored? No way. Ditching technology makes life complicated and beautiful | work=The Guardian | date=25 March 2017 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/mar/25/boredom-ditched-technology-life-beautiful }}</ref> The answer Boyle gives to this question is no, he does not get bored.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Boyle | first1=Mark | title=Bored? No way. Ditching technology makes life complicated and beautiful | work=The Guardian | date=25 March 2017 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/mar/25/boredom-ditched-technology-life-beautiful }}</ref> Boyle says that he has lots of things to do and so he doesn't get bored.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Boyle | first1=Mark | title=Bored? No way. Ditching technology makes life complicated and beautiful | work=The Guardian | date=25 March 2017 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/mar/25/boredom-ditched-technology-life-beautiful }}</ref> By this time, Boyle has a girlfriend as he mentions that she "would like nothing better than to take to the road with the horses for an adventure, stopping of at a lake for a wash and a swim".<ref>{{cite web | last1=Boyle | first1=Mark | title=Bored? No way. Ditching technology makes life complicated and beautiful | work=The Guardian | date=25 March 2017 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/mar/25/boredom-ditched-technology-life-beautiful }}</ref> Boyle ends his article by urging people to stop using tech and saying that they can minimise their use of it as for most people, completely removing tech from their lives is probably not desirable or practical.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Boyle | first1=Mark | title=Bored? No way. Ditching technology makes life complicated and beautiful | work=The Guardian | date=25 March 2017 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/mar/25/boredom-ditched-technology-life-beautiful }}</ref> Boyle warns that he believes that one consequence of not taking a critical view of tech is his belief that they will be "sex robots" available by 2027 (ten years after the article publication) and many humans will use those instead of having relations with other humans, leading to a loss of intimacy and emotional connection.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Boyle | first1=Mark | title=Bored? No way. Ditching technology makes life complicated and beautiful | work=The Guardian | date=25 March 2017 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/mar/25/boredom-ditched-technology-life-beautiful }}</ref>

== Freeconomy Community ==
The Freeconomy Community was created to allow people to share, moving away from ''exchange economies'' towards a ''[[pay it forward]]'' philosophy. The original www.justfortheloveofit.org site shared similarities with websites such as [[The Freecycle Network]], [[Freegle]] and [[Streetbank]], and in 2014 Streetbank and Freeconomy decided that "the two projects would be so much stronger if they came together" and merged.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.streetbank.com/blog_posts/54 | title=Streetbank and Freeconomy unite to become the one-stop shop for neighbourhood sharing | publisher=Streetbank.com | accessdate=15 June 2020 | archive-date=8 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508232059/https://www.streetbank.com/blog_posts/54 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Freeskilling ===
Alongside the online component of the Freeconomy Community, several areas including [[Bristol]] and London hold [[Freeskilling]] sessions, where ''freeconomists'' take turns to pass on their skills in free one-off evening classes. Past topics have included subjects ranging from charity fundraising and [[anger management]] to bicycle maintenance, bread-making and campaigning skills.{{fact|date=July 2025}}

=== Freeconomy Blog ===
Boyle has been the primary author of the Freeconomy Blog since it was launched in 2007. Guest writers have recently included fellow moneyless people Heidemarie Schwermer, Daniel Suelo and Tomi Astikainen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.justfortheloveofit.org/blog |title=Archived copy |access-date=15 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211130858/http://www.justfortheloveofit.org/blog |archive-date=11 February 2011 }}</ref>

=== The Freeconomy Village ===
Boyle is currently working with others to set up the UK's first land-based Freeconomic community. Other founding members include [[Shaun Chamberlin]], author of [[Transition town#Publications|''The Transition Timeline'']] (2009), and [[Fergus Drennan]], also known as the [[BBC]]'s 'Roadkill Chef'.<ref name="Priceless liberation" /><ref>Shaun Chamberlin, [http://www.darkoptimism.org/projects.html "Dark Optimism – Projects Page"], ''Dark Optimism'' (blog), retrieved 14 February 2011</ref><ref>Mark Boyle, [http://wn.com/Celebrity_Short_with_Mark_Boyle "Celebrity Short With Mark Boyle"], ''World News'', retrieved 14 February 2011</ref>

== Works ==
*''The Moneyless Man'' – Boyle's first book, ''The Moneyless Man: A Year of Freeconomic Living'', was published in June 2010 by [[Oneworld Publications]].<ref name=book /> The book documents his first moneyless year, including many of the practical and philosophical challenges he faced. The author's proceeds go to the Freeconomy trust, towards purchasing land for the foundation of the Freeconomy Community.
* ''The Moneyless Manifesto: Live well, live rich, live free'' – a follow-up guide to beginning your own moneyless journey.
*''Drinking Molotov Cocktails with Gandhi'' – published October 2015. In this book, Boyle argues that our political and economic systems have brought us to the brink of climate catastrophe and peaceful protest is no longer enough to bring about change.<ref name="guardian-living-without-money-what-i-learned"/>
* ''The Way Home: Tales from a life without technology'' – published June 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/the-way-home-tales-from-a-life-without-technology-review-1.3848330|title=The Way Home: Tales from a Life Without Technology review|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en|access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref>
*''[[Ben Fogle: New Lives in the Wild]]'' Series 13, 2021<ref name="auto1">{{cite web | url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/irishman-vasectomy-big-bad-world-romantic-struggles | title=Irishman who had a vasectomy because of "big bad world" reveals romantic struggles | date=13 February 2021 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Anarcho-primitivism]]
* [[Gift economy]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110211130858/http://www.justfortheloveofit.org/blog The Freeconomy Blog]
* [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/series/moneyless-man Moneyless man ''Guardian'' column]
* [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/series/life-without-technology Life without technology ''Guardian'' column]
* [http://www.theguardian.com/profile/mark-boyle Mark Boyle at ''The Guardian'']
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-PuyYVVVkIM Video of Mark Boyle] speaking at [[TED (conference)#TEDx|TEDxO'Porto]], June 2011

{{Simple living}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boyle, Mark}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:Simple living advocates]]
[[Category:The Guardian journalists]]
[[Category:People from Ballyshannon]]

Rameswaram–Mangaluru Weekly Express

2026-03-15T11:08:14Z

Igorsiw:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Rameswaram - Mangaluru Weekly Express
| logo =
| image = Rameswaram Mangaluru Central Express.jpg
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| status = Active
| locale = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]] and [[Karnataka]]
| first = {{start date and age|2026|3|15|df=yes}}
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway (SR)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Rameswaram}} '''(RMM)'''
| end = {{rws|Mangaluru Central}} '''(MAQ)'''
| stops = 17
| distance = {{convert|753|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 15h 25m
| frequency = Weekly
| trainnumber = 16621 / 16622
| line_used =
| class = General Unreserved, Sleeper Class, AC 3rd Class, AC 2nd Class
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| catering = On-Board catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|49|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| map =
}}

The 16621 / 16622 '''Rameswaram–Mangaluru Weekly Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Southern Railway zone]] that runs between the city [[Rameswaram railway station|Rameswaram]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Mangalore Central railway station|Mangaluru Central]] of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=J |first=Arockiaraj |date=2026-02-08 |title=Mangaluru-Rameswaram train via Malabar all set for launch on March 1 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2026/Feb/26/mangaluru-rameswaram-train-via-malabar-all-set-for-launch-on-march-1 |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangaluru-Rameswaram weekly express likely to be flagged off by PM Modi on March 1; full schedule, route and stops {{!}} Mathrubhumi English |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/amp/news/kerala/direct-train-service-to-rameswaram-from-malabar-from-march-1-reports-dzbqs1nu |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref>

It operates as train number 16621 from [[Rameswaram railway station|Rameswaram]] to [[Mangalore Central railway station|Mangaluru Central]] and as train number 16622 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Souza |first=Jeevan |date=2025-12-12 |title=Tamil Nadu: 65 express trains to run faster from Jan 1; travel time cut by 5-85 minutes |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/tamil-nadu-65-express-trains-to-run-faster-from-jan-1-travel-time-cut-by-5-85-minutes |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Services ==
• 16621/ Rameswaram–Mangaluru Weekly Express has an average speed of 49 km/h and covers 753 km in 15h 25m.

• 16622/ Mangaluru–Rameswaram Weekly Express has an average speed of 49 km/h and covers 753 km in 15h 20m.

== Route and halts ==
The Important Halts of the train are :
* '''[[Rameswaram railway station|Rameswaram]]'''
* [[Ramanathapuram railway station|Ramanathapuram]]
* [[Paramakudi]]
* [[Manamadurai Junction railway station|Manamadurai Junction]]
* [[Madurai Junction railway station|Madurai Junction]]
* [[Dindigul Junction railway station|Dindigul Junction]]
* [[Oddanchatram railway station|Oddanchatram]]
* [[Pollachi Junction railway station|Pollachi Junction]]
* [[Palakkad Junction railway station|Palakkad Junction]]
* [[Shoranur Junction railway station|Shoranur Junction]]
* [[Tirur railway station|Tirur]]
* [[Kozhikode railway station|Kozhikode]]
* [[Kannur railway station|Kannur]]
* [[Kasaragod railway station|Kasaragod]]
* '''[[Mangalore Central railway station|Mangaluru Central]]'''

== Schedule ==
• 16621 - 3:30 PM (Sunday) [Rameswaram]

• 16622 - 7:30 PM (Saturday) [Mangaluru Central]

== Coach composition ==

# General Unreserved - 4
# Sleeper Class - 6
# AC 3rd Class - 6
# AC 2nd Class - 2

== Traction ==
As the entire route is fully electrified it is hauled by a [[Erode Junction railway station|Erode]] Shed-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] electric locomotive from [[Rameswaram railway station|Rameswaram]] to [[Mangalore Central railway station|Mangaluru Central]] and vice versa.

== Rake reversal ==
The train will reverse 1 time :

# [[Palakkad Junction railway station|Palakkad Junction]]

== See also ==
Trains from [[Rameswaram railway station|Rameswaram]]:

# [[Firozpur–Rameswaram Humsafar Express]]
# [[Sethu Express]]
# [[Rameswaram–Faizabad Shraddha Sethu Express]]
# [[Rameswaram–Okha Express]]
# [[Rameswaram–Bhubaneswar Express]]

Trains from [[Mangalore Central railway station|Mangaluru Central]]:

# [[Ernad Express]]
# [[Chennai Egmore–Mangaluru Central Express]]
# [[Mangaluru Central–Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express]]
# [[Chennai Central–Mangaluru Central Superfast Express]]
# [[Mangaluru Central–Madgaon Vande Bharat Express]]

== Notes ==
a. Runs one day in a week with both directions.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Southern Railway zone]]

Sovarani Datta

2026-03-15T04:50:11Z

Igorsiw: New!

{{Short description|Indian revolutionary (1906–1950)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sovarani Datta
| image = Sobharani_Dutta.jpg
| birth_name = Sobha Rani Datta
| birth_date = {{birth date|1906|9|11|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1950|11|9|1906|9|11|df=y}}
| alma_mater = Brahma Girls School, Prem Mahavidyalaya
| occupation = Revolutionary
| organization = Ananda Math
| mother = Labanyaprabha Dutta
| father = Jatindranath Dutta
}}

'''Sovarani Datta''' (11 September 1906 – 9 November 1950) also known as '''Shobha Rani Dutta''' was an Indian Revolutionary.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahotsav |first=Amrit |title=Shobha Rani Dutta |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?15903 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Durba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y74pDwAAQBAJ&dq=Sovarani+Dutta&pg=PA173 |title=Gentlemanly Terrorists: Political Violence and the Colonial State in India, 1919–1947 |date=2017-07-20 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-18666-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nayak |first1=J. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2RmAAAAMAAJ&q=Sovarani+Dutta |title=Reminiscences: Excerpts from Oriya and Bangla Autobiographies |last2=Dasgupta |first2=Subha Chakraborty |date=2004 |publisher=DSA Publication, Department of Comparative Literature, Jadavpur University |language=en}}</ref> She established Ananda Math and also an active member of Satyagrah Samiti. She was convicted in the Titagarh conspiracy case and the Dalhousie Square Bomb case.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=2022-08-13 |title=India at 75 {{!}} In Kolkata, a tribute to forgotten revolutionaries |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/kolkatas-cultural-space-highlights-indias-lesser-known-revolutionaries-on-75th-year-of-independence/article65765538.ece |access-date=2024-04-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=keMrAQAAIAAJ&q=Sovarani+Dutta |title=The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies |date=1993 |publisher=Institute of Historical Studies. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukhopādhyāẏa |first=Amitābha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FWHaAAAAMAAJ&q=Sovarani+Dutta |title=Women in Indian Life and Society |date=1996 |publisher=Punthi Pustak and Institute of Historical Studies |isbn=978-81-85094-97-7 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Datta was born to Labanyaprabha Dutta, an [[Indian National Congress]] leader, and Jatindranath Dutta on 11 September 1906 in [[Kolkata]], India.

She was educated at Brahma Girls School, Kolkata and at [[Prem Mahavidyalaya]], Vrindavan, an educational institution established by [[Raja Mahendra Pratap]].

== Legacy ==

* [[Sovarani Memorial College]], Howrah<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sovarani Memorial College |url=https://smc.edu.in/ |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=smc.edu.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Datta, Sovarani}}
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1950 deaths]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries of Bengal during British Rule]]
[[Category:People from Kolkata district]]

Karachiwala

2026-03-11T19:56:44Z

Igorsiw:

{{Short description|Goan playwright and theatre director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{For|the Indian actor|Zafar Karachiwala}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Karachiwala
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Sebastião Gabriel de Sousa
| other_names = {{hlist|S. G. De Souza|Karachiwalla|Sebastian Gabriel D'Souza}}
| birth_place = [[Aldona]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_place = [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai, [[Maharashtra]], India) (most likely)
| occupation = {{hlist|Playwright|theatre director|producer|singer|composer}}
}}

'''Sebastião Gabriel de Sousa''' ({{fl.|1904–1909|lk=on}}), known [[mononymously]] as '''Karachiwala''', was an early 20th-century [[Goan]] playwright, [[theatre director]], [[theatrical producer]], singer, and composer who worked on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]].

==Career==
During the same era, a figure emerged on the [[Goan music|Konkani music]] and [[Tiatr|theater]] scene in [[Bombay]], alongside L.C.D. Braganza, also known as [[Rama (playwright)|Rama]]. This individual, known by his [[stage name]] Karachiwala, made contributions as a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] singer, composer, and playwright. The origin of his moniker remains obscure, though it is speculated that he may have resided in [[Karachi]], [[British India]] for an extended period before returning to Bombay, which was then part of British India. De Sousa garnered popularity for his well-received stage productions. His talents extended beyond acting, as he showcased skills in composing songs and delivering vocal performances. De Sousa undertook the translation and adaptation of several [[English drama|English plays]] into Konkani, which were staged in Bombay's Konkani ''[[tiatr]]'' circuit.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=22–23, 28, 75–76 |language=en |access-date=2024-03-15 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Among these adaptations were works by [[Shakespeare]], including ''[[Merchant of Venice]]'', ''[[Hamlet]]'', ''[[As You Like It]]'', and ''[[The Winter's Tale]]''. In addition to his theatrical achievements, de Sousa authored several popular ''tiatrs'', including ''Carlos Magno Ani 12 par Fransache'', ''Kustoba'', and ''Roldao Xinvachea Pottant''. He was also among the early Konkani writers who published their plays and songs in book form. Publications include ''Kustoba'', ''Faust 1'', and ''Faust 2'', which showcased his literary prowess. De Sousa's compositions were compiled into collections such as ''Comik Cantaranche Album'' and ''Cantarache Chear Album''. A milestone in de Sousa's career came in 1909 when his two-[[Act (drama)|act play]] ''Faust'', featuring eighteen songs accompanied by musical scores, was published after its debut at Bombay's [[Capitol Cinema (Mumbai)|Gaiety Theatre]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Gracias |first=Michael |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=4,7–8}}</ref>

''Custoba'' stands out as one of de Sousa's acclaimed theatrical works, garnering critical acclaim upon its publication in the same year. Following his death, several posthumous plays by de Sousa were published, including ''Inocente Hermione Vo Dubavi Leontes'' in Karachi in 1926 and ''Abou Hassan'' in Bombay in 1927. De Sousa was a member of the ''[[tiatrist]]s'' group, known for their performances under the direction of [[Pai Tiatrist|João Agostinho Fernandes]]. Collaborating with Fernandes elevated their artistry, leading to popularity and admiration from audiences. Rogaciano D'Souza, a [[Goan]] playwright hailing from [[Saligão]], was among de Sousa's contemporaries.<ref name=":1" /> De Sousa belonged to the early ''tiatrists'' of the period spanning from 1910 to 1940, who played a pivotal role in upholding the legacy of Konkani ''tiatr'' throughout the first half of the 20th century. While some ''tiatrists'' had relatively brief careers, others enjoyed enduring success. They made contributions as playwrights and composers, with figures like [[C. Alvares]], [[Vincent de Saligão]], [[Master Vaz]], and [[Valente Mascarenhas]] undertaking the multifaceted responsibilities of writing, producing, and directing Konkani ''tiatrs''. As a result, singers and actors had few choices for maintaining the vitality of Konkani ''tiatr'' until a playwright created a new piece.<ref name=":0" />

De Sousa held multiple roles as a writer, producer, and director, demonstrating his versatility in the art form. One of his audience members was [[Saib Rocha]], a young playwright who found inspiration in de Sousa's ''[[tiatr]]s'', which were performed in the 1910s.<ref name=":0" /> De Sousa, alongside John Lazarus, emerged as influential producers of [[English drama]]s and Konkani translations. In addition, De Sousa established a [[Theatrical troupe|theatrical company]] known as Karachiwalla's Delectable Company, which operated for a limited period before eventually dissolving. This company was one of several dramatic clubs that contributed to the theatrical scene of the time. In a letter written by João Agostinho Fernandes on 24 July 1939, and later published in ''The Goa Mail'' on 30 July 1939, details de Sousa's lack of participation in Fernandes' play ''Battkara'', performed on 22 November 1904. Fernandes stated that due to De Sousa's irregular attendance at [[rehearsal]]s, he did not have a role in the play. Despite this, Fernandes allowed De Sousa to perform a [[comic song]] on the opening day. Fernandes emphasized the significance of rigorous rehearsals in achieving artistic excellence and producing qualitatively superior ''tiatrs''. De Sousa was one among many ''tiatrists'' who flourished during the early phase of ''tiatr'', spanning from 1892 to the 1930s. This period marked the emergence of pioneering dramatists who reaped immediate benefits and played a crucial role in shaping the ''tiatr'' tradition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fernandes |first=André Rafael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |title=When the Curtains Rise--: Understanding Goa's Vibrant Konkani Theatre |date=2010 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |isbn=978-93-80739-01-4 |pages=18, 48, 70, 101, 136 |language=en |access-date=2024-03-15 |archive-date=2023-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126045216/https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Sebastião Gabriel de Sousa originated from the village of [[Aldona]] in [[Goa]], then a colony of [[Portuguese India]] within the [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India). During his formative years, he resided in [[Karachi]], which was part of the [[Bombay Presidency]] in [[British India]]. It was during this period that he honed his skills as a playwright, specifically in the genre of ''[[tiatr]]s'' (form of [[Goan]] [[musical theatre]]), and gained recognition as a singer and composer, earning the esteem of ''tiatr'' audiences.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-12-07 |title=Saluting those who forged ahead with a purpose in the tiatr world |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/saluting-those-who-forged-ahead-with-a-purpose-in-the-tiatr-world/articleshow/55842978.cms?_gl=1*17fhk1g*_ga*YW1wLVZSa1JjbUZONEdOWklrVTRJWGFieHZrbk93cUkzVHgtSENVYzdRX1FnczUzeU1fbzExekVfemw5Q04zRkJ5TF8.*_ga_FCN624MN68*MTcxMDYwMjExNy4xNTYuMS4xNzEwNjAyNDU3LjAuMC4w#_ga=2.229320666.798763294.1710602117-amp-VRkRcmFN4GNZIkU4IXabxvknOwqI3Tx-HCUc7Q_Qgs53yM_o11zE_zl9CN3FByL_ |access-date=2024-03-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316155946/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/saluting-those-who-forged-ahead-with-a-purpose-in-the-tiatr-world/articleshow/55842978.cms?_gl=1%2A17fhk1g%2A_ga%2AYW1wLVZSa1JjbUZONEdOWklrVTRJWGFieHZrbk93cUkzVHgtSENVYzdRX1FnczUzeU1fbzExekVfemw5Q04zRkJ5TF8.%2A_ga_FCN624MN68%2AMTcxMDYwMjExNy4xNTYuMS4xNzEwNjAyNDU3LjAuMC4w#_ga=2.229320666.798763294.1710602117-amp-VRkRcmFN4GNZIkU4IXabxvknOwqI3Tx-HCUc7Q_Qgs53yM_o11zE_zl9CN3FByL_ |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequently, de Sousa relocated to [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai), where he garnered acclaim for his [[Konkani language|Konkani]] writings and performances in ''tiatrs''. Among his peers, he was affectionately referred to as 'Karachiwala'.<ref name=":1" />

==Legacy==
On 30 January 2015, the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] organized a commemorative event known as the Somplolea Tiatristancho Ugddas. This event, held at the Conference Hall of the Tiatr Academy of Goa located in the Campal Trade Centre, [[Campal]], [[Panaji]], aimed to honor the memory of deceased ''[[tiatrist]]s'' who were born in a specific month. Although the exact birth date of de Sousa was unavailable, he was included in the remembrance during that particular month's event.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2015-01-29 |title=Remembering Tiatr artistes of yesteryears – The Navhind Times |work=The Navhind Times | Goa News |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/01/29/magazines/buzz/remembering-tiatr-artistes-of-yesteryears/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316155912/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/01/29/magazines/buzz/remembering-tiatr-artistes-of-yesteryears/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Continuing the tradition, on 23 January 2018, de Sousa was once again remembered at the same event. The program took place at the Conference Hall, on the second floor of the Campal Trade Centre, Campal, Panaji, which is an integral part of the Tiatr Academy of Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2018-01-21 |title=TAG to remember tiatr artistes of yesteryears on January 23 – The Navhind Times |work=The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2018/01/21/magazines/buzz/tag-to-remember-tiatr-artistes-of-yesteryears-on-january-23/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316160102/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2018/01/21/magazines/buzz/tag-to-remember-tiatr-artistes-of-yesteryears-on-january-23/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Furthermore, on 29 January 2020, de Sousa's contributions were honored once again at the same event. This time, the program took place at the Black Box venue within the premises of Ravindra Bhavan, located in [[Margao]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=N. T. |date=2020-02-02 |title=Late tiatr artistes remembered – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2020/02/02/magazines/buzz/late-tiatr-artistes-remembered-5/ |access-date=2024-03-16 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316160131/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2020/02/02/magazines/buzz/late-tiatr-artistes-remembered-5/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karachiwala}}
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:People from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Goa]]
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]

John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence

2026-03-09T22:18:58Z

Igorsiw: improved layout further

{{short description|English British Imperial statesman from 1864 to 1869}}
{{Other people|John Lawrence}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Lord Lawrence
| honorific-suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|Bt|GCB|GCSI|PC|}}
| image = John Lawrence by Maull and Polyblank.jpg
| caption = The then Sir John Lawrence photographed by Maull & Polybank, c. 1850s
| order1 = 3rd [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy and Governor-General of India]]
| term_start1 = 12 January 1864
| term_end1 = 12 January 1869
| monarch1 = [[Queen Victoria]]
| primeminister1 = {{Collapsible list|title=See list|[[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|The Viscount Palmerston]] [[John Russell, 1st Earl Russell|The Earl Russell]] [[Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby|The Earl of Derby]] [[Benjamin Disraeli]] [[William Ewart Gladstone]]}}
| predecessor1 = [[William Denison|Sir William Denison]] As Acting Viceroy and Governor-General
| successor1 = [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|The Earl of Mayo]]
| order2 = [[List of governors of Punjab (British India)|Lieutenant Governor of Punjab]]
| term_start2 = 1 January 1859
| term_end2 = 25 February 1859
| governor_general2 = [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|The Earl Canning]]
| predecessor2 = Office created
| successor2 = [[Robert Montgomery (colonial administrator)|Sir Robert Montgomery]]
| order3 = [[List of governors of Punjab (British India)|Chief Commissioner of Punjab]]
| term_start3 = 18 January 1853
| term_end3 = 31 December 1858
| governor_general3 = [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|The Marquess of Dalhousie]] The Earl Canning
| predecessor3 = Office created
| successor3 = Office abolished
| birth_date = {{birth date text|4 March 1811|}}
| birth_place = [[Richmond, North Yorkshire|Richmond]], [[North Riding of Yorkshire]], England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1879|6|27|1811|3|4}}
| death_place = London, United Kingdom
| nationality = [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]]
| party =
| alma_mater = [[East India Company College]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Harriette Hamilton |1841}}
}}

'''John Laird Mair Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|GCB|GCSI|PC}} (4 March 1811 – 27 June 1879), known as '''Sir John Lawrence, Bt.''', between 1858 and 1869, was a prominent British Imperial statesman and served as the [[Viceroy of India]] from 1864 to 1869.

==Early life==
Lawrence was born in [[Richmond, North Yorkshire|Richmond]], [[North Riding of Yorkshire]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/empire/episodes/episode_50.shtml |title = BBC – Radio 4 Empire – the Sepoy Rebellion (I)}}</ref> He was the youngest son born into an [[Ulster-Scots people|Ulster-Scots]] family, his mother, Letitia Knox, being from [[County Donegal]] while his father was from [[Coleraine]] in [[County Londonderry]]. Lawrence spent his early years in [[Derry]], a city in the [[Provinces of Ireland|Province]] of [[Ulster]] in the northern part of [[Ireland]], and was educated at [[Foyle College]] and Wraxhall School in [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]].<ref name="Venn-2011">{{cite book |last=Venn |first=John|date=15 September 2011|title=Alumni Cantabrigienses: A Biographical List of All Known Students, Graduates and Holders of Office at the University of Cambridge, from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume 2 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1108036146 }}</ref> His father had served in India as a soldier in the [[British Army]] and his elder brothers included [[George St Patrick Lawrence|Sir George Lawrence]] and [[Henry Montgomery Lawrence|Sir Henry Lawrence]].

At the age of sixteen, despite wishing for a military career like his brothers, his father enrolled him at the [[East India Company College]], Haileybury, believing a career as a civil servant offered better prospects.<ref name="Gibbon-1915">{{cite book |last=Gibbon |first=Frederick |date=1908 |title=The Lawrences of the Punjab |publisher=JM Dent & Co |location=London |isbn=978-1-331-55959-7 }}</ref> He attended Haileybury for two years, where by his own admission he was neither very idle nor very industrious, yet he won prizes in history, political economy and [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/>

==Passage to India==
Lawrence entered the [[Bengal Civil Service]] and in September 1829 he set sail for India with his brother Henry. On arrival he settled at [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] where he was expected to pass examinations in local vernacular.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> Having successfully mastered [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Urdu]], Lawrence's first job was as a [[magistrate]] and tax collector in Delhi.<ref name="Harlow & Carter-2015">{{cite book |last=Harlow & Carter |first=Barbara & Mia|date=2003 |title=Archives of Empire: Volume I. From The East India Company to the Suez Canal Volume 1 of Archives of Empire |publisher=Duke University Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=0822331640 }}</ref> After four years in Delhi he was transferred to [[Panipat]] and two years hence was placed in charge of [[Gurgaon district]].<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/>

In 1837, Lawrence was made a settlement officer at [[Etawah]]. Whilst doing the role he caught jungle fever and was close to death. He spent three months in [[Calcutta]] to convalesce but having failed to recover he returned to England in 1840. The following year, whilst in County Donegal he met and married his wife Harriette in August 1841.<ref name="Venn-2011"/> The couple then spent six months travelling Europe until news from the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] led to them returning to England, and back to India in the autumn of 1842.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/>

On his return to India, Lawrence was appointed a Civil and Sessions Judge in Delhi, and given responsibility over [[Karnal]].<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> During the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] between 1845 and 1846, [[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge|Sir Henry Hardinge]] sent orders for Lawrence to assist the armed forces. He played a key role ahead of the [[Battle of Sobraon]], ensuring supplies and guns were collected and transferred to the battle.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/>

==Punjab==
===Jullundur and the Hill States===
At the conclusion of the First Anglo-Sikh War, Hardinge appointed Lawrence to govern the newly-annexed [[Jullundur]] district and [[Hill States of India|Hill States]] regions of the Punjab.<ref name="Harlow & Carter-2015"/> In that role, Lawrence was known for his administrative reforms, his subduing the hill tribes and his attempts to end the custom of [[suttee]].<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> He attempted to tackle the issue of [[female infanticide]] by successfully threatening the Bedis with confiscation of their lands unless they gave up the practice.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> His assistant [[Robert Needham Cust|Robert Cust]] described Lawrence's interviews with native land-holders as follows:<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/>

{{blockquote|"John Lawrence was full of energy – his coat off, his sleeves turned up above his elbows and impressing upon his subjects his principles of a just state demand...thou shall not burn thy widow, thou shall not kill thy daughters; thou shall not bury alive thy lepers."}}

Another assistant, [[Lewin Bentham Bowring|Lewin Bowring]], described how he had a rough tongue with the local chiefs, who had a wholesome dread of him. He was described as far abler than his brother at details but was not held in as much affection by the chiefs.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/>

===Board of Administration===
Victory in the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] established East India Company dominance in the Punjab, and on 30 March 1849, the Punjab was proclaimed a province of [[British India]]. Lawrence was appointed to a three-man Board of Administration to govern the province, headed by his elder brother Henry. He was responsible for numerous reforms, including the abolition of internal duties and the establishment of a common currency and postal system.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> Lawrence championed improvements to local infrastructure and raising money for public works, including an extension of the [[Grand Trunk Road]] from Delhi to Peshawar, the construction of a highway from Lahore to [[Multan]], and construction on the Bari Doab Canal which provided a boon to cultivators in the area.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> He was also known for being financially astute, overseeing a fifty percent increase in revenue and ensuring the Punjab was delivering a surplus of over one million pounds sterling within three years of the Board being instituted.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/>

Lawrence disagreed with his brother Henry's policy of retaining the support of the local aristocracy, arguing it was too extravagant and hurting finances.<ref name="Harlow & Carter-2015"/> In December 1852, having overseen a highly productive period of governance, the Lawrence brothers offered their resignations.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Lord Dalhousie]] also feeling the necessity of a Board of Administration had ceased, sought to replace it with the new role of Chief Commissioner. Dalhousie rejected Lawrence's resignation, instead making him the first Chief Commissioner, meanwhile Henry went on to become [[Rajputana Agency|Agent in Rajputana]].<ref name="Harlow & Carter-2015"/>

===Chief Commissioner===
As Chief Commissioner, Lawrence carried on the policies from before - public works were extended, industry and education encouraged and surveying completed. He granted greater authority to villages, and upheld the decisions of village headsmen.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> In addition, Lawrence now also had responsibility for managing the mercurial group of assistants recruited by his brother known as [[Henry Lawrence's "Young Men"]].

In February 1856, Lawrence returned to Calcutta to wish farewell to the departing Lord Dalhousie who was retiring to England. As a parting gift, Dalhouse recommended Lawrence for the honour of [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]].<ref name="Venn-2011"/> Whilst in Calcutta, Lawrence spent three days with Henry, in what would be the last time the brothers were together.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/>

==Indian Mutiny==
{{See also|Indian Rebellion of 1857}}
[[File:John-Laird-Mair-Lawrence-1st-Baron-Lawrence.jpg|thumb|right|John Laird Mair Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence in 1860s]]
Lawrence was in [[Rawalpindi]] when he received news of a sepoy uprising in [[Meerut]].<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/>

The Punjab garrison in May 1857 was 60,000 strong, consisting of 10,000 Europeans, 36,000 Hindustani sepoys and 14,000 Punjabi irregulars.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> His first step was to disarm potentially disaffected sepoys by splitting them into detachments and dispatching them to the Afghan frontier where they were less likely to rebel.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> His next steps were to send the [[Corps of Guides (India)|Corps of Guides]], [[55th Coke's Rifles (Frontier Force)|1st Punjabi's (Coke's Afridis)]], [[54th Sikhs (Frontier Force)|4th Sikhs]] and [[4th Punjab Infantry Regiment|4th Punjab Infantry]] seven hundred miles to Delhi.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> To patrol the now militarily depleted Punjab, Lawrence then at the suggestion of [[John Nicholson (East India Company officer)|John Nicholson]] and [[Herbert Benjamin Edwardes|Herbert Edwardes]] deployed a movable column of lightly equipped European and Punjabi troops, and chose [[Neville Bowles Chamberlain|Neville Chamberlain]] to lead it.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/>

To guarantee the loyalty of the Punjab, he requested Sikh chiefs show gratitude for leniency following annexation, and [[Patiala]], [[Jhind]], [[Nabha]] and [[Kapurthala]] all offered troops and money in support of the British. This ensured the lines of communication between Delhi and Lahore remained open.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> He wrote to influential Sikhs who had previously rebelled during the Second Sikh War, and successfully secured their support by offering them a chance of redemption if they lent support against the mutiny. Lawrence was also able to gain the support of Muslims in the Punjab such as the Nawab of Karnal.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/>

As the fighting continued, Lawrence felt inclined to send the large contingent of European soldiers stationed at Peshawar to Delhi.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> This raised the prospect of an attack by [[Dost Mohammed Khan]] when the Peshawar garrison was left less secure. Lawrence's assistants, led by John Nicholson and even the Governor-General, [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Lord Canning]], were insistent on the need to protect Peshawar.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> Lawrence nonetheless placed greater importance on the fall of Delhi, and pressed ahead with the re-deployment of troops to Delhi. By 6 September, Lawrence wrote to Lord Canning that the Punjab had sent every man they could spare.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> On 14 September, Delhi had been recaptured and due to his actions Lawrence was acclaimed as the 'Saviour of India'.<ref>The Times, 29 July 1858, p. 8.</ref>

==Aftermath of Rebellion==
In the immediate aftermath of the rebellion, the British perpetrated acts of vengeance, including [[summary execution]]s.<ref name="Metcalf p. 295">Metcalf, The Aftermath of Revolt, p. 295.</ref> In February 1858 Delhi became part of the Punjab, and Lawrence took steps to check the acts of vengeance.<ref name="Metcalf p. 295"/> That same month he wrote to Lord Canning urging him to permit sepoys who had not taken part in the mutiny to return home, and to grant an amnesty for those who did not murder anyone and had given up their arms.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/>

Calls were made to raze Delhi to the ground, and dismantle the [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]], however Lawrence resisted such calls stating holy places should be spared.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> Popular opinion within British society was shaped by partisan reports of atrocities committed by the rebels and demanded the most severe retribution on the alleged culprits, an opinion which was resisted by Lord Canning and Lawrence.<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> As many as 800,000 Indians and possibly more, both in the rebellion (150,000 dead) and in famines and [[epidemic]]s of disease (650,000 dead) in its wake, by comparison of 1857 population estimates with the Indian Census of 1871.{{sfn|Peers|2013|p=64}} About 6,000 British occupiers or family members were killed.{{sfn|Peers|2013|p=64}}

In 1858, the Punjab was made a Lieutenant Governorship which resulted in an increase in staff and other privileges. In February 1859, Lawrence handed over power to [[Robert Montgomery (colonial administrator)|Robert Montgomery]] and set sail for England. For his service in the mutiny he was created a [[baronet]], granted a [[Order of the Bath|GCB]], made a [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Councillor]] and received an annual pension from the [[British East India Company|East India Company]] of £2,000.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=22171 |date=6 August 1858 |page=3667}}</ref> On arrival in England he was greeted with a lavish ceremony at [[Guildhall]] and afforded an audience with [[Queen Victoria]].<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/> He also took up a role with the [[Council of India]] based at [[Whitehall]].<ref name="Gibbon-1915"/>

Additionally he received the freedoms of the cities of London (1858) and [[Glasgow]] (1860), the freedom of the [[Worshipful Company of Grocers]] (1859) and honorary doctorates of civil law from the universities of [[Oxford University|Oxford]] and [[Cambridge University|Cambridge]] (1859).<ref>Bosworth Smith, Life of Lord Lawrence, vol. II, chs. 8 & 9.</ref>

==Viceroy of India==
[[File:John Lawrence's Executive Council 1864.jpg|thumb|right|Sir John Lawrence as [[Viceroy of India]], sitting middle, with his Executive Council members and Secretaries]]
On 12 January 1864, Lawrence returned to India, succeeding [[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin|Lord Elgin]] as [[Viceroy of India]]. His stated ambitions as Viceroy were to consolidate British power and to improve the ‘condition of the people’.<ref name="Wallace-2014"/> One of his first acts was to ban the [[Hindu]] practice of throwing their dead into the [[Hooghly River]].<ref>Bosworth Smith, Life of Lord Lawrence, vol. II, p. 418</ref> To enable Lawrence to claim both his annuity from the East India Company and his full salary as Viceroy, the [[Salary of Sir J. Lawrence Act 1864]] was passed in March 1864.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Collection of the Public General Statutes passed in the Twenty-seventh and Twenty-eighth Years of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria: Being the Sixth Session of the Eighteenth Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1864 |publisher=George Edward Eyre and William Spottiswoode |page=3}}</ref>

===Domestic policy===
Domestically, Lawrence sought to increase tenant security and to reduce fiscal assessments imposed on Indians, believing that what had worked in the Punjab would work across British India.<ref name="Wallace-2014">{{cite book |last=Wallace |first=Christopher Julian|date=June 2014|title='Masterly inactivity': Lord Lawrence, Britain and Afghanistan, 1864–1879 |publisher=King's College London }}</ref> He saw light taxation as a matter of fairness and pragmatism, arguing that for Indian yeomen to safeguard British rule it was essential that they should feel the benefits of a British administration. Lawrence resisted calls for increasing the taxation of salt that would have disproportionately affected poorer Indians. He calculated that the excise on salt increased its price as much as twelvefold in the Punjab, and perhaps by eight times in the North West Provinces.<ref name="Wallace-2014"/> Lawrence abhorred the stance taken by many of his compatriots, who considered it their 'prerogative while in India to pay no taxation at all.' He characterised the non-official British community in India as 'birds of passage', rushing to amass wealth as quickly as possible with no care for what happened after their departure.<ref name="Wallace-2014"/>

Arguably the greatest failure of Lawrence's tenure was the [[Orissa famine of 1866]], in which an estimated one million Indians died.<ref name="Wallace-2014"/> Part of the criticism focused on his moving the government apparatus to the cooler hills of [[Simla]] which was geographically remote from the centre of power in Calcutta.<ref name="Wallace-2014"/> In response, Lawrence offered his resignation, but this was refused by [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Viscount Cranborne]].<ref name="Wallace-2014"/>

===Foreign policy===
Lawrence's fame and extensive regional knowledge afforded him considerable scope by Westminster in determining Indian foreign policy.<ref name="Wallace-2014"/>

In June 1863, the [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Emir of Afghanistan]], Dost Muhammad Khan, died, resulting in civil war within Afghanistan at a time when the British government were concerned with [[Russian Empire|Russian]] expansionism in central Asia. Lawrence adopted a strategy of strict non-intervention on Afghanistan, devising a policy that would be known as 'masterly inactivity.' The policy meant no British envoys or troops were sent to Afghanistan, and civilian explorers were prohibited from wandering beyond the frontier. It has been argued the policy was shaped by Lawrence's experience of the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] where his brother George was held captive.<ref>J.L. Duthie, ‘Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson and the Art of Great Gamesmanship’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, XI (1983), 258.</ref>

Lawrence argued any attempt to restrain Russian advance in Afghanistan would lead to the eventual occupation of the country, as was the case in 1838.<ref name="Wallace-2014"/> Vocal criticism of Lawrence's policy of ‘masterly inactivity’ came from serving or former British army officers in India such as [[Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet|Henry Rawlinson]] and [[Sydney Cotton|Sir Sydney Cotton]].<ref name="Wallace-2014"/> Criticism centred on the belief that Britain's apparent passivity would allow Russia to establish her influence at Kabul.<ref name="Wallace-2014"/>

==Return to England==
Lawrence completed his five-year term as Viceroy and returned to England in January 1869. In April he was raised to the [[peerage]] as '''Baron Lawrence''', of the Punjaub and of [[Grateley]] in the [[Southampton|County of Southampton]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=23483 |date=30 March 1869 |page=2006}}</ref>
[[File:Bust of John Laird Mair Lawrence in Westminster Abbey.jpg|thumb|Bust of Lawrence in Westminster Abbey]]
[[Arthur Munby]] wrote in 1860:

<blockquote>Thursday, 31st. May:... Passing through Kensington Tuesday, (29th.May) I saw a man of all others worth seeing—Sir John Lawrence. He was riding down the street alone—without even a groom: and no one knew or noticed him. A large, loosely made man; sitting grave and quiet on his horse; with sallow wrinkled face and grizzled moustache: riding along, an unappreciated king of men, with such keen eyes and such a solemn face!

And he all unnoticed, and still a commoner, while [[Robert Vernon, 1st Baron Lyveden|Vernon Smith]] is a peer! But idiots are proverbially the favourites of fortune.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hudson |first1=Derek |title=Munby, Man of Two Worlds: The Life and Diaries of Arthur J. Munby, 1828-1910 |date=1972 |publisher=Gambit |isbn=978-0-87645-066-6 |page=61 |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>

In 1870 Lawrence was elected to represent the Chelsea division of the [[London School Board]], and was appointed chairman at the first board meeting. He resigned from the position in November 1873.<ref>Mosley, Charles, editor. Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes. Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003.</ref>

From 1871-72, he chaired a [[Royal Commission]] into the beaching of [[HMS Megaera (1849)|HMS Megaera]].<ref name="harrison">{{cite web |last1=Harrison |first1=Elaine |title=Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 10, Officials of Royal Commissions of Inquiry 1870-1939. |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/office-holders/vol10/pp1-13 |website=British History Online |access-date=9 March 2026}}</ref>

Lawrence briefly returned to the public sphere in 1878 as a critic of the Conservative government's Afghan policy in the months preceding the [[Second Afghan War]].<ref name="Wallace-2014"/> He was nominated chairman of an influential committee to oppose the policy of [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|Lord Lytton]] and the Indian government, and to oppose annexation and imperialism.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43098727 |title=Death of Lord John Lawrence. |newspaper=[[South Australian Register]] |volume=XLIV |issue=10,180 |location=South Australia |date=1 July 1879 |accessdate=12 February 2021 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

Lawrence died in London on 27 June 1879, aged 68 and was buried at [[Westminster Abbey]].<ref name="Venn-2011"/> A memorial bust of Lawrence by the sculptor [[Thomas Woolner]] was later erected in the nave of the Abbey.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/john-laird-mair-lawrence |title=John Laird Mair Lawrence |website=Westminster Abbey|access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref>

==Family==
[[File:John Lawrence Statue.JPG|thumb|right|[[Statue of Lord Lawrence]] in Waterloo Place, London]]
Lawrence married Harriette Catherine, daughter of [[The Reverend]] Richard Hamilton, in 1841.<ref name="Venn-2011"/> They had four sons and six daughters:<ref>{{cite news |title=Death of Lord Lawrence |work=[[The Times]] |date=28 June 1879 |page=12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire |date=1907 |publisher=Burke's Peerage Limited. |page=991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UxJXAAAAYAAJ&dq=Maude+Agnes+Lawrence&pg=PA991 |access-date=17 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

* Catherine Letitia Lawrence (1843–1931), married Col. William Lowndes Randall
* Harriette Emily Lawrence (1844–1918), married [[H. S. Cunningham|Sir Henry Stewart Cunningham]]
* [[John Lawrence, 2nd Baron Lawrence|John Hamilton Lawrence]] (1845–1913), succeeded his father as the [[Baron Lawrence|2nd Baron Lawrence]]
* [[Henry Lawrence (rugby union)|Henry Lawrence]] (1848–1902), a noted [[rugby football|rugby]] player who captained [[England national rugby union team|England]] in two matches, including the first ever international against [[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]].
* Alice Margaret Lawrence (1850–1944), married Rev. Launcelot Charles Walford (1843–1936) on 14 July 1870. They had three daughters.
* Mary Emma Lawrence (1852–1939), married [[Francis Buxton|Francis William Buxton]], son of [[Sir Edward North Buxton, 2nd Baronet]] on 27 February 1872. They had three sons, and five daughters.
* [[Charles Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence of Kingsgate|Charles Napier Lawrence]] (1854–1927), businessman and was created [[Baron Lawrence of Kingsgate]] in 1923.
* Edith Hamilton Lawrence (7 June 1860 – 24 February 1861), died in infancy
* Sir [[Herbert Lawrence|Herbert Alexander Lawrence]] (1861–1943), a First World War general and a banker.
* Dame [[Maude Lawrence|Maude Agnes Lawrence]] (1865–1933), civil servant

Lady Lawrence died in 1917.

==Legacy==
A boarding house at the [[East India Company College]] (today [[Haileybury and Imperial Service College]]) and a "house" at [[Foyle College]] was subsequently named after him. Lawrence is also a Senior Wing House at [[St Paul's School, Darjeeling]], in [[India]], where all the Senior Wing Houses are named after colonial-era civil service and military figures.

A statue of him stands at Foyle and Londonderry College (having been, originally, erected in [[Lahore]]). The statue, by Sir [[Joseph Edgar Boehm]], once showed Lawrence with a pen in one hand and a sword in the other, along with the caption "By which will you be governed?". The pen and sword were used to illustrate his versatility as an administrator and a soldier. Vandals have since damaged the sword. Another [[Statue of Lord Lawrence|statue of Lawrence]] stands in [[Waterloo Place]] in central London. The inscription on the base of the statue originally reads "John First Lord Lawrence, ruler of the Punjaub during the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. Viceroy of India from 1864 to 1869. Erected by his fellow subjects, British and Indian, A.D. 1882.," but the word "Punjaub" (Punjab) has been defaced and rendered illegible by vandals.

==Arms==
{{Infobox COA wide
|image = [[File:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|centre|150px]][[File:Lawrence Escutcheon.png|centre|200px]]
|escutcheon = Ermine on a cross raguly Gules an eastern crown Or on a chief Azure two swords in saltire Proper pommels and hilts Gold between as many leopards’ faces Argent
|crest = Out of an eastern crown Or a cubit arm entwined by a wreath of laurel and holding a dagger all Proper.
|supporters = Dexter, an officer of the Guide Cavalry (Irregulars) of the Pathan tribe in the province of Peshawar habited and accoutred Proper. Sinister an officer of the Sikh Irregular cavalry also habited and accoutred Proper.
|motto = Be Ready<ref>{{cite book|title=Burke's Peerage |date=1949}}</ref>}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

* Mundy, Man of Two Worlds.Derek Hudson.The Life and Diaries of [[Arthur Munby]], 1828–1910.Abacus Edition, 1974, published by Sphere Books.
* {{Citation |last=Peers |first=Douglas M. |year=2013 |title=India Under Colonial Rule: 1700–1885 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyQuAgAAQBAJ |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-88286-2}}.

==Further reading==
{{sister project links|auto=y|d=y}}
* {{Cite ODNB|id=16182|title=Lawrence, John Laird Mair}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Lawrence, John Laird Mair Lawrence, 1st Baron|volume=16|pages=306–308}}
* {{cite book
| last = Edwardes
| first = Michael
| title = The Necessary Hell: John and Henry Lawrence and the Indian Empire
| publisher = Cassell
| year = 1958
|oclc=3919277
}}
* {{cite book|author=William Ford|title=John Laird Mair Lawrence, a viceroy of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GAYPAAAAQAAJ|year=1887}}
* {{cite book
| last = Smith
| first = Reginald Bosworth Smith
|author-link = Reginald Bosworth
| title = Life of Lord Lawrence
| url = https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001266587
| publisher = Smith, Elder & Co.
| location = London
| orig-year = 1883
|year=1908
| volume = 1–2
|oclc=988626022
}}
** {{cite journal|title=Review of ''Life of Lord Lawrence'' by R. Bosworth Smith|journal=The Quarterly Review|date=April 1883|volume=155|pages=289–326|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924065563904;view=1up;seq=303}}

==External links==
* {{NPG name|name=John Laird Mair Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef |before=[[William Denison|Sir William Denison]] (acting)}}
{{s-ttl |title=[[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]] |years=1864–1869}}
{{s-aft |after=[[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|The Earl of Mayo]]}}
{{s-new}}
{{s-ttl |title=Chairman of the [[London School Board]] |years=1870–1873}}
{{s-aft |after=[[Charles Reed (British politician)|Sir Charles Reed]]}}
{{s-reg|uk}}
{{s-new|creation}}
{{s-ttl |title=[[Baron Lawrence]] | years=1869–1879}}
{{s-aft |after=[[John Lawrence, 2nd Baron Lawrence|John Hamilton Lawrence]]}}
{{s-reg|uk-bt}}
{{s-new|creation}}
{{s-ttl |title=[[Baron Lawrence|Baronet]] '''(of the Army) | years='''1858–1879}}
{{s-aft |after=[[John Lawrence, 2nd Baron Lawrence|John Hamilton Lawrence]]}}
{{s-end}}{{Viceroys of India}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lawrence, John Lawrence, 1st Baron}}
[[Category:1811 births]]
[[Category:1879 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Barons Lawrence|1]]
[[Category:Lawrence baronets|401]]
[[Category:Lawrence family (England)|John]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Viceroys of India]]
[[Category:Members of the London School Board]]
[[Category:People educated at Foyle College]]
[[Category:People from Richmond, North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Governors of Punjab (British India)]]
[[Category:Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of India]]

Hisar Airport

2026-03-09T15:32:37Z

Igorsiw: general cleaned up formatting for clarity and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{Short description|Airport serving Hisar, NCR, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Maharaja Agrasen International Airport
| image =
| image-width =
| caption =
| IATA = HSS
| ICAO = VIHR
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_label = '''HSS'''/VIHR
| pushpin_label_position = right
| type = Public
| owner = [[Civil Aviation Department, Haryana]]
| operator = [[Haryana Institute of Civil Aviation]]
| city-served = [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] [[Haryana]]

| location = [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| opened = {{start date and age|2025|03|31|df=yes}}
| closed =
| elevation-f = 700
| elevation-m = 213
| coordinates = {{coord|29|10|45|N|075|45|19|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| metric-elev = y
| metric-rwy = y
| r1-number = 12/30
| r1-length-f = 10,236
| r1-length-m = 3,120<ref name=hubs2/>
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.world-airport-codes.com/india/hissar-2947.html|title=Hissar - India}}</ref>
}}

'''Maharaja Agrasen International Airport'''<ref name="nu2">[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/rs-946-crore-sanctioned-for-aviation-hub-in-hisar-289815 Rs 946 crore sanctioned for aviation hub in Hisar], The Tribune India, 30 July 2021.</ref> {{airport codes|HSS|VIHR}} — also known as '''Hisar Airport''' — is a [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|DGCA]]-licensed public airport serving [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], a [[#Counter magnets|Counter Magnet City]] on the "Hisar-Narnaul Industrial Sub-corridor" of [[Industrial corridor|Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor]],<ref name=agr1/> in [[Haryana]] state of India. Hisar Airport, along with the [[Noida International Airport]], is being developed as an alternate to national capital Delhi's [[IGI Airport]].<ref name=hsalt1>[https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-international-airport-at-hisar-haryana-to-give-breather-to-igi-airport-in-delhi-see-what-cm-said-113355 International airport at Hisar, Haryana to give breather to IGI airport in Delhi? See what CM said], Zee News, October 29, 2019.</ref><ref name=altn1>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=178342|title=New Greenfield Noida International Airport at Jewar picking momentum- Progress Report|publisher=Press Information Bureau|date=3 April 2018| access-date=11 May 2018}}</ref><ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/hisar-aerodrome-being-considered-for-international-airport-says-mla/article1-1292554.aspx Hisar aerodrome being considered for international airport, says MLA] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211001542/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/hisar-aerodrome-being-considered-for-international-airport-says-mla/article1-1292554.aspx |date=11 December 2014}}, HT Correspondent, ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', Retrieved on 2 December 2014.</ref> Spread over an area of {{convert|7200|acre|ha}} and located {{convert|5|km|mi}} northeast of the city center on [[National Highway 9 (India)|NH-9]], Hisar Airport is currently undergoing an upgrade in 3 phases at the cost of {{INRConvert|5200|c|lk=on|year=2025}} to an international airport by 2030 with [[Maintenance, repair, and operations]] (MRO) hub, aerospace university, aerospace and defense manufacturing industrial zone, multi-model logistics hub and food parks.<ref name="MRG1">{{cite news|title=Hisar Airport – Status, Master Plan & Design |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/hisar-airport-status-update-news-plan-design/ |access-date=8 May 2024 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |date=19 April 2024}}</ref><ref name=mou1/><ref name=hubs2/><ref name=hubs3/> First two phases are complete, phase-III is underway with target completion date of 2030.<ref name=pintup1/>

==History==

{{see also | History_of_Haryana#Aviation | label 1 = Aviation history of Haryana | Civil_aviation_in_India#History | label 2 = Civil Aviation History of India | Aviation_History | label 3 = World Aviation History}}

===Initial years ===

Initially constructed in 1965 as airstrip,<ref name=training/> the Hisar Airport has been progressively upgraded by successive governments of various political parties with major thrust provided after [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) came to power in Haryana.<ref name=tribunechd1/><ref name=airupdate1/><ref name=pintup1/> In 1965, construction of {{convert|194|acre|ha}} Hisar airfield commenced during the rule of [[List of chief ministers of Punjab, India|Chief Minister of Punjab]], [[Ram Kishan]] of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] Party,<ref name=training/> which was completed in 1967 and it became operational in the same year.<ref name=hubs2>[http://www.environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Online/TOR/14_May_2019_1516417479UJIPRXVPFR(1)Lates13May19.pdf Environment clearance for Hisar Airport], Haryana Civil Aviation Department, accessed 15 Aug 2021.</ref> In 1948, first airstrip was built in Haryana when [[Ambala Air Force Station]] was established.<ref name=training/>

In 1970–71, a privately managed air service was introduced on Delhi–Patiala–Hisar–Delhi route under the [[Chief Minister of Haryana]], [[Bansi Lal]] of INC party, which was terminated after a period of 6 months due to lack of financial viability.<ref name=gaz1>{{cite web| url=http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf| title=Gazetteer of India: Haryana, Hisar, pp.136| author=Haryana Gazetteers Organization| publisher=Controller of Printing and Stationery| location=Chandigarh| date=1987| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501213030/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf| archive-date=1 May 2014}}</ref>

In 1999, Hisar Aviation Club was merged with [[Haryana Institute of Civil Aviation]] (HICA).<ref name=training>{{cite web|title=Haryana Institute of Civil Aviation|url=http://www.karnal.gov.in/dept_aviation.asp|publisher=District Administration, Karnal|access-date=30 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523172711/http://www.karnal.gov.in/dept_aviation.asp|archive-date=23 May 2012}}</ref> In 2002, the Delhi Flying Club (DFC) shifted all its flying activities and aircraft to Hisar from [[Safdarjung Airport]] in [[Delhi]].<ref name="hisar airport">{{cite news|title=Safdarjung airport flies into history|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Safdarjung-airport-flies-into-history/articleshow/42404789.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712024828/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-04-05/delhi/27267580_1_safdarjung-airport-delhi-flying-club-civil-aviation|url-status=live|archive-date=12 July 2012|access-date=31 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 April 2003}}</ref>

On 27 Sept 2018, Hisar became Haryana's first DGCA licensed airport during the BJP rule.<ref name=agr1>[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/hisar-airport-to-be-named-after-maharaja-agrasen--announces-cm.html Hisar airport to be named after Maharaja Agrasen announces CM], Daily Pinoneer, 27 July 2021.</ref>

On 26 July 2021, airport was renamed ''Maharaja Agrasen International Airport'',<ref name="nu2"/> after the Maharaja [[Agrasen]] by the Chief Minister of Haryana, [[Manohar Lal Khattar]] of BJP,<ref name=agr1/> with the view to boost tourism to religious and archaeological sites of [[Agroha Dham]] and [[Agroha Mound]] respectively.<ref name=arj1>[https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/hisar/airport-3300-meters-runway-to-be-ready-by-may-2022-hisar-news-hsr6063738195 एयरपोर्ट: मई 2022 तक तैयार होगा 3300 मीटर का रनवे], Amar Ujala, 18 Jul 2021.</ref>

===2016-18 Phase-I upgrade completed ===

2016-18, the Phase-I upgrades of domestic terminal and 3 new hangers, costing {{INRConvert|50|c|lk=on|year=2025}} were completed:<ref name=tribunechd1>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/hisar-set-for-regional-air-connectivity-by-july/530162.html Hisar set for regional air connectivity by July] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410201619/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/hisar-set-for-regional-air-connectivity-by-july/530162.html |date=10 April 2019 }}, The Tribune, 18 January 2018.</ref><ref name=airupdate1>[http://www.uniindia.com/3-phase-plan-prepared-to-develop-hisar-aerodrome-as-int-l-airport-ram-bilas-sharma/states/news/1167042.html 3 phase plan prepared to develop Hisar Aerodrome as Int'l Airport: Ram Bilas Sharma], 13 March 2018.</ref><ref name=mou1>[https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/aviation-hub-hisar-boost-connectivity-help-regions-economy-1502566641.html Aviation hub at Hisar to boost connectivity, help region’s economy], The Statesman, 17 January 2018.</ref><ref name=out1>[https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/faster-connectivity-from-hisar-to-delhi/1268390 Faster connectivity from Hisar to Delhi], [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook (magazine)]], 9 March 2018.</ref><ref name=pintup1>[https://theprint.in/india/with-modi-flagging-off-maiden-flight-hisars-integrated-aviation-hub-dream-set-for-takeoff/2578895/ With Modi flagging-off maiden flight, Hisar’s integrated aviation hub dream set for takeoff], The Print, 5 Apr 2025.</ref>

===2018-25 Phase-II upgrade and runway extension completed ===

2018-25, in the Phase-II the runway extension, domestic cargo terminal and MRO hangers were completed including the runway extension from {{convert|4000|ft|m|0}} to {{convert|10000|ft|m|0}} to accommodate turboprop aircraft (such as the [[ATR 72]]) and jets (such as the [[Boeing 737]] and [[Airbus A320]]),<ref name = "TOI">{{cite news|title= Three airports ready to take off in Haryana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Three-airports-ready-to-take-off-in-Haryana/articleshow/15937320.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103105003/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-29/india/33475403_1_cargo-airport-aerodrome-runway |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |date= 29 August 2012 |newspaper= [[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 September 2012}}</ref> MRO hangers,<ref name="trib1">[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/education/panchkula-to-have-military-medical-college/260712.html Panchkula to have military medical college] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623133846/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/education/panchkula-to-have-military-medical-college/260712.html |date=23 June 2019 }}, ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', 4 July 2016, Retrieved on 4 July 2016.</ref><ref name=ha11>Vijay Mohan. [http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/army-s-helicopter-repair-hub-likely-to-come-up-in-hisar/274173.html Army's helicopter repair hub likely to come up in Hisar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202203155/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/army-s-helicopter-repair-hub-likely-to-come-up-in-hisar/274173.html |date=2 December 2017 }}, ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', 1 August 2016.</ref> air traffic control (ATC) tower, staff accommodation, fire station, maintenance building, and aircraft support facilities such as refuelling, repairs and overhaul, ground support, and catering etc,<ref name=arj1/> were completed in April 2025.

===2024-30 Phase-III upgrade in-progress ===

2024-30, Phase-III International airport (2027), aerocity and industrial hub will be completed by 2030 in 3 subphases:<ref name=phs1>[https://www.jagran.com/haryana/hisar-double-line-of-cargo-will-be-laid-from-airport-to-raipur-dpr-ready-21927483.html Hisar double line of cargo will be laid from airport to Raipu DPR ready], Dainik Jagran, 20 July 201.</ref> In April 2024, Vensa Infrastructure was granted the tender for the construction of the new conch-shaped Hisar International Terminal-1.<ref name="MRG1"/>

** Phase-III-A - [[Conch]]-shaped International airport terminal-1, {{INRConvert|503|c|lk=on|year=2025}}, 17 April 2027 deadline:<ref name=conch1>[https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-inaugurates-second-terminal-of-maharaja-agrasen-airport-in-hisar-check-key-routes-mou-and-more-11744602161742.html PM Modi inaugurates second terminal of Maharaja Agrasen Airport in Hisar; check key routes, MoU and more], Mint, 14 Apr 2025.</ref><ref name="newintt1">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/120257000.cms Stage set for Modi's Hisar rally], Times of India, 13 April 2025.</ref>

** Phase-III-B - Aerocity, cargo and logistics integrated hub, {{INRConvert|1390|c|lk=on|year=2025}}, 31 March 2028 deadline:<ref name=phs1/>

** Phase-III-C - commercial, industrial and residential integrated hub, {{INRConvert|1811|c|lk=on|year=2025}}, 6-10 yrs, 31 March 2030 deadline:<ref name=phs1/>

== Airport features==

The features of airport after the upgrade including runway extension are as follows:<ref name=hubs2/><ref name=arj1/> Of the 7,200 acres, 4,212 acres is for the airport and the remaining 2988 acres is for the IMC (Industrial Manufacturing Cluster).<ref name=airimc1>[https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/chandigarh-haryana/industrial-manufacturing-cluster-to-be-built-near-hisar-airport-10-thousand-new-jobs-will-be-created-2025-04-15 हरियाणा में 10000 नई नौकरियां: 3 हजार एकड़ में औद्योगिक मैन्युफैक्चरिंग क्लस्टर, कंपनियों भी करेंगी निवेश], Amar Ujala, 15 Apr 2025.</ref>

* [[Airport terminal]]
** Domestic Terminal - existing: The domestic airport terminal and HICA facilities are to the south of runway-1.
** International Terminal T1: under-construction, to be completed by FY-2026-27:<ref name="MRG1"/> Spread across 37,970 square metres built-up area, designed to handle 1000 peak hour passengers, equipped with 4 baggage-claim belts and 3 aerobridges with a provision for two more in the future, the terminal is managed by [[Airports Authority of India]].<ref name="MRG2">{{cite news|title=Vensa Infra Wins Hisar Airport's New Terminal Contract in Haryana |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2024/04/18/vensa-infra-wins-hisar-airports-new-terminal-contract-in-haryana/ |access-date=8 May 2024 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |date=18 April 2024}}</ref>
** International Terminal T2: planned, but no target completion date has been set.
* [[Runway]]
** Runways count: 1 existing and 1 future.
** Runway-1 existing: will have a passenger terminal-1 building in its north with [[Green (certification)|TERI's GRIHA green building certification]]. .
*** Runway Dimension: 3000m x 60m
*** Runway strip dimension: 3120m x 280m [[optical landing system]] (OLS) area
*** Runway orientation: 12/30
*** Runway aircraft suitability: [[International Civil Aviation Organization#Aerodrome reference code|ICAO Code-C aircraft]] (mid range aircraft)
** Runway-2 planned: Runway-2, parallel and north of runway-1, will have a passenger terminal-2 building in its south. Passenger buildings of runway 1 and 2 will face each other with a common access road in the middle. Under the access road will be an underground high-speed train station connected to both passenger terminal 1 and 2 via underground tunnel which will also connect to the bus station.
* [[Air navigation]] equipment
** Navigational signal: [[VHF omnidirectional range#DVOR|DVOR]], [[compass rose]] and [[wind rose]]
** Instrument Landing System (ILS): [[Instrument landing system#ILS categories|CAT III]] night landing facilities with <30 m (100 ft) [[Instrument approach#Decision height or altitude|decision height]] and > 200 m (700 ft) [[runway visual range]] (RVR)
* ATC
** [[Runway edge lights]] (REL): Yes
** [[Approach lighting system|Approach Lighting System]] (ALS): Yes
* [[Airport]] operations
** Aircraft operations type: both scheduled and non-scheduled
** Aircraft operations flight volume: estimated 20 flights per day
** Passengers Per Year (PPY): estimated 30 lakh (3 million) [[Passenger|PAX]]
** Passengers Peak Hour (PPH): 500 PAX
** Employment: 1,000 direct and 5,000 indirect
* Other
** Aerodrome Reference Code (ARC): 3C
** Development phases: I, II, and III (A, B, C)
** Total Land Area (TLA): over 10,000 acres
* IMC (Industrial Manufacturing Cluster):<ref name=airimc1/> Under the [[Amritsar–Kolkata Industrial Corridor]] (AKIC), 6 multi-model logistics IMC are being set up across 6 states, of which Hisar is the largest in area and will be developed in two phases. As part of [[Industrial corridor#India|Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor]] (DMIC), the 886 acres multi-model IMC is being set up at [[Nangal Choudhary#IMLHNC|Nangal Choudhary]].<ref name=airimc2>[https://www.haribhoomi.com/state-local/haryana/hisar/news/industrial-cluster-will-be-built-on-3-thousand-acres-near-hisar-airport-79645 एयरपोर्ट के साथ हिसार को एक और बड़ी सौगात : 3 हजार एकड़ में बनेगा इंडस्ट्रियल क्लस्टर, 32 हजार करोड़ के निवेश की उम्मीद], hari Bhomi, 15 Apr 2025.</ref>
** Area: 2988 acres,<ref name=airimc1/>
** Government Investment: {{INRConvert|4680|c|lk=on|year=2025}} by the Government of Haryana and [[Industrial corridor#India|NICDC]], clearances were granted in 2025 by Haryana Government.<ref name=airimc1/>
** Total Investment: INR {{INRConvert|32000|c|lk=on|year=2025}} including by the foreign [[Multinational corporation|MNCs]].<ref name=airimc1/>
** Estimated Jobs Creation target: 10,000<ref name=airimc1/>

== Phase-III: International airport aerocity and industrial hub - completion by 2030 ==

=== Phase-III-A: International Terminal-1, completion by 17 April 2027 ===

Construction commenced on 18 August 2024 with target completion date of 17 April 2027. According to the August 2025 status update, the construction is progressing well for the target completion by 17 April 2027.<ref name=statupd1>[https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3333ac5d90817d69113471fbb6e531bee/uploads/2025/09/202509241678407773.pdf Minutes of the Strategic Meeting held on Tuesday 05th August 2025 by Hon’ble Civil Aviation Minister-cum-Chairman to review the progress of development at Maharaja Agrasen Hisar Airport], Haryana Airports Development Corporation Limited, 5 Aug 2025.</ref><ref name=conch1/>

=== Phase-III-B: Aviation Training, MRO, Multi-model Transport Logistic Hub, completion by 31 March 2028 ===

====Aviation Training ====
{{anchor | AU | HAU | Aerospace | University | Aerospace university | Hisar Aerospace University}}

* '''GJUST Hisar Aviation College and Aerospace and Defence Manufacturing College''', existing:<ref name=arj1/> During the FY2025-26, budget was allocated for an aviation college at [[Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology]] (GJUST),<ref name=hsrup1/> which has been already operating masters and phd level engineering courses in defence manufacturing and aerospace engineering.
* [[Haryana Institute of Civil Aviation]] (HICA), existing: Run by Haryana govt, has been already operating at Hisar for several decades. As of 2018, it had one four-seater [[Cessna 172|Cessna-172 R]] and one two-seater [[Cessna 152|Cessna 152 FA]] aircraft, 2 hangars (85 ft x 72 ft and 96 ft x 70 ft) dedicated to HICA aircraft, 530 sqm administration block, VIP Lounge, 170 sqm hostel for aviation and security staff, one 65 sqm dormitory for aviation and security staff, control tower, 400 sqm training complex with one classroom and one library.<ref name=hubs2/><ref name=hubs3>[http://haraviation.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/EOI_Haryana_Civil%20Aviation%20Department_final%2028.06.2018.pdf EOI for HICA], Haryana Civil Aviation Department, accessed 15 August 2021.</ref>
* '''Hisar Commercial Flight Training Institute''' (HCFTI), planned: In 2019, [[SpiceJet]] announced that they will establish a flight training academy at Hisar airport with 10 training aircraft which will train and produce 100 new [[Commercial pilot licence|Commercial Pilot Licence]] holders (CPL) every year.<ref name=nu>[https://english.newstracklive.com/news/cm-manohar-lal-khattar-inaugurates-hisar-airport-of-haryana-mc23-nu-1033197-1.html Haryana CM ML Khattar inaugurates flight services from Hisar Airport], NewstrackLive, 3 September 2019.</ref> 10% students, including 4% girls, with Haryana domicile will get 50% waiver on the tuition fee. SpiceJet will place 70% of the 100 pilot trainees within its own organisation.<ref name=expand1>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/haryana-cm-launches-udan-regional-connectivity-scheme-1594784-2019-09-03 Haryana CM launches UDAN regional connectivity scheme], [[India Today]], 3 September 2019.</ref>

====MRO Hub====
{{anchor | MRO }}

'''Hisar MRO Hub''' (HMROH): 3 Hangers for MRO hub were constructed in phase-II. In 2018, an [[Memorandum of understanding|MoU]] was signed with [[SpiceJet]] for development of [[Aircraft maintenance|MRO hub]] at Hisar.<ref name=hubs>[http://haraviation.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/MoU%20spicejet.pdf CAD and Spoice Jet oU for Hisar MRO], haraviation.gov.in, accessed 15 August 2021.</ref> In October 2019, Haryana govt has made offers to [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL), [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) and [[Indian Army]] (IA) to commence MRO at Hisar for their helicopters and planes.<ref name=nu5/> During the FY2025-26, budget was allocated for the four acres MRO hub.<ref name=hsrup1>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/budget-allocations-to-transform-hisar-into-industrial-educational-hub-gangwa/ Budget allocations to transform Hisar into industrial, educational hub: Gangwa], tribuneindia.com, 19 March 2025.</ref> In 2025, bids were invited to lease out the existing MRO hangers, office space and related infrastructure to lease out for 15 years, extendable for another 15 years.

====Multi-model transport hub====
{{anchor | MMTH | HMMTH | MMLP | HMMLP | mmlp}}

'''Hisar Multi-Modal Logistics Parks''' (HMMLP), completion by 2028: Hisar airport is being developed as multi-model transport hub with cargo airport, dry port with double-rack railway sliding, and road transport hub with space for large trucks.<ref name=phs1/> MoRTH has approved a [[Multi-Modal Logistics Parks in India|Multi-Modal Logistics Parks]] (MMLP) for Hisar,<ref name=mm1>[https://in.news.yahoo.com/centre-develop-35-multi-model-121347289.html Centre developoing 35 MMLP], Yahoo News, 22 July 2021.</ref> [[Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation#MFP|DPR and subsequent tender]] were under preparation by HSIIDC in July 2021. [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|MoRTH]] plan to have 35 MMLPs, each exceeding 100 acres (40.5 hectares), to reduce logistics costs and time, enhance value addition, and stimulate economic growth. Each MMLP will have mechanized warehouses, specialized storage (e.g., cold storage), material handling, inter-modal transfer, and cargo terminals, with multi-modal transport access. These parks offer value-added services including customs clearance, quarantine zones, testing, and warehousing management, alongside provisions for late-stage manufacturing activities like kitting, assembly, grading, and packaging.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Arora |first=Rajat |date=2017-07-21 |title=Government approves plan to build 34 mega multi-modal logistics parks at an investment of Rs 2 lakh cr |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/government-approves-plan-to-build-34-mega-multi-modal-logistics-parks-at-an-investment-of-rs-2-lakh-cr/articleshow/59690653.cms |access-date=2023-08-01 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=mmlp1>Government of India, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. 2017. Draft Policy Document: Development of Multimodal Logistics Parks. Delhi.</ref>

* '''Hisar Air Cargo Hub''' (HACB), completion 2025: During the FY2025-26, budget was allocated for the five-acre warehouse for air cargo hub.<ref name=hsrup1/><ref name=phs1/>
* Railway: DPR, for upgrade of Raipur railway station for passengers and construction of new double-rack railway line from [[List of railway stations in Haryana#Raipur|Raipur station]] to cargo terminal of airport for dry cargo port, was completed in 2023,<ref name=phs1/> which is still awaiting approval as of August 2025. In May 2025, direct daily round-trip trains from Hisar were introduced to Chandigarh (starting from Raipur station (Hisar), via Barwala-Uklana-Jind-Kaithal-Kurukshetra-Ambala-Chandigarh) and Gurugram (starting from [[List of railway stations in Haryana#Satrod|Satrod station]] in Hisar, via Hansi-Bhiwani-Rewari).<ref>[https://udaipurkiran.com/historic-milestone-hisar-gets-direct-train-connectivity-to-chandigarh-and-gurugram-after-59-years/ Historic Milestone: Hisar Gets Direct Train Connectivity to Chandigarh and Gurugram After 59 Years], udaipurkiran.com, 17 May 2025.</ref> Initially, from 2027 onwards, the rail cargo will be shipped from the Hisar Junctional Railway Station, and the rail sliding at Hisar Cargo Airport will be constructed by 2032.<ref name=buildimc1>[https://nicdc.in/projects/national-industrial-corridor-development-programme/hisar-integrated-manufacturing-cluster-imc-haryana Hisar IMC], nicdc.in, accessed 21 July 2025.</ref> Demand for [[Vande Bharat Express]] train to IGI and Jewar Airport remain unfulfilled.
* RRTS: In 2022, Haryana government sent a proposal to the central govt for IGI-Delhi-Hisar RRTS,<ref>[https://www.constructionweekonline.in/projects-tenders/haryana-govt-submits-proposal-to-centre-for-delhi-hisar-rrts Haryana govt submits proposal to Centre for Delhi-Hisar RRTS], constructionweekonline.in, 11 Jan 2022.</ref> which still has not receive approval as of August 2025.
* Bus Terminal: Plans have been approved for relocating Hisar's main bus terminal to be co-located with Hisar Airport and Raipur railway station.<ref name=phs1/>

=== Phase-III-C: Industrial Manufacturing Cluster, completion by 2030 ===

====IMC====
{{anchor | IMC}}
[[File:Amritsar Kolkata Industrial Corridor (AKIC) Map.jpg|thumb|Amritsar Kolkata Industrial Corridor (AKIC) map.]]

'''Industrial Manufacturing Cluster, Hisar ''' (IMC Hisar), over 2988 acres on west and south of runway with initial investment of 4,680 crore, will be jointly developed by the Haryana government and the National Industrial Corridor Development Corporation (NICDC) under 2025 MoU in two phases by 2030, which will generate total Rs 30,000 crore investment from private players and generate 10,000 jobs. Under the [[Amritsar–Kolkata Industrial Corridor]], the NICDC is developing 6 IMC across 7 seven states, of whch IMC Hisar is the largest in the area. Hisar IMC will have dedicated modern infrastructure including roads, water treatment plant (WTP), and solid waste management plant (STP).<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/industrial-manufacturing-cluster-to-be-established-near-hisar-airport/articleshow/120312534.cms?from=mdr Industrial manufacturing cluster to be established near Hisar airport], economictimes.indiatimes.com, 15 Apr 2025.</ref> Project consultant was appointed in 2024-25 for preparation of Hisar IMC Master Plan.<ref name=buildimc1/> Pre-feasibility study for IMC Phase-1 (1605 acres, Rs1800 cr) and Hisar IMC Phase-2 (1543 acres) was completed in July 2021.<ref name=pref1>[https://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Online/TOR/13_Jan_2022_16563096095508971PFR29072021.pdf Hisar IMC Pre-feasibility], environmentclearance.nic.in, accessed on 31 July 2025.</ref> Union Government's [[Cabinet Committee (India)|Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs]] (CCEA) granted the approval for Hisar IMC on 28 August 2024.<ref name=cea1>[https://nicdc.in/assets/pdfs/01_DMU_Report_31_May_2025.pdf IMC Status report], NICDC, 21 May 2025.</ref> State level Environmental Clearance was granted on 5 February 2024, and the application for Central government Environmental Clearance was filed in December 2024 for developing basic infrastructure at the cost of Rs 121 cr, such as roads, electricity, WTP and STP.<ref name=ncvc1>[https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3333ac5d90817d69113471fbb6e531bee/uploads/2025/01/2025010836681595.pdf Hisar IMCT Environmental Clearance application ], cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in, accessed 31 July 2025.</ref> IMC will have several integrated sub-projects, such as aerocity, [[special economic zone]] (SEZ), transport centre, warehouses and logistics park, food park, defence and aerospace manufacturing hub, etc,<ref name=arj1/><ref name=t3>Deepender Deshwal. [http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/governance/centre-yet-to-approve-hisar-airport-project/389054.html Centre ‘yet to approve’ Hisar airport project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034137/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/governance/centre-yet-to-approve-hisar-airport-project/389054.html |date=1 December 2017 }}, ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', 9 April 2017. Retrieved on 21 June 2017.</ref><ref name=avi1>[https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/punjab-and-haryana/hisar/land-transfer-for-hissaramp39s-international-aviation-hub/articleshow/59239754.cms Land transferred for the Hisar airport]. Navbharat Times.</ref> with 375 plots in phase-1, maximum building height of 15 stories (45 m) and 33% mandatory green area.<ref name=ncvc1/> The rail sliding at Hisar Cargo Terminal on north side of runway will be constructed by 2032 in IMC Phase-1, and final Phase-2 of Hisar IMC will be completed by 2037, by then it will generate employment for over 60,000 people.<ref name=buildimc1/> For IMT, to be completed in 2,988 acres at the cost of INR4,680 cr in two phases under 51% HADC ('''Haryana Aerospace and Defence Corporation''') and 49% NICDCT partnership, the environmental approval for 980 acre Phase-1 has been granted in September 2025.<ref name=asd1>[https://haryana.punjabkesari.in/haryana/news/integrated-manufacturing-cluster-will-be-built-in-hisar-city-2209798 इस जिले में 4680 करोड़ से बनेगा "इंटीग्रेटेड मैन्युफैक्चरिंग क्लस्टर", देश की रक्षा में निभाएगा अहम योगदान], Punjab Kesari, 9 Sept 2025.</ref>

The plan includes the following categories of industries.<ref name=pref1/>

* '''Hisar Aerospace and Defence Manufacturing Hub''' (HADMH), 75 plots/units, 208 [[tonne|TPA]],<ref name=pref1/> completion by TBD: In October 2019, the discussions for the manufacturing plant for special alloy commenced between the [[Chief Minister of Haryana]], [[Manohar Lal Khattar]] and India's [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]].<ref name=nu5>[https://haryana.punjabkesari.in/haryana/news/efforts-to-get-hisar-airport-recognized-internationally-1074986 Efforts to get hisar airport recognized internationally], Punjab Kesari, 30 Oct 2019.</ref> HADMP (Haryana Aerospace and Defence Manufacturing Policy) envisages US$1 billion investment over five years during fy2026-31, under which Airline Crew Centre will be established at Karnal and HADMH (Hisar Aerospace and Defence Manufacturing Hub) integrated IMT will be developed at Hisar.<ref name=asd1/>
* '''Hisar [[Mega Food Parks|Food Processing Park]]''' (HFP), 20000 TPA, completion by TBD:
** Mega Food Parks are approved by the Union [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries]] (MOFPI) which provides grants up to ₹50 crores for each food park to a consortium of companies. Two mega food parks for Haryana, at Sonipat and Rohtak, have been approved by MOFPI. Haryana government is in the process of planning and preparing DPR for [[Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation#MFP|food park]] at Hisar. See also "Haryana Agri-Business and Food Processing Policy 2018".
** In 2025 September, Haryana State Warehousing Corporation and Haryana Civil Aviation Department commenced the plans to construct international-standard state-of-the-art coldstorage warehouse and agriproducts cargo hubs specially for the perishable food products in western Haryana, such as [[kinnow]] (high yield mandarin hybrid), [[strawberry]], [[guava]], and other products for exports.<ref>[https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/logistics/warehouse-infrastructure-to-be-developed-at-hisar-airport-for-horticultural-produce/124257774 Warehouse infrastructure to be developed at Hisar Airport for horticultural produce], Economic Times, 1 Oct 2025.</ref>
* '''Engineering and Fabrication''' (EAF), 5500 TPA.<ref name=pref1/>
** '''Automobile components''', 2000 TPA, such as rubber, tyre, auto-parts, [[Electric vehicle|ev components]], etc.<ref name=pref1/>
** '''Steel products''', 3500 TPA, such as light engineering and fabrication units.<ref name=pref1/>
* '''Hisar Medical Hub''': on 500 acres.<ref name=arj1/>
** '''Hisar Medicity''', completion by TBD: for [[Medical tourism in India|medical tourism]].<ref name=arj1/>
** '''Medical and Meditech Manufacturing Hub''', such as bulk drugs, surgical equipments, etc:<ref name=arj1/>
* '''Hisar Apparel Park''', 750 TPA: such as hosiery and readymade garment manufacturing.<ref name=arj1/> In 2019, Hisar had 40 micro units manufacturing apparels with total annual turnover of Rs 8 crore, they along with Haryana Department of Industries came together to form a [[Special-purpose entity|SPV]] (special purpose vehicle) and commissioned a feasibility study [[Ernst & Young]] for setting up a CFC (Common Facilitation Center) for cutting, design an lamination of apparels with 90% government grant.<ref>[https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3f48c04ffab49ff0e5d1176244fdfb65c/uploads/2021/05/2021052638-1.pdf Apparel CFC at Hisar], Ernst & Young, 2019.</ref>
* '''Hisar Logistic Park''', 70 acres: will include facilities like [[Free trade zone|export processing zone]] (EPZ), warehouses, cold storages, commercial offices for logistics companies, parking for 1000 trucks, vehicle testing, fuel stations, weigh bridge, primary health centre, food outlets, housing and hotel, etc.<ref name=arj1/>
* '''Other''': will include [[IT park|IT Park]], [[Amusement park|Theme Park]], educational institutions, community hall, etc.<ref name=arj1/>

====Aerocity====

'''Hisar Aerocity''', 67 acres for commercial and residential such as hotels ( 1 five-star hotel and 1 three-star hotel in IMC Phase-1),<ref name=arj1/> planned: Commercial and residential zone is planned at location to the west and southwest of the runway-1,<ref name=hubs2/> it includes hotels, office space, malls, retail, trading, wide range of commercial and professional services including third party cargo and passenger services.<ref name=arj1/>

== Airlines and destinations ==


{{Airport destination list
|[[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]] | [[Ayodhya Airport|Ayodhya]],<ref name=fl1/> [[Shaheed Bhagat Singh International Airport|Chandigarh]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],<ref name=fl1>{{cite news|title=PM to kickstart air services from Hisar to key cities on April 14|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/pm-to-kickstart-air-services-from-hisar-to-key-cities-on-april-14/|work=The Tribune|date=5 April 2025|access-date=5 April 2025|language=en}}</ref> [[Jaipur International Airport|Jaipur]]<ref>[https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/hisar/maharaja-agrasen-airport-flight-from-hisar-to-jaipur-to-start-from-september-12-preparation-for-jammuahmedabad-2025-08-27 महाराजा अग्रसेन एयरपोर्ट: हिसार से जयपुर के लिए 12 सितंबर से उड़ान शुरू, जम्मू-अहमदाबाद के लिए तैयारी], amarujala.com, 27 Aug 2025.</ref><ref>Note: Flights confirmed commence from 12 Sept 2025, bookings already available on airlines website. [[Ahmedabad Airport|Ahmedabad]] and [[Jammu Airport|Jammu]] as additional destinations are still pending approval.</ref>


|}}

== Present status ==

* '''August 2025:''' The phase-I (domestic terminal) and phase-II (expanded runway) completed, with Alliance Air operating direct flights to several cities. Phase-III-A International Terminal construction was underway<ref name=pintup1/> with construction work on-track to meet the originally planned completion date of 17 April 2027.<ref name=statupd1/><ref name="newintt1"/>

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|Aviation|India}}}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}

* [[List of airports in India]]
** [[Airports Authority of India]]
** [[List of busiest airports in India]]
** [[List of Indian Air Force bases]]
* [[List of highways in Haryana]]
* [[Railway in Haryana]]

{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|27em}}

{{Airports in India}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Transport in India}}
{{Asia in topic|List of airports in}}

==External links==

* [https://themetrorailguy.com/hisar-airport-status-update-news-plan-design/ Design of the Hisar Airport upgrade].

[[Category:Hisar (city)]]
[[Category:Airports in Haryana]]
[[Category:International airports in India]]
[[Category:Flying clubs]]
[[Category:Transport in Hisar (city)]]
[[Category:Airports established in 1967]]
[[Category:Airports established in 2024]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Maayabimbum

2026-03-07T05:56:32Z

Igorsiw: new a data v1

{{Short description|2026 Indian Tamil film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Maayabimbam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = K. J. Surendar
| writer = K. J. Surendar
| producer = K. J. Surendar
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Akash Natarajan
* Janaki
}}
| cinematography = Edwin
| editing = Vinoth
| music = Nandha
| studio = Self Start Productions
| released = {{Film date|2026|1|23|df=yes}}
| runtime = 145 minutes<ref name="dinamalar"/>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Maayabimbum''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[romantic film]] directed and produced by K. J. Surendar. The film was released on January 23, 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 23, 2026 |title=Vels Film backs Maayabimbam director with new project |url=https://newstodaynet.com/2026/01/23/vels-film-backs-maayabimbam-director-with-new-project/ |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=[[News Today]] |language=en-US |archive-date=23 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260123082502/https://newstodaynet.com/2026/01/23/vels-film-backs-maayabimbam-director-with-new-project/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is set in 2005.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* Akash Natarajan as Jeeva
* Janaki Srinivasan as Sumathi
* Hari
* Rajesh
* Arun Kumar
}}

==Production==
The first look of the film was released in November 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=November 28, 2017 |title=Maaya Bimbam's sans cliched romance {{!}} Maaya Bimbam's sans cliched romance |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/281117/maaya-bimbams-sans-cliched-romance.html |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=deccanchronicle.com |language=en |archive-date=1 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101094223/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/281117/maaya-bimbams-sans-cliched-romance.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The teaser was released in November 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/143137-maayabimbum-movie-teaser-released |title=`நாலு பசங்க ஒண்ணு சேர்ந்தா எதப் பத்திப் பேசுவாங்க..?’ - ‘மாயபிம்பம்’ டீசர் |last=மா.பாண்டியராஜன் |date=2018-11-26 |website=vikatan.com/ |language=ta |access-date=2026-01-23}}</ref> The first look poster was released by [[Sundar C]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2, 2026 |title=Maayabimbum – A 2005 Love Story gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/02/maayabimbum-a-2005-love-story-gets-release-date |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A review by Abhinav Subramanian for ''[[The Times of India]]'' mentioned, "The movie could resonate with a niche audience from a particular time and place. The lead pair share decent chemistry, and there's a sincerity to how the film approaches its emotional beats". (...) and that it was a ”love story released in 2026, set in 2005, that feels like it should have come out in 2006. Maayabimbum arrives two decades late and wonders why nobody's home.”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maayabimbum Movie Review: Dated on arrival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/maayabimbum/movie-review/126780826.cms |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=21 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260121062915/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/maayabimbum/movie-review/126780826.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was also reviewed by ''[[Dinamalar]]'',<ref name="dinamalar">{{Cite web |title=மாயபிம்பம் - விமர்சனம் {3/5} - Mayabimbam Cinema Movie Review : மாயபிம்பம் - சினிமாதனம் இல்லாத நல்ல சினிமா |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemareview/3717 |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=dinamalar.com |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Cinema Vikatan]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/love-drama-maayabimbam-tamil-movie-review |title=மாயபிம்பம் விமர்சனம்: நிஜத்திற்கும் பிம்பத்திற்கும் இடையில் சிக்கும் காதல்; மனதைக் கரைக்கிறதா படம்? |last=டீம் |first=விகடன் |date=2026-01-23 |website=vikatan.com/ |language=ta |access-date=2026-01-23}}</ref> and ''[[Dina Thanthi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2026-01-23 |title="மாயபிம்பம்" திரைப்பட விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/movie-review/mayabimbam-movie-review-1201595 |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta |archive-date=23 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260123085229/https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/movie-review/mayabimbam-movie-review-1201595 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

* {{IMDb title|}}

[[Category:2026 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2026 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Kilukkampetti

2026-03-03T21:22:45Z

Igorsiw: expand intro per standard format and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{More citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kilukkampetti
| image = Kilukkampetti.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Shaji Kailas]]
| producer = Baiju
| story = Shaji Kailas
| screenplay = {{Unbulleted_list|Rajan Kiriyath|Vinu Kiriyath}}
| narrator =
| starring = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Jayaram]]|[[Suchitra Krishnamoorthi]]|[[Shamili|Baby Shamili]]|[[Jagathy Sreekumar]]|[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]}}
| music = [[S. Balakrishnan (composer)|S. Balakrishnan]]
| cinematography = [[Ravi K. Chandran]]
| editing = [[L. Bhoominathan]]
| studio = Ambalakkara Films
| distributor = Keerthi Release through Jubilee
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1991|12|19}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kilukkampetti''''' (കിലുക്കാംപെട്ടി, ''{{Translation|Jingle Box}}'') is a [[List of Malayalam films of 1991|1991]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[comedy-drama]] film directed by [[Shaji Kailas]] and written by Rajan Kiriyath and Vinu Kiriyath from a story by Kailas. It stars [[Jayaram]] and [[Suchitra Krishnamoorthi]], and also features [[Shamili]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], and [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] in significant roles. The film was a box office success.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/suchitra-krishnamoorthi-the-notion-of-success-is-very-different-now-101649512205110.html | title=Suchitra Krishnamoorthi: The notion of success is very different now | date=9 April 2022 | access-date=25 November 2024 | archive-date=15 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815010156/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/suchitra-krishnamoorthi-the-notion-of-success-is-very-different-now-101649512205110.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

The film is loosely based on the 1990 [[Television film|made-for-TV film]] ''[[The Maid (1991 film)|The Maid]]''. The film was remade in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] as ''[[Joker (1993 film)|Joker]]'' (1993) and in [[Bollywood|Hindi]] as ''[[Pyaar Impossible!]]'' (2010).

== Plot ==
Prakash Menon ([[Jayaram]]) is a successful [[architect]] based in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]. His company's [[Kochi]] branch was not doing well and the company relocated him to Kochi to improve things. He was supposed to replace his equivalent in Kochi named Anu Pillai ([[Suchitra Krishnamoorthi]]). Anu wasn't happy about the company's decision: She didn't want to move out of Kochi and objected. Prakash in turn to Kochi, understands the office situation, and decides to talk to Anu in person.

Anu is living with her eight-year-old child Chikkumol ([[Shamili|Baby Shamili]]). She is very naughty and Anu is not able to get a caretaker as no one is able to handle her. Prakash falls in love with Anu after seeing her in a shopping mall. He finds from his friend Mukundan that Anu is in search of a caretaker. Prakash reaches Anu's home and takes up the job under the name of Vasudevan with the intention of getting her to love him.

What follows is funny situations where Prakash has to take care of the girl, cook for the family and kids, and hide himself from those at his office. Eventually Anu goes to Prakash's house to request him not to take charge in Kochi and, on seeing him, understands that he had tricked her. But Prakash resigns from his job and appears to have gone back to Thiruvananthapuram. Anu starts to understand his love and feels sad. But on reaching her home, she finds that Prakash is back again as Vasudevan. Thus the movie ends on a happy note.

== Cast ==
*[[Jayaram]] as Prakash Menon / Vasudevan
*[[Suchitra Krishnamoorthi]] as Anu Pillai
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Mukundan
*[[Shamili|Baby Shamili]] as Chikkumol
*[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Raju
*[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Scariah
*[[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Saramma, Scariah's Wife
*[[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardanan]] as Managing Director K.K. Nambiar
*[[Bahadoor]] as Muthachan
*Shyama as Anu's Friend
*[[Bobby Kottarakkara]] as Laser
*Thrissur Elsy as Padmini
*Subhash Gopinath as Prakash's friend
*[[Suvarna Mathew]] as Mariam Mathew, Office staff
*[[Beena Antony]] as Cameo in song

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| title1 = Pachakkarikkaya
| extra1 = [[M. G. Sreekumar]]
| length1 = 4:29

| title2 = Kikkili Kudukka
| extra2 = M. G. Sreekumar
| length2 = 4:56

| title3 = Janma Ragam
| extra3 = M. G. Sreekumar, [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length3 = 4:43
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb title|id=0257837}}

{{Shaji Kailas}}

[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:1991 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shaji Kailas]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. Balakrishnan (composer)]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Babai Abbai

2026-03-03T19:04:00Z

Igorsiw: improve information as per guidelines and corrected details as per guidelines

{{short description|1985 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Babai Abbai
| image = Babai Abbai.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Jandhyala
| screenplay =
| producer = S. Sudhakar Reddy
| director = [[Jandhyala]]
| starring = [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] Anitha Reddy
| narrator =
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cinematography = [[S. Gopal Reddy]]
| editing = Gowtam Raju
| story =
| studio = Ushodhaya Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1985|2|8}}
| runtime = 122 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Babai Abbai''''' ({{Translation|Uncle - Nephew}}) is a 1985 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]] written and directed by [[Jandhyala]]. The film stars [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] and Anitha Reddy, with [[Suthi Veerabhadra Rao]] and [[Suthi Velu]] in key roles. The film features music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Babai Abbai (1985) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ZMU/info |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

The film's plot is inspired by the 1954 Telugu film ''[[Vaddante Dabbu]]'', which was based on the 1902 novel ''[[Brewster's Millions]]'' by [[George Barr McCutcheon]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> ''Babai Abbai'' marks the debut of Anitha Reddy as a heroine and introduces [[Vizag Prasad]] in a supporting role. The film was released on 8 February 1985.<ref name=":1" />

==Plot==
The film follows two con artists, Balasubramanyam "Bala" and Veera, who, despite their chaotic lives, share a close bond and refer to each other as Babai (uncle) and Abbai (son). Their livelihood consists of taking debt and absconding from creditors. Bala meets and falls in love with Krishnaveni, the daughter of a wealthy businessman, Vara Prasad Rao. To test Bala's character, Vara Prasad Rao gives him ₹25 [[lakh]], with the condition that he spends the entire amount within 30 days without donating or destroying it, and also refrains from meeting Krishnaveni during this period.

Bala embarks on this challenge under Veera's guidance, trying different methods to spend the money, including gambling, racing, making a film, and building a house. However, his efforts only increase his wealth, which eventually frustrates him. In the end, Bala discards the money into the sea, just as Vara Prasad Rao arrives to evaluate his progress. Vara Prasad Rao reveals that the task was not about spending money but about studying Bala's character and showing him the futility of wealth gained through deceit. The film concludes with Bala and Krishnaveni's marriage, bringing the story to a happy resolution.

==Cast==
Source:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Pulagam Chinanarayana |author-link=Pulagam Chinnarayana |date=25 September 2006 |editor-last=Sri |editor2-last=NaChaKi |title=Retrospect: Babai-Abbai (1985) |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/movies/retro_babai-abbai1985.php |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |archive-date=29 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429003636/http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/movies/retro_babai-abbai1985.php |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
{{Cast listing|
*[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] as Bala / Balasubramanyam
*Anitha Reddy as Krishnaveni
*[[Suthi Veerabhadra Rao]] as Babai / Veerabhadra Rao
*[[Suthi Velu]] as Vara Prasad Rao
*[[Gadde Rajendra Prasad|Rajendra Prasad]] as Taxi driver
*[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]] as Babai's Father-in-law
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
*[[Vizag Prasad]] as Inspector Syam Sundar / Akitabh Bachchan (debut film)
*Malladi as Lawyer
*[[Potti Prasad]] as Madman
*K. K. Sarma
*[[Chitti Babu Punyamurthula|Chitti Babu]]
*Satti Babu as Manager Jabar
*Chidatala Appa Rao
*Dham
*Jeet Mohan Mitra
*[[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]] as Aruna
*Kakinada Syamala as Aruna's mother
*[[Radha Kumari]] as Subbulu
*[[Pavala Syamala]] as Sundari
*[[Nirmalamma]] as Godaramma
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
''Babai Abbai'' was inspired by the 1954 Telugu film ''[[Vaddante Dabbu]]'', which in turn was based on the [[English language|English]] novel ''[[Brewster's Millions]]'' (1902) by [[George Barr McCutcheon]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Parankusam |first=Aditya |date=11 June 2017 |title=Chronicles of screwball comedy |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2017-06-11/Chronicles-of-screwball-comedy/305770 |access-date=1 March 2018 |work=[[The Hans India]] |archive-date=1 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301151025/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2017-06-11/Chronicles-of-screwball-comedy/305770 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-08 |title=Narthanasala to Akbar Salim Anarkali, List of Remakes Starring Nandamuri Balakrishna |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/narthanasala-to-akbar-salim-anarkali-list-of-remakes-nandamuri-balakrishna-worked-in-5335177.html |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=[[News18]] |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622205342/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/narthanasala-to-akbar-salim-anarkali-list-of-remakes-nandamuri-balakrishna-worked-in-5335177.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The climax of the film drew comparisons to the 1963 American film ''[[It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World]]''.<ref name=":0" />

=== Casting ===
''Babai Abbai'' marked the debut of Anitha Reddy as a heroine. Although she had signed ''Srivari Sobhanam'' (1985) earlier, also directed by Jandhyala, ''Babai Abbai'' was released first. Anitha began her career as a singer in [[K. J. Yesudas]]'s troupe and ventured into films at a very young age as a singer. She had previously sung in ''[[Kirayi Rowdylu]]'' (1981) and also provided vocals for the song "O Priya" in ''Babai Abbai''.<ref name=":0" />

[[Suthi Velu]] was originally cast to play the role of Babai (uncle). However, due to prior commitments, the role was subsequently played by [[Suthi Veerabhadra Rao]], while Velu portrayed the heroine's father.<ref name=":0" />

''Babai Abbai'' also marked the debut of [[Vizag Prasad]], credited as "Prasada Rao (Vizag)." He played the role of Inspector Syam Sundar and was required to ride a [[Royal Enfield Bullet|Bullet]] bike as part of his character. After the first day of shooting, Prasad was involved in an accident while riding the bike, in which another person was injured. The film unit covered the medical expenses, and actor Balakrishna intervened with the police to resolve the matter. Prasad later adopted the stage name "Vizag Prasad" during the filming of ''Mogudu Pellalu'' (1985), with encouragement from Jandhyala.<ref name=":0" />

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] for ''Babai Abbai'' commenced on 7 September 1984, in [[Visakhapatnam]]. Most of the film was shot in and around Visakhapatnam, with a few scenes filmed in [[Chennai|Madras]], including beach sequences and a theatre scene. Most of the cast stayed at the Ocean View Hotel in Visakhapatnam during the production, where a notable scene, featuring Sutti Velu's assistant beating him, was filmed.<ref name=":0" />

The production faced several challenges, including 22 accidents during filming. Balakrishna was involved in two accidents, and Anitha Reddy also encountered two mishaps. In one incident, Anitha, who lacked driving experience, accidentally hit Balakrishna with her vehicle during a scene, resulting in his hospitalisation. Another accident occurred when she collided with a vegetable cart during filming. Both incidents were incorporated into the film. Balakrishna also experienced a fall from a horse while filming the climax but escaped with minor injuries.<ref name=":0" />

==Music==
The music for ''Babai Abbai'' was composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]], with lyrics written by [[Veturi]]. The song "Sommu Penchaku" featured Madhavapeddi Ramesh, who imitated his uncle [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]]’s style, earning praise from Satyam himself after hearing the track.<ref name=":0" />

Source:<ref>{{Citation |title=Babai Abbai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/babai-abbai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1182458065 |access-date=2024-12-25 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Babai Abbai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://gaana.com/album/babai-abbai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack |access-date=2024-12-25 |publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Song title !!Singers !!Length
|-
|"Telusa Neeku Telusa"
|[[S. Janaki]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|4:19
|-
|"Nee Roopu"
|Srinivasa Murthy, S. Janaki
|4:15
|-
|"O Priya"
|Anitha Reddy, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|3:53
|-
|"Sommu Penchaku"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Madhavapeddi Ramesh
|4:26
|-
|"Ledi Ledi"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Srinivasa Murthy, S. Janaki
|4:47
|}

== Release ==
''Babai Abbai'' was granted its censor certification on 5 February 1985, and was released on 8 February 1985.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> It was not commercially successful.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2005 |title=Balakrishna Top Ten films - Part one |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/balakrishnatopten-1.php |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |archive-date=3 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603101113/http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/balakrishnatopten-1.php |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{imdb title|0266290}}

{{Brewster's Millions}}
{{Jandhyala Subramanya Sastry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babai - Abbai}}
[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jandhyala]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:Films based on Brewster's Millions]]
[[Category:Films based on American novels]]
[[Category:1985 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1985 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:1985 comedy films]]

Kaanchi (2014 film)

2026-03-02T10:03:20Z

Igorsiw: adding new page.

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Subhash Ghai}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Kaanchi
| image = Kaanchi... poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = [[Subhash Ghai]]
| writer = Subhash Ghai
| producer = Subhash Ghai
| starring = [[Mishti Chakraborty]] [[Kartik Aaryan]] [[Rishi Kapoor]] [[Mithun Chakraborty]]
| cinematography = Tushar Kanti Ray
| editing = Aarif Sheikh
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Ismail Darbar]] [[Salim–Sulaiman]] '''Background Score:''' Simaab Sen
| studio = [[Mukta Arts]]
| distributor = White Hill Studios
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|04|25|ref1=<ref>{{cite web |title=Kaanchi... |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/568670 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017231249/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/568670 |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 October 2012 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=9 January 2014}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kaanchi: The Unbreakable''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama film]] written, directed and produced by [[Subhash Ghai]].The film stars debutant [[Mishti Chakraborty]], and [[Kartik Aaryan]] in lead roles alongside [[Rishi Kapoor]] and [[Mithun Chakraborty]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite news |author=Shubhra Gupta |date=25 April 2014 |title=Kaanchi film review: This is Subhash Ghai mining his usual patriotic 'this is my India' self |website=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kaanchi-film-review-this-is-subhash-ghai-mining-his-usual-patriotic-this-is-my-india-self/ |access-date=8 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mithun as never-seen-before in 'Kaanchi': Ghai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mithun-as-never-seen-before-in-Kaanchi-Ghai/articleshow/17127696.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725104302/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-07/news-interviews/34971880_1_subhash-ghai-directorial-venture-salim-suleman |url-status=live |archive-date=25 July 2013 |access-date=18 November 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 November 2012}}</ref> The film was released on 25 April 2014.

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=August 2015}}

Kaanchi ‘Sigdi’ is a strong girl who lives with her mother and sister in the village of Koshampa. She is in love with her childhood friend Binda, and their families decide to get them married. Meanwhile, the Kakda family tries to occupy Koshampa and turn it into an industrial hub. Sushant, the son of Shyam Kakda, falls in love with Kaanchi and wants to marry her, but Kaanchi rejects him. Because of this, Sushant kills Binda before their wedding in front of Kaanchi. A furious Kaanchi leaves for [[Mumbai]], seeking revenge on the Kakda family. She lives in the house of Bagulla, her old friend. She finds a servant job at Shyam Kakda's house through some contacts. She tries to expose his affair with his secretary as well as the truth behind Binda's murder by recording a video in his bedroom, but she gets caught by the guard however she safely escapes while losing her phone. After a few days, she finds out that Sushant is returning to India and is going to stay with Jumar Kakda. She becomes a servant in his house with Bagulla's help. She manages to steal the chip, which has all the secret information about their business. Meanwhile, she gets her phone back from her friend who works at Shyam Kakda's house. She submits the evidence to a news channel, cripples the business of the Kakda family, and also saves her village, Koshampu. However, Bagulla, who is a secret agent helping the Kakda family, sells her to Sushant, who then captures Kaanchi's sister. Bagulla later changes his mind and comes back to help Kaanchi. In the end, Kaanchi kills Sushant, and returns to her village to rejoins her family.<ref name="ibnlive.in.com">{{cite web |title=Subhash Ghai's 'Kaanchi' to be released on April 12 |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/subhash-ghais-kaanchi-to-be-released-on-april-11/444340-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109220338/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/subhash-ghais-kaanchi-to-be-released-on-april-11/444340-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 January 2014 |website=Ibnlive.in.com |access-date=5 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="bp" />

==Cast==

* [[Mishti Chakraborty]] as Kaanchi
* [[Kartik Aaryan]] as Binda Singh
* [[Rishi Kapoor]] as Jumar B. Kakda
* [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Shyam Kakda
* [[Sahil Vaid]] as Sanjay Pathare
* [[Anil Charanjeett]] as Subhedhar, Binda's father
* [[Amardeep Jha]] as Meena Devi
* [[Adil Hussain]] as CBI Officer Arun Roy
* [[Anant Jog]] as Vedant
* [[Pallavi Purohit]] as Savita Pathare
* [[Amrita Raichand]] as Gayatri J. Kumar Kakda
* [[Rishabh Sinha]] as Sushant Kakda
* [[Natasha Rastogi]] as Teji, Kaanchi's mother
* [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]] as [[Inspector]] Ratanlal Bagulla
* [[Mahima Chaudhry]] as an item dancer (special appearance)
* [[Shakti Mohan]] as an item dancer in the song "Kambal Ke Keeche" (special appearance)
* [[Mukti Mohan]] as an item dancer in the song "Kambal Ke Keeche" (special appearance)
* [[Hazel Crowney]] as an item dancer in the song "Thumka"

==Reception==
''Kaanchi'' received mixed to negative reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web |title='Kaanchi' Review: Subhash Ghai's film makes you cringe and laugh at the same time |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kaanchi-review-subhash-ghais-film-makes-you-cringe-and-laugh-at-the-same-time/467677-47-77.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429063842/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kaanchi-review-subhash-ghais-film-makes-you-cringe-and-laugh-at-the-same-time/467677-47-77.html |archive-date=29 April 2014 |access-date=6 August 2014 |website=Ibnlive.in.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Movie review: Kaanchi lacks Subhash Ghai's magical touch |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-subhash-ghai-s-kaanchi-is-slow-but-has-soul/article1-1212237.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425174248/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-subhash-ghai-s-kaanchi-is-slow-but-has-soul/article1-1212237.aspx |archive-date=25 April 2014 |access-date=6 August 2014 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress1">{{cite web |date=26 April 2014 |title=Kaanchi film review: This is Subhash Ghai mining his usual patriotic 'this is my India' self |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kaanchi-film-review-this-is-subhash-ghai-mining-his-usual-patriotic-this-is-my-india-self/ |access-date=6 August 2014 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kaanchi movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/movie-review/34196450.cms |access-date=6 August 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Tushar Joshi |date=25 April 2014 |title=Film Review: Kaanchi's old school vibe fails to keep audience hooked, tests patience | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-film-review-kaanchi-s-old-school-vibe-fails-to-keep-audience-hooked-tests-patience-1982172 |access-date=6 August 2014 |website=DNA India}}</ref><ref name="ZEE NEWS">{{cite web |date=26 April 2014 |title='Kaanchi' review: Subhash Ghai lacks showmanship |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/kaanchi-review-watch-at-your-own-risk_154117.html |access-date=26 April 2014 |work=ZEE NEWS}}</ref> Subhash Ghai's direction was criticised compared to his previous movies ''[[Kalicharan]]'', ''[[Karma (1986 film)|Karma]]'', ''[[Karz (film)|Karz]]'' and ''[[Pardes (1997 film)|Pardes]]''.<ref name="indianexpress1" /><ref name="ZEE NEWS" /> The lead actress [[Mishti]] was praised for her divine beauty but her acting skills received mixed reviews.

The lead actor [[Kartik Aaryan]], who made his debut in ''[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama]]'', was praised for his tremendous screen presence<ref name="ZEE NEWS" /><ref>{{cite web |date=25 April 2014 |title=Kaanchi movie review |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/kaanchi-movie-review-957 |access-date=25 April 2014 |work=NDTV |archive-date=14 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114205137/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/kaanchi-movie-review-957 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and acting skills.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 April 2014 |title=I didn't know how to kiss |url=http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/i-didnt-know-how-to-kiss-5960.html |access-date=24 April 2014 |work=Filmfare}}</ref>

== Marketing and release ==
The film's trailer was released on 6 March 2014 on YouTube, which received positive reviews.<ref name="bp">{{cite web |title=Kaanchi Trailer Review: The Powerful Story of a Young Girl |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/kaanchi-trailer-review-a-powerful-story-of-a-young-girl/ |website=news.biharprabha.com |access-date=6 March 2014}}</ref> Besides deploying their own marketing team, [[Mukta Arts]] partnered with web channel Trendspotters.tv for web and social-media promotion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Subhash Ghai's production house partners with web channel for 'Kaanchi' promotions |url=http://gulfnews.com/arts-entertainment/celebrity/subhash-ghai-s-production-house-partners-with-web-channel-for-kaanchi-promotions-1.1302974 |website=Gulf News |date=12 March 2014 |access-date=12 March 2014}}</ref> Commenting on the film, Subash Ghai said, "Kaanchi to me is a project that is larger than life itself, the film, though commercial, is an inspirational story for the young women of today.

''Kaanchi'' was released on 25 April 2014.<ref name="ibnlive.in.com" />

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Kaanchi: The Unbreakable
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Ismail Darbar]], [[Salim–Sulaiman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2014|03|18}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/kaanchi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/843420634 |title=Kaanchi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |website=[[iTunes]]}}{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 39:08
| label = [[Mukta Arts]]
| producer =
| chronology = [[Ismail Darbar]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Salim–Sulaiman]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Rabba Main Kya Karoon]]
| prev_year = 2013
| title = Kaanchi: The Unbreakable
| year = 2014
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
}}
{{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|YtH2EedodrM|Audio Jukebox}}
}}
All songs were composed by [[Ismail Darbar]] and [[Salim–Sulaiman|Salim-Sulaiman]]; the lyrics were written by [[Irshad Kamil]].<ref>{{cite web |date=12 October 2013 |title=Subhash Ghai Not Rushing Kaanchi Release |url=http://bollyspice.com/69476/taking-time-finish-without-rushed-subhash-ghai-shifts-kaanchi-early-2014 |access-date=20 October 2013}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Song !! Singer(s)!! Composer !! Duration
|-
|1
| "Kaanchi Re Kaanchi"
| [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
| Ismail Darbar
| 04:06
|-
|2
| "Tu Sab Kuch Re"
| [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Anwesha Datta Gupta]], Ismail Darbar
| Ismail Darbar
| 05:36
|-
|3
| "Main Mushtanda"
| [[Aishwarya Majmudar]], [[Mika Singh]]
| Ismail Darbar
| 03:05
|-
|4
| "Koshampa"
| [[Aman Trikha]], [[Sanchita Bhattacharya]], Anwesha Datta Gupta, Subhash Ghai
| Ismail Darbar
| 03:32
|-
|5
| "Kaisa Hai Dard Mera"
| [[Ankit Tiwari]]
| Ismail Darbar
| 04:46
|-
|6
| "Kambal Ke Neech"
|Aishwarya Majmudar, [[Neeti Mohan]], Aman Trikha, [[Sanchita Bhattacharya]]
| Ismail Darbar
| 03:47
|-
|7
| "Thumka"
| Sonu Nigam, [[Suzanne D'Mello]]
| Salim-Sulaiman
| 04:45
|-
|8
| "Hindustan Kahan Hai"
| Sukhwinder Singh, [[Mohit Chauhan]], Raj Pandit
| Salim-Sulaiman
| 04:50
|-
|9
| "Adiye Adiye"
| [[Sanchita Bhattacharya]], Avril Quadros
| Ismail Darbar
| 02:32
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3038772}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|kaanchi}}

{{Subhash Ghai}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2014 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Subhash Ghai]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:2014 action films]]
[[Category:Mukta Arts films]]

Prasenjit Biswas

2026-02-25T06:07:48Z

Igorsiw: starting a pg

{{short description | Indian Philosopher born 1969}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|Academics|date=March 2014}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2024}}
}}

'''Prasenjit Biswas''' is an Indian professor of philosophy at [[North Eastern Hill University]], Shillong. His research interests reflect an [[interdisciplinary]] orientation that includes ethno-philosophy, ethnicity, and [[indigenous peoples|indigenous]] identities.<ref>Website of Philosophy Department, NEHU, Shillong. http://www.nehu.ac.in/Schools/Humanities/Philosophy/directory.php</ref> He is a human rights defender who works with Barak Human Right Protection Committee (BHRPC), Silchar. The BHRPC defended human rights of labourers and their families in tea gardens of [[Barak Valley]] of [[Assam]], who faced deaths due to starvation in 2011–12.

Rooted in a Sanskritic tradition of doing Darsana in a family of traditional Indian philosophers, he develops a dialogic interface between heterodox Indian philosophical traditions and European and Continental philosophical world-views. His current works are a return to an interdisciplinary worldview traditions in which he combines a policy paradigm such as India's Act East with Southeast and East Asian traditions from a contemporary Indian philosophical point of view of 'Swaraj in Ideas' and Rabindranath Tagore's Cosmopolitan universalism.
In the recently held World Congress of Philosophy, He conducted a round table on "Indigenous Philosophy". The round table discussed possibilities of transcultural understanding of universality of unrepresented archipelegean, mountainous and spiritually rich traditions of en-worlded philosophies from aboriginal groups and communities.
He has successfully guided about 12 doctoral theses as part of his professional research career. His areas of supervision includes Cognitive turn in Philosophy of Mind, Consciousness Studies, Artificial Intelligence and Philosophy of Science.

He writes occasionally in [[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] on issues related to [[Northeast India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/section/847-446-North-East-Page.html|title = North by North-east|date = 5 September 2015}}</ref> and often shares his views in national and international media on a variety of socio-political issues. Recently he covered a whole lot of critical political issues in Indian media as an independent political commentator:https://muckrack.com/prasenjit-biswas/articles

==Academic career==
Biswas obtained his PhD from [[North Eastern Hill University]]. He was formerly with [[Indian School of Mines]], Dhanbad, [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]], [[Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati]], and [[Assam University]], Silchar.Presently he hold full professorship at North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India since 2011.

== Books authored ==
*Political economy of underdevelopment of North-East India, Akansha Pub. House, 2004 (with Rifual Ahmed).
*The Postmodern Controversy: Understanding Richard Rorty, Jacques Derrida and Jurgen Habermas, Rawat Publications, 2005.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Agrawal |first=Arvind Kumar |date=2006 |title=Review of The postmodern controversy: Understanding Richard Rorty, Jacques Derrida and Jürgen Habermas |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23620539 |journal=Sociological Bulletin |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=141–142 |issn=0038-0229}}</ref>
*Ethnic life-worlds in north-east India: an analysis, New Delhi: Sage, 2008 (with Chandan Suklabaidya).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sagepub.com/books/Book232914 |title=SAGE: Ethnic Life-Worlds in North-East India: An Analysis: Prasenjit Biswas: 9780761936138 |publisher=Sagepub.com |date= |accessdate=2014-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goswami |first=Namrata |last2=Anant |first2=Arpita |last3=Singh |first3=Priyanka |last4=Bisht |first4=Medha |last5=Behera |first5=Laxman Kumar |date=2009-04-01 |title=Ethnic Life-Worlds in North-East India: An Analysis by Prasenjit Biswas and Chandan Suklabaidya |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09700160902770516 |journal=Strategic Analysis |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=308–318 |doi=10.1080/09700160902770516 |issn=0970-0161|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*Between Philosophy and Anthropology: Aporias of Language, Thought and Consciousness, Notion Press, Chennai, 2017.
== Books edited==
*Peace in India's North-East: Meaning, Metaphor, and Method: Essays of Concern and Commitment, New Delhi: Regency, 2006 (with C. Joshua Thomas) {{ISBN|8189233483}}
* Construction of Evil in North East India: Myth, Narrative and Discourse New Delhi<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Banerjee |first=Trina Nileena |date=2015-03-01 |title=Book Review: Prasenjit Biswas and C. Joshua Thomas (Eds), Construction of Evil in North East India: Myth, Narrative and Discourse |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0049085714561851 |journal=Social Change |language=EN |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=173–178 |doi=10.1177/0049085714561851 |issn=0049-0857|url-access=subscription }}</ref>: Sage, 2012 (with C. Joshua Thomas). {{ISBN|9788132109457}}

==Recent articles==
*"Theorizing contemporary vernacular politics in North-East India" In D.V.Kumar (ed.) " Revisiting Social Theory: Challenges and Possibilities", Routledge, London and New York,2024, pp.167-83.
*" Aporias of Indian Thought: In-Figuring Ethno-Tribal Philosophy from India's North-East" In Anirban Mukherjee and Ngaleknao Ramthing ( eds.), "Re-interpreting Tradition: critical essays on 20 th century Indian Thought"(North Bengal University Studies in Philosophy 23), Northern Book Centre, New Delhi,2023, pp.46-71.
* "Phenomenology and Ontology of Humiliation" in Man and Society: A Journal of North-East Studies, Vol.X, Summer, 2013, pp. 180–202.
* "Daya Krishna's 'Presuppositionsless Philosophy': Sublimity as a Source of Value and Knowledge" In Shail Mayaram (ed.) ''Philosophy as Samvad and swaraj'', SAGE, New Delhi, forthcoming, pp. 133–54.
*"The Sense of self: Ka Rngiew, Tlawmngaihna and the Art of Not Being Governed" in ''Journal of Indian Council of Philosophical Research'', Oct-Dec 2011, vol.X XVIII, no. 4, pp. 129–167.
*"The Inscrutable substance of Ontology" in ''Sociological Bulletin'', 62(1), January–April, 2013, pp. 124–29.
* "Tagore's Nationalism: In Search of a Proper Place of Identity Struggles of India's Northeast" in ''Journal of Indian Council of Philosophical Research'', January–March 2011, vol. XXVIII, no. 1, pp. 115–134.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Biswas, Prasenjit}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Postcolonial theorists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:North-Eastern Hill University alumni]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of South Asia]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad]]

Anwaar Mosque

2026-02-24T17:17:50Z

Igorsiw: Started

{{Multiple issues|
{{refimprove|date=September 2025}}
{{unreliable sources|date=September 2025}}{{notability|1=Places|date=September 2025}}
}}
{{Short description|Mosque in Darul Anwaar, Qadian, India}}
{{Infobox mosque
| name = Anwaar Mosque
| native_name = {{unq|مسجد انوار}} Masjid Anwaar
| native_name_lang = ur
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| mapframe-id = Q123156062
| location = [[Qadian]], [[Punjab, India]]
| geo = {{Coord|31|48|53.441|N|75|23|6.63|E|region:IN_type:landmark|display=inline, title}}
| tradition = [[Ahmadiyya]]
| architecture_type = mosque
| architecture_style = Islamic
| established = 1940
| year_completed = 2008
| construction_cost =
| capacity = 1700
| dome_quantity = 2
| minaret_quantity = 1
| site_area = 11000 square ft
}}

'''Anwaar Mosque''' ({{Langx|ur|{{unq|مسجد انوار}}|4=Mosque of the splendour}}) is an [[India|Indian]] mosque located in the Darul Anwaar neighbourhood of [[Qadian]]. It was built in 1940 and is located adjacent to the [[Jamia Ahmadiyya|Jamia Ahmadiyya Qadian]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-30 |title=قادیان دارالامان کی چند مساجد کا تعارف |trans-title=A Introduction of the various mosques of Qadian |url=https://www.alfazlonline.org/30/12/2022/75956/ |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=Daily Alfazl Online |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmadiyya Mosques |url=https://ahmadiyyamosques.blogspot.com/2012/03/ |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=ahmadiyyamosques.blogspot.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> It has a capacity of around 1700 worshippers. The mosque has hosted several events and conferences.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-11-07 |title=Ahmadiyya Muslim Research Association India Hosts First Annual Conference |url=https://lightofislam.in/ahmadiyya-muslim-research-association-india-hosts-first-annual-conference/ |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=Light of Islam |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
The construction of the mosque began in 1939 and inaugurated on 22 March 1940 by the second caliph of the [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]], [[Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad]] by offering [[Salah]].<ref name=":0" /> During this time it was known as the '''Masjid Darul Anwaar''<nowiki/>', due to being located in the ''Darul Anwaar'' neighborhood and is often still referred to by this name.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sain |first=Manish |date=14 September 2016 |title=Thousands offer Eid Adha Namaz at Masjid Darul Anwar Qadian |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/state-editions/thousands-offer-eid-adha-namaz-at-masjid-darul-anwar-qadian.html |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref> The capacity of the original mosque was 150 worshippers.

=== Expansion ===
The mosque was extended subsequently after the relocation of [[Jamia Ahmadiyya|Jamia Ahmadiyya Qadian]] to Sarai Tahir, along with several other departments and the increasing population of the neighborhood, leaving the mosque overcrowded. Thus, in August 2007 the works for the expansion of the mosque began which was completed in December 2008, whence it was named "''Masjid Anwaar''".<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hameed Kausar |first=Muhammad |title=قادیان اور اس کے تاریخی مقدس مقامات |year=2015 |isbn=9789383882687 |edition=5th |pages=71 |language=ur |trans-title=Qadian and its Holy and Historical sites}}</ref> The building was constructed de novo, incorporating the old mosque.

=== Partition of Indian subcontinent ===
Following the [[partition of India]], the mosque remained closed for a period of time and fell into a state of disrepair until 1991, alongside the construction of guest houses in Darul Anwaar, the mosque was repaired and restored.<ref name=":0" />

== Architecture ==
The mosque in its current form was designed by architect Abdul Rasheed. It has several features:

* It has one large central dome and one smaller dome
* 1 big minaret

The entrance of the mosque has the phrase etched:
{{Blockquote|text=<div>{{big|{{lang|ar|'''وَمَنْ دَخَلَهُ كَانَ اٰمِنًا'''}}}} {{lang|ur|{{nq|اور جو اس میں داخل ہو وہ امن میں آ جاتا ہے}}}}</div> ''And whoso enters it shall be at peace''}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="200">
File:مسجد انوار کا اندرونی منظر.jpg|Interior of the mosque
File:Masjid Anwaar commemorative plaque.jpg|historical marker in Urdu
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Jamia Ahmadiyya]]
* [[Noor Mosque, Qadian]]
* [[Mubarak Mosque, Qadian]]
* [[Aqsa Mosque, Qadian]]

== References ==
<references/>

{{commons category}}
{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:1940 establishments in India]]
[[Category:20th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Ahmadiyya mosques in Qadian, India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Gurdaspur district]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in 1940]]
[[Category:Mosques in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1940]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 2000s|2008]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 2008]]

Chitradurga district

2026-02-24T14:37:05Z

Igorsiw: general added intro for clarity after review

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Chitradurga}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2012}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2011}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chitradurga district
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Karnataka|District]] of [[Karnataka]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Chitradurga Temples.JPG
|photo1b = Nayakanahatti temple olamatha.jpg
|photo2a = Entrance to Ranganatha Swamy temple at Neerthadi.JPG
|photo2b = Rear view of the Teru Malleshvara temple at Hiriyur.JPG
|photo3a = Vani vilas sagar dam, hiriyur, Karnataka.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: [[Chitradurga Fort]], Nayakanahatti temple, [[Teru Malleshvara Temple, Hiriyur|Teru Malleshwara Temple]] at [[Hiriyur]], [[Vani Vilasa Sagara]], in [[Hosadurga]].
| nickname =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|14.00|N|76.50|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Seal of Karnataka.svg|Emblem of Karnataka}}[[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bangalore Division]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Challakere]] [[Chitradurga]] [[Hiriyur]] [[Holalkere]] [[Hosdurga]] [[Molakalmuru]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Chitradurga]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 = [[Deputy Commissioner]]
| leader_name1 = Shri. Venkatesh T. {{small|([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])}}
| leader_title2 = Member of Parliament
| leader_title3 = [[Superintendent of Police]]
| leader_name2 = [[Govind Karjol]]
| leader_name3 = Ranjith Kumar Bandaru, I.P.S.
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="stats">{{cite web|title=District at a Glance|url=http://chitradurga.nic.in/stastics.html|publisher=Chitradurga district website|access-date=3 January 2011}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 8440
| elevation_footnotes = (Highest)
| elevation_m = 1094
| population_total = 1,659,456
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="stats"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 577 501, 502, 577524
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = + 91 (8194)
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA-CT]]
| registration_plate = [[Chitradurga]] KA-16
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1.047 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 73.82%
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Chitradurga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chitradurga Lok Sabha constituency]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = {{convert|522|mm|in}}
| website = {{URL|chitradurga.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chitradurga district''' is an administrative district of [[Karnataka]] state in south-western India.<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Chitaldrug|volume=6|page=247}}</ref> The [[Chitradurga|city of Chitradurga]] is the district headquarters. Chitradurga city gets its name from 'Chitrakaldurga', meaning 'picturesque castle' in Kannada.

== History ==
Chitradurga district has been inhabited since at least neolithic period as per archeologists.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sahitya Akademi New Delhi |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.76466 |title=Indian History For The Year 1928 |date=1928 |pages=184, 185}}</ref> A rock carving of Emperor Ashoka near Bharamagiri provides evidence that the district was part of the Mauryan Empire.

Subsequently, the region was under the rule of the Shathavahanas, Kadambas, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, and Hoysalas. A boulder engraving near village Chandravalli mentions Kadamba King Mayurasaram.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.44256 |title=Excavation At Chandravalli (mysore State) |date=1931 |pages=6}}</ref>

The Nayakas, also known as Palegars, are most well associated with the district due to their significant historical presence. The Nayaka period began around the late 16th century. There were local chiefs, who were governed under the Vijayanagara Empire, became independent after the fall of the empire and established a stronghold in Chitradurga. A notable Nayaka was Bharamappa Nayaka (1689–1721), considered "the greatest of the Nayaka rulers" for his military victories and resistance to Mughal incursions. The final ruler, Madakari Nayaka V (1758–1779), was known for his leadership and diplomacy between the Maratha Empire and Hyder Ali of Mysore. Later, he also resisted multiple sieges by Hyder Ali, but the fort ultimately fell in 1779. During the last siege, Onake Obavva, the wife of a fort guard, single-handedly defended a secret passage against enemy entry. She became known for her heroic act and is regarded as a symbol of Chitradurga.

The fort was subsequently expanded by Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan before coming under the control of the Royal Mysore family after Tipu Sultan's defeat by the British.

== Mythology ==
It is believed that the few natural formation are attributed to link to Ramayana and Mahabharata.

Tradition dates Chitradurga District to the period of the Ramayana and Mahabharata. The whole district lies in the valley of the Vedavati River, with the Tungabhadra River flowing in the northwest. During the British times it was named Chitaldroog. The district was practically ruled by all the well known dynasties that ruled Karnataka. A historical places like Jain basadi of Heggere, a pilgrimage centre for Jain's in district.[[File:AdministrativemapofChitradurga.svg|thumb|317x317px|Administrative map of Chitradurga |left]]

==Demographics==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Chitradurga district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11378/download/14491/DDW29C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Per cent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Karnataka|Hinduism]]|darkorange|91.63}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|7.76}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.61}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Chitradurga district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,659,456,<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Chitradurga |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/602/download/2056/DH_2011_2912_PART_A_DCHB_CHITRADURGA.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Guinea-Bissau]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date =1 October 2011 | quote = Guinea-Bissau 1,596,677 July 2011 est.}}</ref> or the US state of [[Idaho]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau
|access-date=30 September 2011
|quote=Idaho 1,567,582
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=19 October 2013
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 297th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name="districtcensus" /> The district has a population density of {{convert|197|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name="districtcensus" /> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 9.39%.<ref name="districtcensus" /> Chitradurga has a [[sex ratio]] of 969 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name="districtcensus" /> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 73.82%. 19.86% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 23.45% and 18.23% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus" />

{{historical populations|11=1901|12=3,54,308|13=1911|14=3,93,953|15=1921|16=4,08,588|17=1931|18=4,62,953|19=1941|20=5,05,565|21=1951|22=5,88,497|23=1961|24=7,41,344|25=1971|26=8,99,257|27=1981|28=10,89,304|29=1991|30=13,12,717|31=2001|32=15,17,896|33=2011|34=16,59,456|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Chitradurga district (2011)<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Karnataka|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Kannada]] |value1 = 83.33 |color1 = darkslateblue
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 7.33 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value3 = 5.39 |color3 = steelblue
|label4 = [[Lambadi]] |value4 = 2.29 |color4 = khaki
|label5 = Others |value5 = 1.66 |color5 = grey
|thumb=left
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 83.33% of the population spoke [[Kannada]], 7.33% [[Urdu]], 5.39% [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and 2.29% [[Lambadi]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10208/download/13320/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Economy==
In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Chitradurga one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the five districts in Karnataka currently receiving funds from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund|Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme]] (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=8 September 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>
==Education==
{{expand section|date=April 2023}}
*Sri Shivakumara Rangaprayoga Shale

==People==

* [[Madakari Nayaka]] – King of Chitradurga
* [[Onake Obavva]] – Legendary woman who fought [[Hyder Ali]]'s army.
* [[Malladihalli Raghavendra|Malladihalli Sri Raghavendra Swamiji]] (Tiruka) – yogi and Ayurvedic guru
* [[S. Nijalingappa]] (vinayak) – politician, ex-CM, ex-MP and ex All India Congress lead
* [[T. R. Subba Rao|T.R. Subba Rao]] (TaRaSu) – a novelist, 1985 winner of [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his novel ''Durgasthamana''
* [[Tirumalai Krishnamacharya]] – yogi and Ayurvedic guru. One of the most influential yoga teachers of the 20th century and is credited with the revival of [[hatha yoga]]. Also called father of Modern Yoga.
* [[P. R. Thippeswamy]] (PRT) – Artist, Writer & Folklorist – K. Venkatappa Awardee 1999, ex-Chairman Karnataka Lalithakala Academy

==See also==
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Chitradurga district}}
{{Wikivoyage|Chitradurga (district)}}
* [https://chitradurga.nic.in/ Chitradurga district website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060218182334/http://www.chitradurgacity.gov.in/ Chitradurga City Municipal Council]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111106031025/http://www.chitharadurga.com/ all about Chitradurga in kannada]

{{Karnataka topics}}
{{Settlements in Chitradurga district}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chitradurga District}}
[[Category:Chitradurga district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Karnataka]]

Dayananda Siddavattam

2026-02-18T19:07:01Z

Igorsiw: Adding Page...

{{Short description|Indian molecular biologist}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Prof.
| name = Dayananda Siddavattam
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = Academic, Professor
| title = Ex Vice Chancellor, GITAM (Deemed to be University)
| employer =
| education = PhD from Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati
| years_active =
| known_for =
}}

'''Dayananda Siddavattam''' (born 1957) is an Indian molecular biologist and academic administrator who served as the Vice-Chancellor of [[Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management|GITAM]] (Deemed to be University).<ref>{{cite web |title= Visakhapatnam: Dayananda Siddavattam is new GITAM's Vice-Chancellor |url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/visakhapatnam-dayananda-siddavattam-is-new-gitams-vice-chancellor/article65674545.ece | website= The Hindu |access-date= 2 Feb 2026}}</ref> An elected fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]], the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], and the [[Indian National Science Academy]], Siddavattam's research work is focused on molecular biology, environmental microbiology, and the regulation of gene expression.<ref>{{cite web |title= Prof. Dayananda Siddavattam, Fellow of Indian Academy of Sciences |url= https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL2018026| website= Indian Academy of Sciences, Bengaluru |access-date= 2 Feb 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Fellow Detail Page |url=https://insajournal.in/intranetinsa/fellow_detail.php?id=P17-1763 | website= Indian National Science Academy |access-date= 2 Feb 2026}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Siddavattam was born in a village near Piler in present-day Madanapalli district, [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. He completed his undergraduate studies with a major in biology and earned a PhD from [[Sri Venkateswara University]], Tirupati, in 1985.

During his tenure at SKU,{{Clarify|date=February 2026}} he received international fellowships, including the [[DAAD fellowship]] from the Government of Germany and the Commonwealth Academic Staff Fellowship from the [[British Council]], United Kingdom. He undertook postdoctoral research at the Institute of Genetics, [[University of Bayreuth]], Germany, under Walter Kling Müller, and at the [[John Innes Centre]], England, under M. J. Merrick. His work during this period focused on microbial genetics and molecular microbiology.<ref>{{cite web |title= Prof. Dayananda Siddavattam appointed Vice Chancellor of Gitam University, Vizag |url= https://herald.uohyd.ac.in/prof-dayananda-siddavattam-appointed-vice-chancellor-of-gitam-university-vizag/| website= Herald University of Hyderabad |access-date= 2 Feb 2026}}</ref>

In 2004, Siddavattam joined the [[University of Hyderabad]] as a professor and served there until his retirement in 2022. He held several administrative positions at the university, including Senior Professor, Dean of the School of Life Sciences, and Chief Proctor. He then served as the Vice-Chancellor of GITAM University, Visakhapatnam.<ref>{{cite web |title= Prof. Dayananda Siddavattam appointed as Vice Chancellor of Gitam |url=https://telanganatoday.com/prof-dayananda-siddavattam-appointed-as-new-vc-of-gitam | website= Telangana Today |access-date= 2 Feb 2026}}</ref>

Siddavattam's research has primarily focused on bacterial [[phosphotriesterase]]s (PTEs), enzymes capable of hydrolyzing organophosphate compounds including insecticide residues and nerve agents. His work demonstrated the occurrence of opd genes encoding PTEs on mobile genetic elements and their lateral transfer among soil bacteria. His research group also reported the presence of twin-arginine transport (TAT) motifs in PTE signal peptides and showed that these enzymes are inserted into bacterial membranes in a prefolded state as part of a multiprotein complex associated with the TonB transport system, which is involved in nutrient transport in Gram-negative bacteria.<ref>{{cite web |title= Prof. Dayananda Siddavattam- Google Scholar Profile |url=
https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=MSFRh_gAAAAJ&hl=en | website= Google Scholar |access-date= 2 Feb 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Center for Health Security Project Team |url=https://centerforhealthsecurity.org/sites/default/files/2022-11/190619-us-india-report.pdf | website= Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security |access-date= 2 Feb 2026}}</ref> In addition to fundamental research, Siddavattam collaborated with defense and scientific organizations in India to develop PTE-based biosensors for detecting organophosphate insecticides and nerve agents. He has also served as a consultant to pharmaceutical and biotechnology organizations.

== Honours and recognition ==

Siddavattam has received several national and international recognitions, including the International Research Development Award from the Wellcome Trust, United Kingdom. He is an elected Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy, the Indian Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Sciences, India. He has also received the J. C. Bose National Fellowship from the [[Science and Engineering Research Board]], [[Government of India]],<ref>{{cite web |title= The list of New fellows awarded during the year 2020-21 in the J C Bose Fellowship |url=https://www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in/sites/all/themes/vigyan/images/banner_articles/JC%20Bose%20fellows%202020-21.pdf | website= India Science and Technology, Government of India |access-date= 2 Feb 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Prof. Dayananda Siddavattam selected for J C Bose Fellowship |url=https://herald.uohyd.ac.in/prof-dayananda-siddavattam-selected-for-j-c-bose-fellowship/ | website= University of Hyderabad |access-date= 2 Feb 2026}}</ref> and the Prime Minister [[Professorship]] from the Anusandhan National Research Foundation.<ref>{{cite web |title= PM Professors 2025 |url= https://serb.gov.in/assets/pdf/PM_Professors_2025.pdf |website= Serb Gov |access-date= 2 Feb 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=MSFRh_gAAAAJ&hl=en Dayananda Siddavattam's Google Scholar]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siddavattam, Dayananda}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian molecular biologists]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]
[[Category:Sri Venkateswara University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Hyderabad]]

Janakpuri West metro station

2026-02-18T12:22:58Z

Igorsiw:

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Janakpuri
West जनकपुरी पश्चिम
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue|line2=Magenta}}
| image = Janakpuri West (Delhi) metro station.jpg
| style = Delhi Metro
| address = Shivaji Marg, Janakpuri District Center, Janakpuri, New Delhi, 110058
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
| other =
| structure = Elevated (Blue Line) Underground (Magenta Line)
| platform = [[Side platform]] 
{{font color|blue|Platform-1}} → {{stl|Delhi Metro|Noida Electronic City}}/{{stl|Delhi Metro|Vaishali}} {{font color|blue|Platform-2}} → {{stl|Delhi Metro|Dwarka Sector 21}} [[Island platform]] {{font color|magenta|Platform-3}} → {{stl|Delhi Metro|Botanical Garden}} {{font color|magenta|Platform-4}} → {{stl|Delhi Metro|Krishna Park Extension}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 4
| parking = {{parking symbol}} <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/Parking_Details.aspx|title=Parking_Details| website=Delhi Metro Rail}}</ref> Multi-Level Parking in Metro's Unity One Mall
| bicycle =
| opened = {{ubl|{{Start date and age|2005|December|31|df=y}} (Blue Line)|{{Start date and age|2018|May|29|df=y}} (Magenta line)}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{Access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers = 21,262/day 659,120/ Month average <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/otherdocuments/867/RidershipDetails.pdf|title=Ridership_Details| website=Delhi Metro Rail}}</ref>
| pass_year = Jan 2015
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line1=Blue|left1=Uttam Nagar East|right1=Janakpuri East
|line2=Magenta|left2=Krishna Park Extension|to-left2=Krishna Park Extension|right2=Dabri Mor - Janakpuri South
}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Blue Line Route}}{{Delhi Metro Magenta Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

The '''Janakpuri West''' metro station is an interchange station between the [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]] and [[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta Line]] of [[Delhi Metro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |title=Station Information |access-date=2010-06-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=19 June 2010}}</ref>

==History==

===Phase III===
Under Phase III, Janakpuri West station has become an interchange station with the Magenta line (Janakpuri West – Botanical Garden). From here, passengers can connect to South Delhi and Noida via. Indira Gandhi International Airport Terminal 1, Hauz Khas and Kalkaji Mandir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=eQM2nlig5R4lld|title=Kalkaji Mandir - Janakpuri West Metro Corridor Inaugurated for Passenger Services}}</ref>

The section was inaugurated on 28 May 2018 by Honorable Chief Minister, Mr. [[Arvind Kejriwal]] & Union Minister, Mr. [[Hardeep Singh Puri]]. Commercial operations began started 29 May 2018.

===India's Highest Escalators===
The escalators installed at the new Janakpuri West Metro station have the highest elevation for
any escalator in India. These escalators have a height of 15.65 meters, equal to a five-story building, that surpasses the height of the escalators installed at the [[Kashmere Gate metro station]], which are 14.575 meters tall.
The horizontal length of the escalators is 35.32 meters. The weight of each escalator was 26 tonnes and a 250-tonne
crane was specially planted for the installation of these escalators.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/PressReleaseDocuments/pressinfoeng_25518.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=28 May 2018 |archive-date=29 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529130121/http://www.delhimetrorail.com/PressReleaseDocuments/pressinfoeng_25518.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==The station==
===Station layout===
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''P'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=main}} / {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|R|type=branch}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Janakpuri East}}
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Blue|L}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Uttam Nagar East}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|valign=top|'''UC'''
|valign=top|Upper Concourse
|valign=top|Fare collection gates, station agent, Ticket vending machines
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top rowspan=2|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;"|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;"|Fare collection gates, station agent, Ticket vending machines
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;"|'''LC'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;"|Lower Concourse
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;"|Fare collection gates, station agent, Ticket vending machines
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''P'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=100|'''Platform 3''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Magenta|R}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Dabri Mor - Janakpuri South}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] | Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 4''' '''Westbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width="500" |Towards ← [[Krishna Park Extension metro station|Krishna Park Extension]] ''Train Terminus''
|}

===Facilities===
Facilities: Escalator (for going up only) on both sides.

Nearby attractions (within walking distance): Janak Palace Shopping complex, Inox Theatre (Earlier: Satyam Cineplex), Sagar Ratna Restaurant, Piccadilly Hotel (earlier known as Hotel Hilton). This station also serves to the people of Vikaspuri.

==Entry/Exit==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="60%"
|-
! align="center" colspan="5" style="background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Blue}};"| Janakpuri West metro station Entry/exits
|-
! style="width:30%;"|Gate No-1
! style="width:30%;"|Gate No-2
! style="width:30%;"|Gate No-3
|-
| || ||
|-
| || ||
|}

==Connections==
Janakpuri West metro station serves as an interchange between Blue Line and [[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta Line]] of the Delhi Metro.

===Bus===
[[Delhi Transport Corporation]] bus routes number 588, 810, 813, 813CL, 816, 816A, 816EXT, 817, 817A, 817B, 818, 819, 822, 823, 824, 824SSTL, 825, 826, 827, 828, 829, 833, 834, 835, 836, 838, 838A, 845, 847, 861A, 871, 871A, 872, 873, 876, 878, 891STL, 972A, 972BSPL and By Pass Express serve the station.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DOIT_DTC/dtc/home| title=Department of Delhi Transport Corporation| website=Govt.of NCT of Delhi| access-date=21 February 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025080536/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_dtc/DTC/Home/| archive-date=25 October 2018| url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Gallery==

[[File:Janakpuri West Metro Station.jpg|250px]]
[[File:Janak Puri West metro signboard.jpg|100px]]

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Delhi]]
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Delhi Monorail]]
*[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
*[[West Delhi]]
*[[New Delhi]]
*[[National Capital Region (India)]]
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
{{div col end}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information |work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC) |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=19 June 2010}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – Descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Janakpuri+West/@28.6296149,77.0754394,685m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m8!1m2!2m1!1sJanakpuri+West+metro+station!3m4!1s0x390d04c0f345e9d9:0xac5f3d421621937b!8m2!3d28.6294091!4d77.0777618|title= Janakpuri West metro station}}

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|blue line=yes|magenta line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2005]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in West Delhi district]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}
{{Delhi-railstation-stub}}

Indravadan Modi

2026-02-07T22:54:59Z

Igorsiw: adding new entry

{{Short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Indravadan Modi
| alias = Medicine Man of India
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1926|02|18}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2012|11|26|1926|02|18}}
| death_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India
| education = University Department Of Chemical Technology, Bombay University
| occupation = Founder of [[Cadila Pharmaceuticals]]
Founder of IRM
Founder of CPL Bio
| spouse = Shilaben
| children = 1
}}

'''Indravadan Ambalal Modi''' (18 February 1926 – 26 November 2012)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/cadilas-indravadan-modi-the-man-who-fought-angrezi-dawa/article20533074.ece#|title=Cadila's Indravadan Modi — the man who fought angrezi dawa|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref> was an Indian [[Pharmaceuticals industry|pharmaceuticals]] industrialist who founded [[Cadila Pharmaceuticals]] in [[Ahmedabad]]. He is popularly known as the 'Medicine Man of India' for his contribution to the pharmaceutical industry of India post independence.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-11-26|title=Indravadan A Modi: The medicine man of India|url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2012/11/26/indravadan-a-modi-the-medicine-man-of-india/|access-date=2020-10-09|website=DeshGujarat|language=en-US}}</ref>

Modi co-founded Cadila Laboratories in 1951 along with his childhood friend Raman Patel to offer cheaper drugs in [[India]]. In 1995, the company split into two separate entities; Raman Patel formed [[Cadila Healthcare]] while Modi named his company [[Cadila Pharmaceuticals]].<ref name=":1" />

== Early life ==
Modi was born in [[Hansot]], [[Bharuch]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/cadila-pharma-chairman-indravadan-modi-dies-at-87/articleshow/17374915.cms?from=mdr|title=Cadila Pharma Chairman Indravadan Modi dies at 87|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref> He lost his mother while he was very young and was brought up by his grandmother. He graduated in [[Bachelor of Science]], [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|Baroda College]] in 1948{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} and came down to [[Bombay]] for higher studies. He studied [[Pharmacy|Pharmaceuticals and Fine Chemicals]] at [[Institute of Chemical Technology|University Department of Chemical Technology]] (UDCT).<ref>{{cite news |title="Bicycle to a Rolls Royes": The Iron Man of India, I A MODI |url=https://pharmaleaders.tv/bicycle-to-a-rolls-royes-the-iron-man-of-india-i-a-modi/ |access-date=7 April 2021 |work=Pharmaleaders}}</ref> He then did a brief stint as a chief chemist in a chemical manufacturing unit before quitting to start his own venture.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2012/11/26/indravadan-a-modi-the-medicine-man-of-india/|title=Indravadan A Modi: The medicine man of India|date=2012-11-26|website=DeshGujarat|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref>

== Founding of Cadila Laboratories ==
Post [[independence]], India was dominated by multinational drug making companies. There were few Indian drug manufacturing facilities in the market.<ref name=":2"/> Modi, in 1952, quit his job and established Cadila Laboratories with his close friend, [[Ramanbhai Patel]], a pharmacy professor. They pooled in their resources to start making vitamins to treat [[Anemia]], a disease prevalent in India at that time.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/global/2010/0607/companies-cadila-healthcare-india-pankaj-patel-dark-horse.html?sh=2617af544b7a|title=Dark Horse|last=Karmali|first=Naazneen|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref> In the early days, his wife and grandmother helped out in the company. He would take out Rs. 250 for his monthly expenses and would invest the rest into the business. Cadila started developing innovative products such as Livirubra and Cadila Gripe and formulations such as Isopar for treatment of [[Tuberculosis|TB]]. The company focused on providing innovative products every two years.<ref name=":2" /> In 1967, Cadila set up its first factory. In 1970, R&D activities started happening in the company.<ref name=":2" />

=== Cadila's First Employee ===
While Modi was one of the founder of the company, his wife, Shilaben was the first employee of Cadila Laboratories.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/cadila-pharmas-first-employee-passes-away/article9451597.ece|title=Cadila Pharma's 'first employee' passes away|last=Datta|first=Jyothi|website=@businessline|language=en|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref> She would wash and label the product herself from a 3-room apartment in Azad Society that was taken on rent for Cadila Laboratories. She inspired her husband to enter into the business of Gripe Water, the first indigenous Gripe Water made in the country.<ref name=":6" />

== Cadila Pharmaceuticals and Cadila Healthcare ==
In the year 1995, Cadila Laboratories split up into [[Cadila Pharmaceuticals]] and Cadila Healthcare. Modi, owner of Cadila Pharmaceuticals, brought in his son, Rajiv Modi to take care of the business.<ref name=":3" />

== Philanthropy ==
In the year 1943, Modi's cousin died due to severe illness at the age of 18, due to lack of proper healthcare. Using this as an inspiration, he set up a Kakaba and Kala-Budh Public Charitable Trust under the Bombay Public Charitable Trust Act. Under this, he set up a 30-bed [[hospital]] in the village of Hansot to provide modern healthcare facilities to those who cannot afford it at one-third of the original rates.<ref name=":2"/>

The trust also aids and [[Gujarat]] Government's rural development programs.

== Distinguished positions ==

* Founding member, Resurgent Group of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qOJfCgAAQBAJ&q=indravadan+modi+awards&pg=PT17|title=Management Guru Narendra Modi|last=Shekhar|first=Himanshu|year=1901|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|isbn=9788128828034|language=en}}</ref>
* Member, National Working Group on Patent Laws, India (NWGPL).<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/industrialist-indravadan-ambalal-modi-and-founder-of-cadila-pharmaceuticals-died-1353992214-1|title=Industrialist Indravadan Ambalal Modi and Founder of Cadila Pharmaceuticals died|date=2012-11-27|website=Jagranjosh.com|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref>
* Member, Indian Drug Manufacturers' Association ([[IDMA]])<ref name=":4" />
* Contributor to [[Indian Patents Act]], 1970<ref name=":4" />
* Contributor, 1986 Drug Policy of Government of India<ref name=":4" />
* Vice President, CHEMEXCIL<ref name=":2"/>
* Promoter, B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development Centre (PERD)<ref name=":2"/>
* President, [[Ahmedabad Management Association]], 1991-1993<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=2664|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051104100433/http://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=2664|url-status=usurped|archive-date=November 4, 2005|title=In Conversation With I. A. Modi|website=Lokvani|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==

* Lifetime Achievement award, June 2005, Gujarat Chamber of Commerce and Industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/indravadan-modi-valji-patel-get-lifetime-award-105061501086_1.html|title=Indravadan Modi, Valji Patel get lifetime award|last=|first=|date=|website=business-standard.com|access-date=}}</ref>
* Express Pharma Pulse Lifetime Achievement Award<ref name=":2"/>
* Indian Pharmaceutical Association's Ramanbhai Patel Foundation Lifetime Achievement Award<ref name=":2"/>
* Lifetime Achiever, Power 100: Eminent Personalities of Gujarat<ref name=":2"/>
* Gujarat Glories Power People 50<ref name=":2"/>
* Schroff Memorial National Award 1992<ref name=":5" />
* Outstanding Entrepreneur Award 1993, The Federation of Gujarat Mills and Industries, Baroda<ref name=":5" />
* Lifetime Achievement Award, 2009, All India Medical Association<ref name=":2"/>
* Lifetime Achievement Award, 2010, 3rd Annual Pharmaceutical Leadership Summit by Pharmaceutical Leadership<ref name=":2"/>

== Death ==
In his last days, Indravadan Modi developed a [[lung disease]] which started deteriorating and was put on a [[ventilator]] for the last 9 days. On November 26, 2012, Indravadan Modi succumbed to the infection. He was cremated in Cadila's campus of [[Dholka]], near Ahmedabad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Pharma-legend-I-A-Modi-passes-away-legacy-lives/articleshow/17381185.cms|title=Pharma legend I A Modi passes away, legacy lives|date=November 27, 2012|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Gujarati businesspeople]]
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]

Raibidpura

2026-02-06T13:20:07Z

Igorsiw: starting post

{{Orphan|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
'''Raibidpura''' is a large village in the Nimar region of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bridgebase.com/forums/topic/43813-a-village-called-raibeedpura|title=A village called Raibeedpura|last=Kumar|first=Manoj|date=2019-12-07|website=BridgeBase|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2011-01-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/OiaeJMktHG3yU4VjT9OekI/The-case-of-Raibidpura.html|title=The case of Raibidpura|last=Behar|first=Anurag|date=2016-08-04|website=LiveMint|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref> Located about 25 km from [[Khargone|Khargone city]], it is famed for the huge popularity of [[contract bridge]] among its populace.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/lede/madhya-pradesh-village-obsession-bridge|title=A Madhya Pradesh village's obsession with bridge|last=Kothari|first=Smita Pranav|date=1 June 2019|website=[[The Caravan]]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Khargone district]]

{{Indore-geo-stub}}

History of Regional Rural Banks in Uttar Pradesh

2026-02-03T20:20:13Z

Igorsiw:

{{Short description|History of Regional Rural Bank in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}

[[File:Upgb logo.png|thumb|295x295px|UPGB logo used since August 1, 2025]]
The [[Regional Rural Bank]]s '''(RRBs)''' were established under the provision of RRBs Act, 1976, Act No.
21 of 1976 [9 February 1976].<ref>[https://thc.nic.in/Central%20Governmental%20Acts/Regional%20Rural%20Banks%20Act,%201976..pdf The Regional Rural Banks Act, 1976]</ref> with an objective to create an alternative channel to the cooperative credit structure so as to facilitate an expanded bandwidth of institutional credit for agriculture and rural sector. It started with 5 RRBs in the year 1975, first RRB was setup on 2nd October, 1975 under the provisions of the Ordinance promulgated on 26th September, 1975, for the purpose of development of agriculture, trade, commerce, industry and other productive activities in the rural areas, credit and other facilities, particularly to small and marginal farmers, agricultural labourers, artisans and small entrepreneurs, and for matters connected therewith and incidental thereto. RRBs carry the basic mandate of ensuring rural development and foster financial inclusion.

[[Regional Rural Bank|RRBs]] in the last 5 decades have transformed rural banking in providing easy access to financial
services.

Initially there were 36 [[Regional Rural Bank|RRBs]] functional in Uttar Pradesh since 1975. Out of which 1 RRB '''Kshetriya Kisan Gramin Bank''' was sponsored by '''Uttar Pradesh state Co-operative Bank Ltd.'''

'''Prathama Bank''', with head office in [[Moradabad]], Uttar Pradesh was the first RRB established on October 2, 1975. It was sponsored by [[Syndicate Bank]] and had an authorized capital of Rs. 5 crore.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Subhomoy|date=2019-09-07|title=The largest rewrite of the banking history and merger's cultural traps |work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/the-largest-rewrite-of-the-banking-history-and-merger-s-cultural-traps-119090701030_1.html|access-date=2021-06-02}}</ref>

==Amalgamations==
This is the list of amalgamations held in Uttar Pradesh at various points of time <ref>{{Cite news|title=Government's RRB Consolidation Drive reduces RRBs from 196 to 28 Under 'One State-One RRB' Policy to Boost Efficiency and Financial Strength|work=Press Information Bureau (pib) |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2146512|access-date=2025-10-24}}</ref>

===Amalgamation during financial year 2005-06===
In the financial year 2005-06, 23 RRBs amalgamated to form 7 RRBs

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S.No.
! Name
! Head Office
! Sponsor Bank
|-
| 1
| Baroda Eastern Uttar Pradesh Gramin Bank
|
| [[Bank of Baroda]]
|-
| 2
| Baroda Western Uttar Pradesh Gramin Bank
|
| [[Bank of Baroda]]
|-
| 3
| Kashi Gomti Samyukt Gramin Bank
| [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]
| [[Union Bank of India]]
|-
| 4
| Lucknow Kshetriya Gramin Bank
| [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
| [[Allahabad Bank]]
|-
| 5
| Purvanchal Gramin Bank
| [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
| [[State Bank of India]]
|-
| 6
| Triveni Kshetriya Gramin Bank
| [[Orai]]
| [[Allahabad Bank]]
|-
| 7
| Uttar Pradesh Gramin Bank
| [[Meerut district|Meerut]]
| [[Punjab National Bank]]
|-
|}

===Amalgamation during financial year 2006-07===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S.No.
! Name
! Head Office
! Sponsor Bank
! Date of Establishment
! Amalgamated Bank
! Head Office
! Sponsor Bank
! Date of Establishment
|-
| 1
| Aligarh Kshetriya Gramin Bank
| [[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Canara Bank]]
|
| rowspan="3" | Shreyas Gramin Bank
| rowspan="3" | [[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Canara Bank]]
| rowspan="3" | June 1, 2006
|-
| 2
| Etah Gramin Bank
| [[Etah district|Etah]]
| 1977
|-
| 3
| Jamuna Gramin Bank
| [[Agra district|Agra]]
|
|-
| 4
| Avadh Gramin Bank
|
| rowspan="3" | [[Bank of India]]
| June 7, 1977
| rowspan="3" | Aryavart Gramin Bank
| rowspan="3" | [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Bank of India]]
| rowspan="3" | October 3, 2006
|-
| 5
| Barabanki Gramin Bank
| [[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
| March 26, 1976
|-
| 6
| Farrukhabad Gramin Bank
| [[Farrukhabad district|Farrukhabad]]
| March 29, 1976
|-
|}

===Amalgamation during financial year 2007-08===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S.No.
! Name
! Head Office
! Sponsor Bank
! Amalgamated Bank
! Head Office
! Date of Establishment
! Sponsor Bank
|-
| 1
| Devi Patan Gramin Bank
| [[Gonda district|Gonda]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Punjab National Bank]]
| rowspan="4" | Sarva U.P. Gramin Bank<ref>{{cite web|url=https://supgbmobile.in/ |title= Sarva U.P. Gramin Bank}}</ref>
| rowspan="4" | [[Meerut district|Meerut]]
| rowspan="4" | November 23, 2007
| rowspan="4" | [[Punjab National Bank]]
|-
| 2
| Kisan Gramin Bank
| [[Budaun district|Budaun]]
|-
| 3
| Rani Laxmi Bai Kshetriya Gramin Bank
| [[Jhansi district|Jhansi]]
|-
| 4
| Uttar Pradesh Gramin Bank
| [[Meerut district|Meerut]]
|-
| 5
| Baroda Eastern Uttar Pradesh Gramin Bank
|
| rowspan="2" | [[Bank of Baroda]]
| rowspan="2" | Baroda Uttar Pradesh Gramin Bank
| rowspan="2" | [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| rowspan="2" | March 31, 2008
| rowspan="2" | [[Bank of Baroda]]
|-
| 6
| Baroda Western Uttar Pradesh Gramin Bank
|
|-
|}

===Amalgamation during financial year 2009-10===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S.No.
! Name
! Head Office
! Sponsor Bank
! Amalgamated Bank
! Head Office
! Date of Establishment
! Sponsor Bank
|-
| 1
| Balliya Kshetriya Gramin Bank
| [[Balliya]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Central Bank of India]]
| rowspan="2" | Balliya Etawah Kshetriya Gramin Bank
| rowspan="2" | [[Balliya]]
| rowspan="2" | January 1, 2010
| rowspan="2" | [[Central Bank of India]]
|-
| 2
| Etawah Kshetriya Gramin Bank
| [[Etawah district|Etawah]]
|-
| 3
| Lucknow Kshetriya Gramin Bank
| [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Allahabad Bank]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Allahabad UP Gramin Bank]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Banda district, India|Banda]]
| rowspan="2" | March 2, 2010
| rowspan="2" | [[Allahabad Bank]]
|-
| 4
| Triveni Kshetriya Gramin Bank
| [[Orai]]
|-
|}

===Amalgamation during financial year 2012-13===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S.No.
! Name
! Head Office
! Date of Establishment
! Sponsor Bank
! Amalgamated Bank
! Head Office
! Sponsor Bank
! Date of Establishment
|-
| 1
| Aryavart Gramin Bank
| [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
| October 3, 2006
| [[Bank of India]]
| rowspan="2" | Aryavart Kshetriya Gramin Bank
| rowspan="2" | [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Bank of India]]
| rowspan="2" | October 1, 2012
|-
| 2
| Kshetriya Kisan Gramin Bank
| [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| May 20, 1980
| Uttar Pradesh State Co-operative Bank Ltd.
|-
|}

===Amalgamation during financial year 2013-14===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S.No.
! Name
! Head Office
! Sponsor Bank
! Date of Establishment
! Amalgamated Bank
! Head Office
! Sponsor Bank
! Date of Establishment
|-
| 1
| Purvanchal Gramin Bank
| [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
| [[State Bank of India]]
| 2005
| rowspan="2" | Purvanchal Bank
| rowspan="2" | [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
| rowspan="2" | [[State Bank of India]]
| rowspan="2" | 2013
|-
| 2
| Balliya Etawah Gramin Bank
| [[Balliya]]
| [[Central Bank of India]]
| January 1, 2010
|-
| 3
| Aryavart Kshetriya Gramin Bank
| [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
| [[Bank of India]]
| October 1, 2012
| rowspan="2" | Gramin Bank of Aryavart
| rowspan="2" | [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Bank of India]]
| rowspan="2" | April 1, 2013
|-
| 5
| Shreyas Gramin Bank
| [[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
| [[Canara Bank]]
| June 1, 2006
|-
|}

=== Amalgamation during financial year 2019-20 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S.No.
! Name
! Head Office
! Sponsor Bank
! Date of Establishment
! Amalgamated Bank
! Head Office
! Sponsor Bank
! Date of Establishment
|-
| 1
| [[Gramin Bank of Aryavart]]
| [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
| [[Bank of India]]
| April 1, 2013
| rowspan="2" | [[Aryavart Bank]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Bank of India]]
| rowspan="4" | April 1, 2019
|-
| 2
| [[Allahabad UP Gramin Bank]]
| [[Banda district, India|Banda]]
| [[Allahabad Bank]]
| March 2, 2010
|-
| 3
| Prathama Bank
| [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]
| [[Syndicate Bank]]
| October 2, 1975
| rowspan="2" | Prathama U.P. Gramin Bank
| rowspan="2" | [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Punjab National Bank]]
|-
| 4
| Sarva U.P. Gramin Bank
| [[Meerut district|Meerut]]
| [[Punjab National Bank]]
| November 23, 2007
|-
|}

=== Amalgamation during financial year 2020-21 ===

[[Union Bank of India]] had sponsored four RRBs in India out of which three were in U.P namely, Kashi Gramin Bank, Gomti Gramin Bank and Samyut Kshetriya Gramin Bank. Samyut Khetriya Gramin Bank established on 6th Jan 1976, with its Head Office at AZAMGARH. It covered four districts It had 168 branches.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S.No.
! Name
! Head Office
! Sponsor Bank
! Date of Establishment
! Amalgamated Bank
! Head O fice
! Sponsor Bank
! Date of Establishment
|-
| 1
| Baroda Uttar Pradesh Gramin Bank
| [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| [[Bank of Baroda]]
| March 31, 2008
| rowspan="3" | Baroda U.P. Bank<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur-city-merger-of-banks-three-banks-of-the-united-up-now-known-by-this-name-19793672.html|title=दैनिक जागरण: बैंकों का विलय : एक हुए UP के तीन बैंक, अब बड़ौदा यूपी बैंक नाम से जाने जाएंगे}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" | [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Bank of Baroda]]
| rowspan="3" | April 1, 2020
|-
| 2
| Kashi Gomti Samyukt Gramin Bank
| [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]
| [[Union Bank of India]]
| September 2005
|-
| 3
| Purvanchal Bank
| [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
| [[State Bank of India]]
| 2013
|-
|}

=== Amalgamation during financial year 2025-26 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S.No.
! Name
! Head Office
! Sponsor Bank
! Amalgamated Bank
! Head Office
! Sponsor Bank
! Date of Establishment
|-
| 1
| [[Aryavart Bank]]
| A-2/46, Vijay Khand, Gomti Nagar, [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]] 226010<ref> Before the merger, the [[Aryavart Bank]] head office was already located from A-2/46, Vijay Khand, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow to 2nd and 3rd floor, NBCC Commercial Complex, Vardan Khand, Gomti Nagar Extension, [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], 226010. The new building for this head office was inaugurated on April 1, 2025, shortly before the official merger date.</ref>
| [[Bank of India]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Uttar Pradesh Gramin Bank]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/industry/banking/govt-announces-one-state-one-rrb-implementation-from-may-1-2025-125040800039_1.html | title=Govt announces 'One State, One RRB' implementation from May 1, 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://upgb.bank.in/about.php |title= about us :: Uttar Pradesh Gramin Bank}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" | 2nd and 3rd floor, NBCC Commercial Complex, Vardan Khand, Gomti Nagar Extension [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]], [[ Uttar Pradesh]] - 226010<ref> [[File:UPGB HQ.jpg|thumb|UPGB headquarters building used since April 1, 2025]]</ref>
| rowspan="3" | [[Bank of Baroda]]
| rowspan="3" | May 1, 2025
|-
| 2
| Baroda U.P. Bank
| Taramandal, [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]] 273016
| [[Bank of Baroda]]
|-
| 3
| Prathama U.P. Gramin Bank
| Ram Ganga Vihar Phase 2, [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]] 244001
| [[Punjab National Bank]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://upgb.bank.in/ Uttar Pradesh Gramin Bank]

[[Category:Uttar Pradesh-related lists|Banks]]
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Festival

2026-02-01T10:45:13Z

Igorsiw: adjusted intro per sources and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{short description|Organised series of acts and performances}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect|Festivity|the ship|MV Festivity}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}
[[File:Holi Festival of Colors Utah, United States 2013.jpg|thumb|The [[Hindu]] festival of [[Holi]] at [[Sri Sri Radha Krishna Temple]] in [[Utah]], U.S.]]
[[File:Weezer Bethlehem 2019 5.jpg|thumb|[[Musikfest]], an eleven-day outdoor music festival held annually each August in [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania]], is the largest free music festival in the [[United States]], drawing over 1.3 million attendees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wfmz.com/entertainment/festival/musikfest/by-the-numbers-musikfest-2023/article_6684b92c-3b8b-11ee-88c9-a3849fd493cb.html|title=By the numbers: Musikfest 2023|date=August 15, 2023|website=WFMZ.com}}</ref>]]
[[File:Red and Gold for Niño.jpg|alt=Sinulog Festival Contingent 2024-03|thumb|[[Sinulog|Sinulog Festival]] is the one entitled of the “Grandest Festival of the [[Philippines]]” and which estimated over 4 million attendees. ]]
[[File:Peace Revolution first program ever.jpg|thumb|right|
[[Buddhism|Buddhist]] festival of [[Magha Puja]] celebration held in Thailand.]]
A '''festival''' is an event celebrated by a community and centering on some characteristic aspect or aspects of that community and its [[religion]] or [[culture]]s. It is often marked as a local or national [[holiday]], [[Melā|mela]], or [[Muslim holidays|Eid]]. A festival constitutes typical cases of [[glocalization]], as well as the high culture-low culture interrelationship.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Caves |first=R. W. |title=Encyclopedia of the City |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-415-25225-6 |pages=264}}</ref> Next to religion and [[folklore]], a significant origin is [[agriculture|agricultural]]. Food is such a vital resource that many festivals are associated with [[harvest]] time. Religious commemoration and thanksgiving for good harvests are blended in events that take place in [[autumn]], such as [[Halloween]] in the northern hemisphere and [[Easter]] in the southern.

Festivals often serve to fulfill specific communal purposes, especially in regard to commemoration or thanking to the gods, goddesses or saints: they are called [[patronal festivals]]. They may also provide [[entertainment]], which was particularly important to local communities before the advent of mass-produced entertainment. Festivals that focus on cultural or ethnic topics also seek to inform community members of their [[tradition]]s; the involvement of [[old age|elders]] sharing stories and experience provides a means for unity among [[family|families]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Why festivals are important |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/188562-why-festivals-are-important |website=www.thenews.com.pk |access-date=10 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Attendants of festivals are often motivated by a desire for escapism, socialization and camaraderie; the practice has been seen as a means of creating geographical connection, belonging and adaptability.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Karen |date=2021 |title=Festivals Post Covid-19 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2020.1774000 |journal=Leisure Sciences |volume=43 |issue=1–2 |pages=184–189 |doi=10.1080/01490400.2020.1774000 |s2cid=225693273 |issn=0149-0400|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Quinn |first=Bernadette |date=2003 |title=Symbols, practices and myth-making: Cultural perspectives on the Wexford Festival Opera |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680309710 |journal=Tourism Geographies |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=329–349 |doi=10.1080/14616680309710 |s2cid=143509970 |issn=1461-6688 |access-date=August 21, 2022 |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130715/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616680309710 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Etymology==
[[File:The MET.jpg|thumb|The annual [[Met Gala]] at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in [[Manhattan]] is an [[haute couture]] festival celebrating the global [[fashion industry]].]]
[[File:Ländliches Fest in Schwaben.jpg|thumb|A country festival in [[Swabia]]]]
[[File:NavigiumIsidis.jpg|thumb|''Procession in Honor of Isis'', a 1903 depiction of the Egyptian [[Navigium Isidis]] festival by [[Frederick Arthur Bridgman]]]]
The word "festival" was originally used as an adjective from the late fourteenth century, deriving from [[Latin]] via [[Old French]].<ref name=oed1>{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/69567 |title=festival, adj. and n. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130717/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=516303139ACABFDA6DF9FB295946FC00?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F69567 |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |website=[[OED Online]] |date=March 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=April 16, 2014}}</ref> In [[Middle English]], a "festival dai" was a religious holiday.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED15806&egs=all |title=festival (adj.) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702174739/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED15806&egs=all |archive-date=July 2, 2014 |website=[[Middle English Dictionary]] |access-date=April 16, 2014}}</ref>

The first recorded used of the word "festival" as a noun was in 1589 (as "Festifall").<ref name=oed1/> Feast first came into usage as a noun {{Circa|1200}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/68799 |title=feast, n. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130719/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=7B4E1C8966F3F709B74E5277161BE93D?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F68799 |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |website=[[OED Online]] |date=March 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=April 16, 2014}}</ref> and its first recorded use as a verb was circa 1300.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/68800 |title=feast, v. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130718/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=3BAE000C92C9A9622F67045AA8600539?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F68800 |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |website=[[OED Online]] |date=March 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=April 16, 2014}}</ref>

The word '''gala''' comes from [[Arabic]] word ''khil'a'', meaning robe of honor.<ref>{{cite book |author=James E Glevin |title=The Modern Middle East: A History |year=2020 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-007406-7 |page=21}}</ref> The word gala was initially used to describe "festive dress", but came to be a synonym of "festival" starting in the 18th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/gala#etymonline_v_1224|title=gala (n.)|website=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]] |access-date=June 27, 2020|archive-date=June 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627154557/https://www.etymonline.com/word/gala#etymonline_v_1224|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Alexander van Bredael - A Festival in Antwerp.jpg|thumb|A festival at [[Antwerp]], Belgium, in the 17th century]]

Festivals have long been significant in [[human culture]] and history and are found in virtually all cultures.{{sfn|Cudny|2016|p=13}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Time Out of Time: Essays on the Festival |publisher=[[University of New Mexico Press]] |year=1987 |isbn=0-8263-0932-1 |editor-last=Falassi |editor-first=Alessandro |edition= |location= |pages=1 |oclc=15017471 }}</ref> The importance of festivals, to the present, is found in private and public; secular and religious life.<ref name=":3" /> [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] societies relied heavily upon festivals, both communal and administrative.<ref name="Brandt">{{cite book |title=Greek and Roman Festivals: Content, Meaning, and Practice |author2= |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-969609-3 |editor-last=Brandt |editor-first=J. Rasmus |edition=1st |location= |pages=1 |editor-last2=Iddeng |editor-first2=Jon W.}}</ref> [[Saturnalia]] was likely influential to Christmas and [[Carnival]].<ref name=":2" /> Celebration of social occasions, religion and nature were common.<ref name=":2" /> Specific festivals have century-long histories and festivals in general have developed over the last few centuries – some traditional festivals in [[Ghana]], for example, predate European [[Colonization|colonisation]] of the 15th century.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Cudny |first=Waldemar |date=2014 |title=The Phenomenon of Festivals: Their Origins, Evolution, and Classifications |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43861801 |journal=Anthropos |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=640–656 |doi=10.5771/0257-9774-2014-2-640 |jstor=43861801 |issn=0257-9774 |access-date=August 23, 2022 |archive-date=August 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823120027/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43861801 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Odotei |first=Irene |date=2002 |title=Festivals in Ghana: Continuity, Transformation and Politicisation of Tradition |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41406666 |journal=Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana |issue=6 |pages=17–34 |jstor=41406666 |issn=0855-3246 |access-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824192222/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41406666 |url-status=live }}</ref> Festivals prospered following the Second World War.<ref name=":2" /> Both established in 1947, [[Festival d'Avignon|Avignon Festival]] and the [[Edinburgh Festival Fringe]] have been notable in shaping the modern model of festivals.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bartie |first=Angela |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748670307.001.0001 |title=The Edinburgh Festivals: Culture and Society in Post-war Britain |date=2013 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-7030-7 |pages=6 |doi=10.3366/edinburgh/9780748670307.001.0001 |access-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130716/https://apps.crossref.org/coaccess/coaccess.html?doi=10.3366%2Fedinburgh%2F9780748670307.001.0001 |url-status=live }}</ref> Art festivals became more prominent by the turn of the 21st century.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Quinn |first=Bernadette |date=2005 |title=Arts Festivals and the City |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00420980500107250 |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=5–6 |pages=927–943 |doi=10.1080/00420980500107250 |bibcode=2005UrbSt..42..927Q |s2cid=154354884 |issn=0042-0980|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In modern times, festivals are offered to public as a global tourist prospect although they are commonly [[State ownership|public]] or [[Not-for-Profit|not-for-profit]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Prentice |first1=Richard |last2=Andersen |first2=Vivien |date=2003 |title=Festival as creative destination |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0160738302000348 |journal=Annals of Tourism Research |language=en |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=7–30 |doi=10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00034-8 |access-date=August 21, 2022 |archive-date=June 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623143343/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0160738302000348 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Andersson |first1=Tommy D. |last2=Getz |first2=Donald |date=2008 |title=Stakeholder Management Strategies of Festivals |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080%2F15470140802323801 |journal=Journal of Convention & Event Tourism |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=199–220 |doi=10.1080/15470140802323801 |s2cid=154831702 |issn=1547-0148 |access-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-date=August 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827194803/https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080%2F15470140802323801 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Traditions==
Many festivals have religious origins and entwine cultural and religious significance in traditional activities. The most important religious festivals such as [[Christmas]], [[Rosh Hashanah]], [[Diwali]], [[Holi]], [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid-al-Fitr]] and [[Eid al-Adha|Eid-al-Adha]] serve to mark out the year. Others, such as [[harvest festival]]s, celebrate seasonal change. Events of historical significance, such as important [[military]] victories or other nation-building events also provide the impetus for a festival. An early example is the festival established by [[Ancient Egypt]]ian Pharaoh [[Ramesses III]] celebrating his victory over the Libyans.<ref name=Berrett>{{cite book|last=Berrett|first=LaMar C.|title=Discovering the world of the Bible|year=1996|publisher=Grandin Book Co.|location=Provo, Utah|isbn=0-910523-52-5|page=289|edition=3rd ed., rev.|author2=Ogden D. Kelly}}</ref> In many countries, royal holidays commemorate dynastic events just as agricultural holidays are about harvests. Festivals are often commemorated annually.

There are numerous [[Outline of festivals#Types of festivals|types of festivals]] in the world and most countries celebrate important events or traditions with traditional cultural events and activities. Most culminate in the consumption of specially prepared food (showing the connection to "feasting") and they bring people together. Festivals are also strongly associated with national holidays. Lists of national festivals are published to make participation easier.<ref>See for example: [[List of festivals in Australia]]; [[List of festivals in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]; [[List of festivals in Canada|Canada]]; [[Traditional Chinese holidays|China]]; [[List of festivals in Colombia|Colombia]]; [[List of festivals in Costa Rica|Costa Rica]]; [[List of festivals in Fiji|Fiji]]; [[Public holidays in India|India]]; [[List of festivals in Indonesia|Indonesia]]; [[List of festivals in Iran|Iran]]; [[List of festivals in Japan|Japan]]; [[List of festivals in Laos|Laos]]; [[List of festivals in Morocco|Morocco]]; [[List of festivals in Nepal|Nepal]]; [[List of festivals in Pakistan|Pakistan]]; [[List of festivals in the Philippines|Philippines]]; [[List of festivals in Romania|Romania]]; [[List of festivals in Tunisia|Tunisia]]; [[List of festivals in Turkey|Turkey]]; [[List of festivals in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]; [[List of festivals in the United States|United States]]; [[List of festivals in Vietnam|Vietnam]].
</ref>

==Types of festivals==
The scale of festivals varies; in location and attendance, they may range from a local to national level.{{sfn|Cudny|2016|p=15}}<ref name=":2" /> Music festivals, for example, often bring together disparate groups of people, such that they are both localised and global.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Music Practices Across Borders : (E)Valuating Space, Diversity and Exchange |date=2019 |publisher=Transcript |isbn=978-3-8394-4667-6 |editor-last=Hondros |editor-first=Konstantin |location= |pages=86 |oclc=1105916920 |editor-last2=Silva |editor-first2=Glaucia Peres da }}</ref> The "vast majority" of festivals are, however, local, modest and populist.<ref name=":4" /> The abundance of festivals significantly hinders quantifying the total there of.<ref name=":3" /> There exists significant variation among festivals, beyond binary dichotomies of sacred and secular, rural and urban, people and establishment.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Waterman |first=Stanley |date=1998 |title=Carnivals for elites? The cultural politics of arts festivals |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/030913298672233886 |journal=Progress in Human Geography |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=54–74 |doi=10.1191/030913298672233886 |s2cid=144867877 |issn=0309-1325|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Religious festivals===
{{main|Religious festival}}
Among many [[religion]]s, a feast is a set of celebrations in honour of [[God]] or various [[deity|deities]].<ref name="Bleeker">{{Cite book |last=Bleeker |first=Claas Jouco |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35M3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA29 |title=Egyptian Festivals: Enactments of Religious Renewal |date=1967 |publisher=Brill Archive |language=en |access-date=August 27, 2022 |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130716/https://books.google.com/books?id=35M3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA29 |url-status=live }}</ref> A feast and a festival are historically interchangeable. Most religions have festivals that recur annually and some, such as [[Passover]], Easter, and Eid al-Adha are [[moveable feast]]s – that is, those that are determined either by lunar or agricultural cycles or the calendar in use at the time. The [[Sed festival]], for example, celebrated the thirtieth year of an Egyptian [[pharaoh]]'s rule and then every three (or four in one case) years after that.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Heb-Sed (Egyptian feast)|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/258986/Heb-Sed|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=16 April 2014|archive-date=May 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504215701/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/258986/Heb-Sed|url-status=live}}</ref> Among the [[Ashanti people|Ashantis]], most of their traditional festivals are linked to gazette sites which are believed to be sacred with several rich biological resources in their pristine forms. Thus, the annual commemoration of the festivals helps in maintaining the buoyancy of the conserved natural site, assisting in biodiversity conservation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Robson|first=James P.|date=2007|title=Local approaches to biodiversity conservation: lessons from Oaxaca, southern Mexico|journal=International Journal of Sustainable Development|volume=10|issue=3|pages=267|doi=10.1504/ijsd.2007.017647|issn=0960-1406}}</ref> Vodoun days is also one of the religious festivals of Benin which invites surrounding countries like Togo and Ghana because of the almost identical culture and tradition. Vodoun days is a festival of Vodoun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Benin : the nationale vodun festival is now: "vodun days" |url=https://globalvoices.org |website=www.globalvoices.org}}</ref> Even in Togo Godogbe za of Gblinkomegan is a traditional celebration based on ancestor worship.

In the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[liturgical calendar]], there are two principal feasts, properly known as the Feast of the Nativity of our Lord (Christmas) and the Feast of the Resurrection (Easter), but minor [[patronal festivals|festivals in honour of local patron saints]] are celebrated in almost all countries influenced by Christianity. In the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox]], [[Lutheranism|Evangelical Lutheran]] and [[Anglican]] liturgical calendars there are a great number of lesser feasts throughout the year commemorating saints, sacred events or doctrines. Within Evangelical Lutheranism, "festival" is part of the [[Calendar of saints#Ranking of feast days|ranking of feast days]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Feasts and Festivals |url=https://www.lcms.org/worship/church-year/feasts-and-festivals |publisher=[[Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod]] |access-date=3 November 2025 |date=2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Feasts, Festivals, and Commemorations, Oh My! |url=https://allthehousehold.com/feasts-festivals-and-commemorations-oh-my/ |publisher=ATH |access-date=3 November 2025 |date=2025}}</ref> In the [[Philippines]], each day of the year has at least one specific religious festival, either from Catholic, Islamic, or indigenous origins.<ref>{{cite web |title=Calendar of Philippine Festivals and Monthly Observances / Theme {{!}} Tourism Promotions Board |url=https://www.tpb.gov.ph/tpb-calendar-of-promotions-and-marketing-activities/calendar-of-philippine-festivals-and-monthly-observances-theme/ |website=www.tpb.gov.ph |access-date=10 February 2023 |archive-date=September 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927171735/https://www.tpb.gov.ph/tpb-calendar-of-promotions-and-marketing-activities/calendar-of-philippine-festivals-and-monthly-observances-theme/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Hindus celebrate many festivals, such as [[Navaratri]], [[Holi]], [[Rama Navami]], [[Karva Chauth]], [[Diwali]], [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]], [[Kartika Purnima]]; among others. Most Hindu festivals are not celebrated by all Hindus.<ref name=Encyclopedia />{{rp|pages=226–227}} One example of a Hindu festival is [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], which is dedicated to the god [[Ganesha]] and is celebrated throughout India, but especially in [[Maharashtra]].<ref name=Encyclopedia>{{Cite book |last=Lochtefeld |first=James G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbWazgEACAAJ |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M |date=2002 |publisher=Rosen |isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|p=237}} During the festival, [[Murti|idols]] of the god Ganesha, traditionally made of clay, are worshipped, and on the same day or after 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 or 11 days, are immersed in water.<ref name=Business_Standard>{{cite web |author=Sonika Nitin Nimje |date=9 September 2024 |title=Ganesh Visarjan 2024: Why is Visarjan done on different days? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/ganesh-visarjan-2024-why-is-visarjan-done-on-different-days-view-details-124090900534_1.html |website=Business Standard |location=New Delhi |access-date=5 March 2025}}</ref> The public celebration of the festival, which includes a public procession, was promoted by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] as a means of asserting and celebrating a Hindu nationalist identity and to provide a sense of Hindu solidarity during the [[British Raj]] in India.<ref name=Encyclopedia />{{rp|pages=237–238,698}}<ref name=Barnouw>{{Cite journal |last=Barnouw |first=Victor |date=1954 |title=The Changing Character of a Hindu Festival |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/664633 |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=74–86 |doi=10.1525/aa.1954.56.1.02a00070 |jstor=664633 |issn=0002-7294|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

[[Buddhism|Buddhist]] religious festivals, such as [[Esala Perahera]] are held in Sri Lanka and Thailand.<ref name=Gerson>{{cite book|last=Gerson|first=Ruth|title=Traditional festivals in Thailand|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Kuala Lumpur; New York|isbn=967-65-3111-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/traditionalfesti00gers}}</ref> The [[Sikh]] community celebrates the [[Vaisakhi]] festival marking the new year and birth of the [[Khalsa]].<ref name="Roy2005">{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Christian|title=Traditional Festivals, Vol. 2 [M – Z]: A Multicultural Encyclopedia|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-089-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/traditionalfesti0000royc/page/480 480]|chapter=Sikh Vaisakhi: Anniversary of the Pure|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/traditionalfesti0000royc/page/480}}</ref>

{{Gallery
|title=Religious festivals
|width=180
|height=150
|align=center
|File:Golden Haggadah cleaning.jpg|Cleaning in preparation for [[Passover]] ({{Circa|1320}})
|File:Radha celebrating Holi, c1788.jpg|Radha celebrating [[Holi]], Kangra, India (c1788)
|File:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - A Christmas mass at the church of the holy Sepulchre, in Bethlehem (1).jpg|A [[Christmas]] mass at the [[Church of the Nativity]], in [[Bethlehem]], Palestine (1979)
|File:Mahoma en el castillo de Villena.JPG|Moors and Christian festival in [[Villena]], Spain
|File:Decoration_of_a_God_Krishna_in_India.jpg|Decoration of god Krishna on [[Krishnastami]] in India.
}}

===Arts festivals===
{{main|Arts festival}}
Among the many offspring of general arts festivals are also more specific types of festivals, including ones that showcase intellectual or creative achievement such as [[science festival]]s, [[literary festival]]s and [[music festival]]s.<ref>See [[List of music festivals]].</ref> Sub-categories include [[comedy festival]]s, [[rock festival]]s, [[List of jazz festivals|jazz festivals]] and [[buskers festival]]s; [[poetry]] festivals,<ref>Some such as such as [[Cúirt International Festival of Literature]] started as a poetry festival and then broadened in scope.</ref> [[theatre festival]]s, and [[storytelling festival]]s; and re-enactment festivals such as [[Renaissance fair]]s. In the [[Philippines]], aside from numerous art festivals scattered throughout the year, February is known as national arts month, the culmination of all art festivals in the entire archipelago.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kasilag|first=Giselle P.|date=February 1999|title=Performances, exhibits around the country mark National Arts Month|journal=BusinessWorld (SanJuan, Philippines)|pages=1|issn=0116-3930|via=Nexis Uni}}</ref> The modern model of music festivals began in the 1960s-70s and have become a lucrative global industry.<ref name=":0" /> Predecessors extend back to the 11th century and some, such as the Three Choirs Festival, remain to this day.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frey |first=Bruno S. |date=1994 |title=The Economics of Music Festivals |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01207151 |journal=Journal of Cultural Economics |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=29–39 |doi=10.1007/bf01207151 |s2cid=153806851 |issn=0885-2545 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130718/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01207151 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[Film festival]]s involve the screenings of several different films, and are usually held annually. Some of the most significant film festivals include the [[Berlin International Film Festival]], the [[Venice Film Festival]] and the [[Cannes Film Festival]].

{{Gallery
|title=Arts festivals
|width=180
|height=150
|align=center
|File:RIAN archive 100588 All-Union Pushkin Poetry Festival.jpg|[[Alexander Pushkin|Pushkin]] Poetry Festival, Russia
|File:Plage du Martinez.jpg|Television studio at the Hôtel Martinez during the [[Cannes Film Festival]], France (2006)
|File:Swami opening.jpg|The opening ceremony at the [[Woodstock]] [[rock festival]], United States (1969)
}}

A food festival is an event celebrating food or drink. These often highlight the output of producers from a certain region. Some food festivals are focused on a particular item of food, such as the [[National Peanut Festival]] in the United States, or the [[Galway International Oyster Festival]] in Ireland. There are also specific beverage festivals, such as the famous [[Oktoberfest]] in Germany for [[Beer festival|beer]]. Many countries hold festivals to celebrate [[wine festival|wine]]. One example is the global celebration of the arrival of [[Beaujolais nouveau]], which involves shipping the new wine around the world for its release date on the third Thursday of November each year.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hyslop|first=Leah|title=Beaujolais Nouveau day: 10 facts about the wine|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/wine/10465236/Beaujolais-Nouveau-day-10-facts-about-the-wine.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/wine/10465236/Beaujolais-Nouveau-day-10-facts-about-the-wine.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=21 November 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="Haine2006">{{cite book|last=Haine|first=W. Scott|title=Culture and Customs of France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qCf6aOTZsuYC&pg=PA103|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32892-3|page=103|access-date=December 15, 2015|archive-date=May 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501083008/https://books.google.com/books?id=qCf6aOTZsuYC&pg=PA103|url-status=live}}</ref> Both Beaujolais nouveau and the Japanese rice wine [[sake]] are associated with harvest time. In the Philippines, there are at least two hundred festivals dedicated to food and drinks.{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}}

{{Gallery
|title=Food and drink festivals
|width=180
|height=150
|align=center
|File:SowetoWineFestival.JPG|[[Soweto]] Wine Festival, South Africa (2009)
|File:La Tomatina (25.08.2010) - Spain, Buñol 30.jpg|[[La Tomatina]], Spain (2010)
|File:031 Trachtenumzug Bierwagen Hofbraeu.JPG|Beer horse cart from the Hofbräuhaus brewery at [[Oktoberfest]] Germany (2013)

}}

===Seasonal and harvest festivals===
{{main|Food festival}}
Seasonal festivals, such as [[Beltane]], are determined by the [[solar calendar|solar]] and the [[lunar calendar]]s and by the cycle of the [[season]]s, especially because of its effect on food supply, as a result of which there is a [[list of harvest festivals|wide range]] of ancient and modern [[harvest festival]]s. Ancient Egyptians relied upon the seasonal [[inundation]] caused by the [[Nile River]], a form of [[irrigation]], which provided fertile land for crops.<ref name="Bunson">{{cite book|last=Bunson|first=Margaret|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-6EJ0G-4jyoC&pg=PA277|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0997-8|page=278|chapter=Nile festivals|access-date=December 15, 2015|archive-date=May 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507054755/https://books.google.com/books?id=-6EJ0G-4jyoC&pg=PA277|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[Alps]], in autumn the return of the cattle from the mountain [[pasture]]s to the stables in the valley is celebrated as ''[[Almabtrieb]]''. A recognized winter festival, the [[Chinese New Year]], is set by the lunar calendar, and celebrated from the day of the second new moon after the [[Dongzhi (solar term)|winter solstice]]. [[Dree Festival]] of the Apatanis living in Lower Subansiri District of Arunachal Pradesh is celebrated every year from July 4 to 7 by praying for a bumper crop harvest.<ref name="GoAP PR">{{cite web|url=http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/press/04-05/050704a.htm|title=Press release – Dree festival|date=5 July 2004|publisher=Directorate of Information, Govt of Arunachal Pradesh|access-date=2009-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718153132/http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/press/04-05/050704a.htm|archive-date=July 18, 2011|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

[[Midsummer]] or St John's Day, is an example of a seasonal festival, related to the [[feast day]] of a Christian saint as well as a celebration of the time of the [[summer solstice]] in the northern hemisphere, where it is particularly important in Sweden. [[Winter carnival]]s also provide the opportunity to utilise to celebrate creative or sporting activities requiring snow and ice. In the [[Philippines]], each day of the year has at least one festival dedicated to harvesting of crops, fishes, crustaceans, milk, and other local goods.{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}}

{{Gallery
|title=Seasonal and harvest festivals
|width=180
|height=150
|align=center
|File:Nileshwar 22.jpg|Temple Festival in India
|File:Chateau de Montsoreau Museum of contemporary art sky lantern.jpg|[[Château de Montsoreau-Museum of Contemporary Art]] [[Sky lantern]] Festival, in [[Loire Valley]]
|File:Midsommardans av Anders Zorn 1897.jpg|Midsummer dance by [[Anders Zorn]], Sweden (1897)
|File:Sendai-tanabata-aug2008.jpg|[[Tanabata]] summer festival in [[Sendai Prefecture|Sendai]], [[Japan]]
|File:Grand Parade 3.jpg|Grand Parade at the [[Sydney Royal Easter Show]], Australia (2009)
|File:Calabaza de Halloween.jpg|[[Halloween]] pumpkins show the close relationship between a harvest and religious festivals
||Kalise Festival in Spain
}}

== Politics ==
Scholarly literature notes that festivals functionally disseminate political values and meaning, such as ownership of place, which undergoes transformation in accordance with the festival.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Furthermore, a festival may act as an artefact which allows citizens to achieve "certain ideals", including those of identity and ideology.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jeong |first1=Sunny |last2=Santos |first2=Carla Almeida. |date=2004 |title=Cultural Politics and Contested Place Identity |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0160738304000210 |journal=Annals of Tourism Research |language=en |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=640–656 |doi=10.1016/j.annals.2004.01.004|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Festivals may be used to rehabilitate or elevate the image of a city; the [[ephemerality]] of festivals means that their impact is often incorporeal, of name, memory and perception.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> In deviating from routine, festivals may reinforce the convention, be it social, cultural or economic.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />

==Study of festivals==
* [[Festive ecology]] – explores the relationships between the [[symbol]]ism and the [[ecology]] of the [[plant]]s, [[fungi]] and [[animal]]s associated with cultural events such as festivals, processions and special occasions.
* [[Heortology]] – the study of [[religious festival]]s. It was originally only used in respect of [[Christianity|Christian]] festivals,<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Heortology}}</ref> but it now covers all [[religion]]s, in particular those of Ancient [[Greece]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parker |first=Robert |title=Athenian religion : a history |date=1996 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=0-19-814979-4 |location=Oxford |oclc=32590127 }}</ref> See [[list of foods with religious symbolism]] for some topical overlap. [chirag]

==See also==
{{Portal|Society|Holidays}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* {{in title|Festival}}
* [[Convention (meeting)|Convention]]
* [[Event planning]]
* [[Fair]]
* [[Festive ecology]]
* [[Holiday]]
* [[Lists of festivals]]
* [[Outline of festivals]]
* [[Patronal festival]]
* [[Procession]]
* [[Trade show]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cudny |first=Waldemar |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-31997-1 |title=Festivalisation of Urban Spaces |series=Springer Geography |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-3-319-31997-1 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-31997-1|s2cid=168194339 }}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=Festival and events management: an international arts and culture perspective|year=2004|publisher=Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0-7506-5872-0|edition=1st ed., repr.|editor=Ian Yeoman}}

==External links==
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Festivals}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Festivals}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline|fest|Festival}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Festivals| ]]
[[Category:Social events]]
[[Category:Parties]]

List of Odia films of 1992

2026-01-07T04:24:14Z

Igorsiw: new basic info added tags

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Ollywood films}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Bhubaneshwar]] and [[Cuttack]] in 1992:

==A-Z==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1992 in film|1992]]'''
|-
|''[[Agni Sankat]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Agni Sankat|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1433268/|access-date=2019-02-06}} {{unreliable source?|date=September 2022}}</ref>|| [[Santunu Misra]] || || ||
|-
|''[[Anti Churi Tanti Kate]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Anti Churi Tanti Kate|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1433269/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Basant Sahu]] || [[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Hara Patnaik]], [[Dukhiram Swain]], [[Jayiram Samal]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Aranya Rodan]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Aranya Rodana|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0306468/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Biplaba Roy Choudhary]] ||[[Priyambda Roy]], [[Sarat Pujari]], [[Raicharan]] || ||
|-
|''[[Badshah (1992 film)|Badshah]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Baadshah|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1431214/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Prasenjit Chatterjee]] || || ||
|-
|''[[Bhinna Samaya]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Bhinna Samaya|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0235225/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Man Mohan Mahapatra]] || || ||
|-
|''[[Ghara Mora Swarga]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Ghara Mora Swarga|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1399021/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Aruna Mohanty]] ||[[Sriram Panda]], [[Mahasweta Roy]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Bijay Mohanty]] || ||
|-
|''[[Maa (1992 Bengali film)|Maa]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Maa|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0246766/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Prashanta Nanda]] ||[[Shrikant (actor)|Shrikant]], [[Ritu Das]], [[Rakhi Guljar]] || ||
|-
|''[[Maa Jhara Saha|Maa Jahara Saha]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Maa Jahara Saha|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1433312/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Kanhu Mohanty]] || [[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty, [[Mihir Das]], [[Dukhiram Swain|Jayiram Samal]], [[Dukhiram Swain]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Mukti Tirtha]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Mukti Tirtha|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1433317/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Himanshu Das]] || || ||
|-
|''[[Naga Panchami (1992 film)|Naga Panchami]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Naga Panchami|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1433320/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Bijay Bhaskar]] || [[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Prasanjeet]], [[Rutupurna Ghosh]], [[Debashree Roy]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Panjur Bhitare Sari]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Panjur Bhitare Sari|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1433326/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Avtar Singh (director)|Avtar Singh]] || [[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Tandra Ray]], Aparajita Mohanty|| ||Remake of Hindi film Choti Bohu
|-
|''[[Preeti Ra Iti]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=Preeti Ra Eti|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1422725/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Raghu Misra]] || || ||
|-
|''[[Sukha Sansara]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Sukha Sansara|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1433340/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Biresh Chatterji]] || || ||
|-
|''Tara''<ref>{{Citation|title=Tara|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0306121/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Bijaya Jena]] || [[Bijaya Jena]], [[Sunil Chourasia]], [[Anita Das]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Udandi Sita]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Udandi Seeta|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1424010/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Avatar Singh]]{{disambiguation needed|date=October 2025}} || [[Uttam Mohanty]], Bijay Mohanty, Aparajita Mohanty|| ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{1992 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|1992]]
[[Category:Lists of 1992 films by language|Ollywood]]
[[Category:1990s in Orissa]]
[[Category:1992 in Indian cinema]]

Chaugacha

2025-12-30T06:40:31Z

Igorsiw:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chaugacha
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.0424|N|88.6154|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8603
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 741509
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03454
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ranaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chakdaha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chakdaha]]
| website = {{URL|http://nadia.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chaugacha''' (also written as Chowgachha, Chaugachha) is a village in the [[Chakdaha (community development block)|Chakdaha]] [[Community development block|CD block]] in the [[Kalyani subdivision]] of the [[Nadia district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
Chaugacha is located at {{coord|23.0424|N|88.6154|E|display=inline}}.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Chaugachha had a total population of 8,603, of which 4,442 (52%) were males and 4,161 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 837. The total number of literate persons in Chaugachha was 6,098 (78.52% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 6 October 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
Chowgacha Panu Gopal High School (H.S.) and Chowgachha Primary School are the two main educational institutions in Chaugachha. In addition to these, there are a few private kindergarten (KG) schools in the village that provide early childhood education.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Search |url=https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=0c8de68105748b3b&rlz=1C1CHBD_enIN1078IN1078&sxsrf=AE3TifPvxIT0L0xqTyzvxFVpgi78vYNIlg:1767076481670&kgmid=/g/11rcwhsp1h&q=Dr.+Nayan+Sarkar-+Obstetrician+%26+Gynecologist+In+Kalyani&shndl=30&shem=ptotplc,shrtsdl&source=sh/x/loc/uni/m1/1&kgs=ef7e81e03ddddeb5&utm_source=ptotplc,shrtsdl,sh/x/loc/uni/m1/1 |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=www.google.com}}</ref>

'''A Few Notable Alumni of PG High School'''
# Dr. Nayan Sarkar – Gynecologist
# Dr. Nantu Acharjya – College Librarian
# Mr. Ruhidas Sarkar – WBCS Officer

==Healthcare==
Chaugacha Block Primary Health Centre, with 10 beds at Chaugacha, is the major government medical facility in the Chakdaha CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | accessdate =6 October 2020 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==Market==
There are two markets in the village: Puratan (Old) Bazar and Natun (New) Bazar. The daily bazar operates in the morning and evening. In addition, a weekly ''hat'' is held on Sundays and Thursdays at Puratan Bazar, beside the ''dighi'' (a large pond). Almost all essential goods are available in these markets.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nadia District}}

[[Category:Villages in Nadia district]]

{{Nadia-geo-stub}}

Kasturchand Park metro station

2025-12-19T18:05:25Z

Igorsiw: adding new post.

{{short description|Nagpur Metro's Orange Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Kasturchand Park
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = {{Nagpur Metro Infobox station line|line=Orange}}
| style = Nagpur Metro
| image = Kasturchand Park metro station.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| address = Sitabuldi, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440001
| borough =
| country =
| coordinates = {{coord|21.15487|79.08150|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (MAHA Metro)
| operator = [[Nagpur Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Nagpur Metro|Orange|croute}}
| distance =
| platforms = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Automotive Square metro station|Automotive Square]] Platform-2 → [[Khapri metro station|Khapri]]
| tracks = 2
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| architectural_style =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code =
| zone =
| website =
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2021|08|21}}
| closed = 
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Nagpur Metro|line=Orange|left=Gaddi Godam Square|to-left=Automotive Square|right=Zero Mile Freedom Park}}
| route_map = {{Nagpur Metro North-South Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Orange}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Kasturchand Park''' is an elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Orange Line (Nagpur Metro)|Orange Line]] of [[Nagpur Metro]] in the city of [[Nagpur]], Maharashtra. This serves the Kasturchand Park area. It was opened on 21 August 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nagpur Metro extension: Stretch between Sitabuldi, Kasturchand Park inaugurated |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/nagpur-metro-extension-stretch-between-sitabuldi-kasturchand-park-inaugurated-7463317/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=26 November 2021 |language=en |date=21 August 2021}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Kasturchand Park track layout
| title color = white
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Orange}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Nagpur Metro|Gaddi Godam Square}}
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Nagpur Metro|Zero Mile Freedom Park}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → [[Khapri metro station|Khapri]] '''Next Station:''' [[Zero Mile Freedom Park metro station|Zero Mile Freedom Park]]
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← [[Automotive Square metro station|Automotive Square]] '''Next Station:''' [[Gaddi Godam Square metro station|Gaddi Godam Square]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Nagpur]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[List of Nagpur Metro stations]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid transit in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nagpur Metro navbox}}

[[Category:Nagpur Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2021]]

Meerpora

2025-11-26T06:22:33Z

Igorsiw:

{{Short description|Village In Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Meerpora/Miripora.
| blank1_info_sec1 = 954 [[female|♀]]/ 1044 [[male|♂]]
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1998
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Mirpure
| population_footnotes =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Sex Ratio
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| area_footnotes =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020| url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Local Language
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 193401
| registration_plate = JK04
| website =
| area_rank =
| unit_pref = Metric
| subdivision_type = Country
| nickname = Nare Gaam
| native_name_lang = ks
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| governing_body = Village council
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Budgam district|Budgam]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = Beerwah
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Panchayat
| footnotes =
| official_name = The Village Council Of Mir Pur
| native_name = Mir pur
}}

'''Meerpora, Miri Pora''' or '''Mir Pur''' is a village in tehsil [[Beerwah, Jammu and Kashmir|Beerwah]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=MIRPORA Village MEERPORA A Panchayat BEERWAH Block, Budgam, Jammu and Kashmir India BrandBharat.com|url=http://www.brandbharat.com/english/jk/districts/Budgam/Budgam_BEERWAH_MEERPORA%20A_MIRPORA.html|access-date=2021-07-31|website=www.brandbharat.com}}</ref> district [[Budgam district|Budgam]] of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] ([[India]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census of India: Search Details|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=517|access-date=2021-07-31|website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Villages in Budgam district]]

{{JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}

Aadi Pooram

2025-11-22T06:42:46Z

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#REDIRECT [[Andal#Significance in Southern India]]

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