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Sikkim Public Service Commission

2026-05-06T10:04:15Z

Igororh: Creating The Stub Initial Version!

{{Short description|Government agency in Sikkim, India}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Sikkim Public Service Commission
| native_name =
| native_name_a = SPSC
| native_name_r =
| type = [[Constitutional body]]
| seal =
| seal_caption =
| logo = Sikkim Public Service Commission.jpg
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_caption =
| formed = {{start date and age|df=yes|1975}}
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding1 =
| superseding2 =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Sikkim]]
| headquarters = Old Tourism Complex, M. G. Marg, [[Gangtok]], Sikkim
| coordinates =
| motto =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo =
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo = 
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| chief1_name = C.P Tongden

| chief1_position = ({{small|Chairman}}) 
Deepa Rani Thapa
({{small|Secretary}}) 
T. T Sherpa
({{small|Member}})
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| public_protector =
| deputy =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| keydocument1 = 
| website = {{URL|spscskm.gov.in}}
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| footnotes =
| embed =
}}
The '''Sikkim Public Service Commission''' ('''SPSC''')<ref name="UPSC 2017">{{cite web | title=State Public Service Commissions | website=UPSC | date=2017-06-29 | url=https://www.upsc.gov.in/external-links/state-public-service-commissions | access-date=2020-02-13}}</ref> have been set up in terms of Article 315 of the Constitution of India. The Public Service Commission are envisaged as independent constitutional institutions not subject to governmental or political interference or control and charged with the responsibility of recruitment and management of public services. Under Article 320<ref>{{Cite web |title=Article-320. Functions of Public Service Commissions. {{!}} UPSC |url=https://upsc.gov.in/about-us/constitutional-provisions/article-320-functions-public-service-commissions |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240818154423/https://upsc.gov.in/about-us/constitutional-provisions/article-320-functions-public-service-commissions |archive-date=2024-08-18 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=upsc.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> of the [[Constitution of India]], it conducts examinations for appointment of persons to the Services etc.

==History ==
SPSC came into consideration back in May 1975. When Sikkim state was integrated with the Constitutional Provision under Article 315, the commission was constituted in 1978. During the initial periods, it did not work for four years, becoming functioning only in 1982 when the state governor appointed the Commissions' Chairman.<ref name="Sikkim Public Sercive Commission">{{cite web | title=Brief History SPSC | website=Sikkim Public Sercive Commission | url=http://www.spscskm.gov.in/Brief_History.html | access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref><ref name="Indian Kanoon">{{cite web | title=Article 320(1) in The Constitution Of India 1949 | website=Indian Kanoon | url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1168774/ | access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref><ref name="Sikkim Public Service Commission 2020">{{cite web | title=State Portal-Sikkim | website=Sikkim Public Service Commission | date=2020-02-14 | url=https://sikkim.gov.in/departments/sikkim-public-service-commission/duties-role-of-the-commission | access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref>

==Functions and responsibilities==
The functions of the State Public Service Commission, as enumerated in Clause (1) of Article 320 of the Constitution of India, are

(1) to conduct examinations for appointments to the services of the State;

(2) to make recommendations to the State Government for appointment of persons to the Services;

(3) to be consulted in the matters of appointment, promotions, transfer and disciplinary matters of civilian employees of the State Government;

(4) to advise on any other matter that may be referred by the Government;

(5) to advise on any claim by or in respect of a person who is serving or has served under the Government of the State in a civil capacity, that any costs incurred by him in defending legal proceedings instituted against him in respect of acts done or purporting to be done in the execution of his duty should be paid out of the Consolidated Fund of the State;

(6) to advise on claim for the award of a person in respect of injuries sustained by a person while in service under the Government of Sikkim, in a civil capacity, and any question as to the amount of any such award;

(7) to present on annual report to the Governor who shall cause it to be laid before the State Legislature.

 It is also the duty of Commission to tender advice on any matter so referred to it and on any other matter which the Governor of the State may refer to it.

==Commission profile==
The commission is headed by a Chairman and members for specific roles. Their term of service and suspension are governed by the Sikkim Public Service Commission (Members) Regulations Act, 1983.<ref name="Sikkim Public Sercive Commission4">{{cite web | title=Organization_Structure | website=Sikkim Public Sercive Commission | url=http://www.spscskm.gov.in/Organization.html | access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Public service commissions in India|List of Public service commissions in India]]

==References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Standardized tests in India}}
{{Public Service Commissions in India}}
{{Public Services of India}}
{{Indian military academies and colleges}}
{{Government of India |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Government of Sikkim]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1975]]

Tata Daewoo

2026-05-03T12:47:53Z

Igororh: Creating Initial Data W/ Infobox!

{{Short description|South Korean commercial vehicle manufacturer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Tata Daewoo Mobility
| former_name = Daewoo Commercial Vehicle Co. Ltd
| native_name = {{lang|ko|타타대우모빌리티}}
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| logo = Tata daewoo company logo.svg
| foundation = {{start date and age|2002}}<ref name=hist>[https://www.tata-daewoo.com/eng/brand/company2 Company history] (official website)</ref>
| location_city = [[Gunsan]]
| location_country = South Korea
| area_served =
| key_people = [[Natarajan Chandrasekaran]] ([[chairman]]) Kim Tae -sung ([[President (corporate title)|president]] & [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]])<ref>https://www.mk.co.kr/en/business/11290954#:~:text=detail,as%20North%20America%20and%20China.</ref>
| industry = [[Automotive]]
| products = [[Commercial vehicle]]s
| parent = [[Tata Motors]] (2004–present)
| homepage = {{URL|tata-daewoo.com}}
}}
{{Infobox Korean name/auto|hangul=^타타_^대우_모빌리티|hanja=타타大宇모빌리티|img=}}
'''Tata Daewoo''' (officially '''Tata Daewoo Mobility''') is a commercial vehicle manufacturer headquartered in [[Gunsan]], North Jeolla Province, South Korea, and a wholly owned [[subsidiary]] of [[Tata Motors]]. It is the second-largest heavy commercial vehicle manufacturer in South Korea.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

== History ==
The company was established in 2002 as "Daewoo Commercial Vehicle Co. Ltd", after it was spun off from parent [[Daewoo Motors]].<ref name=hist/>

In 2004 it was acquired by [[Tata Motors]], [[India]]'s largest passenger [[automobile]] and [[commercial vehicle]] manufacturing company.<ref name=wsj>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB107710476004532564 India's Tata Motors Buys Daewoo Commercial Vehicle] By Joanna Slater on ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' – February 18, 2004</ref>

Tata Daewoo Korea and Afzal Motors-Pakistan signed a Technical Assistance Agreement on 12 December 2005 in [[Pakistan]]. The Afzal Motors plant in Pakistan was inaugurated by [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Shaukat Aziz]] on 8 January 2007. It assembled Truck Chassis and Daewoo Dump Trucks.<ref name="PAK">{{Cite web|url=https://www.just-auto.com/news/tata-daewoo-commercial-vehicles-to-be-assembled-in-pakistan_id85112.aspx|title=INDIA: Tata Daewoo commercial vehicles to be assembled in Pakistan|date=20 December 2005|website=www.just-auto.com}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In 2013, the Vehicular Authority of South Korea ordered that the trucks sold by Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicles be recalled due to a steering failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/et-now/corporate/tata-daewoo-told-to-recall-3276-trucks-in-s-korea/videoshow/5138490.cms|title=Tata Daewoo told to recall 3276 trucks in S Korea|date=October 19, 2009|via=economictimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref> The 3,276 trucks sold in the country were repaired and came back in service.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/tata-daewoo-told-to-recall-3-276-trucks-in-s-korea-109101900044_1.html|title=Tata Daewoo told to recall 3,276 trucks in S Korea|agency=Press Trust of India|date=19 October 2009|via=Business Standard}}</ref>

Tata Daewoo-Korea and BadanBas-Malaysia signed a Technical Assistance Agreement in May 2015 in Malaysia. In 2017, Tata-Daewoo began to sell their trucks under the Daewoo brand in South Korea.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wardsauto.com/tata-daewoo-launches-heavy-truck-south-korea|title=Tata Daewoo launches heavy truck in South Korea|date=11 June 2004|website=WardsAuto}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autonews.com/article/20040611/REG/406110710/tata-daewoo-launches-heavy-truck-in-south-korea|title=Tata Daewoo launches heavy truck in South Korea|date=11 June 2004|website=Automotive News}}</ref>

== Leadership ==
* Choi Bong-ho (2002–2003)
* Chae Kwang-ok (2003–2009)<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Indian Success Story in Korea TATA Acquired DAEWOO {{!}} PDF {{!}} Truck {{!}} Mergers And Acquisitions |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/106127395/Tata-Deadwood |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref>
* Kim Jong-sik (2009–2012)
* Kim Kwan-kyu (2012–2019)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Herald |first=Korea |date=2012-03-19 |title=Tata Daewoo CEO to head foreign business group |url=https://m.koreaherald.com/article/10359331 |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=The Korea Herald |language=en}}</ref>
* Kim Bang-shin (2019–2025)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Daewoo eyes European market for Prima range – Motorindia |url=https://www.motorindiaonline.in/tata-daewoo-eyes-european-market-for-prima-range/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Kim Tae-sung (2025–present)<ref>{{Cite web |last=CHOSUNBIZ |date=2025-04-14 |title=Tata Daewoo Mobility appoints Kim Tae-seong as CEO, Kim Bang-sin retires |url=https://biz.chosun.com/en/en-industry/2025/04/14/KLWMQ573KBCBFPXCNG3QPDMULM/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=CHOSUNBIZ |language=en}}</ref>

==Products==
===Current===
[[File:Tata Daewoo Novus 8x4 in South Korea.jpg|thumb|200px|Tata Daewoo Novus 8×4]]
* [[Tata Novus|Novus]] Series (Tata Daewoo, 2004)
* DEXEN (formerly 'The CEN'), (2020~Present)
* MAXEN (2022~Present)
* KUXEN (2022~Present)
* GIXEN (2025) - Electric version of DEXEN

===Discontinued===
* [[Isuzu Elf|GMK/Chevrolet/Isuzu Truck]] - CKD provided by [[Saehan Motors|Saehan Motor Company]], 1971 (now [[GM Korea]])
* [[Isuzu Forward|SMC Truck Isuzu Truck]]- CKD provided by [[Saehan Motors|Saehan Motor Company]], 1976 (now [[GM Korea]])
* [[Isuzu Elf#Third generation|Daewoo/Isuzu Elf Truck]] - CKD provided by [[Saehan Motors|Saehan Motor Company]], 1976 (now [[GM Korea]]).
* [[Isuzu Forward|Daewoo/Isuzu Light Truck]] - CKD provided by [[Saehan Motors|Saehan Motor Company]] (now [[GM Korea]]), with assistance from [[Isuzu]], 1983.
* [[Isuzu Elf#Third generation|Daewoo/Isuzu Truck New Elf Model]] - CKD provided by [[Daewoo Motors|Daewoo Motor Company]] (now [[GM Korea]]), with assistance from [[Isuzu]], 1986.
* [[Isuzu Elf#Fourth generation|Daewoo Truck New Model]] - CKD provided by [[Daewoo Motors|Daewoo Motor Company]] (now [[GM Korea]]), with assistance from [[Isuzu]], 1986.
* [[Isuzu 810|Daewoo Truck Super New Model]] - Own development from Daewoo Motor Company Design Department, 1993.
* [[Nissan Diesel C-series|Daewoo Chasedae Truck]] (Next Generation) - Own development from Daewoo Motor Company Design Department, 1995.
* [[Tata Prima|Prima]] Series (2009–2022)

In all of its recent versions, these trucks are engined by a [[Euro VI]] emissions standard engines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.camionactualidad.es/noticias-camiones/fabricantes-camiones-vehiculo-industrial/item/2563-camiones-tata-daewoo-equiparan-motores-euro-6-ftp-industrial|title=Los camiones Tata Daewoo equiparán motores Euro 6 de FTP Industrial - Camión Actualidad-Noticias de camiones y Furgonetas|website=www.camionactualidad.es}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{official website}}

{{Tata Motors}}
{{KAMA}}
{{Daewoo Group}}
{{Daewoo Motor Sales}}
{{Automotive industry in South Korea}}
{{Portal bar|Companies|South Korea}}

[[Category:Truck manufacturers of South Korea]]
[[Category:South Korean brands]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2002]]
[[Category:Daewoo Motors]]
[[Category:Tata Motors]]
[[Category:South Korean companies established in 2002]]
[[Category:2004 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:South Korean subsidiaries of foreign companies]]
[[Category:Corporate spin-offs]]
[[Category:Companies based in North Jeolla Province]]

Satish Chandra Kakati

2026-04-30T00:45:49Z

Igororh: Creating Initial Article First Draft!

{{Short description|Indian journalist, writer and editor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Satish Chandra Kakati
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = October 1912
| birth_place = Ulabori, [[Nalbari district]], [[Assam]], India
| death_date = 20 June 2006
| death_place = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = [[Journalist]] [[Writer]] Freedom activist
| yearsactive =
| known for = [[The Assam Tribune]]
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] Kanaklata Barua and Mukunda Kakati Memorial Award Lokapriya [[Gopinath Bardoloi]] Memorial Award
}}
'''Satish Chandra Kakati''' was an Indian [[journalist]], [[writer]], the editor of [[The Assam Tribune]], an [[Assam]] based English-language daily,<ref name="Kakati, doyen of Assam journalism, dead">{{cite web | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/kakati-doyen-of-assam-journalism-dead/6930/ | title=Kakati, doyen of Assam journalism, dead | publisher=Indian Express | date=21 June 2006 | access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> and one of the founders of ''Assam Bani'', a [[vernacular]] weekly started in 1955 by The Assam Tribune group.<ref name="57 years of Asom Bani">{{cite web | url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/mdetails.asp?id=jul0211/city05 | title=57 years of Asom Bani | publisher=The Assam Tribune | date=2 July 2011 | access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> He was the vice president of the [[Editors Guild of India|''Editors' Guild of India'']] and authored seven books in [[Assamese language|Assamese]] and English.<ref name="Kakati, doyen of Assam journalism, dead" /> A 2005 recipient of the [[Kanaklata Barua]] and Mukunda Kakati Memorial Award,<ref name="Guwahati Diary">{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050916/asp/guwahati/story_5244048.asp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125432/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050916/asp/guwahati/story_5244048.asp | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 March 2016 | title=Guwahati Diary | publisher=The Telegraph | date=16 September 2005 | access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> Kakati was awarded the fourth highest civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]] by the Government of India in 1991.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Desk |first1=Sentinel Digital |title=Remembering jourlist Satish Chandra Kakati - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/news/remembering-jourlist-satish-chandra-kakati/ |work=www.sentinelassam.com |date=24 October 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Kakati was born at Ulabori, a small hamlet in [[Nalbari district]], in the Northeast Indian state of [[Assam]], in October 1912<ref name="Kakati, doyen of Assam journalism, dead" /> and did his schooling at The Kamrup Academy, a school born out of nationalistic movement in Assam.<ref name="A symbol of sacrifice and nationalism">{{cite web | url=http://kamrupacademy.net/node/1 | title=A symbol of sacrifice and nationalism | publisher=Kamrup Academy | date=2015 | access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> His graduate studies were at the [[Cotton College, Guwahati]] when he was attracted towards the freedom movement in India and due to his involvement in the [[Civil disobedience movement]] and agitation against the ''Cunningham Circular'' issued by J. R. Cunningham, then director of Public Instruction,<ref name="Cunningham, J. R.">{{cite IBD1915|wstitle= Cunningham, Hon. Mr. J. R. |volume= 4.6 |page= 108 |year=1915|short=1}}</ref> which banned student involvement in [[Swadeshi movement]],<ref name="A symbol of sacrifice and nationalism" /> he had to endure incarceration for three months.<ref name="Kakati, doyen of Assam journalism, dead" /> He was also involved in the student movements and was one of the founder secretaries of the Assam University League, which agitated for a separate university for Assam.<ref name="Contemporary Political Leadership in India: Sharad Pawar, the Maratha legacy">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L1i51KFUyzIC&q=Satish+Chandra+Kakati&pg=PA129 | title=Contemporary Political Leadership in India: Sharad Pawar, the Maratha legacy | publisher=APH Publishing |author1=Ram Bakshi |author2=Sita Ram Sharma |author3=S. Gajrani | year=1998 | isbn=9788176480086}}</ref>

His career started as the founder headmaster of the Gangapukhuri High School in 1936 but he moved to his alma mater, the Kamrup Academy, as the assistant head master in 1948.<ref name="Satis Chandra Kakati">{{cite web | url=http://www.bipuljyoti.in/authors/sckakati.html | title=Satis Chandra Kakati | publisher=Bipul Jyoti | date=2015 | access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> During his academic days, he was associated with [[Hindustan Standard]], [[Anandabazar Patrika]] and the [[Press Trust of India]] as a reporter. Later he had a stint as a government servant, as the Assistant Publicity Officer, where he stayed till he got associated with [[Radha Govinda Baruah]] who invited him to join The Assam Tribune in 1952 as its assistant editor.<ref name="Satis Chandra Kakati" /> When the Group started ''Asom Bani'', an [[Assamese language]] weekly in 1955, he became its founder editor.<ref name="Satis Chandra Kakati" /> He stayed there till his superannuation in 1976, becoming the Editor of the Group publications in 1963.<ref name="Kakati, doyen of Assam journalism, dead" />

Kakati was a regular contributor to other publications<ref name="Kakati, doyen of Assam journalism, dead" /> and continued his social activism after his retirement. He was a columnist for [[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]<ref name="NGO slams eyesores on Dispur ground">{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031117/asp/guwahati/story_2578799.asp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210138/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031117/asp/guwahati/story_2578799.asp | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 March 2016 | title=NGO slams eyesores on Dispur ground | publisher=The Telegraph | date=17 November 2003 | access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> He served as a visiting faculty at the [[Guwahati University]] for some time.<ref name="Satis Chandra Kakati" /> He was involved in the organizational activities of Assam Media Trust,<ref name="History">{{cite web | url=http://www.mediatrustassam.org/history/ | title=History | publisher=Assam Media Trust | date=2015 | access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> and served as the vice president of the Editors' Guild of India.<ref name="Kakati, doyen of Assam journalism, dead" /> He authored seven books, in both English and [[Assamese language|Assamese]] languages<ref name="Kakati, doyen of Assam journalism, dead" /> and ''Jivanimala'',<ref name="Jivanimala">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qOqEsStmcQQC&q=Satish+Chandra+Kakati&pg=PA271 | title=Jivanimala | publisher=Jayanti Art Press | author=Satish Chandra Kakati | year=1940| isbn=9788170992073 }}</ref> ''Jawaharlal Nehru Aru Soviet Russia''<ref name="Jawaharlal Nehru Aru Soviet Russia">{{cite web | url=http://www.dli.ernet.in:8080/dlix/handle/2015/1205 | title=Jawaharlal Nehru Aru Soviet Russia | publisher=Digital Library of India | date=2015 | access-date=12 October 2015 }}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and ''Smriti Bichitra''<ref name="Smriti Bichitra">{{cite web | url=http://www.dli.ernet.in:8080/dlix/handle/2015/1326 | title=Smriti Bichitra | publisher=Digital Library of India | date=2015 | access-date=12 October 2015 }}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> are some of his notable works. Months before his death, a book on his life and times was released, in 2005, on the occasion of his 94th birth anniversary.<ref name="Anniversary">{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051025/asp/guwahati/story_5395219.asp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304213333/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051025/asp/guwahati/story_5395219.asp | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 March 2016 | title=Anniversary | publisher=The Telegraph | date=25 October 2005 | access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> Kakati died on 20 June 2006 at Guwahati.<ref name="Kakati, doyen of Assam journalism, dead" />

== Honours ==
The Government of India awarded him the civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]] in 1991.<ref name="Padma Awards" /> He received the ''Lokapriya [[Gopinath Bardoloi]] Memorial Award'' from the Government of Assam in 2004.{{cn|date=March 2024}} A year later, he was awarded the [[Kanaklata Barua]] and Mukunda Kakati Memorial Award.<ref name="Guwahati Diary" />

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Civil disobedience movement]]
* [[Swadeshi movement]]
* [[Radha Govinda Baruah]]
* [[The Assam Tribune]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Journalism}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kakati, Satish Chandra}}
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Nalbari district]]
[[Category:Assamese people]]
[[Category:Cotton College, Guwahati alumni]]
[[Category:Indian civil rights activists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Assam]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]

I Love You (2004 film)

2026-04-29T09:56:04Z

Igororh: created a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = I Love You
| image =
| caption = Movie poster
| starring = [[Anubhav Mohanty]] [[Namrata Thapa]] [[Bijay Mohanty]] [[Tandra Roy]] [[Anita Das]] Hara Patnaik [[Sovan Dibya Darsan]]
| director = [[Hara Patnaik]]
| producer = [[Basant Nayak]]
| music = [[Swaroop Nayak]]
| cinematography = Niranjan Das
| distributor = [[Brajaraj Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2004|2|12}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Odia
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''I Love You''''' is a 2004 Indian Odia romance action film directed by [[Hara Patnaik]] and produced by [[Sanjay Nayak]]. A remake of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Thullatha Manamum Thullum]]'' (1999), It stars debutante [[Anubhav Mohanty]] and Mumbai based model and actress [[Namrata Thapa]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041202/asp/nation/story_4075790.asp|title=Tolly pretty faces for Oriya film revival|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050116093002/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041202/asp/nation/story_4075790.asp|archive-date=16 January 2005|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=2008-10-24|last=Mohanty|first=Debabraata |location=Calcutta, India|date=2004-12-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Palit |first=Ashok |date=21 July 2018 |title=Retro Time: I Love You |url=https://www.odishanewstimes.com/2018/07/21/retro-time-i-love-you/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130162414/https://www.odishanewstimes.com/2018/07/21/retro-time-i-love-you/ |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=30 January 2019 |website=Odisha News Times}}</ref><ref>[https://odialive.com/i-love-you-back-in-ollywood/ I Love You Back In Ollywood]</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Anubhav Mohanty]]
* [[Namrata Thapa]]
* [[Bijoy Mohanty]]
* [[Tandra Ray]]
* [[Anita Das]]
* [[Hara Patnaik]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=1440195}}

{{Use British English|date=August 2010}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:I Love You (2005 Film)}}
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2000s Odia-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Hara Patnaik]]
[[Category:Odia remakes of Tamil films]]

{{Odia-film-stub}}

Ravi Dubey

2026-04-29T06:38:07Z

Igororh:

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1983)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ravi Dubey
| image = Ravi Dubey at the screening of film Article 15 in 2019 (cropped).jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| alt =
| caption = Dubey at the screening of ''[[Article 15 (film)|Article 15]]'' in 2019
| birth_date = {{Birth_date and age|df=yes|1983|12|23}}
| birth_place = [[Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|model|television presenter|producer}}
| alma mater = [[Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sargun Mehta]]|7 December 2013}}
| years_active = 2006–present
}}

'''Ravi Dubey''' (born 23 December 1983) is an Indian actor, model, television presenter and producer.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/adaa-khan-ravi-dubey-to-perform-together-this-holi/articleshow/57594540.cms |title=Adaa Khan, Ravi Dubey to perform together this Holi |date=11 March 2017 |work=The Times of India |access-date=20 December 2019 |archive-date=25 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025033625/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/adaa-khan-ravi-dubey-to-perform-together-this-holi/articleshow/57594540.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Keshri |first=Shweta |date=6 May 2021 |title=Udaariyaan producers Sargun Mehta, Ravi Dubey get their entire cast and crew vaccinated|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/udaariyaan-producers-sargun-mehta-ravi-dubey-get-their-entire-cast-and-crew-vaccinated-1799534-2021-05-06|access-date=29 August 2021|magazine=India Today}}</ref>
He began his acting career in 2006 with the show ''[[Stree Teri Kahani]]'' and followed it with roles in shows like ''[[Doli Saja Ke]]'' (2007) and ''[[Yahan Ke Hum Sikandar]]'' (2007), before starring in the family drama shows ''[[Saas Bina Sasural]]'' (2010) and ''[[Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)|Jamai Raja]]'' (2014), which established him as one of the most popular and leading TV actors. He also participated in reality shows ''[[Nach Baliye 5]]'' (2012) and ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 8]]'' (2017).<ref>{{cite news |title=Ravi Dubey was Offered This Whopping Amount for Jamai 2.0 Season 2? |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ravi-dubey-was-offered-this-whopping-amount-for-jamai-2-0-season-2-3321593.html |accessdate=2 March 2021 |work=News18 |date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122000732/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ravi-dubey-was-offered-this-whopping-amount-for-jamai-2-0-season-2-3321593.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=MX Player's latest thriller Matsya Kaand is a big hit among the audience as it crosses 100 million views |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/entertainment/news/mx-players-latest-thriller-matsya-kaand-is-a-big-hit-among-the-audience-as-it-crosses-100-million-views/articleshow/88454486.cms |access-date=5 January 2022 |work=Business Insider |date=23 December 2021 |archive-date=4 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104194617/https://www.businessinsider.in/entertainment/news/mx-players-latest-thriller-matsya-kaand-is-a-big-hit-among-the-audience-as-it-crosses-100-million-views/articleshow/88454486.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life ==

Dubey was born in [[Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and was brought up in [[Delhi]], India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Sargun-will-always-be-special-to-me-Ravi-Dubey/articleshow/20876992.cms|title=Sargun will always be special to me: Ravi Dubey|work=The Times of India|date=3 July 2013|access-date=17 May 2014|archive-date=13 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313172356/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Sargun-will-always-be-special-to-me-Ravi-Dubey/articleshow/20876992.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/Sargun-Mehta-and-Ravi-Dubey-tie-the-knot-in-Delhi/articleshow/27086307.cms|title=Sargun Mehta and Ravi Dubey tie the knot in Delhi|work=The Times of India|date=9 December 2013|access-date=19 May 2014|archive-date=4 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204174529/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/Sargun-Mehta-and-Ravi-Dubey-tie-the-knot-in-Delhi/articleshow/27086307.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> His father, Gyan Prakash Dubey, is a Civil Engineer, who worked with management in various real estate organisations in the Delhi/NCR Region.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

Dubey moved to [[Mumbai]] from [[Delhi]] to study [[Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering|electronic and telecommunications engineering]] at the [[Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai|Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology]].<ref name="TOI_Jul_2014"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the highly educated TV stars |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ram-kapoor-to-mouni-roy-meet-the-highly-educated-tv-stars/photostory/65085528.cms?picid=65369747 |work=The Times of India |date=21 April 2019 |access-date=28 August 2024}}</ref> Later, he started working as a model.<ref name="TOI_Jul_2014">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ravi-Dubey-Im-waiting-for-the-right-project-to-make-my-Bollywood-debut/articleshow/38935932.cms|title=Ravi Dubey: I'm waiting for the right project to make my Bollywood debut|work=The Times of India|date=24 July 2014|access-date=13 February 2015|archive-date=15 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915173324/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ravi-Dubey-Im-waiting-for-the-right-project-to-make-my-Bollywood-debut/articleshow/38935932.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-buddhism-saved-ravi-dubey-from-suicide-1558551|title=Buddhism saved Ravi Dubey from suicide!|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=24 June 2011|access-date=19 May 2014|archive-date=19 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519191200/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-buddhism-saved-ravi-dubey-from-suicide-1558551|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==

===Debut show (2006–2010)===
Dubey started his career as a model,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Men-who-rocked-TV-in-2010/articleshow/7178547.cms|title=Men who rocked TV in 2010|work=The Times of India|date=1 January 2011|access-date=19 May 2014|archive-date=4 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204174529/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Men-who-rocked-TV-in-2010/articleshow/7178547.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> then he started his acting career in 2006 with the parallel lead role of Ravi Agarwal in the [[DD National]] television show ''[[Stree Teri Kahani|Stree... Teri Kahaani]]'', which was produced by actors [[Dilip Kumar]] and [[Saira Banu]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130608/ttlife1.htm|title=Firm as anchor|publisher=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]]|date=8 June 2013|access-date=15 February 2015|archive-date=15 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215060238/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130608/ttlife1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Later he portrayed the small role of "Veer" in [[Sahara One]]'s soap opera ''[[Doli Saja Ke]]''.<ref name="subject-of-jamai">{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/i-relate-to-the-subject-of-jamai-raja-well-ravi-dubey/489151-44-124.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803064413/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/i-relate-to-the-subject-of-jamai-raja-well-ravi-dubey/489151-44-124.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 August 2014|title=I relate to the subject of 'Jamai Raja' well: Ravi Dubey|publisher=[[IBNLive]]|date=30 July 2014|access-date=13 February 2015}}</ref> Thereafter, he appeared as the male lead in ''[[Yahan Ke Hum Sikandar]]'', where he played the role of Ravi.<ref name="subject-of-jamai"/>

Dubey has done up to 40 television commercial ads, including [[Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group|Reliance]], [[TVS Motor Company|TVS Victor]], Mrs. Marino, Gee Pee Mobile, [[Nestle]], [[ICICI Bank|ICICI]], Action Milano Shoes, Fairever, [[Hyundai Motor India Limited|Santro]] and Water Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ravi-uncomfortable-with-tej-1515241.html|title=Ravi uncomfortable with Tej|publisher=[[Daily Bhaskar]]|date=2 November 2010|access-date=13 February 2015|archive-date=11 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211111717/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ravi-uncomfortable-with-tej-1515241.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="breaking-stereotypes">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Ravi-Dubey-is-breaking-stereotypes/articleshow/7247252.cms|title=Ravi Dubey is breaking stereotypes|work=The Times of India|date=10 January 2011|access-date=19 May 2014|archive-date=4 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204174529/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Ravi-Dubey-is-breaking-stereotypes/articleshow/7247252.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2008, Dubey replaced [[Vinay Rohrra]] for portraying the male lead in [[Zee TV|Zee television]]'s show ''[[Ranbir Rano]]''.<ref name="breaking-stereotypes"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ranbir-gets-replaced-1216694|title=Ranbir gets replaced!|publisher=[[DNA India]]|date=25 December 2008|access-date=13 February 2015|archive-date=13 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213181232/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ranbir-gets-replaced-1216694|url-status=live}}</ref> After the show ended, Dubey was cast opposite [[Sargun Mehta]] in Zee television's soap opera ''[[12/24 Karol Bagh]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/I-met-Sargun-in-Delhi-says-Ravi-Dubey/articleshow/23357342.cms|title=I met Sargun in Delhi, says Ravi Dubey|work=The Times of India|date=2 October 2013|access-date=19 May 2014|archive-date=4 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204174529/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/I-met-Sargun-in-Delhi-says-Ravi-Dubey/articleshow/23357342.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Breakthrough and success (2010–2014)===
In October 2010, Dubey featured opposite [[Aishwarya Sakhuja]] for [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment Television]]'s romantic/drama show ''[[Saas Bina Sasural]]'', in which he portrayed the male lead role of Tej Prakash Chaturvedi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/no-saas-in-sonys-sasuraal-1459469.html|title=No Saas in Sony's Sasuraal|publisher=Daily Bhaskar|date=15 October 2010|access-date=13 February 2015|archive-date=13 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213220451/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/no-saas-in-sonys-sasuraal-1459469.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> While working in the show, Dubey started his film career in [[Bollywood]]; he signed for Aron Govil's 2011 Hindi film ''[[U R My Jaan]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaubey |first=Pranita |date=4 July 2019 |title=Inside Ravi Dubey And Sargun Mehta's Dreamy Vacation In Maldives |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/inside-ravi-dubey-and-sargun-mehtas-dreamy-vacation-in-maldives-2064331 |work=NDTV |access-date=14 November 2022 |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114062122/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/inside-ravi-dubey-and-sargun-mehtas-dreamy-vacation-in-maldives-2064331 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2012, Dubey participated in Sony Entertainment Television's reality-based comedy series of ''[[Comedy Circus]]'' titled, ''Kahani Comedy Circus Ki''. Dubey said, "I am super excited as I have always loved the show. So far I have never had the opportunity to try my hands at comedy, which I believe is the toughest of all".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/comedy-toughest-of-all-ravi-dubey/148805|title=Comedy toughest of all: Ravi Dubey|date=4 January 2012|work=[[Mid-Day]]|access-date=13 February 2015|archive-date=13 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213190646/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/comedy-toughest-of-all-ravi-dubey/148805|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2012, Dubey participated in the [[Nach Baliye 5|fifth season]] of [[Star Plus]] television's celebrity couple dance reality show ''[[Nach Baliye]]'', along with [[Sargun Mehta]]. And on 23 March 2013, in the finale episode, He became the first runner-up of the show.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/nach-baliye-5-jay-mahhi-winners-shilpa-kills-it-on-the-dance-floor-2013-03-24-1.499711|title=Nach Baliye 5: Jay, Mahhi winners; Shilpa kills it on the dance floor|author=Staff|publisher=Emirates 24-7|date=24 March 2013|access-date=13 February 2015|archive-date=13 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213183907/http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/nach-baliye-5-jay-mahhi-winners-shilpa-kills-it-on-the-dance-floor-2013-03-24-1.499711|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-24/tv/39501118_1_sargun-mehta-ravi-dubey-nach-baliye |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131104183540/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-24/tv/39501118_1_sargun-mehta-ravi-dubey-nach-baliye |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=The Times of India: Latest News India, World & Business News, Cricket & Sports, Bollywood |access-date=17 May 2014}}</ref> Dubey also participated in another of [[Nach Baliye]]'s celebrity couple dance reality series titled, ''[[Nach Baliye Shriman v/s Shrimati]]'' in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/nach-baliye-shriman-vs-shrimati-ends-in-a-tie-159568-2013-04-21|title=Nach Baliye Shriman v/s Shrimati in a tie|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=22 April 2013|access-date=17 May 2014|archive-date=26 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626182715/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/nach-baliye-shriman-vs-shrimati-ends-in-a-tie/1/266996.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2013, Dubey started hosting television shows, He replaced [[Mohit Malhotra]] to host [[Star Plus]] television's dance reality show ''[[India's Dancing Superstar]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Iconic-faces-of-TV-are-now-coming-back-Ravi-Dubey/articleshow/20493298.cms|title=Iconic faces of TV are now coming back: Ravi Dubey|work=The Times of India|date=8 June 2013|access-date=19 May 2014|archive-date=4 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204174529/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Iconic-faces-of-TV-are-now-coming-back-Ravi-Dubey/articleshow/20493298.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Ravi-Dubey-replaces-Mohit-Malhotra/articleshow/20151618.cms|title=Ravi Dubey replaces Mohit Malhotra|work=The Times of India|date=21 May 2013|access-date=19 May 2014|archive-date=4 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204174529/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Ravi-Dubey-replaces-Mohit-Malhotra/articleshow/20151618.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2013, he was approached for the lead role of Rajbir in Rashmi Sharma's show ''[[Desh Ki Beti Nandini]]'', but he was out of the show.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Keerti-Nagpure-is-Nandini-Ravi-Dubey-roped-in/articleshow/22224396.cms|title=Keerti Nagpure is Nandini; Ravi Dubey roped in?|work=The Times of India|date=2 September 2013|access-date=19 May 2014|archive-date=4 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204174529/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Keerti-Nagpure-is-Nandini-Ravi-Dubey-roped-in/articleshow/22224396.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Dubey has also appeared along with [[Shweta Salve]] at [[Indian Television Academy Awards|Indian Television Academy]]'s ramp show ''Fashion Ka Jalwa''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/fashion/indian-shows/itas-fashion-ka-jalwa/articleshow/16911358.cms |title=Ravi Dubey and Shweta Salve walk the ramp during ITA's 'Fashion Ka Jalwa' show held at Filmcity in Mumbai on October 21, 2012 |work=The Times of India |date=21 October 2012 |access-date=19 May 2014 |archive-date=19 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519203943/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/fashion/indian-shows/itas-fashion-ka-jalwa/articleshow/16911358.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Jamai Raja and further success (2014–present)===
In March 2014, Dubey got the male lead in Zee television's soap opera ''[[Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)|Jamai Raja]]'', in which he plays the role of Siddharth "Sid" Khurana opposite [[Nia Sharma]], the show produced by actor [[Akshay Kumar]] and co-produced by Ashvini Yardi, under their own production banner, ''[[Grazing Goat Pictures]]''.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Ravi-Dubey-in-Kunal-Verma-out-production-house-changes-hands/articleshow/31604221.cms|title=Ravi Dubey in, Kunal Verma out; production house changes hands|work=The Times of India|date=7 March 2014|access-date=19 May 2014|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714131046/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Ravi-Dubey-in-Kunal-Verma-out-production-house-changes-hands/articleshow/31604221.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2014, Dubey hosted an award event of Zee televisions', [[Zee Rishtey Awards]], along with [[Shabbir Ahluwalia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/tv-stars-zee-rishtey-awards-mumbai-ravi-dubey-shabbir-ahluwalia-rajat-tokas-paridhi-sharma-achint-kaur-229262-2014-12-01|title=TV stars shine at Zee Rishtey Awards in Mumbai|publisher=India Today|date=1 December 2014|access-date=15 February 2015|archive-date=15 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215103830/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/tv-stars-zee-rishtey-awards-mumbai-ravi-dubey-shabbir-ahluwalia-rajat-tokas-paridhi-sharma-achint-kaur/1/404542.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, Dubey participated in Colors stunt reality show ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 8]]'' in its eighth season where he ended up being the 2nd Runner-up while [[Shantanu Maheshwari]] was the winner and [[Hina Khan]] was the 1st Runner-up.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the final contestants of Khatron Ke Khiladi Season 8 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/meet-the-final-contestants-of-khatron-ke-khiladi-season-8/story-7ZjgOvwxl1v3ecBmx8GVXN.html |access-date=19 April 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=9 May 2017 |language=en |archive-date=8 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808171528/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/meet-the-final-contestants-of-khatron-ke-khiladi-season-8/story-7ZjgOvwxl1v3ecBmx8GVXN.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="KKK86">{{cite news |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 8: Ravi Dubey, Rithvik Dhanjani and Karan Wahi personify bromance. See photos |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/khatron-ke-khiladi-8-ravi-dubey-rithvik-dhanjani-and-karan-wahi-4727699/ |access-date=19 April 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=29 June 2017 |language=en |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419154220/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/khatron-ke-khiladi-8-ravi-dubey-rithvik-dhanjani-and-karan-wahi-4727699/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Awaasthi |first1=Kavita |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi made me fearless: Ravi Dubey |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/khatron-ke-khiladi-made-me-fearless-ravi-dubey/story-WVe4pvJw8d60HGZmsVANML.html |access-date=19 April 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 October 2017 |language=en |archive-date=30 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730122526/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/khatron-ke-khiladi-made-me-fearless-ravi-dubey/story-WVe4pvJw8d60HGZmsVANML.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2017, Dubey was seen as one of the contestants in the Colors comedy show ''[[Entertainment Ki Raat]]'' along with [[Dipika Kakar]] and [[Asha Negi]]. He also participated in [[Star Plus]] reality show ''[[Lip Sing Battle]]'' along with wife [[Sargun Mehta]], [[Rithvik Dhanjani]] & [[Asha Negi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kataruka |first1=Snehal |title=Ravi Dubey-Sargun Mehta, Rithvik Dhanjani-Asha Negi on Farah Khan's Lip Sing Battle |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/ravi-dubey-sargun-mehta-rithvik-dhanjani-asha-negi-farah-khans-lip-sing-battle-389389 |access-date=19 April 2022 |work=PINKVILLA |date=17 October 2017 |language=en |archive-date=11 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911084549/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/ravi-dubey-sargun-mehta-rithvik-dhanjani-asha-negi-farah-khans-lip-sing-battle-389389 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In January 2018, Ravi hosted the Colors singing reality show ''Rising Star''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rising-star-2-ravi-dubey-surprises-everyone-with-his-rap-song-makes-wife-sargun-mehta-proud/articleshow/62981234.cms |title=Rising Star 2: Ravi Dubey surprises everyone with his rap song, makes wife Sargun Mehta proud |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 February 2018 |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-date=3 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903022553/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rising-star-2-ravi-dubey-surprises-everyone-with-his-rap-song-makes-wife-sargun-mehta-proud/articleshow/62981234.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2018, he also hosted the Star Plus game show ''[[Sabse Smart Kaun]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/ravi-dubey-to-host-game-show-sabse-smart-kaun/1275237|title=Ravi Dubey to host game show 'Sabse Smart Kaun?' {{!}} Free Press Journal|date=12 May 2018|work=Free Press Journal|access-date=22 July 2018|archive-date=22 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722184711/http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/ravi-dubey-to-host-game-show-sabse-smart-kaun/1275237|url-status=live}}</ref> As of February 2019, Dubey hosted the Seventh Season of [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs]] on [[Zee TV]] replace [[Aditya Narayan]].

Ravi has been associated with hosting the Zee Rishtey Awards 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018 and 2019.

He made his debut into the digital space alongside Nia Sharma with the web series ''Jamai 2.0'', which is a reboot of his Zee TV show ''Jamai Raja''. The series opened to good reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.co.in/web-series-review-jamai-20|title=Web Series Review: Jamai 2.0|date=12 September 2019|website=Box Office India|access-date=6 March 2021|archive-date=24 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024121305/https://boxofficeindia.co.in/web-series-review-jamai-20|url-status=live}}</ref> The second season released in February 2021, receiving positive responses.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} He is currently working as a lead actor in popular web series MatsyaKaand on mxplayer which is one of the highest rated and most watched web series of India.

In 2019, he had opened his own production house Dreamiyata Entertainment Pvt Ltd, with his wife [[Sargun Mehta]] and co-produced several films.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/watch-everyone-is-going-crazy-on-the-sets-of-jhalley/articleshow/70344009.cms |title=Watch: Everyone is going crazy on the sets of 'Jhalley' |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 July 2019 |access-date=4 January 2022 |archive-date=4 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104200122/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/watch-everyone-is-going-crazy-on-the-sets-of-jhalley/articleshow/70344009.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2021, Dreamiyata Entertainment produced television series [[Udaariyaan]], which airs on Colors TV.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-ravi-dubey-his-wife-sargun-mehta-coming-up-with-new-show-udaarian-1443173|title=Ravi Dubey & his wife Sargun Mehta coming up with new show 'Udaarian|publisher=[[ABP Live]]|date=8 February 2021|access-date=4 January 2022|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104194619/https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-ravi-dubey-his-wife-sargun-mehta-coming-up-with-new-show-udaarian-1443173|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2024, Dubey was cast as Lakshman in the upcoming ''Ramayana'' film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Actor Arun Govil as Dashrath, Ravi Dubey is Lakshman in Nitesh Tiwari's Ramayan |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/movies/news/actor-arun-govil-as-dashrath-ravi-dubey-is-lakshman-in-nitesh-tiwari-s-ramayan/ar-AA1t7Y9Q |work=MSN |date=29 October 2024 |access-date=30 October 2024}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Ravi and Sargun at 12th ITA Awards.jpg|thumbnail|Ravi Dubey with his wife [[Sargun Mehta]] at [[Indian Television Academy Awards|12th ITA Awards]]]]
Dubey married actress [[Sargun Mehta]] on 7 December 2013.<ref name="marriage 1">{{cite news |last1=Nijher |first1=Jaspreet |title=Sargun and Ravi on pre-wedding holiday? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sargun-mehta-ravi-dubey-madhuri-dixit-ranbir-kapoor/articleshow/24094901.cms |access-date=26 June 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=13 October 2013 |language=en |archive-date=26 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626183900/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sargun-mehta-ravi-dubey-madhuri-dixit-ranbir-kapoor/articleshow/24094901.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="marriage 2">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/TV-actors-Ravi-Dubey-and-Sargun-Mehta-tie-the-knot-in-Chandigarh/articlephotos/27132800.cms|title=TV actors Ravi Dubey and Sargun Mehta tie the knot in Chandigarh|work=The Times of India|date=10 December 2013|access-date=19 May 2014|archive-date=22 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822220322/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/TV-actors-Ravi-Dubey-and-Sargun-Mehta-tie-the-knot-in-Chandigarh/articlephotos/27132800.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Dubey is a follower of [[Nichiren Buddhism]].{{blockquote| He said, "I started following it (''Buddhism'') when I was going through a very rough patch in my life and I wanted some understanding of the chaos that was going on in one's life. I wanted to align myself and feel better about myself. So, when things went out of control, I started chanting at that time."<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 June 2011|title=Buddhism saved Ravi Dubey from suicide!|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-buddhism-saved-ravi-dubey-from-suicide-1558551|access-date=31 July 2021|website=DNA India|archive-date=31 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731111502/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-buddhism-saved-ravi-dubey-from-suicide-1558551|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=26 November 2013|title=All you want to know about Ravi Dubey and Sargun Mehta's big fat Indian wedding!|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/all-you-want-to-know-about-ravi-dubey-and-sargun-mehtas-big-fat-indian-wedding-293325/|access-date=31 July 2021|website=Bollywood Life|archive-date=31 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731111503/https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/all-you-want-to-know-about-ravi-dubey-and-sargun-mehtas-big-fat-indian-wedding-293325/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Keep gratitude in attitude: Ravi Dubey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/keep-gratitude-in-attitude-ravi-dubey/articleshow/9235184.cms |access-date=31 July 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=16 July 2011 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731111502/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/keep-gratitude-in-attitude-ravi-dubey/articleshow/9235184.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
==== Producer ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
! scope="col" | Title
!Ref.
|-
|rowspan="2" |2019
| ''[[Kala Shah Kala]]''
|rowspan="4"|<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 March 2021|title=Sargun Mehta: There was a time when I was told that no one would take me as a lead in Punjabi films|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/sargun-mehta-there-was-a-time-when-i-was-told-that-no-one-would-take-me-as-a-lead-in-punjabi-films-101616739267687.html|access-date=29 August 2021|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829143120/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/sargun-mehta-there-was-a-time-when-i-was-told-that-no-one-would-take-me-as-a-lead-in-punjabi-films-101616739267687.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jhalle]]''
|-
|2022
|''[[Saunkan Saunkne]]''
|-
|2025
|''[[Saunkan Saunkanay 2]]''
|}

==== Actor ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
! scope="col" | Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2026
|{{pending film|Ramayana: Part 1}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Lakshmana]]
|rowspan="2"|
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ramayana: Part I - Ranbir Kapoor And Ravi Dubey Hug It Out As They Wrap Up Shoot For Nitesh Tiwari's Film |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ramayana-part-i-ranbir-kapoor-and-ravi-dubey-hug-it-out-as-they-wrap-up-shoot-for-nitesh-tiwaris-film-8811838 |access-date=2 July 2025 |work=NDTV |date=2 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2027
|{{pending film|Ramayana: Part 2}}
|}

==== Television ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|2006–2007
| ''[[Stree Teri Kahani]]''
| Ravi
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2007–2008
| ''[[Yahan Ke Hum Sikandar]]''
| Ravi
|
|<ref>{{cite news|date=19 June 2011|title=Audiences look for something new: Ravi Dubey|work=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Audiences-look-for-something-new-Ravi-Dubey/articleshow/8902999.cms|access-date=19 May 2014|archive-date=4 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204174529/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Audiences-look-for-something-new-Ravi-Dubey/articleshow/8902999.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Doli Saja Ke]]''
| Veer Kapoor
|
|
|-
| 2008–2009
| ''[[Ranbir Rano]]''
| Ranbir
|
|
|-
| 2009–2010
| ''[[12/24 Karol Bagh]]''
| Omkar Dagar
|
|<ref>{{cite news|date=16 January 2013|title=Wedding bells will ring soon: Ravi Dubey|work=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Wedding-bells-will-ring-soon-Ravi-Dubey/articleshow/18043597.cms|access-date=19 May 2014|archive-date=4 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204174529/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Wedding-bells-will-ring-soon-Ravi-Dubey/articleshow/18043597.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2010–2012
| ''[[Saas Bina Sasural]]''
| Tej Prakash Chaturvedi
|
|<ref>{{cite news|date=19 June 2011|title=Audiences look for something new: Ravi Dubey|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/Audiences-look-for-something-new-Ravi-Dubey/articleshow/8902999.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221334/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-19/tv/29674527_1_saas-bina-sasural-roles-real-life|url-status=live|archive-date=2 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Meri Maa (Life OK)|Meri Maa]]''
| Himself
| Guest appearance
|
|-
| 2011–2013
| ''[[Parvarrish – Kuchh Khattee Kuchh Meethi]]''
| Aadarsh Khanna
|
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Teri Meri Love Stories]]''
|Mukul
| Episodic role
|
|-
| 2012–2013
| ''[[Nach Baliye 5]]''
| rowspan="2" | Contestant
| 1st runner-up
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2013
| ''[[Nach Baliye Shriman v/s Shrimati]]''
|
|<ref>{{cite news|date=22 April 2013|title='Nach Baliye Shriman v/s Shrimati' ends in a tie|publisher=IBNLive|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/nach-baliye-shriman-vs-shrimati-ends-in-a-tie/387026-44-124.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425130404/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/nach-baliye-shriman-vs-shrimati-ends-in-a-tie/387026-44-124.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 April 2013|access-date=17 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''India's Dancing Superstar''
| Host
|
|<ref>{{cite news|date=24 May 2013|title=Ravi Dubey turns TV presenter for India's Dancing Superstar|publisher=Indian Express|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ravi-dubey-turns-tv-presenter-for-indias-dancing-superstar/1119698|access-date=17 May 2014|archive-date=11 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611090338/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ravi-dubey-turns-tv-presenter-for-indias-dancing-superstar/1119698/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[MasterChef India (season 3)|MasterChef India 3]]''
| rowspan="4" | Himself
| rowspan="4" | Guest appearance
|<ref>{{cite news|date=17 November 2013|title=Was offered Yeh Hai Aashiqui seven times: Ravi Dubey|work=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Was-offered-Yeh-Hai-Aashiqui-seven-times-Ravi-Dubey/articleshow/25939721.cms|access-date=19 May 2014|archive-date=4 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204174529/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Was-offered-Yeh-Hai-Aashiqui-seven-times-Ravi-Dubey/articleshow/25939721.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nach Baliye 6]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Boogie Woogie Kids Championship]]''
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]''
|
|-
| 2014–2017
| ''[[Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)|Jamai Raja]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Nia-Sharma-back-to-act-opposite-Ravi-Dubey/articleshow/33435319.cms|title=Nia Sharma back to act opposite Ravi Dubey|work=The Times of India|date=8 April 2014|access-date=19 May 2014|archive-date=5 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505005649/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Nia-Sharma-back-to-act-opposite-Ravi-Dubey/articleshow/33435319.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Siddharth Khurana/Karanvir Khurana
|
|
|-
| 2014; 2015
| ''[[Qubool Hai]]''
| rowspan="2" | Siddharth Khurana
| rowspan="2" | Guest appearance
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
|
|-
| 2015–2016
| ''[[India's Best Dramebaaz]]''
| Host
|
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Tashan-e-Ishq]]''
|Siddharth Khurana
| rowspan="2" | Guest appearance
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2017
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 10)|Bigg Boss 10]]''
| Himself
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss 10, episode 104 preview: Who deserves to win the title? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-10-episode-104-preview-who-deserves-to-win-the-title/story-ha5N3yF0ZwoZp1DIodV3FL.html |access-date=26 June 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 January 2017 |language=en |archive-date=6 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206012219/http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-10-episode-104-preview-who-deserves-to-win-the-title/story-ha5N3yF0ZwoZp1DIodV3FL.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 8]]''
| Contestant
| 2nd runner-up
|
|-
| ''[[India Banega Manch]]''
| rowspan="3" | Himself
| rowspan="3" | Guest appearance
|
|-
| ''[[Bhaag Bakool Bhaag]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 11)|Bigg Boss 11]]''
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Farzeen |first1=Sana |title=Rithvik Dhanjani and Ravi Dubey to join Salman Khan on Bigg Boss 11 Weekend ka Vaar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/rithvik-dhanjani-and-ravi-dubey-to-join-salman-khan-on-bigg-boss-11-weekend-ka-vaar-4890180/ |access-date=26 June 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=14 October 2017 |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526002705/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/rithvik-dhanjani-and-ravi-dubey-to-join-salman-khan-on-bigg-boss-11-weekend-ka-vaar-4890180/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Drama Company]]''
| Host
|
|
|-
| ''[[Lip Sing Battle]]''
| Himself
| Guest appearance
|
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Entertainment Ki Raat]]''
| Various Characters
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2018
| ''[[Rising Star India (season 2)|Rising Star 2]]''
| Host
|
|
|-
| ''[[Tu Aashiqui]]''
| rowspan="2" | Himself
| rowspan="2" | Guest appearance
|
|-
| ''[[Aap Ke Aa Jane Se]]''
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Jamai Raja's Ravi Dubey and Nia Sharma to reunite on the small screen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jamai-rajas-ravi-dubey-and-nia-sharma-to-reunite-on-the-small-screen/articleshow/63014679.cms |access-date=26 June 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=21 February 2018 |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117105104/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jamai-rajas-ravi-dubey-and-nia-sharma-to-reunite-on-the-small-screen/articleshow/63014679.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sabse Smart Kaun]]''
| rowspan="3" | Host
|
|
|-
| ''[[Jammin (2006 TV series)|Jammin]]''
|
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs]]''
|
|
|-
| 2021–2024
| ''[[Udaariyaan]] ''
| Producer
|
| <ref>{{Cite news|last=Maheshwari|first=Neha|date=12 September 2022|title=Twinkle Arora to play the new protagonists in Udaariyaan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sonakshi-batra-and-twinkle-arora-to-play-the-new-protagonists-in-udaariyaan/articleshow/94148006.cms|access-date=12 September 2022|work=Times of India|language=en|archive-date=20 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920063555/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sonakshi-batra-and-twinkle-arora-to-play-the-new-protagonists-in-udaariyaan/articleshow/94148006.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Bigg Boss 15]]''
|Himself
|Guest appearance
|
|-
| 2022
| ''Swaran Ghar''
| rowspan="6" | Producer
|
| <ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Keshri |first1=Shweta |title=Ravi Dubey says it's a collateral benefit that Swaran Ghar actors Ronit Roy, Sangita Ghosh are popular |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/ravi-dubey-says-it-s-a-collateral-benefit-that-swaran-ghar-actors-ronit-roy-sangita-ghosh-are-popular-1917840-2022-02-25 |access-date=29 September 2023 |magazine=India Today |date=25 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Junooniyatt]]''
|
|
|-
|2023–2024
|''[[Dalchini (TV series)|Daalchini]]''
|
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Ravi Dubey and Sargun Mehta's show 'Dalchini' is coming soon on Dangal TV {{!}} Hot News |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-ravi-dubey-and-sargun-mehta-s-show-dalchini-is-coming-soon-on-dangal-tv-hot-news-1637870 |access-date=3 November 2023 |work=ABP News |date=23 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
|''Badall Pe Paon Hai''
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Ravi Dubey and Sargun Mehta add yet another milestone to their incredible journey with Badal Pe Paon Hai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ravi-dubey-and-sargun-mehta-are-back-with-another-music-titled-badal-pe-paon-hai/articleshow/109199350.cms |work=The Times of India |date=10 April 2024 |access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025–present
|''[[Ganga Mai Ki Betiyan]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Tu Juliet Jatt Di]]''
|
|
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
!Notes
! scope="col" |Ref.
|-
| 2019–2021
| ''Jamai 2.0''
| Siddharth Khurana
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 August 2020|title=Jamai 2.0 Teaser Out, Ravi Dubey & Nia Sharma Back with an Edgier Sequel|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/jamai-2-0-teaser-out-ravi-dubey-nia-sharma-back-with-an-edgier-sequel-2270795.html|access-date=24 October 2019|website=News 18|archive-date=28 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928090655/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/jamai-2-0-teaser-out-ravi-dubey-nia-sharma-back-with-an-edgier-sequel-2270795.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Matsya Kaand]]''
|Matsya
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Keshri |first=Shweta |date=12 February 2021 |title=Ravi Dubey to play lead in MatsyaKaand. Piyush Mishra, Ravi Kishan also roped in|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/ravi-dubey-to-play-lead-in-matsyakaand-piyush-mishra-ravi-kishan-also-roped-in-1768721-2021-02-12|access-date=29 August 2021|magazine=India Today}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Lakhan Leela Bhargava (LLB)''
|Lakhan Leela Bhargava
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 August 2023|title=Ravi Dubey turns lawyer for new show 'Lakhan Leela Bhargav'|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/ravi-dubey-turns-lawyer-for-new-show-lakhan-leela-bhargav20230808215826/|access-date=10 August 2023|work=ANI|archive-date=10 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810134216/https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/ravi-dubey-turns-lawyer-for-new-show-lakhan-leela-bhargav20230808215826/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2024–2025
|''[[Dil Ko Rafu Karr Lei]]''
| rowspan="4" |{{Dash}}
| rowspan="4" |Producer
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|2024–2025
|''[[Lovely Lolla]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last1=Choudhary |first1=Aanchal |date=24 November 2024 |title=Isha Malviya Roped In For Ravi Dubey & Sargun Mehta's Next On YouTube: REPORTS |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/isha-malviya-roped-in-for-ravi-dubey-sargun-mehtas-next-on-youtube-reports |work=Free Press Journal |access-date=23 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2025
| ''[[Haale Dil]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=31 May 2025 |title=Sargun Mehta and Ravie Dubey unveil Haale Dil trailer, introducing Manisha Rani's powerful new role|url= https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/sargun-mehta-ravie-dubey-unveil-haale-dil-trailer-introducing-manisha-ranis-powerful-new-role/|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Tu Aashiki Haii''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Singer(s)
|-
|2020
|''Toxic''
|[[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] and [[Payal Dev]]
|-
|2024
|''Ve Haaniyaan''
|Danny
|-
|2025
|''Fanaa Karr De''
|Danny and Avvy Sra
|}

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Album
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
| 2019
| "Rubaru"
| Jamai 2.0
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2020
| "Aankde"
|N/A
|Poem
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2020 |title=Ravi Dubey urges people to pay attention to talent through his poem 'Aankde' |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/ravi-dubey-urges-people-pay-attention-talent-through-his-poem-aankde-550479 |access-date=18 July 2020 |website=Pinkvilla }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|}

==Awards==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|2015
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| GR8! Face Of The Year-Male
| rowspan="2" |''[[Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)|Jamai Raja]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
|2016
| rowspan="2" |[[Gold Awards]]
| Best Onscreen Jodi (With [[Nia Sharma]])
| {{won}}
|
|-
|2018
| Best Anchor
|''[[Rising Star (Indian season 2)|Rising Star 2]]''
| {{won}}
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|7129302}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|ravi-dubey}}
* {{Instagram|ravidubey2312}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
{{Nach Baliye 5}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dubey, Ravi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:People from Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian Nichiren Buddhists]]
[[Category:Members of Sōka Gakkai]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Buddhists]]

Ghaziabad Development Authority

2026-04-26T06:40:01Z

Igororh: started data

{{Short description|Government Authority Ghaziabad}}

{{Infobox legislature
| name = Ghaziabad Development Authority (U.P)
| logo_pic = [[File:GDA.LOGO.jpg]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| coa_pic =
| coa_res = GHJ
| coa_alt =
| coa-pic =
| coa-res =
|logo_caption=Logo of Ghaziabad Development Authority (U.P)| house_type = unicameral
|body=Government of Uttar Pradesh|jurisdiction=[[Ghaziabad]], [[Ghaziabad district]], [[Uttar Pradesh, India]]| foundation = 1973
| leader1_type =
| leader1 =
| election1 =
| leader2_type =
| leader2 =
| seats =
| session_room =
| session_res =
| meeting_place =
| website = {{url|https://gdaghaziabad.in//}}
| motto =
}}

The '''Ghaziabad Development Authority''' (GDA) is a planning authority. The GDA is responsible for planning, development and construction of Housing Projects, Commercial Lands, Land Management as well as providing public facilities like roads, bridges, drains, Underground water reservoir, Community Centers, Sports Centers, Green Belts etc. of [[Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad City]] in [[Ghaziabad district]] in [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>https://gdaghaziabad.in/oldbackup/Acts/buildingoperationsact1958.pdf Responsibilities of gda</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://gdaghaziabad.in/about-us/|title=About US|website=Ghaziabad Development Authority}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

==Master plans==
The GDA master plan was formed in 1977 to ensure an organized and structured development of haphazard growth of Ghaziabad. This included identification of new land that can be developed into residential properties and make self-contained colonies by providing ample commercial office and retail complexes as well. The GDA master plan was revised in 2021.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|title=Ghaziabad: Master Plan-2031 promises more residential land|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/noida-news/ghaziabad-master-plan-2031-promises-more-residential-land-101625595915652.html|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=July 11, 2021|language=en}}</ref> It lays down the basic infrastructure requirements for a city estimated to have a population of 23 lakhs(2.3 million).<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=GDA Master Plan|url=https://gdaghaziabad.in/ghaziabad-master-plan-2021/|website=Ghaziabad Development Authority|access-date=July 11, 2021|language=en}}</ref>

==Housing==
The development of housing projects by GDA commenced in 1967 with the construction of houses and providing the basic amenities like electricity, water supply, sewage disposal, and other infrastructure facilities.<ref name=":7">{{cite web|title=Ghaziabad authority approves ₹ 200 crore for Delhi Metro extension|url=https://www.ndtv.com/ghaziabad-news/ghaziabad-authority-approves-rs-200-crore-for-delhi-metro-extension-478625|website=Ndtv|access-date=July 11, 2021|language=en}}</ref> The new projects undertaken instigate with recognition of project sites, public announcement about the new GDA housing schemes in various categories through newspapers and other media advertisements, formal acceptance of the applications, a transparent draw system for short-listing of the applicants and finally allotment of the property.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|title=GDA|url=https://ghaziabad.nic.in/en/department/gda/|website=ghaziabad.nic|access-date=July 11, 2021|language=en}}</ref>

Some popular GDA Housing Schemes of the past include New Pattern Registration Scheme like [[Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana]] that offers home registration along with the property purchase, Janta Housing Registration Scheme that offers house registrations of LIG & MIG (Lower and Middle Income group)category flats to the SC/ ST registrants.<ref name=":6">{{cite web|title=Ghaziabad Development Authority identifies over 320 illegal..|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/gda-identifies-over-320-illegal-colonies-to-make-list-public/articleshow/84279973.cms|website=Times of India|access-date=July 11, 2021|language=en}}</ref> The residential land is allotted to individual applicants, the farmers whose land is acquired for development and group housing societies through public auction.

==Sports complexes==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Sport Complexes by GDA
|-
! No.!! Complex Name !! Location
|-
| 1.|| Mahamya Sports Stadium || Madhopura, Ghaziabad
|-
| 2.|| Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium || Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad
|-
| 3.|| Lal Bahadur Shastri Hockey Stadium
|| Shastri Nagar, Ghaziabad
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://gdaghaziabad.in/ Official website]

[[Category:Ghaziabad district]]

Purnima Sinha

2026-04-25T17:06:22Z

Igororh: Creating The Data Nd Citations.

{{Short description|Indian physicist (1927–2015)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=December 2018}}
{{Notability|date=May 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Purnima Sinha
| image = Dr. Purnima Sinha (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1927|10|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2015|7|11|1927|10|12|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[India]]
| parents = [[Nares Chandra Sen-Gupta]]
| spouse = [[Surajit Chandra Sinha]]
| children = Sukanya Sinha, Supurna Sinha
| field = X-ray crystallography of clay minerals
| work_institution = [[Indian Institute of Science]], [[Bangalore]]
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Rajabazar Science College]] | [[University of Calcutta]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = [[Satyendra Nath Bose]]
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Being the first Bengali woman to receive a doctorate in physics
| prizes =
| religion =
| footnotes =
}}'''Dr. Purnima Sinha''' (12 October 1927 – 11 July 2015) was an Indian [[physicist]] and was one of the first [[Bengalis|Bengali]] women to earn a [[doctorate]] in physics.<ref name="Google">{{cite web|title=Biographical article |url=https://sites.google.com/site/snbproject/purnimasinhabio|access-date=6 April 2014}}</ref> She did work in the field of [[Clay mineral X-ray diffraction|x-ray crystallography of clay minerals]]. She was raised by a progressive family in a traditional era. She was able to further her education, pursue her passion of physics, and engage in artistic activities such as singing, painting, and writing.

==Early life==
Purnima was born on 12 October 1927 to a [[Hindu]] [[Baidya]] family from the village of [[Kalihati Upazila|Banshi]] in [[Tangail District|Tangail]] (present-day [[Bangladesh]]).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08gdgkw | work=Who Do You Think You Are? | title=Sunetra Sarkar | volume=13 | issue=9 | publisher=BBC | accessdate=22 January 2019 }}</ref> She was the daughter of Dr. [[Nares Chandra Sen-Gupta]], a [[constitutional law]]yer and progressive writer. She married the anthropologist [[Surajit Chandra Sinha]], former vice-chancellor of [[Visva-Bharati University]], who made significant contributions to understanding the process of acculturation of tribal peoples in India.<ref name = "Google"/><ref name="Lilavati">{{cite web|title=Women In Science - IAS |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/womeninscience/LD_essays/305-309.pdf|access-date=6 April 2014}}</ref>

Her daughters Supurna Sinha and Sukanya Sinha are physicists at [[Raman Research Institute]] and [[Indian Statistical Institute]], respectively.<ref name = "Google"/><ref name="Lilavati">{{cite web|title=Women In Science - IAS |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/womeninscience/LD_essays/305-309.pdf|access-date=6 April 2014}}</ref>

With her husband, she started an informal school, Mela Mesha r Pathshala in Shantiniketan, an institute for tribal children.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

==Education and career==
Sinha's early education started in Lake School for girls, in [[Kolkata]], which was founded by her elder sister Sushama Sengupta. She then attended [[Asutosh College]], followed by the [[Scottish Church College]], and finally the prestigious [[Rajabazar Science College]], [[University of Calcutta]]. She became the first woman to earn a PhD in Physics from Calcutta University in 1956. She was mentored by Professor [[Satyendra Nath Bose]], a [[Theoretical physics|theoretical physicist]] known for his work in [[quantum mechanics]].

[[File:Dr._Purnima_Sinha.jpg|thumb|254x254px|Dr Purnima Sinha with [[Satyendra Nath Bose]] and [[Paul Dirac]] at Botanical Gardens in Calcutta during the 1954 visit]]Sinha's career in science spanned several decades. She earned her doctorate in [[Clay mineral X-ray diffraction|x-ray crystallography of clay minerals]]. She received her doctorate from the [[University of Calcutta]] as a student of the [[Rajabazar Science College]] in 1956–7, under the guidance of professor [[Satyendra Nath Bose]]. She was the first Bengali woman to receive a doctorate in physics.<ref name="Google" />

At the start of joining Professor [[Satyendra Nath Bose]], she had scoured surplus army equipment sold as scrap on the footpaths of Calcutta after the [[World War II|Second World War]]. Sinha was looking for spare parts to build the [[X-ray]] equipment she needed for her doctoral research. X-ray techniques were being applied to unravel [[Nucleic acid structure|DNA structure]] on the other side of the globe around 1953. Her research was funded by Assam Oil Company at a time when research-industry collaboration was rare. Not only did she build it, but she also went on to study different types of clay from across India. Later, Sinha joined the Biophysics Department at [[Stanford University]]'s ‘Origin of Life’ project,<ref>[https://origins.harvard.edu ‘Origin of Life’ project]</ref> which had an interface with her work. She compared the X-ray structure of clay with DNA patterns, geometrically, and was fascinated to find a connection.

==Publications==
Sinha wrote extensively on many subjects in both English and Bengali. She was a regular contributor to ''Jnan O Bijnan'' (Knowledge and Science), a Bengali-language scientific journal published by Bangiya Bijnan Parishad (Bengal Science Association), founded by [[Satyendra Nath Bose]]. Recently Bangiya Bigyan Parishad awarded and felicitated her for popularizing science in Bengali, a passion she shared with her teacher.<ref name = "Google"/> She translated [[Erwin Schrödinger]]'s ''Mind and Matter'' into Bengali in 1990.<ref>[https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/m/06hr_lt&hl=en-US&q=Mind+and+matter+Erwin+Schr%C3%B6dinger&kgs=eeaddfc13f2c4c6f&shndl=0&source=sh/x/kp&entrypoint=sh/x/kp]</ref> She wrote the book ''An Approach to the Study of Indian Music''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sinha|first=Purnima|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZgxAAAAMAAJ|title=An Approach to the Study of Indian Music|date=1970|publisher=Indian Publications|language=en}}</ref> in 1970, and articles about folk music based on folk music recordings done in the field by her husband and her during anthropological field studies in the tribal regions of Purulia in West Bengal. She wrote the analytical article "Jarawa Songs and Vedic Chant: A Comparison of Melodic Pattern"<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-15|title=The Forgotten Scientist Who Broke The Glass Ceiling For Indian Women in Physics|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/203173/purnima-sinha-india-first-woman-phd-physics-satyendra-nath-bose-kolkata-india/|access-date=2020-05-10|website=The Better India|language=en-US}}</ref> for the ''Journal of Asiatic Society'' in 2005, based on their field trip to the Andaman Islands in 1988.

She wrote extensively on [[Satyendra Nath Bose]], including:

*''Bijnan Sadhanar Dharay Satyendranath Bose'', book published by Visva Vidya Sangraha
*''Amar Katha'', book published by Bangiya Bijnan Parishad
*''{{transliteration|be|Satyen Bose-er Byaktitto O mononer dhara}}'', article published in ''[[Desh (magazine)|Desh]]''<ref name = "Google"/>

==Other interests==
[[File:2Dr._Purnima_Sinha.png|thumb|296x296px|Sinha playing the tabla]]

Sinha enjoyed singing, painting, writing, and reading books. She had a large, rare collection of books and journals at home. At the age of 80, she continued to enjoy meeting people, conversing and reminiscing.<ref name="Google" /> When she joined the Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Sinha continued her work on clay minerals and ceramic colours. She also moulded the material that she studied in artistic ways and learned clay modelling. When not indulging her creative pursuits, Sinha was translating science books into Bengali.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 February 2020|title=The first woman physicist to get a PhD from Calcutta University!|url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/the-first-woman-physicist-to-get-a-phd-from-calcutta-university|access-date=2021-06-24|website=Get Bengal|language=en}}</ref>

Her artistic interests were varied and included learning [[Hindustani classical music]] from Yamini Ganguly, and painting from the well-known painter [[Gopal Ghose|Gopal Ghosh]]. She also took [[tabla]] lessons from Pandit [[Jnan Prakash Ghosh]]. Her other interests included sculpting and painting.<ref name="Google" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Purnima}}
[[Category:Articles created or expanded during Women's History Month (India) - 2014]]

[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:X-ray crystallography]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:People from Kalihati Upazila]]
[[Category:Bengali physicists]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Asutosh College alumni]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Stanford University faculty]]
[[Category:Women scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women physicists]]

Urumi (film)

2026-04-20T15:00:40Z

Igororh: Creating New Data Added Tags!

{{Short description|2011 film by Santosh Sivan}}
{{Other uses|Urumi (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Copy edit|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Urumi
| image = Urumi film poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Santosh Sivan]]
| producer = {{ubl|Shaji Nadesan|Santosh Sivan|[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]}}
| writer = [[Shankar Ramakrishnan]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]|[[Arya (actor)|Arya]]|[[Prabhu Deva]]|[[Genelia D'Souza]]|[[Nithya Menen]]|[[Vidya Balan]]| [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]}}
| narrator = [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha|KPAC Lalitha]]
| music = [[Deepak Dev]]
| cinematography = Santosh Sivan
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = August Cinema
| distributor = [[Reliance Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|3|31|[[India]]}}
| runtime = 172 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget = {{INR|link=yes|20}} [[crore]]<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vidyas-a-committed-artist-prithiviraj/articleshow/6643961.cms|df=dmy-all | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105155911/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-29/news-interviews/28242823_1_urumi-santosh-sivan-prabhu-deva | url-status=live | archive-date=2012-11-05 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Vidya's a committed artist: Prithiviraj}}</ref>
| gross = ₹30 crore
}}

'''''Urumi''''' (also known as '''''Urumi: The Warriors Who Wanted to Kill Vasco Da Gama''''') is a 2011 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[epic film|epic]] [[historical drama]] film written by [[Shankar Ramakrishnan]]. It was directed and co-produced by [[Santosh Sivan]].<ref>[http://expressbuzz.com/entertainment/news/prithviraj-turns-film-producer/190649.html "Prithviraj turns film producer"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201011028/http://expressbuzz.com/entertainment/news/prithviraj-turns-film-producer/190649.html |date=1 February 2016 }} ''The New Indian Express''.</ref><ref name="Rediff">[http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-urumi/20110401.htm Review: Watch Urumi for the effort] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085100/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-urumi/20110401.htm |date=4 March 2016 }}. Rediff.com (1 April 2011).</ref> It features an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[Prabhu Deva]], [[Genelia D'Souza]], [[Nithya Menen|Nithya Menon]], [[Vidya Balan]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Alexx O'Nell|Alex O'Nell]], [[Sasi Kalinga|Sasi Kallinga]] and [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]. The film marks the debut of both Prabhu Deva and Genelia D'Souza in [[Malayalam cinema]].

The film is set in the early 16th century, when the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] dominated the Indian Ocean. The story follows Murikkancheri Kelu (Prithviraj), seeking to avenge the death of his father at the hands of the colonizers, and his cohorts Vavvali of Nagapattinam (Prabhu Deva), princess Ayesha of Arackel (Genelia D'Souza) and princess Bala of Chirakkal (Nithya Menon). The plot incorporates the intrigues of the [[Chirakkal Royal Family|Chirakkal royal family]], where Kelu serves as commander-in-chief, its rivalry with the house of [[Arakkal kingdom|Arackal]], and the assassination of prince Bhanu Vikraman (Ankur Khanna). The plot also incorporates such historical figures as [[Estêvão da Gama (16th century)|Estêvão da Gama]] (Alexx O'Nell), [[Vasco da Gama]] (Alexx O'Nell & Robin Pratt) and Chenichery Kurup (Jagathy Sreekumar).

The film was made on a budget of more than ₹200 million, making it the second-most expensive Malayalam film at the time, after Gokulam Gopalan's ''[[Pazhassi Raja (2009 film)|Pazhassi Raja]]'' (2009).<ref name="Prithviraj interview">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vidyas-a-committed-artist-prithiviraj/articleshow/6643961.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105155911/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-29/news-interviews/28242823_1_urumi-santosh-sivan-prabhu-deva|url-status=live|archive-date=5 November 2012|title=Vidya's a committed artist: Prithiviraj|author=Sreedhar Pillai|date=29 September 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=29 September 2010}}</ref> The film also marked the debut of Prithviraj Sukumaran as producer.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news|last=Nagarajan|first=Saraswathy|date=23 September 2010|title=Saga of romance and revenge|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/saga-of-romance-and-revenge/article786418.ece|access-date=26 March 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201619/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/saga-of-romance-and-revenge/article786418.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Urumi'' was released in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] as ''Ek Yodha Shoorveer,'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Urumi: Padhinaintham Nootrandu Uraivaal'' written by Sasikumaran and dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] with the same title, ''Urumi''.<ref name="thehindu.com"/><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160310015610/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/17600854/Vidya-Balan-Tabu-starrer-Urumi-to-now-re-release-in-Hindi-as-Ek-Yoddha-Shoorveer Vidya Balan, Tabu starrer Urumi to now re-release in Hindi as Ek Yoddha Shoorveer: Bollywood Hungama News Network]. Bollywoodhungama.com. Retrieved 18 October 2017.</ref>

The film was critically acclaimed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/manju-warrier-meets-accident-while-shooting-action-scene-787247|title=Manju Warrier meets with an accident while shooting action scene|last=Narayanan|first=Nirmal|date=2018-12-06|website=International Business Times, India Edition|language=en|access-date=2018-12-23|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223122439/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/manju-warrier-meets-accident-while-shooting-action-scene-787247|url-status=live}}</ref> It won two [[Kerala State Film Awards]], for [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Background Music|Best Background Music]] ([[Deepak Dev]]) and for [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Recordist|Best Sound Recordist]] ([[M. R. Rajakrishnan]]).<ref name=":0">Saraswathy Nagarajan. ''[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/in-the-right-direction/article2282978.ece In the right direction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029214000/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/in-the-right-direction/article2282978.ece |date=29 October 2013 }}'' The Hindu 22 July 2011</ref> It also won the Best film and Best Director in Imagine India Film Festival in Barcelona.<ref name=im>{{cite web |url=http://www.imagineindia.net/2012/eng/News/News.php?id=7270671968928196399 |title=IMAGINEINDIA 2012 AWARDS |work=Imagine India |access-date=8 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605194912/http://www.imagineindia.net/2012/eng/News/News.php?id=7270671968928196399 |archive-date=5 June 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It was also the opening film of the Panorama Section in Goa Film Festival.<ref name=":0"/> Urumi is widely regarded as one of the defining movies of the [[New Wave (Malayalam film movement)|Malayalam New Wave]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nagarajan|first=Saraswathy|date=2019-12-19|title=The 25 best Malayalam films of the decade: 'Premam', 'Maheshinte Prathikaram', 'Kumbalangi Nights' and more|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-25-best-malayalam-films-of-the-decade-premam-maheshinte-prathikaram-kumbalangi-nights-and-more/article30349548.ece|access-date=2021-07-11|issn=0971-751X|df=dmy-all|archive-date=10 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110115120/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-25-best-malayalam-films-of-the-decade-premam-maheshinte-prathikaram-kumbalangi-nights-and-more/article30349548.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
The executives of the multinational mining corporation Nirvana Group inform Goa-based Krishna Das that his ancestral property in north Kerala that was leased out to a non-governmental organization (NGO) by his late grandfather, is rich in minerals and can be sold since the lease period has expired. Nirvana Group offers him a large sum of money as an advance on the purchase. The NGO currently runs a tribal school on the property, which is situated inside the Kannadi Forest Range. When Krishna Das and his friend Thanseer visit the property, they are kidnapped by the tribal men and taken to a cave deep in the forest. There, Krishna Das meets the tribal chief Thankachan, who explains to him that he is the descendant of a certain Chirakkal Kelu Nayanar.

Prologue:
In the early 16th century, [[portugal|Portuguese]] sailors under [[Vasco da Gama]] captures a Muslim pilgrim ship and take all the passengers as prisoners. The general of [[Kolathunadu|Chirakkal kingdom]] (northern Kerala), the Kothuwal, sends a [[Brahmin]] negotiator and his own son, Kelu (as per the customs of the land), to the captured ship to negotiate the prisoners' release. However, Vasco da Gama viciously rejects their attempt at negotiation, cutting off the negotiator's ears. He then orders that the prisoners be locked in the hold and the ship set on fire. Kothuwal storms the burning ship to rescue his son, Kelu. Although Kelu escapes, Chirakkal Kothuwal is killed during a fight that ensues. Vavvali, a [[Tamil Muslim]] boy, takes the orphaned Kelu with him to his home and treats him as his brother. Kelu crafts an [[urumi]] from the leftover ornaments of the dead women and children of the pilgrim ship. He takes an oath to kill Vasco da Gama one day.

Many years later, Kelu and Vavvali are hunting in a forest somewhere in [[Chirakkal, Kannur|Chirakkal]]. During their hunt, they rescue the princess of Chirakkal, Bala, from a group of abductors, armed with Portuguese pistols, who apparently have been organised by her cousin, Bhanu Vikraman. Under the orders of Bhanu Vikraman, Kelu and Vavvali are captured by the Chirakkal guards at Puthoor Ferry and tried before the king of Chirakkal. During the trial, Bala reveals that the two young men in fact saved her life from the goons. Chenichery Kurup, the king's [[Minister (Christianity)|minister]], convinces the king that the abductors might be from the Arakkal kingdom.

The king grants Kelu and Vavvali an audience. During the conversation, Kelu learns that Vasco da Gama is scheduled to return to India as the Viceroy. They plan to infiltrate and capture Gama at the execution of "pirate" Balia Hassan at Fort Arakkal. Instead, they capture Estêvão da Gama and bring him as a prisoner to Chirakkal. In the process, Kelu and Vavvali come across and are helped by Ayesha, a fiery warrior princess of the [[Arakkal kingdom|Arakkal]] palace. With the help of Ayesha, Balia Hassan is also freed from the gallows and chaos ensues. Unknownst to Kelu and Vavvali, a group of Chirakkal warriors simultaneously raid the Arakkal palace, assassinates the Harabichi Beevi and take a large number of women from the palace as prisoners. Back in Chirakkal, the king bestows Kelu with the honour of being the new general ("Kothuval"). Vavvali, however, is somewhat unhappy as the king neglected to acknowledge his role in the capture of Estêvão. Princess Ayesha - among captives from the raid in Arakkal - is presented to the spoiled prince Bhanu Vikraman as a concubine. She tries to kill the prince in his chamber, but Kelu saves him. Vasco da Gama, in Cochin, is enraged upon learning of the capture and mutilation of his son Estêvão. Later, Kelu helps Ayesha escape from Chirakkal and asks her to flee from "this cursed land". Ayesha, with the help of Kelu and Vavvali, manages to rescue all the women locked up in Chirakkal and smuggle them to a secret [[cave]] in Puthur.

With princess Ayesha, Kelu and Vavvali set out to the villages in the kingdom and succeed in garnering support from the common folk against the Portuguese. A large number of people join with Kelu and Ayesha to form a resistance. Kelu also induces the king of Chirakkal to seek assistance from the Syrian Christians in Kodungallur. Meanwhile, with the help of minister Kurup, Bhanu Vikraman conspires against his uncle and joins forces with Estêvão da Gama. Bhanu Vikraman [[Assassination|assassinates]] his uncle with a Portuguese pistol. Kelu returns to Chirakkal palace to discuss with Vikraman, now king of Chirakkal, what actions to take against da Gama, but Bhanu hesitantly states that the army will no longer take orders from Kelu. Chirakkal Bala, the princess of Chirakkal, now joins with Kelu and his cohorts. Meanwhile, da Gama, accompanied by Estêvão da Gama among others, arrives at the Chirakkal palace. Chenichery Kurup, whom da Gama remembers, at first sight, welcomes him. During the audience, Bhanu Vikraman is killed by Estêvão da Gama. As a mark of respect for his allegiance to the Portuguese crown, the empire offers Kurup the post of the Governor General of the [[Lakshadweep|Laccadives]].

The Chirakkal army, led by Angadan Nambi, attacks the rebel hideout. Rebels under Kelu, Vavvali, Ayesha and defected Chirakkal general Kaimal, fight back. Soon, an Estêvão da Gama-led Portuguese unit arrives in the village as reinforcement for the Chirakkal force. The rebels manage to defeat the combined forces, but Vavvali is killed in action. The rebels now launch an attack on the Chirakkal palace. A terrible battle ensues. The rebels are immediately put on the defensive by the Portuguese cannons. Kelu manages to breach the perimeter set up by Estêvão and enters the palace. He manages to attack da Gama but is killed by the musketeers.

After hearing the moving story of his ancestors, Krishna Das decides not to sell his land to the multinational mining corporation and instead, he decides to start a new life in Kerala.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] – Chirakkal Kelu (Past); Krishna Das aka K. D. (Present)
**Dhananjay - young Kelu
* [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] – Chirakkal Kothuwal (Past); Thankachan (Present) (cameo appearance)
* [[Prabhu Deva]] – Nagapattinam Vavvali (Past); Thanseer aka Tarzan (Present)
**Aadhil - young Vavvali
* [[Genelia D'Souza]] – Arackal Ayesha (Past); Urmila (Present)
* [[Nithya Menen]] – Chirakkal Bala (Past); Daisy da Cunha, head of the Real Estate Division, Nirvana (Present)
* [[Vidya Balan]] – Makkom (Past); Bhumika (Present) (cameo appearance)
*[[Alexx O'Nell]] – young [[Vasco Da Gama]], [[Estêvão da Gama (16th century)|Estêvão da Gama]] (Past); John Thomas, executive of Nirvana (Present)
**Robin Pratt – old [[Vasco Da Gama]]
*[[Amole Gupte]] – king of Chirakkal
* Ankur Khanna – Bhanu Vikraman of Chirakkal
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] – Chenichery Kurup (Past); Kerala Minister (Present)
* Shaji Nadesan – MLA Raveendra Kaimal (Present); Kaimal (Past)
* [[Sasi Kalinga]] – Arakkal Hasim (Azim) Marakkar (Past); Advocate Hashim (Present)
*[[Kani Kusruti]] – the bard in Chirakkal court
*Deepak Jethi – Balia Hassan
*Tanusree Kausal – [[Arakkal Beevi]]
*Sheela – Vavvali's mother
*Aju – Mangadan Nambi
*[[Sreekala Sasidharan]] – Aima
* [[Soubin Shahir]] – Tribal Gang Member (uncredited)
* [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] in a special appearance in the song "Aaranne Aarane"
}}

== Themes ==
According to director Santosh Sivan, ''Urumi'' is his comment on [[globalization]]. He adds that the film resonates with people today as corporate lobbies are causing displacement of [[indigenous people]] across the world. "I have travelled across the world while shooting for films and documentaries and I have seen first hand the displacement and exploitation, the side effects of globalisation being suffered by the people who live in close contact to nature. The film centres around a similar situation, but it is removed by a few centuries," said Sivan. The film also focuses on a new perspective of storytelling. "History is written by the victors, the powerful who won. So was [[Vasco da Gama]] a brave explorer or an invader after gold." he added.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>

"The film is designed in such a way that it talks about the present and the past. In the past, some people came and exploited our land and it is happening even now. Perhaps the people who lived then are the people who live now. Still we are not united and our progress is not uniform. The film has also portrayed this aspect in a different manner.", Sivan pointed out to Jyothsna Bhavanishankar of "Behind the Woods".<ref name="videos.behindwoods.com"/>

Shankar Ramakrishnan, who wrote the story and screenplay for ''Urumi'' after conducting extensive research, said that the film presents history from a different perspective. "Even a small child in Kerala perceives Vasco da Gama as an explorer, who made the first-ever colonial invasion in any part of the world. But there's more to him than that. ''Urumi'' is an attempt to portray or rather discuss the many realities that could have affected the course of our history," he said. Shankar Ramakrishnan added that the title is not just suggestive of Kelu's weapon urumi, but "the feeling of vengeance that we carry in our hearts".<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/history-in-the-making/773031/0 History In The Making] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711160817/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/history-in-the-making/ |date=11 July 2023 }}. Indian Express (7 April 2011). Retrieved 18 October 2017.</ref>

==Production==
{{quote box
| quote = "Whenever you travel to [[Goa]] or [[Fort Kochi]] or such places, you will always find a suite in the name of Vasco da Gama who is revered as a discoverer of India. But when you delve deeper into the history, you will realize that he discovered India for the Western world but he is the conqueror, the first colonial ruler in the world as they all came to trade in pepper but instead of trading they decided to conquer the place. Hence, I thought it would be interesting to make a film that would show the small peppercorn changing the entire history of India. I think for every Indian it would be interesting."
| source = Santosh Sivan, the cinematographer-cum-director, explained his initial thoughts about the film on Vasco da Gama<ref name="videos.behindwoods.com">[http://www.videos.behindwoods.com/videos-q1-09/director-interview/santosh-sivan-14-08-2011.html Santosh Sivan – Tamil Cinema Director Interview – Santosh Sivan | Urumi | Genelia | Arya | Prabhu Deva | Vidya Balan | Tabu – Behindwoods.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903194247/http://www.videos.behindwoods.com/videos-q1-09/director-interview/santosh-sivan-14-08-2011.html |date=3 September 2013 }}. Videos.behindwoods.com. Retrieved on 18 October 2017.</ref>
| align = right
| width = 55%
}}

[[Image:Malshej Hills.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Parts of the film were shot in the forests of Malshej Ghat, [[Pune district|Pune]]]]

In April 2011, Prithviraj Sukumaran explained the genesis of his production company: "Santosh [Sivan] and I used to keep discussing a historical film during the making of [2010 Tamil film] ''[[Raavanan (2010 film)|Raavanan]]''. We roped in Shaji Nadesan, a friend of ours, and thus was born August Cinema."<ref name=THinterview>{{cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |title=Man with the golden sword |date=2011-03-31 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Man-with-the-golden-sword/article14968557.ece |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=2025-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517095214/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Man-with-the-golden-sword/article14968557.ece |access-date=2026-03-13 |url-status=live}}</ref> "I like the idea of recreating the bygone era. It is interesting to think of the characters you have heard as real. Also, it excited me to have cannons, swords, and urumi (curling blades) in a film." Santosh Sivan was quite enthusiastic about the idea.<ref name="rediff-exciting">[http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-santosh-sivan/20110329.htm#2 Santosh Sivan: 'Shooting Urumi was exciting' – Rediff.com Movies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107214955/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-santosh-sivan/20110329.htm#2 |date=7 November 2012 }}. Rediff.com (2011-03-29). Retrieved 18 October 2017.</ref>

Santosh Sivan and Prithviraj Sukumaran have acknowledged the vital role played by the script writer [[Shankar Ramakrishnan]] in the shaping of the film. Ramakrishnan, who had been working for some time as film-maker [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith Balakrishnan]]'s associate director, had scripted a tale for a competition based on the medieval history of Kerala. "Called ''Chekavar'', it was on the gallant warriors of Malabar and the pageant of the Mamankam. I had shown it to Prithviraj [Sukumaran] during the shooting of ''[[Thirakkatha]]''. He was quite taken up with the script and mentioned it to Santhosh [Sivan] when the two were working on ''[[Raavanan (2010 film)|Raavanan]]''. That is how Santosh [Sivan] got in touch with me," explains Shankar Ramakrishnan.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/in-the-right-direction/article2282978.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Saraswathy | last=Nagarajan | title=In the right direction | date=22 July 2011 | access-date=26 March 2013 | archive-date=29 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029214000/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/in-the-right-direction/article2282978.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> "I was nearly imprisoned in Santosh Sivan's flat in Mumbai for about two months when I was writing the story of ''Urumi''. Finally, I told him the one-line story of a boy who wanted to kill Vasco da Gama and the movie took off smoothly from then on. I did not see it as a period film as I felt that the issues it dealt with were contemporary", reveals Shankar Ramakrishnan.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/spirited-approach/article3497129.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Saraswathy | last=Nagarajan | title=Spirited approach | date=6 June 2012 | access-date=24 March 2013 | archive-date=29 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213812/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/spirited-approach/article3497129.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> Shankar spent two years gathering the material for his script and doing research to flesh out his characters, some of whom are familiar names in Indian history. He went to Kannur and read old ballads and stories of the region.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

[[Alexx O'Nell|Alexx O'Neill]], who hails from [[Connecticut]] in the United States, was cast as Estêvão da Gama. "When I had signed ''Urumi'', it was basically for a single character Estêvão Da Gama, but later I played [young] Vasco Da Gama's role, too, and had to speak only in Portuguese", O'Neill said. "I wanted to be very true to the accent and the way the character would speak at that time. So I hired a person in Mumbai before the shooting began. Even during the dubbing I had someone to assist me, so that I don't go wrong with the pronunciation", he added.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

The 16th century costumes were designed by debutant [[Eka Lakhani]], with make-up by Ranjith Ambady. The clothing worn by the characters, particularly that worn by the women, differed slightly from what would be historically accurate attire. "You cannot re-create exactly how it was then, as women were topless in those days. So, you stylise the kind of dresses they wore in that era," Sivan said to Rediff.<ref name="rediff-exciting" /> Shooting for the film started on 17 August 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.gaeatimes.com/2010/08/20/shooting-for-urumi-finally-starts-159524/|title=Shooting for Urumi Finally Starts|author=Sampurn|publisher=The GAEA Times|access-date=20 August 2010|archive-date=6 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106170544/http://entertainment.gaeatimes.com/2010/08/20/shooting-for-urumi-finally-starts-159524/|url-status=live}}</ref> The production design was carried out by Sunil Babu. The main locations were Kerala and the forests of [[Malshej Ghat]] in Maharashtra.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100718063311/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=14949509 Prithviraj turns producer with "Urumi"]. Sify.com (14 July 2010).</ref> Most of the scenes were captured in mostly natural light with a modest of budget and minimal visual effects.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/sivan-in-focus/article3480385.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Sudhish | last=Kamath | title=Sivan in focus | date=1 June 2012 | access-date=24 March 2013 | archive-date=29 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204840/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/sivan-in-focus/article3480385.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> "It was tedious and the terrain was difficult. On screen, it looks beautiful but we shot standing in slush almost 24/7. People got foot infections. It was laborious", says Nithya Menon, who played a Chirakkal princess.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-nithya-menon-on-urumi/20110331.htm#1 'Urumi was difficult to shoot for' – Rediff.com Movies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102042914/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-nithya-menon-on-urumi/20110331.htm#1 |date=2 November 2012 }}. Rediff.com (31 March 2011). Retrieved 18 October 2017.</ref> The film was shot with a combination of various formats. The [[Canon EOS 5D]] was extensively used, especially for the sensuous song featuring Vidya Balan.<ref>[http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/santosh-sivan-talks-about-urumi-and-his-passion-for-cinema/ Santosh Sivan talks about 'Urumi' and his passion for cinema] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310062233/http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/santosh-sivan-talks-about-urumi-and-his-passion-for-cinema/ |date=10 March 2013 }}. Bollywoodlife.com. Retrieved 18 October 2017.</ref> The shooting lasted a period of seven months in the states of Kerala, Karnataka and Maharashtra.<ref name="indianexpress.com">[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/urumi-is-my-comment-on-globalisation-santosh-sivan/769710/0 'Urumi' is my comment on globalisation: Santosh Sivan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711155353/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/urumi-is-my-comment-on-globalisation-santosh-sivan/ |date=11 July 2023 }}. Indian Express (31 March 2011). Retrieved 18 October 2017.</ref>

''Urumi'' was filmed by three cinematographers – Santosh Sivan (who is the director of photography as well), renowned wild-life photographer Alphonse Roy, and National Film Award-winning [[Anjuli Shukla]]. "Shooting in the mist-laden [[Harishchandragad|Harishchadragad]] in Malshej valley is a difficult task as the light keeps changing constantly. It rains incessantly and the entire area is covered in slush. So each scene is a challenge. It is great to be a part of such a talented team," said Anjali. Sunil Babu, the set designer for ''[[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]'' (2004), ''[[Ananthabhadram]]'' (2005), and ''[[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]]'' (2008), was the art director for the film.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Visual effects were carried out by Mumbai-based Reliance Mediaworks.

Santosh Sivan was heavily involved in bringing out a "tailored version" of the film in Telugu 2011, and in Tamil in 2012.<ref name="articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/others/news-interviews/Urumi-to-go-international/articleshow/12797031.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411042106/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-22/news-interviews/31379305_1_urumi-english-version-malayalam-version|df=dmy-all | url-status=live | archive-date=2013-04-11 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title='Urumi' to go international}}</ref> Many scenes in the film were re-shot to avoid [[Lip sync|lip-sync]] problems.<ref name="thehindu.com"/>

==Reception==
===Critical response===

The first exclusive sneak preview of the film was held exclusively for [[Mani Ratnam]]. After watching the film, Mani Ratnam was all praise for Santosh Sivan, saying, "''Urumi'' is huge. It is entertaining and the performances are very convincing. It's simply Santosh [Sivan] magic."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-01/news-interviews/29367223_1_mani-ratnam-urumi-mani-sir | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929022841/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-01/news-interviews/29367223_1_mani-ratnam-urumi-mani-sir | url-status=dead | archive-date=2011-09-29 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Mani applauds Santosh Sivan!}}</ref>

[[File:Rajakrishnan mr.PNG|thumb|300px|M.R. Rajakrishnan won the [[Kerala State Film Award]] for [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Recordist|Best Sound Recordist]] for his work in ''Urumi''.]]

The film opened to positive reviews from both critics and viewers.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110405171742/http://www.sify.com/movies/urumi-opens-big-in-kerala-news-malayalam-lecmVRcjaac.html "'Urumi opens big in Kerala!"']. Sify.com (2 April 2011).</ref><ref>[http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/others/urumi%E2%80%99s-crowd-puller-day-one-470 Urumi's a crowd-puller on day one] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406043754/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/others/urumi%E2%80%99s-crowd-puller-day-one-470 |date=2011-04-06}}. ''Deccan Chronicle'' (3 April 2011).</ref> It earned accolades as "arguably one of the best historical fantasies Malayalam cinema has ever seen" and was critically acclaimed at film festivals around the world.<ref>{{cite news |title=Urumi song issued warrant for plagiarism |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/urumi-song-issued-warrant-for-plagiarism/articleshow/17019082.cms |date=2017-01-10 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504092639/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/urumi-song-issued-warrant-for-plagiarism/articleshow/17019082.cms |archive-date=2022-05-04 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' described the film as "a landmark film in Malayalam".<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Sarswathy Nagarajan describes, "It is a decisive turn for Malayalam cinema because ''Urumi'', while broadening the horizons of Mollywood, is also an attempt to reach out to a global audience. The lavishly made ''Urumi'' brings together a host of talented actors and technical personnel from Indian cinema."<ref name=THinterview /> Times of India praised the film's acting performances, technical details, cinematography.<ref>{{Citation|title=Urumi Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Urumi by Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/urumi/movie-review/9674172.cms|access-date=2018-12-25}}</ref>

''Nowrunning'' gave the film a 3/5 rating and comments that the story is "timeless, the images magical, the acting solid, the script first-rate, the romance delightful, the action deadly and the energy raw – in short, the kind of film that one loves to see, and then animatedly write about."<ref>[http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7783/malayalam/urumi/3028/review.htm Urumi Review – Malayalam Movie Review by Veeyen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109124102/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7783/malayalam/urumi/3028/review.htm |date=9 January 2012 }}. Nowrunning.com (2 April 2011).</ref> ''Rediff'' also gave a 3/5 rating for the movie.<ref name="Rediff"/> ''Sify'' gave a 4/5 rating with its movie verdict being "Very Good". According to ''Sify'', "''Urumi'' is a fairy tale fantasy film that has a heart and technical artistry."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030501053404/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?cid=2428 Movie Review:Urumi- Review]. Sify.com.</ref> ''Indiaglitz'' rated the movie as a "must see" and commented: "All in all, ''Urumi'' is a must watch for all those who love quality cinema. Redefining the traditional qualities of period dramas, ''Urumi'' is sure to become a movie that will be respected and adored by Mollywood for its creative panache, tremendous performances, and great technical wizardry."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110227061846/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/12504.html Urumi Malayalam Movie Review – cinema preview stills gallery trailer video clips showtimes]. IndiaGlitz (31 March 2011).</ref>

The film was also one of the seven Malayalam films selected to be screened at the Indian Panorama section of [[International Film Festival of India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2011/urumi-adaminte-makan-abu-goa-film-festival-191011.html|title=Urumi, Adaminte Makan Abu in Goa Film Festival|publisher=[[Oneindia.in]]|date=19 October 2011|access-date=9 November 2011|archive-date=23 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523130532/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/news/2011/urumi-adaminte-makan-abu-goa-film-festival-191011.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Tamil version released by [[S. Thanu|Kalaipuli S Dhanu]]'s V Creations opened to positive reception by critics as well as audiences.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/13090.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208080430/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/13090.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=8 February 2011 |title = Tamil Cinema News | Tamil Movie Reviews | Tamil Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Tamil}}</ref><ref name="indiaglitz.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/82492.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528045342/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/82492.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 May 2012|title=Tamil Cinema News - Tamil Movie Reviews - Tamil Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Tamil}}</ref> ''The Hindu'' wrote of the Tamil version, "From the very first scene of this film to the last, director-cum-cinematographer Santosh Sivan proves to be on top of this technical masterpiece. The songs, waterfall sequences and the war scenes evoke a feel of realism due to its stunning visuals and brilliant re-recording. Certain portions in the film become very melodramatic to suit the Indian audiences thereby derailing the pace. The brilliantly choreographed action sequences seem to be a tad too loud for the ears."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/urumi-engaging-epic/article3473656.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=S. Siddharth | last=Samson | title=Urumi: Engaging epic | date=2012-05-30 | access-date=2013-03-24 | archive-date=2013-10-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213918/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/urumi-engaging-epic/article3473656.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> Notable websites and Tamil magazines praised the dialog of the Tamil version.<ref name="indiaglitz.com"/> The film was released as ''Ek Yodha Shoorveer'' in Hindi in 2016 and was widely criticised for "laughable dubbing".<ref>{{Citation|title=Movie Ek Yodha Shoorveer, Story, Trailers|newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/ek-yodha-shoorveer/movie-review/51360722.cms|access-date=2018-12-25|archive-date=2019-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110103338/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/ek-yodha-shoorveer/movie-review/51360722.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film has also caught the eye of [[Oliver Stone]]. "I had met Stone while he was in Mumbai a few months ago and he was curious when he came to know that I was doing a film on Da Gama. We had a discussion about it and he wanted me to send him a copy once the film was done," said Santosh Sivan.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>

=== Box office ===
The film fetched over {{INRConvert|3|c}}The film had collected {{INRConvert|4.05|c}} from 3 days at 77 theatres from Kerala and it had broken previous record of [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] film [[Anwar (2010 film)|''Anwar'' (2010)]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2011/urumi-create-wonder-box-office-080411-aid0062.html|title=Sivan-Prithvi's Urumi creates wonders at Box Office|agency=[[Filmibeat]]|date=8 April 2011|access-date=17 May 2016|archive-date=1 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601082951/http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2011/urumi-create-wonder-box-office-080411-aid0062.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film became a notable hit in Tamil and Telugu as well.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/urumi-is-a-hit-in-telugu-malayalam-news-70235.html|title=Urumi is a hit in Telugu|agency=indiaglitz|date=26 August 2011|access-date=20 March 2023|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007124139/https://www.indiaglitz.com/urumi-is-a-hit-in-telugu-malayalam-news-70235.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film collected {{USD}}7,023 from UK box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&country=UK&id=_fURUMI01|title=Urumi|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|date=28 May 2012|access-date=6 December 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220091445/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&country=UK&id=_fURUMI01|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Award !! Category !! Recipient (s) !! {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Kerala State Film Awards]] || Best Background Music || [[Deepak Dev]] || rowspan="2" |
|-
| Best Sound Mixing|| [[M. R. Rajakrishnan]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | Imagineindia International Film Festival (Madrid) || Best Film || Urumi || rowspan="2" |<ref name="ReferenceC"/><ref name=im />
|-
| Best Director || Santosh Sivan
|-
| rowspan="7" | Nana Film Awards || Second Best Actor || [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] || rowspan="7" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://fbcdn-sphotos-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-ash4/384380_165044300264538_100002769065902_193665_2060132686_n.jpg|title=Nana Film Awards 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| Best Cinematographer || [[Santosh Sivan]]
|-
| Best Music Director || [[Deepak Dev]]
|-
| Best Lyricist || Rafeeq Ahammed
|-
| Best Female Playback Singer || [[Manjari Babu]]
|-
| Best Makeup Artist || Ranjith Ambady
|-
| Best actor || Prithviraj
|-
| rowspan="5" | Reporter Film Awards || Best Cinematographer || [[Santosh Sivan]] || rowspan="7" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://latestawardsinkerala.blogspot.in/2012/04/reporter-film-awards-1st-edition.html|title=Reporter Film Awards 2011|date=2012-04-08|access-date=8 April 2012|archive-date=13 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113141309/http://latestawardsinkerala.blogspot.in/2012/04/reporter-film-awards-1st-edition.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Best Art Director || Sunil Babu
|-
| Best Visual Effects || Karthik Kotamraju
|-
| Best Background Score || [[Deepak Dev]]
|-
| Best Sound Mixing and Recording || [[M. R. Rajakrishnan]], Anand Babu
|}

==Music==
{{Main|Urumi (soundtrack)}}

The songs and the background score for the film were composed by [[Deepak Dev]], with lyrics by [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]], [[Rafeeq Ahammed]] and Engandiyur Chandrasekharan. The music album consists of nine songs.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

== Sequel ==
In September 2025, writer-filmmaker [[Shankar Ramakrishnan]] announced that the script for a sequel to ''Urumi'', titled ''Urumi 2'', had finally been completed after more than 12 years.

The story is set approximately a century after the events of the original film and will take place in [[Vadakara]], Kerala. The sequel aims to explore themes of reviving forgotten cultural memories of Kerala. The production team is preparing for extensive pre-production work, including costume design, casting, and historical research. Details regarding whether [[Santosh Sivan]] will return as director or [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] will reprise his lead role have not yet been confirmed.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Urumi' sequel: Filmmaker Shankar Ramakrishnan says script is finally ready after 12 years; story set to feature a time leap |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/urumi-sequel-filmmaker-shankar-ramakrishnan-says-script-finally-ready-after-12-years-story-set-a-century-later/articleshow/123805710.cms |website=The Times of India |date=11 September 2025 |access-date=11 September 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Asian historical drama films]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.urumithemovie.com/index.html}}
* {{IMDb title|1745863}}

{{Santosh Sivan}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Urumi}}
[[Category:2011 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2010s historical action films]]
[[Category:Films set in the 16th century]]
[[Category:Kalarippayattu films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thalassery]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kannur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:History of India on film]]
[[Category:History of Kerala on film]]
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:Age of Discovery films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Vasco da Gama]]
[[Category:Films directed by Santosh Sivan]]
[[Category:2011 action films]]
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:Films subject to a lawsuit]]
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]
[[Category:2011 controversies]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pune]]
[[Category:Films about assassinations]]
[[Category:16th century in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian adventure drama films]]
[[Category:Indian historical adventure films]]

Gangadhara Nellore Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:26:28Z

Igororh: started new post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gangadhara Nellore
| type = SLA
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (171-Gangadhara Nellore highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Gangadhara Nellore Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| map_alt =
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency|Chittoor]]
| constituency_no = 171
| established = 2008
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image = V M Thomas.jpg
| abolished =
| mla = [[V. M. Thomas]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = {{Formatnum:205110}}
| preceded_by = [[K. Narayana Swamy]]
}}
'''Gandhara Nellore''' is a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] reserved constituency<ref name=loksabha>{{cite web|title=TABLE B - Parliamentary Constituencies |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|work=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=31}}</ref> of [[Chittoor district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=21, 31|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>
As of 2019, there are a total of {{Formatnum:199405}} electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{Cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 2008, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (2008)''. It has constituency number 171.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S01171.htm|title=Election results|date=5 June 2024|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref>

In the Gangadhara Nellore Assembly constituency, there were a total of 205110 registered voters on the electoral rolls for the 2024 Assembly election. [[V. M. Thomas]] won the 2024 Assembly election.

== Mandals ==

{{Static row numbers}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
! Mandal
|-
| [[Penumuru]]
|-
| [[Vedurukuppam]]
|-
| [[Karvetinagar]]
|-
|[[Srirangarajapuram]]
|-
|[[Gangadhara Nellore]]
|-
| [[Palasamudram]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Gummadi Kuthuhalamma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan="2"| [[K. Narayana Swamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| Dr [[V. M. Thomas]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangadhara Nellore<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S01171.htm|title=Election results|date=5 June 2024|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[V. M. Thomas]]
|votes = 101,176
|percentage = 55.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Kalathuru Krupa Lakshmi|votes=75,165|percentage=41.02|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ramesh Babu Deyala|votes=2,682|percentage=1.46|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=K. Karuna Sree|votes=153|percentage=0.08|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=2,125|percentage=1.16|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=183,221|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 205,110
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =26,011
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangadhara Nellore
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = [[K. Narayana Swamy]]
| party = YSR Congress Party
| votes = 103038
| percentage = 59.67
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anaganti Harikrishna|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes=57,444|percentage=33.27|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ugandhar .P|party=Janasena Party|votes=3,364|percentage=1.95|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=NOTA|votes=2,829|percentage=1.64|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sodem. Narasimhulu|party=Indian National Congress|votes=2,279|percentage=1.32|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Rajendran|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=1,572|percentage=0.91|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
| candidate = Pallipattu Abhinav Vishnu
| party = MPP|Mundadugu Praja Party
| votes = 563
| percentage = 0.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chenji. Madhu Babu|party=Independent|votes=384|percentage=0.22|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
| candidate = G. Palani
| party = ANC|Ambedkar National Congress
| votes = 372
| percentage = 0.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Rajesh|party=Independent|votes=348|percentage=0.2|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
| candidate = Peruru. Ramaiah
| party = JHP|Jai Hindustan Party
| votes = 268
| percentage = 0.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Chinnabba|party=Independent|votes=212|percentage=0.12|change=}}
{{Election box total valid
| votes = 172,673
| percentage = 86.39
| change =
}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=1,249|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=173,922|percentage=87.02|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 199,874
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = YSR Congress Party
| loser =
| swing =45,594
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangadhara Nellore
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = [[K. Narayana Swamy]]
| party = YSR Congress Party
| votes = 84,538
| percentage = 54.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kuthuhalam Gummadi|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes=63,973|percentage=41.11|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Narasimhulu Sodem|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,967|percentage=1.26|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bhaskar Produtur|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=1,522|percentage=0.98|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Mani Krishna|party=Jai Samaikyandhra Party|votes=988|percentage=0.63|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None of the Above|party=NOTA|votes=553|percentage=0.36|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Prasad|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=477|percentage=0.31|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kothapalli Sanker|party=Independent|votes=417|percentage=0.27|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Penumur. Ramachandraiah|party=Independent|votes=335|percentage=0.22|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palyam Chinnabba|party=Independent|votes=224|percentage=0.14|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Rajesh|party=Independent|votes=215|percentage=0.14|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Peruru. Ramaiah|party=Independent|votes=175|percentage=0.11|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mallampalli Chengalrayulu|party=Independent|votes=120|percentage=0.08|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ravi|party=Independent|votes=119|percentage=0.08|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 20,565
| percentage = 13.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box total valid
| votes = 155,623
| percentage = 84.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box rejected
| votes = 51
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=155,674|percentage=84.36|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 184,535
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = YSR Congress Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===

{{Election box begin
| title = [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gangadhara Nellore
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = [[Gummadi Kuthuhalamma]]
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 62,249
| percentage = 45.62
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Gandhi
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| votes = 51,423
| percentage = 37.69
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = M. Nagabushanam
| party = Praja Rajyam Party
| votes = 12,405
| percentage = 9.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Devarajulu
| party = Independent
| votes = 4,409
| percentage = 3.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = V. Rajendran
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| votes = 1,490
| percentage = 1.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = E. Murugaiah
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| votes = 1,270
| percentage = 0.93
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Kaveripakam Markondaiah
| party = Independent
| votes = 909
| percentage = 0.67
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = N. Rajesh
| party = Independent
| votes = 891
| percentage = 0.65
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = K. Jayaprakash
| party = Lok Satta Party
| votes = 686
| percentage = 0.50
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = N. Jayakar
| party = Republican Party of India (A)
| votes = 415
| percentage = 0.30
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
| candidate = Siva Prasad
| party = BSSP|Bharatheeya Sadharma Samsthapana Party
| votes = 295
| percentage = 0.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 10,826
| percentage = 7.93
| change =
}}
{{Election box total valid
| votes = 136,442
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box rejected
| votes = 61
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 136,503
| percentage = 83.64
| change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 163,206
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Coord|13.23|79.18|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chittoor district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Lipsa Hembram

2026-04-19T16:35:41Z

Igororh: new

{{Short description|Indian Santali fashion designer}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}

'''Lipsa Hembram''' is an Indian fashion designer. She works on traditional women's Santal's costumes. She started her business in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhura |first=Sneha |date=2020-11-27 |title=How Lipsa Hembram is modernizing Santali sarees |url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/lifestyle/2020/11/27/how-lipsa-hembram-is-modernizing-santali-sarees.html |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref> She is the founder of her Brand Galang Gabaan. Galang Gabaan is a Santali word which literally mean weave and create.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mediaindia.eu/society/5-tribal-women-you-should-know-about/ | title=5 Tribal Women You Should Know About | date=12 August 2022 }}</ref> Her simple designs bring Santali traditions into the modern fashion industry. Her products are not only retailed across the country, but also used in the Hindi film industry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahu |first=Diana |date=2021-02-06 |title=Threads of tradition |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/fashion/2021/Feb/07/threads-of-tradition-2259660.html |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Her fashion company has brought socio-economic changes to the tribal communities of India. For this she is considered one of the most influential Women from an indigenous community in her home country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Besra |first=Rumi |date=2022-08-12 |title=5 Tribal Women You Should Know About |url=https://mediaindia.eu/society/5-tribal-women-you-should-know-about/ |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=Media India Group |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TEDxKIITUniversity {{!}} TED |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/53958 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=www.ted.com}}</ref>

Hembram was born in a [[Santal people|Santali]] family in [[Rairangpur]] of [[Mayurbhanj]], [[Odisha]]. She completed her degree in fashion technology at [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]] in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-06-30 |title=Heritage meets Innovation |url=https://hashtagmagazine.in/heritage-meets-innovation/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Hashtag Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Post News |date=2023-04-19 |title=Catalysts of change - OrissaPOST |url=https://www.orissapost.com/catalysts-of-change/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST |language=en-US}}</ref>
She was among the top 50 important personalities according to odisha bytes a popular web journal of Odisha.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://odishabytes.com/odisha-power-list-2019-top-50-high-mighty/ | title=Odisha Power List 2019: Top 50 High & Mighty | date=3 February 2019 }}</ref>
Lipsa Hembram has show cased her collection in the [[Lakmé Fashion Week]] 2017.<ref>https://www.india.com/lifestyle/adah-sharmas-cute-lfw-day-2-showstopper-outfit-is-an-added-asset-in-every-summer-wardrobe-1806366/</ref>
Her collection, which was received as "standing out" by the [[Jamdani]] motifs dyed on handspun cotton fabrics from [[Kotpad]] in white, beige and black, was presented by [[Adah Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-02 |title=Adah Sharma's cute LFW day 2 showstopper outfit is an added asset in every summer wardrobe! {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/lifestyle/adah-sharmas-cute-lfw-day-2-showstopper-outfit-is-an-added-asset-in-every-summer-wardrobe-1806366/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>

Lipsa Hembram also conducts workshop and promotes traditional sarees with modern touch. In 2023 she was part of an event ‘Viraasat: Celebrating 75 Handwoven Saris of India’, organised by the National Handloom Development Corporation Limited
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1888076 | title=Second Phase of Sari Festival "VIRAASAT"- Celebrating 75 handwoven Saris of India begins tomorrow }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hembram, Lipsa}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian fashion designers]]
[[Category:National Institute of Fashion Technology alumni]]
[[Category:People from Mayurbhanj district]]
[[Category:Santali people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kirugavalu Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:21:26Z

Igororh: created new stub

{{Short description|Former constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Kirugavalu
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|constituency_no =
|type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|district = [[Mandya district|Mandya]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mandya Lok Sabha constituency|Mandya]]
|established = 1962
|abolished = 2008
|electors = 
|reservation = None
}}
'''Kirugavalu Assembly constituency''' was one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]] a southern state of [[India]]. It was also part of [[Mandya Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= 9 October 2017}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || M. Mallikarjunaswamy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan="5" | [[G. Made Gowda]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || K. M. Puttu
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || K. N. Nagegowda || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || D. C. Thammanna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Nagamani. M. K || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|}
==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kirugavalu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Nagamani. M. K |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 53,590 |percentage = 51.53% |change = {{increase}}7.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhu G. Madegowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,029 |percentage = 36.57% |change = {{decrease}}8.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Avinash Gowda. M. D |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 7,035 |percentage = 6.76% |change = {{increase}}0.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravigowda. U. C |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,611 |percentage = 2.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahadevappa. K |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,423 |percentage = 1.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jayashankar Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,304 |percentage = 1.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,561 |percentage = 14.96% |change = {{increase}}14.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 104,009 |percentage = 74.24% |change = {{decrease}}7.17 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 103,992}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 140,105 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.36 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (United) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kirugavalu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. C. Thammanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 44,523 |percentage = 44.59% |change = {{increase}}15.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. N. Nagegowda |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 43,799 |percentage = 43.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Shivanna |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 5,801 |percentage = 5.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Mahesh |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,887 |percentage = 4.89% |change = {{increase}}2.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Andani |party = Independent politician |votes = 638 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 724 |percentage = 0.73% |change = {{decrease}}6.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 104,294 |percentage = 81.41% |change = {{decrease}}0.50 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 99,842}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,411 |percentage = 4.23% |change = {{increase}}2.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 128,116 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.93 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}7.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kirugavalu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. N. Nagegowda |party = Janata Dal |votes = 36,348 |percentage = 37.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Basavaraju |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,866 |percentage = 29.54% |change = {{decrease}}18.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rame Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 21,453 |percentage = 21.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivalingegowda |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 4,035 |percentage = 4.13% |change = {{decrease}}3.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Shivanna |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,709 |percentage = 2.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Jayashankar |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 2,107 |percentage = 2.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. Krishna |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,010 |percentage = 1.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,482 |percentage = 7.66% |change = {{decrease}}0.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 99,058 |percentage = 81.91% |change = {{increase}}0.45 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 97,724}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,334 |percentage = 1.35% |change = {{decrease}}2.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,942 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.12 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}11.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kirugavalu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Puttu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,391 |percentage = 48.36% |change = {{decrease}}0.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rame Gowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 35,102 |percentage = 40.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. B. Raju |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 7,103 |percentage = 8.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Krishnappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,267 |percentage = 1.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Made Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 840 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,289 |percentage = 8.32% |change = {{increase}}7.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 91,121 |percentage = 81.46% |change = {{decrease}}1.68 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 87,657}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,464 |percentage = 3.80% |change = {{increase}}2.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,856 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.82 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kirugavalu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. Made Gowda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,519 |percentage = 49.18% |change = {{decrease}}6.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rame Gowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 35,747 |percentage = 48.14% |change = {{increase}}8.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prashanthkumar. M. S |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,242 |percentage = 1.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 772 |percentage = 1.04% |change = {{decrease}}15.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,103 |percentage = 83.14% |change = {{increase}}1.41 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,263}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 840 |percentage = 1.12% |change = {{decrease}}0.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,335 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.00 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.74 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kirugavalu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. Made Gowda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,310 |percentage = 55.92% |change = {{increase}}50.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rame Gowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 25,454 |percentage = 39.20% |change = {{decrease}}24.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. C. Chowdegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,062 |percentage = 1.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Channabasavaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 857 |percentage = 1.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. R. Rajendraprakash |party = Independent politician |votes = 452 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,856 |percentage = 16.72% |change = {{decrease}}16.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,924 |percentage = 81.73% |change = {{decrease}}6.14 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 64,936}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 988 |percentage = 1.50% |change = {{decrease}}0.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,656 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.49 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}8.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kirugavalu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. Made Gowda]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 40,711 |percentage = 64.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rame Gowda |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 19,480 |percentage = 30.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. P. Nagaraja Murthy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 3,420 |percentage = 5.38% |change = {{decrease}}41.70 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,231 |percentage = 33.38% |change = {{increase}}29.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,730 |percentage = 87.87% |change = {{increase}}12.53 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,611}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,119 |percentage = 1.73% |change = {{increase}}1.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,663 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.19 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |swing = {{increase}}12.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kirugavalu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. Made Gowda]] |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 25,829 |percentage = 51.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. N. Nagegowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,819 |percentage = 47.08% |change = {{decrease}}22.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devaish |party = Independent politician |votes = 493 |percentage = 0.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. M. Anvchaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 451 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,010 |percentage = 3.97% |change = {{decrease}}34.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,775 |percentage = 75.34% |change = {{decrease}}0.61 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,592}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,720 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.19 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}18.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kirugavalu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. Made Gowda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,377 |percentage = 69.46% |change = {{increase}}9.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. K. V. Gowdh |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,039 |percentage = 30.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,338 |percentage = 38.91% |change = {{increase}}18.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 41,689 |percentage = 75.95% |change = {{increase}}19.72 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,416}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,891 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.11 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}9.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kirugavalu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Mallikarjunaswamy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,039 |percentage = 60.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Chikkalingaiah |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 9,901 |percentage = 39.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,138 |percentage = 20.60% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 27,049 |percentage = 56.23% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 24,940}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,103 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Mandya district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|12.37|76.95|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mandya district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Hindu terrorism

2026-04-10T20:48:55Z

Igororh: created new data

{{Short description|Terrorist acts by groups of individuals who profess Hindu motivations or goals}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{terrorism}}
'''Hindu terrorism''', (also known as '''Hindutva terrorism'''<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bidwai |first=P. |date=2008 |title=Confronting the Reality of Hindutva Terrorism |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=43 |issue=47 |pages=10–13 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40278200 |jstor=40278200}}</ref> or '''saffron terror'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/saffron-terror-and-hindutva-ideology | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127035910/https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/saffron-terror-and-hindutva-ideology | archive-date=27 November 2024 | title=Saffron Terror and Hindutva Ideology }}</ref>) refers to [[terrorist]] acts carried out on the basis of motivations in broad association with [[Hindu nationalism]] or [[Hindutva]].<ref name="Gatade pawns">{{cite journal |last=Gatade |first=S. |date=2014 |title=Pawns In, Patrons Still Out: Understanding the Phenomenon of Hindutva Terror |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24479356 |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=49 |issue=13 |pages=36–43 |jstor=24479356}}</ref><ref name="Gittinger">{{cite journal |last=Gittinger |first=J. |date=2011 |title=Saffron Terror: Splinter or Symptom? |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23047273 |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=46 |issue=37 |pages=22–25 |jstor=23047273}}</ref>

The phenomenon became a topic of contentious political discourse in the aftermath of the 2007–2008 attacks, which targeted [[Pakistanis]] and [[Muslims in India|Muslims]] in [[India]], where the accused were members, or alleged members, of Hindu nationalist organisations such as [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) or [[Abhinav Bharat]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/759508/hindutva-terror-cases-nia-on-the-backfoot-as-apex-court-questions-complicity-charges|title=Hindutva terror cases: NIA on the backfoot as apex court questions complicity charges|first=Vipin|last=Pubby|website=Scroll.in|date=4 October 2015 }}</ref><ref name="deepsaffron">{{cite news |author=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=A running thread of deep saffron |newspaper=The Indian Express|date=29 January 2009 |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-running-thread-of-deep-saffron/416409/ |access-date=2014-11-17}}</ref><ref name="Gatade saffron terror">{{cite news |author=Subhash Gatade |title=Saffron terror |newspaper=Himal |date=October 2007 |url=http://old.himalmag.com/component/content/article/1340-saffron-terror.html |access-date=16 December 2014 |archive-date=26 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526191105/http://old.himalmag.com/component/content/article/1340-saffron-terror.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://jacobin.com/2024/09/rss-terror-india-hindutva-modi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209234310/https://jacobin.com/2024/09/rss-terror-india-hindutva-modi | archive-date=9 December 2024 | title=India's Largest Paramilitary Force Got Away with Terror }}</ref>

== Terminology ==
{{Broader|Terrorism in India|Violence against Muslims in India}}

=== "Hindu terrorism" and "Hindutva terrorism" ===
According to Nikita Saxena writing for ''[[The Caravan]]'', the term "Hindu terrorism" gained traction in the wake of the [[2007 Samjhauta Express bombings]] and [[2008 Malegaon blasts]].<ref name="Caravan2019">{{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Caravan]] |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/religion/elections-2019-hindu-terror-islamic-sikh-terrorism-mac-narendra-modi |title=Good Faith, Bad Faith |first=Nikita |last=Saxena |date=15 May 2019}}</ref> A prominent reference to "Hindu terrorism" was made by [[Indian National Congress]] (INC; also known as the "Congress") member [[Digvijaya Singh]] in a 2007 campaign.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-12-23 |title=EC strictures Modi, Digvijay |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ec-strictures-modi-digvijay/articleshow/2644071.cms |access-date=2023-05-01 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Guardian Staff |date=2010-12-10 |title=US embassy cables: Mumbai conspiracy allegations 'outrageous' – US ambassador |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/184566 |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Kumar Shakti |date=20 December 2010 |title=Offence is Cong's defence |newspaper=The Pioneer |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/305049/Offence-is-Cong%E2%80%99s-defence.html |url-status=dead |access-date=15 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223024332/http://dailypioneer.com/305049/Offence-is-Cong%E2%80%99s-defence.html |archive-date=23 December 2010}}</ref>{{refn|group=Note|The BJP criticised these statements and filed a complaint with the [[Election Commission of India]], citing it as a violation of the [[Model Code of Conduct]]. The Election Commission issued a show-cause notice to Singh on this complaint.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 December 2007 |title=Deuce! EC notice to Sonia, Digvijay |work=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/Deuce-EC-notice-to-Sonia-Digvijay/articleshow/2609302.cms |access-date=10 October 2010}}</ref>}}

While the perpetrators have consistently justified these acts by their Hindu faith, some writers prefer to use the term "Hindutva terrorism".{{cn|date=February 2025}} Writer and activist Subhash Ghatade asserts that "most critics" have avoided describing the term as "Hindu terrorism" and instead talked about "Hindutva terrorism".<ref name="Gatade pawns" /> Political scientist [[Jyotirmaya Sharma]] argues that "there is no Hindu terrorism" because the perpetrators do not represent the Hindu faith.<ref>Jyotirmaya Sharma, [https://thewire.in/politics/there-is-no-hindu-terrorism-but-there-is-something-called-sangh-parivar-terrorism There is No ‘Hindu Terrorism’. But There is Something Called Sangh Parivar Terrorism], The Wire, 18 April 2019.</ref>

According to the journalist and BJP leader [[Balbir Punj]], the term "Hindu terror" was invented and used by the Congress party in the aftermath of the 2007–2008 incidents in order to denounce the party's political opposition as terrorists.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Balbir Punb |title=Not terrified of terrorism |newspaper=The Pioneer |date=12 December 2008 |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/142835/Not-terrified-of-terrorism.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616100602/https://www.dailypioneer.com/142835/Not-terrified-of-terrorism.html |archive-date=2011-06-16}}</ref> In the 2018 book ''Hindu Terror: Insider Account of Ministry of Home Affairs'', Ramaswamy Venkata Subra Mani, a former officer in the Home Ministry, alleged that the [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) government had forced Home Ministry officials to manufacture a narrative about the presence of "Hindu terror".<ref>{{cite web |date=2 June 2018 |title=Book by MHA officer reveals how UPA manufactured Hindu terror narrative |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/culture/book-mha-officer-reveals-upa-manufactured-hindu-terror-narrative |access-date=9 June 2018 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live}}</ref>

=== "Saffron terror" ===
The term "saffron terror" was coined in 2002 by the Indian journalist [[Praveen Swami]] after the [[2002 Gujarat riots]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jahangir |first1=J. |last2=Mehmood |first2=S. |date=2022 |title=Saffron Terrorism in India |journal=Research Journal of Political Science |volume=11 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366985480}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Praveen Swami |title=Saffron Terror |newspaper=Frontline |date=2002-03-16 |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30244258.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120074842/https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30244258.ece |archive-date=2021-11-20 |url-status=live}}</ref> and gained popularity in the aftermath of the 2007–2008 attacks which targeted Pakistanis and Muslims and were reportedly instigated by people affiliated with Hindu nationalist organisations like Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Abhinav Bharat.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="deepsaffron"/><ref name="Gatade saffron terror"/> The term comes from the symbolic use of the [[saffron (color)|saffron]] colour by many Hindu nationalist organisations.<ref name="ocap">{{cite news | url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-08-26/news/27614770_1_saffron-terror-terror-incidents-bomb-blasts | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120126212425/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-08-26/news/27614770_1_saffron-terror-terror-incidents-bomb-blasts | url-status = dead | archive-date = 26 January 2012 | title = Beware of saffron terror too, warns home minister |work=The Economic Times | date = 26 August 2010 | access-date = 10 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="deccanherald">{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/93137/phrase-saffron-terror-takes-message.html |title=PC defends 'saffron terror' remark |newspaper= Deccan Herald |date=1 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Asia/Story/STIStory_570749.html |title=Rise of Hindu 'saffron terror' New straits Times |date=25 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120090509/http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Asia/Story/STIStory_570749.html |archive-date=20 January 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-call-it-hindutva-terror-not-hindu-terror/20111014.htm#1|title=Call it Hindutva terror, not Hindu terror|date=14 October 2011|publisher=rediff.com/news|access-date=16 December 2014|author=Vicky Nanjappa}}</ref>

Several analysts and commentators have said that the term was being used as a [[smear tactic]] against the political opponents of Congress in the aftermath of the attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/759508/hindutva-terror-cases-nia-on-the-backfoot-as-apex-court-questions-complicity-charges|title=Hindutva terror cases: NIA on the backfoot as apex court questions complicity charges|date=4 October 2015 }}</ref><ref name="deepsaffron"/><ref name="Gatade saffron terror"/> Kanchan Gupta and [[Swapan Dasgupta]] have said that investigators of the attacks were using the term "saffron terror" in their statements to the media to promote the agenda of the Congress.<ref name="freemedia">{{cite web |url = http://rsschennai.blogspot.co.uk/2010/07/free-media-tars-rss-with-fiction.html |title = 'Free' media tars RSS with fiction |author = Kanchan Gupta |date = 18 July 2010 |work = [[The Pioneer (India) |The Pioneer]] |access-date = 2014-11-17 |author-link = Kanchan Gupta }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main46.asp?filename=Ne070810coverstorypartIII.asp |title = Battleground heats up as the Hand plucks at the Lotus, one petal at a time |author = Swapan Dasgupta |date = 7 August 2010 |work = [[Tehelka]] |access-date = 30 July 2010 |author-link = Swapan Dasgupta |archive-date = 27 December 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131227121953/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main46.asp?filename=Ne070810coverstorypartIII.asp |url-status = dead }}</ref>

Former Home Minister of India and Congress member [[P. Chidambaram]] urged Indians to beware of "saffron terror" during an August 2010 meeting of state police chiefs in New Delhi;<ref name="saffronterrorndtv">{{cite web |date=25 August 2010 |title=Saffron Terrorism — a new phenomenon, says Home Minister Chidambaram |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/saffron-terrorism-a-new-phenomenon-says-home-minister-chidambaram-47193 |access-date=14 November 2012 |publisher=NDTV.com}}</ref> his remark met with backlash from politicians and Hindu religious figures.<ref>{{cite news |author=Press Trust of India |author-link=Press Trust of India |date=30 August 2010 |title=Defamation suit against P Chidambaram for 'saffron terror' remark |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_defamation-suit-against-p-chidambaram-for-saffron-terror-remark_1431142 |access-date=30 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 September 2010 |title=Court orders probe into PC's saffron terror remarks |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Court-orders-probe-into-PC-s-saffron-terror-remarks/Article1-596703.aspx |url-status=dead |access-date=8 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909005727/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Court-orders-probe-into-PC-s-saffron-terror-remarks/Article1-596703.aspx |archive-date=9 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=TNN |date=28 August 2010 |title=Congress ticks off Chidambaram over 'saffron terror' remark |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Congress-ticks-off-Chidambaram-over-saffron-terror-remark/articleshow/6448566.cms |url-status=live |access-date=10 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105085941/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-28/india/28321710_1_saffron-terror-colour-saffron-terror-strikes |archive-date=5 November 2012}}</ref>

== 2007–2008 attacks ==
=== 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings ===
{{Main|2007 Samjhauta Express bombings}}
Twin blasts shook two coaches of the [[Samjhauta Express]] around midnight on 18 February 2007. Sixty-eight people were killed in the ensuing fire and dozens were injured.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NewsMartImportedStories/66-die-in-terror-attack-on-Samjhauta-Express/Article1-206617.aspx |title=66 die in 'terror attack' on Samjhauta Express |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 February 2007 |access-date=11 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602173937/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NewsMartImportedStories/66-die-in-terror-attack-on-Samjhauta-Express/Article1-206617.aspx |archive-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> It was originally linked to [[Abhinav Bharat]], a Hindu fundamentalist group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/The-Mirror-Explodes/266145 |title=The Mirror Explodes | Smruti Koppikar |publisher=Outlookindia.com |access-date=2014-11-17}}</ref> On 8 January 2011, [[Swami Aseemanand]], a ''[[pracharak]]'' of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), made a confession that he had been involved in the bombing of Samjhauta Express<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Aseemanand-owns-up-to-strike-on-Mecca-Masjid/articleshow/7238763.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928172014/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-08/india/28376204_1_aseemanand-naba-kumar-sarkar-bomb-for-bomb-plan |url-status=live |archive-date=28 September 2011 |title=Aseemanand owns up to strike on Mecca Masjid|date=8 January 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 March 2013}}</ref> - a statement he later said was made under duress.<ref>{{cite web|author=Rajinder Nagarkoti |agency=TNN |date=10 January 2011 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Swami-Aseemanand-confessed-under-duress-Counsel/articleshow/7250302.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928114219/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-10/india/28378569_1_nia-court-samjhauta-express-blasts-blasts-case |url-status=live |archive-date=28 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Swami Aseemanand 'confessed' under duress: Counsel|access-date=9 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="TheHindu">{{cite news|title=My arrest illegal: Aseemanand|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2237816.ece|work=The Hindu|date=18 July 2011|access-date=9 March 2013}}</ref>

There have also been allegations that [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] (LeT) was responsible for the bombings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_us-review-finds-five-warnings-of-headley-s-militant-links_1463614 |title=US review finds five warnings of Headley's militant links — India — DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=8 November 2010 |access-date=9 March 2013}}</ref> The United States and subsequently the United Nations Security Council added Arif Qasmani, a Pakistani national and LeT financier, to their sanction lists, stating that he had facilitated the bombings.<ref>{{cite web |title=ARIF QASMANI |url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/1267/aq_sanctions_list/summaries/individual/arif-qasmani |website=[[United Nations Security Council]]|quote=Qasmani has worked with LeT to facilitate terrorist attacks, including the July 2006 train bombing in Mumbai, India, and the February 2007 Samjota Express bombing in Panipat, India.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Samanta |first=Pranab Dhal |date=9 January 2011 |title=Curious case of Qasmani, who US, UN named in bombing |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/curious-case-of-qasmani-who-usun-named-in-bombing/735185/0 |access-date=9 March 2013 |work=The Indian Express |quote=In return for Qasmani's support, Al-Qaida provided him with operatives to support the July 2006 train bombing in Mumbai, India, and the February 2007 Samjota Express bombing in Panipat, India. Qasmani also facilitated the movement of Al-Qaida personnel out of Afghanistan in 2001", states the UN's narrative summary justifying the action against Qasmani. The US justification is similar.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Sachin Parashar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/LeT-trying-to-acquire-weapons-of-mass-destruction-with-help-from-Qaida/articleshow/8232717.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811144133/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-11/india/29531592_1_qaida-al-qaida-arif-qasmani |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=LeT trying to acquire weapons of mass destruction with help from Qaida|date=11 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipcs.org/article/india/samjhauta-express-blast-vs-mumbai-terror-attacks-3328.html |title=Samjhauta Express Blast Vs Mumbai Terror Attacks by Radhavinod Raju |publisher=Ipcs.org |access-date=9 March 2013}}</ref>

On 20 March 2019, Special NIA court acquitted all four accused. "The NIA Special Court has concluded that the investigating agency has failed to prove the conspiracy charge and ruled that accused deserve a benefit of doubt", NIA Counsel RK Handa said.<ref name="TheIndependent.in">{{cite web|url=http://theindependent.in/nia-fails-to-find-killers-of-68-samjhauta-express-passengers/|title=NIA fails to find killers of 68 Samjhauta Express passengers|website =TheIndependent.in|date=20 March 2019 }}</ref><ref name="aljazeera.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/3/20/samjhauta-express-blast-case-court-acquits-four-accused|title=Samjhauta Express blast case: Court acquits four accused|website =aljazeera.com|date=20 March 2019 }}</ref>

=== 2007 Ajmer Dargah attack ===
{{Main|Ajmer Dargah bombing}}
The Ajmer Dargah blast occurred on 11 October 2007, outside the [[Dargah]] (shrine) of [[Sufi]] saint [[Moinuddin Chishti]] in [[Ajmer]], Rajasthan, allegedly by the [[Hindutva]] organisation [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) and its groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/what-is-the-ajmer-dargah-blast-case-4580300/|title=What is the Ajmer Dargah blast case?|date=24 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="ToI-201110109-mole">{{cite news|last=Mohan|first=Vishwa|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Co-conspirators-saw-RSS-man-as-ISI-mole/articleshow/7244756.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104110933/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-09/india/28361088_1_rss-leader-indresh-kumar-swami-aseemanand-naba-kumar-sarkar|url-status=live|archive-date=4 November 2012|title=Co-conspirators saw RSS man as ISI mole|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 January 2011|access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/ajmer-blast-case-two-rss-pracharaks-sentenced-life-imprisonment-4580944/|title=Ajmer blast case: Two 'RSS pracharaks' sentenced life imprisonment|date=20 August 2018}}</ref> On 22 October 2010, five accused perpetrators, of which four said to belong to the RSS, were arrested in connection with the blast.<ref name="IndianExpress-20101101">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/four-of-five-ajmer-blast-accused-have-rss-links-ats/705648/|title=Four of five Ajmer blast accused have RSS links: ATS|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=1 November 2010|access-date=18 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1362808/india-jails-hindu-radicals-life-ajmer-sharif-shrine-blast/|title=India jails Hindu radicals for life over Ajmer Sharif shrine blast|date=22 March 2017}}</ref> Swami Aseemanand, in his confession, implicated the then General Secretary [[Mohan Bhagwat]] for ordering the terrorist strike.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://post.jagran.com/aseemanand-links-mohan-bhagwat-to-terror-attacks-report-1391682536|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306172818/http://post.jagran.com/aseemanand-links-mohan-bhagwat-to-terror-attacks-report-1391682536|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2014|title=Aseemanand links Mohan Bhagwat to terror attacks: Report|date=6 February 2014|work=jagran.com}}</ref> Bhavesh Patel, another accused in the bombings, has corroborated these statements but later claimed that the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]] and some other Congress leaders forced him to implicate the RSS leaders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ajmer-blast-accused-claims-shinde-forced-him-to-name-rss-chief-bhagwat/424426-3-239.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927121847/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ajmer-blast-accused-claims-shinde-forced-him-to-name-rss-chief-bhagwat/424426-3-239.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-09-27|title=Shinde forced me to name RSS chief: Ajmer blast accused|work=IBNLive}}</ref>

On 8 March 2017, a special [[National Investigation Agency]] court in Jaipur found guilty three accused, Bhavesh Patel, Devendra Gupta, and Sunil Joshi (who was murdered in 2007).<ref name=HindustanTimes>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/2007-ajmer-blast-case-swami-aseemanand-among-two-acquitted-three-people-convicted/story-djXpxsy547RAVFTIphSTzN.html|title=2007 Ajmer blast case: Swami Aseemanand acquitted, three people convicted|work=Hindustan Times |date=8 March 2017}}</ref> Both Patel and Gupta were awarded life imprisonments and imposed a fine of Rs 5,000 and Rs 10,000 respectively. [[Swami Aseemanand]] and 6 other accused were acquitted, giving them the "benefit of doubt".<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-04-17|title=Acquitted in two cases, Aseemanand still faces Samjhauta case trial|language=en|work=The News Minute|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/acquitted-two-cases-aseemanand-still-faces-samjhauta-case-trial-79690|access-date=2020-07-14}}</ref>

=== 2008 western India bombings ===
{{Main|2008 western India bombings}}
On 29 September 2008, three bombs exploded in the States of [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]] killing 8 persons and injuring 80. During the investigation in Maharashtra, the Hindu extremist group [[Abhinav Bharat]] was found to be responsible for the blasts.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2010|p=51}}{{refn|group=Note|Material seized during house arrests has shown that the Hindu militants who were responsible for this attack were all members of a new group, [[Abhinav Bharat]], engaging in violent action.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2010|p=51}}}} Three of the arrested persons were identified as [[Pragya Singh Thakur]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/arrests-of-hindu-terrorists-embarasses-bjp/article1-347669.aspx |title=Arrests of 'Hindu terrorists' embarasses BJP |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 October 2008 |access-date=9 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105035105/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/arrests-of-hindu-terrorists-embarasses-bjp/article1-347669.aspx |archive-date=5 January 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sadhvi-in-jail-for-Malegaon-blast/articleshow/3637596.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104120056/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-10-25/india/27909361_1_maharashtra-s-anti-terrorism-squad-ats-abvp |url-status=live |archive-date=4 November 2012 |title=Sadhvi in jail for Malegaon blast|date=25 October 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 March 2013}}</ref> Shiv Narayan Gopal Singh Kalsanghra and Shyam Bhawarlal Sahu. All three were produced before the Chief Judicial Magistrate's court in [[Nashik]], which remanded them to custody till 3 November.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/25/stories/2008102561761400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026033900/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/25/stories/2008102561761400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 October 2008 |title=Front Page : Malegaon blast; three remanded to custody |date=25 October 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 March 2013}}</ref> On 28 October, the [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]], came out in support of the accused saying that the arrests were merely political in nature. Lending credence to this, the party chief, [[Uddhav Thackeray]], pointed out a potential [[conflict of interest]] in political rivalry as the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) controlled the relevant ministry.<ref>{{cite web|agency=PTI |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Sadhvi_Pragya_victim_of_race_within_cops_Shiv_Sena/rssarticleshow/3649064.cms |title=Real masterminds still at large, sadhvi Pragya a victim: Sena — Mumbai — City |work=The Times of India |date=28 October 2008 |access-date=9 March 2013}}</ref> Army officer Prasad Shrikant Purohit was also accused of being involved in the blast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/malegaon-blast-ats-says-purohit-main-conspi/413034/ |title=Malegaon blast: ATS says Purohit main conspirator |work=The Indian Express |date=20 January 2009 |access-date=9 March 2013}}</ref> His counsel alleged that he was being falsely framed for political reasons because he has intelligence data of a sensitive nature pertaining to the operations of [[Students Islamic Movement of India]] (SIMI) and Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India|Inter-Services Intelligence]], which could embarrass some quarters.<ref>{{cite news|author=Agencies |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/malegaon-probe--purohit-could-even-be-eliminated-by-ats-/387838/ |title=Malegaon probe: 'Purohit could even be eliminated by ATS' |newspaper=Express India |access-date=2014-11-17}}</ref>

The [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) has reportedly found no evidence against Pragya Singh Thakur and it has recommended the court to drop all charges against her.<ref name=IndianExpress>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sunil-joshi-murder-nia-set-to-drop-case-against-sadhvi-pragya-others-arrested-by-mp-police/1212272/ |title=NIA set to drop case against Sadhvi Pragya, others arrested by MP Police |date=27 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sadhvi-pragyas-freedom-now-depends-on-hc-ruling/articleshow/56945065.cms|title=Sadhvi Pragya's freedom now depends on HC ruling | India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=3 February 2017 }}</ref> following which the Bombay High Court granted bail to Pragya Thakur on 22 April 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/835892/why-blame-judiciary-for-granting-pragya-thakur-bail-when-investigative-agencies-show-no-spine|title=Why blame judiciary for granting Pragya Thakur bail when investigative agencies show no spine?|first=Jyoti|last=Punwani|website=Scroll.in|date=28 April 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/politics-news/sadhvi-pragya-singh-may-not-like-saffron-terror-but-that-doesn-t-mean-it-was-a-bogey-59246.html|title=Sadhvi Pragya Singh may not like saffron terror, but that doesn't mean it was a 'bogey'|website=CatchNews.com}}</ref> On 31 July 2025, all seven accused were acquitted by a special NIA court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2025 |title=2008 Malegaon blast case: Special NIA court acquits all seven accused, including Pragya Thakur, Lt. Col. Purohit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/2008-malegaon-blast-case-special-nia-court-acquits-all-seven-accused-including-pragya-thakur-lt-col-purohit/article69877097.ece |archive-date=31 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250731062359/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/2008-malegaon-blast-case-special-nia-court-acquits-all-seven-accused-including-pragya-thakur-lt-col-purohit/article69877097.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Nikita |last=Yadav |date=31 July 2025 |title=India court acquits seven accused in 2008 Malegaon blast case |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz71q3d3943o |archive-date=31 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250731081634/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz71q3d3943o |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref>

Reportedly, the terms "Hindu terror" and "saffron terror" were used to describe this event in mainstream Indian media.<ref>{{Cite web |author=M. C. Joshi |title=Rip off 'secular' media's mask |newspaper=The Pioneer |date=24 November 2008 |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/136393/Rip-off-secular-medias-mask.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616100614/https://www.dailypioneer.com/136393/Rip-off-secular-medias-mask.html |archive-date=2011-06-16 }}</ref> In an analysis of the security situation during this period, [[B. Raman]] referred to acts of alleged reprisal terrorism by Hindus, criticizing "politicisation and [[Communal violence#Asia|communalisation]] of the investigative process" as leading to a "paralysis of the investigation machinery."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why politicising the Malegaon case is dangerous |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-why-politicising-the-malegaon-case-is-dangerous-raman/20111117.htm |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>

In the aftermath of the attacks, [[Rajnath Singh]], the then president of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s (BJP), spoke of a "political conspiracy" aimed at the "vilification of [[Hindu saints]] and army officers in the name of Hindu terrorism".<ref name="India Times editorial">{{cite news |author=Jug Suraiya |date=18 November 2008 |title=SUBVERSE |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/subverse/Unholy-terrors/articleshow/3729338.cms |url-status=live |access-date=24 June 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126145520/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-19/subverse/27941797_1_hindu-terror-hindu-terrorism-saffron-terror |archive-date=26 January 2013}}</ref>

== Other incidents ==
Members of [[Abhinav Bharat]] have been alleged to have been involved in a plot to kill [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] President [[Mohan Bhagwat]],<ref>{{cite news | author = Shibu Thomas, TNN | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Did-Abhinav-Bharat-plan-to-kill-RSS-chief/articleshow/6099750.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110811080415/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-28/india/28315703_1_malegaon-blast-case-mohan-bhagwat-bhagwat-and-one | url-status = live | archive-date = 11 August 2011 | title = Did Abhinav Bharat plan to kill RSS chief? | date = 28 June 2010 | work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 10 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_abhinav-bharat-used-derogatory-words-against-rss-chief-rr-patil_1369157 | title = Abhinav Bharat used derogatory words against RSS chief: RR Patil | last = Gangan | first = Surendra | date = 9 April 2010 | access-date = 12 October 2010 | location = Mumbai}}</ref> [[Headlines Today]] released a recorded video tested by the [[Central Forensic Science Laboratory]] which indicated the uncovering of an alleged plot to assassinate the [[Vice President of India]] [[Hamid Ansari]].<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/saffron-brigades-terror-plots-exposed-78776-2010-07-14 | title = Saffron brigade's terror plots exposed: India Today | last = Khetan | first = Ashsih | date = 15 July 2010 | access-date = 28 July 2010 | location = New Delhi}}</ref> Tehelka also released alleged audio tape transcripts of main conspirators of Abhinav Bharat, which indicated involvement of Military intelligence officers with the [[Abhinav Bharat]] group, in their January 2011 edition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main48.asp?filename=Ne010111The_unturned.asp |title=The Unturned Stone |work=Tehelka |access-date=14 November 2012 |archive-date=29 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029013709/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main48.asp?filename=Ne010111The_unturned.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Indian [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Secretary]] [[R. K. Singh]] said that at least 10 people having close links with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and its affiliated organisations were named accused in various acts of terror across India.<ref name="Hindu_RSS_01222013">{{cite news|title=10 people wanted in blast cases had links with RSS|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/10-people-wanted-in-blast-cases-had-links-with-rss/article4332826.ece?homepage=true|access-date=22 January 2013|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

According to released documents by [[WikiLeaks]], Congress(I) party's general secretary [[Rahul Gandhi]] remarked to US Ambassador [[Tim Roemer]], at a luncheon hosted by Prime Minister of India at his residence in July 2009, that the RSS was a "bigger threat" to India than the [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-think-before-you-speak-rss-tells-rahul/20101221.htm |title=Think before you speak, RSS tells Rahul — Rediff.com News |work=Rediff.com |date=21 December 2010 |access-date=14 November 2012}}</ref> At The Annual Conference of Director Generals of Police held in New Delhi on 16 September 2011, a special director of the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB) reportedly informed the state police chiefs that Hindutva activists have either been suspected or are under investigation in 16 incidents of bomb blasts in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southasiamail.com/news.php?id=100893 |title=Hindutva activists behind 16 terror blasts in the country? |work=South Asia Mail|access-date=14 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Anirban Bhaumik |location=New Delhi |agency=DHNS |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/192456/saffron-terror-role-being-probed.html |title='Saffron terror' role being probed |work=Deccan Herald |date=21 September 2011 |access-date=14 November 2012}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 attack on the Bangladesh Assistant High Commission in India]]
* [[Godse's Children: Hindutva Terror in India]]
* [[Makkah Masjid blast]]
* [[Cow vigilante violence in India]]
* [[Saffronisation]]

== Explanatory footnotes ==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

== References ==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last1=Andersen |first1=Walter K. |title=The brotherhood in saffron : the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu revivalism |date=2019 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |location=Noida, Uttar Pradesh |isbn=9789353055318}}
*{{cite book |last=Murphy |first=E. |date=2023 |title=Hindu Nationalism and Terrorism in India: The Saffron Threat to Democracy (1st ed.) |publisher=Routledge |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003001812 |doi=10.4324/9781003001812|isbn=9781003001812 |s2cid=258222633 }}
* {{cite news |first= Praveen |last=Swami | url = http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?265400 | title = The Rise of Hindutva Terrorism | publisher = outlookindia.com | date = 11 May 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140305095733/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?265400 | archive-date = 5 March 2014 | url-status = dead | author-link = Praveen Swami }}
*{{cite journal |last=Jaffrelot |first=C. |date=2010 |title=Abhinav Bharat, the Malegaon Blast and Hindu Nationalism: Resisting and Emulating Islamist Terrorism |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=45 |issue=36 |pages=51–58 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25742046 |jstor=25742046}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=On we the people: Is saffron terror a misnomer or real threat |url=http://social.ndtv.com/wethepeople/permalink/20556 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055953/http://social.ndtv.com/wethepeople/permalink/20556 |archive-date=21 September 2013}}

{{Hindu Nationalism}}

{{Terrorism topics}}

[[Category:Hindu terrorism| ]]
[[Category:Hinduism-motivated violence in India|terrorism]]
[[Category:Hinduism-related controversies|terrorism]]
[[Category:Far-right politics in India]]
[[Category:Right-wing terrorism]]
[[Category:Religious terrorism]]

Paani (film)

2026-04-08T07:27:57Z

Igororh: Creating Basic Details From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian Marathi language film by Adinath Kothare}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Paani film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Adinath Kothare|Adinath M. Kothare]]
| producer = {{ubl|[[Priyanka Chopra|Priyanka Chopra Jonas]]|Madhu Chopra|Neha Barjatya|Rajjat Barjatya|[[Mahesh Kothare]]|Siddharth Chopra}}
| writer = Nitin Dixit
| story =
| starring = [[Adinath Kothare]] Rucha Vaidya [[Subodh Bhave]] [[Kishor Kadam]] [[Rajit Kapur]]
| music = Gulraj Singh
| cinematography = Arjun Sorte
| editing = Mayur Hardas [[Adinath Kothare]]
| studio = {{ubl|[[Purple Pebble Pictures]]|[[Rajshri Entertainment]]|[[Kothare Vision]]}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|10|18}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| gross =
}}

'''''Paani''''' ({{Translation|Water}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Adinath Kothare]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=25 May 2019|title=Adinath Kothare's 'Paani' goes international - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/adinath-kothares-paani-goes-international/articleshow/69495644.cms|url-status=live|access-date=19 May 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519214139/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/adinath-kothares-paani-goes-international/articleshow/69495644.cms}}</ref> and produced by [[Priyanka Chopra|Priyanka Chopra Jonas]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=15 May 2018|title=Priyanka Chopra's Marathi film on water shortage titled 'Paani'|url=https://scroll.in/reel/879055/priyanka-chopras-marathi-film-on-water-shortage-titled-paani|url-status=live|access-date=19 May 2021|website=[[Scroll.in]]|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519152610/https://scroll.in/reel/879055/priyanka-chopras-marathi-film-on-water-shortage-titled-paani}}</ref> and Madhu Chopra under the banner of [[Purple Pebble Pictures]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|date=10 August 2019|title=Priyanka Chopra congratulates team for Paani's National Award. Husband Nick Jonas says proud of you|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/priyanka-chopra-on-her-marathi-production-paani-winning-national-film-award-i-am-so-proud-1579360-2019-08-10|url-status=live|access-date=19 May 2021|website=[[India Today]]|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519152610/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/priyanka-chopra-on-her-marathi-production-paani-winning-national-film-award-i-am-so-proud-1579360-2019-08-10}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Adlakha|first=Siddhant|date=3 June 2019|title=Paani movie review: This Priyanka Chopra-produced Marathi film is part 'message' drama, part oddball romance|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/paani-movie-review-this-priyanka-chopra-produced-marathi-film-is-part-message-drama-part-oddball-romance-6721031.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 May 2021|website=[[Firstpost]]|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519152610/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/paani-movie-review-this-priyanka-chopra-produced-marathi-film-is-part-message-drama-part-oddball-romance-6721031.html}}</ref> The film stars [[Adinath Kothare|Addinath Kothare]] and Rucha Vaidya in Lead roles, While [[Subodh Bhave]] and [[Kishor Kadam]] appears in supporting roles. In 2019, the film won the [[National Film Award for Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation|National Film Awards for Best Film on Environment Conservation]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=10 August 2019|title=Priyanka Chopra Writes a Lovely Note About Her Marathi Film Paani Winning The National Award For Best Feature Film on Environment Conservation|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/priyanka-chopra-writes-a-lovely-note-about-her-marathi-film-paani-winning-the-national-award-for-best-feature-film-on-environment-conservation-3741921/|url-status=live|access-date=19 May 2021|website=India.com|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519155617/https://www.india.com/entertainment/priyanka-chopra-writes-a-lovely-note-about-her-marathi-film-paani-winning-the-national-award-for-best-feature-film-on-environment-conservation-3741921/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 May 2018|title=Everything you need to know about Priyanka Chopra's Marathi film Paani|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/everything-you-need-to-know-about-priyanka-chopras-marathi-film-paani-28270.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 May 2021|website=[[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare]]|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519152610/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/everything-you-need-to-know-about-priyanka-chopras-marathi-film-paani-28270.html}}</ref> ''Paani'' was released theatrically on 18 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=मेढे|first=जयदीप|date=20 August 2024|title=सिनेइंडस्ट्रीतील तीन दिग्गज पहिल्यांदाच एकत्र, आदिनाथ कोठारेच्या दिग्दर्शनातील पहिल्या चित्रपटा|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/paani-marathi-movie-release-date-announce-adinath-kothare-directorial-debut-film-paani-rajshri-entertainment-kothare-vision-private-limited-priyanka-chopra-1307004|access-date=20 August 2024|website=ABP Majha|language=mr}}</ref> The film is based on the real-life efforts of activist Hanumant Kendre to improve the water supply in his drought-prone village in the [[Marathwada]] district.

== Plot ==
Addinath aka Hanumant Babu Kendre is an ordinary man living in a Nagderwadi, a village in [[Nanded]], plagued with drought. Paani follows his journey towards making the village independent of water, all while dealing with local goons, a budding romance, and other disruptions of daily life.<ref name=":0" />
Hanumant Kendre’s marriage got called off by the girl Suvarna’s family due to water crisis in his drought prone village. Hanumant promised the girl that he would marry her the day he resolves this crisis in his village. "Will you wait for me?" He asked. What unfolded ahead is a breathtaking true story of human endeavour driven by love.

== Cast ==
* [[Subodh Bhave]] as Balaji Kendre
* [[Kishor Kadam]] as Tatya
* [[Adinath Kothare]] as Hanumant
* Rucha Vaidya as Suvarna
* [[Rajit Kapur]]
* Nitin Dixit
* Sachin Goswami
* Mohanabai,
* Shripad Joshi
* Vikas Pandurang Patil.

== Release ==
The film was screened at [[New York Film Festival]] in the [[United States|United States of America]] and was awarded the Best Film on Environment/Conservation/Preservation at the [[66th National Film Awards]] in 2019.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The film was theatrically released on 18 October 2024.
==Soundtrack==

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 09:45
| title1 = Paani - Title Track
| length1 = 3:35
| lyrics1 = [[Adinath Kothare]]
| music1 = Gulraj Singh
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| title2 = Tujhya Sathin
| length2 = 2:56
| lyrics2 = [[Adinath Kothare]]
| music2 = Gulraj Singh
| extra2 = Gulraj Singh [[Shashaa Tirupati]]
| title3 = Nachnar
| length3 = 3:14
| lyrics3 = Manoj Yadav
| music3 = Gulraj Singh
| extra3 = [[Aanandi Joshi (singer)|Aanandi Joshi]] [[Adarsh Shinde]]|
}}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Ceremony
!Category
!Recipient
!Result
!{{Abbreviation|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2019
|[[66th National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation|Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation]]
|Producer:[[Purple Pebble Pictures]]
Director:[[Adinath Kothare]]
|{{won}}
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2019
|[[New York Indian Film Festival]]
|Best Actor
|Rowspan="3"|[[Adinath Kothare]]
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |2025
|Rowspan="4"|[[Maharashtra Times|Maharashtra Times Sanman Awards]]
|Best Film
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Best Director
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Best Writing
|Nitin Dixit
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Best Music
|Gulraj Singh
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi|Best Film]]
|Paani
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-11 |title=Priyanka Chopra applauds team as Paani earns multiple Filmfare Marathi Awards |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/priyanka-chopra-applauds-team-paani-earns-multiple-filmfare-marathi-awards/ |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Marathi|Best Director]]
|[[Adinath Kothare]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Editing – Marathi|Best Editing]]
|[[Mayur Hardas]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay – Marathi|Best Screenplay]]
|Nitin Dixit
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score – Marathi|Best Background Score]]
|Gulraj Singh
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Sound Design
|Amol Bhave
|{{Won}}
|}

== Reception ==
===Critical reception===
Siddhant Adlakha of ''[[Firstpost]]'' stated, "On paper, Paani amounts to a linear tale of steely determination overcoming the odds. However, in Adinath Kothare’s hands, it’s a nuanced character piece."<ref name=":2" /> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' wrote, "Despite being far too long and repetitive for its own good, the 148-minute Paani achieves what it sets out to do: it shows how a village joins forces to defeat a long-standing problem. Nitin Dixit’s screenplay laces a predictable plot with rich local flavour, which is enhanced by the Marathi dialect spoken in [[Marathwada]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramnath |first=Nandani |date=18 October 2024 |title='Paani' review: An engaging saga of a rare miracle in drought-prone Marathwada |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1074448/paani-review-an-engaging-saga-of-a-rare-miracle-in-drought-prone-marathwada |work=[[Scroll.in]] |access-date=24 October 2024}}</ref> Ganesh Matkari of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' called it a "balanced environmental drama." He further wrote, "Paani is largely successful in creating a plausible portrayal of a real-life crisis."<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Matkari |first=Ganesh |date=18 October 2024 |title='Paani' Review: A Balanced Environmental Drama |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/paani-review-a-balanced-environmental-drama |magazine= [[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=24 October 2024}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film earned {{INR|28 lakh}} net collection in its opening weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jogani |first=Rishil |date=2024-10-24 |title=Paani Week 1 India Box Office Collections: Priyanka Chopra backed Marathi drama nets a petty Rs 28 lakh in 7 days |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/paani-week-1-india-box-office-collections-priyanka-chopra-backed-marathi-drama-nets-an-a-petty-rs-28-lakh-in-7-days-1355126?amp=#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17299488422056&csi=0&referrer=https://www.google.com |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=8484582}}

[[Category:2024 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Maharashtra]]

Bhagabhai Dhanabhai Barad

2026-04-04T03:46:13Z

Igororh: new

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bhagabhai Dhanabhai Barad
| office = Member of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] for [[Talala Assembly constituency]]
| native_name =ભગાભાઈ ધનાભાઈ બારડ
| native_name_lang = Gj
| constituency = [[Talala Assembly constituency|Talala]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| assembly = [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Govindbhai Parmar]]
| successor =
| term_start = (2007-2012), (2017-2022), (2022-Present)
| term_end =
| source =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_name =
| birth_place =
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| parents =
| occupation = Politician
| profession = [[Construction worker|Builder]]
| nickname =
| honorific_prefix =
}}

'''Bhagabhai Dhanabhai Barad''' is an Indian [[politician]] and a member of [[Talala Assembly constituency]] of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/talala-congress-mla-bhagabhai-barad-joins-bjp/articleshow/95415180.cms?_gl=1*qdj8sr*_ga*dkh6WVBlTVNYSWVDc01pekQwNkRFN0IyVG0xZW1YUXk0TnBTa3liZkZsY0RNZGFhRGlIbGpEUDlDajdnT1BBeQ..*_ga_FCN624MN68*MTcwMTUyMjcyOS4zLjAuMTcwMTUyMjcyOS42MC4wLjA.#_ga=2.199731374.1246444863.1701522731-vHzYPeMSXIeCsMizD06DE7B2Tm1emXQy4NpSkybfFlcDMdaaDiHljDP9Cj7gOPAy|title=Talala Congress MLA Bhagabhai Barad joins BjP|access-date=2022-11-22|newspaper =The Times of India|date=10 November 2022 }}</ref> He was elected as MLA in 2017 from [[Talala Assembly constituency]] as a member of [[Indian National Congress|INC]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://zeenews.india.com/gujarat/gujarat-assembly-election-results-talala-gir-somnath-2065308.html|title=
Gujarat Assembly Election Results: Ahir Bhagabhai Dhanabhai Barad of Congress wins from Talala|access-date=2017-12-18|website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.india.com/news/india/gujarat-assembly-election-2022-will-bhagwanbhai-barads-joining-bjp-help-the-saffron-camp-to-win-talala-seat-5763718/|title=Gujarat Assembly Election 2022: Will Bhagwanbhai Barad's Joining BJP Help The Saffron Camp To Win Talala Seat?|access-date=2022-11-10|website=india.com}}</ref> In 2022 he left Congress and joined [[BJP|Bhartiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.abplive.com/states/gujarat/gujarat-assembly-election-2022-who-is-bhagwanbhai-dhanabhai-brar-who-left-congress-and-joined-bjp-2256298|title=Gujarat Election 2022: कौन हैं कांग्रेस छोड़ BJP में शामिल हुए भगवानभाई धनाभाई बराड़, पार्टी ने इस सीट से दिया है टिकट|access-date=2022-11-10|website=abplive.com|date=10 November 2022 }}</ref>

In [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] he was re-elected for MLA from [[Talala Assembly constituency]] as member of [[BJP]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/gujarat/bhagabhai-dhanabhai-barad-talala-candidate-s06a091c09/|title= Gujarat Assembly Election Results 2022:Bhagabhai Dhanabhai Barad.|website=news18.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/talala-91|title=GUJARAT ELECTION 2022: TALALA ASSEMBLY SEAT|website=hindustantimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://news.abplive.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election-2022/gujarat-talala-constituency-91.html|title=Gujarat Assembly Election Results 2022 Live|website=abplive.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhanabhai Barad, Bhagabhai}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:People from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:1958 births]]

{{Gujarat-INC-politician-stub}}

Jubilee (TV series)

2026-04-03T07:39:46Z

Igororh: created new stub

{{Short description|Indian period drama series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Jubilee poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = [[Historical drama|Period drama]]
| story = Atul Sabharwal Soumik Sen
| screenplay = Atul Sabharwal
| writer = Hartej Sawhney Nishant Agarwal
| creator = [[Vikramaditya Motwane]] [[Soumik Sen]]
| director = [[Vikramaditya Motwane]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]
*[[Aparshakti Khurana]]
*[[Aditi Rao Hydari]]
*[[Sidhant Gupta]]
*[[Wamiqa Gabbi]]
*[[Ram Kapoor]]
*[[Nandish Sandhu]]
}}
| composer =
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Amit Trivedi]] '''Background Score:''' [[Alokananda Dasgupta]]
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 10
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Dipa De Motwane
| location =
| cinematography = Pratik Shah
| editor = [[Aarti Bajaj]]
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime =
| company = Andolan Films [[Reliance Entertainment]] [[Phantom Studios]]
| budget =
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| released = {{Start date|2023|04|07|df=yes}}
| related =
}}
'''''Jubilee''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Historical drama|period drama]] television series on [[Amazon Prime Video]]. The series is co-created and directed by [[Vikramaditya Motwane]] along with [[Soumik Sen]] and produced by Andolan Films, [[Phantom Studios]] and [[Reliance Entertainment]]. The series featured an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Aparshakti Khurana]], [[Sidhant Gupta]], [[Aditi Rao Hydari]], [[Wamiqa Gabbi]] and [[Ram Kapoor]]. Set during the late-1940s and early-1950s, during the partition of India, the series is a fictionalized story exploring the lives of studio owners, stars and two aspiring individuals as they navigate ambition, betrayal and love in the Hindi film industry.

The idea of ''Jubilee'' was originated in late-2013 as Motwane discussed with his partners in Phantom Studios on the popularity of web series and this prompted to develop a story set during the golden period of Hindi cinema in the 1940s and 1950s. Motwane discussed with Atul Sabharwal to create a story based on his idea, while providing additional inputs from Hartej Sawhney and Nishant Agarwal, and had several real life incidents being fictionalized for the narrative. Following an extensive pre-production and casting process, along with the delays of [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the series was shot from December 2021 to early 2022 in a span of 90 days. It was filmed by Pratik Shah, edited by [[Aarti Bajaj]] and scored by [[Alokananda Dasgupta]], while also featuring a soundtrack composed by [[Amit Trivedi]] and written by [[Kausar Munir]].

''Jubilee'' was premiered in two parts with the first five episodes premiering first on 7 April 2023 and the remaining five episodes being premiered a week later. The series' received acclaim for the story, screenplay, direction, performances and the technical aspects which helped in recreating the period era, but received criticism for the length and writing of female characters. It received nine [[Filmfare OTT Awards]], three [[Indian Television Academy Awards]] and an [[Asian Academy Creative Awards|Asian Academy Creative Award]] amongst other accolades.

== Plot ==
Exactly a month before the [[Partition of India]], bonafide producer Shrikant Roy, who owns the studio Roy Talkies, in [[Bombay]], is in search of a new actor to debut in his latest film, ''Sunghursh'', as the protagonist. He hopes to give the pseudonym, 'Madan Kumar', to the performer selected. A theatre actor, Jamshed Khan, is selected. Jamshed is in an [[extra-marital affair]] with Sumitra Kumari, a high-profile [[Bollywood]] actress and Roy's wife. They both plan to run away to [[Karachi]]. Binod Das, the projector boy of Roy Talkies and Roy's right-hand man, is sent to [[Lucknow]] to bring both Jamshed and Sumitra back to the studio.

On the train ride to Lucknow, Binod meets playwright Jay Khanna, Jamshed's best friend, whose family own a theater company in Karachi. Binod tries to convince Kumari to go back to Bombay with him, but she remains steadfast in her decision and does not budge. Binod meets Jamshed, who is about to act in a theater production of ''[[Hamlet]]'', using a different alias. He indirectly threatens Jamshed of the repercussions of not acting in Roy's new film. Soon, Jamshed sneaks out of the theater to leave for Karachi by train. When riots break out as a result of announcing the Partition, Jamshed is unable to find a ride to the train station. Binod offers him a ride, however, not before Jamshed comes upon Binod's true identity. Jamshed attacks Binod, causing the car to swerve out of control and crash in the street. Binod extricates himself from the wreck, leaving Jamshed trapped inside.

Revealing his plans to take up the mantle of Madan Kumar for himself, Binod beats Jamshed unconscious. However, a group of rioters come upon them, and Binod manages to escape before he is found by Jay. With Binod and Jay watching from a nearby alleyway, the rioters attack Jamshed, beating him senseless before carrying him away and killing him. Upon returning to Bombay, Binod tells everyone that Jamshed went to Karachi. When questioned by Roy, he succeeds in distracting him by auditioning in front of him. Highly impressed, Binod is selected for the role and given the screen name of ‘Madan Kumar’. But Sumitra Kumari is suspicious of him, and unsuccessfully attempts to sabotage Binod's screen test. Roy managed to get photographs of Binod beating Jamshed unconscious in Lucknow, which he keeps. Meanwhile, Jay, whose family has lost their theater company and house in Karachi, come to Bombay as refugees. He aspires to make it big as a director with his story, ''Taxi Driver'', for which he wanted to cast Jamshed. He falls in love with the [[tawaif]], Niloufer.

Jay's script is rejected by Roy, solely for the hero being poor. He then tries to narrate it to Roy's financer, Shamsher Walia, but gets rejected again, as Walia does not want to produce films. After Roy and he get into a fight, Jay confronts Walia for his inability to take risks. Walia agrees and produces Jay's film, helping him create his own studio. Jay and Walia are eventually pitted against Roy and Madan Kumar. After ''Taxi Driver'' is released to rave reviews, Madan tries to get Niloufer on his side by casting her in his next film, ''Raj Mahal''. She is more than happy as she admires Madan. They begin an affair, which Jay soon learns of. He later has a public spat with Madan, which makes it into the news.

Jay, in turn, takes Sumitra Kumari as the heroine for his next film, ''Baiju Awara''. The film is a runaway hit, for its instant connection with the middle class, while ''Raj Mahal'' flops badly, as Roy changed the story last minute to suit Madan and Niloufer's real-life scandal. Jay becomes a huge star. Pratap Singh, a teacher who had helped Jay after the partition and now works in his studio wants to get him married to his daughter Kiran. But Jay still loves Niloufer and comforts her after her split from Madan. He's also mesmerized by the new technology of cinemascope that is about to get introduced by Roy. Roy invites him to work with him but Walia is against it as the film would involve American technology and Jay is in an agreement with the Soviet government.

Madan meets with the Soviet representatives, promising them that his younger brother Naren Das will play the lead role in their propaganda films under his aegis. To break free of Roy Talkies, Madan uses a fake government letter to persuade Roy (a frequent gambler) to invest all of Roy Talkies' money into cotton stocks, then alerts the Income Tax Department. The police subsequently raid Roy Talkies and place Roy under arrest. Distraught at Madan's betrayal, Roy kills himself, but before doing so prepares an envelope for Sumitra. Within the envelope, Sumitra finds photographs which prove that Madan killed Jamshed. Madan is charged with murder which tarnishes his image. Jay is called to court as a witness, but he lies as a pay-off for Madan saving him during the riots and their earlier friendship, claiming that Madan was trying to rescue Jamshed Khan from the car and only knocked him unconsciousness so he would not suffer a painful death at the hands of the rioters. A distraught Sumitra commits suicide.

A phone call of Jay and Niloufer gets recorded by the Soviets, in which Jay admits that Madan did not try to rescue Jamshed and instead left him to die. Pratap Singh uses the call to blackmail Jay, and to save his studio and career he marries Kiran, abandoning Niloufer in Pune. Binod retires from acting and leaves Bombay with his wife, while his younger brother Naren runs away from home and becomes a beggar on the streets of Bombay. With both its owners dead, Roy Talkies is shut down.

== Cast ==
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as Srikant Roy
* [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] as Sumitra Kumari, Roy's wife
* [[Aparshakti Khurana]] as Binod Das / Madan Kumar
* [[Sidhant Gupta]] as Jay Khanna
* [[Nandish Sandhu]] as Jamshed Khan
* [[Wamiqa Gabbi]] as Niloufer "Nilo" Qureshi, a tawaif, prostitute and film actress
* [[Ram Kapoor]] as Shamsher Singh Walia
* [[Shweta Basu Prasad]] as Ratna Das, Binod's wife
* Sukhmanee Lamba as Kiran Singh Sethi
* [[Arun Govil]] as Narain Khanna, Jay's father
* [[Indraneel Bhattacharya|Aarya Bhatta]] as Nanik Jotwani
* Ajay Dutta as Hemant Ganguly
* Tushar Phulke as Janak Mehta
* Narottam Bain as Maqsood
* Alok Arora as Raghu Jhalani
* Harish Chhabra as R. N. Mullick
* Madhu Sachdeva as Bhagwanti Khanna, Jay's mother
* Chirag Katrecha as Naren Das, Binod's brother
* Pankaj Jha Kashyap as Lucknow Inspector
* [[Edward Sonnenblick]] as Vladimir Sayadyants
* Akshay Batchu as Shyam Khanna, Jay's younger brother
** Aryavart Mishra as Young Shyam
* Suhani Popli as Meena Devi, Niloufer's friend
* [[Ashok Banthia]] as Pratap Singh Sethi, Kiran's father
* [[Amit Trivedi]] as a singer in the song "Dil Jahan Pe Le Chala" (cameo)

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table
| background = #FADA5E
| overall = yes
| title = yes
| director = yes
| writer = yes
| airdate = yes
| episodes =
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = Aag
| DirectedBy = [[Vikramaditya Motwane]]
| WrittenBy = Atul Sabharwal and [[Soumik Sen]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|04|07}}
| LineColor = #FADA5E
| ShortSummary = Studio owner Srikant Roy discovers that his wife Sumitra is having an affair with the studio’s upcoming star, Jamshed Khan. Roy sends his loyal lab assistant Binod to Lucknow to bring them both back, urgently. Binod finds a unique way to get his boss what he wants.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Sunghursh
| DirectedBy = Vikramaditya Motwane
| WrittenBy = Atul Sabharwal and Soumik Sen
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|04|07}}
| LineColor = #FADA5E
| ShortSummary = Roy gambles on his new star. Binod navigates the way around his new life. Sumitra refuses to let go of Jamshed. Jay arrives in Bombay and is forced to take up a life of crime. Niloufer moves to Bombay but gets caught in a dangerous situation.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Dosti
| DirectedBy = Vikramaditya Motwane
| WrittenBy = Atul Sabharwal and Soumik Sen
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|04|07}}
| LineColor = #FADA5E
| ShortSummary = Jay goes job-hunting and is reunited with an old friend. Niloufer creates her own opportunities. Nanik Jotwani and Roy begin a revolutionary venture. Roy's distribution gamble on ''Sunghursh'' fails. Binod's newfound stardom is threatened by a surprise twist.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = Junoon
| DirectedBy = Vikramaditya Motwane
| WrittenBy = Atul Sabharwal and Soumik Sen
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|04|07}}
| LineColor = #FADA5E
| ShortSummary = Binod is blackmailed. Niloufer and Jay rekindle their friendship. Jotwani introduces Roy to some new, powerful friends. Roy protects Binod from catastrophe, at the cost of Jay's career.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = Baazi
| DirectedBy = Vikramaditya Motwane
| WrittenBy = Atul Sabharwal and Soumik Sen
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|04|07}}
| LineColor = #FADA5E
| ShortSummary = An international propaganda tussle begins at Roy Talkies. Jay is determined to start his own studio, but has to make a huge personal sacrifice in order to. Binod backs out of a commitment, and creates an enemy in the process.

}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = Naya Daur
| DirectedBy = Vikramaditya Motwane
| WrittenBy = Atul Sabharwal and Soumik Sen
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|04|14}}
| LineColor = #FADA5E
| ShortSummary = Binod is haunted by memories of Lucknow. Jay struggles to shoot his film. Niloufer makes a big decision. Sumitra finally finds a lead in her search for justice.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| Title = Raasta
| DirectedBy = Vikramaditya Motwane
| WrittenBy = Atul Sabharwal and Soumik Sen
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|04|14}}
| LineColor = #FADA5E
| ShortSummary = Niloufer meets the man of her dreams. A heartbroken Jay decides to move on. Binod and Niloufer start shooting for ''Rajmahal''. Jay and Binod get into a brawl. Sumitra reveals Binod’s secret to the press.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| Title = Intezaar
| DirectedBy = Vikramaditya Motwane
| WrittenBy = Atul Sabharwal and Soumik Sen
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|04|14}}
| LineColor = #FADA5E
| ShortSummary = Roy reshoots ''Rajmahal'' to save the film from scandal. ''Rajmahal''{{'s}} failure has surprising consequences for Jay. Niloufer's heartbreak leads her into the arms of another. Roy makes Jay an offer he can’t refuse, leading Jay to destroy a friendship.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| Title = Bewafa
| DirectedBy = Vikramaditya Motwane
| WrittenBy = Atul Sabharwal and Soumik Sen
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|04|14}}
| LineColor = #FADA5E
| ShortSummary = Sumitra finds a witness. Binod prepares for the greatest betrayal of his life. Jay jeopardises his future. Roy leaves Sumitra a surprise gift.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| Title = Jubilee
| DirectedBy = Vikramaditya Motwane
| WrittenBy = Atul Sabharwal and Soumik Sen
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|04|14}}
| LineColor = #FADA5E
| ShortSummary = Sumitra takes Binod to court. Binod summons a shock witness. Jay's plans to elope are put to the test. As the drama of the series is resolved, the characters find their own paths moving forward.
}}
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The idea of ''Jubilee'' originated during late-2013 when Motwane discussed with his partners at [[Phantom Films]] regarding the legacy of popular television shows such as ''[[Game of Thrones]]'' and ''[[Breaking Bad]]'' and felt that they spoke more about these shows than the films being made, which in turn led him to think about developing a series that focused on the golden age of Indian film industry.<ref name="TheWeekMotwane">{{Cite web |last=Jaiswal |first=Pooja Biraia |date=2023-04-23 |title='I am known for the lack of signature style': Vikramaditya Motwane |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2023/04/14/filmmaker-vikramaditya-motwane-interview.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824225657/https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2023/04/14/filmmaker-vikramaditya-motwane-interview.html |archive-date=2023-08-24 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |language=en}}</ref> He then shared his idea to Atul Sabharwal to develop a story for the project. While Motwane was directing ''[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games]]'' for [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Garima |date=2023-05-01 |title=Vikramaditya Motwane On 'Jubilee': Our Main Concern Was To Create Compelling And Interesting Characters That Audience Connects To |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/vikramaditya-motwane-on-jubilee-our-main-concern-was-to-create-compelling-and-interesting-characters-that-audience-connects-to-news-282718 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510022812/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/vikramaditya-motwane-on-jubilee-our-main-concern-was-to-create-compelling-and-interesting-characters-that-audience-connects-to-news-282718 |archive-date=2023-05-10 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |language=en}}</ref> Sabharwal then wrote 10 drafts for the scripts for each episode within one year, as each draft for an episode takes around 2–3 days for writing specifically. Motwane who had likened Sabharwal's story had [[Pitch (filmmaking)|pitched]] a [[Television pilot|pilot episode]] for [[Amazon Prime Video]] who had officially greenlit the project.<ref name="TheWeekMotwane" /> Motwane claimed that Aparna Purohit, the head of [[Amazon India originals]] had been supporitve in making the series, and the executives of Amazon and the crew also shared positive feedback for the project.<ref name="NIEMotwane">{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |date=2023-04-18 |title=INTERVIEW {{!}} ‘We didn’t want Jubilee to become a lesson in filmmaking’ |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2023/Apr/18/interview--we-didnt-want-jubileeto-become-a-lesson-in-filmmaking-2566841.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522003710/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2023/Apr/18/interview--we-didnt-want-jubileeto-become-a-lesson-in-filmmaking-2566841.html |archive-date=2023-05-22 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
{{Quote box
| quote = "It’s the stories you hear… There is some truth, some gossip and everything put into this. Today (who’s to say) what’s true, what’s made up and what’s an urban legend that’s taken a life of its own to become stories that we hear almost 70-75 years after the era… It’s a wonderful way of presenting it to the audience"
| source = — Vikramaditya Motwane on ''Jubilee''<ref name="IndianExpMotwane" />
| align = right
| width = 25%
}}
Motwane's liking to the film's of the 1940s and 1950s era, and celebrities who were popular in that era [[Raj Kapoor]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Trisha |date=2025-06-11 |title=How ‘Jubilee’ Reimagines Raj Kapoor for the Streaming Age |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/cinema/raj-kapoor-vs-jay-khanna-jubilee-truths-and-fiction/article69641075.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250904165049/https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/cinema/raj-kapoor-vs-jay-khanna-jubilee-truths-and-fiction/article69641075.ece |archive-date=2025-09-04 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Guru Dutt]], [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]], [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Dev Anand]], [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Nargis]] and [[Madhubala]], led him to set this period for the series.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Swati |date=2023-04-16 |title='Jubilee Didn't Delve Into Direct Politics of Partition': Vikramaditya Motwane |url=https://www.thequint.com/videos/jubilee-director-vikramaditya-motwane-cast-aditi-rao-hydari-aparshakti-khurrana-sidhant-interview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417103443/https://www.thequint.com/videos/jubilee-director-vikramaditya-motwane-cast-aditi-rao-hydari-aparshakti-khurrana-sidhant-interview |archive-date=2023-04-17 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[The Quint]] |language=en}}</ref> He also considered the ambitions of the storytelling and creative ideas fleshed out during that time, excited them, prompting to create a fictional world for the series similar to ''[[Mad Men]]''.<ref name="ScrollMotwane">{{Cite web |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Udita |date=2023-04-02 |title=Web series ‘Jubilee’ is a ‘tribute to ambition’ of early Hindi film stars |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1046666/period-drama-jubilee-is-a-tribute-to-ambition |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529100547/https://scroll.in/reel/1046666/period-drama-jubilee-is-a-tribute-to-ambition |archive-date=2023-05-29 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}</ref> However, he did not want to focus on the echo-chambery of the films or too reliant on in-jokes but instead focus on a character-driven narrative.<ref name="NIEMotwane" />

Motwane considered the story to be partly [[urban legend]] and from stories that people had heard of "how certain directors worked in the past or how a certain actor had to leave for a certain reason".<ref name="TheWeekMotwane" /> Later he also documented the geo-political situations in that period, the conditions in the refugee camps soon after partition and the Russian-American influences and how Russians being fascinated with Indian cinema also helped in shaping the narrative.<ref name="TheWeekMotwane" /><ref name="IndianExpMotwane">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-31 |title=Truth, gossip and urban legends: Vikramaditya Motwane on exploring golden era of Hindi cinema in Jubilee |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/truth-gossip-and-urban-legends-vikramaditya-motwane-on-exploring-golden-era-of-cinema-in-jubilee-8530106/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601131934/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/truth-gossip-and-urban-legends-vikramaditya-motwane-on-exploring-golden-era-of-cinema-in-jubilee-8530106/ |archive-date=2023-06-01 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> Sanghamitra Chatterjee, co-founder of Past Perfect Heritage Management, also involved in the pre-production sharing her ideas and insights of India during the 1940s and 1950s through a coffee table book. Motwane added that a lot of research has been went on recreating the period from vehicles, locations, sets, music and other elements.<ref name="TheWeekMotwane" /><ref name="NIEMotwane" /> The second season was greenlit after the first season's success, but in 2024, it was reported to be cancelled owing to budget constraints,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatnagar |first=Akash |date=2024-04-02 |title=Exclusive: Vikramaditya Motwane's Jubilee season 2 gets cancelled? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/exclusive-vikramaditya-motwane-jubilee-season-2-gets-cancelled-101712060732375.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618203931/https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/exclusive-vikramaditya-motwane-jubilee-season-2-gets-cancelled-101712060732375.html |archive-date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> though [[Wamiqa Gabbi]], a year later, had clarified that the season was still in writing stage.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-08 |title=Here's what Wamiqa Gabbi has to share about 'Jubilee 2' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/heres-what-wamiqa-gabbi-has-to-share-about-jubilee-2/articleshow/120989277.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260110122254/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/heres-what-wamiqa-gabbi-has-to-share-about-jubilee-2/articleshow/120989277.cms |archive-date=2026-01-10 |access-date=2026-03-17 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-08 |title=Wamiqa Gabbi On Jubilee 2: "I Think It Is In The Writing Stage, I Know This Much" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/here-s-what-wamiqa-gabbi-has-to-share-about-jubilee-2-8359777 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509203658/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/here-s-what-wamiqa-gabbi-has-to-share-about-jubilee-2-8359777 |archive-date=2025-05-09 |access-date=2026-03-17 |work=[[NDTV]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Motwane needed established actors for the roles Srikant Roy and Sumitra Kumari, hence [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] and [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] were cast without an audition, as was [[Ram Kapoor]] for Shamsher Singh Walia.<ref name="TheWeekMotwane" /> Motwane liked Prosenjit's performance in [[Chokher Bali (2003 film)|''Chokher Bali'']] (2003) which resulted in his involvement, as he was considered interesting for Srikant's role.<ref name="ScrollMotwane" /> Prosenjit added that Srikant Roy was seen as a villain but did not due to the multitude of shades while expressing the character's internal conflicts that led him to work more on the character.<ref name="FilmfareInterview">{{Cite web |last=Pardiwalla |first=Tanzim |date=2023-04-09 |title=Exclusive: Aditi Rao Hydari, Vikramaditya Motwane and co. unpack cinema history in Jubilee |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-aditi-rao-hydari-vikramaditya-motwane-and-co-unpack-cinema-history-in-jubilee-57802.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428153507/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-aditi-rao-hydari-vikramaditya-motwane-and-co-unpack-cinema-history-in-jubilee-57802.html |archive-date=2023-04-28 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |date=2023-04-03 |title=Prasenjit Chatterjee, Aditi Rao Hydari, Aparshakti Khurana, Vikramaditya Motwane on Prime Video’s Period Bollywood Series ‘Jubilee’ (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2023/global/asia/prasenjit-chatterjee-aditi-rao-hydari-aparshakti-khurana-vikramaditya-motwane-prime-video-jubilee-1235571529/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516131208/https://variety.com/2023/global/asia/prasenjit-chatterjee-aditi-rao-hydari-aparshakti-khurana-vikramaditya-motwane-prime-video-jubilee-1235571529/ |archive-date=2024-05-16 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Regarding Aditi, Motwane said that as she played a lot of fragile characters, "to play somebody the exact opposite, who’s a bit of a badass and going through massive turmoil was interesting".<ref name="ScrollMotwane" /> Aditi referenced [[Rachel Weisz]]'s performance from ''[[The Favourite (2018 film)|The Favourite]]'' (2018) to study about Kumari's character.<ref name="FilmfareInterview" />

For the rest of the actors, he had held auditions, which included for roles of parallel and supporting artists. Casting Bay handled the auditions. [[Sidhant Gupta]] had auditioned multiple times for the role of Jay Khanna, before being finalised. Motwane noted that Sidhant had the "pure intensity which he brought to the table. There was something really interesting about this guy with fire in his eyes. That little bit of fire and pain."<ref name="ScrollMotwane" /> To prepare for his role, Gupta refrained from watching black and white films at that time as the acting was poetic but instead researched about the [[partition of India]] for character study.<ref name="FilmfareInterview" />

Motwane was initially unsure on [[Aparshakti Khurana]] for the role of Binod, but was later "blown away" by his audition. Khurana added that Binod's character was also personal to him owing to journey as a costume stylist and then as a television host before acting in Hindi cinema.<ref name="FilmfareInterview" /> Initially, Wamiqa Gabbi was earlier auditioned for Nilofer, but Motwane insisted to choose another actor for the role. As the filming was interrupted due to the pandemic, Motwani had to rework the casting process during which he saw Gabbi's [[Instagram|Instagram Reels]] and was impressed by her sense of humour. Hence, he re-auditioned her for Nilofer which was later finalised.<ref name="ScrollMotwane" /><ref name="TheWeekMotwane" />

=== Filming ===
Filming for ''Jubilee'' was intended to begin in April 2020 but was delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic lockdown]].<ref name="TheWeekMotwane" /> After extensive pre-production works and casting changes, [[principal photography]] eventually commenced in December 2021 and continued till early-2022.<ref name="TheWeekMotwane" /> The film was shot in a span of 90 days as most of the scenes were shot at sets in [[Mumbai]] except for the steam engine and station sequences which were shot in [[Sri Lanka]] due to their period-friendly aesthetics that prompted them to shoot them efficiently without [[visual effects]].<ref name="ScrollMotwane" /> According to Motwane, he felt that he did not "get as much time when you are doing a series", hence he had to plan a clockwork that can be able to maximise the timeframe, while also maintaing the period aesthetic.<ref name="TheWeekMotwane" />

=== Design ===

==== Sets ====
Aparna Sud and Mukund Gupta served as the production designers.<ref name="ADISet">{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Takshi |date=2023-04-14 |title=Set design is the main supporting character in Vikramaditya Motwane's Jubilee |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/story/set-design-is-the-main-supporting-character-in-vikramaditya-motwanes-jubilee-review-amazon-prime-aditi-rao-hydari-movies/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610020245/https://www.architecturaldigest.in/story/set-design-is-the-main-supporting-character-in-vikramaditya-motwanes-jubilee-review-amazon-prime-aditi-rao-hydari-movies/ |archive-date=2023-06-10 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[Architectural Digest India]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> Much of the work went on designing the sets, props and aesthetics, in order to replicate the 1940s and 1950s era.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/vikramaditya-motwane-the-budget-was-the-most-challenging-part-of-jubilee-apart-from-the-research/articleshow/98969145.cms|title=Vikramaditya Motwane: The budget was the most challenging part of 'Jubilee' apart from the research|website=The Times of India|date=24 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=4 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104180606/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/vikramaditya-motwane-the-budget-was-the-most-challenging-part-of-jubilee-apart-from-the-research/articleshow/98969145.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> It was challenging for Motwane, to replicate that in the modern era thereby resulting them to build sets from scratch to create authenticity and follow the [[Art Deco]] method owing to budget constraints.<ref name="ADISet" /><ref name="IndianExpMotwane" /> Much of the structures such as the studio lot of Roy Talkies, Majestic Hotel, Empire Cinema were created from scratch including the streets of 1940s.<ref name="ADISet" /> Motwane revealed that a whole set was oriented for a single bicycle shot to have a "grand opening shot where you see him cycling, then as you turn the corner you reveal the movie theatre".<ref name="ScrollMotwane" />

To provide contrast from the world of cinema and reality happening in refugee camps, several changes were made in design, especially in shooting those scenes, where they used steadicam for that sequences while the sequences happening Roy Talkies utilized trolleys and dolly shots.<ref name="ADISet" /> The scenes within cinema halls were filmed in Liberty, Alfred, [[Maratha Mandir]] and Vishal Talkies, as constructing a real set of theatre to film was practically unfeasible and expensive. The team refrained from the use of blue and went ahead with warm colors that provided subdued ambience and less saturation. The team practically used yellow bulbs in the offices and mirrors, while lanterns and firelight were used in the refugee camps.<ref name="ADISet" />

==== Costumes and makeup ====
Shruti Kapoor was the costume designer while Serina Tixiera served as the makeup artist.<ref name="TVoFCostume">{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Ektaa |date=2023-04-26 |title=Inside the Jubilee Powder Room with Shruti Kapoor |url=https://www.thevoiceoffashion.com/intersections/film-x-fashion/inside-the-jubilee-powder-room-with-shruti-kapoor-5479 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250912120722/https://www.thevoiceoffashion.com/intersections/film-x-fashion/inside-the-jubilee-powder-room-with-shruti-kapoor-5479 |archive-date=2025-09-12 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=The Voice of Fashion |language=en}}</ref> For Srikant Roy, Motwane had referenced [[Marcello Mastroianni]] from ''[[8½]]'' (1963) for the character's looks as "he was gorgeous with his shirts and waistcoats and slicked-back hair. It was so specific in our heads".<ref name="FilmfareInterview" /> The costumes and attire were also specific on reflecting the character's attitude as a rich person, which Shruti added: "Roy is a powerful man. He always has to assert his superiority—that’s why we never see him in casual clothing."<ref name="TVoFCostume" /> Sumitra Kumari's character had a reference to [[Audrey Hepburn]] and [[Gayatri Devi]] because of the former's "sense of fragility" and the latter, "was one of the first people who was a queen and would wear men's clothes—trousers and shirts" which was bold for that time.<ref name="FilmfareInterview" /> Shruti had designed several printed chifforns and organza saris to replicate Gayatri's costumes, but shown mild variations to not replicate it too much. One of the standouts of her look, featured a lone-off shoulder dress that had multiple iterations, until they settled for a heavily embroidered organza fabric, which was created by Surya Sarkar.<ref name="TVoFCostume" />

Das' character goes from a lab architect to a film star. Hence, not only the costumes, but the looks also had to be varied to emulate that. In the beginning, he was seen wearing dark earthy colours, and a white dhoti-kurta but after he becomes a film star named Madan Kumar, he wears pants, blazer and crisp shirts. Shruti said, "When we see him as Madan Kumar, in a dark brown and mustard suit, complete with oversized sunglasses – it’s a sign that he has made it–he has switched from the staff quarter to the star quarter."<ref name="TVoFCostume" /> Khanna's character was tough for Kapoor to design costumes, as his character begins from pinnacle and then he loses his fame, resulting him to underplay his looks style-wise from the first episode. Sidhant said he had to wear oversized shirts and high-waisted costumes, thus making him walk differently and changes his style as well.<ref name="FilmfareInterview" /> For Khanna's first scene, Shruti created about 25 jackets for the character.<ref name="TVoFCostume" />

Nilofer's costumes range from [[anarkali]] and [[Shalwar kameez|salwar kameez]] to trouser-shirts, defining her character. Gabbi's green anarkali which she wore in the first scene was reference to [[Madhuri Dixit]]'s character [[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|''Devdas'']] (2002) according to fashion blogs, but Shruti denied it as the color worked well with the background dancers' cream-gold outfits. Much of the other accessories were bought from [[Chor Bazaar, Mumbai]], including Srikant's oversized tortoise-shell sunglasses.<ref name="TVoFCostume" />

=== Music ===
{{See also|Jubilee (soundtrack)}}
''Jubilee'' features a 12-song soundtrack and original score composed by [[Alokananda Dasgupta]] and [[Amit Trivedi]], Motwane's previous collaborators. Trivedi had composed the soundtrack along with [[Anvita Dutt]]'s ''[[Qala (film)|Qala]]'' (2022), being set in the same 1940s to 1950s period as ''Jubilee''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-14|title=Amit Trivedi says he ate ‘sattvik bhojan’ while working on Jubilee’s album: ‘I transported myself to that era’|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/amit-trivedi-ate-sattvik-bhojan-working-on-jubilee-album-8555855/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421184835/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/amit-trivedi-ate-sattvik-bhojan-working-on-jubilee-album-8555855/|archive-date=2023-04-21|access-date=2026-03-18|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Kausar Munir]] wrote lyrics for all the songs, whom being an avid fan of the 1950s [[Hindi film music]] and followed the melodies and the script, instead of extensively researching it.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|date=2023-04-11|title=Kausar Munir: ‘For a song to become really memorable, the lyrics matter’|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1047142/kausar-munir-for-a-song-to-become-really-memorable-the-lyrics-matter|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504054414/https://scroll.in/reel/1047142/kausar-munir-for-a-song-to-become-really-memorable-the-lyrics-matter|archive-date=2023-05-04|access-date=2026-03-18|website=[[Scroll.in]]|language=en}}</ref> The entire soundtrack was recorded live. Dasgupta also went ahead with an orchestral scoring, utilziing strings, brass, horns, clarinets and whistles, and drew with the classic melodies to get the periodic feel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khurana|first=Suanshu|date=2023-05-20|title=‘Vikramaditya Motwane is the only one who allowed me the space to experiment’: Alokananda Dasgupta|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/vikramaditya-motwane-allowed-space-to-experiment-alokananda-dasgupta-8619420/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521150119/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/vikramaditya-motwane-allowed-space-to-experiment-alokananda-dasgupta-8619420/|archive-date=2023-05-21|access-date=2026-03-18|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref> The soundtrack album was released on 24 March 2023, while Dasgupta's score was also released on 10 May, both being distributed under the T-Series label.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-24|title=Jubilee music album, composed by Amit Trivedi, out! Prime Video drops first music video ‘Babuji Bhole Bhale’|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/jubilee-music-album-composed-amit-trivedi-prime-video-drops-first-music-video-babuji-bhole-bhale/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601031800/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/jubilee-music-album-composed-amit-trivedi-prime-video-drops-first-music-video-babuji-bhole-bhale/|archive-date=2023-06-01|access-date=2026-03-18|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|language=en}}</ref>

== Marketing and release ==
In April 2022, [[Amazon Prime Video]] announced ''Jubilee'' as one amongst the 40 other Indian original titles to be launched during their inaugural "Prime Video Presents India" showcase.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |date=2022-04-28 |title=Amazon Prime Video Doubles Down on India Investment With 40-Strong Slate, Licensing Deals and TVOD Service |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/amazon-prime-video-india-slate-2022-1235243360/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003195928/https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/amazon-prime-video-india-slate-2022-1235243360/ |archive-date=2022-10-03 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosser |first=Michael |date=2022-04-29 |title=Amazon Prime Video India unveils slate of 40 original titles and TVoD service |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/amazon-prime-video-india-unveils-slate-of-40-original-titles-and-tvod-service/5169980.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614083303/https://www.screendaily.com/news/amazon-prime-video-india-unveils-slate-of-40-original-titles-and-tvod-service/5169980.article |archive-date=2024-06-14 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[Screen International]] |language=en}}</ref> A [[first look]] and [[teaser trailer]] was launched on 17 March 2023,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/vikramaditya-motwane-jubilee-a-very-human-story-that-s-true-to-its-period-news-270890|title=Vikramaditya Motwane: 'Jubilee' A Very Human Story That's True To Its Period|website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|date=17 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324145049/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/vikramaditya-motwane-jubilee-a-very-human-story-that-s-true-to-its-period-news-270890|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/web-series-review-jubilee-web-series-release-date-teaser-star-cast-when-and-where-to-watch-based-on-indian-cinema-golden-era-23359014.html|title=Jubilee Web Series: भारतीय सिनेमा के स्वर्ण युग को दिखाएगी प्राइम वीडियो की नयी सीरीज 'जुबली', जारी हुआ टीजर|website=[[Dainik Jagran]]|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324145049/https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/web-series-review-jubilee-web-series-release-date-teaser-star-cast-when-and-where-to-watch-based-on-indian-cinema-golden-era-23359014.html|url-status=live}}</ref> followed by the official trailer was then released on 24 March at a high-profile event in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/jubilee-trailer-fame-ambition-and-desire-collide-in-early-years-of-bollywood-in-vikramditya-motwane-s-drama-series-101679648145701.html|title=Jubilee trailer: Fame, ambition and desire collide in early years of Bollywood in Vikramditya Motwane's drama series|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324145049/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/jubilee-trailer-fame-ambition-and-desire-collide-in-early-years-of-bollywood-in-vikramditya-motwane-s-drama-series-101679648145701.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/jubilee-trailer-aparshakti-khurana-navigates-through-the-greedy-shallow-lanes-of-showbiz-8516632/|title=Jubilee trailer: Aparshakti Khurana navigates the greedy, shallow lanes of showbiz|date=24 March 2023|website=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324145048/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/jubilee-trailer-aparshakti-khurana-navigates-through-the-greedy-shallow-lanes-of-showbiz-8516632/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/features/aparshakti-khurana-aditi-rao-hydaris-web-series-jubilee-trailer-out-now/1469709/|title=Aparshakti Khurana, Aditi Rao Hydari's web series 'Jubilee' trailer out now|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=March 24, 2023|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324145048/https://theprint.in/features/aparshakti-khurana-aditi-rao-hydaris-web-series-jubilee-trailer-out-now/1469709/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first five episodes of ''Jubilee'' was released on 7 April 2023, while the remaining five episodes premiered on 14 April.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-17 |title=Vikramaditya Motwane's OTT series 'Jubilee' to premiere on April 7 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/vikramaditya-motwanes-ott-series-jubilee-to-premiere-on-april-7/articleshow/98728556.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324184925/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/vikramaditya-motwanes-ott-series-jubilee-to-premiere-on-april-7/articleshow/98728556.cms |archive-date=2023-03-24 |access-date=2026-03-17 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-03-17 |title=Vikramaditya Motwane’s period-drama series Jubilee to release in two parts; will premiere on April 7 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2023/Mar/17/vikramaditya-motwanes-period-drama-seriesjubileeto-release-in-two-parts-will-premiere-on-april-7-41192.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322104153/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2023/Mar/17/vikramaditya-motwanes-period-drama-seriesjubileeto-release-in-two-parts-will-premiere-on-april-7-41192.html |archive-date=2023-03-22 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> This strategy was designed to immerse the audience into the world-building and attention to detail for the authenticity of the period as well as maintaining audience engagement for two weeks during the release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-12 |title=How to watch ‘Jubilee’ on Prime Video |url=https://www.aboutamazon.in/news/entertainment/how-to-watch-jubilee-on-prime-video |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531220953/https://www.aboutamazon.in/news/entertainment/how-to-watch-jubilee-on-prime-video |archive-date=2023-05-31 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' added that many of the characters "feel both filmi and flesh-and-blood, old-timey yet faintly recognizable, a combo that only cinema lovers can pull off" and added that the entire team "had worked in tandom [...] to create perfectly-judged, knowledgeable, affectionate nostalgia". She concluded that Motwane "has delivered in spades, and raised the bar high".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/jubilee-review-vikramaditya-motwane-hindi-film-industry-8542602/|title=Jubilee review: A sparkler of a series that captures myths and legends of Hindi film industry|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=7 April 2023 |access-date=8 April 2023|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408071237/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/jubilee-review-vikramaditya-motwane-hindi-film-industry-8542602/|url-status=live|last=Gupta|first=Shubhra|author-link=Shubhra Gupta}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' wrote "A celebration, a homage and a lament rolled into one, ''Jubilee'' shines a light on the breakthroughs and creative adventures that paved the way for one of Hindi cinema's most happening phases. As much heart as craft, it is a true-blue dazzler, an accomplishment that demonstrates what is possible when art and soul come together in a near-perfect fusion."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jubilee-review-a-celebration-homage-and-lament-rolled-into-one-4-5-stars-3927920|title=Jubilee Review: A Celebration, Homage And Lament Rolled Into One|website=NDTV|access-date=8 April 2023|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408070944/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jubilee-review-a-celebration-homage-and-lament-rolled-into-one-4-5-stars-3927920|url-status=live}}</ref> Tushar Joshi of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote "Jubilee is not your sit-down fast food experience. It’s like a slow cooked dish that has simmered with all the garnishes to taste divine. Watch it for Motwane’s brilliant direction and a journey into the long lost world of the birth of movies and the politics of acting."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Tushar |date=2023-04-07 |title=Jubilee Review : Vikramaditya Motwane’s series is a brilliant tribute to the art of making movies |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/jubilee-review-vikramaditya-motwanes-series-is-a-brilliant-tribute-to-the-art-of-making-movies-2356831-2023-04-07 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Titas Chowdhury of ''[[News18]]'' wrote "Go for Jubilee if you’re a true-blue cinema lover. While it may not leave you in complete awe, it will nudge you to rejoice and indulge in the good old Bollywood charm, that has brightened up our gloomy days and inspired us to dream big."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Titas |date=2023-04-07 |editor-last=Negi |editor-first=Shrishti |title=Jubilee Review: Wamiqa Gabbi, Sidhant Gupta Steal the Show in Vikramaditya Motwane's Series |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/jubilee-review-wamiqa-gabbi-sidhant-gupta-steal-the-show-in-vikramaditya-motwanes-series-7485253.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427224914/https://www.news18.com/movies/jubilee-review-wamiqa-gabbi-sidhant-gupta-steal-the-show-in-vikramaditya-motwanes-series-7485253.html |archive-date=2023-04-27 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>

Shilajit Mitra of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "''Jubilee'' is long and lustrous. Like ''Rocket Boys'', it attempts to tell a story of India by zooming in on one of its defining institutions [...] For 10 episodes of considerable length, ''Jubilee'' circles these characters and their shifting fortunes at or beyond Roy Talkies. It gets exhausting; the characters, though well-written and performed, lack the snap and bite of a truly gripping ensemble. More involving, then, is the finer detailing around the edges of the story."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitra |first=Shilajit |date=2023-04-07 |title=‘Jubilee’ series review: A lustrous, long-winded showbiz drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jubilee-series-review-a-lustrous-long-winded-showbiz-drama/article66708380.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408100549/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jubilee-series-review-a-lustrous-long-winded-showbiz-drama/article66708380.ece |archive-date=2023-04-08 |access-date=2026-03-17 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' wrote "The lavishly produced series is seething with remarkable period detail [...] and filmed as grandly as a movie, ''Jubilee'' puts on an excellent show at all times. Clever flourishes in a formulaic price-of-fame saga survive the contrived gravitas and determined joylessness."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2023-04-07 |title=‘Jubilee’ review: In brooding tale of the price of stardom, a few notes of celebration |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1046968/jubilee-review-in-brooding-tale-of-the-price-of-stardom-a-few-notes-of-celebration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529094719/https://scroll.in/reel/1046968/jubilee-review-in-brooding-tale-of-the-price-of-stardom-a-few-notes-of-celebration |archive-date=2023-05-29 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}</ref> Vinamra Mathur of ''[[Firstpost]]'' werote "Jubilee is the most striking show in recent times, and what add more colors to the show are the final five episodes; far darker, deeper, and more complex than the first five."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Vinamra |date=2023-04-07 |title=Jubilee (Episodes 1-5) review: Vikramaditya Motwane's show is a dark and dazzling take on cinema and partition |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jubilee-episodes-1-5-review-vikramaditya-motwanes-show-is-a-dark-and-dazzling-take-on-cinema-and-partition-12363392.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417112129/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jubilee-episodes-1-5-review-vikramaditya-motwanes-show-is-a-dark-and-dazzling-take-on-cinema-and-partition-12363392.html |archive-date=2023-04-17 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Vinamra |date=2023-04-14 |title=Jubilee review (Episodes 6-10): Vikramaditya Motwane's show sparkles with striking performances & solid writing |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jubilee-review-episodes-6-10-vikramaditya-motwanes-show-sparkles-with-striking-performances-solid-writing-12451622.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515120847/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jubilee-review-episodes-6-10-vikramaditya-motwanes-show-sparkles-with-striking-performances-solid-writing-12451622.html |archive-date=2023-05-15 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Ronak Kotecha of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "even with so much going on, ‘Jubilee’ keeps its audience hooked with its bewitching old world charm and performances to match."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotecha |first=Ronak |date=2023-04-07 |title=Jubilee Season 1 Review: An enchantingly dark tale of Bollywood’s golden era |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/jubilee/jubilee-season-1/seasonreview/99211700.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417170049/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/jubilee/jubilee-season-1/seasonreview/99211700.cms |archive-date=2023-04-17 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Soumya Srivatsava of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "Jubilee can be a long, long watch about movies, rivalry, jealousy, scandal and hard earned success. However, some snoozy bits will struggle hard for your attention and the rare bad music from Amit Trivedi could add to the disappointment. But brilliant performances by Sidhant and Wamiqa are worth investing some time in."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivatsava |first=Soumya |date=2023-04-07 |title=Jubilee review: Sidhant Gupta delivers star-making performance in Motwane's sad, slow burn about movies |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/jubilee-review-sidhant-gupta-delivers-star-making-performance-in-motwane-s-sad-slow-burn-about-movies-101680846423010.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504014443/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/jubilee-review-sidhant-gupta-delivers-star-making-performance-in-motwane-s-sad-slow-burn-about-movies-101680846423010.html |archive-date=2023-05-04 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Sanchita Jhunjhunwala of ''[[Times Now]]'' wrote "If you are looking to watch a show that speaks to the cinema lover inside you, then this show is a definitely must watch. ''Jubilee'' is everything that we love to watch and while it does focus on its story, does not compromise on performances, or any other aspect, it is still bingeworthy."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Sanchita |date=2023-04-07 |title=Jubilee Review: Aditi Rao Hydari, Prosenjit, Aparshakti Starrer Is Vikramaditya Motwane’s Poetic Ode To Cinema’s Golden Era |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/jubilee-review-aditi-rao-hydari-prosenjit-aparshakti-starrer-is-vikramaditya-motwanes-poetic-ode-to-cinemas-golden-era-article-99302084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523005650/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/jubilee-review-aditi-rao-hydari-prosenjit-aparshakti-starrer-is-vikramaditya-motwanes-poetic-ode-to-cinemas-golden-era-article-99302084 |archive-date=2023-05-23 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> Suparna Sharma of ''[[Rolling Stone India]]'' wrote "''Jubilee'' is prestige TV mounted on a grand scale. The show’s politics is clear-eyed and sharp, and the series has some exceptional performances, including the joyous discovery of Sidhant Gupta, but for about four episodes in the middle, I struggled to stay with it or care about its characters. That’s because its ambition is skewed, leaning more towards creating seductive beauty with an alienating obsessiveness."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Suparna |date=2023-05-03 |title='Jubilee' Series Review: There's Lots to Admire, But Little To Love |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/jubilee-series-review-amazon-prime-vikramaditya-motwane-aditi-rao-hydari/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505053739/https://rollingstoneindia.com/jubilee-series-review-amazon-prime-vikramaditya-motwane-aditi-rao-hydari/ |archive-date=2023-05-05 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[Rolling Stone India]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

The writing of the female characters, however, was subjected to criticism with ''[[Film Companion]]'''s Deepanjana Pai said that "the only role for women appears to be to look pretty while being tragic victims". Though she praised Niloufer's character arc, she also noted that the series had reiterated the character's "seductive charm, rather than her professional aspirations or talent". She also had similar opinions on Sumitra's character adding that despite being shown as a star actor, "there’s not one scene in the entire series that shows Sumitra performing that role" and her character did not have the dynamics of [[Devika Rani]], whom Sumitra was modelled while seen as a "tragedy queen".<ref>{{cite web |date=18 April 2023 |title=A Deep Dive into Jubilee's Lady -Shaped Problem |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/indepth-stories/a-deep-dive-into-jubilees-lady-shaped-problem-aditi-rao-hydari-wamiqa-gabbi-vikramaditya-motwane-prime-video |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606150650/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/indepth-stories/a-deep-dive-into-jubilees-lady-shaped-problem-aditi-rao-hydari-wamiqa-gabbi-vikramaditya-motwane-prime-video |archive-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> Debashree Mukherjee of ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' also noted the absence of showcasing the female pioneers that changed the industry, and mounting the narrative on Srikant, Binod and Jay, adding "the producers seem to prefer female suffering over female success, even if many women were bigger stars than men."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Debashree |date=2023-04-26 |title=Jubilee Is a Beautifully Mounted Show About the 1930s but the Women Pioneers Have Been Erased |url=https://thewire.in/culture/jubilee-series-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508184707/https://thewire.in/culture/jubilee-series-review |archive-date=2023-05-08 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref> She further concluded, "One of my favourite moments in ''Jubilee'' is when at end of Episode 2 we see Nilofer walking bare feet at Independence Day celebrations on the streets of Bombay, lustily drinking straight from a bottle, and laughing at gawking men. Here we have a rare moment of lightness in a show that is unduly burdened by the seriousness of its own mythmaking masculinist agenda. For me, this Nilofer embodies that brief interlude in South Asia’s film history when some women of the entertainment world enjoyed a rare creative freedom and a lightness of being."<ref name=":0" />

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Date of ceremony
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Nominee / work
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Ref.}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Asian Academy Creative Awards]]
|7 December 2023
|Best Cinematography
|Pratik Shah
| {{won}}
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frater |first=Patrick |date=2023-12-08 |title=‘The Glory’ and ‘Hunger’ Win Category Honors at Asian Academy Creative Awards |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/asian-academy-creative-awards-the-glory-hunger-1235828352/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213113547/https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/asian-academy-creative-awards-the-glory-hunger-1235828352/ |archive-date=2024-12-13 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-08 |title='The Glory' and 'Physical: 100' win BIG at 2023 Asian Academy Creative Awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/korean/the-glory-and-physical-100-win-big-at-2023-asian-academy-creative-awards/articleshow/105830063.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213223915/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/korean/the-glory-and-physical-100-win-big-at-2023-asian-academy-creative-awards/articleshow/105830063.cms |archive-date=2023-12-13 |access-date=2026-03-17 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="12" |[[Bollywood Hungama OTT India Fest]]
| rowspan="12" |20 October 2023
|Best Series
|''Jubilee''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="12" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2023|title=From Fatima Sana Shaikh to Mouni Roy, stars descend at OTT India Fest|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/from-fatima-sana-shaikh-to-mouni-roy-stars-descend-at-ott-india-fest/|access-date=22 January 2024|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en|archive-date=30 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330153649/https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/from-fatima-sana-shaikh-to-mouni-roy-stars-descend-at-ott-india-fest/|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of the 2023 Awards|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/ott-india-fest/winners.php|access-date=22 January 2024|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020153248/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/ott-india-fest/winners.php|url-status=live|date=20 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director
|[[Vikramaditya Motwane]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor – Male
|[[Sidhant Gupta]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor – Female
| rowspan="2" |[[Aditi Rao Hydari]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor – Female (Popular)
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Best Breakthrough Performer
|[[Aparshakti Khurana]]
| {{won}}
|-
|[[Wamiqa Gabbi]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Director of the Year (People's Choice)
|[[Vikramaditya Motwane]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Original Series of the Year (People's Choice)
|''Jubilee''
| {{nom}}
|-
|Game Changing Actress of the Year
|[[Wamiqa Gabbi]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Most Powerful OTT Debut of the Year
|[[Sidhant Gupta]]
| {{won}}
|-
|Iconic Performer of the Year
|[[Aditi Rao Hydari]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6" |Critics Choice Shorts and Series Awards
| rowspan="6" |13 March 2024
|Best Web Series
|''Jubilee''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="6" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaubey |first=Pranita |date=2024-03-13 |title=Critics' Choice Awards 2024: 12th Fail's Clean Sweep And Other Big Winners |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/critics-choice-awards-2024-12th-fails-clean-sweep-and-other-big-winners-5230447 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404011015/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/critics-choice-awards-2024-12th-fails-clean-sweep-and-other-big-winners-5230447 |archive-date=2024-04-04 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-06 |title=Critics’ Choice Awards India 2024: '12th Fail', 'Joram', 'Dahaad' receive major nods |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/critics-choice-awards-india-2024-12th-fail-joram-dahaad-receive-major-nods-2511406-2024-03-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312062956/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/critics-choice-awards-india-2024-12th-fail-joram-dahaad-receive-major-nods-2511406-2024-03-06 |archive-date=2024-03-12 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director
|[[Vikramaditya Motwane]]
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Actress
|[[Wamiqa Gabbi]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|[[Sidhant Gupta]]
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
|[[Aditi Rao Hydari]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Writing
|Atul Sabharwal
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="17" |[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
| rowspan="17" |[[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards|26 November 2023]]
|Best Drama Series
|''Jubilee''
|{{nom}}
| align="center" rowspan="17" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-22 |title=Nominations for the Filmfare OTT Awards 2023: Full list out |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-filmfare-ott-awards-2023-full-list-out-62712.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129130250/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-filmfare-ott-awards-2023-full-list-out-62712.html |archive-date=2023-11-29 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-26 |title=Winners of Filmfare OTT Awards 2023 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2023/winners |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126132038/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2023/winners |archive-date=2023-11-26 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Richa |date=2023-11-26 |title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2023: Alia Bhatt, Manoj Bajpayee Win Big, Jubilee Sweeps Top Prizes. Complete List Of Winners |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/filmfare-ott-awards-2023-alia-bhatt-manoj-bajpayee-win-big-jubilee-sweeps-top-prizes-complete-list-of-winners-4609001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213190333/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/filmfare-ott-awards-2023-alia-bhatt-manoj-bajpayee-win-big-jubilee-sweeps-top-prizes-complete-list-of-winners-4609001 |archive-date=2023-12-13 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rawat |first=Sudeep Singh |date=2023-11-28 |title=Filmfare OTT Awards: Alia, Manoj, Rajkumar bag awards; Jubilee wins big |url=https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/filmfare-ott-awards-alia-manoj-rajkumar-bag-awards-jubilee-wins-big-123112800637_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250907022642/https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/filmfare-ott-awards-alia-manoj-rajkumar-bag-awards-jubilee-wins-big-123112800637_1.html |archive-date=2025-09-07 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[Business Standard]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-27 |title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2023: Alia Bhatt in Darlings to Vijay Varma for Dahaad, here's complete list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/filmfare-ott-awards-2023-full-list-of-alia-bhatt-darlings-vijay-varma-dahaad-scoop-101701059758795.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218074340/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/filmfare-ott-awards-2023-full-list-of-alia-bhatt-darlings-vijay-varma-dahaad-scoop-101701059758795.html |archive-date=2023-12-18 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director in a Drama Series
|[[Vikramaditya Motwane]]
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Best Actor in a Drama Series
|[[Aparshakti Khurana]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Sidhant Gupta]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress in a Drama Series
|[[Wamiqa Gabbi]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Original Story (Series)
|Atul Sabharwal and [[Soumik Sen]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Original Screenplay (Series)
| rowspan="2" |Atul Sabharwal
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Original Dialogue (Series)
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Background Music (Series)
|[[Alokananda Dasgupta]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Original Soundtrack (Series)
|[[Amit Trivedi]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Production Design (Series)
|Aparna Sud and Mukund Gupta
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer (Series)
|Pratik Shah
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Costume Design (Series)
|Shruti Kapoor
|{{won}}
|-
|Best VFX (Series)
|Arpan Gaglani (Philmcgi)
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Editing (Series)
|[[Aarti Bajaj]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Sound Design (Series)
|Kunal Sharma, Dhruv Parekh
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5" |[[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]
| rowspan="5" |11 August 2023
| rowspan="3" |Best Actor in a Series
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="5" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Darlings, Kantara, Jubilee lead Indian Film Festival of Melbourne 2023 nominations |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-2023-nomination-announced-lead-by-darlings-kantara-ponniyin-selvan-winners-announcement-august-11-2406585-2023-07-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726004854/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/indian-film-festival-of-melbourne-2023-nomination-announced-lead-by-darlings-kantara-ponniyin-selvan-winners-announcement-august-11-2406585-2023-07-14 |archive-date=2023-07-26 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-11 |title=IFFM 2023 full winners list: Shah Rukh Khan's Pathaan, Rani Mukerji, Sita Ramam win top honours |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/iffm-2023-full-winners-list-shah-rukh-khan-pathaan-rani-mukerji-sita-ramam-101691758168992.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906133433/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/iffm-2023-full-winners-list-shah-rukh-khan-pathaan-rani-mukerji-sita-ramam-101691758168992.html |archive-date=2023-09-06 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Aparshakti Khurana]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Sidhant Gupta]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress in a Series
|[[Wamiqa Gabbi]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Series
|''Jubilee''
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5" |[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="5" |11 December 2023
|Best Actor – Popular (OTT)
|[[Aparshakti Khurana]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="5" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-11 |title=ITA Awards 2023: India Today bags Best English News Channel award |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-television-academy-india-today-best-english-news-channel-award-2474329-2023-12-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118075844/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-television-academy-india-today-best-english-news-channel-award-2474329-2023-12-11 |archive-date=2024-01-18 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-11 |title=ITA Awards 2023: Tejasswi Prakash, Harshad Chopda win big; Hrithik Roshan dances to ‘Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ita-awards-2023-tejasswi-prakash-harshad-chopda-win-big-hrithik-roshan-dances-to-kaho-naa-pyaar-hai-9062956/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217171329/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ita-awards-2023-tejasswi-prakash-harshad-chopda-win-big-hrithik-roshan-dances-to-kaho-naa-pyaar-hai-9062956/ |archive-date=2023-12-17 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-01 |title=ITA Awards 2023 Winners: 'Katha Ankahee' Wins Best Show, Check Out The Full List |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/ita-awards-2023-winners-katha-ankahee-wins-best-show-check-out-the-full-list-news-340048 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216032341/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/ita-awards-2023-winners-katha-ankahee-wins-best-show-check-out-the-full-list-news-340048 |archive-date=2024-02-16 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress – Popular (OTT)
|[[Aditi Rao Hydari]]
| {{won}}
|-
|Best DOP – OTT
|Pratik Shah
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Costume Design – OTT
|Shruti Kapoor
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Dialogue – OTT
|Atul Sabharwal
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5" |[[News18 Reel Awards]]
| rowspan="5" |11 March 2024
|Best Web Series
|''Jubilee''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="5" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Dishya |date=2024-03-11 |title=News18 Showsha Reel Awards 2024 Winners: Animal Wins Best Film; Varun Dhawan, Shraddha Kapoor Best Actors |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/news18-showsha-reel-awards-2024-winners-animal-wins-best-film-varun-dhawan-shraddha-kapoor-best-actors-8809368.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322160514/https://www.news18.com/movies/news18-showsha-reel-awards-2024-winners-animal-wins-best-film-varun-dhawan-shraddha-kapoor-best-actors-8809368.html |archive-date=2024-03-22 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-10 |title=News18 Showsha Reel Awards full list of winners: Animal is Best Film but Ranbir Kapoor loses Best Actor to… |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news18-showsha-reel-awards-2024-full-list-of-winners-animal-is-best-film-varun-dhawan-best-actor-ranbir-kapoor-101710042683847.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428183445/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news18-showsha-reel-awards-2024-full-list-of-winners-animal-is-best-film-varun-dhawan-best-actor-ranbir-kapoor-101710042683847.html |archive-date=2024-04-28 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-10 |title=News 18 Showsha Reel Awards 2024 full winners list: Animal is best film; Varun Dhawan, Shraddha Kapoor win big |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/news-18-showsha-reel-awards-2024-full-winners-list-animal-is-best-film-varun-dhawan-shraddha-kapoor-9205687/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317024352/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/news-18-showsha-reel-awards-2024-full-winners-list-animal-is-best-film-varun-dhawan-shraddha-kapoor-9205687/ |archive-date=2024-03-17 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress
| rowspan="2" |[[Wamiqa Gabbi]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Star of the Year (Female) – OTT
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Ensemble Cast
| rowspan="2" |''Jubilee''
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="8" |[[OTTPlay|OTTPlay Awards]]
| rowspan="8" |29 October 2023
|Best Web Series
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="8" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanabar |first=Nirali |date=2023-10-29 |title=OTTplay Awards 2023: Kajol, Kartik Aaryan, Anil Kapoor, Rakshit Shetty win, check out full winners' list |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ottplay-awards-2023-kajol-kartik-aaryan-anil-kapoor-rakshit-shetty-win-check-out-full-winners-list/f59ec77f6b333 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526091037/https://www.ottplay.com/news/ottplay-awards-2023-kajol-kartik-aaryan-anil-kapoor-rakshit-shetty-win-check-out-full-winners-list/f59ec77f6b333 |archive-date=2024-05-26 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-30 |title=OTTplay Awards 2023 full list of winners: Rajkummar Rao wins big, Darlings is Best Film, Ayali Best Web Series |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/ottplay-awards-2023-full-list-of-winners-101698639229871.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106234117/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/ottplay-awards-2023-full-list-of-winners-101698639229871.html |archive-date=2023-11-06 |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Most Promising Actor on OTT
|[[Aparshakti Khurana]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Most Promising Actress on OTT
|[[Wamiqa Gabbi]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actor in a Series
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]
| {{won}}
|-
|Breakthrough Performance of the Year – Male
|[[Sidhant Gupta]]
| {{won}}
|-
|Versatile Performer – Male
|[[Wamiqa Gabbi]]
| {{won}}
|-
|Breaking the Mould
|[[Aparshakti Khurana]]
| {{won}}
|-
|OTT Performer of the Year – Female
|[[Aditi Rao Hydari]]
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5" |[[Times of India Film Awards|Times of India OTT Awards]]
| rowspan="5" |28 July 2024
|Best Actress in a Series
|Aditi Rao Hydari
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="5" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-28 |title=TOIFA OTT Awards 2023: Complete list of winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/toifa-ott-awards-2023-complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/112071075.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725051803/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/toifa-ott-awards-2023-complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/112071075.cms |archive-date=2025-07-25 |access-date=2026-03-17 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor in a Series
| rowspan="2" |[[Aparshakti Khurana]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Acting Excellence in a Series – Male
| {{nom}}
|-
|Acting Excellence in a Supporting Role in a Series – Male
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Drama Series of the Year
|''Jubilee''
| {{won}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Amazon India originals]]
* [[List of Amazon Prime Video original programming#Hindi|List of Amazon Prime Video original programming]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=19868804}}
*[https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Jubilee/0JZXGHH2DQY4WKHWR3ZKI8KUVW ''Jubilee''] on [[Amazon Prime Video]]
{{Amazon Video original series}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in India]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 1950s]]
[[Category:Partition of India in fiction]]
[[Category:Indian courtesans drama series]]
[[Category:Indian prostitution TV series]]

Land of the Tiger

2026-03-29T09:21:26Z

Igororh: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Land of the tiger title.jpg
| alt = Land of the Tiger title card
| caption = Series title card
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Nature documentary]]
| writer = Adrienne Nordby
| director =
| presenter = [[Valmik Thapar]]
| narrated =
| composer = [[Nicholas Hooper]]
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| num_series = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| executive_producer = Mike Birkhead
| producer = Colton Scott Hardy
| location =
| runtime = 50 minutes
| company = [[BBC Natural History Unit]] [[WNET|WNET/13]]
| channel = [[BBC Two]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|1997|11|17|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|1997|12|26|df=y}}
| related = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[Spirits of the Jaguar]]''
* ''[[Andes to Amazon]]''
}}
}}

'''''Land of the Tiger''''' is a [[BBC]] [[nature documentary]] series exploring the [[natural history]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]], first transmitted in the UK on [[BBC Two]] in 1997. The production team covered the breadth and depth of India, from the [[Himalaya]]n mountains in the north to the reef-fringed islands of the [[Indian Ocean]], to capture footage of the country's wild places and charismatic wildlife.

''Land of the Tiger'' was co-produced by the [[BBC Natural History Unit]] and the [[WNET|WNET/13]] network. It was produced by Mike Birkhead and presented by leading Indian naturalist [[Valmik Thapar]]. The series is characterised by scenes of Thapar riding on an elephant in locations across the country.

The series forms part of the Natural History Unit's ''Continents'' strand. It was preceded by ''[[Spirits of the Jaguar]]'' in 1996 and followed three years later by ''[[Andes to Amazon]]''.

==Episodes==

===1. "The Tiger's Domain"===
The series begins in the [[Gir Forest]] in the western state of [[Gujarat]]. This is the last refuge of the [[Asiatic lion]], which unlike its African cousin can be approached on foot, as demonstrated by presenter Valmik Thapar. After a preview of scenes from the forthcoming programmes, the rest of this episode concentrates on the wildlife of India's central forests and grasslands, the stronghold of the [[Bengal tiger]]. Much of the footage is from the [[Kanha National Park]], a protected reserve. Here, the characters of [[Rudyard Kipling|Kipling's]] ''[[Jungle Book]]'' can still be observed, among them the [[sloth bear]], [[wolf]], [[dhole]], and [[tiger]]. Many of the animals are sacred or revered by Hindus, including [[elephant]]s, [[monkey]]s, [[peacock]]s and [[snake]]s. A female tiger with young cubs is filmed. To provide for her cubs, she must hunt. [[Spotted deer]] (or chital) are her favourite prey, but although distracted by the rut, her first hunt is unsuccessful. In the afternoon, chitals and [[langur]] monkeys move into open meadows, and here the female tiger succeeds in killing a langur. Other unusual behaviour filmed includes a [[golden jackal]] family defending their pups from a sloth bear and a peacock attacking a snake. [[Cobra]]s are shown being protected by local villagers. The young are dug out of their underground nest and are handled by children despite the risk of a venomous bite (Thapar reveals that there are 20,000 deaths from cobra bites in India each year). The programme closes with a warning message. Wildlife of the central forests face an uncertain future due to disappearing habitat and poaching. Traditional beliefs instilled a feeling of respect for wild animals, but this is now being eroded

===2. "Sacred Waters"===
The second programme features the wildlife of India's sacred rivers, the [[Ganges]] and [[Brahmaputra]]. Beginning at [[Devaprayag]], the confluence of two tributaries which together give rise to the Ganges, Thapar explains how the fertility of the waters is dependent on the summer [[monsoon]]. The rains bring a peak flow of {{convert|1|e9USgal|m3}} of water every second down the rivers, flooding the plains of northern India and [[Bangladesh]] with fertile silt. The [[Bharatpur, India|Bharatpur]] wetland sanctuary near the [[Taj Mahal]] is actually a man-made environment but is now a haven for hundreds of thousands of birds, including 2,000 pairs of [[painted stork]]s which are filmed building nests, mating, incubating eggs and feeding their chicks. Other animals shown are [[monitor lizard]]s which prey on fallen eggs and chicks, [[fishing cat]]s and endangered [[gharial]]s, a fish-eating crocodile. Young gharials call to their mother as they hatch so she can dig them out of their underground nest. The females co-operate, taking turns to guard their vulnerable young in a crèche. As the monsoon draws to a close, more birds arrive, including [[sarus crane]]s, filmed conducting their courtship dances, and millions of waterfowl. The huge concentration attracts over thirty kinds of birds of prey. On the Brahmaputra in the north eastern state of [[Assam]], Thapar introduces the animals of [[Kaziranga]], including [[Indian rhinoceros|Indian rhino]], wild [[Asian elephant|elephants]] and one of the last populations of [[Wild Asian water buffalo|wild buffalo]] and [[barasingha]]. These attract a huge density of tigers, and one bold individual is filmed trying to take on an adult buffalo. The sacred rivers eventually flow into a vast delta at the [[Bay of Bengal]], and here in the [[mangrove]] swamps of the [[Sundarbans]], animals and people are adapted to the tidal conditions. [[Mudskipper]]s, monitor lizards, [[macaque]]s and [[Pythonidae|python]]s are all shown. It is also home to over 500 tigers and is now a protected reserve. In a remarkable sequence, the fishermen of the delta are shown using [[smooth-coated otter]]s tethered to their boats to flush out fish into their nets.

===3. "Unknown Seas"===
Opening the program at a traditional boatyard at [[Veraval]] in north-west India, Thapar travels down the [[Arabian Sea]] coast to the coral islands of [[Lakshadweep]], encountering [[dolphin]]s and a feeding [[whale shark]] along the way. The reefs around the islands teem with life. [[Powderblue surgeonfish]] are shown defending their algae garden from a [[parrotfish]] and, less successfully, from a marauding shoal of [[convict tang]]s. The abundant reef fish attract predators such as the [[bluefin trevally|bluefin jack]], [[whitetip reef shark]] and, 30m down on the sandy bottom, a [[stingray]]. In the evening, land-based [[hermit crab]]s come down to the beaches to scavenge for food. A sequence filmed at night shows sharks, [[moray eel]]s and [[grouper]]s hunting on the reef. The islanders are filmed climbing coconut palms and fishing for tuna, displaying adept teamwork. The journey continues around the southern tip of India to the [[Indian Ocean]], where shoaling [[manta ray]]s are encountered. [[Pulicat]] is one of the few unspoilt places on the eastern coast, and is home to many wading birds and waterfowl. [[Spot-billed pelican]]s fly with fully laden beaks 40 km inland to the huge pelicanry at [[Nelapattu]] where 1,500 birds gather to raise their young. 1200 km off the east coast lie the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. Isolated from mainland Asia 60 million years ago and now home to unique species. Many are uninhabited and still covered in pristine rainforest. Logging is a problem – working elephants are used in the timber industry and are filmed swimming between the islands. The [[Nicobar scrubfowl|Nicobar megapode]] is an endemic bird that incubates its eggs in a mound of sand and rotting vegetation. Cunning [[Asian water monitor|monitor lizards]] are filmed stealing the eggs and laying their own in the mound, which is still attended to by the oblivious birds. Animals filmed in the reefs around the islands include [[damselfish]], [[clownfish]] and [[cuttlefish]]. [[Olive ridley turtle]]s mate at sea and come ashore at [[Gahirmatha Beach|Gahirmatha beach]] in their thousands, where Thapar watches the millions of hatchlings return to the water.

===4. "Desert Kingdom"===
India's [[Thar Desert]] spans the western states of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]]. More people live here than in any other desert, with a population density 100 times that of the [[Sahara]], and growing all the time. Fortunately the people of the desert look favourably on their wild neighbours, as demonstrated by the villagers of [[Khichan]], who feed large flocks of [[demoiselle crane]]s over the winter. The birds are revered as symbols of fortune. Thapar visits a desert dwelling of the [[Bishnoi]] people, strict vegetarians and guardians of the animal population. Despite this, poaching is rife and the [[blackbuck]]s, filmed in the breeding season, are being increasingly marginalised. The [[chinkara]] or Indian gazelle is an even hardier animal, getting all the moisture it needs from plants and the morning dew. [[Wolf|Wolves]] and [[golden jackal]]s are also shown. Around a camp fire, the nocturnal inhabitants of the desert are filmed as they emerge from the sand: [[dung beetle]]s, [[Gerbillinae|gerbil]]s and predatory [[saw scaled viper]]s and [[scorpion]]s. The people of [[Jodhpur]] are vegetarians but use [[cattle]], [[camel]]s and domestic [[water buffalo]]es as working animals. When they die, the carcasses are taken to the edge of the city and left as food for scavengers, among them [[Red-headed vulture]]s, [[Indian white-rumped vulture]]s and [[griffon vulture]]s. Waterholes attract many animals before they dry up during the heat of summer. It is also used by people and their livestock for washing and drinking. Birds shown include [[pied kingfisher]], [[red-wattled lapwing]] and [[black-winged stilt]]. To escape [[egret]]s, frogs hop across the surface of the water. At night, [[Anabas testudineus|climbing perch]] leave the water and travel across land to find other pools, and an ingenious [[honey badger]] uses logs to reach a stricken kingfisher chick. The most extreme environment is the [[Rann of Kutch]] [[Salt pan (geology)|salt flat]]s where only the monsoon brings relief to the last population of [[Indian wild ass]]es. In the closing scenes, Thapar observes flocks of [[flamingo]]s which come to the salt flats in times of flood.

===5. "Mountains of the Gods"===
The Himalayas, created during the collision of the Indian and Asiatic continental plates, form the northern boundary of the Indian subcontinent. Valmik Thapar begins in the cold, dry desert of [[Ladakh]], the northernmost region of India. A sequence of aerial mountain shots and typical fauna including [[snow leopard]], [[Asiatic ibex|Himalayan ibex]] and [[lammergeier]] is shown, followed by scenes of [[Buddhist]] monasteries and winter festivals. The Buddhist's respect for all nature stems from the ancient [[animist]] belief system in which animals were thought of as living embodiments of the spirit world. Wildlife is often plentiful around villages, where [[Chukar partridge|chukar]], [[accentor|robin accentor]] and [[chough|red-billed chough]] are commonly seen. Temperatures plunge to -30 Celsius in winter. [[Bharal]] can survive at great height by digging for roots or even climbing trees. Across the border in Pakistan, [[markhor]] are not so hardy, and must descend to lower elevations. In spring, melting snows reveal winter's casualties. [[Himalayan griffon vulture]]s strip a carcass in 20 minutes, then lammergeiers carry away the bones. Further west in the meadows of [[Deosai]], rarities such as [[Himalayan brown bear]]s, [[kiang]] and [[black-necked crane]]s are filmed. [[Bar-headed geese]] cross the mountains to breed here, and [[marmot]]s play fight in the meadows. Thapar then travels to the south side of the mountains where lush forests of oak, birch, spruce and rhododendron thrive on the monsoon rains. Animals in this region include [[Himalayan tahr]], [[yellow-throated marten]] and [[grey langur]]s, shown feeding on Indian horse chestnut shoots. The [[golden langur]], discovered in the 1950s, survives in the wild only in [[Bhutan]] and western [[Assam]]. In the north east of India, the animals of the [[Arunachal Pradesh]] are very different. Here, species from China and [[East Asia]] have colonised the forests. They include spectacular pheasants such as [[Himalayan monal]], [[Temminck's tragopan]] and [[Blyth's tragopan]]. Mammals include [[red panda]], [[Black giant squirrel|Malayan giant squirrel]] and [[Hoolock gibbon]], India's only non-human ape. Valmik Thapar ends the programme at [[Thrangu Tashi Yangtse Monastery, Nepal|Namo Buddha]] in [[Nepal]] where legend has it Lord Buddha gave his life to a starving tigress and her cubs, and in doing so instilled a protective attitude to all creatures in his followers.

===6. "Monsoon Forest"===
The final programme looks at India's dwindling [[rainforest]]s, now confined to the [[Western Ghats]], upper [[Assam]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. The once extensive forests have been decimated by logging, firewood collection and hunting. In the opening scene, Valmik Thapar tracks lion-tailed macaques in southern India, a very rare fruit and seed eating monkey. In the Western Ghats, there are 120 species of amphibian, including flying frogs. Invertebrates use colour for camouflage, warning and defence, but [[mantis]]es and crickets still fall prey to slow-moving [[chameleon]]s. A faster reptile, the [[Draco blanfordii|flying lizard]], is shown gliding from tree to tree. Also filmed is the ancient practice of collecting honey from wild [[bee]]s' nests high in the canopy. Birds visiting a fruiting [[fig tree]] include [[great Indian hornbill]]s, [[Malabar grey hornbill]]s, [[blossom-headed parakeet]]s and [[fairy bluebird]]s. Mammals are also attracted by the fruit: [[Nilgiri langur]]s, [[bonnet macaque]]s and [[Indian giant squirrel|Malabar giant squirrels]]. On the forest floor, [[wild boar]] and [[barking deer]] feed on the rejected figs, drawing a prowling [[leopard]]. Monkeys spot the danger and raise the alarm. The many varieties of fig tree provide food year-round for all these animals. Each fig is pollinated by a particular species of [[wasp]], which lay their eggs in the fruits. Thapar visits the world's largest fig, a sacred [[banyan]] tree that draw pilgrims from far and wide. In the hill forests of southern India, Thapar tracks [[Nilgiri tahr]] on the grassy peaks. Here, the rains last for 6 months, creating huge waterfalls. The [[Sinharaja Forest Reserve|Sinharaja]] forest of [[Sri Lanka]] has more unique species than anywhere else on the subcontinent, including dozens of kinds of [[jumping spider]]s, each with their own courtship signals. A tiger is filmed stalking a rutting [[gaur]] herd. Gaur are the world's biggest cattle but they have been known to fall prey to tigers. The program ends on a sober note, filming elephants crossing tea plantations where forests once stood. The problem elephants are caught and trained as working animals. A wild calf is shown being caught by lasso. The distressed animal is broken by torture, but it is also worshipped: one of the paradoxes of the subcontinent.

==Merchandise==
A book, soundtrack CD, and VHS cassette were all released to accompany the TV series:

* The series has been released on Region 2 DVD in the Netherlands with the original English audio track, bundled with the Michael Wood history series ''The Story of India'' in a collection entitled ''The Story of India and Its Wild Nature.'' In the UK, a double [[VHS]] cassette of the series was released on 2 February 1998 by BBC Video; it is now only available second hand.
* The accompanying hardcover book, ''Land of the Tiger: A Natural History of the Indian Subcontinent'' by Valmik Thapar, was published by BBC Books on 6 November 1997 ({{ISBN|0-563-37179-X}}).
* The music for the series by composer [[Nicholas Hooper]] incorporates traditional Indian instruments and won a Panda award at the 1998 [[Wildscreen]] festival and a nomination at the [[Royal Television Society]] awards. A soundtrack CD was released by BBC Music on 10 September 1999.

==See also==
* ''[[The Story of India]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{BBC programme}}
* {{IMDb title|id=1375598|title=Land of the Tiger}}

{{BBC Natural History Unit}}
{{BBC Continents Series}}

[[Category:BBC television documentaries]]
[[Category:Nature educational television series]]
[[Category:1990s British documentary television series]]
[[Category:1997 British television series debuts]]
[[Category:1997 British television series endings]]
[[Category:English-language British television shows]]
[[Category:Television series about tigers]]
[[Category:Television shows set in India]]

Kaliprasanna Vidyaratna

2026-03-23T22:44:54Z

Igororh: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian scholar of Sanskrit}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
'''Kaliprasanna Vidyaratna''' ([[Bengali calendars|Bangabdo]] [1255–1330]; 1849–1924 AD) was an Indian scholar of [[Sanskrit]], academic and author. He was the principal of the [[Sanskrit College]] between 1908 and 1910. Vidyarayna played an important role in the revival of Sanskrit language.

==Early life==
Vidyaratna was born in a Bhattacharya [[Brahmin]] family of [[Ujirpur]] village, [[Backergunge district]] in [[British India]]. His father was Biswambhar Bhattacharya. Vidyaratna learned Sanskrit in a ''Chatuspathi'' at Dhanuka village of [[Faridpur district]]. He passed the entrance exam from Barishal and entered the [[Scottish Church College]], [[Kolkata]]. After completion of B.A. and M.A. he was appointed as a teacher at the [[Dhaka]] [[Jagannath College]] in 1881. He worked in [[Presidency College Calcutta|Presidency College]] since 1901, thereafter becoming principal of Sanskrit College.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Sansad Bangali Charitavidhan (Bengali)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwwHBke-2HQC|last=Vol I|first=Subodhchandra Sengupta & Anjali Basu|publisher=Sahitya Sansad|year=2002|isbn=81-85626-65-0|location=Kolkata|pages=92}}</ref>

==Works==
Vidyaratna wrote and edited many books on Indian [[Mythology]], [[Vaisnavism]], [[Puranas]] and [[Hindu]] culture such as: ''Brihat Shiva Puran'', ''Sri Sri Krishna Charit'', ''Bedanta Darshanam'', ''Vrhadyamagita'', ''Brihaddharam Puran'', ''Shib Sanhita'', ''Sanjib Chandrer Granthabali'', ''Kali Kaivalyadayini'', ''Nimai-Sannyas Gitavinay'', ''Kalki Puran,'' ''Stab Kobochmala'', ''Kalitantra'' and others.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%22Vidyaratna%2Csri+Kaliprasanna.%22|title=Vidyaratna, sri Kaliprasanna|website=archive.org|access-date=24 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=kaliprasanna|title=kaliprasanna|access-date=24 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nationallibrary.gov.in/ResultKeyword.php?start=117&p_f=117&id=bid&id1=personal|title=(search results involving Kaliprasanna Vidtaranta)|publisher=National Library - Ministry of Culture, Government of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328193456/http://nationallibrary.gov.in/ResultKeyword.php?start=117&p_f=117&id=bid&id1=personal|archive-date=2018-03-28|url-status=live|access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref> Until 1918, he visited ''[[tol (Indian school model)|tols]]'' to encourage Sanskrit education in [[Bengal]] and played a vital role in reviving the ''tol'' system. He became the president of 'Sanskrit Sahitya Parishad'. In 1911 Vidyaratna was awarded the 'Mahamohopadhya' title.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vidyaratna, Kaliprasanna}}
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali educators]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
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[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian male non-fiction writers]]
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[[Category:19th-century Indian educators]]
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[[Category:1849 births]]
[[Category:1924 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Barisal District]]
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{{India-academic-bio-stub}}

V. Ravichandran (film producer)

2026-03-20T19:18:38Z

Igororh: Creating Basic Details W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian film producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = V. Ravichandran
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Vellore]], Tamil Nadu, India
| other_names = Aascar Ravichandran Oscar Ravichandran Venu Ravichandran
| years_active = 1978–present
| occupation = [[Film producer]]
}}
'''Viswanathan Ravichandran''' (also known as '''Venu Ravichandran''')<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2009 |title='The snob factor's gone' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/the-snob-factor-s-gone/cid/633474 |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian film producer and film distributor in [[Chennai]], India. He is the founder and owner of the production and distribution company, Aascar Films Pvt. Ltd,<ref>Viswanathan Ravichandran corporate information - http://corporatedir.com/officer/02175468 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030213908/http://corporatedir.com/officer/02175468 |date=30 October 2014 }} Profile at Corporate Directory</ref><ref>Company Wiki - AASCAR FILM PRIVATE LIMITED - [https://archive.today/20141030150322/http://www.companywiki.in/wiki/aascar-film-private-limited.html]. List of Directors and Company Registration info at Company Wiki</ref> previously known as Oscar Films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=cinemania |date=2021-07-04 |title=The shifting power dynamics in the Tamil film industry in the last two decades |url=https://cinemaniaworld.com/the-shifting-power-dynamics-in-the-tamil-film-industry-in-the-last-two-decades/ |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=CINEMANIA |language=en-GB |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705180703/https://cinemaniaworld.com/the-shifting-power-dynamics-in-the-tamil-film-industry-in-the-last-two-decades/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ravichandran started his venture in 1998 with the co-production of ''[[Kadhalukku Mariyadhai]]''. He went on to produce many large-scale [[Tamil cinema|Tamil language films]] and distribute a number of English films across South India.

== Early life ==
He was born in [[Vellore]] and completed his graduation from [[Voorhees College (India)|Voorhees College]], Vellore. His brothers own smaller production companies, Celebrity Pictures and Viswas Pictures. He started distributing films since he was 16 years old as he was the son of a leading distributor in Vellore.

== Career ==
Prior to making his name as a film producer, Ravichandran had been a leading film distributor in Tamil cinema since the late 1970s and gained attention through the distribution of [[Jackie Chan]] films across [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="co">{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/interviews/ravi.asp |title=Internet Archive Wayback Machine |date=23 August 2004 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040823204037/http://www.chennaionline.com/interviews/ravi.asp |archive-date=23 August 2004 }}</ref> Ravichandran made his debut as a producer in cinema through [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]'s romantic drama film ''[[Kadhalukku Mariyadhai]]'' (1997), which he co-produced with [[Sangili Murugan]]. Though Fazil offered him the opportunity to produce the Malayalam version of the film first, Ravichandran refused because he wanted his first venture to be in Tamil. The film went on to become one of the most successful films of the year, while his second venture, [[Vikraman]]'s family drama ''[[Vaanathaippola]]'' (2000), received similar commercial success.<ref name="co"/> His third and fourth films, [[Ezhil]]'s family drama ''[[Poovellam Un Vasam]]'' (2001) and [[Sasi (director)|Sasi]]'s romantic film ''[[Roja Koottam]]'' (2002), were also highly profitable ventures.

In 2012, Ravichandran and director [[S. Shankar|Shankar]] began work on the romantic thriller film, ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'' (2015), featuring [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] in the lead role. En route to becoming one of the most expensive Tamil films of all time, ''I'' took three years to complete, with over ten thousand people involved in the making of the film.<ref name="exc">{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-producer/aascar-films-ravichandran/an-interview-with-the-producer-of-i-aascar-films-ravichandran.html|title=An interview with the producer of 'I', Aascar Films Ravichandran|access-date=17 October 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060535/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-producer/aascar-films-ravichandran/an-interview-with-the-producer-of-i-aascar-films-ravichandran.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The team also subsequently held a grand audio launch event with [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] being brought in as chief guest for the event, and ''I'' released shortly after, becoming a profitable venture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/arnold-schwarzenegger-i-event-one-of-the-best-i-have-seen/|title=Arnold Schwarzenegger: ‘I’ event one of the best I have seen|date=24 September 2014|access-date=17 October 2015|archive-date=25 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025151842/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/arnold-schwarzenegger-i-event-one-of-the-best-i-have-seen/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== In the media ==
Ravichandran actively avoids being photographed and prefers to remain incognito at the promotional events of his films. In an interview with ''Behindwoods.com'', he revealed that there were no photographers at his wedding and that in family photos, only his wife would appear with his children.<ref name="exc"/>

== Filmography ==
=== Production ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Language !! Notes
|-
|1997 ||''[[Kadhalukku Mariyadhai]]'' || Tamil || Co-producer
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Vanathai Pola]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Poovellam Un Vasam]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2002 || ''[[Ezhumalai]]'' ||Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Roja Kootam]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Ramana (film)|Ramana]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[En Mana Vaanil]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2003 || ''[[Jay Jay]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Manasellam]]'' ||Tamil ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Thendral (film)|Thendral]]'' || Tamil||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Anniyan]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2006 || ''[[Parijatham (2006 film)|Parijatham]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Thalai Nagaram]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Dishyum]]'' || Tamil||
|-
| ''[[Rendu]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2007 || ''[[Marudhamalai (film)|Marudhamalai]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Unnale Unnale]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Pachaikili Muthucharam]]'' |||Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008 || ''[[Dasavathaaram]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]'' || Tamil||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Ananda Tandavam (film)|Ananda Tandavam]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2011 || ''[[Leelai]]'' || Tamil||
|-
| ''[[Lucky Jokers]]'' || [[Malayalam]]||
|-
| ''[[Velayudham]]'' ||Tamil||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2013 || ''[[Maryan (film)|Maryan]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || ''[[Vallinam]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Thirumanam Ennum Nikkah]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Bhooloham]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2018 || ''[[Vishwaroopam II]]'' ''[[Vishwaroopam II|Vishwaroop II]]'' || Tamil Hindi || Co-producer
|}

=== Distribution ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title
|-
|1978||''[[Drunken Master]]''
|-
| rowspan="2"|1982||''[[Dragon Lord]]''
|-
|''[[First Blood]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |1983||''[[Project A (film)|Project A]]''
|-
|''[[Winners and Sinners]]''
|-
|1984||''[[Wheels on Meals]]''
|-
| rowspan="4" |1985||''[[Police Story (1985 film)|Police Story]]''
|-
| ''[[Rambo: First Blood Part II]]''
|-
|''[[The Emerald Forest]]''
|-
|''[[The Protector (1985 film)|The Protector]]''
|-
|1986||''[[Armour of God (film)|Armour of God]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |1987||''[[Predator (film)|Predator]]''
|-
|''[[Project A Part II]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" |1988||''[[Bloodsport (film)|Bloodsport]]''
|-
|''[[Police Story 2]]''
|-
|''[[Rambo III]]''
|-
|1989||''[[Kickboxer (1989 film)|Kickboxer]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |1990||''[[Lionheart (1990 film)|Lionheart]]''
|-
|''[[Total Recall (1990 film)|Total Recall]]''
|-
| rowspan="4" |1991||''[[Armour of God II: Operation Condor]]''
|-
|''[[Double Impact]]''
|-
|''[[Once Upon a Time in China ]]''
|-
|''[[Terminator 2: Judgment Day]]''
|-
| rowspan="4" |1992||''[[Once Upon a Time in China II]]''
|-
|''[[Police Story 3: Super Cop]]''
|-
|''[[Twin Dragons]]''
|-
|''[[Universal Soldier (1992 film)|Universal Soldier]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" |1993||''[[City Hunter (1993 film)|City Hunter]]''
|-
|''[[Crime Story (1993 film)|Crime Story]]''
|-
|''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |1994||''[[Drunken Master II]]''
|-
|''[[True Lies]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" |1995||''[[GoldenEye]]''
|-
|''[[Rumble in the Bronx]]''
|-
|''[[Thunderbolt (1995 film)|Thunderbolt]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" |1996||''[[Black Mask (1996 film)|Black Mask]]''
|-
|''[[Police Story 4: First Strike]]''
|-
|''[[The Quest (1996 film)|The Quest]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" |1997||''[[Anaconda (1997 film)|Anaconda]]''
|-
|''[[Double Team (film)|Double Team]]''
|-
|''[[Mr. Nice Guy (1997 film)|Mr. Nice Guy]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |1998||''[[Rush Hour (1998 film)|Rush Hour]]''
|-
|''[[Who Am I? (1998 film)|Who Am I?]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |1999||''[[Gorgeous (film)|Gorgeous]]''
|-
|''[[Universal Soldier: The Return]]''
|-
|2000||''[[Shanghai Noon]]''
|-
| rowspan="4" |2001||''[[The Accidental Spy]]''
|-
|''[[Replicant (film)|Replicant]]''
|-
|''[[Rush Hour 2]]''
|-
|''[[The Mummy Returns]]''
|-
|2002||''[[Hero (2002 film)|Hero]]''
|-
| rowspan="4" |2003||''[[Shanghai Knights]]''
|-
|''[[The Medallion]]''
|-
|''[[The Order (2003 film)|The Order]]''
|-
|''[[The Twins Effect]]''
|-
|2004||''[[Miracle (2004 film)|Miracle]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007||''[[Hitman (2007 film)|Hitman]]''
|-
|''[[Spider-Man 3]]''
|-
|2008||''[[Kung Fu Panda (film)|Kung Fu Panda]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" |2010||''[[The Expendables (2010 film)|The Expendables]]''
|-
|''[[The Karate Kid (2010 film)|The Karate Kid]]''
|-
|''[[Moscowin Kavery]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012||''[[The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)|The Amazing Spider-Man]]''
|-
|''[[Skyfall]]''
|-
|2013||''[[My Lucky Star (2013 film)|My Lucky Star]]''
|-
|2014||''[[Into the Storm (2014 film)|Into the Storm]]''
|-
| rowspan="5" |2015||''[[Furious 7]]''
|-
|''[[Jurassic World]]''
|-
|''[[San Andreas (film)|San Andreas]]''
|-
|''[[Avengers: Age of Ultron]]''
|-
|''[[Mad Max: Fury Road]]''
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravichandran, Viswanathan}}
[[Category:Film producers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Vellore]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award]]
[[Category:Voorhees University]]

Economy of Rajasthan

2026-03-19T06:15:45Z

Igororh: minor cleanup

{{Short description|none}}
{{morefootnotes|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox economy
| country = Rajasthan
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = [[Udaipur]] city view
| gdp = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|21.52|lc|0}} (2026-27est.)<ref name="PRS">{{cite web |title=Rajasthan Budget Analysis 2026–27
|url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/rajasthan-budget-analysis-2025-26 |publisher=PRS Legislative Research |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref>
| gdp rank = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|7th]]
| growth = 10% 2025-26est.)<ref name="PRS"/>
| per capita = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|2.25|l|0}} (2025-26)<ref name="PRS"/>
| per capita rank = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|22nd]]
| sectors = Agriculture 27% Industry 24% Services 41% (2021–22)<ref name="Budget Analysis"/>
| components =
| inflation =
| bankrate =
| poverty = {{decreasepositive}} [[List of Indian states and union territories by poverty rate|0.71%]] in poverty (2017–18)<ref>{{cite web | title=SDGs India Index | url=https://sdgindiaindex.niti.gov.in/#/ranking |work=[[NITI Aayog]] | date=31 December 2019}}</ref>
| gini =
| hdi = {{increase}} 0.692 {{color|orange|medium}} (2023) ([[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|23rd]])
| labor =
| occupations = Agriculture 44% Industry 8% Services 47% (2015)<ref name="Budget Analysis"/>
| unemployment = {{increaseNegative}} 120.8% (Oct 2022)<ref>{{cite web|title=Unemployment Rate in India |url=https://unemploymentinindia.cmie.com/ |publisher=Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy |page=1 |access-date=3 November 2020}}</ref>
| average gross salary =
| gross median =
| average net salary =
| net median =
| industries =
| exports =
| export-goods =
| export-partners =
| imports =
| import-goods =
| import-partners =
| FDI =
| current account =
| gross external debt =
| NIIP =
| debt = 21of GSDP (2023–24 est.)<ref name="Budget Analysis"/>
| balance = {{INRConvert|-58212|c}} 4.4% of GSDP (2022–23 est.)<ref name="Budget Analysis"/>
| revenue = {{INRConvert|2.15|lc|nolink=yes}} (2022–23 est.)<ref name="Budget Analysis"/>
| expenses = {{INRConvert|2.73|lc|nolink=yes}} (2022–23 est.)<ref name="Budget Analysis">{{cite web|title=Rajasthan Budget Analysis 2022-23|url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/rajasthan-budget-analysis-2022-23|website=PRS Legislative Research|access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref>
| aid =
| credit =
| spelling = Oxford
| presentUS$asdefault = yes or no; default value is "yes"; shows/hides statement about US$
| population = {{increase}} 82,406,000 (2025)<ref>{{cite web |title=Macro and Fiscal Landscape of the State of Rajasthan |url=https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2025-03/Macro-and-Fiscal-Landscape-of-the-State-of-Rajasthan.pdf |publisher=NITI Aayog |date=March 2025 |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Grain millet, early grain fill, Tifton, 7-3-02.jpg|thumb|[[Pearl millet|Bajra]] field]]
[[Rajasthan]] is a mineral-rich state of India, with agriculture, mining and tourism as its main engines of growth. The state's mines produce gold, silver, sandstone, limestone, marble, rock phosphate, copper and lignite. It is the second-largest producer of cement and contributes one tenth of the salt produced in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/rajasthan/economy/ |title=Economy of Rajasthan |publisher=Mapsofindia.com |access-date=2016-08-07}}</ref>

==Agriculture==
[[File:4 KLM Mustard.jpg|thumb|alt=4 KLM Village|Mustard fields in a village of Rajasthan]]
Wheat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Rajasthan-tops-in-wheat-production/articleshow/51476832.cms |title=Rajasthan tops in wheat production - Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2016-03-20 |access-date=2016-08-07}}</ref> and barley are cultivated in large areas, as are [[pulse (legume)|pulses]], [[sugarcane]], and [[oilseed]]s. [[Cotton]] and [[tobacco]] are cash crops. Rajasthan is among the largest producers of [[edible oil]]s in India and the second largest producer of oilseeds. Rajasthan is also the biggest [[wool]]-producing state in India. There are mainly two crop seasons [[Kharif]] and [[Rabi crop|Rabi]]. The main source of irrigation is wells and tanks. The [[Indira Gandhi Canal]] irrigates northwestern Rajasthan.

Rajasthan is the largest producer of rapeseed, [[Pearl millet|bajra]], mustard and wool in India and the second largest producer of oilseeds and spices and milk. Rajasthan is third largest producer of soya bean and coarse cereals in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://justwiki.net/Macro_overview_of_Economy_of_Rajasthan |title=Macro overview of Economy of Rajasthan |publisher=Just Wiki |date=2016-07-11 |access-date=2016-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818093223/http://justwiki.net/Macro_overview_of_Economy_of_Rajasthan |archive-date=2016-08-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Rajasthan is also the leading producer of milk in North India. Saras milk product brand of Rajasthan Co-operative Milk Producer Union has its outlets in Jodhpur(HQ), Jaipur and New Delhi.

==Industries==
[[File:Jaipur-Ajmer Road.JPG|thumb|A section of [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]] in [[Rajasthan]].]]

Rajasthan is 12th leading investment destination in India after Maharashtra, Gujarat, Delhi, West Bengal, etc. because of its environment, law and order situation, infrastructure, investment climate and favourable population density.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} Areas facing NCR such as Bhiwadi are now popular with automobile and manufacturing companies.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} Many of the small scale suppliers and vendors have opted to shift inside Rajasthan border from Gurgaon in Haryana because of power shortage and infrastructure issues there.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} But persistent law and order problem in far-away industrial belt is a growing cause of concern.

[[Rajasthan State Industrial Development and Investment Corporation]] provides facilities for development. Rajasthan is now the preferred destination for IT companies,{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} & North India's largest integrated IT park is located in Jaipur and is named as [[Mahindra World City, Jaipur|Mahindra World City Jaipur]] covering nearly 3,000 acres (12 km2) of land. Some of the companies operating in Rajasthan include [[Infosys]], [[Genpact]], [[Wipro]], Truworth, Deusche Bank, NEI, MICO, Honda Siel Cars, Coca-Cola, Gillete etc.

==Mining==

Rajasthan is pre-eminent in quarrying and mining in India. Hindustan Zinc, headquartered in Udaipur. Kishangarh and Rajsamand also plays a vital role in economy due to the marble originated areas. Rajasthan is India's only and world's leading integrated zinc, lead and silver producer. With its large scale operations of smelting and mining in various districts of Rajasthan, the company contributed to the socio-economic development of the state.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} The state is the largest source of [[cement]]. Rajasthan is the largest cement-producing state of India. It has rich salt deposits at [[Sambhar, Rajasthan|Sambhar]], [[copper]] mines at [[Khetri]] and [[zinc]] mines at [[Dariba]] and [[Zawar]]. This is a chart of output of major minerals of Rajasthan.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Mineral || National Share
|-
| [[Wollastonite]] || 100%
|-
| [[Jasper]] || 100%
|-
| [[Zinc]] concentrate || 99%
|-
| [[Fluorite]] || 96%
|-
| [[Gypsum]] || 93%
|-
| [[Marble]] || 92%
|-
| [[Asbestos]] || 89%
|-
| [[Soapstone]] || 87%
|-
| [[Lead]] concentrate || 80%
|-
| [[Phosphate]] rock || 75%
|-
| Ball [[clay]] || 71%
|-
| [[Calcite]] || 70%
|-
| [[Sandstone]] || 70%
|-
| Flaggy [[limestone]] || 70%
|-
| [[Feldspar]] || 70%
|}

==Tourism==
{{main|Tourism in Rajasthan}}
Tourism is flourishing in Rajasthan.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} The palaces of Jaipur, lakes of Udaipur, and desert forts of Jodhpur, Bikaner & Jaisalmer are among the most common destinations for tourists. Tourism accounts for sixteen percent <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://business.mapsofindia.com/india-state/rajasthan-economy.html|title=Rajasthan Economy|website=business.mapsofindia.com|access-date=2017-01-10}}</ref> of the state's domestic product. Many old and neglected palaces and forts have been converted into heritage hotels. Tourism has increased employment in the hospitality sector.

===Handicrafts===
A spin-off of tourism has been the growth of the handicrafts industry. Bassi and Molella villages in Chittorgarh and Rajasamand are well known for their wooden and clay handicraft items respectively. Blue pottery of Jaipur and ustta Kalan of Bikaner are also famous around the globe. Jodhpur is one of the major handicraft hubs in India, trading its handicrafts globally.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rajasthan}}
{{Economy of India topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Economy Of Rajasthan}}
[[Category:Economy of Rajasthan| ]]

Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India

2026-03-15T07:06:35Z

Igororh: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Public Sector}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Ltd
| logo =
| logo_alt = Official Logo of SPMCIL
| logo_caption = Official Logo of Security Printing and Minting Cooperation of India Limited (SPMCIL)
| type = [[Government of India|Statutory body]]
| industry = *[[Documents|Government Documents]]
*Government Security Products
*[[Currency]]
*[[Coins]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|10 February 2006}}
| location = [[Jawahar Vyapar Bhawan]], [[Janpath, New Delhi]]
| area_served = India
| key_people = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.spmcil.com/Interface/BOD.aspx?menue=1 |title=Board of Directors – SPMCIL |access-date=10 February 2020 |archive-date=13 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213024219/http://spmcil.com/Interface/BOD.aspx?menue=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> CMD
| products = Currency Notes [[Bank Notes]] Non-Judicial Stamp Papers Security Products Circulation & Commemorative Coins Security Ink
| revenue = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|4714.8|c}} (2023-24)<ref name="spmcil.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.spmcil.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Final-English-AR-SPMCIL-final-for-Printing-19-10-24_compressed.pdf |title=SPMCIL Annual Financial Statement Results 2023 |access-date=25 October 2024 |url-status=live |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509152910/https://www.spmcil.com/UploadDocument/2018-19.40cd0ccb-ff6a-4e6e-906a-6e0fe422eaaa.pdf }}</ref>
| operating_income = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|1384.84|c}} (2024)<ref name="spmcil.com" />
| net_income = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|911.04|c}} (2024)
| assets = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|9639.90|c}} (2024)<ref name="spmcil.com" />
| owner = [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]
| num_employees = 5,752 (2024)
| subsid = Bank Note Paper Mill India
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.spmcil.com/en/|spmcil.com}}
}}

The '''Security Printing & Minting Corporation of India Ltd.''' ('''SPMCIL''') is an organization under the Coin and Currency Division of the [[Department of Economic Affairs (India)|Department of Economic Affairs]], [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]]. It is responsible for conducting printing and minting activities for the [[Government of India]]. It is under the [[ownership]] of the Ministry of Finance, [[Government of India]]. It was incorporated on 13 January 2006 with its registered office at [[New Delhi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Public%20Undertakings/15_Public%20Undertakings_6.pdf|title=SIXTH REPORT: COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC UNDERTAKINGS|access-date=12 April 2018|archive-date=12 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412213713/http://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Public%20Undertakings/15_Public%20Undertakings_6.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> It is engaged in the manufacture / production of currency and [[banknote]]s, [[security paper]], non-judicial stamp papers, [[postage stamp]]s and stationery, [[travel document]] viz., [[passport]] and [[Travel visa|visa]], [[security certificate]]s, [[cheque]]s, bonds, warrants, special certificates with security features, security inks, circulation and commemorative coins, medallions, refining of gold, silver and assay of precious metals, etc.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/To-reduce-imports-Security-Printing-and-Minting-Corporation-of-India-Ltd-RBI-to-enhance-currency-note-facility/articleshow/18456698.cms | title=To reduce imports, Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Ltd, RBI to enhance currency note facility | work=The Times of India | date=12 February 2013 | access-date=24 May 2014 | archive-date=15 February 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215125141/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/To-reduce-imports-Security-Printing-and-Minting-Corporation-of-India-Ltd-RBI-to-enhance-currency-note-facility/articleshow/18456698.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

The corporation was formed in 2006 due to the consolidation and [[corporatization]] of currency presses, security presses, paper mills, and mints functioning under the Ministry of Finance. It contains nine units, four mints, four presses, and a paper mill.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=95967 | title=Record Performance of SPMCIL in Production of Bank Notes, Coins and Security Products During 2012–13 | publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] | date=14 May 2013 | access-date=24 May 2014 | archive-date=25 May 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525213410/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=95967 | url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
The corporation was incorporated by taking over two security presses at [[Nashik]] and [[Hyderabad]], two currency note presses at [[Dewas]] and [[Nashik]], four mints at [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Hyderabad]] and [[Noida]] and one security paper mill at [[Narmadapuram]] which were working under the direct administrative control of the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] and the Department of Economic Affairs. In its third report dated 23 December 2000, the Expenditure Reforms Commission gave nine recommendations concerning mints and presses and suggested exploring the option of placing [[India Security Press]], Nashik, and four India Government Mints under a corporate body. The commission also recommended that the government explore the feasibility of the [[Department of Posts]] taking over the Security Printing Press at Hyderabad. The Commission further recommended for the two currency note presses at Dewas and Nashik to be transferred to the control of [[Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran|Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mundran Private Limited]], setting up of a new security paper mill by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) and phasing out or privatization of Security Paper Mill, Narmadapuram.

Neither the RBI nor the Department of Posts agreed to take over the security presses as per the recommendations of the Expenditure Reforms Commission. The feasibility of hiving off the security paper mill at Hoshangabad could not fructify due to operational and logistic constraints. On subsequent review of functions and performance of the Units, it was realized that the main constraints in the existing system of keeping these units as government entities were low productivity, obsolete technology, outdated financial systems and procedures, and delays in responding technologically to the challenges of counterfeiting. All these factors, in combination, resulted in inefficient capacity utilization and a consequential higher cost of production.

=== Corporatisation ===
[[IFCI Ltd|Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI) Limited]] was appointed as a consultant to study the working of the nine units and present a feasibility report for their corporatization. Accordingly, it was decided to form a wholly owned corporation by taking over all nine security presses/mints/security paper mills. The Union Cabinet, in its meeting held on 2 September 2005, approved the formation of a wholly owned corporation, namely, the Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Limited (SPMCIL). The corporation was incorporated under the Companies Act on 13 January 2006.

== Organisation structure ==
[[File:SPMCIL Organisational Structure.png|alt=SPMCIL organisational sturcute|thumb|Corporate Structure of SPMCIL]]
SPMCIL is headed by a board of directors, presided over by the Chairman and Managing Director. The other board members include three functional directors who head the technical, finance, and human resources departments. Apart from the four functional directors, three directors are Government nominee directors, and the end-user representatives, consisting of [[Reserve Bank of India]], Ministry of External Affairs, and Department of Post, each one of them has one nominee as Director. Additionally, two independent directors are nominated by the Ministry of Finance. The board also commissions a Chief Vigilance Officer (CVO) who heads the organization's internal vigilance department. Each unit of SPMCIL is headed by a Chief General Manager/General Manager HOD who functions under the control and direction of the Head office.

=== Human Resource ===
The Human Resource Department handles administration, establishment, legal, official language, training, personnel, and industrial relations.

=== Finance and Accounts ===
The finance department handles accounts, taxation, internal audits, costing, budgeting, capital investments, corporate finance, coordination with auditors, the company secretariat, etc.

== Units ==
SPMCIL broadly operates through four production verticals, i.e., currency printing presses, security printing presses, security paper mill, and the Indian Government mints.

=== Currency printing presses ===
SPMCIL consists of two currency printing presses: the Currency Note Press (CNP) in [[Nashik]] and the Bank Note Press (BNP) in [[Dewas]]. New production lines are also set up in [[Mysore]] and [[Salboni]]. The two units are engaged in the production of banknotes for India as well as a few foreign countries, including [[Iraq]], [[Nepal]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Myanmar]], and [[Bhutan]]. More than 40% of Currency Notes circulated in India are printed by the two units. These units are equipped with designing, engraving, complete Pre-printing and Offset facilities, Intaglio Printing machines, Numbering & Finishing machines, etc.<ref name=":0" />

Currency is also printed by the two presses of [[Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Limited]], a wholly owned subsidiary of [[Reserve Bank of India]]. BNP also has an ink factory that produces ink for security printing in [[Dewas]] Bank Note Press (BNP) unit.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.printweek.com/print-week/india-news/1132871/spmcil-invest-security-paper-ink-manufacturing-rs-2500-expansion-plan | title=SPMCIL to invest in security paper and ink manufacturing as a part of its Rs 2500-cr expansion plan | publisher=printweek.com | access-date=25 May 2014 | archive-date=25 May 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525213413/http://www.printweek.com/print-week/india-news/1132871/spmcil-invest-security-paper-ink-manufacturing-rs-2500-expansion-plan | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Security printing presses ===
There are two Security printing presses of SPMCIL, namely the India Security Press (ISP) at Nashik and the Security Printing Press (SPP) at Hyderabad. These presses print the 100% requirement of passports and other travel documents, non-judicial stamp papers, cheques, bonds, warrants, postal stamps, postal stationery, and other security products. The Security Printing Presses have the capability of incorporating security features like chemically reactive elements, various Guilloche patterns, micro lettering, designs with UV inks, bi-fluorescent inks, optical variable inks, micro-perforation, adhesive/glue, embossing, die-cutting, and personalization, etc.<ref name=":0" />

=== Mints ===
SPMCIL comprises four units of [[India Government Mint, Mumbai|India Government Mint]] located in the cities of Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad, and Noida.<ref name="Edgar">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YpHRfE7ukWUC&pg=PT209|title=The Pearson Guide to the Central Police Forces|author=Thorpe Edgar|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1569-7|pages=209}}</ref> These mints produce [[Modern Indian coins|circulation coins]], commemorative coins, medallions and bullion, as required by the Government of India.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/efeatures.aspx?relid=102657 | title=Crafting Bharat Ratna, Padma Medals at Kolkata Mint | work=Press Information Bureau | date=January 2014 | access-date=25 May 2014 | archive-date=8 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208060357/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/efeatures.aspx?relid=102657 | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Paper mill ===
Security Paper Mill was established in 1968 at [[Narmadapuram]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It produces papers for banknotes, non–judicial stamps, and passport paper.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=78878 | title=Speech of the Hon'ble Finance Minister on the occasion of the Foundation Stone laying of Bank Note Paper Line at SPM, Hoshangabad today | work=Press Information Bureau | date=17 December 2011 | access-date=25 May 2014 | archive-date=25 May 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525213407/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=78878 | url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.spmcil.com Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Limited (SPMCIL)]
* [http://www.bnpmindia.com/ Bank Note Paper Mill India Private Limited(BNPM)]

{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}

{{authority control}}

{{Reserve Bank of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Limited}}
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 2006]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Banknote printing companies]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2006]]

2009 Durand Cup final

2026-03-11T03:22:19Z

Igororh: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox football match
| event = [[2009 Durand Cup]]
| team1 = [[Churchill Brothers]]
| team1association = {{flagicon|IND|size=30px}}
| team1score = 3
| team2 = [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]
| team2association = {{flagicon|IND|size=30px}}
| team2score = 1
| date = 22 September 2009
| venue = [[Ambedkar Stadium]]
| city = [[New Delhi]]
}}
{{Main|2009 Durand Cup}}
The '''2009 Durand Cup final''' was the 122nd final of the [[Durand Cup]], the oldest football competition in [[India]] and third oldest in the world.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Durand Cup: Mohun Bagan Beat Mahindra to Enter Final|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/durand-cup-mohun-bagan-beat-mahindra-to-enter-final/666487|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-11|website=outlookindia.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111111408/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/durand-cup-mohun-bagan-beat-mahindra-to-enter-final/666487 |archive-date=11 November 2021 }}</ref> The final was contested between two [[I-League]] sides, [[Churchill Brothers SC|Churchill Brothers]] of [[Goa]] and [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]] from [[Kolkata]]. It was held on 22 September 2009 in [[New Delhi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2010-08-08|title=Indian Football Daily News - September 2009 : Kolkata Football.com|url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2009/september_news2.html|access-date=2021-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808124737/http://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2009/september_news2.html|archive-date=8 August 2010}}</ref>

Churchill Brothers won their second Durand Cup final after 2007, with a score of 3–1. [[Odafa Onyeka Okolie|Odafe Okolie]] scored a hat trick for Churchill Brothers.

== Route to the final ==
=== Churchill Brothers ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right; font-size:85%;"
! width="120" scope="col" |Date
! width="80" scope="col" |Round
! width="120" scope="col" |Opposition
! width="80" scope="col" |Score
|-
|15 September 2009
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |Group Stage
|[[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|1–0
|-
|17 September 2009
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |Group Stage
|[[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]
|1–1
|-
|19 September 2009
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |Semi Final
|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|2–1
|}
[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]] entered the [[2009 Durand Cup]] as one of the [[I-League]] teams and the runner-up from the previous season. They were placed in Group A along with [[Sporting Clube de Goa]] and an [[Indian Armed Forces]] team, [[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]. In the opening game, Churchil Brothers defeated Sporting Clube de Goa 1–0. In the second game, they drew against Assam rifles with both teams scoring each. They topped the group and ended their group stage campaign with four points. The first semi-final was held on 19 September 2009, where Churchill Brothers faced [[Dempo SC|Dempo]], and defeated them 2–1. [[Odafa Onyeka Okolie|Odafe Okolie]] scored a brace in the 20th and 50th minute and the team reached their third successive Durand Cup final.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=India - List of Durand Cup Finals|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiadurandcuphist.html|access-date=2021-11-11|website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref>

=== Mohun Bagan ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right; font-size:85%;"
! width="120" scope="col" |Date
! width="80" scope="col" |Round
! width="120" scope="col" |Opposition
! width="80" scope="col" |Score
|-
|16 September 2009
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |Group Stage
|[[ONGC FC|ONGC]]
|5–1
|-
|18 September 2009
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |Group Stage
|[[JCT FC|JCT]]
|2–0
|-
|20 September 2009
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |Semi Final
|[[Mahindra United]]
|2–1
|}
[[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]] entered the 2009 Durand Cup as one of the I-League teams. They were allocated Group B with [[ONGC FC|ONGC]] and [[JCT FC|JCT]]. Mohun Bagan won both group stage matches with a score line of 5–1 and 2–0 against ONGC and JCT respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohun Bagan down ONGC in Durand Cup|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2009/sep/16bagan-rout-ongc-durand-cup.htm|access-date=2021-11-11|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> They topped the group and ended their group stage campaign with six points. The second semi-final was held in September 2009, where Mohun Bagan defeated [[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra United]] by a score of 2–1. Chidi Edeh scored both goals for Mohun Bagan in 19th and 72nd minute.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Match ==
The final was played on 22 September 2009 at the [[Ambedkar Stadium]] in [[New Delhi]]. The match remained goalless in the regulation time and it went for [[Overtime (sports)|extra time]]. Chidi Edeh scored the first goal in the 94th minute, for Mohun Bagan. Six minutes later, Odafa scored the equaliser and went on scoring two more goals in the 104th and 110th minute. He scored a hat trick in ten minutes and sealed the second Durand Cup title for Churchil brothers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Durand – Durand Cup|url=https://durandcup.in/about-durand/|access-date=2021-11-11|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> The final scoreline was 3–1.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 September 2009|title=Odafe hat-trick guides Churchill to second Durand Cup title|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/odafe-hat-trick-guides-churchill-to-second-durand-cup-title/articleshow/5043752.cms|access-date=2021-11-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2009-09-23|title=Churchill regains Durand Cup|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/Churchill-regains-Durand-Cup/article16882950.ece|access-date=2021-11-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Details ===
{{footballbox
| date = 22 September 2009
| time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Churchill Brothers Sports Club|Churchill Brothers]]
| score = 3–1
| team2 = [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]
| goals1 = [[Nacimento Silveira]] {{yel|44}} [[Odafa Onyeka Okolie|Odafe Okolie]] {{goal|100||104||110}}
| goals2 = [[Micky Fernandes]] {{yel|5}} [[Chidi Edeh]] {{goal|94}}
| stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium]]
| referee =
| event =
| round =
| score1 =
| score2 =
| report = https://web.archive.org/web/20100808124737/http://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2009/september_news2.html
| attendance =
| location = [[New Delhi]]
| scorenote =
| aet = yes
}}
{| width="100%"
| width="40%" valign="top" |
{| cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 90%"
|-
|GK
|
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]]
|-
|RB
|
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Naoba Singh]]
|{{suboff|84}}
|-
|CB
|
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rowilson Rodrigues]]
|-
|CB
|
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gouramangi Singh]]
|-
|LB
|
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Robert Lalthalma]]
|
|-
|
|
|{{flagicon|IND}} Charan Rai
|-
|MF
|
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nacimento Silveira]]
|{{suboff|90}}
|-
|MF
|
|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Ogba Kalu Nnanna|Ogba Kalu]]
|-
|MF
|
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Khanthang Paite]]
|{{suboff|82}}
|-
|ST
|
|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Odafa Onyeka Okolie|Odafe Okolie]]
|-
|MF
|
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Reisangmei Vashum]]
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|GK
|
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Naveen Kumar (footballer)|Naveen Kumar]]
|{{subon|84}}
|-
|CM
|
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lenny Rodrigues]]
|{{subon|90}}
|-
|MF
|
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jaison Vales]]
|{{subon|82}}
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Coach:'''
|-
| colspan="3" |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Carlos Roberto Pereira]]
|}
| width="50%" valign="top" |
{| align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 90%"
|-
|GK
|
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sangram Mukherjee]]
|-
|RB
|
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Surkumar Singh]]
|-
|CB
|
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Deepak Mondal]]
|-
|CB
|
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rakesh Masih]]
|
|-
|LM
|
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nallappan Mohanraj]]
|{{suboff|106}}
|-
|LB
|
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[James Sargolsem Singh|James Singh]]
|{{suboff|85}}
|-
|CM
|
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Micky Fernandes]]
|-
|CM
|
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kalia Kulothungan|Kulothungan]]
|-
|RM
|
|{{flagicon|IND}} Snehashis Chakraborty
|{{suboff|67}}
|-
|ST
|
|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Chidi Edeh]]
|
|-
|ST
|
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Barreto (footballer, born 1985)|Barreto]]
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|LM
|
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Branco Cardozo]]
|{{subon|106}}
|-
|RM
|
|{{flagicon|IND}} Subhodeep Majumdar
|{{subon|85}}
|-
|ST
|
|{{flagicon|IND}} Santha Kumar
|{{subon|67}}
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Manager:'''
|-
| colspan="4" |{{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Karim Bencherifa]]
|}
|}

== See also ==
* [[2009 IFA Shield]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://durandcup.in/ Official website]

{{Durand Cup}}
{{Churchill Brothers FC Goa}}
{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant}}
{{2009–10 in Indian football}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Durand Cup finals]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant matches]]
[[Category:Churchill Brothers FC matches]]
[[Category:2009 in domestic association football cups|India]]
[[Category:2009–10 in Indian football]]
[[Category:Football competitions in New Delhi]]

Ajit Gupte

2026-03-07T21:18:23Z

Igororh: stub

{{short description|Ambassador of India to Germany}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
'''Ajit Vinayak Gupte''' (born on 9 January 1967) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[diplomat]] from the 1991 batch of the [[Indian Foreign Service]] who is currently serving as the [[List of ambassadors of India to Germany|Ambassador of India to Germany]] since October 2024. He previously served as an [[List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India|Ambassador of India to]] [[Egypt]] and [[Denmark]].<ref>{{Cite web|title= Ambassador of India to the Republic of Germany|url= https://indianembassyberlin.gov.in/pages?id=MQ,,&subid=MzU,|access-date= 6 December 2025|website= [[Embassy of India, Berlin]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= 7 October 2024|title= Shri Ajit Gupte appointed as next ambassador of India to Germany|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/38380/Shri_Ajit_Vinayak_Gupte_appointed_as_the_next_Ambassador_of_India_to_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany |access-date= 6 December 2025 |website=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs of India]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= 7 October 2024|title= Ajit Gupte appointed Indian Ambassador to Germany |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/ajit-vinayak-gupte-appointed-as-indias-ambassador-to-germany20241007140639/ |access-date= 6 December 2025|website= [[Asian News International]]|language=en}}</ref>

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ajit Gupte
| birth_name = Ajit Gupte
| caption =
| occupation = [[Diplomat]]
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1967|01|09}}
| birth_place = [[India]]
| office = [[List of ambassadors of India to Germany|Ambassador of India to Germany]]
| predecessor = [[Parvathaneni Harish]]
|appointer = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| term_start = 7 October 2024
| office1 = [[List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India|Ambassador of India to Egypt]]
| term_start1 = 2021
| term_end1 = 2024
| predecessor1 = Rahul Kulshreshth
|successor1= Suresh K Reddy
|appointer1 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| office2 = [[List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India|Ambassador of India to the Denmark]]
|appointer2 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| term_start2 = 2017
| term_end2 = 2021
| predecessor2 = Rajeev Shahare
|successor2= Pooja Kapur
| alma_mater = ([[Bachelor of Commerce|B.Com]]) [[Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics]] [[University of Mumbai]]
}}

==Diplomatic career==
Gupte joined [[Indian Foreign Service]] in 1991 where he studied Chinese [[Mandarin Chinese|mandarin]] as a part of his assignment in the service. He served in various capacities with [[China]] serving as under secretary from 1995 to 1998, again during his postings in [[Hong Kong]] from 1998 to 2000 and then in [[Beijing]] from 2000 to 2004.
He also served in [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh as its first secretary or counsellor from 2004 to 2008. He then served as the deputy Director General of [[Indian Council For Cultural Relations]] from 2008 to 2010. Over the years he has held numerous incharges like serving in the [[Embassy of India, Berlin]] and serving it's [[Chargé d'affaires]] for nine months.<ref>{{Cite web |date= 7 October 2024|title= who is Ajit Vinayak Gupte India's next envoy to Germany|url=https://indianmasterminds.com/news/meet-ifs-ajit-vinayak-gupte-indias-next-ambassador-to-germany-96975/ |access-date= 6 December 2025|website= India Masterminds|language=en}}</ref>

He was then appointed as [[List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India|Ambassador of India to Denmark]] in June 2017 where he served until 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date= 13 June 2017|title= Ajit Vinayak Gupte appointed as Indian Ambassador to Denmark|url= https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/28537/Ajit_Vinayak_Gupte_appointed_as_the_next_Ambassador_of_Indi|access-date= 6 December 2025|website=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs of India]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= 7 October 2024|title= MEA names Sanjeev Singla and Ajit Gupte as ambassadors of France and Germany|url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/mea-names-sanjeev-singla-ajit-gupte-as-ambassadors-to-france-germany-124100700462_1.html |access-date= 6 December 2025|website= [[The Business Standard]]|language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, Gupte was appointed as [[List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India|Ambassador of India to Egypt]] where he served until October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date= 19 March 2021 |title= India appoints new ambassador to Cairo|url=https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2021/03/19/india-appoints-new-ambassador-to-cairo/ |access-date= 6 December 2025|website= [[Daily News Egypt]]|language=en}}</ref>

His tenure was marked by successful high level visits of leaders of both the countries where the Egyptian President [[Abdel Fattah El-Sisi]] visited India in Republic Day in January 2023 and visit of Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] to Egypt in mid of 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date= 24 June 2023 |title= India-Egypt ties go back to 4000 years says Indian Ambassador to Egypt|url=https://theprint.in/world/india-egypt-ties-go-back-over-4000-years-indian-ambassador-to-egypt-amid-pm-modis-state-visit/1641136/ |access-date= 7 December 2025|website=[[The Print]]|language=en}}</ref>

In October 2024, Gupte was appointed as the [[List of ambassadors of India to Germany|Ambassador of India to Germany]].<ref>{{Cite web |date= 7 October 2024 |title= Ajit Vinayak Gupte appointed as India Ambassador to Germany|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ajit-vinayak-gupte-appointed-as-indias-next-ambassador-to-germany/article68727386.ece |access-date= 7 December 2025|website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupte, Ajit}}
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Indian diplomats]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Germany]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Egypt]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Denmark]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Ajayan Bala

2026-03-03T23:45:34Z

Igororh: stub

{{Short description|Indian writer, actor, film director and screenplay writer}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ajayan Bala
| image=
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Kancheepuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = Writer, actor, film director
| years_active = 2009–present
| height =
| spouse =
| parents =
| relatives =
| website =
}}

'''Ajayan Bala''' is an Indian writer, actor, and film director from [[Kancheepuram]], [[Tamilnadu]]. His book ''Ulaka cin̲imā varalār̲u : maun̲ayukam 1894-1929'' was awarded as best book in the fine arts section by [[Tamil Nadu]] Government in 2007. He has written several fiction and non-fiction works in Tamil. He has written a history serial in the popular Tamil magazine Ananda Vikatan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vikatan.com/oddities/miscellaneous/42750--2|title=நாயகன் - அஜயன் பாலா|first=Vikatan|last=Correspondent|website=www.vikatan.com/|date=7 January 2009 }}</ref>

He has written story and screen play for the movies ''[[Chennaiyil Oru Naal]]'', ''[[Manithan (2016 film)|Manithan]]'', and ''[[Thalaivii]]''. He has also directed one of the chapters in the [[Horror movie|horror]] [[Anthology film|anthology]] ''[[6 Athiyayam]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/tamil/en/audiotrack/interview-ajayan-bala |title=An Interview with Ajayan Bala {{!}} SBS Your Language |website=www.sbs.com.au |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207010519/https://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/tamil/en/audiotrack/interview-ajayan-bala |archive-date=2018-02-07}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
===Novels===
* Pakalmeenkal (published as a serial in [[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]])

===Short story collections===
* Mayilvakanan and other stories (Marutha Pathippakam)
* Moondravathu Arai Nanbanin Kathal Kathai
* Ajayan Bala Sirukathaikal (Nathan Pathippakam)
* Muthukkal Pathu (Amrutha Pathippakam)

===Translated Screenplays===
* [[The Battle of Algiers]]
* [[Bicycle Thieves]]

===Biographies===
* [[B. R. Ambedkar|Ambedkar]]
* [[Mother Teresa|Annai Theresa]]
* [[Vincent van Gogh|Oviyar Van Gogh]]
* [[Karl Marx]]
* [[Charlie Chaplin]]
* [[Che Guevara]]
* [[Nelson Mandela]]
* [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Nethaji Subhas Chandra Bose]]
* [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy|Periyar]]
* [[Martin Luther King Jr.|Martin Luther King]]

===Other Non-Fiction===
* Mudivatra Kalaignan: Marlon Brando
* Sumar Ezhuthalanum Super Star-um
* Semmozhi Sirpigal (Life of 100 Tamil scholars)
* Ulaka cin̲imā varalār̲u : maun̲ayukam 1894–1929

==Filmography==
===As director and writer===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" scope="col"| Year
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" colspan="2"| Credited as
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
! Director !! Writer
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013 || ''[[Chennaiyil Oru Naal]]'' || {{no}} || {{partial|Screenplay}} || <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/making-a-remake/article7438722.ece|title=Making a remake|first=Vishal|last=Menon|newspaper=The Hindu|date=19 July 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vana Yuddham]]'' || {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogues}} || Tamil version
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Manithan (2016 film)|Manithan]]'' || {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogues}} ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2018 || ''[[6 Athiyayam]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Anthology film; segment: "Misai"
|-
|''[[Diya (film)|Diya]]'' || {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogues}} || Tamil version
|-
| ''[[Lakshmi (2018 film)|Lakshmi]]'' || {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogues}} || Tamil version
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019 || ''[[Nethraa]]'' || {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogues}} ||
|-
| ''[[Watchman (film)|Watchman]]'' || {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogues}} ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Thalaivii]]'' || {{no}} || {{partial|Story}} ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Memories (2023 film)|Memories]]'' || {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogues}} ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Uyir Thamizhukku]]''|| {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Mylanji (2026 film)|Mylanji]]'' || {{yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|}

===As actor===
*''[[Chithiram Pesuthadi]]'' (2006)
*''[[Vaalmiki (film)|Vaalmiki]]'' (2009)
*'' [[Madrasapattinam]]'' (2010)
*''[[Thenmerku Paruvakaatru]]'' (2010)
*''[[Krishnaveni Panjaalai]]'' (2012)

===Web series ===
* ''Love Bullet'' (2021)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bala, Ajayan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Chennai]]
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]

Aamayum Muyalum

2026-03-03T20:40:57Z

Igororh: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aamayum Muyalum
| image = Aamayum Muyalum (2014) - Poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Priyadarshan]]
| producer = Jaison Pullikkottil
| writer = Priyadarshan
| starring = [[Jayasurya]] [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] [[Nedumudi Venu]] [[Piaa Bajpai]]
| narrator = [[Mohanlal]]
| music = [[M. G. Sreekumar]],
[[Rajeev Alunkal]] (Lyrics)
| based_on = ''[[Malamaal Weekly]]'' (2006) by [[Priyadarshan]]
| cinematography = [[Divakar Mani]]
| editing = M. S. Ayyappan Nair
| studio = Full House Entertainment
| distributor = [[Maxlab Cinemas and Entertainments]]
| released = {{Film date|2014|12|19|df=y}}
| runtime = 164 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Aamayum Muyalum''''' (''[[The Tortoise and the Hare]]'') is a 2014 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy drama]] film written and directed by [[Priyadarshan]], and co-produced by Jaison Pullikkottil under the banner Full House Entertainment. It is a remake of the director's own Hindi movie ''[[Malamaal Weekly]]'' which itself was a remake of ''[[Waking Ned]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/15904/malayalam/aamayum-muyalum/4932/review/ |title=Aamayum Muyalum Review - Malayalam Movie Aamayum Muyalum Nowrunning Review |access-date=23 December 2014 |archive-date=22 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222004447/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/15904/malayalam/aamayum-muyalum/4932/review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film has a cast of [[Jayasurya]], [[Piaa Bajpai]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Anoop Menon]], [[Harisree Ashokan]] and [[Mamukkoya]] in prominent roles.<ref>{{cite news|title=Upcoming Priyadarshan-Jayasurya Film Titled as 'Aamayum Muyalum'|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/upcoming-priyadarshan-jayasurya-film-titled-aamayum-muyalum-605080|work=[[International Business Times]]|author=Nicy V. P.|date=22 July 2014|access-date=16 December 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216144659/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/upcoming-priyadarshan-jayasurya-film-titled-aamayum-muyalum-605080|url-status=live}}</ref> The music is composed by [[M. G. Sreekumar]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Aamayum Muyalum Music Review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Aamayum-Muyalum-Music-Review/articleshow/45512809.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 December 2014|access-date=16 December 2014|archive-date=5 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205171231/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Aamayum-Muyalum-Music-Review/articleshow/45512809.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Lyrics by [[Rajeev Alunkal]]

The film's story revolves the story of the various characters in a village. Kashi, Nallavan, Kallu, Thamara try to shroud a murder that happens in their village. But it lands them in more trouble and they fear that they will be caught any time. Humor, romance, and suspense find space in the plot of this movie

The film, which commenced production in August 2014, was released on 19 December 2014 during Christmas. The film got mixed review and commercially; critics praised the performances of Jayasurya and [[Piaa Bajpai]]. The film is set in a fictional village reminiscent to the director's own yesteryear film ''[[Thenmavin Kombathu]]'' (1994).<ref>{{cite web|title=Aamayum Muyalum-First Look|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aamayum-muyalum-first-look-imagegallery-malayalam-okvkN3jieibdc.html|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=16 December 2014|archive-date=13 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113130948/http://www.sify.com/movies/aamayum-muyalum-first-look-imagegallery-malayalam-okvkN3jieibdc.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
In a fictitious poverty-ridden village of Gowlipady, is virtually ruled by the ruthless and corrupt [[Zamindar]]ess Bhandaravathi. Kashi is a lottery salesman. He is the only literate person of the village. Once, a lottery sold by him happens to win the first prize of {{INR}} 5 [[crore]], greedy Kashi tries to get back the lottery ticket but doesn't know to whom he has sold the ticket. So, he conducts a treat exclusive to all those who have bought tickets from him. To gain entrance, they need to give their tickets back. As the treat ends, all the tickets he have sold except one is collected. Later, he learns that the remaining ticket, which won the prize, sold to Anthony is still not collected.

He goes over to Anthony's home and finds him dead. While Kashi tries to take the lottery ticket, Nallavan sees Kashi doing so. Later, Kashi makes Nallavan agree to split the money that Anthony received after dumping Anthony's body in the nearby lake. While doing so, Kallu sees them and overhears their plan. Later, Kashi explains it all and asks him what it would take him to keep quiet. He says he isn't interested in money and instead he wants to marry Thamara who is the daughter of Nallavan. After arguing for a while, they agree to do so. While all three go over to the lake, a group of village citizens, in search of Nallavan and Kashi, finds them with the body. With a made-up story, they get away with it with luck. Later, while Kallu drives to the lake, he stumbles upon Thamara and explains the story. Meanwhile, the vehicle rolls over to the nearby forest and the dead body flies over to the top of a tree. Kallu looks for the body, and finds it missing. Next day, Kashi goes over to a phone booth to call over to the lottery office and finds out that Anthony had already called the office. Now they drop the money plan and just want to get away with the murder. Then, a few men, while passing by, tell them that Anthony is sitting on the top of a tree, but they don't realize that he is dead. Kallu and the others get the body down and go over to Anthony's house with body.

There, Anthony's sister Mary also learns the story. Then Tamara tells her friend that she is going to elope with Kallu. Kallu's father argues with Nallavan that he got the money and he is rich. Then Kallu's father join their group and keeps it a secret. A big crowd forms in front of Anthony's house, and Anthony's sister is making excuses not to let them in. The crowd got in on the act. Now everybody is getting suspicious of their family. Anthony's sister finally made the agreement. Now the zaminderess in the village comes to Anthony's house and she knows everything. Everybody is getting annoyed. They finally get the agreement to do his funeral, but not let anyone know. They are going to make an agreement. They tell Nallavan to do the funeral and to be strong. Kashi tells the inspector the wrong way to Anthony's house. But Kashi is coming with the inspector who asked the route to Anthony's home. They meet Nallavan and the man asks Nallavan the route to Anthony's house, but he doesn't tell him. The reach a wrong house. And finally reach Anthony's house and Kashi tells Anthony's sister to tell the inspector that he is in the bathroom. Kashi sees Nallavan. Nallavan acts like Anthony and is yelling to Kashi like mad. They finally do Anthony's funeral. The inspector sees the funeral. They finish the funeral and everybody goes home. Mayillapa knows about the things between the secret group and argues that he wants to marry Tamara. Kallu's marriage got fixed but Mayillappa ruins it, and the rest shows how Kallu marries Thamara wwith Kashi's help.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Jayasurya]] as Kallu, Thamara's love interest
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Kashi, a lottery agent
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Nallavan, Thamara's father and the milk vendor
* [[Piaa Bajpai]] as Thamara, Kallu's love interest and Nallavan's daughter
* [[Anoop Menon]] as Vijay Nambiyar, lottery ticket inspector
* [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] as Bhandaravathi, the [[Zamindar]]ess
* [[Mamukkoya]] as Appayya, Kallu's father
* [[Harisree Ashokan]] as Mayilappa
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Arcott Anthony Fernandez, a drunkard
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Mary Fernandez, Anthony's sister
* [[Idavela Babu]] as Vaidyar Gundappa
* [[Kochu Preman]] as Sexton Ouseppu
* [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Kadambari, Kashi's wife
* [[Sona Heiden]] as Panchavarnam
* Krishnaprasad as Kaikambakaran
* [[Anjali (actress born 1986)|Anjali J Menon]] as the news reporter
* Madan Mohan as Mayillappa's friend
* [[Bhavna Pani]] as item dancer (special appearance)
* [[Mohanlal]] as narrator (voice appearance)
{{colend}}

==Production==
The movie was produced by Jaison Pulikottil under the banner of Full House Entertainment. In July 2014, [[Priyadarshan]] selected [[Jayasurya]] for the lead role of his next Malayalam film, with the actor stating that the film would be a "fun thriller", "something on the lines of ''[[Thenmavin Kombath]]u''" and that it would feature several actors "known for their comic timing", like Innocent, Nedumudi Venu and Harisree Ashokan.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Jayasurya-to-play-the-lead-in-Priyadarshans-next-film/articleshow/37841143.cms | title=Jayasurya to play the lead in Priyadarshan's next film! | website=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=23 October 2014 | archive-date=18 April 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418093209/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Jayasurya-to-play-the-lead-in-Priyadarshans-next-film/articleshow/37841143.cms | url-status=live | last1=Prakash | first1=Asha }}</ref> Jayasurya was thrilled after Priyadarshan called him for the project. "I have grown up on a diet of films made by Priyan sir and here I was acting in a film of his. It was surreal. The movie is a comedy, in which I impersonate a domestic help to win the hand of the girl I love." says Jayasurya.<ref>{{cite news|title=Going beyond the obvious|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/interview-with-actor-jayasurya/article6658304.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|author=Saraswathy Nagaragan|date=4 December 2014|accessdate=16 December 2014|archive-date=25 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825135630/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/interview-with-actor-jayasurya/article6658304.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The lead female role went to [[Piaa Bajpai]].<ref>[http://www.sify.com/movies/pia-bajpai-is-the-heroine-in-priyadarshan-s-next-news-malayalam-oipojVcgagajf.html Pia Bajpai is the heroine in Priyadarshan's next] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104075917/http://www.sify.com/movies/pia-bajpai-is-the-heroine-in-priyadarshan-s-next-news-malayalam-oipojVcgagajf.html|date=4 November 2014}}</ref> She reunites with Priyadarshan after her debut film with him who introduced her. "While working on my first film, I had told Priyan sir that I would like to work with him. Both of us got busy with our respective careers, but we stayed in touch. Recently, he called me and said that he's working on something and asked me to keep my fingers crossed," says Pia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Working with Priyadarshan is like homecoming: Piaa Bajpai|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/working-with-priyadarshan-is-like-homecoming-piaa-bajpai/article6390428.ece|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 September 2014|accessdate=16 December 2014|archive-date=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192614/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/working-with-priyadarshan-is-like-homecoming-piaa-bajpai/article6390428.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Anoop Menon]] is playing a cameo.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Anoop-Menon-plays-an-extended-cameo-in-Priyadarshans-film/articleshow/44877437.cms|title=Anoop Menon plays an extended cameo in Priyadarshan's film|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 October 2014|archive-date=22 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022001117/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Anoop-Menon-plays-an-extended-cameo-in-Priyadarshans-film/articleshow/44877437.cms|url-status=live|last1=Karthikeyan |first1=Shruti }}</ref> [[Bhavna Pani]] was signed to perform in an [[item number]], returning to Malayalam cinema after 10 years.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Bhavna-Pani-is-back-with-an-item-number-in-Priyadarshans-film/articleshow/44908768.cms|title = Bhavna Pani is back with an item number in Priyadarshan's film|website = [[The Times of India]]|access-date = 23 October 2014|archive-date = 24 October 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141024051859/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Bhavna-Pani-is-back-with-an-item-number-in-Priyadarshans-film/articleshow/44908768.cms|url-status = live| last1=Karthikeyan | first1=Shruti }}</ref> The film is narrated by [[Mohanlal]]. His voice is used for a major long narration in the beginning of the film, through which characters and the story as such would be introduced.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mohanlal to introduce Aamayum Muyalum characters|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mohanlal-to-introduce-Aamayum-Muyalum-characters/articleshow/45147882.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|author=Deepa Soman|date=15 November 2014|accessdate=16 December 2014|archive-date=18 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118095316/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mohanlal-to-introduce-Aamayum-Muyalum-characters/articleshow/45147882.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The actor himself revealed the news through his official Facebook page.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/ActorMohanlal/photos/a.367995736589462.86564.365947683460934/762288427160189/?type=1&source=46&refid=17|title=Facebook|website=www.facebook.com|access-date=16 December 2014|archive-date=25 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825135627/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FActorMohanlal%2Fphotos%2Fa.367995736589462.86564.365947683460934%2F762288427160189%2F%3Ftype%3D1%26source%3D46%26refid%3D17|url-status=live}}</ref> The trailer released on 10 December 2014. It introduces the characters of the film and tells the story of the film revolves around a village on the banks of a river and its people. It goes with a narration that the film is about "a love, a death, a big secret and the villagers who are chasing a lot of money."<ref>{{cite news|title=Priyadarshan's 'Aamayum Muyalum' Trailer Released, Resembles Bollywood Movie 'Malamaal Weekly' [VIDEO]|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/trailer-priyadarshans-aamayum-muyalum-released-resembles-bollywood-movie-malamaal-weekly-616857|work=[[International Business Times]]|author=Nicy V. P.|date=11 December 2014|access-date=16 December 2014|archive-date=13 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213002439/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/trailer-priyadarshans-aamayum-muyalum-released-resembles-bollywood-movie-malamaal-weekly-616857|url-status=live}}</ref>

Priyadarshan has penned the lyrics for the film for the song '' Kaanakkombile Kakkakarumban''. The film's music is composed by singer turned composer [[M. G. Sreekumar]] and has a total of four melodious folk tracks. "It is by chance that Priyan penned the lyrics for one of the songs. It is a rhythmic folk song which gives a feel of the story in the movie. After we put together the track's music, Priyan wanted to give lyricist [[Rajeev Alunkal]] an idea about the song and scribbled a few lines. As I checked its words, starting Kaanakkombile Kakkakarumban... I suggested that we retain the lyrics. Though he was initially apprehensive, we ultimately decided to go with Priyan's version of the song," says Sreekumar.<ref>{{cite news|title=Priyadarshan Turns Lyricist for 'Aamayum Muyalum' |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/priyadarshan-turns-lyricist-aamayum-muyalum-609005 |work=[[International Business Times]] |author=Nicy V. P. |date=13 September 2014 |accessdate=16 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216144702/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/priyadarshan-turns-lyricist-aamayum-muyalum-609005 |archivedate=16 December 2014 }}</ref> The filming began on 30 August 2014. The shooting progressed in [[Karaikudi|Karaikkudi]], in [[Sivaganga]]i district, [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Jayasurya is making the most of his stay at Karaikudi|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Jayasurya-is-making-the-most-of-his-stay-at-Karaikudi/articleshow/43810343.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 September 2014|accessdate=16 December 2014|archive-date=1 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141001105002/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Jayasurya-is-making-the-most-of-his-stay-at-Karaikudi/articleshow/43810343.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The filming completed in October 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jayasurya-Piaa starrer 'Aamayum Muyalum' completed|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/jayasuryapiaa-starrer-aamayum-muyalum-completed-malayalam-news-116358|website=IndiaGlitz.com|date=14 October 2014|access-date=16 December 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216141445/http://www.indiaglitz.com/jayasuryapiaa-starrer-aamayum-muyalum-completed-malayalam-news-116358|url-status=live}}</ref> And started the post production work in October. "Its pack up for 'Aamayum Muyalum' now post production works and will be hitting theatres this Christmas", shared Priyadarshan on his Facebook page.<ref>{{cite news|title=Shooting for Priyadarshan's 'Aamayum Muyalum' Starring Jayasurya Wraps Up|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/shooting-priyadarshans-aamayum-muyalum-starring-jayasurya-wraps-611312|work=[[International Business Times]]|author=Nicy V. P.|date=14 October 2014|access-date=16 December 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216144708/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/shooting-priyadarshans-aamayum-muyalum-starring-jayasurya-wraps-611312|url-status=live}}</ref> The cinematography of the film is handled by Divakar Mani and the editing is done by Aiyappan Nair MS.

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aamayum Muyalum
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[M. G. Sreekumar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Album Cover
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2014|12|6}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 19.36
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = Satyam Audios
| producer = [[M. G. Sreekumar]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The soundtrack consists of 5 songs composed by [[M. G. Sreekumar]], all which have a rural and folk theme. The item number song ''Kaanakombile..'', is penned by [[Priyadarshan]]. The song has two versions by [[Rimi Tomy]] and composer M. G. Sreekumar.

The song ''Kukukukoo'' is in "Maaya Malawa Gowla" [[ragam]], crooned by Nayana and M. G. Sreekumar. "''Ponninkilukkam'' song surprises, as traditional music strips mix in brilliantly with a new age feel and beats. Energy wise, it's the best song in the album". says ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Aamayum-Muyalum-Music-Review/articleshow/45512809.cms | title=Aamayum Muyalum Music Review | date=14 December 2014 | agency=[[The Times of India]] | accessdate=24 December 2014 | author=Deepa Soman | archive-date=5 December 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205171231/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Aamayum-Muyalum-Music-Review/articleshow/45512809.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>{{Track listing|headline=Tracklist|extra_column=Singer(s)|total_length=19:39|title1=Kallyanipuzhayude|extra1=[[Nayana]]|length1=3.30|title2=Kukukukoo|extra2=[[M. G. Sreekumar]], Nayana|length2=4.20|title3=Kaanakombile (Female)|extra3=[[Rimi Tomy]]|length3=3.50|title4=Ponninkilukkam|extra4=Shankar Mahadevan|length4=3.54|title5=Kaanakombile (Male)|extra5=M. G. Sreekumar|length5=4.02|lyrics1=Rajeev Alunkal|lyrics2=Rajeev Alunkal|lyrics3=Priyadarshan|lyrics4=Rajeev Alunkal|lyrics5=Priyadarshan|extra6=Vinu Sreelakham}}

== Critical reception ==
Nicy V.P of ''[[International Business Times]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 and wrote "The film has somehow managed to keep the interest of the audience from starting till the end, but lacks depth in the script. The story is peppered with some fun elements. However, do not expect a laughter-filled script that has a smooth flow" and concluded "Aamayum Muyalum is a one-time watchable flick if you go without much expectation".<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.ibtimes.co.in/aamayum-muyalum-review-yet-another-priyadarshan-movie-meant-one-time-watch-617776|title = 'Aamayum Muyalum' Review: Yet Another Priyadarshan Movie Meant for One-Time Watch|last = Nicy V.P.|date = 19 December 2014|access-date = 21 December 2014|archive-date = 19 December 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141219235520/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/aamayum-muyalum-review-yet-another-priyadarshan-movie-meant-one-time-watch-617776|url-status = live}}</ref> Sijit Chandra Kumar of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' rated it 2/5 and called it "a comedy of 'errors" and stated "It is not hard to sacrifice logic and disbelief at the altar of comedy but the problem is, the jokes do not possess the intended punch but fall flat like the desperate jabs of a tired pugilist. The mood is never serious, so you don't take the message, too, all that seriously; that money doesn't bring happiness or peace only but only breeds greed".<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141220/entertainment-mollywood/article/aamayum-muyalum-review-comedy-errors|title = Movie review 'Amayum Muyalum': A comedy of 'errors'|date = 20 December 2014|work = [[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date = 21 December 2014|archive-date = 21 December 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141221110200/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141220/entertainment-mollywood/article/aamayum-muyalum-review-comedy-errors|url-status = live}}</ref> Deepa Soman of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave a rating of 2/5 and said "The makers of ''Aamayum Muyalum'' claim that it's a comedy flick, but after impatiently waiting for more than two hours for laughter, you end up with an entertainment-induced headache! For those planning to relive the memories of ''Kilukkam'', ''Poochakkoru Mookkuthi'', ''Thenmavin Kombathu'', ''Boeing Boeing'' and all those evergreen comic capers, this is not one such joyride. As the film inches ahead piggy-backing on clichéd humour, one wonders whether it's actually a Priyadarshan film, for real".<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/Aamayum-Muyalum/movie-review/45588153.cms|title = Aamayum Muyalum|last = Deepa Soman|date = 21 December 2014|work = [[The Times of India]]|access-date = 21 December 2014|archive-date = 26 December 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141226155211/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/Aamayum-Muyalum/movie-review/45588153.cms|url-status = live}}</ref> ''Behindwoods.com'' rated it 2.5/5 and said "A simple plot, a whole lot of interesting characters, abundance of slapstick and situational comedy, neat visuals, a laugh riot of a climax sequence that involves almost all the characters in the film. Priyadarshan has not stepped away from his heterogeneous formula that has been working for him since the 'Priyan – Lal' days" and gave a verdict "Great visuals and interesting characterization placed on a flat screenplay".<ref>{{cite web|url = http://behindwoods.com/malayalam-movies/aamayum-muyalum/aamayum-muyalum-review.html|title = Aamayum muyalum movie review|date = 19 December 2014|publisher = behindwoods|access-date = 21 December 2014|archive-date = 21 December 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141221110037/http://behindwoods.com/malayalam-movies/aamayum-muyalum/aamayum-muyalum-review.html|url-status = live}}</ref>

Deepak Mohan of ''Metromatinee.com'' stated "The film is basically an attempt by Priyan to rediscover himself. Much water has flown under the bridge since he used to be the last word of commercial success. How much Priyan has managed to connect with the audience of the present is the moot question. Gimmicks and recycled comedy sequences are acceptable as long as they keep the viewer hooked. 'Aamayum Muyalum' doesn't diminish the celebrated Priyan touch. It may not be his finest work, but it gives glimpses of old Priyan".<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.metromatinee.com/movie-review/aamayum-muyalum-review-543|title = Aamayum Muyalum Review|date = 20 December 2014|publisher = Metromatinee|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141221110722/http://www.metromatinee.com/movie-review/aamayum-muyalum-review-543|archive-date = 21 December 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref> Sharika C. of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "''Aamayum Muyalum'' is director Priyadarshan's attempt to be back in the race. But this time, the racecourse is set over a long-winding two- hour-forty-five minutes, and by the end the viewer is too tired to find out who hit the chequered flag first. An interesting and hilarious storyline, but one that fails to entertain without a well thought of script. For those who have already watched ''Malamal Weekly'', there is nothing new here and for those who haven't it's only Diwakar Mani's visuals and a few good performances that are the only highlights.".<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/limping-on-a-weak-script/article6712361.ece|title = Limping on a weak script|last = Sharika C.|date = 21 December 2014|work = [[The Hindu]]|access-date = 23 December 2014|archive-date = 25 August 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220825135633/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/limping-on-a-weak-script/article6712361.ece|url-status = live}}</ref> ''Indiaglitz.com'' rated 6/10 stars and stated "The movie which has the best of the supporting actors of Mollywood fails to engage us with its content and slapstick comedies, largely due to its script lines. The movie has the exact setting of popular hit 'Thenmavin kombathu'. Priyadarshan has taken the best of the sequences of his many previous films and made a mish- mash of the scenes, but to find that the film doesn't thrill you on its entire length. The script, especially the dialogues in the second half falters and the intended wits don't make you laugh every time. Amayum Muyalum  but doesn't ask for any big logic and if you can sacrifice it, you may not find it very difficult to endure an one time watch".<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.indiaglitz.com/Aamayum-Muyalum-malayalam-movie-review-19290|title = Aamayum Muyalum Review - 'Aamayum Muyalum' is an average watch|date = 20 December 2014|work = Indiaglitz|access-date = 21 December 2014|archive-date = 25 December 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141225054442/http://www.indiaglitz.com/Aamayum-Muyalum-malayalam-movie-review-19290|url-status = live}}</ref>

Bollywood Chats rated the movie as Average and said "Aamayum Muyalum is a one-time watchable flick on the off chance that you go without much desire."<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.bollywoodchatz.com/2014/12/aamayum-muyalum-review-decent-watch-if.html|title = Aamayum Muyalum Review - A Decent watch if you haven't watched Malamaal Weekly|date = 17 January 2015|website = Bollywood Chatz|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150208161156/http://www.bollywoodchatz.com/2014/12/aamayum-muyalum-review-decent-watch-if.html|archive-date = 8 February 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref>

Paresh C. Palicha of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film 1.5/5 stars and wrote "The film is disappointing and fails to make this a merry Christmas. Rather than watching ''Aamayum Muyalum'', the DVDs of Priyadarshan's old films would be a better option.".<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-aamayum-muyalum-is-disappointing-south/20141222.htm|title = Review: Aamayum Muyalum is disappointing|date = 22 December 2014|work = [[Rediff.com]]|last = Paresh|access-date = 23 December 2014|archive-date = 23 December 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141223115232/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-aamayum-muyalum-is-disappointing-south/20141222.htm|url-status = live}}</ref> Veeyen of ''Nowrunning.com'' rated an average of 1.8/5 stars and said "''Aamayum Muyalum'' is another Christmas cracker that has gone down the drain this year. I'd advise you to grab a DVD of 'Waking Ned' and have a fun time cuddled up before your television than waste almost three hours watching these bummer hare and tortoise tediously making it to the finishing line. It remains that even if trimmed down to half its original length, 'Aamayum Muyalum' will still be a strenuous film that will challenge your tolerance every now and then".<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/15904/malayalam/aamayum-muyalum/4932/review/|title = Aamayum Muyalum Review|date = 21 December 2014|publisher = Nowrunning.com|access-date = 23 December 2014|archive-date = 22 December 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141222004447/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/15904/malayalam/aamayum-muyalum/4932/review/|url-status = live}}</ref> Akhila Menon of ''Filmibeat.com'' rated 1.5/5 and call it as "A Half-baked Movie" and further said "The major drawback of the movie is the weak script which leaves the plot blank at some points. The script fails to organise the characters and is a bit confusing. The movie offers very less scope to laugh. When compared to the classic comedy movies in his credit, Priyadarshan completely fails to entertain the audience with the execution of a below-average script. The stunning visualisation is the saving grace of the movie" and concluded as "An immature adaptation of Priyadarshan's earlier movies".<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2014/aamayum-muyalum-movie-review-168178.html|title = Aamayum Muyalum Movie Review: A Half-baked Movie|date = 19 December 2014|publisher = filmibeat|access-date = 21 December 2014|archive-date = 21 December 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141221110404/http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2014/aamayum-muyalum-movie-review-168178.html|url-status = live}}</ref> [[Sify|''Sify.com'']] gave a "below average" verdict and wrote "Among this year's films, 'Aamayum Muyalum' could easily get into the nomination list for an award in the "test of the viewer's patience" category. It would require real patience to sit through this 160-minute long bore. Watch this one at your own risk please".<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.sify.com/movies/aamayum-muyalum-review-malayalam-15058772.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141221082305/http://www.sify.com/movies/aamayum-muyalum-review-malayalam-15058772.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2014-12-21|title = Aamayum Muyalum|website = [[Sify]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt4295578}}
{{Priyadarshan}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Priyadarshan]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Malayalam remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2014 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2014 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films about lotteries]]
[[Category:Films about old age]]
[[Category:Fiction about lottery fraud]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of British films]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films about identity theft]]
[[Category:Maxlab Cinemas and Entertainments films]]

Department of Transport (Kerala)

2026-03-03T15:22:11Z

Igororh: started new data

{{Short description|Transport department of the Government of Kerala}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Transport Department Government of Kerala 
| type = Department
| logo = Government of Kerala Logo.svg
| logo_width = 120px
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Kerala]]
| headquarters = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala, India
| minister1_name = [[K.B. Ganesh Kumar]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister for Transport
| chief1_name = P. B. Nooh IAS
| chief1_position = Secretary to Government (Transport)
| chief2_name = Nagaraju Chakilam IPS <ref>https://mvd.kerala.gov.in/en/head-office-directory {{Dead Link|date=March 2026}}</ref>
| chief2_position = Transport Commissioner
| parent_department =
| child1_agency = {{flagicon image|}} [[Kerala Motor Vehicles Department]]
| child2_agency = [http://roadsafety.kerala.gov.in/ Kerala Road Safety Authority]
| child3_agency = [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]]
| child4_agency = [[Kerala State Water Transport Department]]
| website = {{URL|https://kerala.gov.in}}
}}
The '''Department of Transport''' or '''Transport Department''' is an administrative department under the [[Government of Kerala]] responsible for transport policy formulation, regulation of road transport, motor vehicle administration, and oversight of state transport utilities. The department manages road safety initiatives, [[Motor vehicle registration|vehicle registration]], [[Driver's license|issuance of driving licences]], and enforcement of motor vehicles laws in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transport Department – Government of Kerala |url=https://transport.kerala.gov.in/ |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=transport.kerala.gov.in}}</ref>

The department also oversees major transport institutions including the [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC)]], Kerala Transport Development Finance Corporation (KTDFC), and the Kerala Road Safety Authority (KRSA).

== Leadership and administrative Structure ==
The Department of Transport is headed by a [[Minister (government)|Cabinet Minister]] of the Government of Kerala, and the incumbent Minister is '''[[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]]'''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Council of Ministers – Kerala Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.niyamasabha.nic.in/index.php/chief_minister/ministers |access-date=2025-11-10}}</ref>

Administratively, the department is headed by a '''Secretary to Government''', an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer posted in the Secretariat. The Secretary is supported by Additional Secretaries, Joint Secretaries, Under Secretaries, and other administrative staff in the department.

== Functions ==
* Formulation and implementation of state transport policies and programmes.<ref name=":rb">{{Cite web |title=Rules of Business of Government of Kerala – First Schedule |url=https://gad.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/general_attachment/Rules%20of%20Business%20-%20Part%20II.pdf |access-date=2025-11-10}}</ref>
* Motor Vehicles administration including vehicle registration, driving licences, permitting, and regulation of passenger transport.
* Road safety planning and coordination of the State Road Safety Authority.
* Administration of state road transport corporations and transport-related public sector undertakings.
* Implementation of Central and State transport schemes and e-governance projects related to transport.

== Directorates / Line Departments ==
* [[Kerala Motor Vehicles Department|Kerala Motor Vehicles Department]] (MVD)
* [[Kerala State Road Safety Authority|Kerala Road Safety Authority]] (KRSA)

== Public Sector Undertakings & Autonomous Bodies ==
* [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] (KSRTC)
* [[Kerala State Water Transport Department]]
* Kerala State Road Transport Corporation – Swift ([[KSRTC SWIFT|KSRTC-SWIFT]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=KSRTC-SWIFT |url=https://ksrtc.in/ |access-date=2025-11-10}}</ref>
* Kerala Transport Development Finance Corporation (KTDFC)<ref>{{Cite web |title=KTDFC – Official Website |url=https://ktdfc.kerala.gov.in |access-date=2025-11-10}}</ref>
* Kerala Road Safety Authority (KRSA)
* Kerala State Transport Authority (KSTA)

== Major Initiatives ==
* Road safety improvement projects
** '''Safe Kerala Project''':<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paul |first=John L. |date=2022-02-26 |title=Safe Kerala Project revamped: Emphasis on enforcement, accident-mitigation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/safe-kerala-project-prioritises-accident-mitigation/article65087098.ece |access-date=2026-02-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-26 |title=Kerala launches the Safe Kerala project that will use artificial intelligence (AI) cameras to identify traffic violations |url=https://indianstates.csis.org/articles/2023-12-30-kerala-launches-the-safe-kerala-project-that-will-use-artificial-intelligence-ai-cameras-to-identify-traffic-violations/kerala-launches-the-safe-kerala-project-that-will-use-artificial-intelligence-ai-cameras-to-identify-traffic-violations/ |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Engaging Indian States |language=en}}</ref> A technology-driven road safety initiative implemented by the Motor Vehicles Department under the Government of Kerala to enhance traffic law enforcement and reduce road accidents across Kerala. The project uses [[Artificial intelligence|AI]]-enabled traffic cameras and automated systems to detect violations and issue electronic challans, aiming to improve compliance and ensure safer roads.
* Modernisation of KSRTC bus fleet
* Implementation of e-transport services through MVD
* Digitalisation of licensing and vehicle registration services<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-10-01 |title=Kerala to stop issuing printed driving licence, RC; switches to digital version |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-to-stop-issuing-printed-driving-licence-rc-switches-to-digital-version/article68706585.ece |access-date=2026-02-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-10-02 |title=MVD goes digital in Kerala: No more physical licences, registration certificates |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Oct/02/mvd-goes-digital-in-kerala-no-more-physical-licences-registration-certificates |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India]]
* [[List of departments and agencies of the Government of Kerala]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category: Government departments of Kerala]]
[[Category:Transport in Kerala]]

Leela Vinodham

2026-03-03T09:14:07Z

Igororh: done

{{Short description|2024 Indian Telugu-language film by Pavan Sunkara}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Leela Vinodham.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = Pavan Sunkara
| writer = Pavan Sunkara
| producer = Sridhar Marisa
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Shanmukh Jaswanth]]
* Anagha Ajith
}}
| cinematography = Anush Kumar
| editing = Naresh Adupa
| music = T R Krishna Chetan
| studio = Sri Akkiyan Arts
| distributor = [[ETV Win]]
| released = {{Film date|2024|12|19|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 98 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Leela Vinodham''''' (also spelt as '''''Leela Vinodam''''') is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by Pavan Sunkara. The film features [[Shanmukh Jaswanth]] and Anagha Ajith in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-06 |title=Leela Vinodam OTT release date ETV Win: When to watch Shanmukh Jaswanth's Telugu romantic series |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/leela-vinodam-ott-release-date-etv-win-when-to-watch-shanmukh-jaswanths-telugu-romantic-series-639392.html |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN |archive-date=7 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207224817/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/leela-vinodam-ott-release-date-etv-win-when-to-watch-shanmukh-jaswanths-telugu-romantic-series-639392.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film was released on 19 December 2024 on [[ETV Win]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2024-12-14 |title=Leela Vinodham Trailer: An overthinker struggles to navigate the topsy-turvy lanes of love |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Dec/14/leela-vinodham-trailer-an-overthinker-struggles-to-navigate-the-topsy-turvy-lanes-of-love |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=23 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223101632/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Dec/14/leela-vinodham-trailer-an-overthinker-struggles-to-navigate-the-topsy-turvy-lanes-of-love |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=December 2024}}

==Cast==
* [[Shanmukh Jaswanth]] as PMRK Prasad
* Anagha Ajith as Leela
* [[Goparaju Ramana]] as Leela’s father
* [[Aamani]] as Prasad’s mother
* Rupa Lakshmi
* Shravanthi Anand
* Mirchi RJ Saran as Rajesh
* Prasad Behara
* Shiva Thummal
* Madhan Mohan
* Chaitanya Garikina

== Music ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = Suresh Banisetti
| all_music = T R Krishna Chethan
| title1 = Madhurame
| length1 = 4:13
| extra1 = Adithya RK
}}

== Release ==
''Leela Vinodham'' was originally scheduled to release on 3 October 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leela Vinodam OTT release date: When and where to watch the Shanmukh Jaswanth series |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/leela-vinodam-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-the-shanmukh-jaswanth-series/a9cc85bd60932 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> but was later released on 19 December 2024 on [[ETV Win]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

== Reception ==
BH Harsh of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave a rating of 3.5 out of 5 and stated, "''Leela Vinodham'' is a heartwarming letter to the younger days, and the older times".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2024-12-21 |title=Leela Vinodham review: All We Imagine as Love |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2024/Dec/21/leela-vinodham-review-all-we-imagine-as-love |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Times Now|''Times Now Telugu'']] had a similar opinion, but praised the performance of Shanmukh Jaswanth.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-19 |title=లీలా వినోదం రివ్యూ : 90's కిడ్స్ స్వచ్ఛమైన ప్రేమ 'ప్రయత్నం' |url=https://telugu.timesnownews.com/entertainment/leela-vinodam-review-and-rating-article-116474247 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Times Now Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|33069752}}
*[https://www.etvwin.com/original-movies/leela-vinodam ''Leela Vinodham''] on [[ETV Win]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2024 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2024 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Films set in 2008]]
[[Category:ETV Win original films]]

Fox

2026-02-28T12:41:02Z

Igororh: clean up

{{Short description|Group of carnivorous mammals}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{redirect-several|Fox|Foxes|Vixen|Skulk}}
{{Paraphyletic group
| auto = yes
| name = Foxes
| image = Vulpes_vulpes_ssp_fulvus.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = A [[red fox]] in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario
| parent = Caninae
| includes =
*''[[Cerdocyon]]''
*''[[Lycalopex]]''
*''[[Otocyon]]''
*''[[Vulpes]]''
*''[[Urocyon]]''
| excludes =
All other canine species
}}

'''Foxes''' are small-to-medium-sized [[omnivorous]] [[mammal]]s belonging to several [[genera]] of the family [[Canidae]]. They have a flattened skull; upright, triangular ears; a pointed, slightly upturned [[snout]]; and a long, bushy [[tail]] ("brush").

Twelve [[species]] belong to the [[monophyly|monophyletic]] "true fox" group of genus ''[[Vulpes]]''. Another 25 current or [[extinction|extinct]] species are sometimes called foxes – they are part of the [[paraphyly|paraphyletic]] group of the [[South American foxes]] or an outlying group, which consists of the [[bat-eared fox]], [[gray fox]], and [[island fox]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Macdonald|editor1-first=David W.|editor2-last=Sillero-Zubiri|editor2-first=Claudio|title=The biology and conservation of wild canids|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-851556-2|page=49|edition=Nachdr. d. Ausg. 2004.}}</ref>

Foxes live on every continent except Antarctica. The most common and widespread species of fox is the [[red fox]] (''Vulpes vulpes'') with about 47 recognized [[subspecies]].<ref name=Lloyd1980>{{cite book|last1=Lloyd|first1=H.G.|title=The red fox|date=1981|publisher=Batsford|location=London|isbn=978-0-7134-11904|page=21|edition=2. impr.}}</ref> The global distribution of foxes, together with their widespread reputation for cunning, has contributed to their prominence in popular culture and folklore in many societies around the world. The [[Fox hunting|hunting of foxes]] with packs of hounds, long an established pursuit in Europe, especially in the [[British Isles]], was exported by European settlers to various parts of the [[New World]].

==Etymology==
The word ''fox'' comes from [[Old English language|Old English]] and derives from [[Proto-Germanic]] *''fuhsaz''.{{refn|group=nb|Cf. [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]] ''foks'', [[Dutch language|Dutch]] ''vos'', and [[German language|German]] ''Fuchs''.}} This in turn derives from [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] *''puḱ-'' "thick-haired, tail."{{refn|group=nb|Cf. [[Hindi]] ''pū̃ch'' 'tail', [[Tocharian B]] ''päkā'' 'tail; chowrie', and [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] ''paustìs'' 'fur'. The bushy tail forms the basis for the fox's [[Welsh language|Welsh]] name, ''llwynog'' 'bushy', from ''llwyn'' 'bush'. Likewise, {{langx|pt|raposa}} from ''rabo'' 'tail', Lithuanian ''uodẽgis'' from ''uodegà'' 'tail', and [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwa]] ''waagosh'' from ''waa'', which refers to up-and-down bouncing or flicking made by an animal or its tail.}} Male foxes are [[List of animal names|known as]] ''dogs'', ''tods'', or ''[[reynard]]s''; females as ''vixens''; and young as ''cubs'', ''pups'', or ''kits'', though the last term is not to be confused with the [[kit fox]], a distinct species. "Vixen" is one of very few [[modern English]] words that retain the [[Middle English]] southern dialectal "v" pronunciation instead of "f"; i.e., northern English "fox" versus southern English "vox".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://historyofenglishpodcast.com/2018/06/27/episode-113-a-zouthern-accent/|title=Episode 113: A Zouthern Accent - The History of English Podcast|website=historyofenglishpodcast.com|date=28 June 2018|access-date=20 July 2018|archive-date=20 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720233350/http://historyofenglishpodcast.com/2018/06/27/episode-113-a-zouthern-accent/|url-status=live}}</ref> A group of foxes may be referred to as a ''skulk'', ''leash'', or ''earth''.<ref name="US Department of the Interior">{{cite web|last1=Fellows|first1=Dave|title=Animal Congregations, or What Do You Call a Group of.....?|url=https://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/about/faqs/animals/names.htm|website=Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center|publisher=USGS|access-date=9 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320071411/http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/about/faqs/animals/names.htm|archive-date=20 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="new forest cub">{{cite web|url=http://www.newforestexplorersguide.co.uk/wildlife/mammals/foxes/family-life.html|website=New Forest Explorers Guide|title=Fox Cubs and the breeding cycle|access-date=29 July 2016|archive-date=13 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813095415/http://www.newforestexplorersguide.co.uk/wildlife/mammals/foxes/family-life.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Phylogenetic relationships==
[[File:Vulpes vulpes & Urocyon cinereoargenteus skulls & mandibles.jpg|thumb|Comparative illustration of skulls of a true fox (left) and gray fox (right), with differing temporal ridges and subangular lobes indicated]]
Within the Canidae, the results of [[DNA]] analysis shows several [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] divisions:
* The [[Vulpini|fox-like canids]], which include the [[kit fox]] (''Vulpes velox''), [[red fox]] (''Vulpes vulpes''), [[Cape fox]] (''Vulpes chama''), [[Arctic fox]] (''Vulpes lagopus''), [[fennec fox]] (''Vulpes zerda''), and [[bat-eared fox]] (''Otocyon megalotis'') .<ref name=ZhaoZhang2016>{{cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Chao |last2=Zhang |first2=Honghai |last3=Liu |first3=Guangshuai |last4=Yang |first4=Xiufeng |last5=Zhang |first5=Jin |title=The complete mitochondrial genome of the Tibetan fox (Vulpes ferrilata) and implications for the phylogeny of Canidae |journal=Comptes Rendus Biologies |volume=339 |issue=2 |year=2016 |pages=68–77 |issn=1631-0691 |doi=10.1016/j.crvi.2015.11.005 |pmid=26868757|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* The wolf-like canids, (genus ''Canis'', ''Cuon'' and ''Lycaon'') including the [[dog]] ''(Canis lupus familiaris)'', [[gray wolf]] (''Canis lupus''), [[red wolf]] (''Canis rufus''), [[eastern wolf]] (''Canis lycaon''), [[coyote]] (''Canis latrans''), [[golden jackal]] (''Canis aureus''), [[Ethiopian wolf]] (''Canis simensis''), [[black-backed jackal]] (''Canis mesomelas''), [[side-striped jackal]] (''Canis adustus''), [[dhole]] (''Cuon alpinus''), and [[African wild dog]] (''Lycaon pictus'').<ref name=wayne1993>{{cite journal | last=Wayne | first=Robert K. | date=June 1993 | title=Molecular evolution of the dog family | journal=Trends in Genetics | volume=9 | issue=6 | pages=218–224 | pmid=8337763 | url=http://wooferhouse.net/Links/MolecularEvolutionOfTheDogFamily/MolecularEvolutionOfTheDogFamily.htm | doi=10.1016/0168-9525(93)90122-x | access-date=2017-11-25 | archive-date=2021-02-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224183706/http://wooferhouse.net/Links/MolecularEvolutionOfTheDogFamily/MolecularEvolutionOfTheDogFamily.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>
* The South American canids, including the [[bush dog]] (''Speothos venaticus''), [[hoary fox]] (''Lycalopex uetulus''), [[crab-eating fox]] (''Cerdocyon thous'') and [[maned wolf]] (''Chrysocyon brachyurus'').<ref name=wayne1993 />
* Various [[monotypic taxon|monotypic taxa]], including the [[gray fox]] (''Urocyon cinereoargenteus'').<ref name=wayne1993 />

==Biology==
[[File:FoxSkelLyd1.png|thumb|Fox skeleton]]

===General morphology===
Foxes are generally smaller than some other members of the family [[Canidae]] such as [[Gray wolf|wolves]] and [[jackal]]s, while they may be larger than some within the family, such as [[raccoon dog]]s. In the largest species, the [[red fox]], males weigh between {{cvt|4.1|and|8.7|kg}},<ref name=Lariviere1996>{{cite journal |author1=Larivière, S. |author2=Pasitschniak-Arts, M. | year = 1996 | title = ''Vulpes vulpes'' | journal = Mammalian Species |issue=537 | pages = 1–11 | doi = 10.2307/3504236|jstor=3504236 | doi-access = free }}</ref> while the smallest species, the [[fennec fox]], weighs {{convert|0.7|to|1.6|kg|lb|frac=4|abbr=on}}.<ref name=nobleman>{{cite book |title=Foxes |last=Nobleman |first=Marc Tyler |year=2007 |publisher=Benchmark Books (NY) |isbn=978-0-7614-2237-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/foxes0000nobl/page/35 35–36] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/foxes0000nobl/page/35 }}</ref>

Fox features typically include a triangular face, pointed ears, an elongated [[rostrum (anatomy)|rostrum]], and a bushy tail. They are [[digitigrade]] (meaning they walk on their toes). Unlike most members of the family Canidae, foxes have partially retractable [[claw]]s.<ref name=Burrows>{{cite book|last1=Burrows|first1=Roger|title=Wild fox.|date=1968|publisher=David & Charles|location=Newton Abbot|isbn=978-0-7153-4217-6}}</ref> Fox vibrissae, or [[whiskers]], are black. The whiskers on the muzzle, known as mystacial vibrissae, average {{convert|100|-|110|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=off}} long, while the whiskers everywhere else on the head average to be shorter in length. Whiskers (carpal vibrissae) are also on the forelimbs and average {{convert|40|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} long, pointing downward and backward.<ref name=Lloyd1980 /> Other physical characteristics vary according to habitat and adaptive significance.

===Pelage===
Fox species differ in fur color, length, and density. Coat colors range from pearly white to black-and-white to black flecked with white or grey on the underside. [[Fennec fox]]es (and other species of fox adapted to life in the desert, such as [[kit fox]]es), for example, have large ears and short fur to aid in keeping the body cool.<ref name=Lloyd1980 /><ref name=Burrows /> [[Arctic fox]]es, on the other hand, have tiny ears and short limbs as well as thick, insulating fur, which aid in keeping the body warm.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus)|url=http://www.arkive.org/arctic-fox/vulpes-lagopus/|website=ARKive|access-date=2 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006125952/http://www.arkive.org/arctic-fox/vulpes-lagopus/|archive-date=2014-10-06}}</ref> [[Red fox]]es, by contrast, have a typical [[auburn hair|auburn]] [[fur|pelt]], the tail normally ending with a white [[animal coloration|marking]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Fox|first1=David|title=Vulpes vulpes, red fox|url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Vulpes_vulpes/|website=Animal Diversity Web|access-date=2 October 2014|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006082642/http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Vulpes_vulpes/|url-status=live}}</ref>

A fox's coat color and texture may vary due to the change in seasons; fox pelts are richer and denser in the colder months and lighter in the warmer months. To get rid of the dense winter coat, foxes [[moult]] once a year around April; the process begins from the feet, up the legs, and then along the back.<ref name=Burrows /> Coat color may also change as the individual ages.<ref name=Lloyd1980 />

===Dentition===
A fox's [[dentition]], like all other canids, is I 3/3, C 1/1, PM 4/4, M 3/2 = 42. (Bat-eared foxes have six extra molars, totalling in 48 teeth.) Foxes have pronounced [[carnassial]] pairs, which is characteristic of a [[carnivore]]. These pairs consist of the upper premolar and the lower first molar, and work together to shear tough material like flesh. Foxes' canines are pronounced, also characteristic of a carnivore, and are excellent in gripping prey.<ref name=Teeth>{{cite web|title=Canidae|url=http://www.nhc.ed.ac.uk/index.php?page=493.172.288|website=The University of Edinburgh|access-date=23 September 2014|archive-date=21 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621092257/http://www.nhc.ed.ac.uk/index.php?page=493.172.288|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Behaviour===
[[File:Alopex lagopus coiled up in snow.jpg|right|thumb|[[Arctic fox]] curled up in snow]]
[[File:Rödräv - (Vulpes vulpes) - Världens ände - Ystad-2023.jpg|thumb|Two young foxes play in the snow in southern [[Sweden]].]]
In the wild, the typical lifespan of a fox is one to three years, although individuals may live up to ten years. Unlike many canids, foxes are not always pack animals. Typically, they live in small family groups, but some (such as [[Arctic fox]]es) are known to be solitary.<ref name=Lloyd1980 /><ref name=Burrows />

Foxes are [[omnivore]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fedriani |first=J.M. |author2=T. K. Fuller |author3=R. M. Sauvajot |author4=E. C. York |date=2000-07-05 |title=Competition and intraguild predation among three sympatric carnivores |journal=Oecologia |volume=125 |pages=258–270 |url=http://www.ebd.csic.es/cani/public_html/Oecologia_00.pdf |doi=10.1007/s004420000448 |issue=2 |pmid=24595837 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006040228/http://www.ebd.csic.es/cani/public_html/Oecologia_00.pdf |archive-date=2011-10-06 |hdl=10261/54628 |bibcode=2000Oecol.125..258F |s2cid=24289407 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Vulpes_vulpes.html | last=Fox | first=David L. | title=Vulpes vulpes (red fox) | work=Animal Diversity Web | publisher=University of Michigan Museum of Zoology | year=2007 | access-date=2009-08-30 | archive-date=2019-01-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106113334/https://animaldiversity.org/site/accounts/information/Vulpes_vulpes.html%20 | url-status=live }}</ref> Their diet is made up primarily of [[invertebrate]]s such as insects and small [[vertebrate]]s such as reptiles and birds. They may also eat eggs and vegetation. Many species are generalist predators, but some (such as the [[crab-eating fox]]) have more specialized diets. Most species of fox consume around {{convert|1|kg|lb|abbr=on}} of food every day. Foxes [[Hoarding (animal behavior)|cache]] excess food, burying it for later consumption, usually under leaves, snow, or soil.<ref name=Burrows /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Macdonald|first1=David W.|title=Food Caching by Red Foxes and Some Other Carnivores|journal=Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie|date=26 April 2010|volume=42|issue=2|pages=170–185|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0310.1976.tb00963.x|pmid=1007654}}</ref> While hunting, foxes tend to use a particular pouncing technique, such that they crouch down to [[camouflage]] themselves in the terrain and then use their hind legs to leap up with great force and land on top of their chosen prey.<ref name=Lloyd1980 /> Using their pronounced canine teeth, they can then grip the prey's neck and shake it until it is dead or can be readily disemboweled.<ref name=Lloyd1980 />

The [[gray fox]] is one of only two canine species known to regularly climb trees; the other is the [[raccoon dog]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P85eCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT258|title=Free Ranging Dogs – Stray, Feral or Wild?|last=Lavigne|first=Guillaume de|date=2015-03-19|publisher=Lulu Press, Inc|isbn=978-1-326-21952-9|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Sexual characteristics===
[[File:Desert foxes in the throes of passion (50638266987).jpg|thumb|left|Mating [[white-footed fox]]es]]
The male fox's [[scrotum]] is held up close to the body with the [[testes]] inside even after they descend. Like other canines, the male fox has a [[baculum]], or penile bone.<ref name=Lloyd1980 /><ref>Čanády, Alexander. "Variability of the baculum in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) from Slovakia." Zoology and Ecology 23.3 (2013): 165–170.</ref><ref>Bijlsma, Rob G. "[http://zoogdierwinkel.nl/sites/default/files/imce/nieuwesite/Winkel/pdf%20download/Lutra%2057(1)_Bijlsma_2014.pdf Copulatory lock of wild red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in broad daylight.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829171201/http://www.zoogdierwinkel.nl/sites/default/files/imce/nieuwesite/Winkel/pdf%20download/Lutra%2057(1)_Bijlsma_2014.pdf |date=2017-08-29 }}" Naturalist 80: 45–67.</ref> The testes of [[red fox]]es are smaller than those of Arctic foxes.<ref name="s341">{{cite book |last1=Heptner |first1=V. G. |last2=Naumov |first2=N. P. |title=Mammals of the Soviet Union |date=1998 |url=https://archive.org/details/mammalsofsov211998gept |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden u.a. |isbn=978-1-886106-81-9 |page=341}}</ref> [[Spermatogenesis|Sperm formation]] in red foxes begins in August–September, with the testicles attaining their greatest weight in December–February.<ref name="s537">{{Harvnb|Heptner|Naumov|1998|p=537}}</ref>

Vixens are in heat for one to six days, making their reproductive cycle twelve months long. As with other canines, the [[Egg cell|ova]] are shed during [[estrus]] without the need for the stimulation of copulating. Once the egg is fertilized, the vixen enters a period of [[gestation]] that can last from 52 to 53 days. Foxes tend to have an average litter size of four to five with an 80 percent success rate in becoming pregnant.<ref name=Lloyd1980 /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Parkes|first1=I. W. Rowlands and A. S.|title=The Reproductive Processes of certain Mammals.-VIII. Reproduction in Foxes (Vulpes spp.).|journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London|date=21 August 2009|volume=105|issue=4|pages=823–841|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1935.tb06267.x}}</ref> Litter sizes can vary greatly according to species and environment{{spaced ndash}}the [[Arctic fox]], for example, can have up to eleven kits.<ref>{{Cite journal | jstor=1376014 | first=Milton | last=Hildebrand | title=The Integument in Canidae | journal=Journal of Mammalogy | volume=33 | issue=4 | year=1952 | pages=419–428 | doi=10.2307/1376014}}</ref>

The vixen usually has six or eight [[mammae]].<ref name="Nowak2005">{{cite book|author=Ronald M. Nowak|title=Walker's Carnivores of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0q5aHw2mFi8C&q=foxes+%22mammae%22|year=2005|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-8032-2|access-date=2020-10-17|archive-date=2023-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129230118/https://books.google.com/books?id=0q5aHw2mFi8C&q=foxes+%22mammae%22#v=snippet&q=foxes%20%22mammae%22&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Each teat has 8 to 20 [[lactiferous duct]]s, which connect the mammary gland to the nipple, allowing for milk to be carried to the nipple.{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}}

===Vocalization===
[[file:FuchsSchreit.mp3|thumb|Fox scream]]
[[file:Bellender Fuchs.ogg|thumb|Fox sounds]]
The fox's vocal repertoire is vast, and includes:
;Whine: Made shortly after birth. Occurs at a high rate when kits are hungry and when their body temperatures are low. Whining stimulates the mother to care for her young; it also has been known to stimulate the male fox into caring for his mate and kits.
;Yelp: Made about 19 days later. The kits' whining turns into infantile barks, yelps, which occur heavily during play.
;Explosive call: At the age of about one month, the kits can emit an explosive call which is intended to be threatening to intruders or other cubs; a high-pitched howl.
;Combative call: In adults, the explosive call becomes an open-mouthed combative call during any conflict; a sharper bark.
;Growl: An adult fox's indication to their kits to feed or head to the adult's location.
;Bark: Adult foxes warn against intruders and in defense by barking.<ref name=Lloyd1980 /><ref name=Tembrock>{{cite journal|last1=Tembrock|first1=Günter|title=Canid vocalizations|journal=Behavioural Processes|volume=1|issue=1|pages=57–75|doi=10.1016/0376-6357(76)90007-3|pmid=24923545|year=1976|bibcode=1976BehPr...1...57T |s2cid=205107627}}</ref>

In the case of domesticated foxes, the whining seems to remain in adult individuals as a sign of excitement and submission in the presence of their owners.<ref name=Lloyd1980 />

==Classification==
Canids commonly known as foxes include the following genera and species:<ref name=Lloyd1980 />

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Picture
|-
| ''[[Canis]]'' || [[Ethiopian wolf]], sometimes called the Simien fox or Simien jackal || [[File:Canis simensis .jpg|thumb|[[Ethiopian wolf]], native to the Ethiopian highlands]]
|-
| ''[[Cerdocyon]]'' || [[Crab-eating fox]]|| [[File:Maikong in Villamaría, Caldas, Colombia 3.jpg|thumb|[[Crab-eating fox]], a South American species]]
|-
| † ''[[Dusicyon]]'' || [[extinction|Extinct]] [[genus]], including the [[Falkland Islands wolf]], sometimes known as the Falklands Islands fox || [[File:FalklandIslandFox2.jpg|thumb| [[Falkland Islands wolf]] Illustration by [[John Gerrard Keulemans]] (1842–1912)]]
|-
| ''[[Lycalopex]]'' ||
*[[Culpeo]] or Andean fox
*[[Darwin's fox]]
*[[South American gray fox]]
*[[Pampas fox]]
*[[Sechuran fox]]
*[[Hoary fox]]
|| [[File:Aguarachay, Departamento de Flores, Uruguay 5.jpg|thumb|A [[pampas fox]] in Departamento de Flores, Uruguay]]
|-
| ''[[Otocyon]]'' || [[Bat-eared fox]]|| [[File:Bat eared fox Kenya crop.jpg|thumb|[[Bat-eared fox]] in [[Kenya]]]]
|-
| ''[[Urocyon]]'' ||
* [[Gray fox]]
* [[Island fox]]
* [[Cozumel fox]] (undescribed)
|| [[File:Gray fox (22893897420).jpg|thumb|[[Gray fox]] (''Urocyon cinereoargenteus''), in Midtown, Palo Alto, California]]
|-
| ''[[Vulpes]]'' ||
*[[Arctic fox]]
*[[Bengal fox]]
*[[Blanford's fox]]
*[[Cape fox]]
*[[Corsac fox]]
*[[Fennec fox]]
*[[Kit fox]]
*[[Pale fox]]
*[[Rüppell's fox]]
*[[Red fox]]
*[[Swift fox]]
*[[Tibetan sand fox]]
|| [[File:Fennec Fox.jpg|thumb|The [[fennec fox]] is the smallest species of fox]]
|}
[[File:Räv vid Revhusen i Ystad - Juli 2012..jpg|thumb|Red fox]]

==Conservation==

[[File:Urocyon littoralis pair.jpg|right|thumb|The [[island fox]] is a [[near-threatened species]].]]
Several fox species are [[endangered species|endangered]] in their native environments. Pressures placed on foxes include [[habitat loss]] and being hunted for pelts, other trade, or control.<ref>Ginsburg, Joshua Ross and David Whyte MacDonald. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QvUfIvp4muEC&pg=PA2 Foxes, Wolves, Jackals, and Dogs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130000126/https://books.google.com/books?id=QvUfIvp4muEC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=2023-11-30 }}. p.58.</ref> Due in part to their opportunistic hunting style and industriousness, foxes are commonly resented as nuisance animals.<ref>Bathgate, Michael. [https://books.google.com/books?id=sD6TAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 The Fox's Craft in Japanese Religion and Culture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129230220/https://books.google.com/books?id=sD6TAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=2023-11-29 }}. 2004. p.18.</ref> Contrastingly, foxes, while often considered pests themselves, have been successfully employed to control pests on fruit farms while leaving the fruit intact.<ref>McCandless, Linda [https://web.archive.org/web/20100730043903/http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/pubs/press/foxes.html Foxes are Beneficial on Fruit Farms]. nysaes.cornell.edu (1997-04-24)</ref>

===''Urocyon littoralis''===
The [[island fox]], though considered a [[near-threatened species]] throughout the world, is becoming increasingly endangered in its [[endemic]] environment of the [[California Channel Islands]].<ref name="GARY W 1739">{{cite journal|last1=ANGULO|first1=ELENA|last2=ROEMER|first2=GARY W.|last3=BEREC|first3=LUDĚK|last4=GASCOIGNE|first4=JOANNA|last5=COURCHAMP|first5=FRANCK|title=Double Allee Effects and Extinction in the Island Fox|journal=Conservation Biology|date=29 May 2007|volume=21|issue=4|pages=1082–1091|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00721.x|pmid=17650257|bibcode=2007ConBi..21.1082A |url=https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/57044/1/conBiol.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020110218/http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/57044/1/conBiol.pdf |archive-date=2016-10-20 |url-status=live|hdl=10261/57044|s2cid=16545913 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> In general, a population on an island will be smaller than one on a mainland because of limited resources like space, food and shelter. Island populations are therefore highly susceptible to external threats ranging from introduced predatory species and humans to [[extreme weather]].<ref name="Essentials of conservation biology">{{cite book |last1=Primack |first1=Richard B. |title=Essentials of conservation biology |date=2014 |publisher=Sinauer Associates |isbn=978-1-60535-289-3 |edition=Sixth |pages=143–146}}</ref>

On the California Channel Islands, it was found that the population of the island fox was low due to an outbreak of [[canine distemper virus]] from 1999 to 2000<ref name="Stephan G 2004">{{cite journal|last1=Kohlmann|first1=Stephan G.|last2=Schmidt|first2=Gregory A.|last3=Garcelon|first3=David K.|title=A population viability analysis for the Island Fox on Santa Catalina Island, California|journal=Ecological Modelling|date=10 April 2005|volume=183|issue=1|pages=77–94|doi=10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.07.022|bibcode=2005EcMod.183...77K }}</ref> as well as predation by non-native [[golden eagle]]s.<ref name="nps.gov">{{cite web|title=Channel Islands: The Restoration of the Island Fox|url=https://home.nps.gov/chis/learn/nature/fox-saving.htm|website=National Park Service|access-date=25 September 2014|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006151057/http://www.nps.gov/chis/naturescience/fox-saving.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Since 1993, the eagles have caused the population to decline by as much as 95%.<ref name="Stephan G 2004"/> Because of the low number of foxes, the population went through an [[Allee effect]] (an effect in which, at low enough densities, an individual's [[Fitness (biology)|fitness]] decreases).<ref name="GARY W 1739"/> Conservationists had to take healthy breeding pairs out of the wild population to breed them in captivity until they had enough foxes to release back into the wild.<ref name="Stephan G 2004"/> Nonnative grazers were also removed so that native plants would be able to grow back to their natural height, thereby providing adequate cover and protection for the foxes against golden eagles.<ref name="nps.gov"/>

===''Pseudalopex fulvipes''===
[[Darwin's fox]] was considered [[critically endangered]] because of its small known population (250 mature individuals) and its restricted distribution.<ref name=Jimenez2006>{{cite journal|last1=Jiménez|first1=J. E.|title=Ecology of a coastal population of the critically endangered Darwin's fox (Pseudalopex fulvipes) on Chiloé Island, southern Chile|year=2006|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=271|issue=1|pages=63–77|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00218.x}}</ref> However, the [[IUCN]] have since downgraded the conservation status from critically endangered in their 2004 and 2008 assessments to [[endangered]] in the 2016 assessment, following findings of a wider distribution than previously reported.<ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn | author =Silva-Rodríguez, E. | author2 =Farias, A. | author3 =Moreira-Arce, D. | author4 =Cabello, J. | author5 =Hidalgo-Hermoso, E. | author6 =Lucherini, M. | author7 =Jiménez, J. | name-list-style =amp | title =''Lycalopex fulvipes'' | volume =2016 | article-number =e.T41586A85370871 | year =2016 }}</ref> On the [[Chile]]an mainland, the population is limited to [[Nahuelbuta National Park]] and the surrounding [[Valdivian temperate rain forest|Valdivian rainforest]].<ref name=Jimenez2006/> On [[Chiloé Island]], their population is limited to the forests that extend from the southernmost to the northwesternmost part of the island.<ref name=Jimenez2006/> Though the Nahuelbuta National Park is protected, 90% of the Darwin's foxes live on Chiloé Island.<ref name=iucn41586>{{cite iucn|author= Jiménez, J.E.|author2= Lucherini, M.|author3= Novaro, A.J.|name-list-style= amp |year= 2008|url= https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41586/0|title= ''Pseudalopex fulvipes''|access-date= 30 September 2014}}</ref>

A major issue for the Darwin's fox is their limited and dwindling habitat, as unprotected areas of forest are cut and burned.<ref name=Jimenez2006/> The deforestation, while shrinking the habitat for the Darwin's fox, is allowing the preferred open-space habitat of their competitor the [[South American gray fox|chilla fox]] to increase; the Darwin's fox is then being outcompeted.<ref name=Yahnke1996>{{cite journal|last1=Yahnke|first1=Christopher J.|last2=Johnson|first2=Warren E.|last3=Geffen|first3=Eli|last4=Smith|first4=Deborah|last5=Hertel|first5=Fritz|last6=Roy|first6=Michael S.|last7=Bonacic|first7=Cristian F.|last8=Fuller|first8=Todd K.|last9=Van Valkenburgh|first9=Blaire|last10=Wayne|first10=Robert K.|year=1996|title=Darwin's Fox: A Distinct Endangered Species in a Vanishing Habitat|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=10|issue=2|pages=366–375|doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10020366.x|bibcode=1996ConBi..10..366Y }}</ref> Another problem they face is their inability to fight off diseases transmitted by the increasing number of pet dogs.<ref name=Jimenez2006/> To conserve the Darwin's fox, researchers suggest protecting the forests that link the Nahuelbuta National Park to the coast of Chile, and that link in turn to Chiloé Island and its forests – a linear distance of more than {{convert|400|km|mi|round=5}}. They also suggest that other forests around Chile be examined to determine whether Darwin's foxes have previously existed there or could live there in the future, should the need to (re)introduce the species to those areas arise. And they recommend establishing a captive breeding program in Chile for the Darwin's fox, because of the limited number of mature individuals in the wild.<ref name=Yahnke1996/>

==Relationships with humans==
[[File:Sunny Fox.jpg|thumb|A [[red fox]] on the porch of a house]]
[[File:Foxes are not welcome in Carbunup.jpg|thumb|Dead foxes in [[Carbunup]]]]
Foxes are often considered pests or nuisance creatures for their opportunistic attacks on poultry and other small livestock. Fox attacks on humans are not common.<ref>Barratt, Sarah and Martin Barratt. [https://books.google.com/books?id=gJl8AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT28 Practical Quail-keeping] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129230119/https://books.google.com/books?id=gJl8AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT28#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=2023-11-29 }}. 2013.</ref> Many foxes adapt well to human environments, with several species classified as "resident urban carnivores" for their ability to sustain populations entirely within urban boundaries. Foxes in urban areas can live longer and can have smaller litter sizes than foxes in non-urban areas.<ref name="Iossa">Iossa, G. et al. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xYKqluO6c8UC&pg=PA283 A Taxonomic Analysis of Urban Carnivore Ecology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130000156/https://books.google.com/books?id=xYKqluO6c8UC&pg=PA283#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=2023-11-30}}, from ''Urban Carnivores''. Stanley Gehrt et al. eds. 2010. p.174.</ref> Urban foxes are ubiquitous in Europe, where they show altered behaviors compared to non-urban foxes, including increased population density, smaller territory, and foraging in packs rather than alone.<ref>Francis, Robert and Michael Chadwick. [https://books.google.com/books?id=JVWJWKzTrJkC&pg=PA126 Urban Ecosystems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129230223/https://books.google.com/books?id=JVWJWKzTrJkC&pg=PA126#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=2023-11-29 }} 2013. p.126.</ref> Foxes have been introduced in numerous locations, with varying effects on indigenous flora and fauna.<ref name = "Long">See generally Long, John. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7YC3cYhGMOcC&pg=PT551 Introduced Mammals of the World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129230724/https://books.google.com/books?id=7YC3cYhGMOcC&pg=PT551#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=2023-11-29 }}. 2013.</ref>

In some countries, foxes are major predators of rabbits and hens. Population oscillations of these two species were the first nonlinear oscillation studied and led to the derivation of the [[Lotka–Volterra equation]].<ref>Sprott, Julien. [https://books.google.com/books?id=buILBDre9S4C&pg=PA89 Elegant Chaos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129230714/https://books.google.com/books?id=buILBDre9S4C&pg=PA89#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=2023-11-29 }} 2010. p.89.</ref><ref>[[Natalia Komarova|Komarova, Natalia]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_PWsM_hzQjgC&pg=PA113 Axiomatic Modeling in Life Sciences] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129230729/https://books.google.com/books?id=_PWsM_hzQjgC&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=2023-11-29 }}, from Mathematics and Life Sciences. Alexandra Antoniouk and Roderick Melnik, eds. pp.113–114.</ref>

===As food===
Fox meat is edible, but is not commonly eaten in any country.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roland |first1=Denise |title=Donkey snack contaminated by fox meat, fears Walmart |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/china-business/10546792/Donkey-snack-contaminated-by-fox-meat-fears-Walmart.html |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=The Telegraph |date=2 January 2014 |language=en}}</ref>

===Hunting===
{{Main|Fox hunting}}

Fox hunting originated in the United Kingdom in the 16th century. Hunting with dogs is now banned in the United Kingdom,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/5109184.stm | title=Hunt campaigners lose legal bid | work=BBC News Online | date=2006-06-23 | access-date=2008-11-04 | archive-date=2008-12-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211191748/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5109184.stm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/epic/htg/6203266/David-Cameron-to-vote-against-fox-hunting-ban.html |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |title=David Cameron 'to vote against fox hunting ban' |first=Anita |last=Singh |date=2009-09-18 |access-date=2010-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930013856/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/epic/htg/6203266/David-Cameron-to-vote-against-fox-hunting-ban.html |archive-date=30 September 2009 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050307100822/http://www.nwlacs.co.uk/foxhunting.htm Fox Hunting]. North West League Against Cruel Sports Support Group. nwlacs.co.uk</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.emteconline.co.uk/rliteracy/rpersuade/foxhunt.pdf | title=Fox Hunting: For and Against | access-date=2009-12-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331221254/http://www.emteconline.co.uk/rliteracy/rpersuade/foxhunt.pdf | archive-date=2010-03-31 }}</ref> though hunting without dogs is still permitted. Red foxes were [[Red foxes in Australia|introduced into Australia]] in the early 19th century for sport, and have since become widespread through much of the country. They have caused population decline among many native species and prey on livestock, especially new lambs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive-species/publications/factsheet-european-red-fox-vulpes-vulpes |title=Fact Sheet: European Red Fox, Department of the Environment, Australian Government |access-date=2015-12-23 |archive-date=2015-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223141118/http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive-species/publications/factsheet-european-red-fox-vulpes-vulpes |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Domestication===
[[File:A tame fox cub at home with Mr and Mrs Gordon Jones, Talysarn (4478261667).jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|A tame fox in [[Talysarn]], Wales]]
{{see also|Domesticated silver fox|Red fox#Taming and domestication}}
There are many records of [[Red fox#Taming and domestication|domesticated red foxes]] and others, but rarely of sustained domestication. A recent and notable exception is domestication of the [[Domesticated red fox|Russian silver fox]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://redhotrussia.com/domestic-foxes-novosibirsk/|title=The most affectionate foxes are bred in Novosibirsk|publisher=Redhotrussia|access-date=2014-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118001034/http://redhotrussia.com/domestic-foxes-novosibirsk/|archive-date=January 18, 2013}}</ref> which resulted in visible and behavioral changes, and is a case study of an animal population modeling according to human domestication needs. The current group of domesticated silver foxes are the result of nearly fifty years of experiments in the Soviet Union and Russia to [[de novo domestication|''de novo'' domesticate]] the silver morph of the red fox. This selective breeding resulted in physical and behavioral traits appearing that are frequently seen in domestic cats, dogs, and other animals, such as pigmentation changes, floppy ears, and curly tails.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.floridalupine.org/publications/PDF/trut-fox-study.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030313011550/http://floridalupine.org/publications/PDF/trut-fox-study.pdf |archive-date=2003-03-13 |url-status=live|first=Lyudmila N.|last=Trut|title=Early Canid Domestication: The Fox Farm Experiment|journal=American Scientist|volume=87|issue=2|page=160|year=1999|doi=10.1511/1999.2.160|bibcode=1999AmSci..87.....T}}</ref> Notably, the new foxes became more tame, allowing themselves to be petted, whimpering to get attention and sniffing and licking their caretakers.<ref name=mason>Kenneth Mason, Jonathan Losos, Susan Singer, Peter Raven, George Johnson(2011)''Biology Ninth Edition'', p. 423. McGraw-Hill, New York.{{ISBN|978-0-07-353222-6}}.</ref>

===Urban settings===
{{see also|Red fox#Urban red foxes}}
Foxes are among the comparatively few mammals which have been able to adapt themselves to a certain degree to living in urban (mostly suburban) human environments. Their omnivorous diet allows them to survive on discarded [[food waste]], and their skittish and often nocturnal nature means that they are often able to avoid detection, despite their larger size.

Urban foxes have been identified as threats to cats and small dogs, and for this reason there is often pressure to exclude them from these environments.<ref name="Adams2012">{{cite book|author=Clark E. Adams|title=Urban Wildlife Management, Second Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0X7CAAAQBAJ|date=15 June 2012|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-2127-8|page=168|access-date=24 September 2018|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129230635/https://books.google.com/books?id=D0X7CAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[San Joaquin kit fox]] is a highly endangered species that has become adapted to urban living in the [[San Joaquin Valley]] and [[Salinas Valley]] of southern California. Its diet includes mice, ground squirrels, rabbits, hares, bird eggs, and insects, and it has claimed habitats in open areas, golf courses, drainage basins, and school grounds.<ref name="Adams2012"/>

===In popular culture===
[[File:Gilt silver plate in shape of two peaches.jpg|thumb|Plate in the shape of two peaches depicting two foxes, [[Tang dynasty]]]]
{{Main|Foxes in popular culture}}

The fox appears in many cultures, usually in [[folklore]]. There are slight variations in their depictions. In European, Persian, East Asian, and Native American folklore, foxes are symbols of cunning and [[trickery]]—a reputation derived especially from their reputed ability to evade hunters. This is usually represented as a character possessing these traits. These traits are used on a wide variety of characters, either making them a nuisance to the story, a misunderstood hero, or a devious villain.

In East Asian folklore, foxes are depicted as [[familiar spirit]]s possessing magic powers. Similar to in the folklore of other regions, foxes are portrayed as mischievous, usually tricking other people, with the ability to [[Human guise|disguise as an attractive female human]]. Others depict them as mystical, sacred creatures who can bring wonder or ruin.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Uther|first1=Hans-Jörg|title=The Fox in World Literature: Reflections on a "Fictional Animal"|journal=Asian Folklore Studies|date=2006|volume=65|issue=2|pages=133–160|jstor=30030396}}</ref> [[fox spirit|Nine-tailed fox]]es appear in Chinese folklore, literature, and mythology, in which, depending on the tale, they can be a good or a bad omen.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kang|first=Xiaofei|title=The cult of the fox: Power, gender, and popular religion in late imperial and modern China|date=2006|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-231-13338-8|pages=15–21}}</ref> The motif was eventually introduced from Chinese to Japanese and Korean cultures.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wallen|first=Martin|title=Fox|date=2006|publisher=[[Reaktion Books]]|location=London|isbn=978-1-86189-297-3|pages=69–70}}</ref>

The constellation [[Vulpecula]] represents a fox.

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wiktionary|fox}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/nature/index.shtml BBC Wales Nature: Fox videos]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021238/http://www.thefoxwebsite.org/ The fox website]}}
* {{Wikisource-inline|list=
** {{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Fox |short=x |noicon=x}}
** {{Cite EB9|wstitle=Fox|volume=9 |short=x |noicon=x}}
**{{Cite PSM|wstitle=The Badger and the Fox|volume=38|month-and-year=April 1891 |noicon=x}} Reprinted from ''[[Cornhill Magazine]]''.
** {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Fox|year=1905 |short=x |noicon=x}}
** {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Fox |short=x |noicon=x}}
** {{Cite NSRW|wstitle=Fox |short=x |noicon=x}}
** {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Fox|year=1920 |short=x |noicon=x}}
** {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Fox|year=1921 |short=x |noicon=x}}
}}

{{Carnivora|Ca.}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Foxes| ]]
[[Category:Mammal common names]]
[[Category:Paraphyletic groups]]

Kundan Lal Gupta

2026-02-14T15:33:11Z

Igororh: created a stub

{{Short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kundan Lal Gupta
| image = Kundan_Lal.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Ludhiana, Punjab
| death_date =
| death_place =
| organization =
}}

'''Kundan Lal Gupta''' (1893 – 1966) was an Indian businessman, [[freedom fighter]], [[philanthropist]] and founder of [[Kundan Vidya Mandir]], one of the first girls' schools in [[Ludhiana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://knowledge.anypursuit.org/Kundan+Lal+Gupta|title=Kundan Lal Gupta|website=AnyPursuit Knowledge Network|language=en|access-date=2019-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806085547/https://knowledge.anypursuit.org/Kundan+Lal+Gupta|archive-date=2019-08-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051019/ldh2.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Ludhiana Stories|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehushpost.com/punjab/ludhiana/top-ten-schools-ludhiana-contact-details/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806085519/https://thehushpost.com/punjab/ludhiana/top-ten-schools-ludhiana-contact-details/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=August 6, 2019|title=Top Ten Schools in Ludhiana and their Contact Details|last=bansalmanav|date=2018-12-29|website=The Hush Post|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref>

==Early life==
Kundan Lal was born in the year 1893 in [[Ludhiana, Punjab, India|Ludhiana, Punjab]], to a Patwari father. He completed his BSc degree from Government College, [[Punjab University, Lahore]], in pre-partition India. He was directly admitted to the Provincial Civil Service in 1915 and appointed as a Sub Divisional Magistrate in [[Nagpur]]. In 1920, he met [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] during the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|non-cooperation movement]] launched by the [[Congress Party (India)|Congress Party]]. Resigning from PCS he returned to Ludhiana and started a number of Business ventures including the Kundan Wood Factory.

==Freedom Fighter==
In 1926 Kundan Lal joined the [[Congress Party (India)|Congress Party]] to support [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] and hosted the landmark [[All India States People Conference]] Ludhiana, in February 1939, better known as the “Ludhiana Session” which was attended by Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru and P. Sitaramayya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXpzWlPpE1cC&dq=ludhiana+session+all+india+states+peoples+conference&pg=PA137|title=Sovereignty, Power, Control: Politics in the States of Western India, 1916-1947|last=McLeod|first=John|date=1999|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004113435|language=en}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
With India's independence in 1947, Kundan Lal turned his attention to educating a generation of Indians. He started a charitable trust, Shri Kundan Lal Trust, and donated most of his assets to it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/kvm-students-win-hearts-with-musical-power/story-XgtmDZgqtaLeWbQk2BJEzL.html|title=KVM students win hearts with musical power|date=2019-07-29|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.holocaustcenter.org/visit/library-archive/oral-history-department/gupta-vijya-and-vinay/|title=Gupta, Vijya and Vinay|website=Holocaust Memorial Center|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref> He started [[Kundan Vidya Mandir]] in 1941, initially as a girls-only school, and converted it to a co-educational school around 1958. Kundan Vidya Mandir now boasts of 2 Campuses in Ludhiana and Kundan International School in Chandigarh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/KVM-holds-programme-in-memory-of-founder/articleshow/10397264.cms|title=KVM holds programme in memory of founder|date=October 18, 2011|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ajr.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/2014_June.pdf|title=From Austria to Australia via India|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Humanitarian==
On a trip to [[Vienna, Austria]], for a medical procedure in 1938 he saw the plight of [[Jews]] under [[Hitler|Hitler's]] tyranny and helped rescue 14 Jews out of Austria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jewishstandard.timesofisrael.com/from-the-reich-to-the-raj/|title=From the Reich to the Raj|last=Viswanath|first=Meylekh|website=jewishstandard.timesofisrael.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref><ref name="tilak"/> Grandson Vinay Gupta has written a book about his grandfather's humanitarian work.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Oliver Das |date=2026-01-27 |title=(S+) Wie ein Inder österreichische Juden vor dem Holocaust rettete |url=https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/holocaust-wie-ein-inder-juden-aus-wien-rettete-a-e26cae1e-9dbe-4dc1-945e-d9e3be6084af |access-date=2026-02-14 |work=Der Spiegel |language=de |issn=2195-1349}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He had five children with his wife, Saraswati. He died in 1966 at the age of 73 from a heart attack.<ref name="tilak">{{cite news |last1=Tilak |first1=Sudha |title=When an unsung Indian helped Austrian Jews escape the Nazis |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crl0r5wrkexo |access-date=13 July 2025 |work=www.bbc.com |date=12 July 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian rebels]]
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1966 deaths]]

Tiruvadi Sambasiva Venkataraman

2026-02-12T03:15:13Z

Igororh: Creating Some Details From Scratch!

{{Short description|Indian botanist and agronomist (1884–1963)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Venkataraman|Tiruvadi Sambasiva}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Tiruvadi Sambasiva Venkataraman
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1884|6|15}}
| birth_place = [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj]] (now in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1963|1|18|1884|6|15}}
| death_place = Madras, [[Madras State]] (now [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]), India
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Botany]] | [[Agronomy]] |[[Plant genetics]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Sugarcane Breeding Institute]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Presidency College, Madras]]|[[University of Madras]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Hybridisation of sugarcane varieties
| awards = {{ublist | 1920 [[Rao Sahib]] | 1928 [[Rao Bahadur]]|1934 Fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (FASc)|1935 Foundation Fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy|National Institute of Sciences of India]] (FNI)<ref name="INSA" group="note">Prior to 1970, the [[Indian National Science Academy]] was named the "National Institute of Sciences of India", and its fellows bore the post-nominal "FNI". The post-nominal became "FNA" in 1970 when the association adopted its present name.</ref>|1937 Companion of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE)|1942 [[Knight Bachelor]]|1956 [[Padma Bhushan]] }}
}}

''[[Rao Bahadur]]'' '''Sir Tiruvadi Sambasiva [[Iyer]] Venkataraman'''<ref name="knight"/><ref name="IAS_Fellows_deceased">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Venkataraman,__Tiruvadi_Sambasiva | title=Fellowship – Venkataraman, Tiruvadi Sambasiva | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | access-date=15 February 2018 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216085056/http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Venkataraman,__Tiruvadi_Sambasiva | archive-date=16 February 2018 }}</ref> [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]], [[Indian National Science Academy|FNI]], [[Indian Academy of Sciences|FASc]] (15 June 1884 – 18 January 1963) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] botanist, agronomist and plant geneticist who specialised in the study and hybridisation of [[sugarcane]].<ref name="Venkataraman_bio_INSA">{{Cite journal | last1 = Thuljaram Rao | first1 = J. | url = http://insaindia.res.in/BM/BM11_8612.pdf | title = Tiruvadi Sambasiva Venkataraman: 1884–1963 | journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy | volume = 11 | pages = 122–133 | year = 1963 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180216084614/http://insaindia.res.in/BM/BM11_8612.pdf | archive-date = 16 February 2018 }}</ref> He developed or supervised the development of numerous high-yield sugarcane [[cultivar]]s, which established India as the world's second largest sugar producer and sustained the sugar industries of numerous other nations, including [[South Africa]], [[Australia]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Indonesia]], [[Pakistan]], and the [[United States]].<ref name="Venkataraman_bio_INSA"/><ref name="sugar_industry_knight">{{Cite journal | last1 = Maheshwari | first1 = Ramesh | last2 = Raman | first2 = Anantanarayanan| url =http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/106/08/1146.pdf | title =The knight of sugar industry: T. S. Venkatraman (1884–1963) | journal = [[Current Science]]| volume = 106 | pages = 1146–1149 | year = 2014 | issue = 8 }}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Venkataraman was born in Salem, [[Madras Presidency]] (now in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]) to an orthodox [[Tamil Brahmin]] family; though initially religious, he renounced religion by the age of 16. After graduating from a secondary school in [[Tiruchirapalli]], where he was a brilliant scholar, he enrolled at [[Presidency College, Madras]], where he decided to study botany over zoology, as he strongly disliked dissecting insects and other animals. In 1905, he graduated with a first-class honours B.A. in botany and briefly studied for an M.A. at [[Madras University]] before his appointment to the Agricultural College, Saidapet (now a constituent college of [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]]) as an assistant to [[Charles Alfred Barber]], then a botanist in the Madras Presidency government service.<ref name="Venkataraman_bio_INSA"/> In 1908, the college was moved to [[Coimbatore]], where Venkataraman would spend the rest of his career. He soon demonstrated an aptitude for research, attempting to grow hybridised varieties of [[eggplant]] in his spare time.<ref name="sugar_industry_knight"/>

==Research and development of the Coimbatore sugarcane cultivars==
In the early 1900s, the extremely poor yields of Indian sugarcane varieties necessitated the import of sugar from the [[Netherlands East Indies]], which was a heavy burden on the government exchequer. The British government eventually decided to establish a Sugarcane Breeding Institute to study sugarcane breeding and to develop an indigenous sugarcane industry. Coimbatore was selected due to its ideal climate, and Barber was appointed Government Sugarcane Expert in October 1912, with Venkataraman as his assistant. According to Venkataraman's biographer and sole graduate student, J. Thuljaram Rao, the two scientists' observation of wild sugarcane (''Saccharum spontaneum'') growing near the Agricultural College campus inspired them to use it in their trials.<ref name="Venkataraman_bio_INSA"/>

Though the first hybrid sugarcane crosses between the wild sugarcane and a cultivated sugarcane species, ''[[Saccharum officinarum]]'', did not survive, by 1914, Venkataraman had succeeded in producing viable hybrid seedlings. As sugarcane breeding was a new field of research, Venkataraman relied on meticulous planning and observation along with the pioneering of new techniques, including artificial induction of flowering through photoperiodic treatments, nobilization and [[outcrossing]] plants to improve their [[genetic diversity]]. He also pioneered the detailed study of sugarcane root systems, which became vital in understanding the plants' yield potentials.<ref name="Venkataraman_bio_INSA"/> In 1918, the first hybrid sugarcane variety produced by the Institute, Co. ("Coimbatore") 205, was recorded as generating yields 50% greater than those of indigenous varieties, which were entirely replaced by Co. 205 within 6–8 years.<ref name="sugar_industry_knight"/> Along with another variant, Co. 285, the new varieties were soon commercially marketed in the Punjab, where they also proved capable of being cultivated under stressed conditions, including in waterlogged fields.<ref name="Venkataraman_bio_INSA"/> Following those successes, Venkataraman developed a tri-species hybrid by crossing ''S. spontaneum'' and ''S. officinarum'' with ''[[Saccharum barberi]]'', a North Indian variety which Barber had researched. The resulting hybrid, Co. 244, became commercially cultivated in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Subsequently, tetra-species hybrids were also produced after a fourth parent, ''[[Saccharum robustum]]'', was incorporated into the breeding programme.<ref name="Venkataraman_bio_INSA"/> The hybrid cultivars, with a sugar content nearly 35 times that of their parent stocks, were soon recognised for being fast-maturing, for their ease of propagation and their resistance to waterlogging, drought and the red rot (''[[Glomerella tucumanensis]]'') and [[Sugarcane sereh disease|sereh]] diseases.<ref name="sugar_industry_knight"/>

In 1918, Venkataraman was promoted to full gazetted rank; he succeeded Barber as head of the Institute the following year, initially in an acting capacity while the British Indian government attempted to locate a European replacement to serve as director. After this proved unsuccessful, Venkataraman was eventually confirmed in his post and served as the permanent head of the Institute until his retirement.<ref name="Venkataraman_bio_INSA"/> Over the next two decades, Venkataraman and his two research assistants, P. Thomas and N.L. Dutt, developed many more hybrid sugarcane varieties suitable for a wide range of environments and climatic conditions. While initial research had focused on developing hardy varieties that could sustain the colder winters in northern India, in 1926 research commenced into breeding plants for the South Indian and similar tropical climates. Apart from the successful Co. 205 and Co 285 cultivars, Co. 213, 421, 427 and 453 became popular in North India, notably in present-day Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, while Co. 419, developed by Dutt, achieved tremendous success across South India and supported the region's sugarcane industries for four decades after its commercial introduction.<ref name="Venkataraman_bio_INSA"/>

In 1927, the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]], [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Irwin]], visited the Sugarcane Breeding Institute and praised Venkataraman's work, subsequently ordering all those connected with sugarcane cultivation to pay a visit.<ref name="Venkataraman_bio_INSA"/> In 1928, Venkataraman presided over the agricultural section of that year's Indian Science Congress, delivering a lecture on "The Indian Sugar Bowl." He visited Java the following year to attend the annual meeting of the International Society of Sugarcane Technologists, presiding over the varietal section. In 1932, he was appointed to the Indian Agricultural Service.<ref name="Venkataraman_bio_INSA"/>

By the 1930s, Coimbatore sugarcane cultivars were in high demand and were being successfully grown around the world. In the United States, Co. 281 and Co. 290 supported the sugar industry in [[Louisiana]]; Co. 281 also sustained production in South Africa and Cuba as it was readily adaptable and high-yielding even in poor soils and less forgiving climates. Co. 290 achieved popularity in Australia, while the tropical-friendly Co. 419 and Co. 421 became mainstays of sugarcane growers in [[Barbados]], [[Trinidad]] and [[British Guiana]] (now [[Guyana]]). In later years, N. Co. 310, first cultivated in South Africa from seed exported from the Sugarcane Breeding Institute, became the most popular commercially-grown sugarcane cultivar in the world. At one point in the 1960s, Coimbatore-developed varieties were supporting the sugarcane industries of 22 countries.<ref name="Venkataraman_bio_INSA"/> In the 21st century, Coimbatore cultivars continue to be cultivated and used as breeding stocks in Australia, Bangladesh, Indonesia and Pakistan.<ref name="sugar_industry_knight"/>

==Research into intergeneric sugarcane hybrids==
In 1930, Venkataraman successfully developed [[intergeneric hybrid]]s of sugarcane and [[sorghum]] with the objective of producing short-duration sugarcane hybrids. Though the project was ultimately a commercial failure due to issues with [[Sterility (physiology)|sterility]], his work subsequently helped inspire [[Janaki Ammal]] to develop a sugarcane-[[maize]] hybrid.<ref name="Venkataraman_bio_INSA"/> In 1936, he attempted to develop a further intergeneric hybrid of sugarcane and the indigenous ''[[Bambusa arundinacea]]'' bamboo, intended to combine the height of the latter with the sugar percentage of the former.<ref name="sugar_industry_knight"/> Under controlled conditions, sterile male sugarcane cultivars were used as pistil parents, which were dusted with bamboo pollen. Though some seedlings were produced to much acclaim amongst plant geneticists, with Venkataraman presenting his findings at the 1939 International Genetics Congress in Edinburgh, studies later suggested the seedlings were the result of [[apomixis]], which was less understood at the time. In his researches, however, Venkataraman anticipated the modern development of intergeneric hybrids on a far wider scale.<ref name="Venkataraman_bio_INSA"/>

==Later career and life==
Venkataraman was elected President of the 1937 Indian Science Congress, delivering his address on "The Indian Village" and discussing the improvement of villages in the country as a priority: "Our duty then is clear, namely, to improve the village, the nucleus of our country life and inject its chief agent, the villager, with a chosen culture of the virus of [the] modern age through education and industrialisation." He again presided over the agricultural section of the Indian Science Congress in 1938, delivering a lecture on sugarcane hybridisation, and attended the 1939 International Genetics Congress at [[Edinburgh]], where he was recognised as a "wizard" of sugarcane.<ref name="Venkataraman_bio_INSA"/>

Though he was scheduled to retire as head of the Sugarcane Breeding Institute in 1939, Venkataraman obtained a three-year extension and finally retired in 1942, when he was succeeded by his assistant Dutt. The year of his retirement, a ''[[Current Science]]'' article observed "the breeding work carried out by Venkataraman – aided by ample tariff protection – has been responsible for converting India from an importer of white sugar (1 million tons) to a position where the future of the Indian industry is in urgent need of securing export markets." By the end of his tenure at Coimbatore, it was estimated Venkataraman's efforts had saved India roughly 15 crore (150 million) rupees.<ref>{{Cite journal |url =http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_011_01_0005_0005_0.pdf | title =Sir T.S. Venkatraman, Kt., CIE, D.Sc, I.A.S. | journal = [[Current Science]]| volume = 11 | pages = 5 | date = January 1942 | issue =1 }}</ref>

Following his retirement, Venkataraman agreed to conduct a survey of sugarcane research in India, but gave it up on health grounds. He subsequently retired to Madras, where he spent his time reading philosophical works and frequently writing letters to ''[[The Hindu]]'' on various subjects. When the International Society of Sugarcane Technologists decided to hold its 1956 conference in India, he chaired the section on cane breeding; during the conference, a plaque commemorating the development of the Co. 205 cultivar was unveiled at the Sugarcane Breeding Institute.<ref name="Venkataraman_bio_INSA"/>

Venkataraman died in Madras on 18 January 1963, aged 78. He was married, and had one son, Ramamurti, who later became an assistant director of the [[National Physical Laboratory of India]].<ref name="Venkataraman_bio_INSA"/>

==Awards and honours==
Venkataraman was extensively recognised for his achievements. In 1920, after the commercial success of the Co. 205 cultivar, he was given the title of ''[[Rao Sahib]]'' by the British government, and was raised to the title of ''[[Rao Bahadur]]'' in 1928.<ref name="Venkataraman_bio_INSA"/> He was appointed a Companion of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE) in the [[1937 New Year Honours]] list.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34365 |supp=y|page=693|date=29 January 1937}}</ref> In the [[1942 New Year Honours]] list, he received a knighthood,<ref name="knight">{{London Gazette|issue=35399 |supp=y|page=2|date=30 December 1941}}</ref> becoming the first Indian agricultural scientist to be thus honoured,<ref name="Venkataraman_bio_INSA"/> and was formally invested with his knighthood at the Viceroy's House (now [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]) in [[New Delhi]] on 21 February 1942 by the then Viceroy, the [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Marquess of Linlithgow]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=35544 |supp=|page=1916|date=1 May 1942}}</ref> In 1956, he was conferred the [[Padma Bhushan]] by the [[Indian government]].<ref name="Venkataraman_bio_INSA"/>

Among his other distinctions, Venkataraman was conferred an honorary D.Sc. by [[Andhra University]].<ref name="Venkataraman_bio_INSA"/> In 1941, he was elected the first President of the Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding, serving a single one-year term.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.isgpb.org/office-bearers.php | title=Office Bearers | publisher=Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding | access-date=18 February 2018 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219090424/http://www.isgpb.org/office-bearers.php | archive-date=19 February 2018 }}</ref> He was elected as a Fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (FASc) in 1934, serving as its Vice-President in 1934–35,<ref name="IAS_Fellows_deceased"/> and was elected as a Foundation Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences of India (FNI, now the [[Indian National Science Academy]]) in 1935.<ref name="Venkataraman_bio_INSA"/><ref name="Venkataraman_INSA_Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/F00-0867 | title=Deceased Fellow – Sir T. S. Venkataraman | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | access-date=16 February 2018 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218090132/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/F00-0867 | archive-date=18 February 2018 }}</ref> He was also a member of the International Genetics Congress Association, the Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding and the International Society of Sugarcane Technologists,<ref name="Venkataraman_INSA_Fellow"/> and was an Honorary Fellow of the South African Sugar Technologists Association.<ref name="Venkataraman_bio_INSA"/>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian geneticists]]
[[Category:Indian botanical writers]]
[[Category:Indian agronomists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian botanists]]
[[Category:Indian agriculturalists]]
[[Category:Plant breeding]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Rai Bahadurs]]
[[Category:Rai Sahibs]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Tamil scientists]]
[[Category:Presidency College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Salem, Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Salem district]]
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1963 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Coimbatore]]

Sai Reddy

2026-02-10T03:15:44Z

Igororh: Creating First Info V1!

{{short description|Indian journalist}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
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| birth_date = ca. 1962
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| death_date = 6 December 2013
| death_place = Basaguda market, Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh
| death_cause = Stabbing and beating
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| occupation = Journalist
| years_active = 20 years
| employer = ''Deshbandhu'' (Hindi-language newspaper)
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| known_for = His reporting in the Bijapur district on the conflict between Maoists and security forces
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'''Sai Reddy''' (ca. 1962 – 6 December 2013) was an Indian journalist for the Hindi-language newspaper ''Deshandhu''. He was murdered by the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|Maoists]] near a market in Basaguda, [[Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh|Bijapur district]], Chhattisgarh.<ref name=john>{{cite web|last=John |first=Joseph |title=Maoist kill journalist in Bastar |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Maoists-kill-journalist-in-Bastar/articleshow/26966563.cms |work=The Times of India |date=6 December 2013|accessdate=15 April 2014}}</ref><ref name=greenslade>{{cite news|first=Roy |last=Greenslade |title=Indian journalist beaten and stabbed to death |newspaper=The Guardian (UK) |date=11 December 2013 |accessdate=18 April 2014 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2013/dec/11/journalist-safety-india}}</ref> Both the Maoists and police were suspicious of Reddy's allegiance to the other side. Maoists believed he was assisting police to dislodge the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India]]. The police arrested him for having close ties with the communists.<ref name=Bagchi>{{cite web|last=Suvojit |first=Bagchi |title=Maoist say journalist killing was a mistake |work=The Hindu |date=8 April 2014 |accessdate=14 April 2014 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/maoists-say-journalist-killing-was-a-mistake/article5885519.ece }}</ref> Some journalists believed that Reddy was killed by other farmers.<ref name=thehoot>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehoot.org/web/home/story.php?storyid=7185&mod=1&pg=1&sectionId=6&valid=true |title=Killing reflects erosion of Maoist ideology? |publisher=Thehoot.org |date=8 December 2013 |accessdate=26 April 2014}}</ref> He had been known for playing an active role in the people's movement in Basaguda over the last few decades.<ref name=thehindudec18>{{cite web|author=Suvojit Bagchi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maoists-claim-responsibility-for-killing-bastar-journalist/article5474399.ece |title=Maoists claim responsibility for killing Bastar journalist |work=The Hindu |date=18 December 2013 |accessdate=26 April 2014}}</ref>

== Personal ==

Sai Reddy was born in 1962 and was from Basuguda, an area hit hard by the insurgent [[Naxalites]].<ref name=john /><ref name=dnaindia>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-naxals-kill-journalist-in-chhattishgarh-1930732 |title=Naxals kill journalist in Chhattishgarh |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=6 December 2013 |accessdate=26 April 2014}}</ref> Reddy was held by the security forces in 1998 under the [[Essential Commodities Act]] and again in 2008 for suspected relationships with the Maoists.<ref name=john /><ref name=INJ /> Many rural journalists supplement their incomes by selling agricultural products while also working as journalists, and Reddy also used this method to supplement his salary.<ref name=john /><ref name=thehindu>{{cite web|author=Suvojit Bagchi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/whose-journalism-is-it-anyway/article5624937.ece |title=Whose journalism is it anyway? |work=The Hindu |date=28 January 2014 |accessdate=26 April 2014}}</ref> His wife had a shop.<ref name=john /> He was living in [[Bijapur]] at the time he returned home.<ref name=dnaindia />

== Career ==

Sai Reddy was a rural journalist. He reported on rural topics, as well as on corruption cases. He had at least 20 years of experience and covered the conflict with the Maoists for that long.<ref name=hindustantimes>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maoists-kill-journalist-in-chhattisgarh/article1-1159956.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210034556/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maoists-kill-journalist-in-chhattisgarh/article1-1159956.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 December 2013 |title=Maoists kill journalist in Chhattisgarh |work=Hindustan Times|date=6 December 2013 |accessdate=26 April 2014}}</ref> He was known by peers and employer as independent and critical of all sides and careful to check on facts and figures while reporting.<ref name=INJ>{{cite web|title=Indian journalist murdered in Chhattisgarh state |publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists |date=10 December 2013 |accessdate=12 April 2014 |url=http://cpj.org/2013/12/indian-journalist-murdered-in-chhattisgarh-state.php}}</ref><ref name=thehoot /><ref name=dailybhaskar2>{{cite web|title=Prominent journalist, Sai Reddy, found dead in South Chhattisgarh; Maoist hand suspected |work=Daily Bhaskar |date=19 December 2013|accessdate=14 April 2014 |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/MP-BHO-prominent-journalist-sai-reddy-found-dead-in-south-chhattisgarh-maoist-hand-susp-4455881-NOR.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210090511/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/MP-BHO-prominent-journalist-sai-reddy-found-dead-in-south-chhattisgarh-maoist-hand-susp-4455881-NOR.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 December 2013}}</ref>

Reddy's writings on the Naxal violence in the region gained him unwanted attention, and he was known to have angered the security forces, the anti-Maoist group [[Salwa Judum]], and the Maoists.<ref name=john /><ref name=thehoot /><ref name=thehindudec18 /> Tribal families in the Chhattisgarh area were subjected to violence during the insurgent conflict with the Indian authorities.<ref name=pioneer>{{cite web|title=Maoist murder scribe in full public view |work=Daily Pioneer |date=7 December 2013 |accessdate=15 April 2014 |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/maoists-murder-scribe-in-full-public-view-in-bijapur.html}}</ref> Reddy was held by security in 1998 under the Essential Commodities Act and again in 2008 for suspected relationships with the Maoists.<ref name=john /><ref name=INJ /> Around 2008, Reddy fled Chhattisgarh after his house was destroyed by fire and the police had arrested him, and returned later after apologising to the Moaists.<ref name=john /><ref name=greenslade /><ref name=RWB>{{cite web|title=Veteran journalist beaten to death in Chhattisgarh |publisher=Reporters Without Borders |date=11 December 2013 |accessdate=15 April 2014 |url=http://en.rsf.org/india-veteran-journalist-beaten-to-death-11-12-2013,45600.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140415081703/http://en.rsf.org/india-veteran-journalist-beaten-to-death-11-12-2013,45600.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 April 2014}}</ref>

== Death ==
{{Location map+|India|AlternativeMap =
| float = left
| position = left
| width = 250
|caption= Location of Basaguda in India, where Reddy was murdered shown relative to the capital New Delhi.
|alt = Basaguda is located in India.
|places=
{{Location map~ | India
|lat_deg=21 |lat_min=48 |lat_sec=37.8299 |lat_dir=N
|lon_deg=80 |lon_min=11 |lon_sec=21.1523 |lon_dir=E
|position=top
|background=#FFFFFF
|label=New Delhi
}}
{{Location map~ | India
| lat_deg = 18.791917
| lon_deg = 80.813348
|position=bottom
|background=#FFFFFF
|label=Basaguda
}}
}}Sai Reddy was murdered by 4 or more men after leaving the market in Basguda on 6 December 2013. The cause of death was from head and neck injuries that were caused by stabbing and beating. The attack occurred during the afternoon in front of witnesses.<ref name=john /><ref name=dnaindia /><ref name=RWB /><ref name=economictimes>{{cite web|author=Aman Sharma |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-12-21/news/45444276_1_naxals-informer-chhattisgarh-police |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231214040/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-12-21/news/45444276_1_naxals-informer-chhattisgarh-police |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 December 2013 |title=Binayak Sen condemns; Sai Reddy not informer: DGP |work=The Economic Times |date=21 December 2013 |accessdate=26 April 2014}}</ref><ref name=ndtv>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/suspected-maoists-armed-with-weapons-kill-mediaperson-in-chhattisgarh-market-455581 |title=Suspected Maoists, armed with weapons, kill mediaperson in Chhattisgarh market |publisher=NDTV.com |date=7 December 2013 |accessdate=26 April 2014}}</ref><ref name=cpj>{{cite web|url=http://cpj.org/killed/2013/sai-reddy.php |title=Sai Reddy – Journalists Killed |publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists |date=6 December 2013 |accessdate=26 April 2014}}</ref> The attackers used sharp-edged weapons on Reddy when they attacked him, and he died en route to the hospital.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=6 December 2013|title=Sai Reddy|url=http://ifj-safety.org/en/contents/india/contents/sai-reddy|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210448/http://ifj-safety.org/en/contents/india/contents/sai-reddy|archive-date=2016-03-03|accessdate=15 April 2014|website=|publisher=Safety of Journalists/IFJ}}</ref> Reddy had been receiving threats from the Maoists for some time. The Maoists officially took responsibility more than a month after the Reddy's murder.<ref name=thehindudec18 /> His troubles with the Maoists went back as far as 2008 when they torched his house.<ref name=john /><ref name=greenslade />

== Context ==
By the time Maoists killed Sai Reddy, over 1500 civilians in the area had been killed by the armed political group.<ref name=economictimes />

Sai Reddy was one of at least eight Indian journalists who were killed during 2013.<ref name=john /><ref name=RWB /> The level of violence against journalists in 2013 in India surpassed the previous high level of violence reached in 1997 when seven were killed.<ref name=RWB /> Nemi Chand Jain was also killed in Chhattisgarh in February 2013.<ref name=greenslade /><ref name=thehoot /><ref name=jfa /> According to news reports, Jain was killed by the Maoists and the group confirmed it, which makes Reddy the second journalist killed by the Maoist in 2013.<ref name=dnaindia /><ref name=ndtv /><ref name=thehindudec6>{{cite web|author=Suvojit Bagchi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/prominent-journalist-killed-in-south-chhattisgarh/article5430109.ece |title=Prominent journalist killed in south Chhattisgarh |work=The Hindu |date=6 December 2013 |accessdate=26 April 2014}}</ref><ref name=financialexpress /> He was one of 70 journalists killed worldwide in 2013.<ref name=wanifra>{{cite web |author=Wan-Ifra |url=http://www.wan-ifra.org/articles/2013/01/30/70-media-employees-killed-in-2013 |title=70 Media Employees Killed in 2013 |publisher=Wan-Ifra |accessdate=26 April 2014 |archive-date=29 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429200613/http://www.wan-ifra.org/articles/2013/01/30/70-media-employees-killed-in-2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Forbidden Stories]] named Sai Reddy as 1 of 13 reporters investigating environmental issues that were killed between 2009 and 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-17|title=Green Blood|url=https://forbiddenstories.org/green-blood-trailer-2/|access-date=2020-12-05|website=[[Forbidden Stories]]}}</ref>

== Reaction ==
Within 45 days of Reddy's murder, the Maoists not only took responsibility for his murder but said they were mistaken about his working for the police.<ref name=john /><ref name=Bagchi />

After his killing outside the market in front of eyewitnesses, police suspected Maoists and that was confirmed by a press release released after the attack.<ref name=financialexpress>{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/maoists-claim-they-killed-journalist/1209336 |title=Maoists claim they killed journalist |work=The Financial Express |date=19 December 2013 |accessdate=26 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813192753/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/maoists-claim-they-killed-journalist/1209336 |archivedate=13 August 2014 }}</ref> Journalists in Basaguda marched through the lands of the Maoists over a three-day period to protest his death and out of concern for their own safety.<ref name=indiaexpress>{{cite news|title=C'garh scribes march through Maoist stronghold to protest Reddy's killing |newspaper=India Express |date=27 January 2014 |accessdate= 18 April 2014 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/cgarh-scribes-march-through-maoist-stronghold-to-protest-reddys-killing/}}</ref>

The Indian Journalists Union called for arrests.<ref name=thehindudec10>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/iju-condemns-killing-of-journalist/article5442772.ece |title=IJU condemns killing of journalist |work=The Hindu |date=10 December 2013 |accessdate=26 April 2014}}</ref> The president and secretary of Journalists' Forum Assam (JFA) called Reddy's murderers "cowards" and threw their support behind the journalists of the Chattishgrah who demonstrating against Reddy's murder. The JFA, which has also experienced problems in Assam supported the principle of neutrality of journalists between political and security forces<ref name=jfa>{{cite news|title=JFA condemns killing of Chhattisgarh journalist Sai Reddy |newspaper=Assam Times |date=12 December 2013 |accessdate=18 April 2014 |url=http://www.assamtimes.org/node/9131}}</ref>

[[Irina Bokova]], the director general of [[UNESCO]], also responded to Reddy's murder, "I urge the authorities to investigate this crime. Violence against media workers undermines the ability of journalists to carry out their work freely as well as the right of citizens to receive the independent information they need."<ref name=unesco>{{cite web|author=Source: Unescopress |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/director_general_condemns_the_killing_of_journalist_sai_reddy_in_indias_bastar_region/ |title=Director-General condemns the killing of journalist Sai Reddy in India's Bastar region | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |publisher=UNESCO |date=18 December 2013 |accessdate=18 April 2014}}</ref>

The Committee to Protect Journalists requested that India investigate his murder and a spokesperson said, "Journalists in Chhattisgarh have become targets in the conflict between the Indian state and the Maoists for simply reporting the realities on the ground."<ref name=greenslade />

==See also==
* [[List of journalists killed in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://cpj.org/data/people/sai-reddy/ Sai Reddy] at the [[Committee to Protect Journalists]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Sai}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths by stabbing in India]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists killed in India]]
[[Category:People from Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Journalists from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]

Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 8

2026-02-04T20:50:33Z

Igororh: stub

{{Short description|Indian reality show (2014)}}
{{For|the spin-off series that merged with this season|Bigg Boss Halla Bol}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 8
| image = Bigg Boss 8 Cover.jpg
| image_alt =
| bgcolor = DeepSkyBlue
| caption = Logo for the eighth season of ''Bigg Boss''.
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Salman Khan]]
| num_days = 104
| num_housemates = 19
| label1 = Champions
| data1 = {{Plainlist|
* [[Karishma Tanna]]
* Pritam Singh RJ
* [[Gautam Gulati]]
* Ali Quli Mirza
* [[Dimpy Ganguly]]
}}
}}
| num_episodes =
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2014|09|21|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2015|01|03|df=y}}
| episode_list =
| next_season = [[Bigg Boss Halla Bol|Halla Bol]]
}}

'''''Bigg Boss 8''''' (also known as '''''Bigg Boss 8: Sabki Lagegi Vaat'''''), which merged into ''[[Bigg Boss Halla Bol]]'', was the eighth season of the Indian reality television series ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss]]'', which premiered on TV channel [[Colors TV|Colors]] from 21 September 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2014/bigg-boss-8-start-september-post-jhalak-dikhla-jaa-7-152665.html|title=Bigg Boss 8 To Start in September, Post Jhalak Dikhla Jaa 7|work=Filmibeat.com|date=July 2014|access-date=16 November 2014|archive-date=30 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730034604/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/news/2014/bigg-boss-8-start-september-post-jhalak-dikhla-jaa-7-152665.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/news/2014/if-not-salman-khan-who-best-host-bigg-boss-8-shahrukh-ranveer-ajay-amitabh-ranbir-153797.html|title=If Not Salman Khan Who's Best To Host Bigg Boss 8? Shahrukh, Amitabh, Ranbir, Ajay, Ranveer... - Oneindia Entertainment|work=Filmibeat.com|date=10 July 2014|access-date=16 November 2014|archive-date=19 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719194219/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/news/2014/if-not-salman-khan-who-best-host-bigg-boss-8-shahrukh-ranveer-ajay-amitabh-ranbir-153797.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and concluded on 3 January 2015 with five final contestants.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bigg Boss 8 Finale: Which contestants might make it to the top 5 for Bigg Boss Halla Bol?|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bigg-boss-8-finale-which-contestants-might-make-it-to-the-top-5-for-bigg-boss-halla-bol-2049045|publisher=Dna India|date=2 January 2015|access-date=3 January 2015}}</ref> ''Bigg Boss'' is the Indian edition of ''[[Big Brother (TV series)|Big Brother]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-what-made-ranbir-kapoor-reject-an-offer-to-host-big-boss-8-1970524|title=What made Ranbir Kapoor reject an offer to host Big Boss 8|work=dna|date=19 March 2014|access-date=16 November 2014}}</ref> [[Salman Khan]] returned as the host of the series for the fifth time<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/bigg-boss-season-8-salman-khan-will-host-colors-reality-show-list-expected-contestants-1460603|title=Bigg Boss Season 8: Salman Khan Will Host the Colors Reality Show, and List of Expected Contestants|work=International Business Times UK|date=11 August 2014|access-date=16 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-salman-khan-quits-bigg-boss-8-to-host-dus-ka-dum-4484045-NOR.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108015850/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-salman-khan-quits-bigg-boss-8-to-host-dus-ka-dum-4484045-NOR.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 January 2014|title=Salman Khan quits Bigg Boss 8 to host Dus Ka Dum|work=daily.bhaskar.com|access-date=16 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/CEL-salman-khan-wants-shah-rukh-khan-to-host-bigg-boss-8-is-this-for-real-4677572-NOR.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720150504/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/CEL-salman-khan-wants-shah-rukh-khan-to-host-bigg-boss-8-is-this-for-real-4677572-NOR.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 July 2014|title=Salman Khan wants Shah Rukh Khan to host Bigg Boss 8: Is this for real|work=daily.bhaskar.com|access-date=16 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/no-bigg-boss-8--for-salman/1203132|title=No Bigg Boss 8 for Salman|publisher=Archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=16 November 2014}}</ref> and [[Snapdeal]] was chosen to be the new presenting sponsor after the end of Colors' five-year deal with [[Vodafone India]] for the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/Z95cdXPdcmdYIuZ9i2U0OP/Snapdeal-to-sponsor-new-season-of-Bigg-Boss.html|title=Snapdeal to sponsor new season of 'Bigg Boss'|work=Livemint.com/|date=5 August 2014|access-date=16 November 2014}}</ref>

After the finale of season with five champions, ''[[Bigg Boss Halla Bol]]''<ref name="BiggBossHallaBol">{{cite web|title=Bigg Boss Halla Bol: All you need to know about Bigg Boss 8's spin off!|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-all-you-need-to-know-about-bigg-boss-8-s-spin-off-bigg-boss-halla-bol-2047667|publisher=DNAIndia|date=28 December 2014|access-date=31 December 2014}}</ref> a [[Spin-off (media)|spin-off]] was launched on 4 January. It merged with the regular series and continued in the same house.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bigg Boss 8 Breaking: Five Challengers To Enter The House|url=http://businessofcinema.com/tele/salman-khan-bigg-boss-season-8/bigg-boss-8-breaking-five-challengers-enter-house/187820|publisher=Business of India|date=3 January 2014|access-date=3 January 2014}}</ref> Five contestants from previous seasons entered the house to compete with five crowned regular entrants of the season finale.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bigg Boss Halla Bol Series!|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/television/what-is-bigg-boss-halla-bol-series-719654|publisher=NDTV News |date=29 December 2014 |access-date=31 December 2014 }}</ref> [[Farah Khan]] became the new host<ref>{{cite web|title=Bigg Boss Halla Bol: Farah Khan to host Bigg Boss 8 with challengers! Watch promo|url=http://us.india.com/stream/bigg-boss-halla-bol-farah-khan-to-host-bigg-boss-8-with-challengers-watch-promo-233744/|publisher=India.com|date=28 December 2014|access-date=31 December 2014}}</ref> as Salman bid adieu due to his filming schedule of ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title= Bigg Boss 8: Salman Khan bids adieu, Puneet, Sonali evicted|date=4 January 2015 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/bigg-boss-8-salman-khan-bids-adieu-puneet-issar-sonali-raut-evicted-234027-2015-01-04|publisher=India Today}}</ref>
[[File:Salman Khan BSE11.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[Salman Khan]] remained the host of the series for the 4th time.]]

==Broadcast==

The series premiered in India on network [[Colors (TV channel)|Colors]] on 21 September 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colors.in.com/in/biggboss |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824234121/http://colors.in.com/in/biggboss |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 August 2012 |title=Bigg Boss 8 Official Website, Biggest Reality TV Show on Colors TV, Full Episodes Video, Live Videos, Mini Clips, Photo Gallery - Colors TV Show |publisher=Colors.in.com |access-date=23 September 2014}}</ref> The series was also broadcast in Pakistan on [[ARY Digital]] beginning 28 September 2014,<ref>{{cite web|title=BB8-Pakistan|date=17 October 2014|url=http://www.arydigital.tv/bigg-boss-8-getting-uglier-day-day/|publisher=Arydigital.tv|access-date=16 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apniline.com/2014/09/28/bigg-boss-season-8-28-september-2014-color-tv|title=Bigg Boss Season 8 – 28 September 2014 By Color TV|author=[email protected]|work=Apniline Pakistan Updates & Entertainment|access-date=18 December 2015|archive-date=23 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223004859/http://www.apniline.com/2014/09/28/bigg-boss-season-8-28-september-2014-color-tv/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and was additionally broadcast in the United Kingdom on [[Colors (TV channel)|Colors UK]] beginning 21 September 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title= BB8-UK|url=http://colors.in.com/uk/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530063547/http://colors.in.com/uk/|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 May 2012|publisher=Colors.in.com|access-date=16 November 2014}}</ref>

==Production==

===House theme===
The house for the eighth season was in [[Lonavala]]. It resembled the interior of an aircraft.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} After the first eviction, the house was made available to the housemates. The physical layout of the house remained mostly unchanged from the previous series. However, the house theme was changed to an Alpine chalet with wood, fur and leather furnishings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140930/entertainment-tvmusic/article/bigg-boss-8-house-now-gets-jungle-feel|title=Bigg Boss 8 house now gets a jungle feel|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=October 2014|access-date=18 December 2015}}</ref>

===Secret society===
On launch night, it was revealed that there was a place adjacent to the 'Plane crash' area known as 'The Secret Society.' Later, Deepshika, Pritam and Puneet were chosen by Bigg Boss to become cult celebrities who would live in the society in secret, away from the rest of the housemates. It was then announced that they would have the power to nominate housemates of their choice to face the first public vote and have immunity from nomination. On day 3, the secret society revealed itself to the viewers as per Bigg Boss' order and introduced themselves.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/bigg-boss-8-day-3-highlights-the-secret-society-reveals-itself-say-hello-to-deepshikha-nagpal-rj-preetam-and-puneet-issar/ |publisher= bollywoodlife.com | access-date = 25 September 2014|title=Bigg Boss 8-day 3 highlights: The Secret Society reveals itself, say hello to Deepshikha Nagpal, RJ Preetam and Puneet Issar!|date=24 September 2014|author=Rukmini Chopra}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/bigg-boss-8-puneet-issar-rj-preetam-deepshikha-nagpal-trying-to-target-praneet-bhatt-and-soni-singh/|title=Bigg Boss 8: Puneet Issar, RJ Preetam, Deepshikha Nagpal trying to target Praneet Bhatt and Soni Singh? – Bollywood News & Gossip, Movie Reviews, Trailers & Videos at Bollywoodlife.com|date=23 September 2014|access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/Bigg-Boss-8-Day-5-Praneet-turns-dominant-fights-with-Gautam-Gulati/photostory/43533780.cms|title=Bigg Boss 8 Day 5: Praneet turns dominant, fights with Gautam Gulati|work=The Times of India|date=26 September 2014|access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref> On Day 5, Puneet was moved to plane crash area and later on Day 8 the other two secret society members Deepshika and Pritam joined him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/videos/entertainment/tv/Puneet-Issar-out-of-Bigg-Boss-8-secret-society/videoshow/43608771.cms|title=Puneet Issar out of 'Bigg Boss 8' secret society|work=Mumbai Miroor|access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/puneet-issar-out-of-bigg-boss-8-secret-society-natasha-stankovic-get-eliminated-140926|title=Puneet Issar out of Bigg Boss 8 Secret Society; Natasha Stankovic to get eliminated?|author=Tellychakkar Team|access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref>

===''Bigg Boss Halla Bol''===
{{main|Bigg Boss Halla Bol!}}
In the fifteenth week Bigg Boss announced that show had been extended for four weeks<ref>{{cite web|title=Colors confirms 'Bigg Boss 8' extension|url=http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/colors-confirms-bigg-boss-8-extension|publisher=Medi 24/7|date= 28 December 2014|access-date= 31 December 2014}}</ref> and, unlike previous seasons, crowned its five champions on 3 January, concluding season 8 finale, where spin-off ''Bigg Boss Halla Bol'' launched and merged with the regular season.<ref name="BiggBossHallaBol" /><ref>{{cite web |title=COLORS paves way for a new series, Snapdeal.com presents Bigg Boss Halla Bol |url=http://colors.in.com/in/biggboss/news/colors-paves-way-for-a-new-series-snapdealcom-presents-bigg-boss-halla-bol-2418.html#nav |publisher=Colors |date=28 December 2014 |access-date=31 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230222349/http://colors.in.com/in/biggboss/news/colors-paves-way-for-a-new-series-snapdealcom-presents-bigg-boss-halla-bol-2418.html#nav |archive-date=30 December 2014 }}</ref>

The spin-off series officially launched on 4 January,<ref>{{cite web|title=New twist in House will start from January 4th, 2015|url=http://arynews.tv/en/salman-khans-new-twist-big-boss/|publisher=ARY News|date=29 December 2014|access-date=31 December 2014}}</ref> with the five ''Halla Bol Challengers'' from previous seasons, which includes [[Ajaz Khan]], Sambhavna Seth, [[Mahek Chahal]], [[Rahul Mahajan]] and [[Sana Khan]]. Sana Khan's entrance was disclosed later as a fifth challenger by production team.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bigg Boss 8: Sana Khan is the fifth challenger|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/biggboss8/bigg-boss-8-sana-khan-is-the-fifth-challenger/article1-1302612.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102132624/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/biggboss8/bigg-boss-8-sana-khan-is-the-fifth-challenger/article1-1302612.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 January 2015|work=Hindustan Times|date=2 January 2015|access-date=2 January 2015}}</ref> Before the official announcement, only Ajaz Khan entered the house on Day 99. The new spin-off format of ''Champions and Challengers'' with ten contestants was hosted by [[Farah Khan]] as contractually, Salman Khan leaves the series after season finale.<ref>{{cite web|title=Farah Khan to host Bigg Boss 8; Rahul Mahajan, Ajaz among 5 wild card entries|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/biggboss8/farah-khan-to-host-bigg-boss-8-rahul-mahajan-ajaz-khan-among-5-wld-card-entries/article1-1301137.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228135931/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/biggboss8/farah-khan-to-host-bigg-boss-8-rahul-mahajan-ajaz-khan-among-5-wld-card-entries/article1-1301137.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 December 2014|work=Hindustan Times|date=28 December 2014|access-date=31 December 2014}}</ref>

==Housemates status==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! scope="col" style="background:#00BFFF; color:#000;" | Sr
! scope="col" style="background:#00BFFF; color:#000;" | Housemate
! scope="col" style="background:#00BFFF; color:#000;" | {{nowrap|Day entered}}
! scope="col" style="background:#00BFFF; color:#000;" | {{nowrap|Day exited}}
! scope="col" style="background:#00BFFF; color:#000;" | Status
|-
| 1
| Karishma
| Day 1
| Day 104
| {{won|Champion}}
|-
| 2
| Dimpy
| Day 47
| Day 104
| {{won|Champion}}
|-
| 3
| Ali
| Day 24
| Day 104
| {{won|Champion}}
|-
| 4
| Gautam
| Day 1
| Day 104
| {{won|Champion}}
|-
| 5
| Pritam
| Day 1
| Day 104
| {{won|Champion}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 6
| rowspan="2" | Puneet
| Day 1
| Day 44
| {{CRemoved|Ejected}}
|-
| Day 46
| Day 104
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 7
| rowspan="2" | Sonali
| Day 1
| Day 7
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| Day 11
| Day 104
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 8
| Upen
| Day 1
| Day 101
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 9
| Praneet
| Day 1
| Day 90
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 10
| Diandra
| Day 1
| Day 84
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 11
| Renee
| Day 47
| Day 70
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 12
| Nigaar
| Day 50
| Day 63
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 13
| Aarya
| Day 1
| Day 56
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 14
| Sushant
| Day 1
| Day 49
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 15
| Minissha
| Day 1
| Day 42
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 16
| Soni
| Day 1
| Day 35
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 17
| Natasa
| Day 1
| Day 28
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 18
| Deepshikha
| Day 1
| Day 21
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 19
| Sukirti
| Day 1
| Day 14
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 20
| Sargun
| colspan="2" | Day 1
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|}

* {{ref|1|'''^'''}} : Diandra re-entered the house as a guest on day 100.

==Housemates==
The participants in the order of appearance and entered in house are:
===Original entrants===
* [[Karishma Tanna]] - Model and actress.<ref name="8-final" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/FAS-bigg-boss-8-see-how-karisma-tanna-will-take-the-style-file-up-by-a-notch-in-the--4751347-PHO.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140921205321/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/FAS-bigg-boss-8-see-how-karisma-tanna-will-take-the-style-file-up-by-a-notch-in-the--4751347-PHO.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 September 2014 |publisher=daily.bhaskar.com |access-date=21 September 2014|title=Bigg Boss 8: See how Karishma Tanna will take the style file up by a notch in the Bigg Boss House|date= 21 September 2014}}</ref> She is known for acting in the show ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' and film ''[[Grand Masti]]''.
* [[Sonali Raut]] - Model and film actress.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Bigg-Boss-8-Xpose-fame-Sonali-Raut-roped-in/articleshow/43022792.cms|title=Bigg Boss 8: Xpose fame Sonali Raut roped in|work=The Times of India|date=21 September 2014 |access-date=16 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="8-final">{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/bigg-boss-8-final-contestant-list-arya-babbar-karishma-tanna-upen-patel-confirmed-for-salman-khans-show/| publisher= bollywoodlife.com| access-date=21 September 2014|title=Bigg Boss 8 final contestant list: Arya Babbar, Karishma Tanna, Upen Patel confirmed for Salman Khan's show!|date=19 September 2014 |author=Vinod Talreja }}</ref> She was earlier seen in the film [[The Xpose]].
* [[Upen Patel]] - Model and film actor from London.<ref name="8-final" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ignarchives.com/bigg-boss-season-8-upen-patel-natasha-stankovic-and-puneet-issar-confirmed-as-participants/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924004531/http://www.ignarchives.com/bigg-boss-season-8-upen-patel-natasha-stankovic-and-puneet-issar-confirmed-as-participants/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=24 September 2014 |publisher=Bollywood iGN|access-date=21 September 2014|title=Bigg Boss Season 8: Upen Patel, Natasha Stankovic and Puneet Issar Confirmed as Participants!|date=21 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-in-pics-a-peep-into-bigg-boss-season-8-contestant-upen-patels-life-4752316-PHO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925051325/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-in-pics-a-peep-into-bigg-boss-season-8-contestant-upen-patels-life-4752316-PHO.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 September 2014 |title=In pics: A peep into Bigg Boss season 8 contestant Upen Patel's life |publisher= daily.bhaskar.com | access-date = 21 September 2014}}</ref> Upen has been in numerous Bollywood films such as ''[[36 China Town]]'' and ''[[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]]''.
* [[Soni Singh]] - Television actress<ref>{{cite web |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-bigg-boss-8-unseen-pictures-of-contestant-soni-singh-aka-kalika-4752352-PHO.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140921205321/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-bigg-boss-8-unseen-pictures-of-contestant-soni-singh-aka-kalika-4752352-PHO.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 September 2014 |publisher=daily.bhaskar.com | access-date = 21 September 2014|title=Bigg Boss 8: Unseen pictures of contestant Soni Singh aka Kalika }}</ref> She has appeared in shows like ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]'' and ''[[Saraswatichandra (TV series)|Saraswatichandra]]''.
* [[Arya Babbar]] - [[Bollywood]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] film actor<ref name="8-final" /> Arya was seen in many films like ''[[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]'' and ''[[Jatts In Golmaal]]''. He is the son of [[Raj Babbar]].
* [[Diandra Soares]] - Model, anchor and fashion designer<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Deepshikha-Nagpal-Diandra-Soares-to-enter-Bigg-Boss-house/articleshow/43000816.cms |publisher= Timesofindia.indiatimes.com | access-date = 21 September 2014|title=Deepshikha Nagpal, Diandra Soares to enter Bigg Boss house|author=Neha Maheshwri|date= 21 September 2014}}</ref> She is known for participating in ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi#Season 4|Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 4]]''.
* [[Sushant Divgikar]] - Model, TV anchor and pageant contestant<ref name="8-final" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.india.com/stream/mr-gay-india-2014-bindass-tv-anchor-all-set-to-get-the-pageant-home-117260/|publisher= india.com | access-date = 21 September 2014|title=Mr. Gay India 2014: Bindass TV anchor all set to get the pageant home|author=Nithya Nair|date= 13 August 2014}}</ref> He is the winner and represented [[India]] at ''[[Mr Gay World 2014]]''.
* [[Gautam Gulati]] - Television actor<ref name="8-final" /> He is known for his roles in ''[[Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna (2008 TV series)|Tujh Sang Preet Lagayi Sajana]]'' and ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]].''
* [[Sukirti Kandpal]] - Television actress and model.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Hindi/TV/News/Sukirti-Kandpal-and-Soni-Singh-in-Bigg-Boss/articleshow/42993392.cms |publisher= Timesofindia.indiatimes.com | access-date = 21 September 2014|title=Sukirti Kandpal and Soni Singh in Bigg Boss|author=Neha Maheshwri |date= 20 September 2014}}</ref> She is known for her roles playing as Dr Riddhima Gupta in ''[[Dill Mill Gayye]]'' and the romantic drama ''[[Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani]]''.
* [[Praneet Bhat]] - TV actor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/television/what-brings-praneet-bhatt-to-bigg-boss-8-671292|title=What Brings Praneet Bhatt to Bigg Boss 8|work=NDTVMovies.com|access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref> Praneet seen in shows like ''[[Geet – Hui Sabse Parayi|Geet - Hui Sabse Parayi]]'' and ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]''. He was last seen in ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' as [[Shakuni]].
* [[Nataša Stanković|Natasa Stankovic]] - Model and Bollywood Actress from Serbia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ignarchives.com/bigg-boss-season-8-upen-patel-natasha-stankovic-and-puneet-issar-confirmed-as-participants/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924004531/http://www.ignarchives.com/bigg-boss-season-8-upen-patel-natasha-stankovic-and-puneet-issar-confirmed-as-participants/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=24 September 2014|publisher=Bollywood iGN| access-date = 21 September 2014|title=Bigg Boss Season 8: Upen Patel, Natasha Stankovic and Puneet Issar Confirmed as Participants!|date=21 September 2014}}</ref> She is known for appearing in the Bollywood film ''[[Satyagraha (film)|Satyagraha]]'' in an item song 'Aiyo Ji'.
* [[Minissha Lamba]] - Bollywood Actress<ref name="8-final" /> She has appeared in films like ''[[Yahaan]]'' and ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]''.
* [[Deepshikha Nagpal]] - Actress<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/biggboss8/bigg-boss-8-secret-society-members-revealed-not-to-the-inmates-though/article1-1267916.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924162706/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/biggboss8/bigg-boss-8-secret-society-members-revealed-not-to-the-inmates-though/article1-1267916.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2014 |publisher= hindustantimes.com | access-date = 25 September 2014|title=Bigg Boss 8: Secret Society members revealed, not to the inmates though
|author=Sweta Kaushal|date=24 September 2014}}</ref> She was last seen in ''[[Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]''. She has also participated in ''[[Nach Baliye]]'' with her husband Keshav Arora.
* [[Puneet Issar]] - Bollywood / Punjabi actor and director<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/> He is known for acting in ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]''
* Pritam Singh - RJ.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/> He is known for his show ''Bhabhi Ji''.

===Not-selected housemates===
* [[Sargun Mehta]] — Actress and model.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/liked-the-first-bigg-boss-8-episode-vote-tv/20140922.htm|title=Liked the first Bigg Boss 8 episode? VOTE!|date=22 September 2014}}</ref> She is known for playing Ganga in ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' and participating in ''[[Nach Baliye|Nach Baliye 5]]''.

===Wild card entrants===
* Ali Quli Mirza - Singer.<ref name="businessofcinema.com">{{cite web|url=http://businessofcinema.com/tele/breaking-bigg-boss-8-confirmed-wild-card-entry-ali-quli-mirza/177767|title=Breaking Bigg Boss 8: Confirmed Wild Card Entry Is Ali Quli Mirza|work=Businessofcinema.com|date=15 October 2014|access-date=16 November 2014}}</ref> He is known for singing the song 'Bura Bura' from the film ''[[Bluffmaster!]]''.
*Renee Dhyani - Model.<ref name="twsHindustanTimes4">{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-8-gets-wild-card-entries-dimpy-mahajan-former-roadies-contestant-renee-dhyani/ |title=Bigg Boss 8 gets wild card entries: Dimpy Ganguli, former 'Roadies' contestant Renee Dhyani |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=7 November 2014 |access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref> She is known for participating in ''[[MTV Roadies season 8|MTV Roadies]]''.
* [[Dimpy Ganguly]] - Model and actress.<ref name="twsHindustanTimes4"/> She is the winner of ''[[Swayamvar (Indian TV Show)|Season 2]]'' of India's rendition of ''[[The Bachelor (American TV series)|The Bachelor]]''. She has acted in shows ''[[Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna (2008 TV series)|Tujh Sang Preet Lagayi Sajana]]'' and ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''.
* [[Nigaar Khan]] - Indian television actress mainly known for her portrayal of negative roles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/biggboss8/bigg-boss-8-nigaar-khan-evicted-says-she-is-glad/article1-1289367.aspx |title=Bigg Boss 8: Wild card entry Nigaar Khan evicted, says she is glad |publisher=hindustantimes.com/ |date=2014-11-24 |access-date=2014-12-13 |archive-date=14 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714003523/http://www.hindustantimes.com/biggboss8/bigg-boss-8-nigaar-khan-evicted-says-she-is-glad/article1-1289367.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> She is known for acting in ''[[Kasamh Se]]''.

==Twists==
===Potential housemates===
{| class="wikitable" sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
|+
! scope="col" style="background:#00BFFF; color:#fff;" |Housemates
! scope="col" style="background:#00BFFF; color:#fff;" |Status
|-
|Sargun Mehta
| {{No|Not Selected}}
|-
|Sukriti Kandpal
| bgcolor=gold|''{{nowrap|Selected }}''
|}

===Housemates allotment===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; font-family: sans-serif; line-height:13px;"
! rowspan="3" style="width: 5%;" | Housemate
! colspan="3" style="width: 5%;" | Week 1
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 2
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 3
|-
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 1
! style="width: 5%;" | {{nowrap|Day 5}}
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 7
! style="width: 5%;" | {{nowrap|Day 10}}
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 11
! style="width: 5%;" | Day 12
|-
| {{ref|1|[1]}}
| {{ref|2|[2]}}
| {{ref|3|[3]}}
| {{ref|4|[4]}}
| {{ref|5|[5]}}
| {{ref|6|[6]}}
|-
! Aarya
| colspan="3" style="background:#FBF373;" |''Plane Crash''
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" |''Main House''
| rowspan="14" style="background:#299;" |''Plane crash theme ended''
|-
! Deepshikha
| colspan="2" style="background:#58FAAC;" |''Secret Society''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Plane Crash''
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" |''Main House''
|-
! Diandra
| colspan="3" style="background:#FBF373;" |''Plane Crash''
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" |''Main House''
|-
! Gautam
| colspan="3" style="background:#FBF373;" |''Plane Crash''
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" |''Main House''
|-
! Karishma
| colspan="3" style="background:#FBF373;" |''Plane Crash''
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" |''Main House''
|-
! Minissha
| colspan="3" style="background:#FBF373;" |''Plane Crash''
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" |''Main House''
|-
! Natasa
| colspan="3" style="background:#FBF373;" |''Plane Crash''
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" |''Main House''
|-
! Praneet
| colspan="3" style="background:#FBF373;" |''Plane Crash''
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" |''Main House''
|-
! Pritam
| colspan="2" style="background:#58FAAC;" |''Secret Society''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''{{nowrap|Plane Crash}}''
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" |''Main House''
|-
! Puneet
| colspan="1" style="background:#58FAAC;" |''{{nowrap|Secret Society}}''
| colspan="2" style="background:#FBF373;" |''{{nowrap|Plane Crash}}''
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" |''Main House''
|-
! Soni
| colspan="3" style="background:#FBF373;" |''Plane Crash''
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" |''Main House''
|-
! Sonali
| colspan="2" style="background:#FBF373;" |''Plane Crash''
| style="background:#818589; text-align:center;" |
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" |''Main House''
|-
! Sushant
| colspan="3" style="background:#FBF373;" |''Plane Crash''
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" |''Main House''
|-
! Upen
| colspan="3" style="background:#FBF373;" |''Plane Crash''
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" |''Main House''
|-
! Sukirti
| colspan="3" style="background:#FBF373;" |''Plane Crash''
| colspan="2" style="background:#00BFFF;" |''Main House''
| style="background:#818589" |
|}
{{refbegin}}
#{{note|1}}: The house area allotment was chosen by Bigg Boss.
#{{note|2}}: Puneet was moved to the Plane Crash area as a result of the unanimous decision taken by all three members of the Secret Society as per Bigg Boss' order. They were to select the member who wasn't eligible for the society anymore.
#{{note|3}}: Deepshika and Pritam were moved to the 'Plane Crash' area following Sonali's eviction interview.
#{{note|4}}: As a result of winning the Hijack task Deepshika and her team were moved to the main house. Bigg Boss also later moved Praneet's team to the main house as a result of their impressive performance in the task.
#{{note|5}}: Sonali entered the main house via the confession room after the housemates were done nominating.
#{{note|6}}: Plane crash theme ended with all housemates inside the main house.
{{refend}}

==Nomination table==

<div style="overflow-x:scroll;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:15px;"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" |
! colspan="2" style="width:5%;" | Week 1
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | Week 2
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | Week 3
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | Week 4
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | Week 5
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | Week 6
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | Week 7
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%; "| Week 8
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | Week 9
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | Week 10
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | Week 11
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | Week 12
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | Week 13
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;" | Week 14
! colspan="5" style="width:5%;" style="background:#FFD700;" | Week 15
|-
! style="width:5%;" | Day 1
! style="width:5%;" | Day 4
! style="width:5%;" | Day 102
! colspan=4 style="width:5%;" style="background:#FFD700;" | Day 104
|-style="background:#87CEEB;" |
! style="background:#87CEEB;" | Nominees for Captaincy
| rowspan="3" colspan="5" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Captain''
! —
! —
| Gautam Upen
| Diandra Pritam
| Dimpy Gautam Praneet Pritam
| Karishma Puneet Upen
| Dimpy Karishma Pritam Praneet Renee Sonali
| Karishma Pritam
| Ali Diandra Dimpy Gautam Karishma Praneet Pritam Puneet Sonali Upen
| Dimpy Praneet Sonali
| Ali Sonali
| colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Captain''
|- style="background:#cfc;"
! style="background:#cfc;"|House Captain
| colspan="2" | '''Ali'''
| '''Upen'''
| '''Diandra'''
| '''Gautam'''
| '''Puneet'''
| '''<s>Renee</s> Pritam'''
| '''Karishma'''
| '''Dimpy'''
| '''<s>Praneet</s> Sonali'''
| '''Ali'''
|-
! Captain's Nominations
| Sushant
| Sonali Praneet
| Praneet Gautam Sonali Pritam Puneet
| Puneet Gautam
| Puneet Ali (to save)
| Praneet (to evict)
| Ali Diandra Dimpy Karishma Puneet
| style="background:#ccc;"| ''Not eligible''
| Upen
| Karishma
| style="background:#ccc;"| ''Not eligible''
|- style="background:#58FAAC;" |
! rowspan="3" | Secret Society
| rowspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''N/A''
| '''Deepshikha'''
| rowspan="4" colspan="18" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Secret Society Ended''
|- style="background:#58FAAC;" |
| '''Pritam'''
|- style="background:#58FAAC;" |
| '''Puneet'''
|- style="background:#FFAA33;" |
! Society's Nomination
| '''Sonali Gautam'''
|-
! colspan="21" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Vote to:
! None
! colspan="3" | Evict
! Save
! colspan="5" | Evict
! Save
! Evict
! None
! colspan="2" | Evict
! None
! colspan="4" | Championship
|-
! colspan="21" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Karishma
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''In House''
| Natasa Sukirti
| Gautam Praneet Pritam
| Gautam Sonali
| Sushant
| Sonali Praneet
| Puneet Gautam
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Sonali Puneet
| Puneet Gautam
| Dimpy Sonali
| Diandra
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Pritam
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Pritam Ali
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="3" style="background:#73FB76;" |'''Champion''' (Day 104)
|-
! Dimpy
| colspan="8" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#FBF373; text-align:center" |Aarya Karishma
| Sonali Karishma Nigaar
| Gautam
| style="background:#ccc;" | ''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Ali Pritam
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="3" style="background:#73FB76;" |'''Champion''' (Day 104)
|-
! Ali
| colspan="5" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#cfc;" colspan="2" |''House Captain''
| style="background:#959FFD; text-align:center"|Sonali Praneet
| Karishma Aarya
| style="background:#FBF373; text-align:center"|Sonali Karishma Nigaar
| Diandra
| style="background:#ccc;"| ''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Karishma
| Dimpy Upen
| style="background:#959FFD;"|''House Captain''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="3" style="background:#73FB76;" |'''Champion''' (Day 104)
|-
! Gautam
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''In House''
| Sukirti Praneet
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Banned''
| Karishma Aarya
| Praneet
| Soni Minissha
| Aarya Diandra
| Sonali Praneet
| style="background:#959FFD; text-align:center"|Karishma Upen
| style="background:#cfc;" colspan="1" |''House Captain''
| Pritam
| style="background:#ccc;"| ''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Ali
| style="background:#FBF373;"|Upen Karishma
| style="background:#ccc;"| ''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="3" style="background:#73FB76;" |'''Champion''' (Day 104)
|-
! Pritam
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |{{nowrap|''Not In House''}}
| style="background:#58FAAC;" |''Secret Society''
| Gautam Puneet Praneet
| Deepshikha Diandra
| Sushant
| style="background:#959FFD; text-align:center"|Aarya Minissha
| Karishma Upen
| Puneet Sonali
| Karishma Aarya
| Dimpy Sonali Karishma Nigaar
| Praneet
| style="background:#cfc;" colspan="1" |''House Captain''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Karishma
| Dimpy Karishma
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="3" style="background:#73FB76;" |'''Champion''' (Day 104)
|-
! rowspan="2" | Puneet
| rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |{{nowrap|''Not In House''}}
| rowspan="2" style="background:#58FAAC;" |''Secret Society''
| rowspan="2" | Gautam Karishma Pritam
| rowspan="2" | Deepshikha Minnisha
| rowspan="2" | Praneet
| rowspan="2" | Minissha Soni
| rowspan="2" | Aarya Minissha
| Praneet Sonali
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''Banned''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FBF373;" |Sonali Karishma
| rowspan="2" style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| rowspan="2" | Pritam
| rowspan="2" | Dimpy Upen
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 104)
|-
| style="background:#FFE08B;" |''Ejected'' {{nowrap|(Day 44)}}
|-
! Sonali
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''In House''
| Diandra Aarya
| style="background:salmon;" |''Evicted'' (Day 7) 
----Sukirti
| Aarya Deepshikha
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Praneet
| Soni Aarya
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Minissha Karishma
| Puneet Gautam
| Karishma Aarya
| Karishma Nigaar
| Praneet
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Karishma
| style="background-image: linear-gradient(to right bottom, #cfc 50%, #959FFD 50%);" |''House Captain''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 104)
|-
! Upen
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''In House''
| Sukirti Natasa
| Gautam Praneet Pritam
| Pritam Sonali
| Soni
| Minissha Sonali
| Puneet Gautam
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Puneet Aarya
| Dimpy
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Karishma
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| Ali
| Ali Pritam
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="4" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 101)
|-
! Praneet
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |{{nowrap|''Not In House''}}
| Diandra Sukirti
| Gautam Diandra Karishma
| Minnisha Deepshikha
| Puneet
| Soni Minissha
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Aarya Minissha
| Gautam Pritam
| Upen Aarya
| Dimpy Karishma Nigaar
| Dimpy
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Karishma
| colspan="6" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 90)
|-
! Diandra
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''In House''
| Sonali Praneet
| Gautam Praneet Pritam
| Gautam Pritam
| Upen
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Sonali Gautam
| Gautam Puneet
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Gautam Pritam
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Dimpy Sonali
| Karishma
| style="background:#ccc;" | ''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="7" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 84)
|-
! Renee
| colspan="8" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Karishma Aarya
| Dimpy Sonali
| Pritam
| colspan="9" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 70)
|-
! Nigaar
| colspan="9" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| Dimpy
| style="background:#FA8072;" |Upen (to evict)
| colspan="9" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 63)
|-
! Aarya
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''In House''
| Sonali Natasa
| Gautam Praneet Soni
| Sonali Gautam
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Banned''
| Sonali Puneet
| Puneet Gautam
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Sonali Praneet
| Puneet Gautam
| colspan="11" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 56)
|-
! Sushant
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''In House''
| Aarya Gautam
| Gautam Pritam Praneet
| Gautam Pritam
| Upen
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Gautam Praneet
| Minissha Gautam
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Gautam Puneet
| colspan="12" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 49)
|-
! Minissha
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |{{nowrap|''Not In House''}}
| Natasa Sonali
| Gautam Pritam Praneet
| Aarya Karishma
| Natasa
| Gautam Praneet
| Puneet Gautam
| colspan="13" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 42)
|-
! Soni
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''In House''
| Natasa Sonali
| Diandra Gautam Aarya
| Gautam Aarya
| Upen
| Gautam Sonali
| colspan="14" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 35)
|-
! Natasa
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |{{nowrap|''Not In House''}}
| Sukirti Karishma
| Gautam Pritam Diandra
| Sonali Pritam
| Sushant
| colspan="15" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 28)
|-
! Deepshikha
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |{{nowrap|''Not In House''}}
| style="background:#58FAAC;" |''Secret Society''
| style="background:#FBF373; text-align:center" |Gautam Soni Praneet
| Sonali Gautam
| colspan="16" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 21)
|-
! Sukirti
| style="background:#1CAC78;" | {{Font colour|white|''Selected''}}
| Natasa Praneet
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Gautam Praneet Pritam
| colspan="17" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 14)
|-
! Sargun
| style="background:#FF0000;" |{{Font colour|white|''Not Selected''}}
| colspan="19" style="background:#FA8072;" |''Evicted'' (Day 1)
|-
! colspan="21" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Notes
| ''[[#endnote 01|1]]''
| ''[[#endnote 02|2]]'',''[[#endnote 03|3]]''
| ''[[#endnote 04|4]]'',''[[#endnote 05|5]]''
| {{n/a|None}}
| ''[[#endnote 06|6]]''
| ''[[#endnote 07|7]]'',''[[#endnote 08|8]]'',''[[#endnote 09|9]]''
| ''[[#endnote 08|8]]''
| ''[[#endnote 10|10]]'',''[[#endnote 11|11]]'',''[[#endnote 12|12]]''
| ''[[#endnote 08|8]]'',''[[#endnote 13|13]]'',''[[#endnote 14|14]]''
| ''[[#endnote 15|15]]'',''[[#endnote 16|16]]''
| ''[[#endnote 08|8]]'',''[[#endnote 17|17]]''
| ''[[#endnote 18|18]]'',''[[#endnote 19|19]]'',''[[#endnote 20|20]]''
| ''[[#endnote 17|17]]'',''[[#endnote 21|21]]''
| ''[[#endnote 17|17]]'',''[[#endnote 22|22]]''
| ''[[#endnote 23|23]]'',''[[#endnote 24|24]]''
| ''[[#endnote 25|25]]'',''[[#endnote 26|26]]''
| colspan="4" | ''[[#endnote 27|27]]''
|- style="background:#B2FFFF"
! Against public vote
| Sargun Sukirti
| Gautam Natasa Sonali Sukirti
| Gautam Praneet Sukirti
| Aarya Deepshikha Gautam Pritam Sonali
| Aarya Diandra Gautam Karishma Minissha Natasa Pritam Puneet Soni
| Diandra Gautam Minissha Pritam Sonali Soni Sushant
| Gautam Minissha Praneet Puneet Sonali
| Ali Gautam Praneet Puneet Sonali Sushant
| Aarya Gautam Karishma Puneet
| Dimpy Karishma Nigaar Sonali
| Ali Praneet Renee Sonali Upen
| Ali Diandra Dimpy Karishma Puneet Sonali
| Ali Diandra Dimpy Gautam Praneet Pritam Puneet Sonali Upen
| Karishma Praneet Sonali Upen
| Ali Dimpy Karishma Pritam Sonali Upen
| Ali Dimpy Karishma Pritam Sonali Upen
| colspan="4" | Ali Dimpy Gautam Karishma Pritam Puneet Sonali
|-
! Ejected
| colspan="7" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| style="background:#FFE08B; text-align:center" | '''Puneet'''
| colspan="12" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
! Re-entered
| colspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| style="background:#DAFF99; text-align:center" | '''Sonali'''
| colspan="4" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| style="background:#DAFF99; text-align:center" | '''Puneet'''
| colspan="12" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Evicted
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Sargun'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Sonali'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Sukirti'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Deepshikha'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Natasa'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Soni'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Minissha'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Sushant'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Aarya'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Nigaar'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Renee'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Diandra'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Praneet'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Eviction postponed''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Upen'''
| style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Sonali'''
| style="background:#73FB76;" |'''Karishma'''
| colspan="2" style="background:#73FB76;" |'''Dimpy'''
|-
| style="background:#FA8072;" |'''Puneet'''
| style="background:#73FB76;" |'''Gautam'''
| style="background:#73FB76;" |'''Pritam'''
| style="background:#73FB76;" |'''Ali'''
|}
</div>
''Color Key'''
: {{Color box|#73FB76|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has been declared as the winner.
: {{Color box|#D1E8EF|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has been declared as the first runner-up.
: {{Color box|#7FFFD4|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has been declared as the second runner-up.
: {{Color box|#FA8072|border=darkgray}} indicates the contestant has been evicted.
: {{Color box|#fcf|border=darkgray}} indicates the contestant has been walked out of the show.
: {{Color box|#FFE08B|border=darkgray}} indicates the housemate was ejected.
: {{Color box|#DAFF99|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has re-entered the show.
: {{Color box|#58FAAC|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate is a part of the secret society gang.
: {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} indicates the house captain.
: {{Color box|#959FFD|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate was directly nominated for eviction prior to the regular nominations process.
: {{Color box|#FBF373|border=darkgray}} indicates that the person was saved by another housemate.
: {{Color box|#FFD700|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has been granted immunity from nominations.

===Notes===
{{refbegin}}
*{{note|01|1}}: On the grand premiere, Gautam had to select one from Sargun and Sukirti to enter the house with him. He chose to select Sukirti while Sargun was evicted from the show straight away.
*{{note|02|2}}: {{color box|#58FAAC}} This housemate was the current member of ''Secret Society'' and could not be nominated for eviction through the standard nomination process that week. Their identity was hidden from non-members.
*{{note|03|3}}: Deepshika, Puneet and Pritam being chosen by Bigg Boss as members of the secret society had to unanimously decide who would face the public vote. This process occurred after the housemates were done nominating. After accessing the results of the standard nominations the trio chose Sonali and Gautam.
*{{note|04|4}}: Bigg Boss took away Gautam's right to nominate as a result of him verbally abusing Karishma during the 'Hijack' challenge.
*{{note|05|5}}: Sukirti was nominated by Sonali via her "Bigg Bomb" after her eviction.
*{{note|06|6}}: Bigg Boss took away Aarya's right to nominate as a result of him taking off the mic and throwing it into the pool. Aarya was also straightaway nominated for being the captain of the losing team of 'Babbars vs Lambas' task.
*{{note|07|7}}: Bigg Boss nominated Diandra for her violent aggression towards Sonali.
*{{note|08|8}}: Pritam was nominated as a result for being the captain of the losing team of 'Heroes VS Villains' task.
*{{note|09|9}}: The captain was given a special power to nominate one or more housemates which would place them directly up for eviction.
*{{note|10|10}}: Bigg Boss nominated Ali as a result of him indecently touching Sonali against her will and liking.
*{{note|11|11}}: Sushant was nominated as a result of failing the 'Phonebooth' task.
*{{note|12|12}}: Housemates could only choose two housemates for nomination between the five nominated by Captain Upen. Housemates not chosen by the captain were hence rendered immune.
*{{note|13|13}}: Puneet was banned from the nomination process for being in the jail.
*{{note|14|14}}: Dimpy and Renee were made immune to nominations as per Bigg Boss' orders..
*{{note|15|15}}: The captain was given a special power to save one or more housemates from nominations.
*{{note|16|16}}: Apart from Ali, Gautam and Puneet, rest of the housemates had to unanimously decide on four nominees to evict.
*{{note|17|17}}: Upen was nominated by Nigaar via her "Bigg Bomb" after her eviction.
*{{note|18|18}}: Bigg Boss nominated Sonali for the rest of the season for her violent aggression towards Ali.
*{{note|19|19}}: House Captain Pritam was asked to nominate five housemates directly for eviction and due to this other housemates were not eligible to nominate anyone.
*{{note|20|20}}: Voting lines were not applicable this week and due to this no housemates were evicted.
*{{note|21|21}}: Bigg Boss nominated every housemate except Captain Karishma for breaking the rules of the house and therefore no housemates were eligible for nominating anyone including Captain Karishma.
*{{note|22|22}}: Karishma nominated Praneet as the punishment during the judgement day.
*{{note|23|23}}: Though Sonali is the captain of the house this week, but she was not given immunity from eviction. Therefore, she was nominated this week.
*{{note|24|24}}: Though voting lines were open this week, no housemates were evicted as it was Salman Khan's birthday week.
*{{note|25|25}}: As, no eviction held previous week the same nominees were forwarded to this week.
*{{note|26|26}}: Upen was evicted amidst a midnight/surprise eviction. He got evicted combining the public votes received in previous week and this week.
*{{note|27|27}}: Bigg Boss season 8 finale was concluded which saw a unique format, Sonali and Puneet gets eliminated while five contestants crowned as a winner for season 8, and moved them to season spin-off ''[[Bigg Boss Halla Bol!]]'' with five challengers from previous seasons.
{{refend}}

This season featured a 'Special Panel', where a team of past housemates or their acquaintances would share their and public's views and opinions of the current housemates before the eviction. The panel would rotate every week.

==Guest appearances==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0;font-size:85%; background: white; width:100%;"
|-
! style="background:#00BFFF; color:#000; width:5%;" | Week(s)
! style="background:#00BFFF; color:#000; width:20%;" | Guest(s)
! style="background:#00BFFF; color:#000; width:20%;" | Notes
|-
! rowspan="5" | Grand premiere
| [[Elli Avram]]
| rowspan="2" | Special appearances to introduce contestants Upen and Aarya
|-
| [[Armaan Kohli]]
|-
| [[Nadira Babbar]], [[Juhi Babbar]] and [[Prateik Babbar]]
| To support Aarya
|-
| [[Sunil Grover]]
| To introduce contestant Diandra
|-
| [[Sargun Mehta]]
| To introduce Gautam and Sukirti
|-
! 1
| [[Shahid Kapoor]] and [[Shraddha Kapoor]]
| Appeared on the show to promote their film ''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]''<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/shahid-kapoor-shraddha-kapoor-on-bigg-boss-7-301182-2014-09-27 |title=Shahid Kapoor, Shraddha Kapoor on Bigg Boss 7 |publisher=indiatoday.intoday.in |date=2014-09-27 |access-date=2014-09-29}}</ref>
|-
! 2
| style="background:#F5DA81;" |[[Kamya Punjabi]] and [[VJ Andy|Andy Kumar]]
| Special appearance<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/biggboss8/sukirti-kandpal-evicted-from-bigg-boss-8/article1-1272066.aspx |title=Sukirti Kandpal evicted from Bigg Boss 8 |publisher=hindustantimes.com |date=2014-10-05 |accessdate=2014-10-09 |archive-date=9 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009001455/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/biggboss8/sukirti-kandpal-evicted-from-bigg-boss-8/article1-1272066.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-8-ex-contestants-vj-andy-kamya-take-gautams-side-blame-karishma-puneet-gets-610604 |title='Bigg Boss 8': Ex-contestants VJ Andy, Kamya Take Gautam's Side, Blame Karishma; Puneet Gets Standing Ovation |publisher=ibtimes.co.in |date=2014-10-06 |accessdate=2014-10-09}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" | 3
| [[Hrithik Roshan]]
| To promote his film ''[[Bang Bang!]]''<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Hrithik-Roshan-to-promote-Bang-Bang-on-Bigg-Boss-8/articleshow/44737509.cms |title=Hrithik Roshan to promote 'Bang Bang' on Bigg Boss 8 |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2014-10-09 |accessdate=2014-10-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-8-katrina-skips-bang-bang-promotion-hrithik-enters-house-salmans-absence-610912 |title='Bigg Boss 8': Katrina Skips 'Bang Bang' Promotion, Hrithik Enters House in Salman's Absence |publisher=ibtimes.co.in |date=2014-10-08 |accessdate=2014-10-09}}</ref>
|-
| [[Rekha]]
| To promote her film ''[[Super Nani]]''<ref>{{cite web|author=Sonal Gera |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/revealed-on-bigg-boss-8-why-salman-khan-and-rekha-are-still-single/ |title=Bigg Boss 8: Reason why Salman Khan and Rekha are still single |date=2014-10-13 |accessdate=2014-10-13}}</ref>
|-
! 4
| style="background:#F5DA81;" |[[Gauahar Khan]] and [[Sargun Mehta]]
| Special appearance
|-
! rowspan="5" | 5
| [[Sunil Grover]] and [[Kiku Sharda]] (as Gutthi and Palak)
| rowspan="3" |Special appearances for Diwali celebrations<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Bigg-Boss-8-Its-Gutthi-Palak-time-in-the-house/articleshow/44915175.cms |title=Bigg Boss 8: It's Gutthi, Palak time in the house |date=2014-10-23 |accessdate=2014-10-28}}</ref><ref name="movies.ndtv.com">{{cite news|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/television/bigg-boss-contestants-celebrate-diwali-with-gutthi-palak-683362 |title=Bigg Boss Contestants Celebrate Diwali With Gutthi, Palak |date=2014-10-23 |accessdate=2014-10-28}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mouni Roy]] and [[Punit Pathak]]
|-
| [[Harshad Arora]], [[Preetika Rao]], [[Mrunal Jain]], [[Tina Datta]], [[Sumit Bhardwaj]], [[Sonal Vengurlekar]] and [[Radhika Madan]]
|-
| [[Sajid-Wajid]]
| rowspan="2" | Special appearances<ref name="http://ibnlive.in.com/">{{cite news |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bigg-boss-8-day-35-salman-khan-sings-for-musicians-sajidwajid-soni-singh-gets-eliminated-from-the-show/508772-44-124.html |title='Bigg Boss 8', Day 35: Salman Khan sings for musicians Sajid-Wajid; Soni Singh gets eliminated from the show |date=2014-10-23 |accessdate=2014-10-28 |archive-date=29 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029173653/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bigg-boss-8-day-35-salman-khan-sings-for-musicians-sajidwajid-soni-singh-gets-eliminated-from-the-show/508772-44-124.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#F5DA81;" |[[Urvashi Dholakia]]
|-
! 6
| [[Ali Zafar]], [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Parineeti Chopra]] and [[Ranveer Singh]]
| To promote their film ''[[Kill Dil]]''<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bigg-boss-8-ranveer-singh-parineeti-chopra-govinda-and-ali-zafar-promote-kill-dil-with-salman-khan-2031401|title=Bigg Boss 8: Ranveer Singh, Parineeti Chopra, Govinda and Ali Zafar promote 'Kill Dil' with Salman Khan|work=dna|accessdate=16 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" | 7
| [[Lisa Haydon]]
| To promote her film ''[[The Shaukeens]]''<ref name="filmibeat.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2014/lisa-haydon-bring-romance-bigg-boss-8-make-sonali-raut-kiss-upen-patel-163507.html|title=Lisa Haydon Makes Sonali Raut Kiss Upen Patel On Bigg Boss 8: Photos|work=Filmibeat.com|accessdate=16 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Satyajit Padhye]]
| rowspan="2" | Special appearances<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Urvashi-Dholakia-Gautam-Gulati-keeps-the-EQ-high-on-Bigg-Boss/articleshow/44908813.cms |title=Bigg Boss 8 Highlights: Sophie Choudry imparts wisdom to contestants; Sushant Divgikar evicted! |date=2014-11-09 |accessdate=2014-11-10}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#F5DA81;" |[[Sophie Choudry]]
|-
! 8
| [[Arjun Kapoor]]
| To promote his film ''[[Tevar]]''<ref name="bollywoodlifepushupfacetoface">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/bigg-boss-8-highlights-arjun-kapoor-has-a-push-up-face-off-with-salman-khan-gautam-gulati-does-a-perfect-imitation-of-the-latter/|title=Bigg Boss 8 highlights: Arjun Kapoor has a push-up face off with Salman Khan, Gautam Gulati does a perfect imitation of the latter! |date=2014-11-16 |accessdate=2014-11-19}}</ref>
|-
! 9
| [[Arpita Khan]] and [[Aayush Sharma]]
| To meet [[Salman Khan]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Arpita-Khan-Aayush-Sharma-visit-Salman-on-the-sets-of-Bigg-Boss-8/photostory/45241541.cms|title=Arpita Khan-Aayush Sharma visit Salman on the sets of Bigg Boss 8|newspaper=The Times of India |date=29 August 2018 }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" | 10
| [[Ujjwala Raut]]
| To interact with her sister Sonali via phone call
|-
| Anurag Gulati
| To meet her son Gautam
|-
| Amanjot Kaur
| To meet her husband Pritam
|-
| Gauri Sandhu
| To meet her boyfriend Ali
|-
| [[Sonakshi Sinha]]
| To promote her film ''[[Action Jackson (2014 film)|Action Jackson]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-8-sonakshi-sinha-shakes-a-leg-with-salman-khan-interacts-with-inmates/|title='Bigg Boss 8′: Sonakshi Sinha shakes a leg with Salman Khan; interacts with housemates|work=The Indian Express|date=30 November 2014 |accessdate=11 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/Bigg-Boss-8-Sonakshi-Sinha-promotes-Action-Jackson-on-Salmans-show/photostory/45325666.cms|title=Bigg Boss 8: Sonakshi Sinha promotes Action Jackson on Salman's show|work=The Times of India|date=30 November 2014 |accessdate=11 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
! 11
| [[Varun Dhawan]]
| To promote his film ''[[Badlapur (film)|Badlapur]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/varun-dhawan-to-launch-badlapur-song-with-salman-khan-on/article_d98ab0f0-7cce-11e4-a232-af7655d3aeab.html|title=Varun Dhawan to Launch 'Badlapur' Song With Salman Khan on 'Bigg Boss 8' |date=2014-12-05 |accessdate=2014-12-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/waah-yaar-kamaal-karte-ho-salman-khan-to-varun-dhawan-for-experimenting-with-his-role-in-badlapur/516602-8-66.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141206083130/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/waah-yaar-kamaal-karte-ho-salman-khan-to-varun-dhawan-for-experimenting-with-his-role-in-badlapur/516602-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 December 2014|title=Waah yaar, kamaal karte ho Salman Khan to Varun Dhawan for experimenting with his role in 'Badlapur'|date=2014-12-05|accessdate=2014-12-06}}</ref>
|-
! 12
| [[Sonam Kapoor]] and [[Arbaaz Khan (Indian actor)|Arbaaz Khan]]
| To promote their film ''[[Dolly Ki Doli]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-in-pics-know-what-happened-when-sonam-kapoor-and-arbaaz-khan-turned-dabangg-on-b-4839312-PHO.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222215228/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-in-pics-know-what-happened-when-sonam-kapoor-and-arbaaz-khan-turned-dabangg-on-b-4839312-PHO.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 December 2014|title=In Pics Know what happened when Sonam Kapoor and Arbaaz Khan turned Dabangg on Bigg Boss 8|date=2014-12-14 |accessdate=2014-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bigg-boss-8-salman-khan-sonam-kapoor-and-arbaaz-khan-perfect-the-dabangg-moves-2043842|title=Bigg Boss 8: Salman Khan, Sonam Kapoor and Arbaaz Khan perfect the Dabangg moves |date=2014-12-14 |accessdate=2014-12-22}}</ref>
|-
! 13
| style="background:#F5DA81;" | [[Shilpa Saklani]]
| Special appearance<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/tvtags/salman-khan/bigg-boss-8-weekend-ka-vaar-contestants-answer-some-unanswered-questions-shilpa-s|title= Bigg Boss 8 'Weekend Ka Vaar' Contestants answer to some unanswered questions; Shilpa Saklani enters as a panelist!|date=2014-12-21 |accessdate=2014-12-22}}</ref>
|-
! 14
| [[Kapil Sharma (comedian)|Kapil Sharma]], [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]], [[Ali Asgar (actor)|Ali Asgar]], [[Upasana Singh]], [[Sunil Grover]] and [[Kiku Sharda]] (in-house guest only)
| [[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]'s cast members<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bigg-boss-8-kapil-sharma-brings-comedy-nights-with-kapil-on-bb8-2047433 |title=Bigg Boss 8: Kapil Sharma brings 'Comedy Nights with Kapil' on BB8! |publisher=DNAIndia |date=2014-12-27 |accessdate=2014-12-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-8-comedy-nights-kapil-casts-replace-salman-khan-bb8-host-618310 |title='Bigg Boss 8': 'Comedy Nights With Kapil' Casts to Replace Salman Khan as 'BB8' Host |publisher=IBTimes |date=2014-12-25 |accessdate=2014-12-29}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" | 15
| Deepali Issar
| To meet her husband Puneet
|-
| [[Diandra Soares]]
| Special appearance
|-
| Mohit Gulati
| To meet his brother Gautam
|-
| Jasmina Tanna
| To meet her daughter Karishma
|-
| [[Arjun Rampal]] and [[Jacqueline Fernandez]]
| To promote their film ''[[Roy (2015 film)|Roy]]''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://colors.in.com/in/biggboss}}

{{Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)}}
{{Colors Programmes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bigg Boss 8}}
[[Category:2014 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) seasons|08]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]

Sanatan Sanstha

2026-02-03T03:20:33Z

Igororh: rework formatting as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian spiritual group}}{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
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| founder = Paratpar Guru (Dr.) Jayant Athavale
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| headquarters = Ramnathi, [[Goa]], [[India]]
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The '''Sanatan Sanstha ''' is a Hindu organization seeking [[Hindu nationalism]] in India.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=The Economic Times|author=Krishna Kumar|date=15 Sep 2017|title=Gauri Lankesh murder: SIT probing Sanatan Sanstha angle|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/gauri-lankesh-murder-sit-probing-sanatan-sanstha-angle/articleshow/60520120.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/set-up-as-spiritual-outfit-santan-sanstha-first-made-news-through-blasts/ |author=Rashmi Rajput |title=Set up as spiritual outfit, Sanatan Sanstha first made news through blasts |date=17 September 2015 |access-date=14 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=An NGO that aims to 'reinstate divine kingdom': All you need to know about Sanatan Sanstha |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/the-ngo-that-aims-to-reinstate-divine-kingdom-all-you-need-to-know-about-sanatan-sanstha-2441850.html |date=14 June 2016 |access-date=14 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="official">{{cite web|url=http://www.sanatan.org/ |title=Spirituality, Spiritual Practice |publisher=Sanatan Sanstha |website=Sanatan.org |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref> It is a non-government [[charitable trust]] founded in 1999 by hypnotherapist Dr Jayant Balaji Athavale.<ref name="TheHinduSays">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/understanding-the-sanatan-sanstha/article7686673.ece|title=Understanding the Sanatan Sanstha|author1=Vijaita Singh|date=3 April 2016|access-date=2016-12-13|publisher=The Hindu|author2=Vikas Pathak|website=thehindu.com}}</ref> It is headquartered in Ramathi, [[Goa]].<ref name=":5" />

The Sanstha is engaged in a host of activities such as spreading spirituality by conducting various discourses for the spiritually curious,<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":12" /> publishing holy texts,<ref name=":13" /> creating awareness on issues concerning Nation and Dharma,<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2017-06-11|title='Hindu Adhiveshan' to be held at Goa from June 14 to 17|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/hindu-adhiveshan-to-be-held-at-goa-from-june-14-to-17-117061100560_1.html|access-date=2021-05-27}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web|last=D’Mello|first=Pamela|title='Establish a Hindu Rashtra by 2023': What 132 Right-Wing Hindu organisations demanded in Goa|url=https://scroll.in/article/840961/establish-a-hindu-rashtra-by-2023-what-132-right-wing-hindu-organisations-demanded-in-goa|access-date=2021-05-27|website=Scroll.in|date=18 June 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref> activities related to relief and rehabilitation,<ref name=":16">{{Cite news|date=30 July 2021|title=HJS,Sanatan Sanstha,local organizations undertake relief-drive for fflood-affected people of Chiplun|work=United News of India|url=http://www.uniindia.com/hjs-sanatan-sanstha-local-organizations-undertake-relief-drive-for-flood-affected-people-of-chiplun/west/news/2463340.html|access-date=30 July 2021}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite web|date=15 August 2019|title=पूरग्रस्तांना साहाय्य करण्यात ठिकठिकाणी हिंदु जनजागृती समिती, सनातन संस्था यांचाही सक्रीय सहभाग !|url=https://www.frontpage.ind.in/Flood-affected-Hindu-Janajagruti-Samiti-Sanatan-Sanstha-participation-172449|access-date=2021-06-16|website=www.frontpage.ind.in}}</ref> environment protection etc.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19">{{Cite web|date=2019-09-01|title=Sanatan seeks ban on paper mache Ganpati|url=https://www.afternoonvoice.com/sanatan-seeks-ban-on-paper-mache-ganpati.html|access-date=2021-06-25|website=Afternoon Voice|language=en-US}}</ref>

Persons owing allegiance to Sanatan Sanstha have been arrested in four bombings in [[Vashi]], [[Thane]], [[Panvel]] (all in 2007) and [[Goa]] (in 2009) and in the murders of [[Narendra Dabholkar]] (in 2013), [[Govind Pansare]] and [[M. M. Kalburgi]] (both in 2015).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/history-background-of-sanatan-sansthas-war-on-evildoers/ |title=In fact: History, background of Sanatan Sanstha's war on 'evildoers' |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2015-10-13 |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref><ref name=investigatingagencies /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Aug 25 |first1=ByArchana MoreArchana More / Updated |title=Clear hand of Sanatan Sanstha in all three cases: SPP Nimbalkar |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/clear-hand-of-sanatan-sanstha-in-all-three-cases-spp-nimbalkar/articleshow/77728599.cms |work=Pune Mirror |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2021 |access-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422191535/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/clear-hand-of-sanatan-sanstha-in-all-three-cases-spp-nimbalkar/articleshow/77728599.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref> This has led to calls for Sanatan Sanstha to be banned.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Unanimous-demand-at-Ramnathi-to-impose-ban-on-Sanatan-Sanstha/94505.html |title=Herald: Unanimous demand at Ramnathi to impose ban on Sanatan Sanstha |publisher=Herald Goa |date=12 October 2015 |access-date=2016-07-22 |archive-date=15 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815122522/http://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Unanimous-demand-at-Ramnathi-to-impose-ban-on-Sanatan-Sanstha/94505.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, such claims have been ruled out by [[Maharashtra state]]'s Home Minister,<ref name="asianage.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/mos-ranjit-patil-refuses-blame-sameer-gaikwad-972|title=MoS Ranjit Patil refuses to blame Sameer Gaikwad|newspaper=[[The Asian Age]]|date=8 Oct 2015|access-date=19 October 2015|archive-date=22 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022044318/http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/mos-ranjit-patil-refuses-blame-sameer-gaikwad-972|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Karnataka]] CID,<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Akram |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/CID-Officer-Dont-See-Gaikwad-Link-in-Kalburgi-Case-Wont-Seek-Custody/2015/10/16/article3082534.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203061254/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/CID-Officer-Dont-See-Gaikwad-Link-in-Kalburgi-Case-Wont-Seek-Custody/2015/10/16/article3082534.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2015 |title=CID officer: Don't see Gaikwad link in Kalburgi case, won't seek custody |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=16 October 2015 |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref> [[Goa]] chief minister<ref name="GOACM">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Goa-chief-minister-Laxmikant-Parsekar-rules-our-Sanatan-Sanstha-ban/articleshow/49083302.cms |title=Goa chief minister Laxmikant Parsekar rules our Sanatan Sanstha ban |publisher=Times of India |date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref> and Central Home Ministry.<ref name="ibnlive.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/politics/no-strong-evidence-against-sanatan-sanstha-says-bjp-leader-rk-singh-1108360.html |title=No strong evidence against Sanatan Sanstha, says BJP leader RK Singh |publisher=News18 |website=Ibnlive.com |date=2015-09-22 |access-date=2016-07-22 |archive-date=12 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312133712/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/politics/no-strong-evidence-against-sanatan-sanstha-says-bjp-leader-rk-singh-1108360.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2015, Minister of state for home for [[Government of India]] informed in [[Rajya Sabha]] that, no links could be found among the murders of [[Narendra Dabholkar]], [[Govind Pansare]] and [[M. M. Kalburgi]] and there was no proposal to ban Sanatan Sanstha.<ref name="IND-GOV">{{cite news |agency=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Murders-of-Pansare-Kalburgi-Dabholkar-not-linked-Govt/articleshow/50020210.cms |title=Murders of Pansare, Kalburgi, Dabholkar not linked: Govt |publisher=Times of India |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=3 December 2015 |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref>

Dabholkar's family claims the link between the three murders and requesting court to club the cases.<ref name="ndtv.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/narendra-dabholkars-family-accuses-kiren-rijiju-of-misleading-parliament-1251474 |title=Narendra Dabholkar's family accuses Kiren Rijiju of misleading Parliament |website=Ndtv.com |date=2015-12-05 |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref><ref name="newsclick.in">{{cite news |author=Megha Pansare |url=http://newsclick.in/india/unholy-nexusdabholkar-pansare-kalburgi-murders |title=Unholy nexus: Dabholkar-Pansare-Kalburgi murders |publisher=NewsClick |website=Newsclick.in |date=14 December 2015 |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref> However, [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] have informed the [[Bombay High Court]] that it is waiting for the ballistic report from [[Scotland Yard]] to link all three cases.<ref name="CBI">{{cite news |url=http://www.punemirror.in/pune/civic/STUCK-IN-RED-TAPEFORENSIC-SAMPLES-YET-TO-BE-SENT-BY-CBI-TO-SCOTLAND-YARD/articleshow/53849547.cms? |title=STUCK IN RED TAPE, FORENSIC SAMPLES YET TO BE SENT BY CBI TO SCOTLAND YARD |publisher=Pune Mirror |date=2016-08-25 |access-date=2016-08-31}}</ref>

== Founding ==
Dr. Athavale was a consultant psychiatrist and a clinical hypnotherapist. He graduated from [[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals|Grant Medical College]], Mumbai, following which he initially practiced in [[Mumbai]] and then in the [[United Kingdom]] for two decades.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":9" /> During the course of his [[Psychiatry|psychiatric]] practice, Dr. Athavale claimed that around 30% of his patients did not recover completely despite receiving the best medical treatment, but they instead recovered after adopting spiritual remedies or performing certain vedic rituals. He further studied the what he considered to be science of [[spirituality]] and this quest led him to his spiritual guide, Bhaktaraj Maharaj.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=Prasad|first=Pallavi|date=12 April 2018|title=The Sanatan Sanstha: Of Spirituality and Pseudo-Science|work=The Quint|url=https://www.thequint.com/explainers/the-sanathan-sanstha-of-spirituality-and-pseudo-science#read-more|access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref> From the year 1995, he dedicated himself towards the cause of spreading spirituality. Under the guidance of his ''Guru,'' he founded the Sanstha in March 1999 with the aim to make people understand spirituality in a simple, scientific and pragmatic manner.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Maad|first=Govind|date=24 September 2015|title=Sanatan Sanstha founder's path: Atheist to guru|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sanatan-sanstha-founders-path-atheist-to-guru/articleshow/49084013.cms|access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Inspiration Source of 'Upasana' – Paratpar Guru Dr. Jayant Athavale|url=https://www.vedicupasanapeeth.org/paratpar-guru-dr-jayant-athavale/|access-date=30 May 2021|website=Vedic Upasana Peeth}}</ref>

==Ideology==
It is a right wing organisation.<ref name="Facebook_Scroll" /><ref name="Deccan Facebook" /><ref name="Social Quint" /> The Sanstha is registered as a charitable trust. It was established in 1999 by Dr. Jayant Balaji Athavale to propagate spirituality.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Matharu|first=Sonal|date=2019-02-09|title=Sanatan Sanstha: A Hypnotic Attraction|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/sanatan-sanstha-a-hypnotic-attraction-6053971.html|access-date=2021-07-26|website=Firstpost}}</ref> Dr. Athavale conceptualised the path of Gurukrupayoga, which is an amalgamation of [[Karma yoga]], [[Jnana yoga]] and [[Bhakti yoga]]. This path of spiritual practice is advocated by the Sanstha for rapid spiritual progress.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=Nandakumar|first=Prathima|date=9 September 2018|title=Spiritual puzzle|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2018/08/31/spiritual-puzzle.html|access-date=2021-07-26|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref> This path of spiritual practice comprises two components, viz. ''vyashti and samashti [[Sādhanā]]''. ''Vyashti sadhana'' brings about individual spiritual upliftment, whereas, ''samashti sadhana'' aims at the welfare of the society and nation.<ref name=":10" /> The underlying principle of Gurukrupayoga is attaining Guru's grace. Guru's grace can be attained by incorporating chanting, attending ''satsangs'', performing ''satseva'', sacrificing, loving others without any expectations and by removing personality defects and ego aspects in daily routine.

Further, the Sanstha assesses the spiritual level of an individual on a scale of 1 to 100 percent to describe the spiritual maturity of the person. The higher one's spiritual level, the greater is the amount of God principle manifested in that person. According to the Sanstha, the spiritual level a person having negligible interest in spirituality is around 20 percent. Spiritual level of those performing regular spiritual practice (those engaged in ritualistic worship, reading Holy verses or keeping fasts) is in the range of 25 to 30 percent. Post 60 percent, one steadily progresses towards sainthood and [[Saint]]s have a spiritual level of more than 70 percent. [[Moksha]] is attained at the spiritual level of 100 percent.<ref name=":10" /> In essence, when one performs Sadhana (spiritual practice) under the guidance of a Guru, his spiritual level increases and subsequently he gets liberated from the cycle of birth and death.<ref name=":10" />

== Activities ==
Sanatan Sanstha started organising various online spiritual discourses aired via Facebook and [[YouTube]] live during the initial phase of [[COVID-19]] lockdown in India.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=28 April 2020|title=Sanatan Sanstha and HJS start online satsang series|work=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/sanatan-sanstha-and-hjs-start-online-satsang-series/articleshow/75417472.cms|access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Atul|date=3 April 2021|title=हिंदू जनजागृति समिति का कृतज्ञता सप्ताह शुरू, 10 अप्रैल तक चलेगा सप्ताह|language=Hindi|work=Dainik Jagran|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/dhanbad-hindu-jan-jagriti-samiti-started-celebrating-gratitude-day-21522923.html|access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref>

They promote holy texts in various exhibitions and literary events.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=7 October 2016|title=Sanatan Sanstha: Hardline Hindu in thought, violent in action|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/sanatan-sanstha-hardline-hindu-in-thought-violent-in-action/|access-date=17 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mohan|first=Siddhant|date=14 September 2017|title=National Book Trust organizes book fair themed 'Hindutva' in Varanasi|work=Sabrangindia.in|url=https://sabrangindia.in/article/national-book-trust-organizes-book-fair-themed-hindutva-varanasi|access-date=18 April 2021}}</ref>

They publish books in various languages about spiritual and religious subjects.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 December 2018|title=कौन चलाता है 'सनातन संस्था', जिसे ATS ने बताया आतंकी संगठन|work=news18|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/knowledge/what-is-sanatan-sanstha-which-is-know-as-extremist-hindu-group-1490862.html|access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|last=Ranjan|first=Rakesh|date=13 October 2021|title=सनातन संस्था ने निकाले ऐसे ग्रंथ जिसमें धर्म-अध्यात्म की सारी जिज्ञासा का समाधान|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-sanatan-sanstha-brought-out-such-books-in-which-the-solution-of-all-the-curiosity-of-religion-and-spirituality-22109602.html|access-date=21 November 2021|website=Dainik Jagran|language=Hindi}}</ref> Sanatan Prabhat, a periodical, is published in Marathi, Hindi, English and Kannada.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-21|title=Sanatan Sanstha: The Charitable Organisation Whose Members Were Arrested For Dabholkar's Murder|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/sanatan-sanstha-the-charitable-organisation-has-its-members-arrested-in-dabholkars-murder-1852185.html|access-date=2021-05-08|website=www.news18.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2015-10-26|title=From fringes to forefront: The rise of Sanatan Sanstha|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/from-fringes-to-forefront-the-rise-of-sanatan-sanstha/story-lgg1C4kaGB0413PvdkqWPK.html|access-date=2021-05-08|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=14 September 2017|title=How Political Patronage Has Kept the Sanatan Sanstha Afloat in Goa|work=The Wire|url=https://thewire.in/politics/political-patronage-kept-sanatan-sanstha-afloat-goa|access-date=2 September 2021}}</ref>

Sanatan Sanstha celebrates [[Guru Purnima]] festival in places across India every year. ''Vyaspujan'' & ''Gurupujan'' is performed followed by discourses on [[spiritual practice]] and the protection of nation & Dharma.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dhanbad|first=Hindustan Team|date=28 July 2018|title=सनातन संस्था ने गुरु पूर्णिमा महोत्सव मनाया|language=Hindi|work=livehindustan.com|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/dhanbad/story-guru-purnima-festival-celebrated-2094034.html|access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=सनातन संस्था ने देश में 123 स्थानों पर की गुरु पूजा|language=Hindi|work=Dainik Bhaskar|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/JHA-JAMS-OMC-MAT-latest-jamshedpur-news-024502-589743-NOR.html|access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=गुरु पूर्णिमा पर सनातन संस्था ने लिया हिन्दू राष्ट्र की स्थापना का संकल्प|language=Hindi|work=Dainik Bhaskar|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/jha-dhan-mat-latest-dhanbad-news-025002-2970261-nor.html/|access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref>

Every year during the festival of [[Holi]], volunteers of Sanatan Sanstha form a human chain to guard the [[Khadakwasla Dam|Khadakwasla dam]] from revellers, thereby preventing them from bathing and polluting the water.<ref name=":18">{{Cite news|date=2003-03-18|title=Social bodies mark Holi with a difference|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Social-bodies-mark-Holi-with-a-difference/articleshow/40605229.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2009-03-16|title=Drive against pollution of Khadakwasla dam waters|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/drive-against-pollution-of-khadakwasla-dam-waters/articleshow/4269066.cms|access-date=2021-06-13}}</ref>[[File:Volunteers of Sanatan Sanstha.jpg|thumb|288x288px|Volunteers of Sanatan Sanstha participating in the Khadakwasla reservoir protection drive during Holi festival in March 2019.]]

==Alleged criminal activities==

===Panvel, Thane and Vashi bomb blast===

====Allegations====
In 2008, six persons owing allegiance to Sanatan Sanstha were arrested for planting bombs in auditoriums at Thane and Vashi and in a movie theater at Panvel.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/ATS-will-appeal-in-blasts-case/articleshow/10046999.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418005747/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-20/mumbai/30179550_1_bomb-blasts-sanatan-sanstha-thane-and-vashi |url-status=live |archive-date=18 April 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 September 2011 |title=ATS will appeal in blasts case |author=Mateen Hafeez }}</ref><ref name="ENS">{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/court-accepts-charges-in-thane-blast-case/411347/ |title=Court accepts charges in Thane blast case |newspaper= [[The Indian Express]] |date =18 January 2009}}</ref> In 2011, two of the accused were found guilty and sentenced to ten years incarceration.<ref>{{cite news |title=Theatre blast convicts get 10 years in jail |work=The Hindu |date=30 August 2011 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/theatre-blast-convicts-get-10-years-in-jail/article2412137.ece }}</ref> Ramesh Gadkari and Vikram Bhave were acquitted of the terror charges under the stringent UAPA,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Thane-blast-Terror-charge-falls-flat/articleshow/9929220.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106032235/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-10/mumbai/30139139_1_terror-charges-amhi-pachpute-uapa |url-status=live |archive-date=6 January 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=Thane blast: Terror charge falls flat |date =10 Sep 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/court-clears-08-blast-convicts-of-terror-charges/844381/ |title=Court clears '08 blast convicts of terror charges |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date =10 Sep 2011 }}</ref> however, the state government's appeal against the removal of UAPA is still pending in the High Court.<ref name=realquestions>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/opinion/why-the-debate-over-the-sanatan-sanstha-ban-diverts-from-the-real-questions-1222491 |title=Why the debate over the Sanatan Sanstha ban diverts from the real questions |website=Ndtv.com |date=24 September 2015 |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref> The Maharashtra government has sought to ban the organization,<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Vijay |title=Sanatan Sanstha to fight state ban |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Sanatan-Sanstha-to-fight-state-ban/articleshow/7683221.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801035705/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-12/mumbai/28683538_1_sanatan-sanstha-abhay-vartak-ban |url-status=live |archive-date=1 August 2013 |access-date=15 March 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 March 2011}}</ref> and has pressed the case for a ban to the central government as well.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ban Sanatan Sanstha: Maharashtra to Centre |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ban-sanatan-sanstha-maharashtra-to-centre/845643/ |access-date=15 March 2012 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=13 September 2011 }}</ref> A central government investigation of the group was ongoing. On 2 December 2015, the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] stated in the upper house ([[Rajya Sabha]]) that there was no proposal to ban Sanatan Sanstha.<ref name="IND-GOV"/>

The organization's public image was sullied by allegations of involvement in unlawful activities. Hence it started a series of public meetings in different cities in Maharashtra to dispel what it called "misunderstandings".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/sanatan-sanstha-to-go-among-people-to-allay-misunderstanding/16629177 |title=Sanatan Sanstha to go among people to allay 'misunderstanding' - News |website=Mid-day.com |date= 24 October 2015|access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref>

====Convictions====
On 30 August 2011, Ramesh Gadkari and Vikram Bhave were convicted in sessions court of the Thane blasts and sentenced to ten years rigorous imprisonment.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article2412137.ece |title=Theatre blast convicts get 10 years in jail |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 August 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Two get 10 years in jail for Thane blasts |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Two-get-10-years-in-jail-for-Thane-blasts/Article1-739869.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120909075644/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Two-get-10-years-in-jail-for-Thane-blasts/Article1-739869.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 September 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/10-yr-jail-term-for-2-Thane-blast-convicts/articleshow/9802908.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107084937/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-31/mumbai/29949031_1_imprisonment-vishnu-bhave-auditorium-rangayatan |url-status=live |archive-date=7 November 2011 |title=10-yr jail term for 2 Thane blast convicts |author=Rebecca Samervel |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 August 2011 }}</ref> Judgment of trial court was further challenged in the Bombay (Mumbai) High Court and on 2 May 2013 that court ordered the release of the accused on bail while awaiting hearing.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indlawnews.com/NewsDisplay.aspx?b5c93ed1-e5f7-471a-97a2-77faa8ad8ef0 |title=Bombay HC grants bail to accused in Thane theatre blast case |work=www.indlawnews.com |date=2 May 2013 |access-date=5 January 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140105100317/http://www.indlawnews.com/NewsDisplay.aspx?b5c93ed1-e5f7-471a-97a2-77faa8ad8ef0 |archive-date=5 January 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tehelka.com/right-wing-member-gets-bail-in-2008-thane-blasts-case/ |title=Right wing member gets bail in 2008 Thane blasts case |work=www.tehelka.com |date=8 May 2013 |archive-date=6 January 2014 |access-date=5 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106033101/http://www.tehelka.com/right-wing-member-gets-bail-in-2008-thane-blasts-case/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Goa blast===
Six members of the Sanstha arrested in the Goa blast case under UAPA were acquitted by the special [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) court for want of evidence, while UAPA remains in force against three Sanstha members who are absconding.<ref name=realquestions /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/377725/court-acquits-sanatan-sanstha-members.html |title=Court acquits Sanatan Sanstha members in 2009 Goa blast|newspaper= [[Deccan Herald]]|date =1 Jan 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/2009-goa-blast-court-acquits-sanatan-sanstha-members/article5524938.ece |title=2009 Goa blast: court acquits Sanatan Sanstha members |newspaper= [[The Hindu]] |date =1 Jan 2014}}</ref> Two men were declared absconders by the NIA, with a [[red corner notice]] issued against one man.<ref name=villagersdemandbanET /> Acquittal of six members of Sanatn Sanstha by NIA special court was also confirmed by [[Bombay High Court]] (HC) bench in Goa. While passing the order HC observed that, "Merely because the accused persons may have links with Sanatan Sanstha and Sanatan Sanstha was opposed to holding of Narkasur effigy competitions, is by no means sufficient to establish the accused persons had conspired to make explosion at such competition on the fateful night of 16 October 2009."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/bombay-hc-upholds-acquittal-of-six-persons-linked-to-sanatan-sanstha-in-2009-goa-blast-889856.html |title=Bombay HC upholds acquittal of six persons linked to Sanatan Sanstha in 2009 Goa blast|newspaper= [[Hindustan Times]]|date =19 Sep 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/verdict-proves-our-innocence-sanstha/articleshow/78211773.cms |title=Verdict proves our innocence: Sanstha|newspaper= [[Times Of India]]|date =20 Sep 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hc-cites-sketchy-evidence-to-uphold-acquittal-of-2009-goa-bomb-blast-accused/story-rTrTFgAPji92vriz7w4z2K.html |title=HC cites sketchy evidence to uphold acquittal of 2009 Goa bomb blast accused|newspaper= [[Hindustan Times]]|date =20 Sep 2020}}</ref>

===Govind Pansare murder===
A member of the Sanatan Sanstha was arrested for the murder of [[Govind Pansare]].<ref name=realquestions /> The trial is yet to commence, but the suspect is already released on bail by the Kolhapur Sessions Court in 2017 due to contradictions in the witness’ statements and the forensic report.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 January 2018|title=Govind Pansare Murder Case: Kolhapur Court Grants Bail to 'Key Conspirator' Virendra Tawde|url=https://thewire.in/politics/govind-pansare-murder-court-grants-bail-virendra-tawde|access-date=30 June 2021|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=18 June 2017|title=Accused Samir Gaikwad gets bail|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/crime/accused-samir-gaikwad-gets-bail/articleshow/59198014.cms|access-date=30 June 2021|website=Pune Mirror|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182532/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/crime/accused-samir-gaikwad-gets-bail/articleshow/59198014.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Special Investigation Team investigating the murder, arrested Sanstha member Sameer Gaikwad and was on the lookout for another member Rudra Patil, who is absconding since the 2009 Goa blast.<ref name="Waghdemandsban" />
The prosecution stated in court that Sameer Gaikwad was in different city (Thane) around the time of the murder of [[Govind Pansare]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/pansare-killing-gaikwad-was-in-thane-around-time-of-murder-phone-records-suggest-complicity-prosecution/ |title=Pansare killing- Gaikwad was in Thane around time of murder, phone records suggest complicity: Prosecution |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=24 September 2015}}</ref> [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] Ranjit Patil claimed that the arrest of Sameer Gaikwad was based only on suspicion, and that the only proof is a cellphone conversation about killing Pansare.<ref name="asianage.com" /> Eventually, it was revealed that the evidence against Gaikwad is strong, as he was present at the scene of the crime, and he had discussed the murder with other Sanatan Sanstha members.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pansare-murder-chargesheet-arrested-sanatan-member-was-on-crime-spot-cops/ |title=Pansare murder Chargesheet: 'Teen saw Sanatan member on crime spot' |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2015-12-15 |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref> Sanatan Sanstha was also planning to create a 15,000-strong armed force.<ref>{{cite news |author=Vijay Kumar Yadav |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/sanatan-sanstha-wanted-to-raise-army-of-15000-to-target-anti-hindus/17332199 |title=Sanatan Sanstha wanted to raise army of 15,000 to target 'anti-Hindus' |website=Mid-day.com |date=14 June 2016 |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref>

===Narendra Dabholkar murder===
Indian investigative agencies believe that the Sanatan Sanstha is implicated in the murder of [[Narendra Dabholkar]].<ref name=investigatingagencies>{{cite news |author=Rana Ayyub |url=http://www.dailyo.in/politics/sanatan-sanstha-narendra-dabholkar-govind-pansare-anti-superstition-hindutva-maharashtra/story/1/2492.html |title=Why investigating agencies believe Sanatan Sanstha is behind Dabholkar and Pansare's murder |website=Dailyo.in |date=3 October 2015 |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref>

In June 2016, a member of Hindu Janjagruti Samiti (HJS), an offshoot of Sanatan Sanstha, was arrested in connection with the murder.<ref>{{cite news |agency=PTI |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/crime/110616/dabholkar-murder-case-cbi-makes-first-arrest-sanatan-sanstha-member-held.html |title=Three years after Dabholkar's murder, CBI arrests Sanatan Sanstha member |website=Deccanchronicle.com |date=11 June 2016 |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.goanconnection.com/goa-news/all-eyes-on-sanatan-sanstha-after-ent-specialist-s-arrest |title=All eyes on Sanatan Sanstha after ENT specialist's arrest |publisher=Goan Connection |date=2016-06-11 |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref> An official of the CBI revealed that emails exchanged between him and his underground colleague, from 2008 to 2013, discuss procurement of weapons and establishment of a weapon-manufacturing unit.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Sanatan-Sanstha-men-talked-arms-in-emails-CBI/articleshow/52720983.cms |title=Sanatan Sanstha men talked arms in emails: CBI - Times of India |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2016-06-13 |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref> The bail applications of the accused were rejected in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dabholkar murder case: Bail pleas of Tawade and Bhave denied |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/dabholkar-murder-case-bail-pleas-of-tawade-and-bhave-denied-6597578/ |work=The Indian Express |date=16 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> However, the judgement by lower court was reversed by the Bombay High Court on 23 March 2021 and the accused was granted bail on 6 May 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-06|title=Vikram Bhave, accused in Dabholkar murder case, granted bail by HC|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/vikram-bhave-accused-in-dabholkar-murder-case-granted-bail-by-hc-101620310072352.html|access-date=2021-05-23|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> In September 2021 the court ordered the framing of charges against five members of Sanatan Sansta, including terrorism charges under the [[UAPA]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dabholkar murder case: Court nod for framing of murder and terrorism charges against four |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/narendra-dabholkar-murder-court-orders-framing-of-charges-against-5-sanatan-sanstha-members-7494418/ |access-date=26 September 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=8 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Leader |first1=The Weekend |title=Dabholkar case: Court to frame charges against 5 Sanatan Sanstha activists |url=https://www.theweekendleader.com/Headlines/67908/dabholkar-case-court-to-frame-charges-against-5-sanatan-sanstha-activists.html |access-date=26 September 2021 |work=www.theweekendleader.com |language=English}}</ref>

===Gauri Lankesh murder===
Sanatan Sanstha members were suspected of involvement in the murder of [[Gauri Lankesh]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=India Times |title=Gauri Lankesh murder: SIT probing Sanatan Sanstha angle |author=Krishna Kumar |date=15 September 2017 |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/gauri-lankesh-murder-sit-probing-sanatan-sanstha-angle/articleshow/60520120.cms }}</ref> Forensic analysis has shown that the same pistol was used to kill Kalburgi,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thewire.in/177301/forensic-analysis-finds-gun-used-kill-gauri-lankesh-m-m-kalburgi/ |work=The Wire |title=Forensic analysis finds same gun used to kill Gauri Lankesh and M.M. Kalburgi |date=14 September 2017 }}</ref> and is also possibly the same gun that was used to kill Narendra Dabholkar and Govind Pansare.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gun used to kill Gauri Lankesh is the same one that killed M M Kalburgi: forensics |work=Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/gun-used-to-kill-gauri-lankesh-is-the-same-one-that-killed-m-m-kalburgi-forensics-4842625/ |author=T.A. Johnson |date=14 September 2017 }}</ref> Sanstha was implicated in all these murders. However, a representative for Sanatan Sanstha denied involvement in the murder.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sanatan denies hand in Gauri Lankesh murder |author=Prakash Kamat |date=16 September 2017 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/sanatan-denies-hand-in-gauri-lankesh-murder/article19694574.ece }}</ref><ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-killed-gauri-lankesh-with-tragic-murder-family-split-once-more/story-hKUUxAtnqB0FlJKS5pmUAK.html Hindustan Times]</ref> The article also says that the Karnataka police are investigating if the Gauri Lankesh murder has any connection to three previous murders attributed to the Sanstha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/gauri-lankesh-killing-4-murders-2-suspected-firearms-and-a-forensic-effort-to-join-the-dots-4853410/|title=Gauri Lankesh killing: 4 murders, 2 suspected firearms and a forensic effort to join the dots|date=21 September 2017}}</ref>

===Hypnosis===
Public interest litigations were filed in the Bombay High Court seeking a ban on the organisation, stating that it uses [[Ericksonian hypnosis]] to lure people into joining it and to carry out acts of violence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_pil-seeks-ban-on-sanatan-sanstha_1626415 |title=PIL seeks ban on Sanatan Sanstha |location=Mumbai |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=16 December 2011 |access-date=2013-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/move-to-ban-sanatan-sanstha-pending-with-centre-ats/962691 |title=Move to ban Sanatan Sanstha pending with Centre: ATS |date=16 June 2012 |publisher=Indian Express |access-date=2013-02-15}}</ref> Such claims are rejected by Hamid Dabholkar, son of slain rationalist Narendra Dabholkar, saying that hypnotism could not provoke a person to cause violence and instead pointing at radicalization as the means of influence.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/sanatan-sanstha-in-crosshairs-dabholkar-aides-want-no-misfire/ |title=Sanatan Sanstha in crosshairs, Dabholkar aides want no misfire |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=4 October 2015 |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref>

=== Explosives haul ===

In August 2018, Maharashtra [[Anti-Terrorism Squad (India)|Anti Terror Squad]] (ATS) had recovered 20 crude bombs, two gelatin sticks, 4 electronic and 22 non-electronic detonators, 150 grams of explosive powder, two bottles labelled 'poison', batteries, soldering equipment, and a bomb circuit drawing from the house of Sanathan Sanstha worker in [[Nala Sopara|Nallasopara]]<ref name="explosives_sanatan_worker">{{cite news |last1=Tare |first1=Kiran |title=ATS recovers explosives from Sanatan Sanstha worker Vaibhav Raut's residence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ats-recovers-explosives-from-sanatan-sanstha-worker-vaibhav-raut-s-residence-1310612-2018-08-10 |date=10 August 2018 |access-date=19 August 2018 |publisher=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/maharashtra-ats-arrests-three-people-with-explosives-one-affiliated-to-hindu-right-wing-outfit-sanatan-sanstha-4942391.html|title=Maharashtra ATS arrests 3, including Sanatan Sanstha associate, recovers crude bombs, gelatin sticks, explosive powder - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Sandhya |title=ATS raids home of Sanatan Sanstha member in Nalasopara |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/ats-raids-home-of-sanatan-sanstha-member-in-nalasopara/articleshow/65349875.cms |date=10 August 2018 |access-date=19 August 2018 |publisher=[[Times of India|TOI]]}}</ref> Explosives and firearms were seized from [[Nala Sopara|Nallasopara]], [[Pune]] and [[Solapur]], and three other men were also arrested.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/explosives-case-sanatan-chief-may-be-questioned-police-118082101284_1.html|title=Explosives case: Sanatan chief may be questioned: Police|author=Press Trust of India|date=21 August 2018|publisher=Press Trust of India|via=Business Standard}}</ref>

=== Radicalisation ===

An Anti-Terrorism Squad (ATS) officer said after members of the right-wing outfit were arrested in connection Dabholkar's murder "Members of Sanatan Sanstha are ‘hard nuts to crack’, who communicate in code languages and have networks in at least four prominent cities of Maharashtra. They also have an 84-page rule book that asks them to 'chant Lord's name' before shooting a target". "They don’t speak unless confronted with evidence. They are indoctrinated, tutored, and given elaborate directions. It is not easy to extract information from them," an officer involved in the probe told CNN-News18 on condition of anonymity.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/lord-will-provide-weapon-at-right-time-straight-out-of-sanatan-sansthas-terror-handbook-1852829.html |title='Lord Will Provide Weapon at Right Time': Straight Out of Sanatan Sanstha's Terror 'Handbook' |publisher=CNN-News18 |website=news18.com |date= 22 August 2018 |access-date=2019-11-19}}</ref>

==Drug haul==
In September 2016, the Maharashtra police's Special Investigation Team (SIT), which is probing the February 2015 murder of communist leader Govind Pansare, seized 20 boxes of restricted drugs — including sleeping pills and suppressants — from the premises Sanatan Sanstha's ashram in Panvel. An SIT official stated that "It is suspected that the drugs were being used to control the mind of followers at the ashram".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/drugs-found-sanatan-ashram-409 |title='Drugs' found at Sanatan ashram |publisher=Asianage.com |date=2016-09-10 |access-date=2017-09-20}}</ref>

==Social media controversy==
Sanatan Sanstha's activity on [[social media]] has come under scrutiny. [[Facebook]]'s security team has tagged it along with right wing organisations [[Bajrang Dal]] and [[Sri Ram Sena]], as a potentially dangerous organisation that supports violence against minorities across India.<ref name="Facebook_Scroll">{{cite news |author=Scroll Staff |title=Facebook did not ban Bajrang Dal due to concern for employees' safety, business prospects: Report |url=https://scroll.in/latest/981158/facebook-did-not-ban-bajrang-dal-due-to-concern-for-employees-safety-business-prospects-report |access-date=5 January 2021 |work=Scroll.in |date=14 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="Deccan Facebook">{{cite news |title=Why Facebook is on the fence about banning Bajrang Dal |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/why-facebook-is-on-the-fence-about-banning-bajrang-dal-927238.html |access-date=5 January 2021 |work=Deccan Herald |date=14 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Social Quint">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Sonal |last2=Goel |first2=Kritika |title=Hate & Misinformation – Inside Bajrang Dal Pages on Facebook |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/webqoof/how-fb-groups-pages-spread-hate-in-the-name-of-bajrang-dal |access-date=5 January 2021 |work=TheQuint |date=20 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In September 2020, Facebook banned three of Sanatan's pages. In response to this, Sanatan Sanstha had filed a petition against Facebook in the Bombay High Court. The petition stated that Facebook had violated the fundamental right of [[Freedom of expression in India|freedom of expression]] guaranteed by the [[Constitution of India]] and only on directions of the government or a court, could Facebook have blocked the pages.<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 June 2021|title=पेज ब्लॉक केल्यामुळे सनातन संस्थेची फेसबुक विरोधात हायकोर्टात याचिका|language=Marathi|work=loksatta|url=https://www.loksatta.com/desh-videsh-news/sanatan-sanstha-petition-in-the-high-court-against-facebook-due-to-page-blocking-abn-97-2503439/|access-date=14 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Express News Service|date=18 June 2021|title=Sanathan Sanstha moves High Court over Facebook block on pages|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sanathan-sanstha-moves-high-court-over-facebook-block-on-pages-7364096/|access-date=14 July 2021}}</ref> Sanatan's writ petition was dismissed by the Goa bench of the Bombay High Court on the ground that it was a contractual dispute which was not maintainable under writ jurisdiction.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Vidya|date=13 July 2021|title=Bombay HC rejects Sanatan Sanstha plea against Facebook block on its pages|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bombay-hc-rejects-sanatan-sanstha-plea-against-facebook-block-on-its-pages-1827677-2021-07-13|access-date=14 July 2021}}</ref> Regardless the organisation has been allowed to spread on Facebook due to political and safety considerations. Facebook has avoided acting against these organisation as it has ties with the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and because "cracking down on Bajrang Dal might endanger both the company's business prospects and its staff in India", [[The Wall Street Journal]] newspaper wrote, reaffirming its reportage earlier this year on the subject.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Purnell |first1=Jeff Horwitz and Newley |title=WSJ News Exclusive, In India, Facebook Fears Crackdown on Hate Groups Could Backfire on Its Staff |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-india-facebook-fears-crackdwon-on-hate-groups-could-backfire-on-its-staff-11607871600 |access-date=14 December 2020 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=13 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Facebook Went Soft On Bajrang Dal To Protect Business, Staff: Report |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/facebook-went-soft-on-bajrang-dal-to-protect-business-staff-report-2338157 |access-date=14 December 2020 |work=NDTV.com |date=14 December 2020}}</ref>

==Environmental destruction and land grab==
Sanatan Sanstha was served a notice by a local government body in 2021 over illegal hill cutting.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jan 23 |first1=टाइम्स न्यूज़ नेटवर्क / TNN / |title=Sanatan Sanstha gets notice over hill-cutting {{!}} Goa News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/sanatan-sanstha-gets-notice-over-hill-cutting/articleshow/80414755.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Locals protested over the cutting of forests and hills in Goa by Sanatan Sanstha to create residential plots and settle people from outside the state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tension at Bandora as Bokadbag locals protest entry of Sanatan members to hilly residential area |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Tension-at-Bandora-as-Bokadbag-locals-protest-entry-of-Sanatan-members-to-hilly-residential-area-/167709 |work=oHeraldo}}</ref>

== Proposed ban on the organization ==
===Supporters of the ban===
;BJP
* In September 2015, Goa [[BJP]] MLA, [[Vishnu Wagh]] demanded that Sanatan Sanstha be banned, stating that there was evidence of the involvement of Sanatan Sanstha in the Pansare and Karburgi murders, and comparing Sanatan Sanstha to SIMI.<ref name=Waghdemandsban>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ban-sanatan-sanstha-demands-goa-bjp-lawmaker-vishnu-wagh-1220555 |title=Ban Sanatan Sanstha, Demands Goa BJP Lawmaker Vishnu Wagh |website=Ndtv.com |date=2015-09-22 |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Like-SIMI-ban-Sanatan-Sanstha-for-creating-terror-says-Goa-BJP-MLA/articleshow/49065729.cms |title=Like SIMI, ban Sanatan Sanstha for 'creating terror', says Goa BJP MLA - Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |date=22 September 2015 |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref> However, next day Chief Minister of [[Goa]], [[Laxmikant Parsekar]] ruled out banning Sanatan Sanstha.<ref name="GOACM"/>
* [[Maharashtra]] Chief Minister [[Devendra Fadnavis]] has stated that he would not hesitate to ban Sanatan Sanstha if any evidence found against the organisation.<ref name="MHCM">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/if-proof-will-act-on-sanstha-devendra-fadnavis/ |title=If proof found against Sanatan Sanstha, will act on it: Devendra Fadnavis |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2015-10-05 |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref>

;AAP
* Aam Aadmi Party have demanded a ban on the Sanatan Sanstha for the alleged murders they have been involved in.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestatesman.com/mobi/news/india/sanatan-sanstha-behind-free-thinkers-murders-should-be-banned-aap/146842.html |title=Sanatan Sanstha behind free-thinkers murders, should be banned: AAP |website=Thestatesman.com |date=2016-06-06 |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref>

;NCP
* In Maharashtra, [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]], together with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] demanded that Sanatan Sanstha be banned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/pansare-case-cong-ncp-demand-ban-on-sanatan-sanstha-1876639.html |title=Pansare case: Cong, NCP demand ban on Sanatan Sanstha |work=Oneindia |date=2015-09-22 |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/ncp-wants-ban-on-sanatan-sanstha/story-MHesyT4Pg4uioEADrvmNBP.html |title=Rationalist murder cases: NCP wants ban on Sanatan Sanstha | mumbai |date=17 June 2016 |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref> [[Nawab Malik]] of the NCP said that Sanatan Sanstha is a terrorist organisation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/video-gallery/general/sanatan-sanstha-is-a-terrorist-organization-should-be-immediately-banned-ncp-26278.htm |title=Sanatan Sanstha is a terrorist organization, should be immediately banned: NCP, Video Gallery |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business Standard |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref>

;Congress
* Former Maharashtra Chief Minister [[Prithviraj Chavan]] termed Sanatan Sanstha a dangerous organisation, and demanded that it be banned, and it's kingpin booked and punished. He referred to Sanatan Sanstha as 'terrorist elements that pose a threat to the country'.<ref name="MHCM" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/sanatan-sanstha-is-a-dangerous-organisation-says-former-maharashtra-cm-prithviraj-chavan-2829280.html |title=Sanatan Sanstha is a 'dangerous' organisation, says former Maharashtra CM Prithviraj Chavan |date=11 June 2016 |publisher=Firstpost |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref>
* Congress, which is a part of the Maharashtra government, in 2019 demanded a ban on Sanatan Sanstha.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maharashtra: Cong MP urges CM Uddhav to ban Sanatan Sanstha |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/maharashtra-cong-mp-urges-cm-uddhav-to-ban-sanatan-sanstha-6151477/ |work=The Indian Express |date=5 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

;CPI and CPI(M)
* The [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] and the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] have called for the Sanatan Sanstha to be banned, pointing out that the murders of Pansare, Dabholkar, Kalburgi and Gauri Lankesh are interconnected and followed the same method.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/gauri-lankesh-murder-left-sees-pattern-in-murders-calls-for-sansthas-ban-4832117/ |title=Gauri Lankesh murder: Left sees pattern in murders, calls for Sanstha's ban |publisher=The Indian Express |date=2017-09-07 |access-date=2017-09-20}}</ref>

;Government of Maharashtra
* In April 2011, Prithviraj Chavan government send formal request to Central government for banning Sanatan Sanstha. However, due to lack of supporting evidences, Central government did not ban Sanatan Sanstha.<ref name="MHCM" />
* The BJP-Shiv Sena government in 2017 said that a proposal had been sent to the central government seeking a ban on Sanatan Sanstha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maharashtra-seeks-ban-on-right-wing-sanatan-sanstha-sends-proposal-to-centre/story-Gp1BCOlG8RsrhlSsZ0zJUJ.html |title=Maharashtra seeks ban on right wing Sanatan Sanstha, sends proposal to Centre | india-news |date=6 April 2017 |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=2017-09-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/minister-proposal-to-ban-sanatan-sanstha-pending-with-centre/article17856741.ece |title=Minister: proposal to ban Sanatan Sanstha pending with Centre |work=The Hindu |date=2017-04-07 |access-date=2017-09-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/in-proposal-to-centre-maharashtra-govt-had-recommended-ban-on-sanatan-sanstha-minister-to-house-4602821/ |title=In proposal to Centre, Maharashtra govt had recommended ban on Sanatan Sanstha: Minister to House |publisher=The Indian Express |date=2017-04-07 |access-date=2017-09-20}}</ref>
* In August 2018, the Government of Maharashtra said that it would send a fresh request to the Central Government to ban Sanatan Sanstha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/maharashtra-govt-pushes-for-ban-on-sanatan-sanstha/640517.html|title = Maharashtra govt pushes for ban on Sanatan Sanstha}}</ref>

;Samajwadi Party
The [[Samajwadi Party]] demanded that Sanatan Sanstha be banned and asked the government to heighten security.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/sp-congress-reiterate-demand-to-ban-sanatan-sanstha-1502676048.html|title=SP, Congress reiterate demand to ban Sanatan Sanstha|newspaper=The Statesman|date=21 August 2018}}</ref>

;Others
* The [[Sambhaji Brigade]] has called for Sanatan Sanstha to be banned for conspiracy and murder.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afternoondc.in/city-news/sambhaji-brigade-accuses-sanatan-sanstha-of-conspiracy-murder/article_170980 |title=Sambhaji Brigade accuses Sanatan Sanstha of conspiracy, murder |publisher=Afternoondc.in |date=2016-06-30 |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref>
* This demand of the people for a ban also reflected online and on social media, with a petition on [[Change.org]] and a page on Facebook.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/Ban.Sanatan.Sanstha |title=Ban Sanatan Sanstha |publisher=Facebook |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref>
* The daughter of Govind Pansare also called for the organisation to be banned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Ban-Sanatan-Sanstha-Govind-Pansares-Daughter/2015/09/23/article3043644.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121011440/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Ban-Sanatan-Sanstha-Govind-Pansares-Daughter/2015/09/23/article3043644.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2015 |title=Ban Sanatan Sanstha: Govind Pansare's Daughter |publisher=The New Indian Express |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref>
* The government has been severely criticised for failing to ban Sanatan Sanstha; notably, the similarities with banned organisation [[Students Islamic Movement of India]] have been pointed out.<ref>{{cite web|author=Shoaib Daniyal |url=http://scroll.in/article/810325/the-daily-fix-as-terror-charges-against-sanatan-sanstha-grow-why-isnt-the-government-banning-it |title=The Daily Fix: As terror charges against Sanatan Sanstha grow, why isn't the government banning it? |publisher=Scroll.in |date=2016-06-21 |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Aakash Joshi |url=http://www.thequint.com/opinion/2016/06/20/sanatan-sanstha-vs-simi-what-is-the-litmus-test-for-a-ban-dabholkar-pansare |title=Sanatan Sanstha vs SIMI: What Is the Litmus Test for a Ban? |publisher=The Quint |date=2016-06-21 |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2016jun12/1465750324.html#.V4szsvl97rc |title=Pressure mounts on BJP to ban Sanatan Sanstha after arrest in Dabholkar murder case |publisher=TwoCircles.net |date=2016-06-12 |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref>
* Residents of Goa have been agitating for a ban on the organisation since 2009.<ref name=villagersdemandbanET>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/goa-ramnathi-villagers-seek-ban-on-sanatan-sanstha/articleshow/49181166.cms |title=Goa: Ramnathi villagers seek ban on Sanatan Sanstha - The Economic Times |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=2015-10-01 |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/goa-village-where-sanatan-sanstha-is-headquartered-want-a-ban-on-it-give-cm-a-week-265887-2015-10-01 |title=Goa village where Sanatan Sanstha is headquartered wants it banned, gives CM a week : India, News - India Today |website=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=2015-10-01 |access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref>

===Against the ban===

;BJP
* On 24 December 2021, [[Mangal Lodha|Mangal Prabhat Lodha]], a BJP MLA, while expressing his stance in the Maharashtra assembly on the proposed ban on Sanatan Sanstha, asked the Government to notice the hypocrisy of those who demand such kind of prohibition. He asked why those people were silent on banning the [[Raza Academy]]. He further requested the MLAs to consider the results of a simple Google search for both of these organisations. The search result for Sanatan Sanstha shows a picture of [[Arti (Hinduism)|Arti]], while for Raza Academy, it shows an image of the member kicking the martyr's pillar.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gujarathi|first=Unmesh|date=24 December 2021|title=BASELESS ALLEGATIONS AGAINST "SANATAN SANSTHA|url=https://sproutsnews.com/full-story/1184/BASELESS-ALLEGATIONS-AGAINST-|access-date=2 January 2021|website=Sprouts News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pande|first=Avinash|date=25 December 2021|title=Mumbai News: 'सनातन पर प्रतिबंध, तो रजा अकादमी पर चुप्पी क्यों?' लोढा ने सरकार से पूछा|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/mumbai/crime/if-sanatan-sanstha-could-be-banned-then-why-not-raja-academy-asks-bjp-mla-mangal-prabhat-lodha-in-maharashtra-assembly/articleshow/88484760.cms|access-date=2 January 2022|website=Navbharat Times|language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=24 December 2021|title=Maha: BJP MLA says restrictions imposed for Navratri, Ganesh festival but not for Friday namaz|url=https://theprint.in/india/maha-bjp-mla-says-restrictions-imposed-for-navratri-ganesh-festival-but-not-for-friday-namaz/787709/|access-date=2 January 2022|website=ThePrint}}</ref>
*On 2 December 2015, Minister of state for home [[Kiren Rijiju]] informed that there is no current proposal for imposing a ban on Sanatan Sanstha.<ref name="IND-GOV" /> Dabholkar's family is claiming the link between the three murders and requesting court to club the cases.<ref name="ndtv.com" /><ref name="newsclick.in" /> However, CBI have informed High Court that it is waiting for the ballistic report from Scotland Yard to link all three cases.<ref name="CBI" />
* On 22 September 2015, Former Home Secretary [[R. K. Singh|RK Singh]] told that Home Ministry under the previous UPA government concluded that there was no specific evidence against Sanatan Sanstha, so on that basis they couldn't ban the organization<ref name="ibnlive.com"/>
* On 24 September 2015, while speaking to journalists at the secretariat in Porvorim, the then Chief Minister of Goa Laxmikant Parsekar ruled out the possibility of banning Sanatan Sanstha. He further said that if someone associated with the Sanstha is an accused in the case, it does not reflect on the Sanstha.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 September 2015|title=Goa chief minister Laxmikant Parsekar rules our Sanatan Sanstha ban|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/goa-chief-minister-laxmikant-parsekar-rules-our-sanatan-sanstha-ban/articleshow/49083302.cms|access-date=25 February 2022|website=The Times Of India}}</ref>

;Congress
* In 2011, [[P. Chidambaram]], the Home minister then, had turned down the demand to ban Sanatan Sanstha under section 35(3)(c) of [[UAPA]] citing lack of supporting evidences.<ref name="TheHinduSays"/>

;[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|MGP]]

* In October 2018, in the context of ban on the Sanstha, Former PWD Minister of Goa [[Sudin Dhavalikar]] lauded Sanatan Sanstha in an interview saying, "Sanatan (Sanstha) is doing the great work of spreading Hindu culture and religion in Goa. They don't believe in violence."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ganapatye|first=Mayuresh|date=10 October 2018|title=Goa minister Sudin Dhavalikar defends Sanatan Sanstha|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/goa-minister-sudin-dhavalikar-defends-sanatan-sanstha-1359946-2018-10-10|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref>
*In September 2015, Goa minister [[Deepak Dhavalikar]] came out in support of Sanatan Sanstha saying that he had been closely monitoring the activities of the Sanstha but never found it to preach violence. He further added, "Sanatan Sanstha works for spirituality and the propagation of Hindu religion."<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|date=14 September 2017|title=How Political Patronage Has Kept the Sanatan Sanstha Afloat in Goa.|work=The Wire|url=https://thewire.in/politics/political-patronage-kept-sanatan-sanstha-afloat-goa|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=23 September 2015|title=Goa minister Dipak Dhavalikar defends Sanatan Sanstha; says his wife found peace there|work=Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/goa-minister-dipak-dhavalikar-defends-sanatan-sanstha-says-his-wife-found-peace-there/articleshow/49079131.cms|access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref>

;[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]

* In September 2015, Shiv Sena refuted the demand to ban Sanatan Sanstha by claiming that such allegations are the efforts to defame organisations who are engaged in spreading [[Hinduism]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=Correspondents|first=HT|date=2015-09-21|title=Pansare murder: Shiv Sena backs Sanatan Sanstha, slams 'liberals'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/pansare-murder-shiv-sena-backs-sanatan-sanstha-slams-liberals/story-aOu0741ZbSmSYNcP5HpVKM.html|access-date=2021-08-24|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Correspondent|first=dna|date=2015-10-04|title=Shiv Sena comes out in support of Sanatan Sanstha|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-shiv-sena-comes-out-in-support-of-sanatan-sanstha-2131386|access-date=2021-08-24|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Banerjee|first=Shoumojit|date=2015-09-21|title=Pansare murder: Sena mocks calls for ban on Sanatan Sanstha|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pansare-murder-sena-mocks-calls-for-ban-on-sanatan-sanstha/article7673923.ece|access-date=2021-08-24|issn=}}</ref>

;Others

* On 7 February 2017, while clarifying its stance on the petition seeking a ban on Sanatan Sanstha, the Union Government told the Bombay High Court that the evidence against Sanatan Sanstha was inconclusive.  Hence, it did not declare the Sanstha as a terror outfit.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 February 2017|title=Nothing concrete to declare Sanatan Sanstha as terror outfit, Centre tells Bombay High Court|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/nothing-concrete-to-declare-sanatan-sanstha-as-terror-outfit-centre-tells-bombay-high-court/541458/|access-date=30 January 2022|website=Financial Express}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://sanatanprabhat.org Sanatan Prabhat]

[[Category:Hindutva]]
[[Category:Hindu organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Volunteer organisations in India]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1999]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in India]]

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| collapsetext = Screenshot
| background = 
| caption = Screenshot of iQIYI home page
| company_type =
| type = [[OTT platform]]
| language = {{plainlist|
*[[Chinese language|Chinese]]
*[[English language|English]]
*[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
*[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
*[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
*[[Thai language|Thai]]
}}
| language_count = 6
| traded_as = {{NASDAQ|IQ}} ([[American depositary receipt|ADS]])
| founded = {{start date and age|2010|01|06}}
| location_city = [[Beijing]]
| location_country = [[China]]
| country_of_origin = China
| area_served = Worldwide{{efn|As of 2019, iQIYI directly operates in Mainland China, Hong Kong (in English and Cantonese only), Macau (in Portuguese and Cantonese only), Taiwan (until 2020), Malaysia, Singapore, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Philippines, Vietnam and Indonesia}}
| founder = Gong Yu
| key_people = He Junjie ({{small|Chairman}}) Gong Yu ({{small|founder & CEO}})
| industry = {{hlist|[[Entertainment]]|[[mass media]]}}
| products = {{flatlist|
* [[Streaming media]]
* [[video on demand]]
* [[digital distribution]]
}}
| services = {{flatlist|
* Film production
* Film distribution
* Television production
* Television distribution
}}
| revenue = {{decrease}} {{CNY|29.23 billion|link=yes}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202502/19/WS67b577c9a310c240449d61ac.html|title=iQIYI announces Q4 and fiscal year 2024 financial results|newspaper=China Daily|access-date=June 5, 2025}}</ref> (US$4 billion, 2024)
| parent = [[Baidu]]
| url = {{Official URL}}
| commercial = 
| registration = 
| num_users = 101.4 million paid subscribers<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 22, 2022 |title=iQIYI Announces Third Quarter 2022 Financial Results |url=https://iqiyiinc.gcs-web.com/static-files/7de39021-9355-4aca-96ca-f3ac0ceac924 |language=en |access-date=February 15, 2023 |archive-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209070153/https://iqiyiinc.gcs-web.com/static-files/7de39021-9355-4aca-96ca-f3ac0ceac924 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| launch_date = {{start date and age|2010|04|22}}
| current_status = Active
}}{{Infobox Chinese|
| s = 爱奇艺
| t = 愛奇藝
| p = Àiqíyì
| l = love wonderful art
| w = {{tonesup|Ai4-ch‘i2-i4}}
| bpmf = ㄞˋ ㄑㄧˊ ㄧˋ
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|ai|4|.|q|i|2|.|yi|4}}
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|oi|3|.|k|ei|4|.|ng|ai|6}}
| j = oi3 kei4 ngai6
| y = Oikèihngaih
}}
'''iQIYI''' ({{zh|s=爱奇艺|p=Àiqíyì}}, pronounced in English as {{respell|eye|CHEE|yee}}), formerly '''Qiyi''' ({{zh|c=奇艺|links=no|labels=no|p=Qíyì}}),<ref name="sina2011">{{cite web|url=http://tech.sina.com.cn/i/2011-11-28/17256394603.shtml|script-title=zh:奇艺启动新域名背后：解决视听许可证遗留问题|website=[[Sina.com]]|date=November 28, 2011|access-date=August 4, 2017|language=zh|archive-date=August 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804214352/http://tech.sina.com.cn/i/2011-11-28/17256394603.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> is a Chinese [[Video on demand#Subscription models|subscription video on-demand]] [[Over-the-top media service|over-the-top]] [[Streaming television|streaming]] service owned by [[Baidu]]. Headquartered in [[Beijing]], iQIYI primarily produces and distributes films and television series.

iQIYI is currently one of the largest online video sites in the world, with nearly 6 billion hours spent on its service each month and over 500 million monthly [[active users]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Russell|first=Jon|title=Baidu's iQiyi video service raises $1.53 billion|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/02/21/baidus-iqiyi-video-service-raises-1-53-billion/|work=TechCrunch|access-date=October 17, 2020|archive-date=June 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604042844/https://techcrunch.com/2017/02/21/baidus-iqiyi-video-service-raises-1-53-billion/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ng|first=Yi Shu|title=Netflix takes its first steps into China, the world's hungriest streaming market|url=http://mashable.com/2017/04/26/netflix-china-iqiyi/#G8YL20JxXZqb|work=Mashable|access-date=October 17, 2017|archive-date=December 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229204451/https://mashable.com/2017/04/26/netflix-china-iqiyi/#G8YL20JxXZqb|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url= http://www.thewrap.com/paramount-signs-licensing-deal-with-chinas-largest-online-video-platform-iqiyi/|title= Paramount Signs Licensing Deal With China's Largest Online Video Platform iQIYI|first=Jeff|last=Sneider|date=July 8, 2015|access-date= July 14, 2015|work= [[The Wrap]]|quote= Paramount Pictures has signed a licensing agreement with iQIYI, the largest online video platform in China, that will give the company rights to offer 800 films from the studio’s library to subscribers of its SVOD service, Paramount announced Wednesday.|archive-date= July 11, 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150711232946/http://www.thewrap.com/paramount-signs-licensing-deal-with-chinas-largest-online-video-platform-iqiyi/|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lionsgate-pacts-chinese-online-giant-831031|title=Lionsgate Pacts With Chinese Online Giant IQIYI|first=Kevin|last=Cassidy|newspaper=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=9 October 2015 |quote=Lionsgate has signed a long-term output deal for a number of high-profile Lionsgate and third-party feature films with China's largest comprehensive online video platform iQIYI.|access-date=March 29, 2016|archive-date=March 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318232703/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lionsgate-pacts-chinese-online-giant-831031|url-status=live}}</ref> On March 29, 2018, the company issued its [[initial public offering]] in the [[United States]] and raised $2.25 billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-29/baidu-s-iqiyi-drops-in-trading-debut-after-raising-2-3-billion|title=Baidu's iQiyi Drops in Debut After IPO Raising $2.3 Billion|date=March 29, 2018|website=Bloomberg|access-date=April 3, 2018|archive-date=June 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607202605/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-29/baidu-s-iqiyi-drops-in-trading-debut-after-raising-2-3-billion|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
{{Advert section|date=April 2023}}

===2010s===
Qiyi was founded on January 6, 2010, by [[Baidu]] with support from [[Providence Equity Partners]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Baidu {{!}} Press Releases|url = http://ir.baidu.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=188488&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1816090|website = ir.baidu.com|access-date=December 29, 2015|archive-date=June 27, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150627042106/http://ir.baidu.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=188488&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1816090|url-status = live}}</ref> It changed its name to iQIYI in November 2011.<ref name="sina2011"/> On November 2, 2012, Baidu bought Providence's stake and took full ownership.<ref>{{Cite press release|title = iQIYI and Venice Film Festival Begin a Brand New Cooperation from 2014|url = http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/iqiyi-and-venice-film-festival-begin-a-brand-new-cooperation-from-2014-273411591.html|website=prnewswire.com|access-date=December 29, 2015|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041843/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/iqiyi-and-venice-film-festival-begin-a-brand-new-cooperation-from-2014-273411591.html|url-status = live}}</ref> On May 7, 2013, Baidu purchased the online video business of [[PPS.tv|PPStream Inc.]] for $370 million, which later became a [[subsidiary]] of iQIYI. On July 17, 2014, the site launched its film production division, iQIYI Motion Pictures, to expand existing cooperative projects with overseas peers, including purchasing releases and co-producing movies. On September 4, iQIYI collaborated with the [[Venice Film Festival]], streaming the festival's movies online. In August 2014, iQIYI generated over 6.95 billion hours of viewing on its website.<ref>{{Cite web|script-title=zh:8月PC视频：爱奇艺PPS八连冠，每人日均观看超50分钟_网易数码|url = http://digi.163.com/14/0926/17/A73AHNMG001618JV.html|website = digi.163.com|access-date=December 29, 2015|language=zh|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040136/http://digi.163.com/14/0926/17/A73AHNMG001618JV.html|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref> In October, iQIYI participated in the [[Busan Film Festival]], signing exclusive rights to nearly 100 South Korean titles.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/busan-chinas-iqiyi-signs-rights-739457 |newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter | title=Busan: China's iQiyi Signs Exclusive Rights to 90 South Korean Films | access-date=November 4, 2021|archive-date=January 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103120444/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/busan-chinas-iqiyi-signs-rights-739457 | url-status=live }}</ref> On November 19, 2014, [[Xiaomi]] and [[Shunwei Capital]] invested $300 million in iQIYI for about 10 percent to 15 percent of the site, while Baidu invested an additional $100 million and held about 80 percent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-11-19/xiaomi-shunwei-to-invest-300-million-in-iqiyi-for-video.html |website=Bloomberg | title=Xiaomi Stake Said to Value IQiyi at Up to $3 Billion | date=November 19, 2014 | access-date=March 7, 2017|archive-date=January 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112051925/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-11-19/xiaomi-shunwei-to-invest-300-million-in-iqiyi-for-video.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2014, iQIYI had established a [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) committee inside the company, according to the official newspaper of the [[Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party]], the ''[[People's Daily]]''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|script-title=zh:坚守导向爱奇艺引领视频网站健康生态--传媒--人民网 |url=http://media.people.com.cn/n1/2017/1020/c40606-29597654.html |access-date=April 22, 2023|newspaper=[[People's Daily]] |language=zh |archive-date=March 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302164818/http://media.people.com.cn/n1/2017/1020/c40606-29597654.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2014, following the [[National Radio and Television Administration]]'s ban on all live-streaming of American TV shows, iQIYI's vice editor-in-chief defended the ban, stating that such content was against "socialist values."<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 18, 2014|script-title=zh:爱奇艺高管为广电总局审查政策辩护 |url=https://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20141218-%E7%88%B1%E5%A5%87%E8%89%BA%E9%AB%98%E7%AE%A1%E4%B8%BA%E5%B9%BF%E7%94%B5%E6%80%BB%E5%B1%80%E5%AE%A1%E6%9F%A5%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E8%BE%A9%E6%8A%A4%E2%80%8D |access-date=April 22, 2023|website=[[Radio France Internationale]] |language=zh|archive-date=April 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422185223/https://www.rfi.fr/cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20141218-%E7%88%B1%E5%A5%87%E8%89%BA%E9%AB%98%E7%AE%A1%E4%B8%BA%E5%B9%BF%E7%94%B5%E6%80%BB%E5%B1%80%E5%AE%A1%E6%9F%A5%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E8%BE%A9%E6%8A%A4%E2%80%8D |url-status=live }}</ref>

On December 8, 2014, iQIYI's chief content officer, Ma Dong, said the portal planned to more than double original production in 2015, with at least 30 titles and 500 episodes on the slate compared to 13 in 2014.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2014/digital/news/atf-chinas-iqiyi-to-double-production-slate-in-2015-1201374591/ |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]| first=Janine | last=Stein | title=ATF: China's iQIYI to Double Production Slate in 2015 | date=December 9, 2014 | access-date=December 9, 2017 | archive-date=June 4, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604053822/https://variety.com/2014/digital/news/atf-chinas-iqiyi-to-double-production-slate-in-2015-1201374591/ | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, iQIYI purchased the streaming rights to eight top entertainment shows in mainland China and several entertainment shows in Taiwan and South Korea, including ''[[Hurry Up, Brother|Running Man]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|script-title=zh:年度重磅综艺《造梦者》 1月9日独家登陆爱奇艺-新华网|url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/ent/2015-01/04/c_127357331.htm|website = [[Xinhua]]|access-date = December 29, 2015|language=zh|archive-date = January 5, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150105191849/http://news.xinhuanet.com/ent/2015-01/04/c_127357331.htm|url-status = dead}}</ref> In March 2016, it was announced that it would launch in [[Taiwan]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url= https://variety.com/2016/digital/asia/chinas-iqiyi-launches-streaming-taiwan-1201741705/|title= China's iQIYI Expands Streaming to Taiwan|first= Patrick|last= Frater|date= March 30, 2016|access-date= March 30, 2016|magazine= [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|archive-date= March 30, 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160330181029/http://variety.com/2016/digital/asia/chinas-iqiyi-launches-streaming-taiwan-1201741705/|url-status= live}}</ref> In June 2016, it was reported that it had 20 million subscribers.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://technode.com/2016/12/12/chinas-online-video-market-in-the-middle-of-transition-to-paid-subscribers-self-produced-content/|title= China's Online Video Market in the Middle of Transition to Paid Subscribers, Self-Produced Content|first= Tracey|last= Xiang|date= December 12, 2016|access-date= January 2, 2017|website=TechNode|archive-date= January 2, 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170102174619/http://technode.com/2016/12/12/chinas-online-video-market-in-the-middle-of-transition-to-paid-subscribers-self-produced-content/|url-status= live}}</ref>

In June 2014, iQIYI co-produced and distributed the drama ''Mysterious Summer'' with major Japanese broadcaster [[Fuji TV]]. It was the first drama co-production between China and Japan and has been viewed more than 60 million times as of October 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fuji TV to commence internet-based distribution for "Mysterious Summer"|url=http://www.onscreenasia.com/article/fuji-tv-to-commence-internet-based-distribution-for-mysterious-summer/15426|url-status=dead|website=Onscreen Asia|access-date=December 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509174542/http://onscreenasia.com/article/fuji-tv-to-commence-internet-based-distribution-for-mysterious-summer/15426|archive-date=May 9, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=International Business Themes Dominate Tokyo Market Seminars|url=https://www.yahoo.com/music/s/international-business-themes-dominate-tokyo-market-seminars-040046712.html|url-status=live|publisher=[[Yahoo]]|access-date=December 29, 2015|date=October 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211120012/https://www.yahoo.com/music/s/international-business-themes-dominate-tokyo-market-seminars-040046712.html|archive-date=February 11, 2015}}</ref>

In 2017, the ''People Daily'' reported that two thirds of high-level staff in iQIYI's content department were CCP members.<ref name=":2" />

On April 25, 2017, [[Netflix]] (which does not operate at all in China) announced that it had reached a licensing deal with iQIYI, under which some [[List of original programs distributed by Netflix|Netflix original]] productions would be available on iQIYI day-and-date with their premieres worldwide.<ref name="thr-iquyideal">{{Cite news|title=Netflix Signs Licensing Deal With China's iQiyi|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/netflix-signs-licensing-deal-chinas-iqiyi-997071|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=April 24, 2017|access-date=April 26, 2017|archive-date=April 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426002956/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/netflix-signs-licensing-deal-chinas-iqiyi-997071|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2018, iQIYI announced that it was raising new cash. The video business said that iQIYI raised issue $500 million in convertible senior notes. Proceeds from the offering will go towards content and technology investments as well as capped call transactions to reduce potential dilution to shareholders upon conversion of the notes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/11/28/iqiyi-500-million-convertible-notes/|title=China's iQiyi to offer $500M convertible note as content costs balloon|website=TechCrunch|access-date=November 29, 2011|archive-date=June 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603084332/https://techcrunch.com/2018/11/28/iqiyi-500-million-convertible-notes/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2020s===
iQIYI has not been available in [[Taiwan]] since October 15, 2020 due to a ban on partnerships with [[Mainland China|mainland Chinese]] video streaming companies after iQIYI was found to be used by China's [[Taiwan Affairs Office]] for conducting [[United front in Taiwan|united front]] activities on the island.<ref>{{cite news |last=Xue |first=Yujie |date=September 22, 2020|title=iQiyi's Taiwan agent to cease serving local users from October 15 after ban on Chinese streaming platforms|newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |publisher=SCMP Publishers|url=https://www.scmp.com/tech/policy/article/3102504/iqiyis-taiwan-agent-cease-serving-local-users-october-15-after-ban |access-date=January 19, 2020|archive-date=March 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326021632/https://www.scmp.com/tech/policy/article/3102504/iqiyis-taiwan-agent-cease-serving-local-users-october-15-after-ban |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In December 2020, iQIYI opened a new office in Singapore at [[Robinson Road, Singapore|Robinson Road]] to serve as the regional headquarters for [[Southeast Asia]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=December 15, 2020|title=iQiyi to hire over 200 staff in its Singapore international HQ in next few years|url=https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/garage/iqiyi-to-hire-over-200-staff-in-its-singapore-international-hq-in-next-few-years|access-date=December 17, 2020|newspaper=The Business Times|archive-date=December 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215125029/https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/garage/iqiyi-to-hire-over-200-staff-in-its-singapore-international-hq-in-next-few-years|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2020, iQIYI announced the production of ''[[My Roommate Is a Gumiho]]'' as its first Korean Original Series.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Frater|first=Patrick|date=December 3, 2020|title=China's iQIYI to Produce 'Roommate' as its First Korean Original Series|url=https://variety.com/2020/streaming/asia/china-iqiyi-to-produce-roommate-first-korean-series-1234845020/|access-date=February 16, 2021|magazine=Variety|archive-date=February 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217121406/https://variety.com/2020/streaming/asia/china-iqiyi-to-produce-roommate-first-korean-series-1234845020/|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to positive reviews over their first self-produced series, which starred [[Jang Ki-yong]] and [[Girl's Day]] member [[Lee Hye-ri]], iQIYI expressed that they gained confidence in releasing more original Korean dramas produced under its name, like their announced upcoming productions of dramas like ''[[Bad and Crazy]]'' (starring [[Lee Dong-wook]], [[Han Ji-eun]] and [[Wi Ha-joon]]) in 2021 and ''[[Shooting Stars (South Korean TV series)|Shooting Stars]]'' in 2022, with the hope of expanding their potential in the production of original Korean shows.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.msn.com/en-ph/entertainment/other/iqiyi-announces-original-korean-drama-shooting-stars-starring-lee-sung-kyoung-kim-young-dae/ar-AANRCsX?li=BBr8HnD|title=iQiyi announces original Korean Drama 'Shooting Stars' starring Lee Sung-kyoung, Kim Young-dae|publisher=MSN|date=August 30, 2021|access-date=September 3, 2021|archive-date=September 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903150900/https://www.msn.com/en-ph/entertainment/other/iqiyi-announces-original-korean-drama-shooting-stars-starring-lee-sung-kyoung-kim-young-dae/ar-AANRCsX?li=BBr8HnD|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/lee-dong-wook-superhero-cop-iqiyi-drama-bad-and-crazy-140036164.html|title=Lee Dong-wook is a superhero cop in iQiyi drama Bad And Crazy|website=Yahoo News|date=September 7, 2021|access-date=September 8, 2021|archive-date=October 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024185942/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/lee-dong-wook-superhero-cop-iqiyi-drama-bad-and-crazy-140036164.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

iQIYI also began to expand its horizons by producing Southeast Asian shows to stream as iQIYI originals for more viewership. In August 2021, iQIYI streamed a Singaporean drama titled ''The Ferryman: Legends of Nanyang'', which was its first Southeast Asian original series starring local actors from Singapore like [[Lawrence Wong (actor)|Lawrence Wong]] and [[Qi Yuwu]] and Taiwanese actress Kate Kinney. The drama is also a remake of the 2014 Chinese drama series, but in a Southeast Asian setting.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cnalifestyle.channelnewsasia.com/entertainment/lawrence-wong-qi-yuwu-ferryman-legends-nanyang-iqiyi-august-272766|title=Lawrence Wong, Qi Yuwu's supernatural drama coming to iQiyi in August|website=CNA|date=July 27, 2021|access-date=August 21, 2021|archive-date=August 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821152139/https://cnalifestyle.channelnewsasia.com/entertainment/lawrence-wong-qi-yuwu-ferryman-legends-nanyang-iqiyi-august-272766|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/chinas-iqiyi-develop-regional-stars-southeast-asia-push-261436|title=China's iQIYI to develop regional stars for Southeast Asia push|website=CNA|date=March 17, 2021|access-date=August 21, 2021|archive-date=August 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821152126/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/chinas-iqiyi-develop-regional-stars-southeast-asia-push-261436|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In October 2021, iQIYI and Thema went into a partnership to launch their services on Netgem TV in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Ireland]], with iQIYI hoping to distribute Asian content on European media to create a larger global audience.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thefastmode.com/technology-solutions/21032-iqiyi-thema-partner-to-launch-on-netgem-tv-in-the-uk-and-ireland|title=IQiyi, Thema Partner to Launch on Netgem TV in the UK and Ireland|website=The Fast Mode|date=October 12, 2021|access-date=October 13, 2021|archive-date=October 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012035329/https://www.thefastmode.com/technology-solutions/21032-iqiyi-thema-partner-to-launch-on-netgem-tv-in-the-uk-and-ireland|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the [[26th Busan International Film Festival]], iQIYI partnered with Philippine broadcaster [[ABS-CBN]] to produce ''Saying Goodbye'' and ''Hello, Heart'' as the first two original series from the country, which aired later that year.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Frater|first=Patrick|date=October 11, 2021|title=iQiyi International Unveils First Philippines Series, More Korean Originals|url=https://variety.com/2021/global/asia/iqiyi-first-philippines-series-korean-originals-busan-1235085536/|access-date=October 11, 2021|magazine=Variety|archive-date=October 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011114419/https://variety.com/2021/global/asia/iqiyi-first-philippines-series-korean-originals-busan-1235085536/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=November 23, 2021|title='Hello Heart,' 'Saying Goodbye' to air on iQiyi in Dec.|url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/11/23/21/hello-heart-saying-goodbye-to-air-on-iqiyi-in-dec|access-date=2021-11-23|website=ABS-CBN News|language=en|archive-date=November 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123090750/https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/11/23/21/hello-heart-saying-goodbye-to-air-on-iqiyi-in-dec|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2022, iQIYI Sports announced a streaming rights request for the Italian football competition [[Serie A]]. This marks the fifth acquisition since the expansion into the sports market after acquiring streaming rights to other sporting events such as UEFA, AFC, the [[Premier League]] and [[La Liga]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=May 19, 2022|url=https://pandaily.com/iqiyi-sports-lands-streaming-rights-for-italian-serie-a/|title=iQiyi Sports acquires Serie A rights|website=Pan Daily|access-date=May 24, 2022|archive-date=May 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519092528/https://pandaily.com/iqiyi-sports-lands-streaming-rights-for-italian-serie-a/|url-status=live}}</ref> The same month, iQIYI removed all movies of [[Keanu Reeves]] after he appeared at a virtual event hosted by [[Tibet House US]] due to its linkages with the [[14th Dalai Lama]].<ref>{{Cite news|script-title=zh:基努·里维斯因支持西藏被封杀倡导者吁各界观看《勿忘西藏》纪录片 |url=https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/shaoshuminzu/lf-03262022165723.html |access-date=April 22, 2023|website=[[Radio Free Asia]] |language=zh|archive-date=April 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422185810/https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/shaoshuminzu/lf-03262022165723.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
In 2019, Taiwan's [[Institute for National Defense and Security Research]] reported that iQIYI is used by China's [[Taiwan Affairs Office]] to further [[United front in Taiwan|united front]] efforts on the island.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|first1=Li-jen|last1=Liu|first2=Yihung|last2=Lau|first3=William|last3=Hetherington|title=Bilibili found to be renting server space in Taiwan |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2019/09/05/2003721740 |access-date=September 4, 2019|newspaper=[[Taipei Times]]|publisher=The Liberty Times Group|archive-date=September 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914120700/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2019/09/05/2003721740 |url-status=live }}</ref> In response, Taiwan banned the company.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Szu-yun|last=Su |date=August 19, 2020 |title=Taiwan to bar local agents from representing Chinese OTT services|agency=[[Central News Agency (Taiwan)|Central News Agency]] |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/cross-strait/202008190009 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-date=August 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820052435/https://focustaiwan.tw/cross-strait/202008190009 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=August 19, 2020|first=Luisetta|last=Mudie|title=Taiwan to Ban Chinese Media Apps Over Security Concerns |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/apps-08192020151002.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821002606/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/apps-08192020151002.html |archive-date=August 21, 2020 |access-date=August 21, 2020|website=[[Radio Free Asia]]|url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2020, activist investors, including [[Muddy Waters Research]], accused iQIYI of overstating its revenue and subscribers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jaeger|first=Jaclyn|date=April 9, 2020|title=Luckin Coffee, iQIYI fraud allegations point to wider China problem|url=https://www.complianceweek.com/accounting-and-auditing/luckin-coffee-iqiyi-fraud-allegations-point-to-wider-china-problem/28735.article|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721004909/https://www.complianceweek.com/accounting-and-auditing/luckin-coffee-iqiyi-fraud-allegations-point-to-wider-china-problem/28735.article|archive-date=July 21, 2020|access-date=July 21, 2020|website=Compliance Week}}</ref> Short-seller Wolfpack Research also accused the company of inflating revenue numbers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kharpal |first=Arjun |date=April 8, 2020|title=Chinese video streaming giant iQiyi accused of fraud, company says report contains 'misleading conclusions' |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/08/iqiyi-accused-of-fraud-by-wolfpack-muddy-waters.html |access-date=November 25, 2020|publisher=[[CNBC]]|archive-date=December 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219053642/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/08/iqiyi-accused-of-fraud-by-wolfpack-muddy-waters.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2020, it was announced that the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] subsequently launched an investigation into iQIYI.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ping |first=Chong Koh |date=August 14, 2020|title=A Chinese Netflix Faces SEC Probe After Short-Seller Report|journal=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-chinese-netflix-faces-sec-probe-after-short-seller-report-11597394249 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=August 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814094243/https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-chinese-netflix-faces-sec-probe-after-short-seller-report-11597394249 |archive-date=August 14, 2020|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> Later in early October 2020, iQIYI made a statement that an internal review into the allegations of fraud made by the American short seller Wolfpack Research, "did not uncover any evidence that would substantiate the allegations." The internal review had been conducted by an independent audit committee, which included "a Big 4 accounting firm that is not the Company's auditor."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bary |first=Emily |title=IQiyi says internal review found no evidence to substantiate short seller's fraud allegations |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/iqiyi-says-internal-review-found-no-evidence-to-substantiate-short-sellers-fraud-allegations-2020-10-05|date=October 5, 2020|access-date=May 27, 2022|website=MarketWatch|archive-date=May 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527234110/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/iqiyi-says-internal-review-found-no-evidence-to-substantiate-short-sellers-fraud-allegations-2020-10-05 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Chinese Video Streamer Says Internal Review Debunks Fraud Claims |url=https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-10-07/chinese-video-streamer-says-internal-review-debunks-fraud-claims-101612574.html |access-date=May 27, 2022|website=[[Caixin]]|archive-date=September 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928102705/https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-10-07/chinese-video-streamer-says-internal-review-debunks-fraud-claims-101612574.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 2020, the Beijing Internet Court sided with a customer who sued the company for breaching the terms and conditions of the 'VIP' subscription. iQIYI had charged additional fees for pre-screens of dramas, although paying customers were promised access at no extra charge.<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 June 2020 |title=Court Rules Against iQiyi for Charging Premium Subscribers Extra |url=http://www.sixthtone.com/news/1005754/court-rules-against-iqiyi-for-charging-premium-subscribers-extra |access-date=November 25, 2020|website=[[Sixth Tone]]|archive-date=August 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820083223/http://www.sixthtone.com/news/1005754/court-rules-against-iqiyi-for-charging-premium-subscribers-extra |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of iQiyi original programming|List of iQIYI original programming]]
*[[List of streaming media services]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}
{{Baidu}}
{{Video digital distribution platforms}}
{{Chinese Internet video website}}
{{VOD services}}
[[Category:2019 establishments in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) software]]
[[Category:Astro Malaysia Holdings television channels]]
[[Category:Baidu]]
[[Category:Companies based in Beijing]]
[[Category:Companies based in Shanghai]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2010]]
[[Category:Internet television channels]]
[[Category:Internet television streaming services]]
[[Category:IOS software]]
[[Category:IQIYI| ]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 2010]]
[[Category:Subscription video on demand services]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2019]]
[[Category:Video hosting]]

Patalganga River

2026-01-24T14:40:48Z

Igororh: slightly cleanup lead based on references and corrected details

{{Short description|River in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{one source|date=December 2014}}

The '''Patalganga River''' ({{langx|mr|पाताळगंगा नदी}}) is an [[India|Indian]] river that rises in the steep western scarps of the [[Matheran]] uplands where it branches off from the main ridge near [[Khopoli]] and maintains a general westward flow till it joins the [[Dharamtar|Dharamtar Creek]] with a wide estuary. The tail-waters of the Khopoli power project are let into the river near [[Khopoli]] in [[Maharashtra]]. It comes at foremost in terms of pollution. It is one of the most polluted rivers of Maharashtra, source being from Patalganga MIDC. Industries in Patalganga MIDC include (see the site<ref name="MIDC">{{cite web|url= https://www.scribd.com/mobile/doc/213094806/Patalganga-Factory-List|title=Patalganga Factory List|publisher=Scribd}}</ref>). These companies contribute polluting the river. MPCB provides no proper data regarding water quality which is a point which limits the protests from various NGO's and locals. Nowadays, locals from villages on banks of patalganga river (Turade, Kalivali, Apta, Dushmi, Kharpada, Rave) complain about the poisoning caused by consuming fishes. Biodiversity of the river is under serious threat due to the harmful chemicals from the dyeing, fertilizer, pesticides, insecticides, alkyl amines industries. Effect of pollution on farming: Crops get burnt due to highly acidic pH of water. Flooding during rainy season results in the flushing of agricultural lands downstream with harmful chemicals which makes land unsuitable for cultivation.<ref>[http://www.nih.ernet.in/nih_rbis/Mythology.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729165048/http://www.nih.ernet.in/nih_rbis/Mythology.htm|date=29 July 2009}} Rivers in Mythology</ref>

{{Coord|18.48|N|73.4|E|}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721035138/http://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/?q=r_patalganga] Classification of Waters of Patalganga River Basin-Source-[[Government]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
* [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/07/30/stories/2005073001850500.htm] Patalganga river cripples Mumbai industrial units-Source-The Hindu Business Line

{{Hydrography of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Rivers of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Geography of Raigad district]]
[[Category:Rivers of the Western Ghats]]

Paul Varghese

2025-12-31T14:43:36Z

Igororh: Creating New Pg W/ Sources

{{Short description|American comedian (b. 1977)}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2008}}
{{Infobox comedian
|name=Paul Varghese
|image=Paul_Varghese_sitting_in_diner%2C_black_and_white.jpg
|imagesize=240px
|caption=Varghese sitting at diner
|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1977|1|4|mf=yes}}
|birth_place=[[Dallas]], [[Texas]], [[United States|USA]]
|medium=[[stand-up comedy|Stand-up]], [[television]], [[radio]]
|active=2001–present
}}
'''Paul Varghese''' (born January 4, 1977, in [[Dallas, Texas]]) is an American comedian and actor of [[India]]n descent<ref>Red Hot curry site bio http://www.redhotcurry.com/usa/entertainment/theatre/gurus_comedy2006.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609170929/http://www.redhotcurry.com/usa/entertainment/theatre/gurus_comedy2006.htm |date=2008-06-09 }}</ref> who appeared on the hit reality show ''[[Last Comic Standing]] 2'', where he made it to the semi-finals.<ref>[http://upcoming.org/event/107822/ Stand-Up Comedian, Paul Varghese with Laura Bartlett at MPAC McKinney Performing Arts Center (Saturday, September 30, 2006) - Upcoming]</ref> He taped his first full set for national television on March 8, 2007, for [[Comedy Central]]'s ''[[Live at Gotham]]'' which aired July 13, 2007. He was a regular on the Pugs and Kelly radio show, noon-3 p.m. weekdays on Live 105.3/Free FM in Dallas when that radio station and show was still on the air.

==Family and early life==
Varghese is [[Indian American]], the son of [[Malayali]] immigrant parents from [[Kerala]], and grew up in [[Garland, Texas]], a suburb of Dallas. He earned a bachelor's degree in radio, television and film from the [[University of North Texas]] in 2000. He spent his junior year of college at [[William Paterson University]] of New Jersey, during which he interned on [[Sally Jessy Raphael]]'s talk show.

His sister is the [[Episcopal Church of the United States|Episcopal]] priest [[Winnie Varghese]], [[Dean (Christianity)|Dean]] of the [[Cathedral of St. John the Divine]] in [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://religionnews.com/2025/07/18/winnie-varghese-becomes-first-woman-elected-dean-of-st-john-the-divine/|title='She is the future of our church.' Winnie Varghese named first woman dean of St. John the Divine. The election of Varghese, a queer woman of Indian descent, as dean of America’s largest Episcopal church represents a number of historic firsts.|work=Religion News|first=Fiona|last=Murphy|date=July 18, 2025|access-date=July 18, 2025}}</ref>

==Comedy career==

Varghese, who began doing [[stand-up comedy|stand-up]] in 2001, opened for Canadian-born comedian [[Russell Peters]] in a short theater tour through Los Angeles, San Francisco, Boston and New York in 2005. That led to his headlining a 16-city ''Gurus of Comedy'' tour in the spring of 2006. In 2007 he was named "Best Stand-Up Comic in Dallas" by the ''Dallas Observer'' and won the 2009 "Funniest Comic in Texas" competition. Varghese was also featured on Showtime's "Russell Peter's Presents", Telemundo 2's "Loco Comedy Jam", Comedy Central's "Live at Gotham" and "Gabriel Iglesias Presents Stand-Up Revolution". On June 18, 2012, Varghese was given the opportunity to open for comedian [[Dave Chappelle]] at the Dallas House of Blues and the following night in [[Austin, Texas|Austin]] at the [[Paramount Theatre (Austin, Texas)|Paramount Theatre]]. On May 31, 2014, Varghese opened for [[Joan Rivers]] at IP Casino Resort in [[Biloxi, Mississippi]]. This was followed by several more openings for Ms. Rivers in June 2014.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External==
*[http://www.paulandoates.com/ official website]
*[http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewprofile&friendid=29004693 Myspace page]
*[http://upcoming.org/event/107822/ Review and biopic]
*[http://www.sumo.tv/video/345267 Interview]
*[http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=TXD&STORY=/www/story/01-25-2007/0004513549&EDATE=Jan+25,+2007 Dallas news article]
*[http://www.pegasusnews.com/events/2007/jan/17/32240/ Mentions an upcoming series on the International channel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715064247/http://www.pegasusnews.com/events/2007/jan/17/32240/ |date=2011-07-15 }}
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1292117083266884657&q=Paul+varghese Google video of routine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519233056/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1292117083266884657&q=Paul+varghese |date=2011-05-19 }}
*[http://www.egothemag.com/archives/2006/06/the_gurus_of_co.htm Ego Magazine article: The Gurus of Comedy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105215700/http://www.egothemag.com/archives/2006/06/the_gurus_of_co.htm |date=2007-01-05 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varghese, Paul}}
[[Category:American male actors of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American people of Malayali descent]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors from Dallas]]
[[Category:21st-century American comedians]]
[[Category:Stand Up! Records artists]]
[[Category:Comedians from Dallas]]

Shree (Carnatic raga)

2025-12-04T19:05:24Z

Igororh:

{{Short description|Janya raga of Carnatic music}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox ragam
| name = Shree ragam
| synonym =
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| mela =
| chakra =
| type =
| arohanam = {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N2|S'}}
| avarohanam = {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|R2|G2|R2|S}}
| jeeva =
| chhaya =
| nyasa =
| vishesha =
| equivalent =
| similar =
}}
{{Carnatic}}

'''Shri ragam''' is an ancient [[raga]]m in the [[Carnatic Music|Carnatic]] tradition. It is also written as '''Sri''' or '''Sreeraga'''.<ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref> This scale does not have all the seven ''[[swara]]s'' (musical notes) in the ascending scale.<ref name="ragas" /> ''Shree'' is the ''asampurna melakartha'' equivalent of ''[[Kharaharapriya]]'', the 22nd ''[[Melakarta]]'' rāgam.<ref name="ragas" /><ref name="raganidhi">''Raganidhi'' by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras</ref> It is the last of the 5 ''Ghana'' rāgams of Carnatic music.<ref name="ragas" /> It is a popular rāgam that is considered to be highly auspicious.<ref name="raganidhi" />

Notably, Carnatic Shree takes the lower ''madhyamam'' being the asampurna scale equivalent of Kharaharapriya. It is not related to the [[Hindustani Classical Music|Hindustani]] raga, [[Shree (Hindustani raga)|Shree]].

==Structure and Lakshana==
[[File:Madhyamavati scale.svg|thumb|right|300px|Ascending scale is same as ''[[Madhyamavati]]'' scale, shown here with ''shadjam'' at C]]
[[File:Kharaharapriya scale.svg|thumb|right|300px|Notes in descending scale is that of ''Kharaharapriya'' scale, shown here with ''shadjam'' at C]]

''Shree'' is an asymmetric rāgam that does not contain ''gāndhāram'' or ''dhaivatam'' in the ascending scale. It is a ''audava-vakra-sampurna'' rāgam (or ''owdava'', meaning pentatonic in ascending scale),<ref name="ragas" /> where ''vakra'' indicates the zig-zag nature of jumping notes in descending scale. Its ''ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa'' structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows (see [[Swara#Svaras in Carnatic music|''swaras'' in Carnatic music]] for details on below notation and terms):

* [[Arohana|ārohaṇa]]: {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N2|S'|foot=yes}}
* [[Avarohana|avarohaṇa]]: {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|M1|R2|G2|R2|S|foot=yes}} (or) {{svaraC|S'|N2|P|D2|N2|P|M1|R2|G2|R2|S|foot=yes}}

This scale uses the notes ''chatushruti rishabham, sadharana gandharam, shuddha madhyamam, panchamam, chatushruti dhaivatam'' and ''kaisiki nishadam''.

== Popular compositions ==
{{unsourced-section|date=July 2020}}
''Shree'' rāgam has been decorated with compositions by many composers. A few of the popular [[Kriti (music)|kritis]] are listed here.

*''Sami ninnekori'', a ''[[Varnam]]'' by Karur Devudu Iyer in Telugu
*''Mayanai'' - 5th Thiruppavai by [[Andal]] tuned by [[Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar]]
*The fifth ''[[Pancharatna Kriti]]'' ''Endaro Mahanubhavulu'' (the last of the 5 Ghana Raga [[Pancharatna Kriti]]s), ''Nama Kumusumamula'' and ''Yuktamu Gaadhu'' by [[Tyagaraja]] in Telugu
*''Sri Varalakshmi'', ''Sri Muladhara Chakra Vinayaka'', ''Sri Kamalambike, Sri Abhayamba, Sri'' ''Vishvanatham Bhaje, Tyagaraja Mahadhvajaaroha and Kameshvarena Samrakshitoham'' by [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] in Sanskrit
*''Karuna Judu Ninnu'' by [[Shyama Shastri]] in Telugu
*''Vanajasana Vinuta'' composed by [[Subbaraya Shastri]] in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
*''Bhavayami Nanda'' and ''Reena Madadritha'' by [[Swathi Thirunal]]
*''Vande Vasudevam (Sanskrit), Dinamu Dwadasi Nedu (Telugu), O! Pavanatmaja O! Ghanuda (Telugu)'' by [[Annamacharya]]
*''Bandanene Ranga'' (9th Navaratna Malike), ''Adi Varahana'' (very rare composition on Lord Varaha) by [[Purandara Dasa]] in [[Kannada]]
*''Mangalam Arul'' and ''Ramam Bhajatha Manuja'' by [[Papanasam Sivan]] in Tamil
*''Annaiye'' by [[Koteeswara Iyer]]
*''[[Karuna Cheyvan Enthu]]'' by [[Irayimman Thampi]] in [[Malayalam]]-originally in [[Yadukulakamboji]]
*''Mahaganapathe'' by R N Doraiswamy

== Film Songs ==
===Language:[[Tamil Language|Tamil]]===
{| class="wikitable"
!Song
!Movie
!Year
!Composer
!Singer
|-
|Deviyar Iruvar
|[[Kalai Kovil]]
|1964
|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
|[[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Ulagin Mudalisai(Hindi lines in Ragam Pahadi)
|[[Thavapudhalavan]]
|1972
|rowspan="3"|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. B. Srinivas]]
|-
|Sugamana Ragangale(Pallavi only)
|[[Miruthanga Chakravarthi]]
|1983
|[[Vani Jairam]]
|-
|Ninaivaale
|[[Andaman Kadhali]]
|1978
|[[K.J. Yesudas]], [[Vani Jairam]]
|-
|Sugaraagame Yen(Ragam Manirangu)
|[[Kanni Rasi]]
|1985
|rowspan=9|[[Ilayaraja]]
|[[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[Vani Jairam]]
|-
|Solam Vidhakayile
|[[16 Vayathinile]]
|1977
|[[Illayaraja]]
|-
|Saamakozhi Koovudhamma
|[[Ponnu Oorukku Pudhusu]]
|
|[[Ilayaraja]], [[S. P. Sailaja]]
|-
|Kandane Engum
|[[Kaatrinile Varum Geetham]]
|1978
|[[S. Janaki]], [[Vani Jairam]](Pathos)
|-
|Poovana Enna Thottu
|[[Ponmana Selvan]]
|1989
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Vani Jairam]]
|-
|Devi Durga Devi
|En Padal Unakaga
|
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K.S. Chitra]]
|-
|Nee Pogum Pathayil
|[[Gramatthu Minnal]]
|1987
|[[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[K.S. Chitra]]
|-
|Vaadi Yen Sengamalam
|[[Raasukutti]]
|1992
|[[Minmini]]
|-
|Perai Chollava
|[[Guru (1980 film)|Guru]]
|1980
|rowspan=2|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Kondai Seval Koovum
|[[Enga Chinna Rasa]]
|rowspan=2|1987
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|-
|Thodu Vaanam Nijamalla
|[[Kavithai Paada Neramillai]]
|[[L. Vaidyanathan]]
|rowspan=2|[[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Andhi Malai Kovil
(Inspired from Endaro mahanubhavulu By Thyagaraja)
||Andhi Malai(Album song)
|1992
|[[Ouseppachan]](Keyboard By AR Rahman)
|-
|Theendai Mei Theendai
|[[En Swasa Kaatre]]
|1999
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|rowspan="3"|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chitra]]
|-
|Selai Kattum
|[[Kodi Parakuthu]]
|1988
|[[Hamsalekha]]
|-
|Kaakai Chiraginile
|[[Purusha Lakshanam]]
|1993
|rowspan="4"|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|-
|Pacha Marikozhundhu
|[[Veeram Vilanja Mannu]]
|1998
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
|-
|Manase Manase
|[[Nenjinile]]
|1999
|[[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[K. S. Chitra]]
|-
|Cochin Madapura
|[[Unnudan]]
|1998
|[[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Swarnalatha]]
|-
|Suttipoove
|[[Kaivantha Kalai]]
|2006
|[[Dhina]]
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
|Sinthamani Sinthamani
|[[Aahaa Enna Porutham]]
|1997
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Thodu Thodu Vaa Mella
|[[Dharma Devathai]]
|1986
|[[Raveendran]]
|[[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Ottiyaanam Senju
|[[Arul (film)|Arul]]
|2004
|rowspan=2|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Srimathumitha]]
|-
|Anbae Anbae
|[[Idhu Kathirvelan Kadhal]]
|2014
|[[Harish Raghavendra]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
|-
|Pooncholai Kiliye
|[[Keerthi Chakra (film)|Aran]]
|2006
|[[Joshua Sridhar]]
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Asha G. Menon]]
|}

== Tamil Devotional Songs ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Song
!Album
!Composer
!Singer
|-
|Aadhaaram Neeyae
|Sri Guru Bhagavan
| Veeramani Kannan
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|}

== Related rāgams ==
This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam.

=== Scale similarities ===
*''[[Madhyamavati]]'' is a rāgam which has a symmetric ascending and descending scale, which matches the ascending scale of ''Shree''. Its ''ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa'' structure is S R2 M1 P N2 S : S N2 P M1 R2 S
*''Manirangu'' is a rāgam which has ''gāndhāram'' in the descending scale, while all other notes in both the ascending and descending scale are same as ''Madhyamavati''. Its ''ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa'' structure is S R2 M1 P N2 S : S N2 P M1 G2 R2 S

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Melakarta ragas|state=collapsed}}
{{Janya|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Janya ragas]]
[[Category:Janya ragas (kharaharapriya)]]

Peruvannamuzhi Dam

2025-12-04T12:45:43Z

Igororh: Creating Some Entry V1

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox dam
| name =Peruvannamuzhi Dam
| name_official ='''Kuttiyadi Dam'''
| image = Kuttiady dam1.JPG
| image_size =
| image_caption = View of Peruvannamuzhi Dam
| image_alt =
| location_map =
| location_map_size =
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| coordinates = {{coord|11|35|47.1|N|75|49|25|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline}}
| country =
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| construction_began =
| opening =1973
| demolished =
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| dam_length = 170.69 metre
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| lower_spillway_capacity = 120.52 [[Million|M]] [[Cubic metre|m3]]
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'''Peruvannamuzhi dam''', also known as '''Kuttiady (Id) Dam''',<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://indiawris.gov.in/wiki/doku.php?id=dams_in_kerala| title=Dams in Kerala | website=indiawris.gov.in}}{{unreliable source?|date=August 2021}}</ref> is a dam built on the [[Kuttiady River]] at [[Peruvannamuzhi]] in [[Chakkittapara Grama Panchayath]] in [[Kozhikode district]], [[Kerala]]. It is 16  km away from [[Kuttiady]] town and it is 55 km from Kozhikode town. It was constructed as part of the [[Kuttiady irrigation project]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Kuttiyady(Id)_Dam_D03014|title=Kuttiyady(Id) Dam D0301-|website=www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-09-25}}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>[http://www.irrigation.kerala.gov.in/images/actionplan/Draft-EAP-Kuttiyady-Dam-Final.pdf Unknown]{{Dead link | date=April 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> The project consists of a masonry dam across Kuttiyady River and 13 earth dams to maximize the storage of the reservoir. The construction of this project started in 1962 and was commissioned in 1973.

The reservoir of this dam is located in [[Chakkittapara|Chakittapara]] and [[Koorachundu]] panchayats. There are speed boat and tower boat facilities. It is a popular tourist attraction of Kozhikode district. The Peruvannamuzhi Wildlife Sanctuary is also known as Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php/wildlife/2015-03-16-09-50-24/2015-06-26-09-04-29/malabar-wildlife-sanctuary|title= Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary -|website= www.forest.kerala.gov.in|access-date= 10 February 2019|archive-date= 12 February 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190212160749/http://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php/wildlife/2015-03-16-09-50-24/2015-06-26-09-04-29/malabar-wildlife-sanctuary|url-status= dead}}</ref>

== Power generation ==
In the future, Kerala State Electricity Board plans to generate a small amount of power using 6 MW turbines. Annual production is expected to be 24.7 MU.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kseb.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=41&Itemid=529&lang=en|title=Peruvannamuzhi SHEP-|website=www.kseb.in|access-date=10 February 2019|archive-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011844/http://www.kseb.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=41&Itemid=529&lang=en|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Features of the project==
* Project name: Kuttiyadi (Peruvannamoozhi) Dam Irrigation project<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=http://www.irrigation.kerala.gov.in/images/DRIP/ESDD_Kuttiyadi.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030213452/http://www.irrigation.kerala.gov.in/images/DRIP/ESDD_Kuttiyadi.pdf | archive-date=2020-10-30}}</ref>
* Location: Near Kozhikode City
* Latitude: 11 o 35'47.76" North
* Longitude: 75 o 49'24.6" East
* Purpose: Irrigation and water supply.
* Date of commencement: 1962
* Date of completion: 6 February 1973
* Project Identification Code (PIC): KL 07 MH 0026
;Project Benefits
* Irrigation benefits
* Gross Command Area: 36000 Ha
* Cultivable command area: 14569 Ha
* Annual irrigation potential: 10568 Ha
* Water Supply Benefits
* Annual Water supply: 71.54 MCM
* Flood Protection area: 8000 Ha
* Area Benefitted: 24000 Ha
;Details of the Dam
* Dam type: Masonry Dam
* Total Length: {{Convert|170.60|m}}
* Top width: {{Convert|6.71|m}}
* Elevation of top: + 46 .85 m above MSL
* Height of the dam: {{Convert|35.36|m}}
* Saddle Dams: 13 numbers - Homogenous rolled earth
;Saddle Dams
* Saddle Dam 1 Type: 13Nos. - Homogenous rolled earth
* Total Length of the Saddle dam {{Convert|1844|m}}
* Top width of Saddle Dam(m): {{Convert|4.00|m}}
* Elevation of top of Saddle Dam (m): +46.85 MSL
* Height of Saddle Dam:{{Convert|20.535|m}}
; Main Spillway
* Type of Spillway: Ogee
* Length of spillway: {{Convert|48.80|m}}
* Location of spillway: Chainage 63 meters to 119.30 meters
* Spillway crest level: +38.44 meters
* Number of bays: 4
* Type of Spillway gates: Radial
* Width of spillway gate: {{Convert|12.20|m}}
* Height of spillway gate: {{Convert|07.62|m}}
;Reservoir
* Catchment area: 108.78 square kilometers
* Maximum water level: +44.61 meters
* Full Reservoir level: +44.41 meters
* Dead Storage level: {{Convert|25.52|m}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>

File:Peruvannamuzhi dam.jpg|
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Dams in Kerala}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1973]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Dams in Kozhikode district]]

Sarvepalli

2025-12-03T08:00:37Z

Igororh: cleanup references also and added references for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sarvepalli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.291728|N|79.973752|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
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| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| elevation_m =
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| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Sarvepalli''' is a village in [[Nellore district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India and famous for being the ancestral village of former [[Indian President]] [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]].

==Assembly constituency==
Sarvepalli is an assembly constituency in Andhra Pradesh.

'''List of Elected Members:'''<ref>[http://www.eci.gov.in/electionanalysis/AE/S01/partycomp131.htm Election Commission of India.APAssembly results.Sarvepalli]</ref>
*1955 - Vangallu Kodandarami Reddy
*1962 - V Venku Reddy
*1967 - Swarna Vemiah
*1972 - Mangalagiri Nanadas
*1983 - Pechalareddy Chenna Reddy
*1978 - Chitturu Venkata Sesha Reddy
*1985 - Eduru Ramakrishna Reddy
*1989 - Chitturu Venkata Sesha Reddy
*1994 - Somireddy Chandra Mohana Reddy - TDP
*1999 - Somireddy Chandra Mohana Reddy - TDP
*2004 - Adala Prabhakar Reddy - Congress
*2009 - Adala Prabhakar Reddy - Congress
*2014 - Kakani Govardhan Reddy - YSRCP

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sarvepalli.com/dr-sarvepalli-radhakrishnan " Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. Com"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105233839/http://www.sarvepalli.com/dr-sarvepalli-radhakrishnan |date=5 November 2015 }}

{{Nellore district}}
[[Category:Villages in Nellore district]]

Nikhil Prabhu

2025-11-18T19:53:42Z

Igororh:

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 2000)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Nikhil Prabhu
| full_name = Naravi Nikhil Jayantha Prabhu
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|10|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| height =
| position = [[Defensive Midfielder|Defensive midfielder]], [[Centre-back]]
| currentclub = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| clubnumber = 4
| youthyears1 = –2017
| youthclubs1 = [[Mumbai FC|Mumbai U-16]]
| youthyears2 = 2017–2018
| youthclubs2 = Thane Football School of India U18
| youthyears3 = 2018–2019
| youthclubs3 = [[FC Pune City Reserves and Academy|Pune City U18]]
| youthyears4 = 2019–2020
| youthclubs4 = [[Hyderabad FC Reserves and Academy|Hyderabad B]]
| years1 = 2020–2022
| clubs1 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| caps1 = 0
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2022
| clubs2 = → [[Odisha FC|Odisha]] (loan)
| caps2 = 3
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2022–2023
| clubs3 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| caps3 = 3
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2023
| clubs4 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| caps4 = 2
| goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2023–
| clubs5 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| caps5 = 41
| goals5 = 1
| nationalyears1 = 2025–
| nationalteam1 = [[Indian national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = 8
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update = 16:30, 10 March 2025 (UTC)
| ntupdate = 16:55, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry|{{fb|IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[CAFA Nations Cup]]}}
{{Medal|3rd|[[2025 CAFA Nations Cup|2025 Tajikistan–Uzbekistan]]|[[2025 CAFA Nations Cup squads#India|Team]]}}
}}

'''Naravi Nikhil Jayantha Prabhu''' (born 2 October 2000) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Defensive Midfielder|defensive midfielder]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Punjab FC|Punjab]] and the [[India national football team|Indian national team]].

==Early life==
Prabhu was born in [[Hyderabad]], but moved to [[Mumbai]] with his family at the age of nine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/players-and-staff/nikhil-prabhu/|title=Nikhil Prabhu|website=Hyderabad FC|access-date=29 August 2025|archive-date=23 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523015019/https://hyderabadfc.co.in/players-and-staff/nikhil-prabhu/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Club career==

===Youth career===
Prabhu got into football at the age of 9 when his school had a compulsory one sport option. He continued playing, went on to represent Gujarat in state level tournaments at an early age. However, after his family shifted to [[Mumbai]], he was signed by then-[[I-League]] club [[Mumbai FC]]'s youth team, where he played for three years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2019/parents-precious-sacrifices-have-helped-me-better-my-game-nikhil-prabhu/|title=Parents precious sacrifices have helped me concentrate on my game: Nikhil Prabhu|first=Chittu|last=Shetty|date=16 December 2019|access-date=14 March 2025|archive-date=18 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318063140/https://www.footballcounter.com/2019/parents-precious-sacrifices-have-helped-me-better-my-game-nikhil-prabhu/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Senior career===

====Hyderabad FC====
Prabhu signed for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Hyderabad FC]] on a three-year deal, ahead of the [[2019–20 Indian Super League|2019–20]] season. After a year in the [[Hyderabad FC Reserves and Academy|reserve team]], he was promoted to the senior squad ahead of the [[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]] season. However, he failed to make a single appearance for the club throughout the season.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/nikhil-prabhu/677994/|title=India - N. Prabhu - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway|website=int.soccerway.com}}</ref>

Prabhu remained with Hyderabad for the next season as well, but once again failed to make any appearances until he was loaned out to fellow [[Indian Super League|ISL]] club [[Odisha FC]].

====Odisha FC====
On 30 December 2021, Odisha announced the arrival of Prabhu on loan, with an option for a permanent transfer at the end of the season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/odisha-fc-ropes-in-nikhil-prabhu-on-loan-from-hyderabad-fc|title=Odisha FC rope in Nikhil Prabhu on loan from Hyderabad FC|date=30 December 2021|website=www.indiansuperleague.com}}</ref> He made his debut for the club, and his senior debut, on 23 January 2022 away against [[ATK Mohun Bagan]], replacing [[Hector Rodas]] at half time. The match eventually ended 0-0.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/report/_/gameId/619432|title=Mohun Bagan 0-0 Odisha (23 Jan, 2022) Game Analysis - ESPN (IN)|website=ESPN|access-date=14 March 2025|archive-date=18 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318023411/https://www.espn.in/football/report/_/gameId/619432|url-status=live}}</ref> Prabhu made two further appearances that season, coming on as a substitute in the club's last two games of the season.<ref name="auto"/>

On May 25 2022, Odisha confirmed that Prabhu was joining the club permanently for an undisclosed fee. He signed a 2-year contract, which had an option to extend for a further year.<ref>https://odishafc.com/news/details/nikhil-prabhu-completes-permanent-move-to-odisha-fc?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=smm&utm_campaign=twitter_smm_OFCsignNikhilPrabhuPermanently#:~:text=Odisha%20FC%20would%20like%20to,option%20of%20a%20permanent%20transfer.</ref> He made his first league appearance of the season away against [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]], coming on at half time as a substitute for [[Osama Malik]] with the club 2–0 down. However, Odisha came back and scored 4 goals in the second half, to win the match 4–2.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/653356/odisha-fc-sc-east-bengal|title=Odisha 4-2 East Bengal (18 Nov, 2022) Final Score - ESPN (IN)|website=ESPN|access-date=14 March 2025|archive-date=18 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318050537/https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/653356/odisha-fc-sc-east-bengal|url-status=live}}</ref>

Prabhu made two further appearances for Odisha, before completing a mid-season switch to [[FC Goa]].

====FC Goa====
On 2 February 2023, [[FC Goa]] confirmed the signing of Prabhu on one-a-half-year contract.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fcgoa.in/media/news/isl-2022-23-fc-goa-sign-nikhil-prabhu|title=FC Goa complete signing of defender Nikhil Prabhu|website=fcgoa.in|access-date=14 March 2025|archive-date=18 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318115553/https://fcgoa.in/media/news/isl-2022-23-fc-goa-sign-nikhil-prabhu|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his debut for the club on 16 February 2023 at home against [[Chennaiyin FC]], coming on as a half-time substitute for [[Ayush Chhetri]]. However, the Gaurs went on to lose the match 2–1.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/653425/chennaiyin-fc-fc-goa|title=Chennaiyin 2-1 FC Goa (16 Feb, 2023) Final Score - ESPN (IN)|website=ESPN|access-date=14 March 2025|archive-date=18 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318052937/https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/653425/chennaiyin-fc-fc-goa|url-status=live}}</ref> He played again in the club's next match, a 3–1 loss away to [[Bengaluru FC]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/653430/fc-goa-bengaluru-fc|title=Bengaluru 3-1 FC Goa (23 Feb, 2023) Final Score - ESPN (IN)|website=ESPN|access-date=14 March 2025|archive-date=18 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318123606/https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/653430/fc-goa-bengaluru-fc|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Punjab FC====

=====2023–24 season=====
Following their promotion to the ISL, [[Punjab FC]] announced Prabhu's signing on 22 June 2023, signing a three-year contract with the Shers. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iftwc.com/roundglass-punjab-sign-nikhil-prabhu-kingslee-fernandes/|title=ISL - RoundGlass Punjab FC Signs Nikhil Prabhu And Kingslee Fernandes|date=22 June 2023|access-date=14 March 2025|archive-date=18 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318112521/https://iftwc.com/roundglass-punjab-sign-nikhil-prabhu-kingslee-fernandes/|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his debut for the club on 7 August 2023 in the [[2023 Durand Cup]], playing from the start in a 2–0 loss to [[Mohun Bagan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/mohun-bagan-vs-punjab-fc-live-score-mbsg-kolkata-durand-cup-2023-streaming-info-updates-highlights/article67168040.ece|title=MBSG 2 - 0 PFC Highlights, Durand Cup 2023: Melroy own goal, Boumous strike take Mohun Bagan top of Group A|first=Team|last=Sportstar|date=7 August 2023|website=Sportstar}}</ref>

Prabhu made his ISL debut for the club on 23 September 2023, playing from the start in a 3–1 loss for the Shers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/687940/punjab-fc-mohun-bagan-super-giant|title=Mohun Bagan 3-1 Punjab FC (23 Sep, 2023) Final Score - ESPN (IN)|website=ESPN|access-date=14 March 2025|archive-date=18 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318030329/https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/687940/punjab-fc-mohun-bagan-super-giant|url-status=live}}</ref> Prabhu was deployed as a [[Defensive Midfielder|defensive midfielder]] from the start for the first time by then-Punjab head coach [[Staikos Vergetis]] away against [[Jamshedpur FC]], as Prabhu played the full 90 minutes in an eventual 0–0 draw.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/687957/punjab-fc-jamshedpur-fc|title=Jamshedpur 0-0 Punjab FC (22 Oct, 2023) Final Score - ESPN (IN)|website=ESPN|access-date=14 March 2025|archive-date=18 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318072339/https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/687957/punjab-fc-jamshedpur-fc|url-status=live}}</ref>

Prabhu scored his first goal for Punjab FC, and his first senior goal away against [[Bengaluru FC]], scoring a close-range tap-in from a freekick near the halfway line by French midfielder [[Madih Talal]] in the 19th minute. The match eventually ended in a 3–3 draw.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-fc-vs-punjab-fc-thrilling-3-3-draw-in-isl-match/articleshow/105641353.cms|title=Battling Bengaluru rally to snatch draw against Punjab|date=1 December 2023|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=14 March 2025|archive-date=18 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318071659/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-fc-vs-punjab-fc-thrilling-3-3-draw-in-isl-match/articleshow/105641353.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Prabhu played 20 out of Punjab's 22 games in the [[2023–24 Indian Super League|23–24 season]], only missing out on home games against [[Chennaiyin]] and [[FC Goa|Goa]] as a result of suspension due to yellow-card accumulation.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/midfielder-142364-nikhil-prabhu-profile|title=Nikhil Prabhu - Indian Super League|website=www.indiansuperleague.com}}</ref> He made a total of 30 appearances for the club in all competitions, primarily as a defensive midfielder. <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-isl-nikhil-prabhu-exclusive-interview-202409|title=Punjab FC's Nikhil Prabhu on recent form, potential Indian team call-up, ISL hopes & more|website=Khel Now|access-date=14 March 2025|archive-date=18 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318020805/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-isl-nikhil-prabhu-exclusive-interview-202409|url-status=live}}</ref>

=====2024–25 season=====
The following season, even after the departure of Vergetis, new Punjab head coach [[Panagiotis Dilmperis|Panos Dilmperis]] continued to deploy Prabhu in defensive midfield. <ref name="auto1"/> Prabhu made his first appearance of the season in the [[2024 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]], playing the first 73 minutes against [[Central Industrial Security Force|CISF Protectors]] in an eventual 3–0 win for Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mykhel.com/football/cisf-protectors-xi-vs-punjab-fc-live-score-durand-cup-2024-follow-live-updates-of-punjab-s-first-m-296841.html|title=CISF Protectors XI vs Punjab FC Highlights, Durand Cup 2024: CISF 0-3 PFC, Punjab impress on first match win|first=Moumita|last=Dutta|date=30 July 2024|website=www.mykhel.com|access-date=14 March 2025|archive-date=18 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318044531/https://www.mykhel.com/football/cisf-protectors-xi-vs-punjab-fc-live-score-durand-cup-2024-follow-live-updates-of-punjab-s-first-m-296841.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Prabhu's first ISL appearance came against [[Kerala Blasters]], playing the full 90 minutes at defensive midfield in an eventual 1–2 win for Punjab FC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab FC 2-1 Kerala (15 Sep, 2024) Final Score - ESPN (IN) |url=https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/719922/punjab-fc-kerala-blasters-fc |website=ESPN |access-date=14 March 2025 |archive-date=18 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318035944/https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/719922/punjab-fc-kerala-blasters-fc |url-status=live }}</ref> Prabhu was named as Punjab FC captain for the first time in the reverse fixture against Kerala Blasters on 5 January 2025. Prabhu was given the armband for the match due to the regular captains [[Luka Majcen]] and [[Mushaga Bakenga]] being absent from the squad, and [[Filip Mrzljak]] being named on the bench. However, the Shers lost the match 1–0 after a [[Noah Sadaoui]] penalty in the 44th minute being the deciding goal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/722477/kerala-blasters-fc-punjab-fc|title=Kerala 1-0 Punjab FC (5 Jan, 2025) Final Score - ESPN (IN)|website=ESPN|access-date=14 March 2025|archive-date=18 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318110155/https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/722477/kerala-blasters-fc-punjab-fc|url-status=live}}</ref>

Prabhu's first win as captain of Punjab came at home against [[Bengaluru FC]] on 1 February 2025. With Bakenga having retired,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/football/isl-punjab-fc-mushaga-bakenga-retirement-from-professional-football-51193|title=ISL: Former Punjab FC striker Bakenga retires from professional football|first=The Bridge|last=Desk|date=20 December 2024|website=thebridge.in|access-date=14 March 2025|archive-date=18 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318042349/https://thebridge.in/football/isl-punjab-fc-mushaga-bakenga-retirement-from-professional-football-51193|url-status=live}}</ref> and both Majcen and Mrzjlak on the bench, Prabhu was given the armband again. This time though, Punjab won the game 3–2 after a late winner from Majcen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/722504/bengaluru-fc-punjab-fc|title=Punjab FC 3-2 Bengaluru (1 Feb, 2025) Final Score - ESPN (IN)|website=ESPN|access-date=14 March 2025|archive-date=18 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318122505/https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/722504/bengaluru-fc-punjab-fc|url-status=live}}</ref>

Prabhu ended the season with 21 league appearances, as Punjab finished tenth.<ref name="auto2"/>

==International career==
On 28th May 2025, Prabhu was called up to the [[Indian national football team|India]] squad for the first time, for a friendly against [[Thailand national football team|Thailand]], and an [[2027 AFC Asian Cup qualification|AFC Asian Cup qualifier]] against [[Hong Kong football team|Hong Kong]].<ref>https://x.com/IndianFootball/status/1927619648532480098</ref><ref>https://www.business-standard.com/sports/football-news/indian-team-call-up-a-proud-moment-for-me-and-my-family-nikhil-prabhu-125053001745_1.html</ref> Prabhu made his international debut on 4 June 2025 against Thailand, coming on as a 67th minute substitute for [[Ayush Chhetri]], as India succumbed to a 2–0 defeat.<ref>https://x.com/IndianFootball/status/1930263012214222961</ref><ref>https://www.espn.in/football/story/_/id/45445387/india-vs-thailand-live-scores-updates-commentary-news-result-international-friendly</ref>

== Career statistics ==

=== Club ===
{{updated|14 March 2025}}<ref>{{soccerway|nikhil-prabhu/677994}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|[[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian Super League]]
|0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||0||0
|-
|[[2021–22 Indian Super League|21–22]]
|0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||0||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Hyderabad total
!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Odisha FC|Odisha]] (loan)
|[[2021–22 Indian Super League|21–22]]
| Indian Super League
|3||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||3||0
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|[[2022–23 Indian Super League|22–23]]
| Indian Super League
|3||0||1{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||4||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Odisha total
!6!!0!!1!!0!!0!!0!!7!!0
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|[[2022–23 Indian Super League|22–23]]
| Indian Super League
|2||0||2||0|| colspan="2" |—||4||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Goa total
!2!!0!!2{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}!!0!!0!!0!!4!!0
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| [[2023–24 Indian Super League|23–24]]
| rowspan="2" |Indian Super League
|20||1||6{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||26||1
|-
|[[2024–25 Indian Super League|24–25]]
|21||0||4{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||25||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Punjab total
!41!!1!!10!!0!!0!!0!!51!!0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!49!!1!!13!!0!!0!!0!!62!!1
|}
{{notelist}}

===International===
{{updated|18 November 2025}}<ref name="nft">{{NFT|61736}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[India national football team|India]]
|2025||8||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total!!8!!0
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Punjab FC squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhu, Nikhil}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Hyderabad FC players]]
[[Category:Odisha FC players]]
[[Category:FC Goa players]]
[[Category:Punjab FC players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]

1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election

2025-11-14T09:43:18Z

Igororh: slightly update content after review

#REDIRECT [[1977 Orissa Legislative Assembly election]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Nathaniel Dance

2025-11-06T15:24:10Z

Igororh: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|Bombay Marine officer (1748–1827)}}
{{About|the British sea captain|the English painter and politician|Nathaniel Dance-Holland}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox military person
|honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
|name = Nathaniel Dance
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1748|6|20}}
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1827|3|25|1748|6|20}}
|image = Commodore Sir Nathaniel Dance.jpg
|caption = 1805 portrait of Dance
|birth_place = [[London]], England
|death_place = [[London Borough of Enfield|Enfield]], England
|allegiance = [[East India Company]]
|branch = [[Royal Indian Navy#1612–1830, the Bombay Marine|Bombay Marine]]
|serviceyears = 1759–1804
|rank = [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]]
|battles =
{{tree list}}
* [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]]
* [[French Revolutionary Wars]]
* [[Napoleonic Wars]]
** [[Battle of Pulo Aura]]
{{tree list/end}}
|awards = [[Knight Bachelor|Knighthood]]
}}

[[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] '''Sir Nathaniel Dance''' (20 June 1748 – 25 March 1827) was a [[Royal Indian Navy#1612–1830, the Bombay Marine|Bombay Marine]] officer who served for over four decades in the [[East India Company]] (EIC), making numerous voyages to [[India]] and back with the fleets of EIC [[East Indiaman|East Indiamen]]. He was already aware of the risks of the valuable ships he sailed on being preyed on by foreign navies, having been [[Action of 9 August 1780|captured by a Franco-Spanish fleet]] in 1780 during the [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]]. His greatest achievement came during the [[Napoleonic Wars]], when having been appointed [[Commodore (rank)|commodore]] of one of the company's fleets, he [[Battle of Pulo Aura|came across]] a French squadron under Counter-Admiral [[Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois]] raiding British shipping in the area.

Through skillful seamanship and aggressive tactics he fooled Linois into thinking that his convoy was escorted by powerful naval forces, and the French decided not to risk attacking Dance's fleet. He compounded the deception by taking his lightly armed merchants and chasing the French away, despite the considerable disparity of force between the two sides. Having saved the convoy from almost certain destruction, Dance was hailed as a hero, lavishly rewarded with money and a [[Knight Bachelor|knighthood]], and spent the last years of his life in comfortable retirement.

==Early life==

Nathaniel Dance was born in [[London]] on 20 June 1748, the son of James Dance and his wife Elizabeth.<ref name="Tracy112">{{cite book |last=Tracy |title=Who's who in Nelson's Navy |page=112}}</ref> James was a successful lawyer in London, but shortly after Dance's birth he abandoned his wife to live with an actress, and in time established himself as a successful actor and playwright in [[Drury Lane]].<ref name="NC346-7">{{cite book |last=Clarke|title=The Naval Chronicle|pages=346–347}}</ref> Elizabeth and her family were instead cared for by James's father and Nathaniel's paternal grandfather, [[George Dance the Elder]], a prominent London architect.<ref name="Tracy112"/><ref name="NC346-7"/>

Dance lived with his grandfather until 1759, when he went to sea under the patronage of Nathaniel Smith, a high-ranking official in the [[East India Company]] (EIC). With Smith's support, Dance rose through the ranks of the EIC's [[Royal Indian Navy#1612–1830, the Bombay Marine|Bombay Marine]], having made eight voyages to India by 1780, as well as one to the Mediterranean and another to the West Indies.<ref name="Tracy112"/><ref name="NC346-7"/>

While making his ninth voyage to India as the first mate on [[Royal George (1777 ship)|''Royal George'']], a combined Franco-Spanish fleet captured his ship in the [[action of 9 August 1780]].{{Ref label|A|a|none}} Dance was taken as a prisoner of war to Spain, where he spent six months on parole.<ref name="Tracy112"/><ref name="NC348">{{cite book |last=Clarke|title=The Naval Chronicle|page=348}}</ref> He became commander of {{ship||Lord Camden|1783 EIC ship|2}} in January 1787, making another four voyages to India aboard her (including one that went as far as Canton). He was appointed commander of a new ship, {{ship||Earl Camden|1802 EIC ship|2}}, in 1802, and he sailed her in January 1803 to China.<ref name="Tracy112"/><ref name="NC348"/>

==Voyage home==

''Earl Camden'' sailed from [[Guangzhou|Canton]] with the rest of the fleet on 31 January 1804, bound for England.<ref name="Tracy112"/><ref name="NC348"/> By virtue of his seniority Dance was appointed [[Commodore (rank)|commodore]] of the fleet of 11 "country" ships, and 16 East Indiamen.<ref name="Brown439">{{cite book |last=Brown |title=Ill Starred Captains|page=439}}</ref><ref name="DNB184">{{cite book | chapter=Dance, Sir Nathaniel (1748–1827) | title=Dictionary of National Biography|year=1888|page=12}}</ref> The fleet that had been assembled was the richest to date, carrying cargoes with an estimated value of £8 million,<ref name="Brown439"/> (approximately £{{Formatprice|{{Inflation|UK|8000000|1804|r=-6}}}} in present-day terms{{Inflation-fn|UK}}). Dance had been taken seriously ill at Bombay during the outward voyage, but had recovered in time to sail with the convoy.<ref name="NC348"/> The fleet did not have any naval escorts, and though the East Indiamen were heavily armed for merchants, carrying nominal batteries of between 30 and 36 guns, they were no match for disciplined and professional naval forces. Not all of their listed armament was always carried, but to give the illusion of greater strength, fake gunports were often painted on the hulls, in the hope of distant observers mistaking them for 64-gun ships of the [[Royal Navy]].<ref name="Brown439"/>

By the time the fleet approached the [[Strait of Malacca]] on 14 February, Dance's convoy had swelled to include 16 East Indiamen, 11 country ships, a Portuguese merchant ship from [[Macau]], and a vessel from [[Botany Bay]] in Australia.<ref name="WJ3:248">{{cite book |last=James |title=The Naval History of Great Britain|volume=3|page=248}}</ref> Although the HEIC had provided the small, armed brig ''Ganges'' as an escort, this vessel could only dissuade pirates; it could not hope to confront a French warship.<ref name="RW194">{{cite book |last=Woodman |title=The Sea Warriors|page=194}}</ref> As they neared the entrance to the straits suspicious sails were sighted in the south west. Dance sent some of his ships to investigate, and it was soon discovered that this was the squadron of French Counter-Admiral [[Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois]], consisting of the 74-gun [[French ship Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1795)|''Marengo'']], the two heavy [[frigate]]s [[French frigate Sémillante (1791)|''Sémillante'']] and [[HMS Belle Poule (1806)|''Belle Poule'']], the [[corvette]] [[French corvette Berceau (1794)|''Berceau'']], and the Dutch [[brig]] ''Aventurier''.<ref name="Tracy112"/><ref name="Brown439"/>

===The battle===
{{Main|Battle of Pulo Aura}}
[[File:Robert Dodd - Commodore Dance's celebrated action against a French squadron.jpg|thumb|''Commodore Dance's celebrated action against a French squadron'' ([[Robert Dodd (artist)|Robert Dodd]], 1804)]]

Having ascertained the identity of the ships Dance signaled for his merchants to form the line of battle, and continued their heading, while the French closed, but made no move to attack.<ref name="Tracy112"/><ref name="Brown439"/> Dance used the delay to gather his ships together so the stronger East Indiamen stood between the French and the weaker country ships.<ref name="Roger546">{{cite book |last=Roger |title=The Command of the Ocean|page=546}}</ref> The merchants continued on towards the straits, followed by Linois, who was trying to gauge the strength of the convoy. There were more ships in the convoy than he had expected, and taken in by Dance's manoeuvres and the painted gunports, Linois suspected that several warships were escorting them.<ref name="WJ3:249">{{cite book |last=James |title=The Naval History of Great Britain|volume=3|page=249}}</ref> He seemed to be confirmed in his suspicions when at dawn on 15 February, both forces raised their colours. Dance ordered the brig ''Ganges'' and the four lead ships to hoist [[Blue Ensign]]s, while the rest of the convoy raised [[Red Ensign]]s. By the system of national flags then in use in British ships, this implied that the ships with blue ensigns were warships attached to the squadron of Admiral [[Peter Rainier (Royal Navy officer, born 1741)|Peter Rainier]], while the others were merchant ships under their protection.<ref name="Clowes337">{{cite book |last=Clowes |title=The Royal Navy, A History|page=337}}</ref>

With the French still appearing reluctant to attack on the morning of 16 February, Dance ordered his ships to increase their speed by breaking into a sailing formation. This had the effect of making the convoy appear less intimidating and Linois decided to attack.<ref name="RW195">{{cite book |last=Woodman |title=The Sea Warriors|page=195}}</ref>

By the afternoon the French were observed to be moving to cut off the rearmost ships of the convoy. Dance promptly hoisted colours, and ordered his largest ships, led by the East Indiamen {{ship||Royal George|1802 EIC ship|2}}, {{ship||Ganges|1797 ship|2}} and his own ship, ''Earl Camden'', to come about and close on the French.<ref name="Tracy112"/><ref name="Brown440">{{cite book |last=Brown |title=Ill Starred Captains|page=440}}</ref> Advancing under full sail, they endured the fire of the French as they closed, before firing broadsides at close range. At this the French abandoned their attack, turned, and fled under a press of sail. Dance hoisted the signal for a general chase and his merchant fleet pursued the French squadron for two hours, before Dance broke off and returned on his original heading.<ref name="Tracy112"/><ref name="Brown440"/> The fleet resumed their course towards the Malacca Strait, and having met two British ships of the line from Admiral Peter Rainier's fleet on 28 February, were escorted as far as [[Saint Helena]].{{Ref label|B|b|none}}<ref name="Brown440"/><ref name="Tracy113">{{cite book |last=Tracy |title=Who's who in Nelson's Navy |page=113}}</ref> There the convoy met with other British merchants, and were escorted to Britain by Royal Navy warships, arriving in August 1804.<ref name="Tracy113"/><ref name="Brown441">{{cite book |last=Brown |title=Ill Starred Captains|page=441}}</ref>

==Rewards==
[[File:Sir Nathaniel Dance by George Dance.jpg|thumb|Illustration of Dance by his uncle, [[George Dance the Younger]]]]

The achievement of a convoy of merchants not only escaping without loss from a French squadron, but going so far as to attack, drive off, and then pursue their would-be predators, was widely hailed as a signal victory.

The ''Naval Chronicle'' declared: <blockquote>We cannot sufficiently express our opinion of the coolness, intrepidity, and skill, with which the Commander of this Fleet, unaccustomed as he was to the practice of naval engagements, provided against every emergency, and prepared his plans, either for attack or defence, as the manoeuvres of the French Admiral might render it expedient for him to adopt either the one or the other. His conduct was worthy of the experience and science of our most approved and veteran Admirals, while the ardour and promptitude with which his orders were obeyed and his plans executed by the several Captains under his command, may have been rivalled, but can scarcely be exceeded in the most renowned of our naval exploits.<ref name="Tracy111-2">{{cite book |last=Tracy |title=Who's who in Nelson's Navy |pages=111–112}}</ref><ref name="NC348-9">{{cite book |last=Clarke|title=The Naval Chronicle|pages=348–349}}</ref></blockquote>

Dance received £5,000 from the Bombay Insurance Company (approximately £338,000 in present-day terms{{Inflation-fn|UK}}), a pension of £500 a year (approximately £34,000 a year in present-day terms{{Inflation-fn|UK}}), plate worth 200 guineas from the Honourable East India Company, a ceremonial sword worth £100, and a silver vase.<ref name="Tracy113"/><ref name="Brown441"/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=15767|page=6|date=29 December 1804}}</ref>

Captain Timmins of ''Royal George'' received £1000, a sword and plate, while the other captains received £500, and a sword and plate, with money being paid to the officers and seaman under their command. An ordinary seaman received £6 (approximately £{{Formatprice|{{Inflation|UK|6|1804|r=-2}}}} in present-day terms{{Inflation-fn|UK}}).<ref name="Brown441"/>
Dance himself credited the actions of those under his command as being largely responsible for the victory, writing in reply to the award from the Bombay Insurance Company:

{{blockquote|Placed, by the adventitious circumstances of seniority of service and absence of convoy, in the chief command of the fleet intrusted to my care, it has been my good fortune to have been enabled, by the firmness of those by whom I was supported, to perform my trust not only with fidelity, but without loss to my employers. Public opinion and public rewards have already far outrun my deserts; and I cannot but be sensible that the liberal spirit of my generous countrymen has measured what they are pleased to term their grateful sense of my conduct, rather by the particular utility of the exploit, than by any individual merit I can claim.|Nathaniel Dance, quoted in [[William James (naval historian)|William James]]' ''The Naval History of Great Britain during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars'', Volume 3, 1827|<ref name="WJ3:252">{{cite book |last=James |title=The Naval History of Great Britain|volume=3|page=252}}</ref> }}

Dance received a knighthood and went into a comfortable retirement, dying at [[London Borough of Enfield|Enfield]] on 25 March 1827 at the age of 78.<ref name="Tracy113"/>

==Notes==
{{refbegin}}
'''a.''' {{Note label|A|a|none}} According to Tracy, Dance was captured while commanding his first ship, Dance having reached the rank of commander in 1780.<ref name="Tracy112"/> Laughton however implies that Dance did not command his first ship, the ''Lord Camden'', until 1787,<ref name="DNB11">{{cite book | chapter=Dance, Sir Nathaniel (1748–1827) | title=Dictionary of National Biography|year=1888|page=11}}</ref> while the ''Naval Chronicle'' states 'From the year 1759 to 1787, he passed successively through all the gradations of professional service ... to the rank of commander'.<ref name="NC346-7"/> 
'''b.''' {{Note label|B|b|none}} These were [[HMS Sceptre (1802)|HMS ''Sceptre'']] and [[HMS Albion (1802)|HMS ''Albion'']].<ref name="RW195"/>
{{refend}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|first=Anthony Jarrold|last=Brown| title=Ill Starred Captains: Flinders & Baudin| publisher=Fremantle Press |year=2008|isbn=978-1-921361-29-6}}
*{{cite book| last = Clowes| first = William Laird| author-link = William Laird Clowes| year = 1997 |orig-year=1900| title = The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume V| publisher = Chatham Publishing| isbn = 1-86176-014-0}}
*{{cite book| last = Editor: Gardiner| first = Robert| year = 2001 |orig-year=1998 | title = The Victory of Seapower| publisher = Caxton Editions| isbn = 1-84067-359-1}}
*{{cite book| last = James| first = William| author-link = William James (naval historian)| year = 2002 |orig-year=1827| title = The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 3, 1800–1805| publisher = Conway Maritime Press| isbn = 0-85177-907-7}}
*{{cite ODNB |first=J. K. |last=Laughton|author-link=John Knox Laughton|chapter=Dance, Sir Nathaniel (1748–1827)|chapter-url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7098|title=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] | year=1888 |volume=14|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/7098}}
*{{cite book| last = Rodger| first = N.A.M.| author-link = Nicholas Rodger| year = 2004| title = The Command of the Ocean| publisher = Allan Lane| isbn = 0-7139-9411-8}}
*{{cite book|first=James|last=Stanier|author-link=James Stanier Clarke|author2=Jones, Stephen|title=The Naval Chronicle| publisher=J. Gold|year=1805|location=London|volume=12}}
*{{cite book |first=Nicholas|last=Tracy|title=Who's who in Nelson's Navy: 200 Naval Heroes|year=2006|publisher=Chatham Publishing|location=London|isbn=1-86176-244-5}}
*{{cite book| last = Woodman| first = Richard| author-link = Richard Woodman| year = 2001| title = The Sea Warriors| publisher = Constable Publishers| isbn = 1-84119-183-3}}
{{refend}}

{{Good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dance, Nathaniel}}
[[Category:1748 births]]
[[Category:1827 deaths]]
[[Category:Bombay Marine officers]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Sailors from London]]

Aravali Retreat, Gurgaon

2025-10-01T17:21:45Z

Igororh: added

{{More citations needed|date=April 2024}}

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Aravali Retreat
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline =
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| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gurgaon, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Sohna Tehsil, Gurgaon
| established_title = 
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| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| area_total_km2 = 4.86
| elevation_footnotes =
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| population_density_km2 = auto
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| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 122102
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Gurgaon]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Sohna]]
| website = {{URL|www.rarrwa.org/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-HR]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Aravali Retreat''' is a {{Convert|1200|acre|ha}} [[gated community]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-06 |title=ANSAL ARAVALI RETREAT |url=https://ansalaravaliretreat.com/about-us/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409145112/https://ansalaravaliretreat.com/about-us/ |archive-date=2024-04-09 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=ansalaravaliretreat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> located on [[Aravali|Aravali hill range]], approximately {{Convert|35|km|mi}} south west from the Delhi's [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Indra Gandhi International Airport]], in village Raisina, [[Sohna]] [[Tehsil]], [[Gurgaon district]], in the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] of India. The development includes 630 one and two acre fenced lots.<ref name=":0" />

[[Pathways World School]] an [[International School]], is located in the development.<ref name=":0" /> The school opened in 2003.<ref name=":0" /> In 2014 it had a student body of 1,100 students representing 40 countries.<ref name="Pathways World School,8 may">{{cite web|last=Aravali Retreat|first=Pathways World School|title=Pathways World School Aravali, Sohna Road|url=http://pathways.in/school-aravali.asp?links=aravali-1|publisher=Pathways World School|accessdate=8 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509001519/http://pathways.in/school-aravali.asp?links=aravali-1|archive-date=9 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The development has been the subject of numerous disputes regarding the legality of some structures built on the site.<ref name="toi,16 april, 2012" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Pati |first=Ipsita |date=2021-02-18 |title=6 months after NGT order, bulldozers move into Raisina farmhouse colony |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/6-months-after-ngt-order-bulldozers-move-into-raisina-farmhouse-colony/articleshow/81080613.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221164635/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/6-months-after-ngt-order-bulldozers-move-into-raisina-farmhouse-colony/articleshow/81080613.cms |archive-date=2021-02-21 |access-date=2024-04-09 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Local and national environmental agencies have embarked on numerous demolition drives to remove structures which have violated environmental laws.<ref name="toi,16 april, 2012" /><ref name=":1" />

==History==
Aravali Retreat was developed and marketed by Ansal Properties and Infrastructure (API), a property developer in the NCR.<ref name="Profile, 8 may">{{cite web|last=Ansal API|title=Ansal API, Profile|url=http://www.ansalapi.com/corporate/profile.aspx|publisher=Ansal API|accessdate=8 May 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140508193651/http://www.ansalapi.com/corporate/profile.aspx|archive-date=8 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The project was started in 1988-89. It was designed and developed by Colonel Sashi, a retired army engineer from the [[Indian Army]] Corps of Engineers. Individual lots were fenced, gated, and linked by internal roads. The developers also built water catchment areas, and a club house. To increase the "green cover" lakhs of indigenous trees and shrubs, including fruit bearing trees were planted, along the roads and in common areas. On some lots sample cottages were built by the developer. These were subsequently sold. The project was marketed in 1990-92, after completion of infrastructure.<ref name="RARRWA, brochure">{{cite web|last1=RARRWA|title=Ansals Brochure of Aravali Retreat as reference of promises made by Ansals|url=http://www.rarrwa.com/ansals-brochure.php|website=RARRWA|accessdate=28 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="Aravali retreat, layout">{{cite web|title=Aravali retreat Layout|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/238022582/Aravali-Retreat-Lay-Out|website=Scribd|accessdate=28 August 2014}}</ref> During this time, API sold over 630 farms, ranging in size from 1 acre to 2.85 acres.<ref name="letter to CM, 28 /2">{{cite web |last1=Brara |first1=Arvinder S |title=Arvinder S Brara, President RARRWA, letter to Manohar Lal Khattar, Chief Minister, Haryana, 28th February, 2015 |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/262893232/Arvinder-S-Brara-President-RARRWA-Letter-to-Manohar-Lal-Khattar-Chief-Minister-Haryana-28th-February-2015 |accessdate=23 April 2015 |publisher=Scribd |page=1 |language=English |quote=Letter outline legal History of Aravali Retreat}}</ref> API, according to court documents, before developing and selling the lots, took the relevant permissions under the provisions of The Punjab Scheduled Roads and Controlled Areas (Restriction of Unregulated Development) Act,1963 and the Haryana Development and Regulation of Urban Areas Act, 1975, as affirmed by API court deposition [2012].<ref name="1963 act">{{cite web |author1=Punjab Government |date=22 November 1963 |title=THE PUNJAB SCHEDULED ROADS AND CONTROLLED AREAS RESTRICTION OF UNREGULA TED DEVELOPMENT ACT, 1963 |url=http://archive.india.gov.in/allimpfrms/allacts/1882.pdf |accessdate=15 August 2014 |publisher=Punjab Government gazette |pages=24}}</ref>

The Ministry Of Environment and Forest (MOEF), on 7 May 1992, issues a general notification covering areas shown as "reserved forests, protected forests", (a) Gair Mumkin [[Pahar]], or (b) Gair Mumkin Rada, or (c) Gair Mumkin Behed, or (d) Banjad Beed, or (e) Rundh, on 7 May 1992 in relation to Gurgaon District in [[Haryana]], and [[Alwar district|Alwar District]] in [[Rajasthan]]. The notification prohibits, amongst other things, mining, cutting of trees, construction of any clusters of dwelling units, farms houses, sheds, community centers, information centers and any other activity connected with such construction (including roads and part of any infrastructure relating thereto), and electrification (laying of new transmission lines) in the designated areas.<ref name="MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT & FORESTS NOTIFICATION dt 7 may" />

In 2003 the Pathway School started classes.<ref name="Pathways World School,8 may" /><ref name="indiankanoon,9 may">{{cite web |last=Punjab-Haryana High Court |title=M/S Ansal Properties vs Haryana State Pollution Control on 3 May, 2012 |url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/181757428/ |accessdate=9 May 2014 |publisher=indiankanoon}}</ref> The school was built on a contiguous {{Convert|30|acre|ha}} campus that includes play grounds, swimming pool, auditoriums, and on-campus residential accommodation for students and staff.<ref name="Aravali retreat, layout" />

On 23 February 2006, the Collector of Gurgaon revoked the 1990 notification and categorizes Aravali Retreat as ''Gair Mumkin Pahar''.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

On 1 November 2006, the Ministry Of Environment and Forest (MOEF) issued clarification stating that the notification of 7 May 1992 does not apply to Aravali Retreat, as plots on it were categorized as ‘farm houses’ prior to the issue of the 1992 notification. The MOEF clarification noted: "In case the members of Aravali Plot Owners’ association have plots which in the land records maintained by the State Government as on the date of the Notification i.e. 7 May 1992 were categorized as "Farm House" i.e. not categorized in any of the categories i.e., a) "Gair Mumkin Pahal or b)"Gair Mumkin Rada or c) Gair Mumkin Behed or d) Banjad Beed or d) Banjad Beed or e) Rundh, then this Notification will not be applicable".<ref name="letter to CM, 28 /2" />

In 2007, Haryana State Pollution Control initiated litigation against Ansal API, the developers of Aravali retreat, and many plots owners, for violation of Aravali Notification dated 7 May 1992.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

The Special Environment Court, Faridabad, ruled that according to documentary evidence submitted in the court Aravali Retreat is shown as the "Gair Mumkin Farm land" in revenue record of 1990-91 and not ''Gair Mumkin Pahar''.<ref name="letter to CM, 28 /2" /> The Special Environment Court, Faridabad, in the case filed by Haryana State Pollution Control Board (HSPCB) ruled in favor of Ansals. In its judgment the court states: "Thus the complainant/prosecution has miserably failed to prove upon file that Aravali Notification was applicable upon the Aravali Retreat the land of accused no.1 and he has further failed to prove upon file that any construction in any shape was made by accused no.1 after the issuance of Aravali Notification. Even no any construction by accused no.1 after re- change of Khasra Girdawari has been shown to be made. Hence accused no.1 is liable to be acquitted of the charge framed under section 15 of The Environment Protection Act for violation of Aravali Notification dated 7.5.1992".<ref name="letter to CM, 28 /2" />

In 2012, Aravali Retreat Plots Owners Association [ARPAN] is registered in Delhi under the Haryana Registration and Regulation of Societies Act, 2012.

In April 2012, Gurgaon district authorities demolished several properties in Aravali Retreat.<ref name="toi,16 april, 2012" /> The Aravali Retreat Plot owner's Association (ARPAN) denied that the residents violated any environmental laws including the Government notification dated 7 May 1992.<ref name="toi,16 april, 2012" /><ref name="MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT & FORESTS NOTIFICATION dt 7 may">{{cite web|author1=Ministry of Environment and Forests|title=MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT & FORESTS NOTIFICATION|url=http://envfor.nic.in/legis/eia/aravalli.pdf|publisher=Government of India|accessdate=15 August 2014|location=New Delhi|date=7 May 1992|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323191955/http://envfor.nic.in/legis/eia/aravalli.pdf|archive-date=23 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Prompted by complaint by Haryana State Pollution Control, the Gurgaon district authorities demolished some dwelling units in Aravali Retreat. The contention of the state and district authorities is that Aravali Retreat is Aravali ''Gairmumkin Pahad'', (Mountain) and that its change to ''Gairmumkin'' Farm houses by the district authorities in 1990 is void. They claim that the notification was not applicable to the plot owners because the land had been categorized as farmhouse in the revenue records of the state in 1990.<ref name="toi,16 april, 2012">{{cite news |last= |date=16 April 2012 |title=Day on, Aravali Retreat denies violations |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/Day-on-Aravali-Retreat-denies-violations/articleshow/12682217.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222062815/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/Day-on-Aravali-Retreat-denies-violations/articleshow/12682217.cms |archive-date=2017-12-22 |accessdate=8 May 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

On 4 April 2013 "Raisina Aravali Retreat Residents Association" (RARRWA) is registered as a society under the Haryana registration and Regulation of Societies. The Aravali Retreat Plot owner's Association denies that the residents violated any environmental laws including Notification dated 7 May 1992. They claim that the notification was not applicable to the plot owners because the land had been categorized as farmhouse in the revenue records of the state in 1990, i.e., prior to the 1992 notification.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

In 2014, the National Green Tribunal established on 18.10.2010 under the [[National Green Tribunal Act]] 2010 for effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection, in response to illegal constructions in some areas of the Aravali, especially [[Raisina Hill]], [[Sohna]], Gulaphari, Sokandarpur and [[Wazirabad]], in May, directed the Haryana government to identify and submit schedule for demolition of illegal constructions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Green Tribunal |url=http://www.greentribunal.gov.in/index.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716212643/http://greentribunal.gov.in/index.php |archive-date=16 July 2014 |access-date=27 August 2014}}</ref>

In June 2014, RARRWA representatives met Mr. Mann, the District Town Planner, Enforcement. Official of District Town Planner informs President RARRWA that the current problems being faced by some of the Aravali retreat residents and owners is because API, the developers of the Aravali Retreat, failed to submit ''Taksim'' and road layout plans in the 1990s when the area was developed.<ref name="Ansal, 13/8/14">{{cite web |date=13 August 2014 |title=Aravali Retreat. Letter by President Aravali retreat Association to Mr. Sushil Ansal |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/236866269/Aravali-Retreat-Letterby-President-Aravali-retreat-Association-to-to-Mr-Sushil-Ansal-Dt-13-08-2014?secret_password=6pyF4BDd00dUcebuQoyA |accessdate=15 August 2014 |publisher=Scribd}}</ref>

On 3 July 2014, President, RARRWA, wrote to Sushil Ansal, Chairman, Ansal API, documenting the concern of Aravali retreat owners. These included the sale by API of areas around Nirmal lake and the site office; changes in the ecology of the Nirmal and Sheetal lakes; and illegal felling of trees. The letter also requested Mr Sushil Ansal, to urgently submit the Taksim, and the layout of roads to the Country Planning Department so that relevant records can be brought up to date. The letter demanded that the common assets be handed over to the residents association.<ref name="Ansal, 3 july" /> The following day, District Town Planner, Enforcement Gurgaon, [HUDA Complex, Sector 14] issued show cause notice to some farm owners for alleged contravention of section 6 and sub section (i) of section 7 of Punjab Scheduled Roads and Controlled Areas restriction of Unregulated Development Act, 1963. The farm owners directed to produce authenticated copies of [a] registration deed [b] Nakal Jamabandi [c] Khasra Girdawri [d] Sajra plan [e] Site Plan [f] Any approval from the competent authority.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

On 13 August 2014, President RARRWA wrote to Sushil Ansal, Chairman, Ansal API, reminding him of API's obligations to owners. Letter urges the chairman of API to urgently get the ''Taksim'' done in compliance with the requirement of Town and Country Planning Department, Haryana, and hand over the roads in the Aravali Retreat.<ref name="Ansal, 13/8/14" />

In October 2014, Hawa Singh, Patwari, altered existing revenue records of all Aravali Retreat Farm owners, without exception, which showed Bag Bagicha, Makan, to "Gair Mumkin Pahar" which attracts a number of restrictions under the Aravali Notification of 1992.<ref name="Letter to DC">{{cite web |title=Letter-to-Deputy-Commissioner-Gurgaon-Mr-T-L-Satyaprakash-Dt-26-03-15 |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/260225847/Letter-to-Deputy-Commissioner-Gurgaon-Mr-T-L-Satyaprakash-Dt-26-03-15 |accessdate=28 March 2015}}</ref>

In February 2015, President Raisina Aravali Retreat Residents Welfare Association, summited a petition to the CM of Haryana containing the legal history of Aravali Retreat.<ref name="letter to CM, 28 /2" />

In March 2015, a delegation of Aravali Retreat Farm Owners, which included several army officers, led by President of Raisina Aravali Retreat Residents Welfare Association, met with T L Satyaprakash, IAS, [[Deputy commissioner (India)|Deputy Commissioner]] Gurgaon on 26 March at 10 am at First Floor, Mini Secretariat, to register their complaint on the unauthorized and post facto change in the status of the land in Aravali retreat to "Gair Mumkin Pahar". The DC in response to the written petition and deposition by the delegation ordered the Additional Deputy Commissioner to prepare a "white paper to solve the problems once for all through a committee". During the meeting a senior officials from the DC office said that every time he visited Aravali retreat he found more greenery than before. The delegation was informed that Aravali Retreat as per the latest master plan of Haryana, comes under the zone in which agricultural activities are permitted including construction for taking care of the agricultural and vegetable produce on the farms.<ref name="Letter to DC" />

On 24 April 2016, elections were held for the various positions and for the Board of Management of the association. The entire team of office bearers and the Board was elected unopposed by the members of RARRWA. Col (Retd) R.P. Suhag has been elected as the new President of RARRWA.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

During the mid 2010s, some farmhouses upgraded their venues as picnic spots under the development scheme of 'farm tourism' by Haryana government. Consequently, the area has attracted a number of visitors, especially from [[Delhi]] and the [[National Capital Region (India)|NCR]].<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.jungleadventureretreat.com/picnic/|title=PICNIC SPOTS NEAR DELHI - Jungle Adventure Retreat|publisher= jungleadventureretreat.com/ |date=2017-07-17}}</ref>

In February 2021, authorities from the town of [[Sohna]] demolished 15 illegally-built structures in Aravali Retreat, after an order from the [[National Green Tribunal]] directed the Haryana government to enforce protection of the Aravali range.<ref name=":1" />

==Facilities and infrastructure==
In the centre of the project there is a club house, now in a state of neglect.{{cn|date=April 2024}} Next to the club house, is the community or the site offices.{{cn|date=April 2024}} These are housed in a temporary barrack.{{cn|date=April 2024}} Next to community/site office there is experimental orchard with several varieties of citrus fruits.{{cn|date=April 2024}} As of July 2014, there were plans of API to sell the common areas such as the community/site office area and areas next to the Sheetal and Nirmal lakes, which the residents association has objected to.<ref name="Ansal, 3 july">{{cite web|title=Aravali Retreat Residents Welfare Association President's Letter to Sushil Ansal, Chairman API, dt 3rd July|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/236895966/Aravali-Retreat-Residents-Welfare-Association-President-s-Letter-to-Sushil-Ansal-Chairman-API-Dt-3rd-July|publisher=Scribd|accessdate=15 August 2014}}</ref> Maintenance of infrastructure, including security, green cover, and trees and flowers along the avenues and road side, are by Star Estate Management Ltd, an affiliate of Ansal properties, which charges owners Rs1200 / per acres per month, i.e., Rs 3971 per quarter, including taxes.{{cn|date=April 2024}} Permissible construction in the natural conservation zone (NCZ) designated as ecological sensitive zones such as the Aravali Range, is 0.5 per cent of the area, i.e., about 218 square feet for every acre.<ref name="Times of India, 18/4">{{cite news|last=Times of India|title=Move to limit construction activity in Aravalis|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Move-to-limit-construction-activity-in-Aravalis/articleshow/34287104.cms|accessdate=8 May 2014|newspaper=Times of India|date=27 April 2014}}</ref> Out of the 630 lots, 108 lots have built up areas, some of which were demolished on orders of the Gurgaon authorities for building violations.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

=== Access road ===
A narrow village road from [[Badshahpur]] through Tikli connects Aravali Retreat to the main Gurgaon-Sohna road.<ref name=":0" /> Pathway World School, in coordination with the Municipal Corporation of Gurgaon, Haryana State Public Works Department, and [[Panchayati Raj]], has undertaken to assist with the up gradation of this long-neglected road.<ref name=":0" /> The work on the road is expected to be completed before the onset of monsoons in 2014.<ref name=":0" />{{Needs update|date=April 2024}}

=== Pathways World School ===
The Pathway World School is a co-ed school which occupies {{Convert|30|acre|ha}} of land in the development, with a student body of 1,100.<ref name=":0" /> It offers [[International Baccalaureate]] program.<ref name=":0" /> The school offers extra circular facilities, student hostels, and on site housing for masters and staff.<ref name=":0" /> Many day students commute by bus from Delhi and Gurgaon.<ref name="Pathways World School,8 may" /> In August 2014, the School was awarded Platinum rating for its '[[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design]]' (LEED) by the United States Green Building Council.<ref name="toi, 15/8">{{cite web|title=Top green award for Gurgaon school|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Gurgaon/Top-green-award-for-Gurgaon-school/articleshow/40294274.cms|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=21 August 2014|date=15 August 2014}}</ref>

==Population==
The resident population consists of students, teachers, and school staff, of the Pathway School.{{cn|date=April 2024}} In addition there is a sizable population of gardeners, shop keepers, security and maintenance staff.{{cn|date=April 2024}} The total resident population in the project, including the school, is about 2000.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

== Residents Welfare Association==
The RWA of Aravali Retreat is "Raisina Aravali Retreat Residents Association" (RARRWA), which is registered in Gurgaon, Haryana, under the Haryana Registration and Regulation of Societies Act 2012 (Haryana Act No. 1 of 2012).<ref name="Registration Certificate">{{cite web|title=Aravali Residents Welfare Association (RARRWA) Registration Certificate|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/236859556/Aravali-Residents-Welfare-Association-RARRWA-Registration|publisher=Scribd|accessdate=15 August 2014|date=4 April 2013}}</ref> The aim of the association is 'to promote the welfare of the residents of the colony known as Aravali Retreat". Col (Retd) R.P. Suhag, is the current president of the association. The office address of RARRWA is RARRWA Secretariat, Aravali Retreat, Village Raisina, District Gurgaon. RARRWA also assists plot owners in getting their Girdawaries done.<ref name="toi,16 april, 2012"/><ref name="Ansal, 3 july"/><ref name="RARRWA, 8 May">{{cite web|last=RARRWA|title= Raisina Aravali Retreat Residents Association|url=http://www.rarrwa.org|publisher=RARRWA|accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref>

==Legal issues==
The development has been the subject of numerous disputes regarding the legality of some structures built on the site.<ref name="toi,16 april, 2012" /><ref name=":1" /> Local and national environmental agencies have embarked on numerous demolition drives to remove structures which have violated environmental laws.<ref name="toi,16 april, 2012" /><ref name=":1" />

In 2007, the Haryana State Pollution Control, filed charges against API, the developers of Aravali retreat, and some plots owners, for violating the Aravali Notification dated 7 May 1992. The contention of the state and district authorities is that Aravali Retreat is Aravali Gairmumkin Mountain (Pahad), and that its change to Gairmumkin Farm houses by the district authorities in 1990 is void. In support of this contention it is argued that the 1990 order has been revoked by the Collector of Gurgaon on 23 February 2006. The re-categorization of Aravali Retreat by the district authorities as 'Gairmumkin Pahad' (Mountain), was prompted by Haryana State Pollution Control complaint. The developer, in 2012, in his deposition before the court claimed that the relevant permissions including under the provisions of The Punjab Scheduled Roads and Controlled Areas (Restriction of Unregulated Development) Act,1963 and the Haryana Development and Regulation of Urban Areas Act, 1975 were obtained before starting work, that the Director, Town and Country Planning, Haryana, was informed of the status of the development by means of letters dated 14 May 1991, and that the area was developed after it had been declared as Gairmumkin Farm houses in 1990.<ref name="indiankanoon,9 may" /><ref name="toi,16 april, 2012" />

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Gurgaon district]]

Gowari

2025-09-21T17:11:21Z

Igororh: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Short description|Caste in India}}
{{Tone|date=May 2023}}
'''Gowari''' is an Indian [[Caste system in India|caste]] of cattleman or herdsmen, predominantly residing in [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], and [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/Land%20&%20People%20%20Final/L%20&%20P%20pdf/Chapter%20II/2%20Major%20Castes%20and%20Tribes.pdf] {{Dead link|date=December 2018}}</ref>

[[File:A Gowari man with his dog.jpg|thumb|A Gowari man with his dog]]

==Overview==
Gowari is one of over 700 tribal groups in India. In censuses conducted in India from 1871 to 1941, tribals were enumerated separately from other religions, identified by various classifications such as Other religion-1871, Aboriginal 1881, Forest Tribe-1891, Animist-1901, Animist-1911, Primitive-1921, Tribal Religion-1931, and "Tribe-1941". However, starting from the 1951 census, tribals have been counted within the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] category. Despite occasional errors in literature, they do not speak a distinct language.<ref>{{glotto|gowl1242|Gowlan}}</ref> The principal deities of the Gowāris are the Kode Kodwan or deified ancestors, worshipped during annual festivals and weddings.

The original ancestors are believed to be Kode Kodwan, the names of two Gond gods, Bāghoba (the tiger-god), and Meghnāth, son of Rāwan, after whom the Gonds are called Rāwanvansi or descendants of Rāwan. There are two main castes among the Gonds: (1) Aadi Gond or Dhur Gond, and (2) Raj Gond. Adi Gonds, known as ordinary Gonds, mostly inhabit forest areas away from modern civilization, while Raj Gonds are those who were kings with their own land and kingdom. The Gond people called him Rajgond, who was earlier a chieftain or a king living among the Gond tribes. As they ran the royal palace and were part of the elite branch, they also came to be called Rajgond. Over time, many Gond dynasties came in contact with other kings, with some adopting Shaivism and others adopting Hinduism, thereby departing from their Gondi culture. Additionally, differences among the Gonds are also based on their additional professions: (1) Ojha or Baiga - exorcist, (2) Pardhan - priest, (3) Solaha - carpenter, (4) Gowari - shepherd, and (5) Agaria - blacksmith.

== Distribution and reservations ==
Gowari is included in the special backward class group with a 2% reservation in Maharashtra{{cn|date=May 2023}}, and in the [[Other Backward Class]] (OBC) group with a 14% reservation in Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bcwelfare.mp.nic.in/Public/Pages/OBCCastList.aspx|title=OBC Cast List }}</ref>

Gond-Gowari has been part of the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled tribes]] with a 7.5% reservation in the Central Government since 1956,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://socialjustice.nic.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/SC%20ST%20LISTS%20(MODIFICATION)%20ORDER%201956.pdf}}</ref> while Gowari has been included in the OBC group with a 27% reservation in the Central Government since 1993.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/cl/madhya.pdf}}</ref>

==Gowari stampede==
[[File:Adivasi Gowari Stampede Memorial.jpg|thumb|Shaheed Gowari Memorial at Zero Mile, Nagpur]]
There was a stampede during a protest in [[Nagpur]] on 23 November 1994, known as the [[1994 Gowari stampede]], in which 114 people from the Gowari community were killed and more than 500 were injured.<ref>[title=The IPHRC Reports the Gowari Killings]{{cite web|url=http://www.unipune.ac.in/snc/cssh/HumanRights/02%20STATE%20AND%20ARMY%20-%20POLICE%20REPRESSION/G%20MAHARASHTRA/4.pdf}}</ref> In commemoration of those who died in this tragedy, a monument called the Gowari Shaheed Smarak has been erected in Nagpur near the [[Zero Mile Stone (Nagpur)|Zero Mile Stone]] (the geographical center of India).<ref>[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/marathi/mahInfo/nagpur.php] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816130049/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/marathi/mahInfo/nagpur.php|date=16 August 2010}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Dhangar]], another herdsman caste
*[[Ahir]]
*[[Golla (caste)|Golla]]
*[[Gopal (caste)]]
*[[Yadava]]
*[[Sadgop]]
*[[Konar (caste)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Social groups of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Herding castes]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Goa]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Social groups of Gujarat]]

Shree Shyam Mandir, Guwahati

2025-07-28T18:16:35Z

Igororh: Creating Some Post Nd Citations!

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{refimprove|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Shree Shyam Mandir, Guwahati
|image = Shree baba.jpg
|caption = The presiding deity at the temple
|map_type = Guwahati#India Assam#India
|coordinates = {{coord|26.17904|91.74361|type:landmark|display=inline}}
|map_caption = Location within Guwahati
|map_size = 250
|country = India
|state = [[Assam]]
|district = [[Kamrup Metropolitan]]
|locale = [[Guwahati]]
|deity = [[Khatushyamji]] or Shyam baba
|festivals = [[Prabodhini Ekadashi|Kartik Shukla Ekadashi]], [[Amalaka Ekadashi|Falgun Shukla Ekadashi]], 14 April (Inauguration Day)
|architecture = [[Mandir]] architecture
|architect = Shri Santosh Ji Banka <ref>{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://www.bankaassociates.com/about|access-date=2022-04-19}}</ref>
|year_completed = {{start date and years ago|df=yes|2016|04|14}}
|creator = [[Acharya]] [[Mahant]] Shri [[Pandit]] Gopal Sharma (Head Priest)
}}

'''Shree Shyam Mandir, Guwahati''' is a temple located in [[Chatribari]], one of the main trade hubs in the Indian city of [[Guwahati]]. It has His Supremacy, Shri Khatushyamji or Shyam baba as the presiding deity and many sub-temples dedicated to other deities viz. [[Ganesha|Shri Ganeshji]], Biyala's sati dadi or Bajawa ki sati dadi, [[Hanuman|Shri Bajrang Bali]], [[Shiva|Shri Shiva Parivar]], [[Lakshmi|Shri Lakshmi Mata]], [[Rani Sati|Shri Rani Sati Dadiji]], and [[Santoshi Mata|Shri Santoshi Maa]]. The temple is visited by hundreds of Shyam [[Bhakti|Bhakts]] daily, especially during [[Aarti]]s and a larger number on [[Ekadashi]]s and a still larger number on the [[Shukla paksha]] Ekadashis of the [[Kartik (month)|Kartik]], [[Falgun]] and [[Agrahayana|Margshirsh]] months of the Hindu lunar calendar.

==Brief history==
The work on the gifted land in Chatribari for building the temple started in the later part of 2009. The temple was built by Shri Pandit Gopal Sharma with the help and support of Shyam Bhakts in Guwahati.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shree Shyam Mandir Guwahati Dham (श्री श्याम मंदिर गुवाहाटी धाम)|url=https://shreeshyammandir.com/guwahati-dham/|access-date=2020-11-01|website=Shree Shyam Mandir|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Inauguration ceremony==
The inauguration ceremony was a seven-day long observance from 8 to 14 April 2016, which included havans, Kalash yatras, and abhisheks. People of all ages and religion were a part of the function. The neighbourhood of Chatribari and its neighbouring areas were spruced up with lamps and decoratives. The entire Guwahati city was in a festive mood during the period of inauguration of the temple.

==Other deities==
[[File:Bajawa ki Sati Dadi.jpg|thumb|upright|center|Bajawa's sati dadi]] [[File:Shree balaji.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Shri Hanumanji]]

[[File:Shiv 01.01.2019.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Shri Shiv Parivar]] [[File:Laxmi 01.01.2019.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Lakshmi Maa]]

[[File:Rani Sati 01.01.2019.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Rani Sati Dadi]] [[File:Santoshi 01.01.2019.jpg|thumb|upright|center|Santoshi Mata]]

==Temple timings==
The temple remains open from 6:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. and 3:45 pm to 10:00 p.m.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Aarti timings
|-
! Aartis
! Summers
! Winters

|-
| Mangla Aarti
| 6:15 a.m.
| 6:40 a.m.
|-
| Shringar Aarti
| 7:30 a.m.
| 8:00 a.m.
|-
| Bhog Aarti
| 12:15 p.m.
| 12:00 noon
|-
| Sandhya Aarti
| 7:30 p.m.
| 7:00 p.m.
|-
| Shayan Aarti
| 9:30 p.m.
| 9:00 p.m.
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Guwahati]]

Agasthiyar Falls

2025-06-03T09:12:04Z

Igororh: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox waterfall
| name = Agasthiyar Falls
| alt_name = Papanasam Falls
| photo_caption = Cascade of Papanasam Falls
| photo = Papanasam Waterfall.jpg
| map = Tamil Nadu
| map_width =
| relief = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|8|42|14.23|N|77|21|49.07|E|type:waterbody_scale:50000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Papanasam, Tirunelveli|Papanasam]], [[Tirunelveli district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| map_label = Agasthiyar Falls
| type = Segmented Plunges
| elevation =
| height = {{convert|300|ft|abbr=on}}
| height_longest =
| number_drops =
| average_width =
| average_flow =
| watercourse = [[Tamiraparani River]]
| world_rank =
}}

'''Agasthiyar Falls''' (also called '''Papanasam Falls''') is located close to [[Papanasam, Tirunelveli|Papanasam]] in [[Tirunelveli district]] in the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The falls is located on the [[Western Ghats]] and to the south of Papanasam lower, the lake from where [[Tamiraparani River]] originates. It is located {{convert|42|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the nearest city [[Tirunelveli]]. As per Hindu legend, it is the place where sage [[Agasthya]] got a view of Shiva in his marriage costume.

The [[Tirunelveli district]] administration organises Chittirai Vishnu festival every year during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Chittirai'' (April - May), during the [[Tamil New Year]] day. The falls is a prominent tourist destination in the region and usually frequented by devotees of the [[Papanasanathar Temple]] and [[Sabarimala]].

==Legend==
[[File:Agastiyar with wife.jpg|200px|left|Image of sage [[Agasthya]] with his wife|thumb]]
As per [[Hindu]] legend, during the divine wedding of [[Shiva]] and [[Parvathi]], there was heavy crowd at [[Kailash]], the abode of Shiva. Sage [[Agasthya]] could not view event and prayed to [[Shiva]] at this place to get him a view of the event. Pleased by his devotion, Shiva appeared to the sage and his wife Lopamundra along with Parvathi in his marriage attire. Shiva made the place his abode and came to be called Papanasanathar and the falls nearby the temple got the name of Agasthiyar as Agasthiyar Falls.<ref>{{cite book|title=Spiritual India Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djI5mL2qeocC&dq=papanasam+temple&pg=PT342|page=342|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|year=2009|isbn=9788184950243|last=Knapp|first=Stephen}}</ref> [[Tamiraparani River]] reaches is descent in flat land at this place. As per another legend, sage Urosamar floated a set of flowers in the river and the first flower reached the shore at this place. The sage established a temple for Papanasanathar and worshipped the deity here.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Papansanathar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=871|year=2014|access-date=1 November 2015|publisher=Dinamalar}}</ref>

As per another legend, the king of celestial deities, [[Indra]] slayed a demon Dwastha, the son of [[Sukracharya]] (the Guru of [[Asura]]s, the demons) as he was performing a penance to seek superior powers against the Devas. Indra incurred ''Brahmatti Dosha'', a sin attained for slaying the [[Brahmin]]. He roamed around a lot of places for doing penance and finally on the advice of [[Brihaspathi]], he landed at Papanasam. Since his sin (''Papam'' locally) was expiated in this place, it came to be known as Papanasam.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

==Geography==
[[File:Thamirabarani River @ Agasthiyar Falls.jpg|200x200px|thumb|Image of downstream Thamirabarani]]
[[File:Agastiyar falls.jpg|200px|thumb|Image of falls|left]]
Agasthiyar Falls is located in [[Western Ghats]] to the South of Papanasam town and to the north of Papanasam Lower, the first lake in the descent of [[Tamiraparani River]]. It is located {{convert|42|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the nearest city [[Tirunelveli]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Falls in Tirunelveli district|url=http://tirunelveli.nic.in/falls.html|publisher=Tirunelveli district administration|year=2011|accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref> The waters from the falls meanders the stream in the river to Papansam hydro electric project and reaches the catchment area to the [[Papanasam Dam]], which has a storage capacity of {{convert|142.15|ft|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name=hindu/> The place is frequented by animals like [[Tiger]] and [[Leopard|Panther]], which are frequently spotted in the route from Agasthiyar Falls to Papansam as both are located close to [[Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve]].<ref name=hindu3>{{cite news|title=Animals come out in open even during day|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/animals-come-out-in-open-even-during-day/article3710079.ece|work=The Hindu|location=Tirunelveli|date=1 August 2012|accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref> The falls receives its waters during the [[South-west monsoon]] from May to September, but the maximum amount of rainfall is received during the [[North-east monsoon]] during October to December.But the falls is commonly said by the nearby locales as 365 days falls as people can go there any day because the water is from the dam hence the water flow will not be affected by the monsoon to a large extent. There is a small temple of Agasthiyar near the falls, where devotees worship after taking a holy dip in the falls.<ref name=hindu2>{{cite news|title='Agasthiar' does a Courtallam|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/bline/2003/07/05/stories/2003070500941700.htm|publisher=The Hindu Business Line|location=Papanasam|date=4 July 2003|accessdate=17 November 2015|last=T.E.|first=Raja Simhan}}</ref>

==Culture==
The [[Tirunelveli district]] administration organises Chittirai Vishnu festival every year during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Chittirai'' (April - May), during the [[Tamil New Year]] day. The falls is usually frequented by devotees of the [[Papanasanathar Temple]], who take a holy dip in the falls before visiting the temple.<ref>{{cite news|title=Path leading to Agasthiyar Falls will be repaired|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/path-leading-to-agasthiyar-falls-will-be-repaired/article1828922.ece|work=The Hindu|location=Tirunelveli|date=16 April 2007|accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref> The falls is also frequented by tourists to [[Sabarimala]] during the November - December season in a religious circuit in the region and [[Kutralam falls]].<ref name=hindu1>{{cite news|title=Tirparappu falls attracts tourists|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tirparappu-falls-attracts-tourists/article7376643.ece|work=The Hindu|location=Nagercoil|date=2 July 2015|accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref> Flood warning is issued during [[North-east monsoon]] when excessive rain results in overflow and the falls remain closed for the visitors.<ref name=hindu>{{cite news|title=Flood in the Tamirabharani|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/flood-in-the-tamirabharani/article6684751.ece|work=The Hindu|location=Tirunelveli|date=12 December 2014|accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of waterfalls]]
* [[List of waterfalls in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{commons category}}

[[Category:Waterfalls of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Geography of Tirunelveli district]]

Sishu Bholanath

2024-11-06T01:09:34Z

Igororh: edit

{{short description|Book of poems by Rabindranath Tagore}}
{{italic title}}
'''''Sishu Bholanath''''' ({{langx|bn|শিশু ভোলানাথ}}; English: 'The Child Bholanath') is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] book of poems written by [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=BN No Results Page|url=https://www.barnesandnoble.com/noresults/sishu-bholanath|last=Noble|first=Barnes &|website=Barnes & Noble|language=en|access-date=2020-05-09}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://store.pothi.com/book/ebook-rabindranath-tagore-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5-sishu-bholanath|title=শিশু ভোলানাথ (Sishu Bholanath) {{!}} Pothi.com|language=en}}</ref> It was published in 1922.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> It consists of 27 poems.<ref name=":2">শিশু ভোলানাথ – রবীন্দ্র রচনাবলী</ref> It is a famous work of Tagore for the children.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=শিশুদের বন্ধু রবীন্দ্রনাথ|url=https://www.lifetv24.com/শিশুদের-বন্ধু-রবীন্দ্রনাথ/2577|last=টিভি 24|first=LifeTv24 :: লাইফ|website=lifetv24|language=en|access-date=2020-05-09}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

== Theme ==
The desire, imagination and courage of child is the main theme of the book.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">রবীন্দ্রনাথের কিশোরকবিতা – দৈনিক আজাদী</ref> The poems are rhythmic and enriched with the thoughts of greatness.<ref name=":3" /> Most of the poems are written addressing a silent mother.<ref name=":3" /> The natural object is also an integral part of the book.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Daily Jubokantho - রবীন্দ্রনাথের শিশুকাব্য|url=https://www.jubokantho.com/62604|last=Jubokantho|first=Daily|website=Daily Jubokantho|language=bn-bd|access-date=2020-05-09|archive-date=2020-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729061249/https://www.jubokantho.com/62604|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== List of poems ==
The poems of "Sishu Bholanath" are:<ref name=":2" />

* Sishu bholanath
* Buri
* Mone para
* Sat samudra pare
* Pathhara
* Dur
* Ichhamati
* Rajmishtri
* Martabasi
* Sishur jibon
* Robibar
* Putul bhanga
* Jyotishi
* Sanshajee
* Baul
* Anyo maa
* Ghumer tatva
* Bani-binimoy
*[[Talgach (poem)|Talgach]]
* Somoyhara
* Murkhu
* Khela-bhola
* Raja o rani
* Dustu
* Duyorani
* Dui ami
* Bristi roudra
* bad boy

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1922 poetry books]]
[[Category:Bengali poetry collections]]
[[Category:Poetry collections by Rabindranath Tagore]]

List of fishes in Kaziranga National Park

2024-10-16T19:28:13Z

Igororh: fixed issues

#REDIRECT [[List of fishes of Kaziranga National Park]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
{{R to alternative name}}
}}

Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai block

2024-06-12T12:41:47Z

Igororh: started new info

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai
| nickname = 
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
| coordinates = {{coord|22.7638|N|86.1904|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]]
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 246.61
| population_total = 355372
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official language|Official]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 831002
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 0657
| registration_plate = JH 05
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 79.00%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Jugsalai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jugsalai]], [[Potka (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Potka]]
| website = {{URL|jamshedpur.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai block''' is a [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] that forms an [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative division]] in the [[Dhalbhum subdivision]] of [[East Singhbhum district]], in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].

==History==
The laying of the foundation stone of the steel plant by [[Tata Steel]] (then known as Tata Iron and Steel Company) in 1907 at Sakchi Kalimati in Singhbhum district marked the beginning of the industrialisation of the area. The first police station in the area was opened in 1912 at [[Jugsalai]]. The Kalimati Sakchi village was renamed ‘[[Jamshedpur]]’ in 1917. Dhalbhum subdivision was created in 1920 with Jamshedpur as headquarters. Jamshedpur Notified Area was established in 1924. East Singhbhum district, with Jamshedpur as headquarters, was set up in 1990.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | title = District Police Profile – East Singhbhum | work = Brief Summary of the District | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 10 December 2021 | archive-date = 22 June 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220622213448/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Geography==
[[Bagbera Colony]], a constituent census town in the Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai CD block, is located at {{coord|22.7638|N|86.1904|E|display=inline}}.

“The district forms a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] and is a hilly upland tract”. The Seraikela Dhalbhumgarh upland and the Dalma range are natural divisions of the district. The main rivers are the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] and the [[Kharkai River|Kharkai]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 7: Natural Divisions |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref>

The district consists of two subdivisions - (1) Dhalbhum subdivision with Patamda, Boram, Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai and Potka CD blocks, and (2) Ghatshila subdivision with Ghatshila, Dhalbhumgarh, Musabani, Dumaria, Gurbandha, Chakulia and Baharagora CD blocks.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jamshedpur.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ | title = East Singhbhum | work = Subdivisions and blocks | publisher = East Singhbhum district administration | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref>

Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai CD block is bounded by the [[Boram block|Boram]] and the [[Patamda block|Patamda]] CD blocks on the north, the [[Bandwan (community development block)|Bandwan]] CD block in the Purulia district of the West Bengal state and the [[Ghatshila block|Ghatshila]] CD block on the east, the [[Potka block|Potka]] CD block on the south, and the [[Chandil block|Chandil]] and the [[Adityapur block|Adityapur]] CD blocks in the Seraikela Kharsawan district on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/purbi-singhbhum.html | title = Purba Singhbhum CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 8 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/saraikela.html | title = Saraikela Kharsawan CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 8 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/puruliya.html | title = Puruliya CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 8 December 2021}}</ref>

Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai CD block has an area of 246.61 km2.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2012_PART_B_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Pages 26-27: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 8 December 2021}}</ref> Golmuri and [[Jugsalai#Civic administration|Jugsalai]] police stations serve Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | title = District Police Profile – East Singhbhum | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 8 December 2021 | archive-date = 22 June 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220622213448/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | url-status = dead }}</ref> The headquarters of Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai CD block is located at [[Jugsalai]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 81: Map of Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai CD block |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 8 December 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai CD block had a total population of 355,372, of which 102,623 were rural and 252,749 were urban. There were 183,605 (52%) males and 171,767 (48%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 48,799. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 11,028 (3.10%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 102,739 (28.91%).<ref name=census2011/>{{NoteTag|There seems to be a mismatch between the ST and language figures. The figures quoted here are as officially published on the internet. Percentages have been calculated.}}

[[Census town]]s in Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai CD block are (2011 population figure in brackets): [[Tata Nagar Railway Colony]] (OG) (45,986), [[Bagbera Colony|Bagbera]] (78,356), [[Haludbani]] (25,360), [[Sarjamda]] (23,788), [[Gadhra]] (18,801), [[Chhota Gobindpur]] (31,843), [[Ghorabandha]] (20,718), [[Purihasa]] (7,897).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai CD block was 242,180 (79.00% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 137,277 (86.88% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 104,903 (70.61% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 16.27%.<ref name=census2011/>

{{As of|2011}} census, literacy in Purbi Singhbhum district was 76.13%. Literacy in Jharkhand was 67.63% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_jharkhand.html | title= Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011: Jharkhand |work= Provisional Population Totals, Literacy Rate in 2011 column |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Government of India| access-date = 9 December 2021}}</ref> Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |title=Ranking of states and union territories by literacy rate: 2011|work= Page 110| publisher=Government of India| access-date = 9 December 2021}}</ref>

See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Purbi Singhbhum district|collapsible=y}}

==Language and religion==
{{Pie chart
|caption = Language in Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai CD block (including [[Jamshedpur]] and [[Mango (Jamshedpur)|Mango]])<ref name="language"/>{{NoteTag|name=Language}}
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 28.48 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value2 = 20.27 |color2 = orchid
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 11.72 |color3 = green
|label4 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value4 = 9.80 |color4 = gold
|label5 = [[Odia language|Odia]] |value5 = 5.56 |color5 = saddlebrown
|label6 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value6 = 4.75 |color6 = darkturquoise
|label7 = [[Ho language|Ho]] |value7 = 3.34 |color7 = deepskyblue
|label8 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value8 = 3.27 |color8 = pink
|label9 = [[Magahi language|Magahi]] |value9 = 2.61 |color9 = crimson
|label10 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]] |value10 = 2.24 |color10 = mistyrose
|label11 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value11 = 1.74 |color11 = steelblue
|label12 = [[Mundari language|Mundari]] |value12 = 1.13 |color12 = teal
|label13 = [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] |value13 = 0.92 |color13 = peachpuff
|other= yes |other-color = grey
}}

According to the 2011 census, in the Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai subdistrict (including [[Jamshedpur]] and [[Mango (Jamshedpur)|Mango]]) [[Hindi]] was the mother-tongue of 549,888 persons forming 43.63% of the population, followed by (number of persons and percentage of population in brackets) [[Bengali language|Bengali]] (255,488/20.27%), [[Urdu]] (147,685/ 11.72%), [[Odia language|Odia]] (70,206/ 5.56%), [[Santali language|Santali]] (61,646/ 4.89%), [[Ho language|Ho]] (42,142/ 3.34%), [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (41,208/ 3.27), [[Maithili language|Maithili]] (28,285/ 2.24%), [[Telugu language|Telugu]] (21,880/ 1.74), [[Mundari language|Mundari]] (13,514/ 1.07%), [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] (5,501/ 0.44%), [[Tamil language|Tamil]] (5,241/ 0.42%), [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] (5,052/ 0.40%), [[Nepali language|Nepali]] (2,696/ 0.21%), [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] (2,170/ 0.17), [[Marathi language|Marathi]] (2,127/ 0.17), [[English language|English]] (838/ 0.07%), [[Munda language|Munda]] (760/0.06%), [[Bhumij language|Bhumij]], (738/ 0.06%), [[Kharia language|Kharia]] 620/0.05%) and persons with other languages as mother-tongue (2,685/ 0.21%). Hindi speakers included 123,489 persons having [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] as mother-tongue and 11,652 persons having [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] as mother-tongue. Other languages included 404 persons having [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] as mother-tongue and 218 persons having [[Kannada language|Kannada]] as mother-tongue.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>{{NoteTag|name=Language| An attempt has been made to include all language groups each with at least 500 persons as their mother-tongue and only those groups with less than 500 persons as their mother-tongue are included in the “other languages” category. Comparatively smaller language groups with 200+ persons as their mother-tongue are mentioned in the text. Many languages have sub-groups. For detailed breakdown see the reference.}}

[[Hindi]] is the [[official language]] in Jharkhand and [[Urdu]] has been declared as an additional official language.<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |pages= 35 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=8 December 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai CD block (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|72.53}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|13.79}}
{{bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|8.43}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|2.94}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Jharkhand|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|2.03}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.26}}
}}

According to the ''Population by Religious Communities 2011'' data, in the Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai subdistrict, [[Hindus]] numbered 913,964 and formed 72.53% of the population, followed by (number of persons and percentage of population in brackets) [[Muslims]] (173,759/ 13.79%), [[Christians]] (25,557/ 2.03%), Other religious communities (145,664/11.56%), and persons who did not state their religion (1,257/ 0.10%).<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Economy==

===Overview===
[[NITI Aayog]] (National Institution for Transforming India) has released the National Multidimensional Poverty Index (NMPI) baseline report in November 2021. “MPI is calculated using 12 segments - nutrition, child and adolescent mortality, antenatal care, years of schooling, school attendance, cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, electricity, housing, assets and bank account, as compared to the previous approach of just considering the poverty line”. Approximately 25.01% population of the country was multidimensionally poor. State-wise Bihar was the poorest with 51.91% of the population being poor, followed by Jharkhand with 42.16% of the population being poor.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cclg.in/2021/12/04/national-multidimensional-poverty-index/ | title = National Multidimensional Poverty Index | publisher = The Charter | access-date = 10 December 2021 | archive-date = 11 December 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211211233100/https://cclg.in/2021/12/04/national-multidimensional-poverty-index/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://journalsofindia.com/national-multidimensional-poverty-index-by-niti-aayog/?print=pdf | title = National Multidimensional Poverty Index by NITI Aayog | publisher = journalsofindia.com | access-date = 10 December 2021 | archive-date = 11 December 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211211233100/https://journalsofindia.com/national-multidimensional-poverty-index-by-niti-aayog/?print=pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> The silver lining in this scenario is that within Jharkhand, the richest districts are East Singhbhum, Dhanbad, Bokaro, and Ranchi. These districts are having industries and/or mining activity. However, CD blocks still largely dependent on agriculture have remained traditional.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://finance.jharkhand.gov.in/updates/eco-serv2013-14/ExecutiveSummary2013-14.pdf | title = Jharkhand Economic Survey 2013-2014 | publisher = Government of Jharkhand | access-date = 10 December 2021 | archive-date = 11 December 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211211233057/https://finance.jharkhand.gov.in/updates/eco-serv2013-14/ExecutiveSummary2013-14.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai CD block'''
|value1 = 1.64
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 1.83
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 1.97
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 94.56
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 6,392 and formed 1.64%, agricultural labourers numbered 7,120 and formed 1.83%, household industry workers numbered 7,682 and formed 1.97% and other workers numbered 368,589 and formed 94.56%. Total workers numbered 389,783 and formed 30.93% of the total population non-workers numbered 870,418 and formed 69.07% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Tables 30 and 33, Pages 40, 50-51 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 83 inhabited villages in Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai CD block. In 2011, 81 villages had power supply. 10 villages had tap water, 73 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 83 villages had hand pumps, and all villages have drinking water facility. 18 villages had post offices, 8 villages had sub post offices, 11 villages had telephone (land line), 56 villages had mobile phone coverage. 83 villages had pucca (paved) village roads, 19 villages had bus service (public/ private), 7 villages had [[Auto rickshaw|autos]]/ modified autos, 9 villages had taxi/ vans, 26 villages had tractors. 7 villages had bank branches, 8 village had agricultural credit society, 1 village had cinema/ video hall, 38 villages had availability of newspapers, 62 villages had [[public distribution system|ration shops]], 37 villages had weekly [[Haat bazaar|haat]], 63 villages had [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] [[Polling place|polling stations]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 777-781, Appendix I Village Directory |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai CD block had 15 villages with pre-primary schools, 80 villages with primary schools, 39 villages with middle schools, 13 villages with secondary schools, 1 village with senior secondary school, 3 villages with no educational facility.<ref name=directory>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 777-778, Appendix I Village Directory |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref>{{NoteTag|Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand}}

==Healthcare==
Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai CD block had 2 villages with [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], 7 villages with primary health subcentres, 2 villages with maternity and child welfares centres, 2 villages with allopathic hospitals, 1 village with dispensary, 3 villages with medicine shops.<ref name=directory/>{{NoteTag|Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included.}}

== Footnotes ==
{{Notefoot}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Blocks of Purbi Singhbhum district}}
{{Kolhan Division topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in East Singhbhum district]]

Shastri River

2024-05-08T00:56:46Z

Igororh: Creating Initial Place W/ Sources!

{{onesource|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Short description|River in India}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Shastri River
| native_name ={{native name|mr|शास्त्री नदी}}

| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =

| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]]

| length =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 =
| source1_location =
| source1_coordinates=
| mouth = [[Arabian Sea]]
| mouth_location = [[Jaigad Fort]]
| mouth_coordinates =
| river_system =
| bridges =
}}

'''Shastri River''' is a river in [[Ratnagiri district]] of [[Maharashtra]]. It originates near [[Prachitgad]], flows near [[Sangameshwar]] and meets [[Arabian Sea]] near [[Jaigad Fort]].
<ref>
{{cite web
|author=Amita Bhaduri
|title=Rivers in the Western Ghat
|url=https://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/living-rivers-dying-rivers-rivers-western-ghats-india-lecture-parineeta-dandekar-and
|access-date=31 October 2021
}}
</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|17|18|N|73|14|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Rivers of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rivers of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Ratnagiri district]]

Barsoi–New Farakka section

2024-02-27T05:00:20Z

Igororh: done

{{Short description|Railway section in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Barsoi–New Farakka section (including Old Malda-Singhabad branch line)
| color = 800000
| logo = 
| logo_width = 100 px
| image = New Farakka Railway Station IMG 20200214 084620.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = New Farakka Junction is an important railway station on Barsoi–New Farakka section
| type =
| system = Electrified
| status = Operational
| locale = [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Barsoi}}
| end = {{stnlnk|New Farakka Junction||New Farakka}}
| stations = 29
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| website =
| open = 1963
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]], [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength = {{convert|126|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| tracklength =
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{RailGauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge = {{RailGauge|1000 mm}} [[Metre-gauge railway|metre gauge]]
| minradius =
| electrification =
| speed = up to {{convert|110|km/h|abbr=on}}
| elevation =
| racksystem =
| map = {{Barsoi–New Farakka section|inline=1}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
The '''Barsoi–New Farakka section''' is an Indian railway line connecting [[Barsoi Junction railway station|Barsoi]] with [[New Farakka Junction railway station|New Farakka junction]] on the [[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line]]. This {{convert|126|km||adj=on|abbr=}} track is under the jurisdiction of [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]] and [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway.]]

== History ==
With the partition of India in 1947, a major portion of the Calcutta–Siliguri line ran through East Pakistan, now Bangladesh. With several rail links in Bihar, the attention was on those links, and new links were developed. However, one hurdle stood out. There was no bridge across the [[Ganges|Ganga]] river even in Bihar. A generally acceptable route to Siliguri was via [[Sahibganj loop]] to Sakrigali ghat. Across the Ganges by ferry to Manihari Ghat. Then metre gauge via [[Katihar railway station|Katihar]] and [[Barsoi railway station|Barsoi]] to [[Kishanganj railway station|Kishanganj]] and finally narrow gauge to Sliguri.<ref>{{cite web|title=my school i wish|url=http://goethals1907-2007.blogspot.com/2007_10_01_archive.html|work=Madhyamgram Re-visited after 15 years|access-date=2011-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708040657/http://goethals1907-2007.blogspot.com/2007_10_01_archive.html|archive-date=8 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1949 Kishanganj-Siliguri section was converted to metre gauge.

In the early 1960s, when [[Farakka Barrage]] was being constructed, a far reaching change was made. Indian Railways constructed a new broad-gauge rail link from south Bengal. [[New Jalpaiguri railway station|New Jalpaiguri]], a new broad-gauge station was built south of Siliguri Town. While a {{convert|10|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} new line was built from Tildanga station in the [[Barharwa–Azimganj–Katwa loop|B.B loop line]] to Farakka Ghat on the south bank of Ganges by 1958, a {{convert|37|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long {{track gauge|1676mm}} wide {{RailGauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] new line was constructed from Khejuria Ghat (near present-day Chamagram station), on the north bank of the [[Ganges|Ganga]] to [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]] by 1961. This Kumedpur-Barsoi section was built in 1959. The entire section from Barsoi to Khejuriaghat was completed and connected by 1962. Steamer services connected the north and south banks of the river thereby linking North & South Bengal<ref>{{cite book|title=Transport Geography of India: Commodity Flow and the Regional Structure of Indian Economy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v21-4YYgocUC&pg=PA60|last=Moonis Raza & Yash Aggarwal|work=page 60|year = 1986|publisher=Concept Publishing Company, A-15/16 Commercial Block, Mohan Garden, New Delhi – 110059|access-date=2 May 2013|isbn=81-7022-089-0}}</ref>

The {{convert|2240|m|abbr=on}} long [[Farakka Barrage]], which carries a Rail-cum-Road bridge across the [[Ganges]] was opened in 1971 thereby directly linking the [[Barharwa–Azimganj–Katwa loop]] to [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]], New Jalpaiguri and other railway stations in North Bengal.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Salman|first1=Salman M. A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GEr4fyDbqgC&pg=PA135|title=Conflict and cooperation on South Asia's international rivers: a legal perspective|last2=Uprety|first2=Kishor|publisher=World Bank Publications|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8213-5352-3|pages=135–136|access-date=2011-07-05}}</ref> Consequently, Tildanga-Farakka Ghat & Chamagram-Khejuria Ghat lines were dismantled. The current Rail-cum-Road bridge will be made solely a Railway bridge for New Farakka-Malda Town 3rd Line construction. A new Road bridge on [[National Highway 12 (India)| NH 12]] is being made at Farakka, which will span {{convert|2401|m|abbr=on}} across the river.

== Branch lines ==
The [[Old Malda–Abdulpur line|Old Malda–Abdulpur section]] is used up to [[Singhabad railway station|Singhabad]] on the Indian side. Bangladesh started export of fertilizer to Nepal utilizing the Rohanpur–Singhabad transit point in November 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bangladesh export to Nepal thru India resumes tomorrow|url=http://news.priyo.com/business/2011/07/11/bangladesh-export-nepal-thru-i-31397.html|publisher=Priyo Internet Life|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406181147/http://news.priyo.com/business/2011/07/11/bangladesh-export-nepal-thru-i-31397.html|archive-date=6 April 2012|access-date=2011-11-12}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barsoi-New Farakka section}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Railway lines in Bihar]]