Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1990

2026-05-08T10:23:59Z

Igornqa: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1990s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

Meghana Raj

2026-05-06T16:46:34Z

Igornqa: Starting

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Indian name|Meghana|Sundar Raj}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Meghana Raj
| image = Meghana Raj.jpg
| caption = Raj in 2016
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| birth_name = Meghana Sundar Raj
| alma_mater = [[Christ University]]
| children = 1
| father = [[Sundar Raj]]
| mother = [[Pramila Joshai]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Chiranjeevi Sarja]]|2018|2020|end=d}}
| relatives = [[List of South Indian film families#Sarja family|Sarja family]]
| yearsactive = 2009–present
| height =
}}

'''Meghana Sundar Raj Sarja''' is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Malayalam]] and [[Kannada]] films along with a few [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films. She made her acting debut in the 2009 Telugu film ''[[Bendu Apparao R.M.P]]''.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/07/03/stories/2009070350590200.htm "Prescription for laughter"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109092814/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/07/03/stories/2009070350590200.htm |date=9 November 2012 }}. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 3 July 2009.</ref> She has won [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress]] for her performance in ''[[Iruvudellava Bittu]]'', a 2018 [[Kannada]] film.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/karnataka-state-film-awards-2018-raghavendra-rajkumar-and-meghana-raj-bag-top-honours-check-out-all-winners/articleshow/73186197.cms |title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2018: Raghavendra Rajkumar and Meghana Raj bag top honours; check out all winners |website=Bangalore Mirror |access-date=25 January 2020 |archive-date=25 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125091339/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/karnataka-state-film-awards-2018-raghavendra-rajkumar-and-meghana-raj-bag-top-honours-check-out-all-winners/articleshow/73186197.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Meghana Raj was born as the only daughter to film actors [[Sundar Raj]] and [[Pramila Joshai]]. Her father Sundar has acted in more than 180 films, predominantly in Kannada language,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article134240.ece |title=Nature Indoors |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=5 August 2012 |archive-date=5 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005011445/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article134240.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref> while her mother Pramila is also a noted [[Kannada]] film {{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} producer.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} She completed her schooling from Baldwin Girls' High School and holds [[Bachelor's degree]] in [[psychology]] at [[Christ University]], Bangalore.<ref name="Indiaglitz">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/47529.html |title=Meghana Raj arrives – Kannada Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz |date=11 June 2009 |access-date=5 August 2012 |archive-date=17 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717083144/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/47529.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Acting career ==

=== 2009–11: Debut, breakthrough and setback ===
Meghana Raj debuted as a theatre artist, when she was a child, acting alongside her father in the play ''Jokumaraswamy''. During the audio launch function of the Tamil film ''[[Poi (film)|Poi]]'' in February 2006, she was invited by its director [[Kailasam Balachander|K. Balachander]] to pursue an acting career, starring in one of his forthcoming films. Accepting his offer, she was given the lead female role in the Tamil film ''Krishnaleelai'', a Balachander production, directed by Selvan.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} However, despite continuing shooting throughout 2008, which was completed in early 2009, the film got stuck in production hell, and its release got delayed for various reasons.

Even before the release of that film, she commenced shooting for a Telugu film ''[[Bendu Apparao R.M.P]]'', which would eventually be her first feature film release. She played the character of a school teacher in the [[comedy film|comedy entertainer]], starring [[Allari Naresh]] and [[Kamna Jethmalani]] as well, which released in October 2009 and went on to become highly successful at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/benduapparaormp.html |title=Bendu Appa Rao RMP is a hit – Telugu cinema trade report |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=21 October 2009 |access-date=5 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718000533/http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/benduapparaormp.html |archive-date=18 July 2012}}</ref> She debuted in the Kannada films by enacting the female lead role in ''[[Punda (film)|Punda]]'', a remake of the 2007 Tamil film ''[[Polladhavan (2007 film)|Polladhavan]]''.<ref name="Indiaglitz" /> Meghana's next release was her debut Tamil film, the [[Boopathy Pandian]]-directed ''[[Kaadhal Solla Vandhen]]'', while she also signed up her first Malayalam project, the horror film ''[[Yakshiyum Njanum]]'' under [[Vinayan]]'s direction, which was released in August 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article199264.ece |title=Vinayan's Yakshiyum Njanum - An eerie love story |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=5 August 2012 |archive-date=8 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808005512/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article199264.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref> Although the film was just an average grosser, its glamorous and sensual songs on Meghana was a hit among the youth and made her an instant favorite among the youth. During that time she also acted in two more projects, ''[[Nanda Nanditha (2012 film)|Nanda Nanditha]]'', which is a remake of the 2008 Kannada film ''[[Nanda Loves Nanditha]]'' and the Tamil film ''Kalla Siripazhaga''.

=== 2011–13: ''Beautiful'' and commercial success ===
Meghana starred in the Malayalam film ''[[Beautiful (2011 film)|Beautiful]]'' which was released in December. The film was a success both commercially and critically, with critics regarding it as one of the best Malayalam movies of 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-beautiful-is-a-milestone-in-malayalam-cinema/20111205.htm |title='Beautiful' is a milestone in Malayalam cinema |work=Rediff.com |access-date=5 December 2011 |archive-date=7 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107115128/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-beautiful-is-a-milestone-in-malayalam-cinema/20111205.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Meghana's portrayal of Anjali, a home nurse in the film won her very good reviews. Since getting noticed with ''Beautiful'', Meghana got a lot of Malayalam films offers and was briefly the most sought out actress in Malayalam.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Sreekumar |first=Priya |title=Beautiful time of Meghana Raj's life |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/kochi/beautiful-time-meghana-rajs-life-410 |access-date=2 January 2012 |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=21 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109005847/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/kochi/beautiful-time-meghana-rajs-life-410 |archive-date=9 January 2012}}</ref> It was during this time when Meghana started to undergo a total physique revamp by going through a strict diet and exercise regime.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/I-am-obsessed-with-work-outs-Meghana-Raj/articleshow/14673667.cms |title=I am obsessed with workouts |website=The Times of India |publisher=TOI |archive-date=18 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218115113/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/I-am-obsessed-with-work-outs-Meghana-Raj/articleshow/14673667.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

Her 2012 Malayalam film ''[[Namukku Parkkan]]'' did a decent business at the box office. Subsequent films ''[[Mullamottum Munthiricharum]]'', ''[[Banking Hours 10 to 4]]'', ''[[Maad Dad]]'', ''[[Madirasi]]'' and ''[[Red Wine (2013 film)|Red Wine]]'' failed to perform at the box office. However, her next film ''[[Memories (Malayalam film)|Memories]]'' opposite [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] opened to overwhelmingly positive reviews and was a box office success.

=== 2013–15: Second wind in Sandalwood and continuing success ===
Meghana Raj returned to Kannada films in late 2013 with the film ''[[Raja Huli]]'', followed by ''[[Bahuparak]]''; her performances in both films were well appreciated.<ref name="sify.com">[http://www.sify.com/movies/meghana-raj-gets-into-the-skin-of-a-dancer-for-a-period-film-news-kannada-ojemFLdfihgbh.html Meghana Raj gets into the skin of a dancer for a period film] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905095408/http://www.sify.com/movies/meghana-raj-gets-into-the-skin-of-a-dancer-for-a-period-film-news-kannada-ojemFLdfihgbh.html |date=5 September 2014 }}. Sify.com. Retrieved 30 March 2016.</ref> Meghana's next Kannada movie ''[[Aatagara]]'' was released in late August 2015 to both critical and commercial acclaim {{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}.

=== 2016 onwards ===
[[File:The Director T.S. Nagabhararana with the cast and crew at the presentation of the film ‘Allama’, during the 47th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2016), in Panaji, Goa on November 26, 2016.jpg|thumb|Raj at the presentation of the film ‘[[Allama (film)|Allama]]’, during the 47th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2016), in Panaji, Goa on 26 November 2016, along with the cast of the film]]
Post 2016 Meghana Raj starred in [[Hallelooya]], [[Lakshmana (film)|Lakshmana]], [[Bhujanga]] and [[Allama (film)|Allama]]. Meghana was later chosen to portray princess [[Bhanumati (Mahabharata)|Bhanumati]] in the Kannada magnum opus ''[[Kurukshetra (2019 film)|Kurukshetra]]''.<ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/nov/25/meghana-raj-as-darshans-princess-in-kurukshetra-1710225.html Meghana Raj roped in for Kurukshetra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128063917/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/nov/25/meghana-raj-as-darshans-princess-in-kurukshetra-1710225.html |date=28 November 2017 }}. www.newindianexpress.com (25 November 2017). Retrieved 27 November 2017.</ref>

== Personal life ==
After a 10-year relationship with fellow Kannada actor [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]], Meghana got engaged to him on 22 October 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chiranjeevi and Meghana Raj got engaged |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/231017/cupid-strikes-again.html |access-date=7 June 2020 |date=22 October 2017 |work=Deccan Herald |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011130307/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/231017/cupid-strikes-again.html |url-status=live}}</ref> They got married on 2 May 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kannada Actors Meghana Raj And Chiranjeevi Sarja Get Married |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kannada-actors-meghana-raj-and-chiranjeevi-sarja-get-married-see-trending-pics-1846350 |access-date=7 June 2020 |date=3 May 2018 |publisher=NDTV |archive-date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607122059/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kannada-actors-meghana-raj-and-chiranjeevi-sarja-get-married-see-trending-pics-1846350 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sarja died on 7 June 2020 from cardiac arrest when Meghana was expecting their first child.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/kannada-actor-chiranjeevi-sarja-passes-away-at-39/article31772154.ece |title=Kannada actor Chiranjeevi Sarja passes away at 39 |first=Aditya |last=Bharadwaj |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 June 2020 |access-date=7 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608084540/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/kannada-actor-chiranjeevi-sarja-passes-away-at-39/article31772154.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/06/07/chiranjeevi-sarja-and-meghana-raj-were-eagerly-awaiting-an-addit.html |title=Chiranjeevi Sarja and Meghana Raj were eagerly awaiting an addition to their family when tragedy struck |website=OnManorama |access-date=10 October 2020 |archive-date=18 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818154327/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/06/07/chiranjeevi-sarja-and-meghana-raj-were-eagerly-awaiting-an-addit.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Their son, Raayan Raj Sarja, was born on 22 October 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Happy Memories: Chiranjeevi Sarja's Love Story With Wife Meghna Raj In Pictures |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sandalwood/happy-memories-chiranjeevi-sarjas-love-story-with-wife-meghna-raj-in-pictures-626905 |agency=thehansindia |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608114755/https://www.thehansindia.com/amp/cinema/sandalwood/happy-memories-chiranjeevi-sarjas-love-story-with-wife-meghna-raj-in-pictures-626905 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/meghana-raj-delivers-a-baby-boy-6834660 |title=Chirranjeevi Sarja's wife Meghana Raj blessed with baby boy |date=22 October 2020 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/meghana-raj-her-newborn-tests-positive-for-coronavirus-7097607/ |title=Meghana Raj and son test positive for coronavirus |date=9 December 2020 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Bendu Apparao R.M.P]]'' || Gayatri || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010 || ''[[Punda (film)|Punda]]'' || Megha || [[Kannada]]||Suvarna Film Award for Best Debut Actress in Kannada
|-
| ''[[Kaadhal Solla Vandhen]]'' || Sandhya Panchacharam || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
| ''[[Yakshiyum Njanum]]'' || Aathira || rowspan="3" | [[Malayalam]]||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2011 || ''[[August 15 (2011 film)|August 15]]'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
| ''[[Raghuvinte Swantham Rasiya]]'' || Rasiya ||
|-
| ''[[Uyarthiru 420]]'' || Iyal || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Pachuvum Kovalanum]]'' || Sukanya || rowspan="3" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Beautiful (2011 film)|Beautiful]]'' || Anjali / Annie ||The Kochi Times Film Award for Promising Newcomer <ref name="auto1">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/The-Kochi-Times-Film-Awards-2011/articleshow/14341029.cms |title=The Kochi Times Film Awards 2011 |date=23 June 2012 |access-date=23 June 2012 |archive-date=23 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623215523/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/The-Kochi-Times-Film-Awards-2011/articleshow/14341029.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Nominated – [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam]]
|-
| ''Ponnu Kondoru Aalroopam'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2012 || ''[[Nanda Nanditha (2012 film)|Nanda Nanditha]]'' || Nandhitha || Tamil Telugu ||Bilingual film
|-
| ''[[Achante Aanmakkal]]'' || Meera || rowspan="4" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Namukku Parkkan]]'' || Renuka ||
|-
| ''[[Mullamottum Munthiricharum]]'' || Suchitra ||
|-
| ''[[Banking Hours 10 to 4]]'' || Revathy ||
|-
| ''[[Lucky (2012 Telugu film)|Lucky]]'' || Janaki|| Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Poppins]]'' || || rowspan="7" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Madirasi]]'' || Maya ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2013 || ''[[Maad Dad]]'' || Annamma ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sudhish |first1=Navamy |title=Director Revathy S Varma, on 'Mad Dad' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2012/Jul/31/director-revathy-s-varma-on-mad-dad-392523.html |access-date=1 April 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=31 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Red Wine (2013 film)|Red Wine]]'' || Ann Mary ||
|-
| ''[[Up & Down: Mukalil Oralundu]]'' || Deepa ||
|-
| ''[[Memories (Malayalam film)|Memories]]'' || Teena ||
|-
| ''[[Good Bad & Ugly]]'' || Kavya ||
|-
| ''[[Raja Huli]]'' || Kaveri || rowspan="2" | Kannada ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014 || ''[[Bahuparak]]'' || Sneha / Preethi ||
|-
| ''[[100 Degree Celsius]]'' || Revathy || rowspan="2" |Malayalam || Also playback singer for song "Pacha Manja"
|-
| ''[[The Dolphins (film)|The Dolphins]]'' || Mridula ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''[[Aatagara]]'' || Sakshi || rowspan="2" |Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Vamshodharaka]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2016 || ''[[Hallelooya]]'' || Dr. Meera Menon || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Lakshmana (film)|Lakshmana]]'' || Anjali || rowspan="7" |Kannada || {{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
|-
| ''[[Bhujanga]]'' ||Rachana||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017 || ''[[Allama (film)|Allama]]'' || Maya ||
|-
|''[[Noorondu Nenapu]]''|| Shruthi Aras||
|-
|''Jindaa'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018 ||''[[MMCH (film)|MMCH]]'' ||Megha ||
|-
|''[[Iruvudellava Bittu]]''|| Poorvi || [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress]]<ref name="auto" /> Nominated – [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada]] Nominated – Filmibeat Award for Best Actress – Kannada
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019 || ''Zebra Varakal'' || Hanna || Malayalam ||
|-
|''[[Onti]]''||Paaru || rowspan="4" |Kannada ||
|-
|''[[Kurukshetra (2019 film)|Kurukshetra]]'' ||[[Bhanumati (Mahabharata)|Bhanumati]] ||
|-
|2022 ||''[[Selfie Mummy Googl Daddy]]'' || Shalini ||
|-
| rowspan="1" |2023 ||''[[Tatsama Tadbhava]]'' ||Akira / Arika ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-19 |title=Tatsama Tadbhava: Meghana Raj Sarja to return to big screens; Collaborates with Pannaga Bharana for her next |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/tatsama-tadbhava-meghana-raj-sarja-to-return-to-big-screens-collaborates-with-pannaga-bharana-for-her-next-1209822 |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2026
|style="background:#FFFFCC;" |''[[Jailer 2]]''{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
|Tamil
|Completed<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-02 |title=I’ve learnt to read people better today: Meghana Raj Sarja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ive-learnt-to-read-people-better-today-meghana-raj-sarja/articleshow/130675812.cms |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;" |''Ottakomban'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
|Malayalam
|Completed<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-01 |title=Returning to Malayalam cinema after 8 years felt like coming home: Meghana Raj Sarja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/returning-to-malayalam-cinema-after-8-years-felt-like-coming-home-meghana-raj-sarja/articleshow/117787884.cms |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;" |''Sangeetha Bar and Restaurant'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
| rowspan="2" |Kannada
|Completed<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2026-03-11 |title=Komal, Meghana Raj and Anusha Rai finish filming Sangeetha Bar and Restaurant |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2026/Mar/11/kannadanews2026mar10komal-meghana-raj-and-anusha-rai-finish-filming-sangeetha-bar-and-restaurant |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#FFFFCC;" |''Buddhivanta 2''{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Samantha D’Souza ||Completed<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive! Meghana Raj to play detective Samantha D'Souza in 'Buddhivantha 2' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-meghana-raj-to-play-detective-samantha-dsouza-in-buddhivantha-2/articleshow/71423187.cms |access-date=23 August 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=3 October 2019}}</ref>
|}

=== As singer ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Song !! Film !! Language !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || Simple Preeti || ''[[Bahuparak]]'' || Kannada || Sung with [[Srinagar Kitty]]
|-
| Pacha Manja || ''[[100 Degree Celsius]]'' || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2019 || What a Beautifullu Hudugi || ''[[Sinnga]]'' || rowspan="2" | Kannada || Sung with Naveen Sajju
|-
| 2020 || Allondhu Neeli Bhanu || ''[[Shivarjuna]]'' || Sung with [[Sanjith Hegde]]
|}
'''<big>Television</big>'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Show
!Role
!Channel
!Notes
|-
|2022
|''[[Dancing Champion]]''
|Judge
|[[Colors Kannada]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Meghana Raj is now a permanent judge of Dancing Champion show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/meghana-raj-is-now-a-permanent-judge-of-dancing-champion-show/articleshow/89032811.cms |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=21 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{{BLP sources section|date=February 2023}}
* 2011: The Kochi Times Film Award for Promising Newcomer – ''[[Beautiful (2011 film)|Beautiful]]''<ref name="auto1" />
* 2011: Suvarna Film Award for Best Debut Actress in Kannada – ''[[Punda (film)|Punda]]''
* 2012: Nominated – [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam]] – ''Beautiful''
* 2018: [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress]] – ''[[Iruvudellava Bittu]]''<ref name="auto" />
* 2019: Nominated – [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada]] – ''Iruvudellava Bittu''
* 2019: Nominated – Filmibeat Award for Best Actress – Kannada – ''Iruvudellava Bittu''

== Public image ==
Meghana's official Facebook page has received more than 2.5 million likes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/meghanasunderraj |title=Meghana Raj Official Facebook |via=[[Facebook]] |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216015237/https://www.facebook.com/meghanasunderraj |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=June 2023}} She was ranked No.19 in Kochi Times' 'Most desirable Woman 2015' poll<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/Kochi-Times-Most-Desirable-Woman-2015-Deepti-Sati/articleshow/51980970.cms |title=Kochi Times most desirable woman 2015 |website=The Times of India |date=27 April 2016 |archive-date=30 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430092233/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/Kochi-Times-Most-Desirable-Woman-2015-Deepti-Sati/articleshow/51980970.cms |url-status=live |last1=Prakash |first1=Asha }}</ref> was ranked No.10 in Bangalore Times' 'Most desirable Women 2015'.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Bangalore-Times-Most-Desirable-Women-2015/articleshow/51964880.cms |title=Bangalore Times Most Desirable Women 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=20 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720060018/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Bangalore-Times-Most-Desirable-Women-2015/articleshow/51964880.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-17 |title='You are my guide and my guard': Meghana Raj remembers late husband Chiranjeevi Sarja on his birth anniversary |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/you-are-my-guide-and-my-guard-meghana-raj-remembers-late-husband-chiranjeevi-sarja-on-his-birth-anniversary-1353879 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=vinaykumar.patil |title=Meghana Raj enters new home in Bengaluru: Housewarming photos go viral; see PICS |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/meghana-raj-enters-new-home-in-bengaluru-housewarming-photos-go-viral-see-pics-vkp-smxi5x |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Asianet Newsable |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-31 |title=WATCH: Chiranjeevi Sarja and Meghana Raj's son Raayan turns 4; Dhruva Sarja joins Jurassic World themed birthday bash |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/watch-chiranjeevi-sarja-and-meghana-rajs-son-raayan-turns-4-dhruva-sarja-joins-jurassic-world-themed-birthday-bash-1356193 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-17 |title=Meghana Raj remembers late husband Chiranjeevi Sarja on his birthday; Says, 'My Guide and My Guard' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/meghana-raj-remembers-late-husband-chiranjeevi-sarja-on-his-birthday-says-my-guide-and-my-guard/articleshow/114302462.cms |access-date=2024-12-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=3964131}}
* {{Facebook|id=meghanasunderraj|name=Meghana Sunderraj}}

{{Karnataka State Award for Best Actress}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raj, Meghana}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Christ University alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tamil people]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]

E. V. R. Maniammai

2026-05-05T12:40:23Z

Igornqa:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{short description|Dravidian social activist and politician (1917–1978)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = E. V. R. Maniammai
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| office = President of the [[Dravidar Kazhagam]]
| term_start = 25 December 1973
| term_end = 16 March 1978
| predecessor = [[Periyar]]
| successor = [[K. Veeramani]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1917|03|10}}
| birth_place = [[Vellore]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] {{smaller|(present-day [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1978|03|16|1917|03|10}}
| death_place = [[Vellore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| resting_place = Periyar Ninaividam
| party = [[Dravidar Kazhagam]]
| other_party = [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] and [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|[[E. V. Ramasami]] |1948|1973|end=died}}}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|social activist}}
}}

'''Erode Venkatappa Ramasami Maniammai''' (10 March 1917 – 16 March 1978) was a Dravidian [[social activist]] and politician. She was the second wife of [[Periyar]] and succeeded him as the president of the [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] upon his death in 1973.

==Biography==
Maniammai was born as Kanthimathi to Kanagasabai Mudaliar, who was a member of the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]].<ref name="Muthiah2008">{{cite book|author=S. Muthiah|title=Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbR_LLkqdI8C&pg=PA413|year=2008|publisher=Palaniappa Brothers|isbn=978-81-8379-468-8|pages=413}}</ref><ref name=TT>{{cite news|url=http://www.tamiltribune.com/05/1201.html|title=Periyar Drops a Bombshell|last=Nalankilli|first=Thanjai|newspaper=Tamil tribune|accessdate=19 August 2016|archive-date=3 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903133222/http://www.tamiltribune.com/05/1201.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Soon after her father's death, she joined the [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] founded by [[Periyar]] in 1942–1943. Sources close to Periyar had indicated that Maniyammai, being a woman, could not be named his heir. So he took to the recourse of marrying her so that she could become his legal heir.<ref name=TNM>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/september-which-split-dravidians-periyar-weds-maniyammai-dmk-born-49850 |title=The September which split Dravidians: Periyar weds Maniyammai, DMK is born |access-date=28 September 2019 |archive-date=10 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810165105/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/september-which-split-dravidians-periyar-weds-maniyammai-dmk-born-49850 |url-status=live }}</ref> His marriage with a much younger Maniammai and his appointment of her as his successor shocked many of his party leaders.<ref name="Bhosale2004">{{cite book|author=Balkrishna Vithal Bhosale|title=Mobilisation of Backward Communities in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9FmeipZ5UnkC&pg=PA222|year=2004|publisher=Deep & Deep|isbn=978-81-7629-588-8|page=222}}</ref><ref name="Zuckerman2009">{{cite book|author=Phil Zuckerman|title=Atheism and Secularity [2 volumes]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1hbaAHsAlUC&pg=RA1-PA143|year=2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35182-2|page=143}}</ref><ref name="Atheistic Centre 1978 p. ">{{cite book | author=Atheistic Centre | title=The Atheist | publisher=Atheistic Centre | issue=v. 10-12 | year=1978 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGVTAAAAYAAJ | access-date=19 Apr 2023 | page=67-68 | archive-date=18 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918043154/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGVTAAAAYAAJ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Maṇiyammai Veeramani 1987 p. ">{{cite book | last1=Maṇiyammai | first1=Ī.V.R. | last2=Veeramani | first2=K. | title=An̲n̲ai Ī. Ve. Rā. Maṇiyammaiyārin̲ cintan̲ai muttukaḷ: an̲n̲aiyārin̲ kaṭṭuraikaḷ, pēccukaḷin̲ tokuppu | publisher=Periyār Cuyamariyātaip Piraccāra Nir̲uvan̲a Veḷiyīṭu | year=1987 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5oxuAAAAMAAJ | language= | access-date=19 Apr 2023 | page= | archive-date=18 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918043244/https://books.google.com/books?id=5oxuAAAAMAAJ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Govindarajan 2017">{{cite web | last=Govindarajan | first=Vinita | title=International Women's Day: Remembering Maniammai, the woman leader who shouldered Periyar's legacy | website=Scroll.in | date=8 Mar 2017 | url=https://scroll.in/article/831180/international-womens-day-remembering-maniammai-the-woman-leader-who-shouldered-periyars-legacy | access-date=19 Apr 2023 | archive-date=19 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419102954/https://scroll.in/article/831180/international-womens-day-remembering-maniammai-the-woman-leader-who-shouldered-periyars-legacy | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Feminism in India 2021">{{cite web | title=Periyar & Maniammai's Marriage – Though Irrelevant, Let's Talk About It, Shall We? | website=Feminism in India | date=5 Jan 2021 | url=https://feminisminindia.com/2021/01/06/periyar-maniammai-marriage/ | access-date=19 Apr 2023 | archive-date=19 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419104623/https://feminisminindia.com/2021/01/06/periyar-maniammai-marriage/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maniammai, Annai E. V. R}}
[[Category:Indian rationalists]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian reformers]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]]

Salani dialect

2026-05-05T06:34:30Z

Igornqa:

{{Short description|Garhwali dialect of Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Salani
| pushpin_map = Uttarakhand #India
| glottorefname = Salani
| glotto = sala1263
| iso3 =
| coordinates = {{coord|29.9170|N| 78.7101|E|display=inline}}
| pushpin_map_alt = Salani is spoken in Uttarakhand, in the north of India
| pushpin_map_caption = Salani-speaking area
| fam5 = [[Central Pahari]]
| nativename = सलाणी
| fam4 = [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| familycolor = Indo-European
| region = [[Uttarakhand]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Upreti|first=Ganga Dutt|title=Hill Dialects of the Kumaun Division|year=1900|pages=60}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Grierson|first=George Abraham|title=Linguistic survey of India vol. 9 part 4|year=1916}}</ref>
| states = [[India]]
| image = Salani.png
| fam6 = [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]
}}
'''Salani''' is a [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]] dialect spoken in the [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]] District of [[Uttarakhand]], northern India. It is the most spoken dialect of [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]] <ref>{{Cite book|last=Upreti|first=Ganga Dutt|title=Hill Dialects of the Kumaun Division|year=1900}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Grierson|first=George Abraham|title=Linguistic survey of India vol. 9 part 4|year=1916|pages=336–341}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Salani glottolog registry|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sala1263|website=Glottolog}}</ref> [[G.A. Grierson]] has described it as "practically the same as [[Srinagaria dialect]]".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Grierson|first=George Abraham|title=Linguistic Survey of India Volume 9 Part 4|year=1916|pages=336}}</ref> It is Mostly spoken in Talla, Malla, and Ganga Salan .The dialect is also spoken in the Parganas immediately to the north of the three Salans, and in the western portion of Pargana Pali of Almora.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grierson S |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2036 |title=Linguistic Survey Of India Vol 9 Part 4 Pahari Languages |date=1916}}</ref>

==Region and stats==

it is spoken to the South of [[Rathwali]], in the Parganas of Malla, Tallā and Gañgā Salan, in the parganas to the immediate North and in Western portion of Pali pargana of [[Almora district|Almora]].

Below are the '''statistics''' of estimated number of speakers in different regions, as of early 20th century:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Stats of Salani (last updated 1916)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Grierson|first=George Abraham|title=Linguistic Survey of India, Volume 9 Part 4|year=1916|pages=336|language=English}}</ref>
!Region
!No. of speakers
|-
|Pauri(British Garhwal)
|207,832
|-
|Almora
|15,176
|-
|Dehradun
|5000
|-
|Saharanpur
|250
|-
|Bijnor
|1000
|-
|Moradabad
|500
|}

==Script & specimen==
[[File:SalaniSample.jpg|center|thumb|579x579px|A sample in Salani, taken from Grierson's book.]]

== See also ==
* [[Srinagaria dialect|Srinagaria]]
* [[Rathwali]]
* [[Nagpuri dialect (Garhwal)|Nagpuri]]
* [[Tehriyali dialect|Tehriyali]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Uttarakhand}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Dialects of Garhwali]]

Palanpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:22:07Z

Igornqa: added a post

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Palanpur
| mla = Aniket Girishbhai Thaker
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Banaskantha district|Banaskantha]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Banaskantha Lok Sabha constituency|Banaskantha]]
| established = 2007
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:284390}}<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI"/>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 12
}}

'''Palanpur''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Banaskantha district|Banaskantha]] district. It is numbered as 12-Palanpur.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Palanpur Taluka (Part) Villages – Gadalwada(Galwada), Surajpura, Ranawas, Juvol, Chekhala, Rampura (Karaza), Bhatamal Nani, Akedi, Badarpura (Bhutedi), Vadhana, Madana (Dangiya), Kotda (Bhakhar), Mota, Chandisar, Kushakal, Delwada, Rajpur (Pakhanva), Bhutedi, Sangla, Bhatamal Moti, Antroli, Pirojpura (Tankani), Kotda (Chand Gadh), Chitrasani, Ranpuriya, Ukarda, Malpuriya, Jaspuriya, Hebatpur, Malana, Pakhanwa, Moriya, Lunwa, Varwadia, Khemana, Sangra, Laxmanpura, Hasanpur, Merwada (Mahajan), Pedagara, Malan, Vasda (Fatepur), Manpur (Karjoda), Asmapura (Karjoda), Karjoda, Songadh, Parpada, Angola, Badarpura (Parpada), Badarpura (Khodla), Khodla, Kumbhalmer, Sundha, Samdhi Ranajivas, Samdhi (Motavas), Samdhi (Nadhanivas), Vasani, Kumbhasan, Vedancha, Akesan, Chadotar, Sadarpur, Aligadh, Vasda (Mujpur), Nalasar, Ambaliyal, Jadial, Bhatwadi, Vasan, Bhagal (Pipli), Dhaniyana, Ambetha, Virpur, Ratanpur, Gathaman, Bhavisana, Salempura, Gadh, Talepura (Madana), Dalwada, Madana (Gadh), Esbipura, Lalawada, Sambarda, Pipli, Gopalpura, Ruppura, Palanpur (M), Palanpur (Rural).

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Govind Prajapati]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|rowspan =2|Maheshkumar Patel
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Aniket Thakar|Aniket Girishbhai Thakar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin |title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Palanpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Aniket Thakar]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=95,588|percentage=52.93|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Maheshkumar Amrutlal Patel|party=Indian National Congress|votes=68,608|percentage=37.99|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rameshbhai Nabhani|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=9,606|percentage=5.32|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2,702|percentage=1.5|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=26,980|percentage=14.94|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:284,390}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022" />

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Palanpur<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Maheshkumar Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 91,512
|percentage = 52.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Laljibhai Prajapati|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=73,919|percentage=42.08|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=17,593|percentage=10.02|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,75,661|percentage=69.86|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Banaskantha district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{coord|24.17|72.43|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Politics of Banaskantha district]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2007]]

Hosanagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:37:19Z

Igornqa: Made new info initial version

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Hosanagar
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|constituency_no =
|type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|district = [[Shimoga district]]
| loksabha_cons =
|established = 1967
|abolished = 2008
|electors = 
|reservation = None
}}
'''Hosanagar Assembly constituency''' was one of the seats in [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] in India. The seat ceased to exist after the 2008 delimitation of constituencies.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || I. Somasekharappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Sheernaly Chandrashekar
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || S. M. Sheeranaly Chandrashrkhar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="3" | B. Swamy Rao || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || Ayanur Manjunath || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Dr. G. D. Narayanappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Hartalu Halappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosanagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Hartalu Halappa]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 49,086 |percentage = 39.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. G. D. Narayanappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,235 |percentage = 25.66% |change = {{decrease}}20.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. R. Basavarajappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 24,559 |percentage = 19.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Swamyrao. B |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 7,025 |percentage = 5.59% |change = {{increase}}4.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gurumurthy. M |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 6,654 |percentage = 5.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yuvaraj. B |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,074 |percentage = 1.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anitha. S. V |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,833 |percentage = 1.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Elumalai. S |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,097 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hafeed. A. M |party = Urs Samyuktha Paksha |votes = 1,053 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,851 |percentage = 13.41% |change = {{increase}}2.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 125,706 |percentage = 70.66% |change = {{decrease}}3.17 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 125,616}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 177,902 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.57 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosanagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. G. D. Narayanappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 49,535 |percentage = 45.83% |change = {{increase}}31.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Nanjundappa |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 38,204 |percentage = 35.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. H. Nagaraja |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,567 |percentage = 11.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Swamy Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,718 |percentage = 6.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. R. Rajashekar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,051 |percentage = 0.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,331 |percentage = 10.48% |change = {{increase}}9.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 113,643 |percentage = 73.83% |change = {{decrease}}2.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 108,075}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,428 |percentage = 4.78% |change = {{increase}}3.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 153,935 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.51 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}21.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosanagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ayanur Manjunath |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 25,505 |percentage = 24.52% |change = {{increase}}21.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Nanjundappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 24,878 |percentage = 23.92% |change = {{decrease}}5.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. G. D. Narayanappa |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 19,954 |percentage = 19.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Swamy Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,926 |percentage = 14.35% |change = {{decrease}}29.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. R. Basavarajappa |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 14,707 |percentage = 14.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. R. Somashekar |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,251 |percentage = 3.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 627 |percentage = 0.60% |change = {{decrease}}14.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 105,920 |percentage = 76.04% |change = {{increase}}0.62 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 104,009}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,656 |percentage = 1.56% |change = {{decrease}}3.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 139,301 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.56 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}19.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosanagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Swamy Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 39,668 |percentage = 43.80% |change = {{decrease}}6.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Nanjundappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 26,316 |percentage = 29.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. R. Basavarajappa |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 18,557 |percentage = 20.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Seetharam Bhat |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,851 |percentage = 3.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. B. Krishnamurthy |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,931 |percentage = 2.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. Venkatesh |party = Independent politician |votes = 956 |percentage = 1.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,352 |percentage = 14.74% |change = {{increase}}11.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 95,019 |percentage = 75.42% |change = {{increase}}0.28 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 90,573}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,446 |percentage = 4.68% |change = {{increase}}3.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 125,992 |ref = |change = {{increase}}32.70 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosanagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Swamy Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,155 |percentage = 49.97% |change = {{increase}}14.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Nanjundappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 32,694 |percentage = 46.47% |change = {{decrease}}4.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. Puttaswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 761 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Govindegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 616 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,461 |percentage = 3.50% |change = {{decrease}}12.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 71,340 |percentage = 75.14% |change = {{increase}}4.30 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 70,358}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 982 |percentage = 1.38% |change = {{decrease}}0.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,943 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.65 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}1.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosanagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Swamy Rao |party = Janata Party |votes = 29,542 |percentage = 51.42% |change = {{increase}}8.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. M. Sheeranaly Chandrashrkhar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,143 |percentage = 35.06% |change = {{increase}}32.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. N. Basappa |party = Lokdal |votes = 7,344 |percentage = 12.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Govindegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 428 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,399 |percentage = 16.36% |change = {{increase}}9.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,660 |percentage = 70.84% |change = {{decrease}}7.17 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,457}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,203 |percentage = 2.05% |change = {{decrease}}0.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,810 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.90 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}1.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosanagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. M. Sheeranaly Chandrashrkhar |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 28,092 |percentage = 50.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Swamy Rao |party = Janata Party |votes = 24,174 |percentage = 43.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Rahman |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,743 |percentage = 3.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Gangamma. D. B |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 1,374 |percentage = 2.46% |change = {{decrease}}39.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Mallappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 343 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,918 |percentage = 7.01% |change = {{increase}}1.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,223 |percentage = 78.01% |change = {{increase}}9.39 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,928}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,295 |percentage = 2.26% |change = {{increase}}2.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,349 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.22 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosanagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sheernaly Chandrashekar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,158 |percentage = 41.69% |change = {{decrease}}4.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Swamy Rao |party = Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 15,043 |percentage = 36.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. P. Wodayar |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 8,952 |percentage = 21.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,115 |percentage = 5.14% |change = {{decrease}}1.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,218 |percentage = 68.62% |change = {{increase}}2.27 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,153}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,525 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.56 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hosanagar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = I. Somasekharappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,535 |percentage = 46.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. S. Rao |party = Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 12,400 |percentage = 39.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Veerabasappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,613 |percentage = 8.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Renuka |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,271 |percentage = 4.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. D. G. Saheb |party = Independent politician |votes = 219 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,135 |percentage = 6.82% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,582 |percentage = 66.35% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,317}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,613 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|13.92|75.07|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Shimoga district]]

Singjamei Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:51:39Z

Igornqa: Started A Details Initial Version

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Singjamei
| mla = [[Yumnam Khemchand Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Manipur]]
| district = [[Imphal West district|Imphal West]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| electors = {{formatnum:20734}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 13
| map_image = File:Singjamei AC Map.png
}}
'''Singjamei (Vidhan Sabha constituency)''' is one of the 60 constituencies in the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] of [[Manipur]], a north-eastern state of [[India]]. Singjamei is also part of [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/manipur/assembly-constituencies/singjamei.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Singjamei Assembly Constituency]</ref>

== Extent ==
Singjamei is the 13th among 60 assembly constituencies of Manipur. It consists of 29 parts namely: 1 - Yumnam Leikai (A), 2 - Yumnam Leikai (B), 3 - Thokchom Leikai, 4 - Singjamei Chirom Leikai, 5 - Chingamathak (A), 6 - Chingamathak (B), 7 - Chingamakha Oinam Leirak, 8 - Chingamakha Irom Leirak, 9 - Chingamakha Kshetri Leirak, 10 - Chingamakha, 11 - Chingamakha Yanglem Leikai, 12 - Chingamakha Chanam Pukhri Mapal, 13 - Chingamakha Heirangoithong, 14 - Chingamakha Ningthoujam Leikai (A), 15 - Chingamakha Ningthoujam Leikai (B), 16 - Singjamei Top Leikai, 17 - Chingamakhong Chongtham Leikai, 18 - Singjamei Sapam Leikai, 19 - Singjamei Mayengbam Leikai (Maning), 20 - Singjamei Leishangthem Leikai, 21 - Singjamei Thongam Leikai (Awang), 22 - Singjamei Thongam Leikai (Mayai), 23 - Singjamei Thongam Leikai (Makha), 24 - Singjamei Waikhom Leikai (A), 25 - Singjamei Waikhom Leikai (B), 26 - Singjamei Okram Leikai, 27 - Singjamei Mayengbam Leikai (Mamang), 28 - Singjamei Oinam Thingel (Awang), and 29 - Singjamei Oinam Thingel (Makha).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chief Electoral |first=Officer Manipur |date=Jan 2023 |title=Electoral Roll SSR 2023 |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/eroll}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| A . Biramangol
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Loitongbam Sarat Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}}
|-
| [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| Sanasam Biramani Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Irengbam Tompok Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Urs)}}
|-
| [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| Irengbam Tompok Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Irengbam Tompok Singh
|-
| [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1991 (by-election)]]
|rowspan=2| Irengbam Hemochandra Singh
|-
| [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| Haobam Bhubon Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|rowspan=3| Irengbam Hemochandra Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Federal Party of Manipur}}
|-
| [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
| [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Y. Khemchand Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|45.80}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|53.84}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.61}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.38}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Federal Party of Manipur}}|45.29}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|52.72}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|40.87}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.30}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|42.78}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress (U)}}|23.53}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|27.09}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1972|1972]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|24.20}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|24.84}}
}}
=== Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Singjamei<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date= 26 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yumnam Khemchand Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,709 |percentage=45.80% |change=-8.04% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Oinam Romen Singh |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=6,414 |percentage=33.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ngangbam Robert Singh |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=2,164 |percentage=11.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Irengbam Hemochandra Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,600 |percentage=8.41% |change=-34.98% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=128 |percentage=0.67% |change=-0.50% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,295 |percentage=12.07% |change=1.63% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,015 |percentage=91.71% |change= 3.55% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,734 |change =4.04% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= -8.04% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Singjamei<ref name=results2017>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2017 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905063602/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |archive-date= 5 September 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yumnam Khemchand Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,459 |percentage=53.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Irengbam Hemochandra Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,625 |percentage=43.40% |change=-6.21% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=206 |percentage=1.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Heigrujam Nabashyam Singh |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=176 |percentage=1.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thokchom Sarchil Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=104 |percentage=0.59% |change=-1.16% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,834 |percentage=10.44% |change=9.46% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,570 |percentage=88.16% |change= 4.69% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,929 |change =3.48% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 4.23% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Singjamei<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2012 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212737/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |archive-date= 28 June 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Irengbam Hemochandra Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,975 |percentage=49.61% |change=2.22% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yumnam Khemchand Singh]] |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=7,818 |percentage=48.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Heigrujam Nabashyam Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=281 |percentage=1.75% |change=-30.63% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=157 |percentage=0.98% |change=-14.03% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,076 |percentage=83.46% |change= 0.36% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,259 |change =-2.65% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 2.22% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Singjamei<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2007 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162740/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Irengbam Hemochandra Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,791 |percentage=47.38% |change=45.50% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sapam Tiken Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=5,324 |percentage=32.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haobam Bhuban Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=2,763 |percentage=16.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Heigrujam Nabashyam Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=403 |percentage=2.45% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Irom Romee |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=161 |percentage=0.98% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,467 |percentage=15.00% |change=8.81% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,442 |percentage=83.11% |change= -5.43% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,783 |change =10.48% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Federal Party of Manipur |swing= 2.09% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Singjamei<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2002 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183325/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Irengbam Hemochandra Singh |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=7,150 |percentage=45.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haobam Bhuban Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=6,172 |percentage=39.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Heigrujam Nabashyam Singh |party=Democratic Revolutionary Peoples Party |votes=1,542 |percentage=9.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Umananda Sanasam |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=480 |percentage=3.04% |change=-41.58% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Birla Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=297 |percentage=1.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aribam Chaoba Sharma |party=Communist Party of India |votes=145 |percentage=0.92% |change=-1.44% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=978 |percentage=6.20% |change=-1.90% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,786 |percentage=88.54% |change= 0.70% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,906 |change =3.20% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Federal Party of Manipur |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= 4.43% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Singjamei}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Haobam Bhubon Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,277 |percentage=52.72% |change=18.24% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Irengbam Hemochandra Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=7,006 |percentage=44.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aribam Chaoba Sharma |party=Communist Party of India |votes=370 |percentage=2.36% |change=0.13% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,271 |percentage=8.10% |change=1.71% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,700 |percentage=91.25% |change= 3.41% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,350 |change =7.97% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 11.85% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Singjamei}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Irengbam Hemochandra Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,714 |percentage=40.87% |change=-9.44% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haobam Bhubon Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,821 |percentage=34.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Huidrom Surendra Kumar |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,311 |percentage=16.53% |change=-32.13% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yurembam Iboyaima |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=594 |percentage=4.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Elangbam Tomba |party=Communist Party of India |votes=312 |percentage=2.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Waikhom Manimohon |party=Janata Dal |votes=137 |percentage=0.98% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=893 |percentage=6.39% |change=4.74% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,982 |percentage=87.84% |change= 0.08% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,070 |change =1.74% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -9.44% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Singjamei}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Irengbam Tompok Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,915 |percentage=50.30% |change=7.52% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haobam Bhuban Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=6,689 |percentage=48.66% |change=22.56% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurumayum Molecule Sharma |party=Janata Dal |votes=143 |percentage=1.04% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=226 |percentage=1.64% |change=-12.28% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,747 |percentage=87.76% |change= 0.15% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,795 |change =20.10% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 7.52% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Singjamei}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rengbam Tompok Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,860 |percentage=42.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thokchom Chandrasekhar Singh]]|party=Janata Party |votes=3,278 |percentage=28.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thounaojam Kulabidhu Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,965 |percentage=26.10% |change=14.91% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurumayum Molecule Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=257 |percentage=2.26% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,582 |percentage=13.93% |change=8.39% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,360 |percentage=87.61% |change= 7.86% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,151 |change =4.70% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (U) |swing= 19.26% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Singjamei}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Tompok Singh |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=2,309 |percentage=23.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thokchom Chandrasekhar Singh]]|party=Janata Party |votes=1,766 |percentage=17.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Birachandra Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=1,264 |percentage=12.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Surendrakumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,253 |percentage=12.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Chandra |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,098 |percentage=11.19% |change=-15.04% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Biramani |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=940 |percentage=9.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kh. Babusahep |party=Independent politician |votes=559 |percentage=5.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Th. Deba |party=Independent politician |votes=252 |percentage=2.57% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sh Rajmani Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=224 |percentage=2.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Gouridas Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=150 |percentage=1.53% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=543 |percentage=5.53% |change=4.67% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,815 |percentage=79.75% |change= -7.74% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,561 |change =29.95% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (U) |loser=Independent politician |swing= -3.56% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Singjamei}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanasam Biramani Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,263 |percentage=27.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laisram Joychandra |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,191 |percentage=26.23% |change=2.03% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Irengbam Tompok Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,976 |percentage=23.65% |change=-0.41% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thokchom Chandrasekhar Singh]]|party=Independent politician |votes=1,821 |percentage=21.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Nabachandra |party=Independent politician |votes=103 |percentage=1.23% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=72 |percentage=0.86% |change=0.73% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,354 |percentage=87.49% |change= 8.33% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,666 |change =-9.55% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= 2.89% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Singjamei}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Loitongbam Sarat Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,024 |percentage=24.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haobam Baruni Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,013 |percentage=24.07% |change=4.02% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ayekpam Biramangol Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,721 |percentage=20.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thokchom Chandrasekhar Singh]]|party=Independent politician |votes=1,471 |percentage=17.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Nityai Singh |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=600 |percentage=7.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thounaojam Iboyaima |party=Independent politician |votes=535 |percentage=6.40% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11 |percentage=0.13% |change=-2.08% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,364 |percentage=79.16% |change= 3.06% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,686 |change =-42.60% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= -0.64% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Singjamei}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ayekpam Biramangol Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,389 |percentage=24.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Tompok Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,087 |percentage=22.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thokchom Chandrasekhar Singh]] |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes=2,896 |percentage=21.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Baruni |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,735 |percentage=20.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Manisana |party=Independent politician |votes=767 |percentage=5.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kh. Babusahep |party=Independent politician |votes=695 |percentage=5.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Bira |party=Independent politician |votes=75 |percentage=0.55% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=302 |percentage=2.21% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,644 |percentage=76.10% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,616 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Singjamei]]
* [[Imphal]]
* [[List of constituencies of Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Imphal West district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|24.77|93.94|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Imphal]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:Imphal West district]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Manipur]]

Palloor Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:32:55Z

Igornqa: added a stub!

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| name = Palloor
| union_territory = [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| established = 1964
| abolished= 2011
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
}}
'''Palloor''' was a [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|state assembly constituency]] in the India state of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. It was in existence from the [[1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1964]] to the [[2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2006]] state elections.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1964]]
|rowspan=3|[[V. N. Purushothaman|Vanmeri Nadeyi Purushothaman]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
| [[1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|-
| [[1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| T. K. Chandrashekaran
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| N. K. Sachindranath
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|rowspan=6| A. V. Sreedharan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| [[2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2006|2006]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.35}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2001|2001]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.23}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|45.40}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|59.02}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.44}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1985|1985]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.05}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|45.89}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1977|1977]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|54.21}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.41}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1969|1969]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|67.64}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1964|1964]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|64.62}}
}}
=== Assembly Election 2006 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Palloor<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 2006 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3437-puducherry-2006/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925222225/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3437-puducherry-2006/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=25 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=A. V. Sreedharan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,987 |percentage=53.35% |change=4.11% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. K. Gangadharan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=4,512 |percentage=40.20% |change=5.81% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Sathyan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=625 |percentage=5.57% |change=-3.85% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadgamayil K. Lakshmanan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=93 |percentage=0.83% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,475 |percentage=13.14% |change=-1.69% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,223 |percentage=78.14% |change= 7.13% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,363 |change =3.39% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 4.11% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2001 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Palloor<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 2001 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3436-puducherry-2001/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927050359/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3436-puducherry-2001/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=A. V. Sreedharan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,855 |percentage=49.23% |change=3.83% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Dineshan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,392 |percentage=34.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. P. Ganeshan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=929 |percentage=9.42% |change=-1.56% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. K. Sachindranath |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=512 |percentage=5.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. M. Shamsudheen |party=Independent politician |votes=92 |percentage=0.93% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,463 |percentage=14.84% |change=0.70% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,861 |percentage=71.01% |change= 0.60% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,892 |change =7.99% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -9.78% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Palloor<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1996 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3434-puducherry-1996/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917135105/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3434-puducherry-1996/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=A. V. Sreedharan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,253 |percentage=45.40% |change=-13.61% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Panangatil Khader |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,929 |percentage=31.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. K. Sathyanandan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,131 |percentage=12.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. P. Ganeshan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,029 |percentage=10.99% |change=1.42% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,324 |percentage=14.13% |change=-13.47% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,367 |percentage=74.44% |change= 4.03% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,864 |change =7.43% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -13.61% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Palloor<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1991 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3433-puducherry-1991/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917135604/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3433-puducherry-1991/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=A. V. Sreedharan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,922 |percentage=59.02% |change=0.57% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. M. Raju Master |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,620 |percentage=31.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. P. Ganeshan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=798 |percentage=9.57% |change=1.85% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,302 |percentage=27.60% |change=-2.37% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,340 |percentage=70.41% |change= -6.31% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,974 |change =0.83% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 0.57% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Palloor<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1990 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3431-puducherry-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917130547/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3431-puducherry-1990/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=A. V. Sreedharan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,288 |percentage=58.44% |change=4.40% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Gangadharan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,576 |percentage=28.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. P. Chandran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=698 |percentage=7.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Sreedharan Nambiar |party=Janata Dal |votes=476 |percentage=5.26% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,712 |percentage=29.97% |change=3.81% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,048 |percentage=76.72% |change= -4.85% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,876 |change =38.29% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 4.40% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Palloor<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1985 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3430-puducherry-1985/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917140417/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3430-puducherry-1985/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=A. V. Sreedharan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,766 |percentage=54.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. K. Chandrashekaran |party=Janata Party |votes=1,943 |percentage=27.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. P. Pokku Haje |party=Independent politician |votes=802 |percentage=11.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kunnummal Sreedharan |party=Independent politician |votes=309 |percentage=4.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. N. K. Satheeshan |party=Independent politician |votes=87 |percentage=1.25% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,823 |percentage=26.16% |change=24.37% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,968 |percentage=81.57% |change= 1.50% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,588 |change =19.46% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= 8.16% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Palloor<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1980 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3428-puducherry-1980/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927041541/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3428-puducherry-1980/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. K. Sachindranath |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=2,567 |percentage=45.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. V. Sreedharan |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=2,467 |percentage=44.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. K. Chandrashekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=540 |percentage=9.65% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=100 |percentage=1.79% |change=-8.78% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,594 |percentage=80.07% |change= -0.67% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,189 |change =9.16% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Independent politician |swing= -8.32% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Palloor<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1977 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3426-puducherry-1977/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927043330/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3426-puducherry-1977/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. K. Chandrashekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=2,853 |percentage=54.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. N. Purushothaman|Vanmeri Nadeyi Purushothaman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,297 |percentage=43.64% |change=2.23% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. K. Govindan Nambiar |party=Independent politician |votes=109 |percentage=2.07% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=556 |percentage=10.56% |change=-8.24% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,263 |percentage=80.73% |change= -5.37% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,586 |change =16.20% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 12.79% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Palloor<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1974 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3425-puducherry-1974/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917133352/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3425-puducherry-1974/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. N. Purushothaman|Vanmeri Nadeyi Purushothaman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,980 |percentage=41.41% |change=-26.23% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mottamal Pocku |party=Independent politician |votes=1,081 |percentage=22.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Threpraveetil Natayi Karayi Sachindranath |party=Independent politician |votes=1,076 |percentage=22.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Valappkath Cheryath P. Ummercutty Haji |party=Independent politician |votes=644 |percentage=13.47% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=899 |percentage=18.80% |change=-16.48% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,781 |percentage=86.10% |change= 3.40% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,668 |change =20.06% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -26.23% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1969 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Palloor<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1969 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3423-puducherry-1969/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917140530/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3423-puducherry-1969/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. N. Purushothaman|Vanmeri Nadeyi Purushothaman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,609 |percentage=67.64% |change=3.03% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pondeatte Anandin |party=Independent politician |votes=1,248 |percentage=32.36% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,361 |percentage=35.29% |change=6.06% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,857 |percentage=82.69% |change= -9.49% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,721 |change =14.25% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 3.03% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1964 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Palloor}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. N. Purushothaman|Vanmeri Nadeyi Purushothaman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,436 |percentage=64.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Poothara Narayanan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,334 |percentage=35.38% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,102 |percentage=29.23% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,770 |percentage=92.18% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,132 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|title=Statistics of Mahe|publisher=Government of Puducherry|url=http://mahe.gov.in/update/statistics.html|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830035601/http://mahe.gov.in/update/statistics.html|archivedate=2011-08-30}}
* {{cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/palloor-puducherry-assembly-constituency |title=Palloor Assembly Constituency Election Result|publisher=Result University }}
{{coord|11.7324|N|75.5395|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Puducherry}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Puducherry]]
[[Category:Politics of Puducherry]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Pondicherry]]
[[Category:2011 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2011]]
[[Category:Mahe district]]

Ganderbal Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:20:42Z

Igornqa: Started entry!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ganderbal
| mla = [[Omar Abdullah]] {{Small|[[Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]]}}
| party = {{Party index link|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Ganderbal district|Ganderbal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar]]
| established = 1962
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 18 | incumbent_image =Omar Farooq Abdullah.jpg
}}
[[File:Ganderbal 3.jpg|thumb|Ganderbal (constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly)]]
'''Ganderbal Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. Ganderbal is also part of [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12211-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-assamarunachal-pradesh-manipur-and-nagaland-notification-dated-06032020/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir, Assam,Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland - Notification dated 06.03.2020 - Delimitation - Election Commission of India |newspaper=eci.gov.in |accessdate=2021-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13193-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-notification-dated-03032021/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir - Notification dated 03.03.2021 - Presidential Orders/ Delimitation Commission Orders |website=Election Commission of India |date= 3 March 2021 |accessdate= 2021-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Ganderbal Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/ganderbal.html|access-date=2021-06-20|website=Elections.in}}</ref> Chief minister of state represents this constituency.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Abdul Salam Aitu
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan=2|Muhammad Maqbool Bhat
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|rowspan=3| [[Farooq Abdullah]]
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| [[Qazi Mohammad Afzal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Omar Abdullah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Ishfaq Ahmad Sheikh]]
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Omar Abdullah]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Ganderbal<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Omar Abdullah]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=32,727 |percentage=43.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmad Mir |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=22,153 |percentage=29.65% |change={{decrease}}5.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ishfaq Ahmad Sheikh]] |party=Independent politician |votes=6,060 |percentage=8.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Qaiser Sultan Ganaie |party=Democratic Progressive Azad Party |votes=3,781 |percentage=5.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Farooq Ahmad Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=2,732 |percentage=3.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,713 |percentage=2.29% |change={{increase}}0.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Qazi Mubisher Farooq |party=Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party |votes=1,160 |percentage=1.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashiq Ahmad Sheikh |party=Independent politician |votes=963 |percentage=1.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Javed Ahmad Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=765 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maajid Ashraf Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=621 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tariq Ahmad Zargar |party=Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party |votes=460 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,574 |percentage=14.15% |change= {{increase}}13.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,716 |percentage=57.91% |change= {{decrease}}1.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,29,013 |ref = |change= {{increase}}42.43 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}7.42 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Ganderbal<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ishfaq Ahmad Sheikh]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=19,478 |percentage=36.38% |change={{decrease}}5.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Qazi Mohammad Afzal]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=18,881 |percentage=35.27% |change={{increase}}14.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sheikh Ghulam Ahmad |party=Independent politician |votes=6,009 |percentage=11.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Yousuf Bhat |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,190 |percentage=5.96% |change={{decrease}}14.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Rasool Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=1,236 |percentage=2.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bilal Ahmad Khanday |party=Independent politician |votes=1,057 |percentage=1.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=800 |percentage=1.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sheikh Abdul Rasheed |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=671 |percentage=1.25% |change={{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Javed Ahmad Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=660 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hilal Ahmad Dar |party=Independent politician |votes=489 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Majeed Dhobi |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference |votes=321 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=597 |percentage=1.12% |change= {{decrease}}19.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=53,539 |percentage=59.11% |change= {{increase}}7.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,582 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.68 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}5.11 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Ganderbal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Omar Abdullah]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=16,519 |percentage=41.49% |change={{increase}}5.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Qazi Mohammad Afzal]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=8,304 |percentage=20.85% |change={{decrease}}27.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ishfaq Ahmad Sheikh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,077 |percentage=20.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Farooq Ahmad Dar |party=Jammu & Kashmir Democratic Party Nationalist |votes=2,622 |percentage=6.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmed Bhat |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=759 |percentage=1.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Hassan Dar |party=Backward Classes Democratic Party, J&K |votes=737 |percentage=1.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nissar Ahmad Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=726 |percentage=1.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazir Ahmad Lone |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference |votes=678 |percentage=1.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rashid Sheikh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=551 |percentage=1.38% |change={{decrease}}0.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Farooq Ahmad |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=375 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ali Mohammad Baba |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=374 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,215 |percentage=20.63% |change= {{increase}}8.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,818 |percentage=51.73% |change= {{increase}}16.53 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,971 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.53 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{decrease}}6.78 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Ganderbal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Qazi Mohammad Afzal]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=11,622 |percentage=48.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Omar Abdullah]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=8,752 |percentage=36.34% |change={{decrease}}33.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Hassan Shah |party=Independent politician |votes=1,144 |percentage=4.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rashid Rather |party=Independent politician |votes=1,105 |percentage=4.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Peer Ali Shah |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami League |votes=898 |percentage=3.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rashid |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=560 |percentage=2.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,870 |percentage=11.92% |change= {{decrease}}42.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,081 |percentage=35.21% |change= {{decrease}}12.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,402 |ref = |change= {{increase}}38.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}21.99 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Ganderbal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Farooq Abdullah]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=16,440 |percentage=70.25% |change={{decrease}}8.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Qazi Mohammad Afzal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,617 |percentage=15.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yousuf |party=Independent politician |votes=1,729 |percentage=7.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Akbar |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,617 |percentage=6.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,823 |percentage=54.79% |change= {{decrease}}4.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,403 |percentage=50.62% |change= {{decrease}}34.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,558 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.33 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}8.50 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Ganderbal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Farooq Abdullah]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=30,255 |percentage=78.75% |change={{decrease}}17.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Khaliq Sofi |party=Independent politician |votes=7,446 |percentage=19.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Hassan Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=609 |percentage=1.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,809 |percentage=59.37% |change= {{decrease}}32.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=38,418 |percentage=83.37% |change= {{decrease}}3.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,051 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.31 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Ganderbal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Farooq Abdullah]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=32,331 |percentage=95.81% |change={{increase}}7.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohi Ud Din Saiati |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,235 |percentage=3.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=31,096 |percentage=92.15% |change= {{increase}}15.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,745 |percentage=86.32% |change= {{increase}}0.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 39,769 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.24 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Ganderbal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sheikh Abdullah]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=26,162 |percentage=88.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ali Mohamd Taria |party=Independent politician |votes=3,509 |percentage=11.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,653 |percentage=76.35% |change= {{increase}}29.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,671 |percentage=87.27% |change= {{increase}}24.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,118 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.18 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Ganderbal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Maqbool Bhat |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,891 |percentage=66.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed Ganai |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=3,554 |percentage=19.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmed Beg |party=Independent politician |votes=1,250 |percentage=7.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Ahmed Bhat |party=Swatantra Party |votes=604 |percentage=3.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ismail |party=Independent politician |votes=498 |percentage=2.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,337 |percentage=46.84% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,797 |percentage=62.43% |change= {{increase}}60.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,466 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.55 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Ganderbal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Maqbool Bhat |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,647 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,647 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}5.80 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Ganderbal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Abdul Salam Aitu |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=26,165 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,165 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Ganderbal]]
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|34.217|74.771|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Ganderbal district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Hiriyur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:23:29Z

Igornqa: Made basic article w/ infobox

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hiriyur
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 100
| map_image = 100-Hiriyur constituency.svg
| mla = [[D. Sudhakar]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Poornima Krishnappa]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chitradurga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chitradurga]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:243619}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}

'''Hiriyur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Chitradurga district]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || V. Masiyappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| T. Hanumiah
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || K. Kenchappa || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || V. Masiyappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || [[D. Manjunath]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan="3" | K. H. Ranganath
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || R. Ramaiah
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || K. H. Ranganath
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || [[D. Manjunath]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || K. H. Ranganath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[D. Manjunath]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="2" | [[D. Sudhakar]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[Poornima Krishnappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[D. Sudhakar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hiriyur <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Hiriyur">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Hiriyur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10100.htm?ac=100 |accessdate=22 February 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222124047/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10100.htm?ac=100 |archivedate=22 February 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[D. Sudhakar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 92,050 |percentage = 46.02% |change = {{increase}}11.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Poornima |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 61,728 |percentage = 30.86% |change = {{decrease}}10.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Raveendrappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 38,686 |percentage = 19.34% |change = {{decrease}}2.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Mahesh |party = Kalyana Rajya Pragathi Paksha |votes = 1,520 |percentage = 0.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. T. Thippeswamy |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,407 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 691 |percentage = 0.35% |change = {{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,322 |percentage = 15.16% |change = {{increase}}8.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 200,182 |percentage = 82.17% |change = {{increase}}1.97 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 200,016}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 243,619 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.45 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}4.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hiriyur <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Poornima Krishnappa]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 77,733 |percentage = 41.17% |change = {{increase}}39.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[D. Sudhakar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 64,858 |percentage = 34.36% |change = {{decrease}}16.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Yashodhara |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 42,044 |percentage = 22.27% |change = {{decrease}}28.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,160 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,875 |percentage = 6.82% |change = {{increase}}5.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 188,869 |percentage = 80.20% |change = {{increase}}5.95 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 188,787}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 235,486 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.93 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}10.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hiriyur <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[D. Sudhakar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 71,661 |percentage = 51.19% |change = {{increase}}45.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Krishnappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 70,456 |percentage = 50.32% |change = {{increase}}35.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Jayanna |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 6,965 |percentage = 4.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Siddesh Yadav |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,880 |percentage = 2.06% |change = {{decrease}}17.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Thippeswamy |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 2,570 |percentage = 1.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Nataraja |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,418 |percentage = 1.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. T. Shanthanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,024 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. H. Kantharaj Huli |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,008 |percentage = 0.72% |change = {{decrease}}1.35 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,205 |percentage = 0.86% |change = {{decrease}}11.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 160,501 |percentage = 74.25% |change = {{increase}}9.81 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 140,003}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 216,172 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.68 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}19.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hiriyur <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[D. Sudhakar]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 43,299 |percentage = 31.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lakshmikantha. N. R |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 26,921 |percentage = 19.86% |change = {{increase}}0.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Yashodhara |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 19,876 |percentage = 14.66% |change = {{decrease}}28.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Majunatha. G. S |party = Independent politician |votes = 17,821 |percentage = 13.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Geetha Nandini Gowda. P. S |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,251 |percentage = 6.09% |change = {{decrease}}24.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manjunath. R |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,622 |percentage = 5.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thippeswamy. V. K |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,164 |percentage = 2.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. J. Kantharaj |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,809 |percentage = 2.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. V. Umapathi |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,844 |percentage = 1.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,378 |percentage = 12.08% |change = {{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 135,676 |percentage = 64.44% |change = {{increase}}2.70 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 135,568}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 210,539 |ref = |change = {{increase}}28.98 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}11.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hiriyur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[D. Manjunath]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 43,749 |percentage = 43.41% |change = {{increase}}5.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manjunath. G. S |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,310 |percentage = 31.06% |change = {{decrease}}16.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bheemaiah. B |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 19,959 |percentage = 19.80% |change = {{increase}}8.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Ramaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,162 |percentage = 3.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thimmaiah. B |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,597 |percentage = 1.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Thippeswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,012 |percentage = 1.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,439 |percentage = 12.34% |change = {{increase}}2.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 100,790 |percentage = 61.74% |change = {{decrease}}7.15 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 100,789}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 163,238 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.95 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hiriyur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. H. Ranganath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,415 |percentage = 47.98% |change = {{increase}}20.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[D. Manjunath]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 35,755 |percentage = 37.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Kashi Vishwanatha Naik |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 10,289 |percentage = 10.87% |change = {{increase}}7.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yelanadu Thippeswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,109 |percentage = 2.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Thippeswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,080 |percentage = 1.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,660 |percentage = 10.21% |change = {{decrease}}11.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 99,562 |percentage = 68.89% |change = {{increase}}1.36 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 94,648}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,882 |percentage = 4.90% |change = {{increase}}2.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 144,522 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.21 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}1.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hiriyur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[D. Manjunath]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 43,911 |percentage = 49.19% |change = {{increase}}21.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. H. Ranganath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,302 |percentage = 27.22% |change = {{decrease}}16.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Chandraiah |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 17,036 |percentage = 19.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Rajashekar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,185 |percentage = 3.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,609 |percentage = 21.96% |change = {{increase}}6.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 91,036 |percentage = 67.53% |change = {{increase}}5.88 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 89,277}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,758 |percentage = 1.93% |change = {{decrease}}4.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,802 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.67 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hiriyur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. H. Ranganath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,717 |percentage = 43.62% |change = {{decrease}}10.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Basappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 21,479 |percentage = 27.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Prasanna Kumar |party = Janata Party |votes = 12,180 |percentage = 15.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. T. Ramakrishna |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 6,943 |percentage = 8.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Babu Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,157 |percentage = 1.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,238 |percentage = 15.83% |change = {{increase}}5.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 82,553 |percentage = 61.65% |change = {{increase}}4.17 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,296}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,257 |percentage = 6.37% |change = {{increase}}5.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 133,908 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.50 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}10.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hiriyur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. Ramaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,542 |percentage = 54.05% |change = {{increase}}1.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Thippanna |party = Janata Party |votes = 26,464 |percentage = 43.95% |change = {{decrease}}1.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. K. Virupakshappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 422 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. B. Swamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 396 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,078 |percentage = 10.09% |change = {{increase}}2.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,850 |percentage = 57.48% |change = {{decrease}}9.91 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,210}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 640 |percentage = 1.05% |change = {{decrease}}0.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 105,859 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.81 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hiriyur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. H. Ranganath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,667 |percentage = 52.83% |change = {{increase}}50.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Thippanna |party = Janata Party |votes = 27,069 |percentage = 45.16% |change = {{increase}}17.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Thimmaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 625 |percentage = 1.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Visweswaraiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 576 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,598 |percentage = 7.67% |change = {{decrease}}32.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,078 |percentage = 67.39% |change = {{decrease}}7.63 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,937}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,141 |percentage = 1.87% |change = {{decrease}}0.29 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,627 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.65 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}15.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hiriyur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. H. Ranganath |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 40,938 |percentage = 68.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[D. Manjunath]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 16,730 |percentage = 28.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. V. Ramachandrappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 1,649 |percentage = 2.77% |change = {{decrease}}82.11 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,208 |percentage = 40.63% |change = {{decrease}}29.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,895 |percentage = 75.02% |change = {{increase}}20.55 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,579}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,316 |percentage = 2.16% |change = {{increase}}2.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,173 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.06 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}16.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hiriyur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. H. Ranganath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,314 |percentage = 84.88% |change = {{increase}}33.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Rangappa |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 5,933 |percentage = 15.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 27,381 |percentage = 69.77% |change = {{increase}}63.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 40,178 |percentage = 54.47% |change = {{increase}}0.39 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,247}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,756 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.52 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}33.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hiriyur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[D. Manjunath]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,034 |percentage = 51.67% |change = {{decrease}}5.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yellabovi |party = Independent politician |votes = 14,882 |percentage = 45.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. C. Keshavan |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,052 |percentage = 3.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,152 |percentage = 6.53% |change = {{decrease}}27.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 34,830 |percentage = 54.08% |change = {{decrease}}19.20 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,968}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,406 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}10.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}5.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hiriyur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = V. Masiyappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,018 |percentage = 56.83% |change = {{increase}}7.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. T. Eswarappa |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 11,655 |percentage = 22.82% |change = {{decrease}}27.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Pathappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,545 |percentage = 16.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Durgapa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,012 |percentage = 1.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. M. A. Khander |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 833 |percentage = 1.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,363 |percentage = 34.00% |change = {{increase}}33.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,023 |percentage = 73.28% |change = {{increase}}3.36 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 51,063}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,361 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.76 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{increase}}6.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hiriyur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Kenchappa |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 21,249 |percentage = 50.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Masiyappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,998 |percentage = 49.70% |change = {{decrease}}3.34 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 251 |percentage = 0.59% |change = {{decrease}}9.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,247 |percentage = 69.92% |change = {{decrease}}41.86 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,247}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,421 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}20.30 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}22.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hiriyur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = V. Masiyappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,841 |percentage = 28.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. Hanumiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,100 |percentage = 24.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Kenchappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,018 |percentage = 17.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Siddappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,742 |percentage = 12.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. M. Rudriah |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 5,502 |percentage = 6.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jatra Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,484 |percentage = 6.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dodda Taippiah |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 3,048 |percentage = 3.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,823 |percentage = 10.41% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 84,735 |percentage = 55.89% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 84,735}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,806 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Chitradurga district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|13.95|76.61|display=title}}

[[Category:Chitradurga district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

Mahima Tete

2026-04-13T02:51:28Z

Igornqa: Starting

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player (born 2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

'''Mahima Tete''' (25 July 2003)<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Tour Of Australia 2025 (Women) Details {{!}} Tournaments - Hockey India - Hockey India |url=https://hockeyindia.org/schedule/details/india-tour-of-australia--2025--women- |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=hockeyindia.org}}</ref> is an Indian hockey player from [[Jharkhand]]. She plays for the [[India women's national field hockey team]] as a midfielder. She plays for Jharkhand in the domestic tournaments.

== Early life ==
Tete is from a village in [[Simdega district]], Jharkhand. She is the younger sister of Olympian [[Salima Tete]]. She took up hockey at an early age like all the children in Simdega but she stopped at the age of nine in 2012 to focus on studies. But she was persuaded to get bach, and she started playing hockey again after about a year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-12 |title=Mahima Tete looking to follow in sister Salima's footsteps |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/mahima-tete-looking-to-follow-in-sister-salimas-footsteps/articleshow/100194237.cms |access-date=2025-07-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Both the sisters were initially coached by their father Sulakshan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-14 |title=Tete sisters, Salima & Mahima, set to take field for India Down Under |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/tete-sisters-salima-mahima-set-to-take-field-for-india-down-under/articleshow/120288695.cms |access-date=2025-07-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
Tete made her debut as a junior player and toured [[Ireland]] in June 2022, and later, [[South Africa]] with the Indian under 23 team.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Achintya |date=27 May 2022 |title=Olympian's kin in national junior women's hockey squad |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/olympians-kin-selected-for-national-junior-womens-hockey-squad/cid/1867029#goog_rewarded |access-date=4 July 2025 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> In August 2023, she played the 2023 4 Nations Junior Women's Invitational Tournament at Düsseldorf.<ref name=":0" /> In December 2023, she also played the Junior World Cup at Santiago.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tete Mahima {{!}} India hockey player |url=https://www.fih.hockey/events/others/women/2023-4-nations-junior-womens-invitational-tournament-d-sseldorf-1555/player/tete-mahima-27344 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=International Hockey Federation |language=en}}</ref> But her first full-fledged international tournament is the Junior Asia Cup in June 2023 at [[Kakamigahara]], Japan.<ref name=":0" />

She was part of the international tour of [[Australia]] from 26 April to 4 May at [[Perth]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranjan |first=Mukesh |date=2025-04-16 |title=5 girls from Simdega named in national hockey team |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Apr/16/5-girls-from-simdega-named-in-national-hockey-team |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Later, she trained as part of the 40 probables at the Senior India camp at [[Sports Authority of India|SAI]], [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]] and was selected to play the FIH Pro League 2024-25 European leg, which was played from 14 June to 29 June at London, Antwerp, and Berlin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Rohan |date=2025-05-15 |title=Mahima Tete: Our parents are proud of us, two sisters representing the national team |url=https://revsportz.in/mahima-tete-our-parents-are-proud-of-us-two-sisters-representing-the-national-team/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Revsportz {{!}} Sports News Portal {{!}} Latest Sports Articles |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Domestic ===
Tete played a crucial role in all the five matches for Jharkhand which won the 15th Senior Women National Championship in 2024. Jharkhand beat Haryana in the shootout of the final match.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Hockey News and Updates - Hockey India |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/news/didi-supports-me-a-lot-mahima-shares-her-experience-training-with-sister-and-captain-salima-tete-at-the-senior-national-camp |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=www.hockeyindia.org}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tete, Mahima}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Simdega district]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Indian women's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

The Chatterjee Group Centres for Research and Education in Science and Technology

2026-04-11T19:19:53Z

Igornqa:

{{short description|Research University in Kolkata, India}}
{{Infobox university
| name = The Chatterjee Group Centres for Research and Education in Science and Technology
| image = The Chatterjee Group-CREST, Kolkata Logo.svg
| image_upright =
| caption =
| motto = Inventing Harmonious Future
| established = {{circa|{{start date and age|df=yes|2020}}}}
| type = [[Deemed to be University]] [[Research university]]
| founder = The Chatterjee Group<ref name="telegraphindia">{{cite news |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Subhankar |title=TCG launches centre for science research and education at highest level in Salt Lake |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/kolkata/tcg-launches-centre-for-science-research-and-education-at-highest-level-in-salt-lake-prnt/cid/2103446 |access-date=28 June 2025 |date=29 May 2025}}</ref>
| accreditation =
| academic_affiliations = {{hlist|[[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]] | [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]}}
| chairman =
| chancellor = [[Purnendu Chatterjee]]
| vice_chancellor = [[Malabika Sarkar]]
| director =
| city = [[Bidhannagar]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| budget =
| academic_staff =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| students =
| doctoral =
| coordinates = {{coord|22|34|30.75|N|88|25|9.1|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = [[Metropolis]]
| free_label1 = Acronym
| free1 = TCG CREST
| nickname =
| free_label2 = Newspaper
| free2 =
| website = {{URL|https://tcgcrestdtbu.ac.in/}}
| logo = TCG CREST, Kolkata logo.png
| logo_upright = .8
| logo_size = 200px
|}}

'''The Chatterjee Group Centres for Research and Education in Science and Technology''' or simply '''TCG CREST''', is a multiple [[cross-disciplinary]] educational research centre [[Deemed university|deemed-to-be-university]] located in [[Bidhannagar|Salt Lake’s Sector V]], West Bengal, India. It has five schools.<ref name="theweek">{{cite news |title=TCG Crest plans university focused on fundamental translational research |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/business/2025/05/28/ccm1-biz-tcg-crest.html |access-date=28 June 2025 |work=The Week |date=28 May 2025 |location=Kolkata |quote=Located in Kolkata, ..... It will comprise five schools, namely natural sciences, mathematical and computer science, health, humanities and economics, the statement added.}}</ref> It was established in 2020 and is one of the first research-driven private university in India.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Shrabana |title=One of the first research-driven private university to be established in Kolkata |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/one-of-the-first-research-driven-private-university-to-be-established-in-kolkata/article69641995.ece |access-date=28 June 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=31 May 2025 |location=Kolkata |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=TCG CREST to start India's first research-driven private varsity|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/tcg-crest-to-start-indias-first-research-driven-private-varsity-612864|access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2025 |title=THE GAZETTE OF INDIA, MAY 24, 2025 (JYAISTHA 3, 1947) |url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2025/263348.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260411170713/https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2025/263348.pdf |archive-date=11 Apr 2026 |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=[[The Gazette of India]] |publication-place=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref>

== History ==
A notable instance of this collaboration occurred on September 14, 2023, when senior [[AcSIR]] leadership visited the TCG CREST campus in Kolkata. During this visit, Documents were exchanged, Discussions were held to enhance their ongoing collaboration, symbolizing the strengthening of their partnership. The PhD degrees earned by students at TCG CREST were awarded by AcSIR.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 Aug 2023 |title=AcSIR 2024 Brochure |url=https://acsir.res.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/001-AcSIR-2024-brochure-compressed.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241013231413/https://acsir.res.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/001-AcSIR-2024-brochure-compressed.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2024 |access-date=1 Aug 2023 |website=AcSIR }}</ref>
To breaks traditional boundaries, launching research hubs in the [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[US]], and [[Japan]]. Moving beyond its Kolkata roots, the institution prioritizes PhD innovation in [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] and [[quantum science]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dargan |first=James |date=8 Mar 2023 |title=India-based Centre for Quantum Engineering, Research and Education at TCG Crest Presents its Research & Goals for The Future |url=https://thequantuminsider.com/2023/03/08/india-based-centre-for-quantum-engineering-research-and-education-at-tcg-crest-presents-its-research-goals-for-the-future/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310233947/https://thequantuminsider.com/2023/03/08/india-based-centre-for-quantum-engineering-research-and-education-at-tcg-crest-presents-its-research-goals-for-the-future/ |archive-date=10 Mar 2023 |access-date=8 Mar 2023 |work=The Quantum Insider}}</ref> By bridging the gap between academia and industry, it creates a global ecosystem where talent drives the future of frontier technology.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Sudeshna |date=22 Jan 2026 |title=TCG Crest plans centres in UK, US and Japan to boost research in AI, sustainable energy and science |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/kolkata/tcg-crest-plans-centres-in-uk-us-and-japan-to-boost-research-in-ai-sustainable-energy-and-science-prnt/cid/2143777 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260308062528/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/kolkata/tcg-crest-plans-centres-in-uk-us-and-japan-to-boost-research-in-ai-sustainable-energy-and-science-prnt/cid/2143777 |archive-date=8 Mar 2026 |access-date=22 Jan 2026 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]] 22.01.26, 07:17 AM |location=[[Kolkata]]}}</ref>

== Academic Divisions ==
The institute consists of five schools, including the School of Natural Sciences; School of Mathematical and Computer Science; School of Health, Environment & Sustainability Studies; School of Humanities & Social Sciences; and School of Economics. Renowned Indian cryptologist Professor [[Bimal Kumar Roy]] (former Director, ISI Kolkata) is the chief architect of TCG CREST (DTBU). The IAI department at TCG CREST was initiated with a large number of his direct and indirect students, raising concerns about excessive reliance on a single academic lineage. <ref name="thehindu"/>

==Achievements==
Professor Satishchandra B. Ogale, Director of Research Institute for Sustainable Energy (RISE) at TCG-CREST, Kolkata has been selected to receive the prestigious 2026 TWAS Award in [[Physics]], [[Astronomy]], and [[Space Sciences]]. This award, conferred by [[The World Academy of Sciences]] (TWAS).<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 Nov 2024 |title=Prof. Satish Ogale from IISER Pune to receive 2026 TWAS Award in Physics, Astronomy and Space Sciences |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/prof-satish-ogale-from-iiser-pune-to-receive-2026-twas-award-in-physics-astronomy-and-space-sciences-101731955354186.html |access-date=19 Nov 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Scientists at institution, have pioneered a transformative [[sodium-ion battery]] capable of achieving a 94% charge in just five minutes. Eliminating reliance on [[lithium]], [[cobalt]], and [[nickel]], this indigenous innovation utilizes earth-abundant materials to deliver a remarkable energy density of 180 Wh/kg. Designed for thermal stability and longevity, the battery sustains thousands of cycles with minimal degradation. This breakthrough signifies a strategic leap toward energy self-reliance, offering a sustainable, high-power alternative for electric mobility and grid storage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pal |first=Arunima |date=15 Oct 2025 |title=TCG CREST Scientists Develop Sodium-Ion Battery with Five-Minute Charge Time |url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news/tcg-crest-scientists-develop-sodium-ion-battery-with-five-minute-charge-time-129286 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251018151844/https://www.autocarpro.in/news/tcg-crest-scientists-develop-sodium-ion-battery-with-five-minute-charge-time-129286 |archive-date=18 Oct 2025 |access-date=15 Oct 2025 |website=[[Autocar (magazine)]]}}</ref>

Researchers at campus have achieved a landmark breakthrough by resolving a sixteen-year bottleneck in [[quantum computing]]. Their pioneering Ψ-HHL algorithm optimizes the classic HHL framework, which was previously hindered by high "condition numbers" that rendered complex [[Linear equation|linear equations]] impractical to solve. By implementing an efficient error-subtraction technique, the team has enabled exponential speedups without exhaustive resource consumption. This advancement bridges the gap between theoretical potential and [[industrial application]], significantly accelerating frontiers in drug discovery, [[materials science]], and [[climate modeling]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 Nov 2025 |title=Researchers at TCG CREST Solve 16-Year-Old Puzzle in Quantum Computing |url=https://www.passionateinmarketing.com/researchers-at-tcg-crest-solve-16-year-old-puzzle-in-quantum-computing/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212183654/https://www.passionateinmarketing.com/researchers-at-tcg-crest-solve-16-year-old-puzzle-in-quantum-computing/ |archive-date=12 Dec 2025 |access-date=7 Nov 2025 |website=www.passionateinmarketing.com}}</ref>

Researchers in Kolkata campus have achieved a pioneering breakthrough by developing [[human brain]] organoids to investigate [[Spinocerebellar ataxia|Spinocerebellar Ataxia]] Type-12. By reprogramming patient cells into 3D "mini-brains," the team at TCG CREST can now observe [[neurological]] degeneration in real-time. This [[Precision medicine|precision-medicine]] approach offers a transformative platform for [[drug discovery]], specifically targeting [[Genetic disorder|genetic disorders]] prevalent within local Indian communities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitra |first=Prithvijit |date=26 Feb 2026 |title=Kol lab creates ‘mini brains’ to study neuro ailment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kol-lab-creates-mini-brains-to-study-neuro-ailment/articleshow/128793682.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260226023347/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kol-lab-creates-mini-brains-to-study-neuro-ailment/articleshow/128793682.cms |archive-date=26 Feb 2026 |access-date=26 Feb 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] Feb 26, 2026, 06:58 IST}}</ref>

==References==

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://www.tcgcrest.org/}}

{{Universities in West Bengal}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Deemed universities in West Bengal]]
[[Category:2020 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2020]]

Gowri (2024 film)

2026-04-11T09:50:16Z

Igornqa: Started data!

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{short description|Indian musical film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gowri
| image = Gowri (2024 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Indrajit Lankesh]]
| producer = Indrajit Lankesh
| writer = Indrajit Lankesh
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl| B. A. Madhu
| Rajshekar K. L.
| Maasti
| Manu Tapasvi}}}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Samarjit Lankesh]]
* Saanya Iyer}}
| music = {{Ubl
| '''Songs''':
| [[Jessie Gift]]
| [[Chandan Shetty]]
| Shivu Bergi
| Aniruddha Sastry
|'''Score''':
| Mathews Manu}}
| cinematography = A. V. Krishna Kumar
| editing = K. M. Prakash
| studio = Laughing Buddha Films
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2024|8|15|df=yes}}
| runtime = 130 minutes<ref name=":THR" />
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Gowri''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action drama film]] written and directed by [[Indrajit Lankesh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive! The Title, Gowri Is Dedicated To My Sister Gauri Lankesh But The Film Is A Musical, Inspired By A True Story, Says Indrajit Lankesh |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/exclusive-the-title-gowri-is-dedicated-to-my-sister-gauri-lankesh-but-the-film-is-a-musical-inspired-by-a-true-story-says-indrajit-lankesh-article-110183053 |work=Times Now |date=16 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Samarjit Lankesh]] in a [[Dual role|dual role]], alongside Saanya Iyer, Manasi Sudheer, Sampath Maitreya, and [[Rajeev Pillai]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Gowri is a film that will inspire young minds, says Indrajit Lankesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/gowri-is-a-film-that-will-inspire-young-minds-says-indrajit-lankesh/articleshow/112503328.cms |work=The Times of India |date=12 August 2024}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Samarjit Lankesh]] in a [[Dual role|dual role]] as
** Raja
** Gowri
* Saanya Iyer as Samantha
* Manasi Sudheer as Gowri’s mother
* Sampath Maitreya as Jogi Siddappa, Gowri’s father
* [[Rajeev Pillai]]
* Manju Pavagada
* Nawaz as Gowri's friend
* [[Priyanka Upendra]] in a Guest appearance
* [[Chandan Kumar]] in a Guest appearance
* [[Ricky Kej]] in a Guest appearance
* [[Vasundhara Das]] in a Guest appearance
* [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh ]] in a Guest appearance
* [[Akul Balaji]] in a Guest appearance
}}

== Production ==
{{Quote box
|align=Right
|quote="There's a misconception that what happened to [[Gauri Lankesh|Gauri]] is part of the film's storyline. I want to assure you, her story is not being used for promotional purposes. Though the film is a youth romantic thriller, I named it after my sister to honour her without making her story a direct part of the film".|source= Indrajith Lankesh<ref>{{cite news |title=Indrajit Lankesh dedicates a song to his late sister Gauri Lankesh in his upcoming film Gowri |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Jul/16/indrajit-lankesh-dedicates-a-song-to-his-late-sister-gauri-lankesh-in-his-upcoming-film-gowri |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
| width = 25%
}}

The film was initially titled ''Gauri'', but was later changed to ''Gowri''.<ref name=":TSF" /> Despite the similarity in names, the film has no connection to director Indrajit Lankesh's sister, [[Gauri Lankesh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Indrajit Lankesh's Gowri To Release On August 15 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/indrajit-lankesh-s-gowri-to-release-on-august-15-article-111361682/amp |work=Times Now |date=29 June 2024 |language=en |access-date=23 November 2024 |archive-date=30 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630080223/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/indrajit-lankesh-s-gowri-to-release-on-august-15-article-111361682/amp |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":THR" /> Indrajit Lankesh found inspiration for the film during the COVID-19 pandemic's second wave after reading an article about a real-life incident.<ref>{{cite news |title='Newcomers bring fresh dreams and honesty': Indrajit Lankesh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Aug/15/newcomers-bring-fresh-dreams-and-honesty-indrajit-lankesh |work=The New Indian Express |date=11 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Indrajit's son Samarjit Lankesh makes his acting debut in this film.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Samarjit Lankesh speaks about his upcoming film 'Gowri' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Jun/24/samarjit-lankesh-speaks-about-his-upcoming-film-gowri |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Saanya Iyer, known for her role as a child actress in the TV series ''[[Putta Gowri Maduve]]'', makes her debut as a lead actress.<ref>{{cite news |title=Serials To Silver Screen, Tracing Saanya Iyer's Meteoric Rise In Kannada Industry |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/serials-to-silver-screen-tracing-saanya-iyers-meteoric-rise-in-kannada-industry-8836603.html |work=News18 |date=2 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The film was shot in various locations including [[Bangalore]] and [[Chikkamagaluru]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dhool Yebsava, New Song From Kannada Movie Gowri, Out |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/dhool-yebsava-new-song-from-kannada-movie-gowri-out-8932362.html |work=News18 |date=14 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref> In January 2024, it was announced that Saanya Iyer had completed her dubbing sessions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kannada Actress Sanya Iyer Completes Dubbing For Indrajit Lankesh Directorial Gauri |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kannada-actress-sanya-iyer-completes-dubbing-for-indrajit-lankesh-directorial-gauri-8736069.html |work=News18 |date=11 January 2024 |language=en |access-date=23 November 2024 |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111083509/https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/kannada-actress-sanya-iyer-completes-dubbing-for-indrajit-lankesh-directorial-gauri-8736069.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Gowri
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = {{Ubl
| '''Songs''':
| [[Jessie Gift]], [[Chandan Shetty]], Shivu Bergi, [[Aniruddha Sastry]]
|'''Score''':
| Mathews Manu}}
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2024
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 28:38
| language = Kannada
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer =
| chronology =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
{{external music video
| header = Audio Jukebox
|{{YouTube|tkFAWpDW6EU|Gowri Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}
The soundtrack features songs composed by [[Jessie Gift]], [[Chandan Shetty]], Shivu Bergi, and [[Aniruddha Sastry]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Gowri Songs |url=https://gaana.com/album/gowri-kannada-2024-1 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |language=en |date=15 August 2024}}</ref> while the background score was composed by Mathews Manu.
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Time Baruthe
| length1 = 4:21
| lyrics1 = Vijay Eshwar
| extra1 = Chandan Shetty
| music1 = [[Chandan Shetty]]
| title2 = Love you Samantha
| length2 = 3:38
| lyrics2 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| extra2 = [[Javed Ali]]
| music2 = [[Jessie Gift]]
| title3 = Dhool Yebsava
| length3 = 4:04
| lyrics3 = Shivu Bhergi
| extra3 = [[Aniruddha Sastry]], [[Ananya Bhat]]
| music3 = Shivu Bhergi
| title4 = Muddada Ninna
| length4 = 4:08
| lyrics4 = Kaviraj
| extra4 = Nihal Tauro
| music4 = Jessie Gift
| title5 = Gowri Title Track
| length5 = 3:37
| lyrics5 = K. Kalyan
| extra5 = [[Kailash Kher]]
| music5 = Jessie Gift
| title6 = Thayine Jagakella
| length6 = 4:30
| lyrics6 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra6 = Kailash Kher
| music6 = Jessie Gift
| title7 = Time Raadhu Ra Malli
| length7 = 4:20
| lyrics7 = Varadaraj Chikkaballapura, Gubbi, Vijay Eshwar
| extra7 = Aniruddha Sastry, [[Vasundhara Das]], Chandan Shetty
| music7 = Chandan Shetty
| total_length = 28:38
}}

== Release ==
''Gowri'' was released theatrically on 15 August 2024 coinciding with [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]].<ref name=":TSF">{{cite news |title=Kannada watchlist: Two films to clash at the box office on 15 August |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/kannada/three-kannada-films-to-clash-at-bo-this-15a-august-2024/ |work=The South First |date=29 July 2024 |language=en |access-date=23 November 2024 |archive-date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926164018/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/kannada/three-kannada-films-to-clash-at-bo-this-15a-august-2024/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indrajit Lankesh's Gowri To Release On This Date |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/indrajit-lankeshs-gowri-to-release-on-this-date-8950681.html |work=News18 |date=1 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Y Maheswara Reddy of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "The director, by including people with different abilities in the star cast, conveys that nothing is impossible if there is dedication and commitment."<ref>{{cite news |title=Kannada Movie Review-Gowri: A family entertainer - Bangalore Mirror |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-review-gowri-a-family-entertainer/articleshow/112574414.cms |work=The Times of India |date=17 August 2024}}</ref> Vivek M. V. of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Directed by Indrajith Lankesh, ''Gowri'' is filled with commercial cinema stereotypes and fails to looks beyond its debutant protagonist".<ref name=":THR">{{cite news |last1=M.V |first1=Vivek |title='Gowri' movie review: Samarjit Lankesh's launchpad squanders its potential |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gowri-movie-review-samarjit-lankeshs-launchpad-squanders-its-potential/article68532098.ece/ |work=The Hindu |date=16 August 2024 |language=en-IN |access-date=23 November 2024 |archive-date=21 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921002243/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gowri-movie-review-samarjit-lankeshs-launchpad-squanders-its-potential/article68532098.ece/amp/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

A Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave it three out of five stars and wrote that "Indrajit Lankesh aims to blend commercial entertainment with a motivational social theme in ''Gowri'' but struggles to leave a lasting impact. While the film’s emotional core, especially the heartfelt depiction of the mother’s support, resonates deeply, it falters in critical areas."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title='Gowri' movie review: A charming Samarjit Lankesh shoulders this heartfelt commercial entertainer |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Aug/20/gowri-movie-review-a-charming-samarjit-lankesh-shoulders-this-heartfelt-commercial-entertainer |work=The New Indian Express |date=11 August 2024 |language=en |access-date=23 November 2024 |archive-date=25 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825211951/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/review/2024/Aug/20/gowri-movie-review-a-charming-samarjit-lankesh-shoulders-this-heartfelt-commercial-entertainer |url-status=live}}</ref> Shashiprasad SM of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave it three out of five stars and wrote that "''Gowri'' is clearly a film that introduces Samarjit Lankesh as a promising actor. Also, it has enough for wholesome entertainment with the trademark features of Indrajit Lankesh at his best."<ref>{{cite news |title=Gowri Movie Review: Indrajit Lankesh Provides A Perfect Launching Pad For The Able Samarjit Lankesh |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/gowri-movie-review-indrajit-lankesh-provides-a-perfect-launching-pad-for-the-able-samarjit-lankesh-review-112534362/amp |work=Times Now |date=15 August 2024 |language=en |access-date=23 November 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815102835/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/gowri-movie-review-indrajit-lankesh-provides-a-perfect-launching-pad-for-the-able-samarjit-lankesh-review-112534362/amp |url-status=live}}</ref>

Sridevi S of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it three out of five stars and opined that "Indrajit Lankesh’s films are known for candy floss romances. But, for ''Gowri'', he puts Samarjith’s talent show on a pedestal at every opportunity available. The story, too, is very predictable and is a bit outdated. The storytelling needed a touch of freshness for the audience to appreciate the film as well as the newbie actors’ performances."<ref>{{cite news |title=Gowri Movie Review : Gowri review: Samarjit's talent show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/gowri/movie-review/112546136.cms |work=The Times of India |date=15 August 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |archive-date=17 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241117011442/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/gowri/movie-review/112546136.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Bharath Anjanappa of ''[[The Hans India]]'' gave it three out of five stars and wrote, "Overall, ''Gowri'' effectively serves as a launchpad for newcomers Samarjit and Saanya, both of whom show considerable promise for the future of Kannada cinema."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anjanappa |first1=Bharath |title=Gowri Movie Review: A New Star Emerges |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/gowri-movie-review-a-new-star-emerges-899791 |work=The Hans India |date=15 August 2024 |language=en |access-date=23 November 2024 |archive-date=21 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821023420/https://www.thehansindia.com/amp/cinema/gowri-movie-review-a-new-star-emerges-899791 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Jagadish Angadi of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave it three out of five stars and noted that "Overall music falls short of leaving a lasting impression. The camera work, despite capturing stunning locations, is average. One notable inconsistency is the portrayal of the protagonist's hearing impairment; he somehow manages to hear conversations in several scenes, which defies logical explanation."<ref>{{cite news |title=Samarjit impresses with dance moves and action stunts |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/samarjit-impresses-with-dance-moves-and-action-stunts-3153856 |work=Deccan Herald |date=17 August 2024 |language=en |access-date=23 November 2024 |archive-date=28 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828022757/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/samarjit-impresses-with-dance-moves-and-action-stunts-3153856 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt24223982}}
{{Indrajit Lankesh}}
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Indrajit Lankesh]]

Prafull Shiledar

2026-04-02T13:28:59Z

Igornqa: added pg

{{short description|Indian Marathi-language poet}}
{{multiple issues|{{BLP sources|date=June 2025}}
{{copy edit|date=June 2025}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prafull Shiledar
| image = Prafull Shiledar Marathi Poet.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Prafull Shiledar
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|06|30}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for = Poetry in [[Marathi language]]
| occupation = [[Poet]]
}}
'''Prafull Shiledar''' (born 30 June 1962) is an Indian poet writing in [[Marathi language]]. He also writes in [[Hindi]]. He has four poetry collections in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], two in Hindi, one in [[Kannada]], one in [[Odia language|Odia]], six edited books and six translated books. He has written prose on socio- literary issues. He has translated poetry from Indian languages and from [[Europe]], [[America]] and [[Latin America]].

His poems have been translated into many Indian languages including [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Meitei language|Manipuri]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Dakhani]] and foreign languages including [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] & [[German language|German]]. His poems are included in national and international poetry anthologies. His poetry is in the academic syllabus of Indian universities.

He has read poetry in literary festivals and events in India, Europe, the US and Middle East. He was invited for poetry reading in 11th Ars Poetica Festival, Bratislava, Slovakia. He was invited as a fellow writer in the International writer's residency program by [[Art Omi]], New York in Spring 2025.

His poetry and translations received many awards, including the Maharashtra State award (Keshavsut Award) for best poetry collection and the [[Sahitya Akademi]] Translation Award (2018) by Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi.

He is currently the editor of one of the oldest Marathi literary quarterly 'Ýugvani'.

== Published books ==

{{Empty section|date=September 2025}}

== Poetry ==
'''''Swagat''''' ( A Monologue) ( 1993) by Anjani Publications, Pune

J'''''agnyachya Pasaryat''''' ( In the disarray of living) (2006), by [[Popular Prakashan]], Mumbai

'''''Payee Chalnar''''' ''(will walk)(2017, 2021, 2024)'' Popular Prakashan, Mumbai

'''''Haravalelya Vastucha Mithak''''' ''(Myth of the lost thing) 2023, Popular Prakashan, Mumbai''

=== Poetry collection In English Translation ===
Scratching the Silence (2025) published by Red River, New Delhi

=== Poetry collection in other languages ===
'''Paidal Chalunga''' (2016) '''Hindi''' -by Sahitya Bhandar, Prayagraj

'''Samudra Par Dastak''' (2023) '''Hindi''' – by Setu Prakashan, Delhi

'''Atmakathe Bareyuva Munna''' – Selected Poems- (2023) '''Kannada''' – Translated by Chandrakant Pokale & published by Anandi Prakashana, Mysuru

'''Samudrare Karaghaat''' (2025) Published by Dhauli Books, Bhubaneshwar

=== Prose writing ===
'''Yerzara :''' Collected non fiction along with some poetry translations, published by Papyrus Publications, Mumbai (2025)

=== Books translated by Prafull Shiledar ===

# '''''Pul Nasleli Nadi''''' ( A river without bridge) Malayalam Short stories of Manasi published by Manovikas Publications, Pune – (2009), Vijay Prakashan, Nagpur-(2023)
# '''''Jastiche Nahi''''' ( No Extras) Poetry of Hindi Poet [[Vinod Kumar Shukla]] published by Popular Publications, Mumbai - 2013
# '''''Sanshayatma''''' ( Disbeliever ) Poetry of Hindi Poet Gyanendra Pati published by Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi – 2013 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Loksatta |date=2019-02-02 |title=(News : Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize -2018) |url=https://www.loksatta.com/nagpur/writer-prafull-shiledar-visit-loksatta-office-1833968/}}</ref>
# '''''Dagad Bhirakavu Lagaloy''' (throwing the stones)'' Hindi poems of Chandrakant Deotale – 2019
# '''''Kewal Kahi Vakya''''' ''(Only few sentences)'' Hindi Poems of Udayan Vajpeyee (2023)
# '''''Dusara na Koni''''' ''(No one else) Hindi poems of Kunwar Narain (2025)'' Many uncollected translations of Indian and foreign language poets published in various journals.
# Many uncollected translations of Indian and foreign language poets published in various journals.

=== Edited Books and Journals ===
'''''Adivasi Sahitya ani Asmitavedh''''' – collected prose writing of noted poet and tribal activist late Bhujang Meshram; published by Lokvangmay Gruha, Mumbai (2014, 2022)

'''''Arun Kolatkar''''' – Criticism on renowned poet Arun Kolatkar published by Majestic Prakashan, Mumbai (2024)

'''''Satya, Satta ani Sahitya''''' – Non fiction writing of Jayant Pawar (Co-editing) (2024)

'''''Sandhyasukte''''' ''(2014)'' and '''''Shubhavartaman''''' (2017)poetry by N. W. Gokhale published by Maharashtra Grantha Bhandar, Pune and Sachin Sahitya, Nagpur

'''Editor of quarterly literary Marathi journal 'Yugvani' since April 2018''' till date, published by Vidarbha Sahitya Sangh, Nagpur

=== Translations of his Poems ===
The '''English translations''' are published in '''''Indian Literature''''' – July / August 2012 & Sep-Oct 2023 issues (published by Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi), The Little Magazine (Editor Antara Deb Sen)(New Delhi), '''The Journal of Literature and Aesthetics''' (International Peer-Reviewed Journal) published from Kollam, Kerala and on various web journals like PoetryIndia.com etc.

English translations of poems are published in anthologies published by '''The Poet Magazine, UK''' (Autumn 2021, Winter 2021, Summer 2021, Spring 2021, Spring 2022, Winter 2022)

English translations of poems are published on PoetryHunter <ref>{{Cite web |last=Translation in English |date=2025-06-10 |title=PoemHunter |url=https://www.poemhunter.com/prafull-shiledar/}}</ref>

English translations published in '''Muse India''' July–August 2023 issue and Jan-Feb 2024 issue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=His Poetry in Muse India |url=https://museindia.com/Home/ViewContentData?arttype=poems&issid=110&menuid=10710}}</ref>

'''Slovak Translations''' of poems are published in the literary journal ''VLNA'' published from Bratislava, Slovakia (issue No. 55 –2013) and also in Festival Anthology of Ars Poetica 2013

'''Turkish Translations :''' Turkish Translations by Ozge Cengiz published in quarterly literary journal Virus Oct-Nov-Dec 2021

'''Hindi Translations''' are published in various literary journals like ''Pahal, Alochana, Sakshatkar, Udbhavana, Banas Jan, Samakalin Bharatiya Sahitya, Pragatisheel Vasudha, Weekly Shukravar, Vagarth, Lokmat Samachar'' etc. and on web journals viz Samalochan, Hindisamay.com etc.<ref>{{Cite web |last=His poems in Hindi |title=HindiSamay |url=https://www.hindisamay.com/writer/writer_details_n.aspx?id=3067}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=His poems in Hindi on Sadaneera site |url=https://sadaneera.com/poems-of-marathi-hindi-poet-prafull-shiledar/ |website=Sadaneera|date=15 June 2020 }}</ref>

Poems are translated and published in other Indian & foreign languages including '''Kannada,''' '''Malayalam, Manipuri, Punjabi, Telugu, Gujrati, Nepali, Odiya, Dakhani, Slovak, Turkish''' in literary journals

Translation of poems in 22 Indian languages was broadcast over the nation on eve of Republic Day of India by All India Radio

Translation in English on PoetryIndia <ref>{{Cite web |last=Translation in English |title=PoetryIndia |url=http://www.poetryindia.com/Poems.aspx?lang=Marathi&Country=Indian#}}</ref>

=== Poems in Anthologies ===
'''''Drushyantar''''' Published by National Book Trust, India (Anthology of Post Independence Marathi poetry containing poems of 50 poets from period 1947 – 2007) edited by Dr. Chandrakant Patil (2007)

'''''Marathi Poetry 1975 – 2000''''' Anthology of Marathi poetry in English published by Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi translated and edited by Dr. Santosh Bhoomkar (2013)

'''''India in Verse''''' – ''Contemporary poetry from 20 Indian languages'' edited by Antara Dev Sen published by The Little Magazine, New Delhi Volume 8 issue 6 – (2011)

'''''Live Update''''' ''-'' Anthology in English translated and edited by Dr. Sachin Ketkar published by Poetrywala, Mumbai (2005)

'''''Ars Poetica''''' Festival Anthology of 25 poets from various nations around globe participating in 11th Ars Poetica International Poetry Festival, Bratislava, Slovakia (2013)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ars Poetica in India Times |title=(Ars Poetica, Bratislava, Slovakia) |url=https://www.arspoetica.sk/index.php/en/news/old/10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ars Poetica – Bratislava / diary of a magic weekend / poetryfest |url=https://www.arspoetica.sk/novinky/old/ars-poetica-bratislava-diary-of-a-magic-weekend-poetryfest}}</ref>

'''''Gati Pragati''''' Contemporary [[Marathi literature|Marathi Literature]] translated and published in Hindi by Sahitya Bhandar Publications, Allahabad, India edited by Dr. Chandrakant Patil (2006)

'''''Swatantryottar Marathi Kavita''''' ( Post Independence Marathi poetry) edited by Dr. Anil Nitnavre published by Vijay Prakashan, Nagpur (2015)

'''''VAK-2017''''' Festival Anthology published by Raza Foundation, Delhi

'''Marathi Kavita Ka Samakaal''' edited by Prakash Bhatambrekar (2018)

''Poetry anthologies published by '''The Poet Magazine, UK''''' (Autumn 2021, Winter 2021, Summer 2021, Spring 2021, Spring 2022, Winter 2022)

''''''Kaav Dishavaan'''''' ''–Anthology of Indian poetry in '''Punjabi''' edited by Tarsem, Satpal Bhikhi, Gurdeep Singh and published by Caliber Publications, Patiala.(Jan 2022)''

'''''Kavita Ke Saye Mein Shabd''''' ''–'' Anthology of Marathi poetry in Hindi edited by Sunil Deodhar, published by M.S. Hindi Akademi, Mumbai (2024) '' ''

'''''Scent of Rain -'''''Edited by Ashwani Kumar, published by Red River, New Delhi (2025)

=== Poetry reading ===
Solo Poetry Reading organized by Sahitya Akademi in programme 'Kavi Sandhi' in Mumbai (2020)

Poetry reading organized by Sahitya Akademi – The National Academy of Letters in Mumbai, Pune, Ujjain, Delhi etc. on various occasions <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-04 |title=(Poetry Reading at Sahitya Akademi, Mumbai ) |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Kavisandhi_4-6-19.pdf}}</ref>

Poetry reading organized by National Book Trust at Mumbai (2013) and other places

Poetry reading at '''Kala Ghoda Arts Festival''', Mumbai in 2012, 2013, 2016, '''Vishwaranga Festival''', Bhopal (2023), '''Kadambini Festival''', Bhubaneshwar (2023), Kerala Literature Festival, Kochi, '''Imphal literature Festival,''' Imphal, Manipur, (2022), TATA Literature festival, Mumbai (2021)

Poetry reading at '''11th Ars Poetica International Poetry Festival, Bratislava, Slovakia 17 to 21 October 2013'''

Poetry reading at '''''Department of Indology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic''''' ( Oct 2013)

Poetry reading and interaction along with American poets at ''Riverside Writers Chapter, Poetry Society of Virginia, Fairfax, USA and Poets Anonymous, Washington DC, USA'' during personal visit to '''USA''' in 2003

Poetry reading in World Marathi Literature Festival- '''''Dubai''''' ''2010''

Poetry reading in Hindi in '''Banaras Hindu University''' (Muktibodh Centenary - 2016), VAK-2017 Poetry Biennale Organised by '''Raza Foundation, Delhi,''' Dehli Sahitya Parishad, Delhi, Mussouri, Bhopal, Raipur, Puri, Bhubaneswar etc.

Poetry reading in Allahabad Janvadi Lekhak Sangha (2023)

Poetry reading in '''Bharat Bhavan, Bhopal''' (2023), '''Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Mumbai('''2023)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cultural Festival on Unity in Diversity |date=2023-02-25 |title=(Multilingual Poetry Reading at Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Mumbai) |url=https://bhavans.info/events/day-8-event1-multi-language-kavi-sammelan.html}}</ref>

Poetry reading in Chandrabhaga Poetry Festival, Konark (2025)

Poetry reading organized by Art Omi, New York and John Asbery Resource Centre, Flow Chart Foundations, Hudson, New York (6th Alril 2025)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poetry reading organized by Art Omi, New York and John Asbery Resource Centre |title=Art Omi: Writers 2025 Spring |url=https://artomi.org/art-omi-writers-2025-spring/}}</ref>

Poetry reading at Albany, USA and Los Angeles, USA in private circles (2025)

=== Other publications ===
Short stories, interviews, Literary criticism, book reviews, reports, features, film appreciations, travelogue, column writing etc. in various Marathi periodicals. His Hindi critical essays are also published in Hindi journals and anthologies.

Article in Hindi about Marathi author Bhalchandra Nemade <ref>{{Cite web |last=Samalochan site |title=Article in Hindi about Marathi author Bhalchandra Nemade by Prafull Shiledar |date=8 February 2015 |url=https://samalochan.com/bhalchandra-nemade/}}</ref>

=== Awards ===
'''Sahitya Akademi Translation Award 2018''' for translated poetry book '''S''anshayatma''''' ''by Gyanendra Pati.'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Year 2018 |title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Award 2018 |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp#MARATHI |website=Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>

(News : Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize -2018)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-29 |title=Lokmat news about the award |url=https://www.lokmat.com/maharashtra/prafulla-shiledar-received-sahitya-akademi-award/}}</ref>

'''''Vishakha'' Award''' by Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Mukta Vidyapeeth, ( Open University), Nasik for the poetry book ''''' Swagat'''''

''''Keshawsut' Award''' for best poetry book of the year by the State of Maharashtra to the poetry book '''''Jagnyachya Pasaryat''''' ''('' 2006)

''''Sharadchandra Muktibodh' Award''' by Vidarbha Sahitya Sangh, Nagpur to the book ''Jagnyachya Pasaryat'' (2006)

'''Translation Award by Gandhi Smarak Nidhi''', Nagpur for the translation book ''Pul Nasleli Nadi'' (2009)

'''Balshastri Jambhekar Translation Award''' by Sane Guruji National Memorial Trust, Mumbai for the book ''Sanshayatma'' (2014)

'''Marvadi Foundation Literature Award''', Mumbai 2017 for literary contribution

'''Lokmangal Award''', Solapur 2018 for poetry book 'Payee Chalnar'

'''Barashiv Sahitya Puraskar,''' Parbhani 2018 for poetry book 'Payee Chalnar' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-22 |title=Speech by poet writer Indrajit Bhalerao |url=https://www.aksharnama.com/client/article_detail/4866 |website=Aksharnama portal}}</ref>

'''Kavivarya Keshavsut Award 2021''' for poetry writing by Marathvada Sahitya Parishad, Aurangabaad

'''Vikhe Patil Puraskar,''' Pravaranagar for poetry book 'Haravalelya Vastucha Mithak'(2024)

=== Honors ===
He was a fellow writer in the International Writers Residency Programme at Art Omi, New York in Spring 2025

He was invited for poetry reading in 11th Ars Poetica International Poetry Festival, Bratislava, Slovakia in 2013

'''Poet of Honor for the Republic day''' 2013 in National Convention of poets (2013) representing Marathi language. His poem was translated into 22 official languages of India and was broadcast from all radio stations of India on eve of Republic Day

He is a Jury for the prestigious Bharatiya Jnanpith Award since 2024. He has also worked as jury for some other prestigious awards.

He has presided over fourth Samaj Sahitya Vichar Sammelan at Malvan in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-17 |title=Presidential Address in fourth Samaj Sahitya Vichar Sammelan, Malvan 2025 published in Sadhana |url=https://kartavyasadhana.in/view-article/prafull-shiledar-presidential-address-mlvan-samaj-sahitya-vichar-sammelan-dec-2024}}</ref>

His poetry is included in the academic syllabus of languages in many Indian universities.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shiledar, Prafull}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:Poets from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]

Mahindra Aerospace

2026-03-31T21:45:57Z

Igornqa: New

{{short description|Aerospace division of the Indian multinational conglomerate company Mahindra Group}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Mahindra Aerospace
| logo = Mahindra Aerospace.svg
| image = The_first_flight_of_C-NM5_on_sep_1,2011.jpg
| logo_size = 220px
| type = [[private company|Private]]
| slogan =
| foundation = {{start date and age|2003}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Mahindra-offers-to-quit-AI-board-over-conflict-of-interest/752899 |title=Mahindra offers to quit AI board over conflict of interest |publisher=Indianexpress.com |date=2011-02-22 |accessdate=2011-03-03}}</ref>
| founder = [[Anand Mahindra]]
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<ref>{{cite web |author=CJ: puretechin |url=http://www.merinews.com/article/mahindra-engineering-services-bags-process-innovation-award-at-the-nasscom-innovation-awards-2011/15843904.shtml |title=Mahindra Engineering Services bags Process Innovation award at the NASSCOM Innovation Awards 2011 |publisher=Merinews.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-03 |archive-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428181751/http://www.merinews.com/article/mahindra-engineering-services-bags-process-innovation-award-at-the-nasscom-innovation-awards-2011/15843904.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| key_people = {{plainlist| *Mr. Arvind Mehra ([[Executive Director]] & [[CEO]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/Mahindra-GippsAeros-GA8TC-320-Airvan-enthrals-Mumbai/5088063365 |title=Mahindra GippsAero's GA8TC-320 Airvan enthrals Mumbai |publisher=Indiainfoline.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-03}}</ref>
*[[Anand Mahindra]] ([[Vice-Chairman]] & [[Managing Director|MD]])
*Hemant Luthra ([[President (corporate title)|President]])<ref name="dnaindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_mahindra-aero-bets-on-components_1514709 |title=Mahindra Aero bets on components - Money - DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-03}}</ref>}}
| num_employees =
| industry = [[Aerospace]]
| products = {{plainlist|
*[[Aircraft]]
*[[Aviation]]
*[[Aerostructures]]}}
| revenue =
| net_income =
| subsid =
| parent = [[Mahindra Group]]
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.mahindraaerospace.com}}
}}
'''Mahindra Aerospace''' is an Indian [[aerospace]] company and a part of the [[Mahindra Group]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-08/india-business/28547496_1_facility-aircraft-components-turboprop |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308235345/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-08/india-business/28547496_1_facility-aircraft-components-turboprop |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-03-08 |title=Mahindra plans Rs 285cr aerospace facility |date=2011-02-08 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=2011-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.investinindia.com/news/mahindra-aerospace-looking-strategic-investors-including-oems-and-tier-i-suppliers-90j8 |title=Mahindra Aerospace looking for strategic investors including OEMs and tier I suppliers |publisher=Invest in India |date=2011-02-21 |accessdate=2011-03-03 |archive-date=14 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614121644/http://www.investinindia.com/news/mahindra-aerospace-looking-strategic-investors-including-oems-and-tier-i-suppliers-90j8 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is the first Indian private firm to make smaller civil aircraft for the Indian general aviation market.<ref name="dnaindia1"/> It is an AS9100 Rev.D certified design organization.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mahindraaerospace.com/mahindra-aerospace/ |title=Aerospace |publisher=mahindraaerospace.com |date= |accessdate=6 February 2020 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124031236/https://mahindraaerospace.com/mahindra-aerospace/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Acquisitions==
[[File:CAP Gippsland GA8 Airvan at West Houston Airport.jpg|thumb|A [[Civil Air Patrol]] GA8 Airvan on takeoff from [[West Houston Airport]] during a mission following [[Hurricane Rita]] in 2005.]]

The parent Mahindra & Mahindra group acquired a 75.1% majority stake in Australian aircraft manufacturer Gippsland Aeronautics in December 2009, builder of the [[Gippsland GA200]], [[Gippsland GA8]] Airvan, and the [[Gippsland GA10]] Airvan. The company was renamed [[GippsAero]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/article65783.ece |title=Mahindra buys major stake in Australian firms |work=The Hindu |date=16 December 2009 |accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref> Also in December 2009 the Mahindra & Mahindra group also acquired a 75.1% stake in [[Aerostaff Australia]],<ref>{{cite news|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/5341817.cms|title=M&M buys two Aussie aerospace cos|date=16 December 2009}}</ref> a component manufacturer of high-precision, close-tolerance, aircraft components and assemblies for large aerospace original equipment manufacturers.{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}} In June 2010 the company acquired the Australian [[Boeing]] unit, an aerospace component manufacturer.{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}

==Products==
[[National Aerospace Laboratories]] (NAL) and Mahindra Aerospace jointly developed the [[NAL NM5]] light aircraft.

==Manufacturing plants==

*[[Narasapura Industrial Area|Narsapura Industrial Area]], [[Kolar district|Kolar District]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]

==See also==
* [[Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company]]
* [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]
* [[Tata Advanced Systems]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.mahindraaerospace.com}}
* [http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/mahindra-aerospace-to-roll-out-first-aircraft-by-march/articleshow/7345766.cms Mahindra Aerospace to roll out first aircraft by March 2011]

{{Mahindra Group}}
{{portal bar|India|companies}}

[[Category:Aircraft manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Mahindra Group]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2003]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2003]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Nathu Shah

2026-03-29T20:18:13Z

Igornqa: Done

{{Short description|Punjabi military commander}}
[[Colonel]] '''Nathu Shah''' (died 1848) was a military commander in the [[Sikh Empire]] and later the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He conquered [[Astore Valley|Astore]] and [[Gilgit Valley|Gilgit]] on the behalf of maharaja [[Sher Singh]] in 1842–43, and acted as the governor of Gilgit until his death in a battle against the [[Mir of Hunza]] in 1848.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Chohan |first=Amar Singh |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Gilgit_Agency_1877_1935Second_Reprint/EqZFsNIuVWEC?hl=en |title=Gilgit Agency 1877–1935 |date=1997 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors |isbn=978-81-7156-146-9 |pages=5-7 |language=en |chapter=Geography and History of Gilgit}}</ref>

== Career ==
Nathu Shah was a Punjabi [[Syed (title)|Sayyid]] from [[Gujranwala]] in [[Punjab]] and held the rank of colonel in the [[Khalsa Army]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dani |first=Ahmad Hasan |author-link=Ahmad Hasan Dani |url= |title=History of Northern Areas of Pakistan |date=1991 |publisher=National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research, Quaid-i-Azam University |isbn=978-969-415-016-1 |edition=2nd |location=Islamabad |pages=247-248 |language=en |orig-date=1989}}</ref> In 1842, the ruler of [[Yasin Valley|Yasin]] Gaur Rahman killed Shah Sikander, the raja of Gilgit and occupied Gilgit. His brother Karim Khan went to [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]], then a province of Sikh Empire, to obtain help against him. The governor of Kashmir [[Shaikh Ghulam Muhy-ud-Din|Muhyuddin]] dispatched a troop numbering 1,000 under Nathu Shah to Gilgit.<ref name=":0" /> On his way Nathu Shah directly annexed Astore into Sikh kingdom which until then had been its tributary. He defeated Gaur Rahman at Basin three miles away from Gilgit, who retired to [[Punial]].<ref name=":1" /> Later Gaur Rahman of Yasin, Ghazan Khan of [[Hunza Valley|Hunza]] and Jaffer Khan of [[Nagar Valley|Nagir]] entered a treaty with Nathu Shah, accordingly, all three gave a daughter in marriage to Nathu Shah and recognised his authority over Gilgit. Karim Khan was made nominal raja of Gilgit while Nathu Shah kept actual control in his hands. After making appropriate arrangements Nathu Shah returned to Punjab.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Bakshi |first=S. R. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Kashmir/U1LEY1yWmagC?hl=en |title=Kashmir: History and People |date=1997 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-85431-96-3 |pages=217-218 |language=en |chapter=Appendix II}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Saraf |first=Muhammad Yusuf |author-link=Muhammad Yusuf Saraf |url= |title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom: 1819–1946 |date=1977 |publisher=Ferozsons |volume=I |pages=98 |language=en |chapter=Subjugation of Kishtwar, Gilgit and Ladakh}}</ref>

In 1846, the British sold Kashmir including Astore and Gilgit to [[Gulab Singh]] of [[Jammu]] in the [[Treaty of Amritsar (1846)|treaty of Amritsar]].<ref name=":2" /> Nathu Shah transferred his allegiance to Jammu and Kashmir and took change of Gilgit. In 1847 Nathu Shah allowed some Europeans to visit Gilgit and Hunza. However, the Mir of Hunza Ghazan Khan was hostile to European presence and accused Nathu Shah of conspiring with them. He attacked Gilgit and plundered several of its villages. Nathu Shah invaded Hunza to avenge it but was ambushed and killed in 1848.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Dani |first=Ahmad Hasan |author-link=Ahmad Hasan Dani |url= |title=History of Northern Areas of Pakistan |date=1991 |publisher=National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research, Quaid-i-Azam University |isbn=978-969-415-016-1 |edition=2nd |location=Islamabad |pages=252, 265 |language=en |orig-date=1989}}</ref> Karim Khan who was accompanying him was also killed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saraf |first=Muhammad Yusuf |author-link=Muhammad Yusuf Saraf |url= |title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom: 1819–1946 |date=1977 |publisher=Ferozsons |volume=I |pages=231 |language=en |chapter=Liberation of Gilgit}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:1848 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Gujranwala]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:History of Gilgit-Baltistan]]
[[Category:19th-century military personnel]]
[[Category:People from the Sikh Empire]]

Atharanala

2026-03-28T23:52:10Z

Igornqa: adding initial data added tags

{{Short description|Bridge in Puri town, Odisha (India)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox bridge
| name = Atharanala
| native_name = ଅଠରନଳା
| native_name_lang = Oriya
| image = Puri,_Atharanala_bridge_2015-11-21.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Atharanala bridge viewed from [[National Highway 316 (India)|NH-316]]
| coordinates = {{coord|19.819810|85.831710|display=inline,title}}
| os_grid_reference =
| carries = light vehicles, pedestrians
| crosses = Madhupur<ref name="ASI N-OR-64">{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_orissa.asp|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Orissa|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]|accessdate=26 November 2016}}</ref> or Musa<ref name="IGNC1">{{cite web|title= Atharanala bridge, documentation form |url=http://ignca.nic.in/asi_reports/orpuri103.pdf|publisher=[[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]]|accessdate=26 November 2016|date=}}</ref> stream
| locale = [[Puri]] town, Odisha, India
| official_name = Athara Nala (ଅଠରନଳା)
| named_for = Athara means 18 in Odia language, Nala Means Passage. There are 18 Passages under the bridge so the Name is AtharaNala (in Odia ଅଠର ନଳା)
| owner =
| maint =
| heritage = [[Lists of Indian Monuments of National Importance|Monument of National Importance]] N-OR-64<ref name="ASI N-OR-64"/>
| id =
| id_type =
| website =
| preceded =
| followed =
| design = medieval architectural scheme of pillars and arches; ashlar masonry
| material = laterite stone
| material1 = lime mortar
| material2 =
| length = 85,5 m
| width = 12 m
| height = 6,3 m
| depth =
| traversable = no
| towpath =
| mainspan =
| number_spans = 18
| piers_in_water = 19
| load =
| clearance_above =
| clearance_below =
| lanes =
| life =
| num_track =
| track_gauge =
| structure_gauge =
| electrification =
| architect =
| designer =
| contracted_designer =
| winner =
| engineering =
| builder =
| fabricator =
| begin = second half of the 18th century AD
| complete =
| cost =
| open = 
| inaugurated =
| rebuilt =
| collapsed =
| closed =
| replaces =
| replaced_by =
| traffic =
| toll =
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_dot_label =
| map_image =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
}}

'''Atharanala''' ({{langx|or|ଅଠରନଳା}}) - a historic laterite stone bridge over the Madhupur<ref name="ASI N-OR-64">{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_orissa.asp|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Orissa|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]|accessdate=26 November 2016}}</ref> or Musa<ref name="IGNC1"/> stream at the entrance to the city of [[Puri]], Odisha (India) on Puri - Bhubaneswar road, locally known as Atharnala bridge; a [[Lists of Indian Monuments of National Importance|Monument of National Importance]] N-OR-64<ref name="ASI N-OR-64"/> officially recognized by [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. Due to safety reasons the bridge is excluded from heavy vehicle traffic.

==History==
According to the report of the [[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]] the structure was assigned to the second half of the 18th century AD (Maratha rule) based on architectural ground and building materials.<ref name="IGNC1"/>
The present bridge has been placed directly on top of the structure<ref name="Bansal2008">{{cite book|author=Sunita Pant Bansal|title=Hindu Pilgrimage|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8122309976|year=2008|publisher=Pustak Mahal |page=19}}</ref> which had been started as early as 13th century AD<ref name="BritLib">{{cite web|title= The British Library photo collection: Atharanala bridge|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/a/019pho000001003u00324000.html|accessdate=29 November 2016}}</ref> by Bhanu Deva I (1266–1278) of the [[Eastern Ganga Dynasty]] and continued by Narasimha Deva II (1279–1306).<ref name="Starza1993">{{cite book|author=O. M. Starza|title=The Jagannatha Temple at Puri: Its Architecture, Art, and Cult|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4bV3beb0n8C&pg=PA8|accessdate=30 November 2016|year=1993|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-09673-6|page=8}}</ref> He reconstructed the Atharanala bridge for proper discharge of surplus water of that time Saradhar rivulet with an additional culvert thus increasing its total number to nineteen (290 ft long).<ref name=" Mishra2007">{{cite book|author=Narayan Mishra|title=Annals and Antiquities of the Temple of Jagannātha |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8176257478|year=2007|publisher=SARUP & SONS|page=16}}</ref>

==Legends==
The bridge was built by Maharaja [[Indradyumna]]. The construction process was unsuccessful until, by the order of the [[Jagannath|Lord Jagannath]], he offered the heads of his eighteen sons into the water of the river.<ref name="iskon">{{cite web|title=Atharanala bridge|url=http://www.iskcondesiretree.com/page/atharanala-1|publisher= www.iskcondesiretree.com|accessdate=26 November 2016|date=}}</ref> If a non-Hindu is caught trespassing inside the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple in Puri]] the entire [[Prasad (food offering)|Prasad]] must be thrown away from Atharanala bridge.

==Architecture==
Atharanala bridge is made of [[laterite]] and [[lime mortar]] with [[Ashlar|ashlar masonry]] building technique, in medieval architectural scheme of pillars and arches. It is oriented north to south.<ref name="IGNC1"/>
The bridge spreads over a length of 85 meter (280 feet) and breadth of 11 meter (36 feet) and encompasses eighteen arches ("athara" means eighteen, "nala" canals or passages) ranging from seven to sixteen feet across. The bridge offers a spectacular long distance view of the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]].<ref name="shreekshetra">{{cite web|title= Atharanala bridge|url=http://www.shreekhetra.com/atharnala.html|publisher=www.shreekhetra.com|accessdate=26 November 2016}}</ref>
The façade is decorated with reliefs of deities, people, [[Ashta Nayika|nayikas]], genre scenes and floral decorations: Brusaarudha Siva, [[Ekapada]] - [[Bhairava]], [[Ardhanarisvara]], Parvati, Gajabhisekha Laxmi, Durga Mahisasuramardini, bharabahaka, people playing musical instruments, sakha mouldings, Kartika, Navagraha panel, lotus medallions, elephant figures and boar hunting scenes.<ref name="IGNC2">{{cite web|title=Digital Images of Archaeological Sites: Puri Town|url=http://ignca.nic.in/asp/showbig.asp?projid=orjjp0050001|publisher=[[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]]|accessdate=26 November 2016|date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129083453/http://ignca.nic.in/asp/showbig.asp?projid=orjjp0050001|archive-date=29 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Maintenance==
[[File:A close view of Athara Nala Bridge.JPG|left|thumb|Atharanala Bridge in 2012]]
Renovated and repaired by Archaeological Survey of India the bridge was found in good condition. However, high siltation and growth of vegetation was gradually closing the openings of the bridge. The urban pressure was another risk identified.<ref name="IGNC1"/>
It was decided by the Odisha state government in 2014 (before [[Nabakalebara 2015]]) to start beautification of the bridge by removing the moss and mud heaped near the bridge and facilitate boating to attract tourists to the spot.<ref name="Beautify">{{cite news|title=Odisha govt draws up plan to beautify Atharanala bridge in Puri|url=http://odishasuntimes.com/2014/08/04/odisha-govt-draws-plan-beautify-atharanala-bridge-puri/|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=www.odishasuntimes.com|agency=Odisha Sun Times|date=4 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129082944/http://odishasuntimes.com/2014/08/04/odisha-govt-draws-plan-beautify-atharanala-bridge-puri/|archive-date=29 November 2016|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==See also==
[[Puri#Geography|Geography of Puri]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20161129083453/http://ignca.nic.in/asp/showbig.asp?projid=orjjp0050001 ''Digital Images of Archaeological Sites: Puri Town''] by [[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]]
*{{commons category inline|Atharanala}}

[[Category:Bridges in Odisha]]
[[Category:Historic sites in Odisha]]
[[Category:Transport in Puri]]
[[Category:Road bridges in India]]

2021 Air India cyberattack

2026-03-27T04:26:42Z

Igornqa: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Air India#Financial trouble, merger with Indian and later (2000–2022)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from subtopic}}
{{R to section}}
}}

{{Short description|Breach of Air India's customer data}}

[[Category:Computer security in India]]
[[Category:Cyberattacks on airlines]]
[[Category:Cybercrime in India]]
[[Category:2020s in hacking]]

Thongkhosiem Haokip

2026-03-25T09:38:35Z

Igornqa: small changes

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Thongkhosiem Haokip
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|3|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = Gangpijang, [[Manipur]], India
| height = {{height|m=1.83}}
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| currentclub = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| clubnumber = 19
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = United Sports Association
| youthyears2 = 2011–2013
| youthclubs2 = [[Pune FC|Pune]]
| years1 = 2013–2016
| clubs1 = [[Pune FC|Pune]]
| caps1 = 36
| goals1 = 11
| years2 = 2015
| clubs2 = → [[FC Goa|Goa]] (loan)
| caps2 = 6
| goals2 = 4
| years3 = 2016
| clubs3 = → [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]] (loan)
| caps3 = 12
| goals3 = 2
| years4 = 2016
| clubs4 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| caps4 = 1
| goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2017
| clubs5 = → [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] (loan)
| caps5 = 8
| goals5 = 1
| years6 = 2017–2021
| clubs6 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| caps6 = 28
| goals6 = 2
| years7 = 2021–2023
| clubs7 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| caps7 = 27
| goals7 = 3
| years8 = 2023–
| clubs8 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| caps8 = 7
| goals8 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2014
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps1 = 3
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update = 15:33, 4 April 2024 (UTC)
| ntupdate = 27 March 2020
}}

'''Thongkosiem Haokip''' (born 13 March 1993), commonly known as '''Semboi''', is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[forward (association football)|forward]].

==Career==

===Early career===
Born in the village of Gangpijang in [[Manipur]], Haokip began playing football for his state side at the youth levels in the national school games.<ref name="KI">{{cite news|last1=Pawar|first1=Vaibhav|title=All I know was the talk given to me by coach (Mike Snoei) before I went in, says Pune FC striker Thongkhosiem Haokip|url=http://www.kickoffindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1429:all-i-know-was-the-talk-given-to-me-by-coach-mike-snoei-before-i-went-in-says-pune-fc-striker-thongkhosiem-haokip&catid=45:sport1|accessdate=11 October 2016|work=KickOff India|date=11 October 2013|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228110043/http://www.kickoffindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1429:all-i-know-was-the-talk-given-to-me-by-coach-mike-snoei-before-i-went-in-says-pune-fc-striker-thongkhosiem-haokip&catid=45:sport1|archive-date=28 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He then joined local side United Sports Association in Khurai. He stayed with the side until he was spotted by [[Pune F.C.|Pune]]. He joined the [[Pune F.C. Academy]] in 2011 and played for the side in the [[I-League U20]] and other tournaments.<ref name="KI"/> While part of the academy set-up at Pune, Haokip helped his side to two consecutive I-League U20 titles, in [[2012 I-League U20|2012]] and [[2013 I-League U20|2013]].<ref name="TSM">{{cite news|title=Thongkhosiem Haokip: The rising star from Manipur|url=http://www.thesportsmirror.com/2015/11/thongkhosiem-haokip-the-rising-star-from-manipur/|accessdate=11 October 2016|work=The Sports Mirror|date=19 November 2015}}</ref>

===Pune===

====2013–14 season====
Before the start of the [[2013–14 I-League]] season, it was announced that Haokip would be promoted to the [[Pune F.C.|Pune]] first-team.<ref>{{cite news|title=Youthful Pune FC set for 2013/14 I-League campaign|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/youthful-pune-fc-set-for-201314-i-league-campaign|accessdate=28 February 2015|work=SportsKeeda|date=19 September 2013}}</ref> He made his professional debut for the club on 29 September 2013, appearing as a late-match substitute during a 0–0 draw against [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Shillong Lajong 0-0 Pune|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/09/29/india/i-league/lajong-sc/pune-fc/1585288/|website=Soccerway|accessdate=28 February 2015}}</ref> Then, in the very next match, against [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]], Haokip scored his first professional goal. His 72nd-minute goal opened the scoring for Pune as the club went on to win 2–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pune 2-0 Mohun Bagan|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/10/10/india/i-league/pune-fc/mohun-bagan-ac/1585300/|website=Soccerway|accessdate=28 February 2015}}</ref> His goal made him only the second ever Pune Academy player to score for the senior team after [[Nikhil Kadam]].<ref name="KI"/> After scoring, Haokip gave credit to the Pune head coach, [[Mike Snoei]], for motivating him: "The coach simply says; 'play aggressively, be strong and be confident in what I do when out on the field. He also told me 'don't worry'. I am a learner."<ref name="KI"/>

Haokip scored the second goal of his career in the return fixture against Mohun Bagan on 21 December 2013. His 79th-minute goal being the sole goal for his side as Pune lost 3–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohun Bagan 3-1 Pune|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/12/21/india/i-league/mohun-bagan-ac/pune-fc/1585382/|website=Soccerway|accessdate=28 February 2015}}</ref> Haokip then made his international club debut on 29 January 2014 in a qualifying match for the [[AFC Champions League]] against Vietnamese side [[Hanoi T&T F.C.|Hanoi T&T]]. He came on as a 74th-minute substitute for [[Arata Izumi]] as Pune lost the qualifier 3–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=AFC Cup 2014: Pune 0-3 Hanoi T&T|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/01/29/asia/afc-champions-league/pune-fc/t--t-ha-noi/1605881/|website=Soccerway.com|access-date=28 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221045027/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/01/29/asia/afc-champions-league/pune-fc/t--t-ha-noi/1605881/|archive-date=21 February 2014}}</ref> Two weeks later, Haokip scored goals in back-to-back matches against [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]] and [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pune 1-1 Sporting Goa|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/02/16/india/i-league/pune-fc/sporting-club-de-goa/1585393/|website=Soccerway|accessdate=28 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pune 2-0 Mohammedan|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/02/19/india/i-league/pune-fc/mohammedan-sporting-club/1585420/|website=Soccerway|accessdate=28 February 2015}}</ref> He then scored his final goal of the season on 8 April 2014 in an [[AFC Cup]] match against [[Nay Pyi Taw F.C.|Nay Pyi Taw]] of [[Myanmar]]. The match ended 3–3.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nay Pyi Taw 3-3 Pune|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/04/08/asia/afc-cup/nay-pyi-taw-fc/pune-fc/1641558/|website=Soccerway|accessdate=28 February 2015}}</ref>

====2014–15 season====
Haokip began the 2014–15 season by participating in the [[2014 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]] with Pune. Haokip found the net early, scoring in Pune's first match in the cup against former [[I-League]] side [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]. His 65th-minute strike helped Pune to a 3–0 opening victory.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chandra|first1=Shikharr|title=Pune FC impress in Durand Cup opener|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2014/10/31/5660951/pune-fc-impress-in-durand-cup-opener|accessdate=28 February 2015|work=Goal.com|date=31 October 2014}}</ref> The next month, during a match against Assam State Electricity Board in a Bhutan King's Cup pre-season tournament, Haokip scored a hat-trick as Pune booked their place into the semi-finals with a 5–0 victory.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pune FC book berth in King's Cup semis|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2014/11/23/6419651/pune-fc-book-berth-in-kings-cup-semis|accessdate=28 February 2015|work=Goal.com|date=23 November 2014}}</ref>

Haokip was then part of the 20–member Pune squad that would participate in the [[2014–15 Indian Federation Cup|Federation Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Arata Izumi to Lead Pune FC in Federation Cup|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/235076-arata-izumi-to-lead-pune-fc-in-federation-cup|accessdate=28 February 2015|work=NDTV Sport|date=26 December 2014}}</ref> Haokip only managed to find the net once during the Federation Cup, on 5 January 2015 against [[Bengaluru FC]]. Pune were thus knocked-out early from the competition.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengaluru FC becomes first team to enter semifinal|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6132|website=The All India Football Federation|accessdate=28 February 2015}}</ref> After the Federation Cup, the club returned to I-League play and on 24 January 2015 Haokip scored his first goal of the I-League season, against the reigning champions Bengaluru FC. His goal helped further increase Pune's lead as they ran out 3–1 winners over the trophy holders.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengaluru FC 1-3 Pune|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/01/24/india/i-league/bengaluru/pune-fc/1980974/|website=Soccerway|accessdate=28 February 2015}}</ref>

In the next match, Haokip managed to score the first hat-trick of the I-League season against [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]. His first goal came in only the second minute of the match and his third came in the 15th minute, making the hat-trick take only 13 minutes to be complete.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pune 5-2 Shillong Lajong|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/01/29/india/i-league/pune-fc/lajong-sc/1980982/|website=Soccerway|accessdate=28 February 2015}}</ref> Haokip then continued his good form with a goal against [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]] on 21 February 2015 and then another goal in the next match against [[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pune 1-1 Sporting Goa|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/02/21/india/i-league/pune-fc/sporting-club-de-goa/1981000/|website=Soccerway|accessdate=28 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pune 1-0 Royal Wahingdoh|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/02/28/india/i-league/pune-fc/royal-wahingdoh-fc/1981008/|website=Soccerway|accessdate=28 February 2015}}</ref> His goal against Royal Wahingdoh was the only one during the match and thus propelled Pune to the top of the I-League table.<ref>{{cite web|title=I-League: Pune FC beat Royal Wahingdoh 1-0, go to top of table|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/I-League-Pune-FC-beat-Royal-Wahingdoh-1-0-go-to-top-of-table/articleshow/46414534.cms|website=Times of India|accessdate=28 February 2015}}</ref> Haokip then scored his seventh and final goal of the season against [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] on 17 May 2015. His 65th-minute goal was the winning goal for Pune as they won 2–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=East Bengal 1-2 Pune|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/05/17/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/pune-fc/1981013/|website=Soccerway}}</ref>

Haokip went on to finish the 2014–15 season as the top scorer among all Indians with seven goals.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kerala Blasters rope in Thongkhosiem Haokip for ISL 3|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/kerala-blasters-rope-in-thongkhosiem-haokip-for-isl-3-2899818/|accessdate=11 October 2016|work=Indian Express|date=7 July 2016}}</ref> In late September 2015, after his performance the previous season, Haokip was nominated for the FPAI Young Player of the Season award.<ref>{{cite news|title=FPAI nomination motivates me to work harder: Haokip|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/FPAI-nomination-motivates-me-to-work-harder-Haokip/articleshow/49107539.cms|accessdate=11 October 2016|work=Times of India|date=25 September 2015}}</ref> A few days later it was announced that he had won the award.<ref name="2015 Award">{{cite news|title=Haokip is India's 'best young' player|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/haokip-is-indias-best-young-player/|accessdate=11 October 2016|work=Navhind Times|date=30 September 2015}}</ref>

====Goa (loan)====
On 10 July 2015, Haokip was drafted by [[FC Goa|Goa]] for the [[2015 Indian Super League]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Noronha|first1=Anselm|title=Cavin Lobo to Kerala, Keegan Pereira to Mumbai and the comprehensive Indian Super League Draft|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2015/07/10/13460302/cavin-lobo-to-kerala-keegan-pereira-to-mumbai-and-the?ICID=SP_HN_1|accessdate=11 October 2016|work=Goal.com|date=10 July 2015}}</ref> Despite his performance in the [[I-League]] the previous season, Haokip was nervous about not being selected in the draft: "At that time, I told myself, 'if I get picked up, it's good, if not I will have to work even harder.' Sometimes, I got this feeling that I won't be picked. There are many Indian and foreign players in the strikers position."<ref name="Fear">{{cite news|last1=Mergulhao|first1=Marcus|title=FC Goa's hat-trick hero Haokip feared not getting picked for ISL|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/FC-Goas-hat-trick-hero-Haokip-feared-not-getting-picked-for-ISL/articleshow/49851277.cms|accessdate=11 October 2016|work=Times of India|date=20 November 2015}}</ref>

Haokip did not make his debut for the side until 30 October 2015, when injuries forced head coach [[Zico (footballer)|Zico]]'s hand,<ref name="Fear"/> against [[FC Pune City|Pune City]]. Despite being forced into the line-up, Haokip managed to play the full match as Goa drew with Pune City 1–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Goa 1-1 Pune City|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/10/30/india/indian-super-league/india-fc-goa/pune-city/2037316/|website=Soccerway}}</ref> A few weeks later, on 17 November, Haokip made history in the league when he became on the second Indian in ISL history to score a hattrick. His three goals came against [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] as Goa bulldozed the Maharashtra side 7–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=Goa 7-0 Mumbai City|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/11/17/india/indian-super-league/india-fc-goa/mumbai-city/2037312/|website=Soccerway}}</ref> Following the hattrick and subsequent victory, Zico was full of praise for Haokip: "Haokip is a player who has a good technique and is very smart to play with. You can see the way he passes the ball and controls it during the game. He always wants to learn. He trains more than his team mates and is very receptive to information."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bilgi|first1=Sumedh|title=Zico - Thongkhosiem Haokip has a good technique|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2015/11/18/17440252/indian-super-league-zico-thongkhosiem-haokip-has-a-good|accessdate=11 October 2016|work=Goal.com|date=18 November 2015}}</ref>

Haokip then contributed greatly for Goa during the [[2015 Indian Super League final]] against [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]. He scored the equalizer for the team in 58th minute to tie the match at 1–1 and despite eventually taking the lead 2–1, Goa fell through two late goals to lose 3–2.<ref>{{cite web|title=Goa 2-3 Chennaiyin|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/12/20/india/indian-super-league/india-fc-goa/chennai-titans/2177113/|website=Soccerway}}</ref>

====Salgaocar (loan)====
After the [[2015 Indian Super League|2015 ISL season]], Haokip signed on loan with [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]] from [[Pune F.C.|Pune]], after the Maharashtra club themselves withdrew from the [[I-League]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mergulhao|first1=Marcus|title=Haokip to join Salgaocar|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Haokip-to-join-Salgaocar/articleshow/50515306.cms|accessdate=11 October 2016|work=Times of India|date=10 January 2016}}</ref> He made his debut for the club on 16 January 2016 against [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]. He came on as a 34th-minute substitute for [[Alesh Sawant]] but then came off himself in the 78th minute for [[Manandeep Singh]] as Salgaocar lost 4–2.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohun Bagan 4-2 Salgaocar|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/01/16/india/i-league/mohun-bagan-ac/salgaocar-sports-club/2176879/|website=Soccerway}}</ref> He scored his only two goals of the season on 1 March 2016 against [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]. His 4th and 95th-minute strikes were enough to secure a 3–1 victory for Salgaocar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Salgaocar 3-1 East Bengal|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/03/01/india/i-league/salgaocar-sports-club/east-bengal-club-fc/2177574/|website=Soccerway}}</ref>

===Kerala Blasters===
On 7 July 2016, it was announced that Haokip had signed with [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] of the [[Indian Super League]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Kerala Blasters sign Semboi for Indian Super League 2016|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/kerala-blasters-fc/press-releases/3740-kerala-blasters-sign-semboi-for-indian-super-league-2016|accessdate=11 October 2016|work=Indian Super League|date=7 July 2016}}</ref>

====East Bengal (loan)====
Semboi was loaned to [[East Bengal]] from Kerala Blasters for the [[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]] where he played eight times, scoring once.

===Bengaluru===
On 24 July 2017, Haokip was drafted by [[Indian Super League]] debutantes [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengaluru FC retain 5, sign 8 new players|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/sports/football/bengaluru-fc-retain-5-sign-8-new-players/articleshow/59727640.cms|publisher=Bangalore Mirror|accessdate=20 October 2017|date=24 July 2017}}</ref> He made his debut for bengaluru fc in their [[2018 AFC Cup qualifying play-offs|2018 AFC Cup preliminary round]] match against [[Transport United]].He came as 76th-minute substitute for [[Daniel Lalhlimpuia]].He started for bengaluru in the home leg of [[2018 AFC Cup qualifying play-offs|Preliminary round]] and scored his first goal for the club in 62nd minute. Bengaluru won the match 3-0 and qualified for the [[2018 AFC Cup qualifying play-offs]]. He made his [[Indian Super League|ISL]] debut for the club in a 2–0 home win against [[FC Goa]].

Haokip played a key role in a season where [[Albert Roca|Roca]] rotated his squad heavily owing the fixture pile up. Playing nine games in the [[AFC Cup|Asian campaign]] of 2018, Haokip struck a total of three goals in the [[2018 AFC Cup qualifying play-offs|qualifying stages]], which included a match winning brace in the [[2018 AFC Cup qualifying play-offs|play-off stage]] game against [[T.C. Sports Club|TC Sports Club]] from Maldives as Bengaluru booked a berth in the group stages of the competition.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/bengaluru-fc-beat-tcs-maldives-3-2-in-afc-cup-playoff/articleshow/62907587.cms|title=Bengaluru FC beat TCS Maldives 3-2 in AFC Cup playoff|publisher=timesofindia.com}}</ref>

On 29 May 2018 He extended his contract with Bengaluru fc for two more years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bengalurufc.com/nishu-semboi-sign-new-bfc-deals/|title=Nishu, Semboi sign new BFC deals |work=Bengalurufc.com |date=29 May 2018}}</ref> which will keep him with bfc till the end of 2020 season.

On 12 February 2020 He became the first [[Bengaluru FC]] player to score 4 goals in [[AFC Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/bengaluru-fc-beat-bhutan-s-paro-fc-10-1-aggregate-semboi-haokip-hat-trick-deshorn-brown-hat-trick-afc-cup-qualifiers-1645873-2020-02-12/|title=Bengaluru FC toy with Bhutan's Paro FC, beat them 10-1 aggregate to enter AFC Cup's final qualifying round|work=India Today|date=12 February 2020}}</ref>

===Return to East Bengal===
On 7 September 2021, East Bengal announced Hoakip's return to the club on a one-year deal, ahead of the [[2021–22 Indian Super League]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=SC East Bengal sign Songpu Singsit, Semboi Haokip; Sourav Das extends|url=https://www.khelnow.com/football/isl-2021-22-sc-east-bengal-sign-songpu-singsit-thongkhosiem-haokip|access-date=7 September 2021|website=Khel Now}}</ref> On 30 November, he scored his first goal from a header against [[Odisha FC]] but lost the game by 6–4.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/isl-odisha-fc-come-from-behind-to-beat-sc-east-bengal-in-10-goal-thriller-101638298134592.html|title=ISL: Odisha FC come from behind to beat SC East Bengal in 10-goal thriller|website=Hindustan Times|date=1 December 2021|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201095121/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/isl-odisha-fc-come-from-behind-to-beat-sc-east-bengal-in-10-goal-thriller-101638298134592.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 4 January 2022, Haokip scored his second goal for the club in a 1–1 draw against [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]].<ref>{{cite web|author=ISL Media Team|date=4 Jan 2022|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/sc-east-bengal-remain-winless-after-1-1-draw-against-bengaluru-fc|title=SC East Bengal remain winless after 1-1 draw against Bengaluru FC|work=Indian Super League|accessdate=8 Jan 2022}}</ref> On 30 August 2022, East Bengal announced the extension of contract with Haokip for the 2022–23 season.<ref>{{cite web|first=Sattyik |last=Sarkar |date=30 August 2022 |url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2022-23-east-bengal-sign-forward-semboi-haokip-official |title=East Bengal sign forward Semboi Haokip |work=Khel Now |accessdate=30 August 2022}}</ref>

==International==
In July 2014, it was announced that Haokip had been called up to the [[India national under-23 football team|India under-23]] 30-man squad to participate in a preparatory camp for the [[2014 Asian Games]] in [[South Korea]].<ref>{{cite web|title=AIFF organizes back-to-back exposure Tours for Incheon bound Team|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5797|website=The All India Football Federation|accessdate=28 February 2015}}</ref> He made his official international debut for the under-23 side on 20 August 2014 during a friendly against [[Pakistan national under-23 football team|Pakistan]]. He could not help the team as India U23 fell 2–0 to their rivals.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Walters|first1=Ned|title=Pakistan U-23 comprehensively defeat India U-23 2-0 in second friendly match|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/pakistan-u-23-defeat-india-u-23-2-0-second-friendly-match|accessdate=28 February 2015|work=SportsKeeda|date=20 August 2014}}</ref> Despite not showing much against Pakistan, Haokip managed to make it into the final squad for the Asian Games.<ref>{{cite news|title=Asian Games 2014: Indian football squad announced; team cleared to participate for Incheon Games|url=http://us.india.com/sports/asian-games-2014-indian-football-squad-announced-team-cleared-to-participate-for-incheon-games-144634/|accessdate=28 February 2015|work=India.com|date=9 September 2014}}</ref> Haokip did not make an appearance during the tournament, however, staying on the bench in both matches against the [[United Arab Emirates national under-23 football team|United Arab Emirates]] and [[Jordan national under-23 football team|Jordan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=UAE 5-0 India|url=http://www.incheon2014ag.org/Sports/FB/Result?RSC=FBM400G02&lang=en|website=Asian Games 2014|accessdate=28 February 2015|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226115624/http://www.incheon2014ag.org/Sports/FB/Result?RSC=FBM400G02&lang=en|archive-date=26 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=India 0-2 Jordan|url=http://www.incheon2014ag.org/Sports/FB/Result?RSC=FBM400G01&lang=en|website=Asian Games 2014|accessdate=28 February 2015|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007010847/http://www.incheon2014ag.org/Sports/FB/Result?RSC=FBM400G01&lang=en|archive-date=7 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
{{updated|9 December 2022}}<ref>{{soccerway|thongkhosiem-haokip/314889}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Federation Cup/Super Cup
!colspan="2"|Durand Cup
!colspan="2"|Continental
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Pune F.C.|Pune]]
|[[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]
|rowspan="2"|[[I-League]]||18||4||0||0||0||0||6||1||24||5
|-
|[[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]]
||18||7||3||1||1||1||—||—||22||9
|-
!colspan="2"|Pune Total
!36!!11!!3!!1!!1!!1!!6!!1!!46!!14
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[FC Goa|Goa]] (loan)
|[[2015 Indian Super League|2015]]
|[[Indian Super League]]||6||4||—||—||—||—||—||—||6||4
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]] (loan)
|[[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]]
|I-League||12||2||0||0||—||—||0||0||12||2
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|[[2016 Indian Super League|2016]]
|Indian Super League||1||0||0||0||—||—||—||—||1||0
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[Kingfisher East Bengal|East Bengal]] (loan)
|[[2016–17 East Bengal F.C. season|2016–17]]
|I-League||8||1||0||0||—||—||—||—||8||1
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|[[2017–18 Indian Super League|2017–18]]
|rowspan="4"|Indian Super League||2||0||0||0||—||—||8||3||10||3
|-
|[[2018–19 Indian Super League|2018–19]]
||7||1||0||0||—||—||2||0||9||1
|-
|[[2019–20 Indian Super League|2019–20]]
||14||1||0||0||—||—||3||5||17||6
|-
|[[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]]
||5||0||0||0||—||—||—||—||5||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Bengaluru Total
!28!!2!!0!!0!!0!!0!!13!!8!!45!!10
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]]
|[[2021–22 SC East Bengal season|2021–22]]
|rowspan="2"|Indian Super League
|12||2||—||—||—||—||—||—||12||2
|-
|[[2022–23 East Bengal FC season|2022–23]]
|9||1||0||0||1||0||—||—||10||1
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!112!!23!!3!!1!!2!!1!!19!!9!!136!!34
|}

==Honours==
'''FC Goa'''
*[[Indian Super League]]: runner-up [[2018–19 Indian Super League|2018–19]]

'''Bengaluru'''
*[[Indian Super League]]: [[2018–19 Indian Super League|2018–19]]

'''Kerala Blasters'''
*[[Indian Super League]]: runner-up [[2016 Indian Super League|2016]]

'''Individual'''
*FPAI Young Player of the Year: 2015<ref name="2015 Award"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/kerala-blasters-fc/squad/forward-3985-thongkoisiem-haokip-playerprofile Indian Super League Profile]

{{SC East Bengal squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haokip, Thongkhosiem}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kangpokpi district]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Pune FC players]]
[[Category:FC Goa players]]
[[Category:Salgaocar FC players]]
[[Category:Kerala Blasters FC players]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club players]]
[[Category:Bengaluru FC players]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Footballers from Manipur]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]

Kapilesvara Siva Temple

2026-03-16T19:09:04Z

Igornqa: improve intro for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Kapilesvara Siva temple
| image = Kapilesvara temple (18).jpg
| image_upright = 1.1
| map_type = India#India Orissa
| map_caption = Location in Orissa
| map_relief = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|20.22909|N|85.827438|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| state = [[Odisha]]
| locale = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| elevation_m = 14
| deity = [[Shiva]]
| festivals=
| architecture = Kalingan Style ([[Kalinga Architecture]])
| year_completed = 14th century CE
}}
The '''Kapilesvara temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Shiva]] located in the south western outskirt of the village Kapilesvara, Old Town, [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], India. It is located at the end of Kapilesvara road leading from [[Lingaraj temple]] to Kapilesvara Village. The presiding deity is a [[Shiva|Siva]]-[[lingam]] at the center of a circular ''yonipitha'' inside the [[Garbhagriha|sanctum]]. It is a living temple, facing towards east and maintained by Kapilesvara Temple Trust Board. The temple is situated within the precinct along with 33 other monuments. The precinct is located on the northern embankment of Manikarnika tank over an area of 44.00 square metres.

==Tradition and legends==
According to the local legend this is the birthplace of Lord Shiva, who is considered as father of the Universe. He is also seen as the brain child of [[Brahma]], an incarnation of [[Vishnu]] and Lord [[Shiva]] himself. Hence, it is a sacred place where the [[shrine]] is dedicated to Lord Shiva.

==The Temple==
The dominant feature of the temple is the {{Convert|60|ft|adj=on}} high temple and its adjacent pond, surrounded by stone steps. The temple is a satellite of the main temple in [[Bhubaneswar]], the [[Lingaraj temple]]. Both temples, like other temples in [[India]] are centres of social, political, and educational activities. Until the middle of the 20th century, the temple dominated the economic, political and ritual life of the place.<ref>''Untouchable: an Indian life history ''P.38.James M. Freeman</ref> The temple was built during 14th Century CE during Gajapati rule of [[Kapilendra Deva]]. Inscription of Kapilendra deva and other [[architectural]] [[sculptural]] fragments suggest the original temple could be earlier than 11th century CE.
[[File:Kapilesvarara Panorama (1).jpg|500px|thumb|center]]

==Architectural features==
The entire temple was renovated at a later date with the building materials of the original one. The temple has a ''[[vimana]]'' (shrine), ''jagamohana'', ''nata-mandira'' and ''bhoga-Mandapa''. The vimana is in rekha order, ''jagamohana'' is ''pidha'' and ''nata-mandira'' and ''bhoga mandapa'' (hall) are flat roofed and of later constructions. The ''vimana'' (shrine) measuring {{Convert|11.40|m}} in height has usual ''bada'', ''gandi'' and ''mastaka''. The lower potala has five tiers and the upper poatala has four tiers in pyramidal elevation.

The ''parsvadevata'' (other deities) niches located on the raha paga of the tala jangha on the three sides of north, west and south and enshrine [[Parvati]], [[Kartikeya]] and [[Ganesha]] respectively. The ''Talagarvika'' below the niche is decorated with a series of ''Khakhara mundis'' flanked by naga nagi pilasters. The niche is flanked by two pilasters that are carved with ''Kirtimukha'' at the center of the pilaster and the niche is crowned by ''Urdhagarvika''. The western raha niche houses four armed Kartikeya standing in tribhanga over a lotus pedestal with his upper left hand is holding a cattle drum, the upper right hand is holding a trident and while the major left hand is holding a cock and right hand is in varadamudra. The image is crowned by jatamukuta and at the corners there are flying Vidyadharas and diminutive male worshipers at the base of the pedestal. The northern raha niche houses a four-armed Parvati standing over a lotus pedestal. The image is partly damaged. She is holding lotus in her major left hand and naga pasa in the uplifted left hand, major right hand is in varada mudra and the uplifted right hand is broken. Flanked by two diminutive female attendants holding sakti, the image has jatamukuta. The southern raha niche enshrines a four-armed [[Ganesha]] standing in tribhanga over a pedestal. His right hand is holding an akhyamala (rosary), left hand a Parasu while the uplifted left hand is holding a Modaka patra the uplifted right hand holds a tusk. The image has a ''Jatamukuta''.

At the Lalatabimba there is a [[Gajalakshmi]] seated in ''lalitasana'' over a lotus pedestal. She holds lotus in her both hands; above the lotus two elephants are pouring water over the deity. At the base of the doorjambs and beneath the ''dvara sakhas'' there are two ''pidha mundi'' niches that house Saivate dvarapalas along with river goddesses of the Ganges and Yamuna mounted over their respective mounts.

==Adi Kapilesvara Shrine==
Adi kapilesvara Siva Temple is located in the Kapileswara temple precinct and it is a living temple and facing west. The enshrined deity is a [[Siva lingam]] within a circular ''yonipitha'' (basement) made of black chlorite. The temple is surrounded by the precinct compound wall in east, Ghanteswar temple in west and Baidyanath temple in south. The temple has a ''[[vimana]]'' (shrine) depicting ''pancha ratha'' (five chariots) and a frontal porch. The ''gandi'' of the temple has set in three receding tiers. The ''mastaka'' consists of ''beki'', ''ghanta'', ''amlaka'', ''khapuri'', ''kalasa'' and ''ayudha''.
[[File:Kapilesvarara Panorama (2).jpg|650px|thumb|center]]

==Baidyanatha Siva Temple==
The Baidyanatha Siva temple (Lat- 200 13’ 74" N., Long- 850 49’ 65" E., Elev- {{Convert|45|ft|abbr=on}}) is located in Kapilesvara temple precinct and the enshrined deity is a [[Siva lingam]] over a circular "yonipitha" (basement), made in sandstone. The temple is under the care and maintenance of Kapilesvara Temple Trust Board. According to local legend Lord Baidyanath is the god for curing ailments and diseases. So ailing people offer special prayer and surrender before the Lord when suffering from diseases. It was built around 18th century. The temple is facing towards west. There is an inscription on the lintel in the western wall written in [[Odia script]]. The inscription has seven lines paleographically. It can be ascribed to the 18th century.<ref>'Lesser known Monuments' by Dr. Sadasiba Pradhan</ref>

===Physical description===
;Surrounding
The temple is surrounded by gateway of Rosasala in the west at a distance of {{Convert|12.80|m}}, Kapilesvara–I in south at distance of {{Convert|7.20|m}}, north eastern gateway at a distance of {{Convert|4.60|m}} and compound wall in the east.

;Architectural features (Plan and Elevation)
On plan the temple measures {{Convert|2.10|m2}}. On elevation the vimana is of pidha order that measures {{Convert|3.53|m}} in height, bada measures {{Convert|1.23|m}} (pabhaga {{Convert|0.25|m}}, tala jangha {{Convert|0.32|m}}, bandhana {{Convert|0.123|m}}, upara jangha {{Convert|0.31|m}} and baranda {{Convert|0.23|m}}). The gandi of the temple measures {{Convert|1.30|m}} and mastaka {{Convert|1.003|m}}. The temple has four gateways, one on each side.

Mallia are priests of the Temple.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Classification !! Grade
|-
| Architecture|| C
|-
| Historic|| C
|-
| Associational|| B
|-
| Social/Cultural|| B
|}

==Beharana Mandapa / Baa-khia Mandapa==
[[Beharana Mandapa]] or Baa khia Mandapa is located inside the Kapilesvara temple precinct. The ''[[Mandapa]]'' (hall) is provided with steps in the east and was built around 18th century. The ceiling that is made of wood is carved with various decorations like elephant, makara, and a series of lotus scroll work.

==Bhandara Ghara Shrine==
[[Bhandara Ghara Shrine]] is located in the Kapilesvara temple precinct and it is a living temple built during the 16th century. It enshrines the ''chalanti pratima'' (movable deities) of [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]]. These deities are taken on procession on various festive occasions for public viewing.

==Ghanteswara Siva Temple==
This temple is located in the Kapileswara precinct and the enshrined deity is a [[Siva lingam]] over a square ''yonipitha'' (basement) made of laterite. The temple has a ''[[vimana]]'' in ''pidha'' order with a ''triratha'' (three chariots) on plan. The ''gandi'' has three tiers.

==Guptesvara Siva temple==
Guptesvara Siva temple is located within the Kapilesvara temple precinct and the enshrined deity is a [[Shiva]] lingam within a circular ''yoni pitha'' (basement) at the center of the sanctum. The temple was built during 14th–15th centuries.

===Physical Description===
The temple has a square sanctum measuring {{Convert|1.70|m}}, with a frontal porch of {{Convert|0.953|m}}. It is pancharatha as distinguished by a pair of anuratha and kanika pagas on either side of the raha. On elevation, the vimana is of pidha deul with usual bada, gandi and mastaka that measures {{Convert|3.40|m}} in height. With threefold division of bada, the temple has a trianga bada measuring {{Convert|1.20|m}} in height (Pabhaga {{Convert|0.16|m}}, jangha {{Convert|0.86|m}}, baranda {{Convert|0.18|m}}). The gandi and mastaka of the temple 192 measures {{Convert|1.40|m}} and {{Convert|0.80|m}} in height respectively. The walls are plain. The doorjambs are plain and measure {{Convert|1.17|m}} in height x {{Convert|0.51|m}} in width. The building material used here is Light grey sandstone. It was built with dry masonry construction techniques in Kalingan style. Over time, rain water seeped into the sanctum from all sides through cracks in the roof and walls. It was repaired by Orissa State Archaeology during X and XI Finance Commission Award and is now maintained by the Kapilesvara Trust Board.

==Hazara Mandapa==
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Hazara Mandap
| image = Hazara_mandap.jpg
| map_caption = Location in Orissa
| coordinates = {{coord|20|14|14|N|85|50|5|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| locale = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| elevation_m = 13
| deity = lord [[Shiva]]
| festivals =
| architecture = Kalingan Style ([[Kalinga Architecture]])
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 13th century CE
}}

'''Hazara Mandapa''' is located within the Kapilesvara temple precinct, Kapilesvara village, Old Town, [[Bhubaneswar]] (Lat. 20°13’74"N., Long.85°49’65" E., Elev.{{Convert|45|ft|abbr=on}}). It is a lofty [[Mandapa]] provided with a flight of steps. There are sixteen pillars that support the superstructure of flat roof. It was built in the 13th century and it is now under the guidance of Kapilesvara Temple Trust Board.In the first Saturday of every Sivaratri Lord Lingaraja comes to visit Lord Sanisvara sitting over this Mandapa. Then the lord marches towards the Kapilesvara Temple to meet God Kapila which is famously known as "Hari-Hara" Veta.

=== Tradition & legends ===
On the first Saturday after the Sivaratri lord Lingaraja visits lord Sanisvara, whose temple is beside the Mandapa. After paying homage to lord Sanisvara, Lord Lingarajaa sits for a while in the Hazara Mandap. There he proceeds to meet lord Kapila, which is popularly known as Kasia-Kapila Bheta.

=== Physical description ===
==== Surrounding ====
The Mandapa is surrounded by [[Sanisvara Siva Temple|Sanisvara Temple]] in east at a distance of {{Convert|1.003|m}}, temple compound wall in west and south and Dvitiya Kapilesvara in north at a distance of {{Convert|11.20|m}}. The Mandapa is provided with a flight of steps in the northern side. The Mandapa has a lofty platform measuring {{Convert|7.80|m2}}. On elevation the Mandapa measures {{Convert|5.52|m}} in height from pabhaga to kalasa. Like a temple its pista has Panchanga bada measuring {{Convert|1.57|m}} in height (pabhaga {{Convert|0.32|m}}, tala jangha {{Convert|0.31|m}}, bandhana {{Convert|0.21|m}}, upara jangha {{Convert|0.28|m}}, baranda {{Convert|0.45|m}}). There are 16 pillars that support the roof of the Mandapa. The pillars are arranged in four rows, each row with four pillars. The roof is made of two tiers of flat ceiling with a clerestorey in between that measures {{Convert|1.50|m}} in height. The mastaka which has a kalasa measures {{Convert|0.80|m}}. The pillars measure {{Convert|2.45|m}} in height while the corner pillars are octagonal other pillars are square.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pradhan|first1=Sadasiba|title=Chandrasekhar Mahadeva Temple, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Dist.-Khurda|url=http://ignca.nic.in/asi_reports/orkhurda245.pdf|website=INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL CENTRE FOR THE ARTS|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref>

==Bakresvara / Kalika Siva Temple / Tirthesvara Temple==
The Kalika Siva Temple is located beyond the southern compound wall of Kapilesvara siva temple and close to the northern embankment of Manikarnika tank. The temple faces west and the presiding deity of the temple is [[Siva lingam]] within a circular ''yonipitha'' (basement). The temple is made of sandstone and was built around 10th or 11th century.

==Laxmi Narayan Temple==
The enshrined deity is Laxmi- Narayana seated in ''padmasana'' (lotus seat) over a lotus pedestal. The deity, [[Narayana]] has four arms holding conch in his upper right hand, a lotus in upper left hand and lower left hand is holding a mace. [[Laxmi]] is seated on his left lap. Both the images are crowned with ''Kirita mukuta''. The temple has a ''vimana'' (shrine) in ''pidha'' order.

==Siddhesvara Siva temple==
It is located inside the Kapilesvara temple precinct and was built in the 15th century. The temple faces east and the presiding deity of the temple is [[Siva lingam]] within a circular ''yonipitha'' (basement), which is made of laterite. The cella of ''[[vimana]]'' is made of sandstone and totally renovated one.

==Sombara Mandapa==
The [[Vishnu]] Temple is located within the Kapilesvara temple precinct built in the 15th century. The temple faces east and the presiding deities of this temple are two [[Vishnu]] images, and the image of Jagannatha, Balabhadra, Subhadra and Buddha.
{{Further|Somabara Mandapa (Vishnu Temple)}}

==Somabaresvara Siva Temple==
The temple is located in the Kapilesvara temple precinct and the enshrined deity is a [[Sivalingam]] over a square ''yonipitha'' (basement) made of sandstone. The temple has a ''[[vimana]]'' in ''pidha'' order and it's triratha on plan is buried up to the ''baranda''.

==See also==
* [[Hazara Mandapa]]
* [[List of temples in Bhubaneswar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Kapilesvara Siva Temple}}

* http://ignca.nic.in/asi_reports/orkhurda077.pdf
* http://ignca.nic.in/asi_reports/orkhurda080.pdf
* https://web.archive.org/web/20110628181730/http://ignca.nic.in/img_0002_as_or_khurda.htm
* https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000010/http://ignca.nic.in/asp/showbig.asp?projid=orctk0360001

==Bibliography==
* Lesser Known Monuments of Bhubaneswar by Dr. Sadasiba Pradhan ({{ISBN|81-7375-164-1}})

{{Temples in Bhubaneswar}}
{{Shaivism}}
{{Shiva temples}}
{{Shiva temples in Orissa}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Odisha]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:14th-century Hindu temples]]

Nemophora cassiterites

2026-03-15T22:17:23Z

Igornqa: added new post

{{Short description|Species of moth}}
{{Speciesbox
| taxon = Nemophora cassiterites
| authority = ([[Edward Meyrick|Meyrick]], 1907)
| synonyms =
*''Nemotois cassiterites'' Meyrick, 1907
}}
[[File:Pl.2-03-(Nemotois)_Nemophora_cassiterites_(Meyrick,_1907).JPG | thumb | 220x124px | right | Nemophora cassiterites]]
'''''Nemophora cassiterites''''' is a [[moth]] of the [[Adelidae]] family or ''fairy longhorn moths''. It was described by [[Edward Meyrick]] in 1907. It is found in [[India]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/10.1163/187631295x00116|author=Mikhail V. Kozlov|title=A taxonomic revision of the askoldella species-group of the genus Nemophora Hoffmannsegg (Lepidoptera: Adelidae)|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|journal=Insect Systematics & Evolution|year=1995|volume=26|issue=4|pages=459–472|doi=10.1163/187631295X00116|issn=1399-560X|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q6991250}}

[[Category:Nemophora]]
[[Category:Moths described in 1907]]
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Meyrick]]

{{Adelidae-stub}}

Paribar

2026-03-04T03:44:04Z

Igornqa: added new info

{{Short description|2004 Indian Bengali language film}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paribar
| image = Paribar 2004 poster.jpg

| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Anup Sengupta]]
| producer = [[Anup Sengupta]] [[Apurba Saha]]
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] [[Ranjit Mallick]] [[Rachana Banerjee]] [[Biplab Chatterjee]]
| music = [[Ashok Bhadra]]
| cinematography = K V RAMANNA
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2004}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Paribar''''' ({{lit|Family}}) is a 2004 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] family [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by Anup Sengupta and produced by Anup Sengupta and Apurba Saha. The film features [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Ranjit Mallick]] and [[Rachna Banerjee|Rachana Banerjee]] in the lead roles. [[Ashok Bhadra]] composed the music for the film.<ref name="main details">{{cite web|title=Paribar (2004)|url=http://www.gomolo.com/paribar-movie/15295|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109020157/http://www.gomolo.com/paribar-movie/15295|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 November 2013|publisher=Gomolo|accessdate=26 August 2013}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The plot revolves around Sagar, his parents and his siblings. One of Sagar's hands is paralyzed in an accident, in an attempt to save his mother. He and his younger brother Rahul work in a factory. Rahul is married to Swapna, who starts smuggling the factory goods. When this comes to light, Sagar takes the blame and loses his job. Later, when Sagar asks Rahul to borrow some money due to his mother's ill health, his brother harasses him and he returns empty-handed.

Sagar loves Pakhi, but Pakhi's mother opposes their affair. She sees this situation as an opportunity to separate the two lovers. She makes a deal with Sagar: she will give him the money required for his mother's treatment, but in return, he must forget Pakhi. Meanwhile, Sagar's father steals money from Rahul without his knowledge; this results in Rahul further abusing Sagar. Pakhi and her father stop a violent clash by saying that Sagar's father did not steal the money, but that instead, the money was borrowed from them.

The film ends as Rahul's father confesses his deeds and all the misunderstandings are solved. The family leads a happy life thereafter.

== Cast ==
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as Sagar
* [[Ranjit Mallick]] as Suryakanta Bose, Pakhi's Father
* [[Rachana Banerjee]] as Pakhi Bose, Sagar's love interest
* [[Biplab Chatterjee]]
* [[Mrinal Mukherjee]] as Madan Hazra, manager
* [[Subhasish Mukherjee]] as Ratan, Sapna's brother and Sagar's colleague
* [[Dulal Lahiri]] as Mangal Chowdhury, Sagar and Rahul's father
* [[Anamika Saha]] as Shanti Chowdhury, Sagar and Rahul's mother
* [[Anuradha Ray]] as Nisha Bose, Pakhi's mother
* [[Locket Chatterjee]] as Sapna, Rahul's wife
* [[Raja Chattopadhyay]] as Rahul
* [[Piya Sengupta]] as Manisha
* [[Ramen Roy Chowdhury]]

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Paribar
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ashok Bhadra]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2005
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=24|s=20}}
| language =
| label = [[Eskay Movies|Eskay Music]]
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
| {{YouTube|vAV_-tLxfC8|Paribar - Full Album}}
| prev_title = [[Pratisodh (2004 film)|Pratishodh]]
| prev_year = 2004
| next_title = [[Coolie (2004 film)|Coolie]]
| next_year = 2004
}}}}

[[Ashok Bhadra]] composed the music for ''Paribar''.<ref name=songs>{{cite web|title=Paribar (2004) songs|url=http://www.gomolo.com/paribar-movie-songs/15295|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306015610/http://www.gomolo.com/paribar-movie-songs/15295|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2012|publisher=Gomolo|accessdate=4 September 2013}}</ref><ref name=mio>{{cite web|title=Paribar soundtrack|url=http://mio.to/album/62-Bengali_Movie_Songs/32985-Paribar__2004_/#/album/62-Bengali_Movie_Songs/32985-Paribar__2004_/|publisher=Music India Online|accessdate=4 September 2013}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

=== Track listing ===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:20
| title1 = Besechhi Bhalo Shudhu Tomake
| extra1 = [[Kumar Sanu]] and [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length1 = 5:04
| title2 = Buk Faate Tobu Keno
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]] and [[Babul Supriyo]]
| length2 = 5:18
| title3 = Elo Elo Re Sei Din
| extra3 =
| length3 = 5:08
| title4 = Maal Kheye Jodi Na Hoi Besamal
| extra4 = [[Kumar Sanu]] and [[Poornima (singer)|Poornima]]
| length4 = 4:16
| title5 = Manusher Porichoy
| extra5 = [[Kumar Sanu]]
| length5 = 4:34
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Anup Sengupta}}

[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anup Sengupta]]
[[Category:2004 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Khaidi (1983 film)

2026-03-03T19:07:48Z

Igornqa: Made first details added tags

{{Short description|1983 Telugu film by A. Kodandarami Reddy}}

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Khaidi
| image = Khaidi 1983 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
| writer = '''Screenplay''': A. Kodandarami Reddy '''Story''' & '''Dialogues''': [[Paruchuri brothers]]
| producer = K. Dhanunjaya Reddy K. Narasa Reddy S. Sudhakara Reddy
| starring = [[Chiranjeevi]] [[Maadhavi (actress)|Maadhavi]]
| cinematography = [[Lok Singh]]
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy]]
| studio = Samyuktha Movies
| distributor = 
| released = {{film date|1983|10|28|df=y}}
| runtime = 157 minutes{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=460}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR}}25 lakhs<ref name="telugucinema 1" />
| gross = {{INR}}6 crore<ref name="gross" />
}}

'''''Khaidi''''' ({{Translation|Prisoner}}) is a 1983 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]], who co-wrote the script with the [[Paruchuri brothers]]. The film stars [[Chiranjeevi]] and [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] in lead roles. Released on 28 October 1983, ''Khaidi'' became a major commercial success and marked a turning point in Chiranjeevi's career, establishing him as a leading star in [[Telugu cinema]].

The film's popularity led to remakes in other languages. In 1984, it was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Qaidi (1984 film)|Qaidi]]'' and in [[Kannada]] under [[Khaidi (1984 film)|the same title]], with Madhavi reprising her role in both versions. This movie is inspired by American film ''[[ First Blood ]] (1982)''.<ref name="tirupathi" />

== Plot ==
Veerabhadrayya is a feudal lord presiding over a village along with his henchmen, including his assistant and the village [[sarpanch]]. Veerabhadrayya lends money to Venkateswarlu, a local farmer living with his widowed daughter. Venkateswarlu's son, Suryam, is a hardworking student living in a nearby city, and he falls in love with Veerabhadrayya's daughter, Madhulatha. When Veerabhadrayya realizes this, he asks Venkateswarlu to persuade his son to stop seeing Madhulatha, but Venkateswarlu refuses.

Veerabhadrayya kills Venkateswarlu and asks Suryam to pay the money which he had given to is deceased father as a loan. Suryam asks for some time and with the help of his elder sister raises crops to repay the loan. Just as the crops are ready for harvest, Veerabhadrayya and his henchmen not only destroy the crops but also try to sexually abuse Suryam's sister, during which she commits suicide.

As the village head, Veerabhadrayya frames Suryam for his sister's death, claiming that he was forcing her into prostitution, resulting in her suicide. Suryam is arrested by the police. The remainder of the movie follows Suryam's escape from jail and his quest for revenge against Veerabhadrayya and his accomplices. With the assistance of Sujatha, a doctor, Suryam seeks to avenge the destruction of his family.

Madhulatha, aware of Suryam's innocence and the injustices he has faced, stands by his side. Her support further fuels Suryam's determination to bring down the corrupt system that has ruined their lives. As Suryam's acts of vengeance intensify, the villagers begin to see him as a hero, rallying behind his cause.

The climax of the film sees a dramatic showdown between Suryam and Veerabhadrayya. In a fierce battle, Suryam confronts Veerabhadrayya, exposing his crimes and bringing him to justice. The film ends with Suryam standing victorious, having avenged his sister's death and cleared his name.

== Cast ==
Sources: <ref name="telugucinema 1" />{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=461}}
* [[Chiranjeevi]] as Suryam
* [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] as Madhulatha
* [[Rao Gopal Rao]] as Veerabhadrayya
* [[Sumalatha]] as Sujatha
* [[Nutan Prasad]] as Munsiff
* [[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]] as Sarma
* [[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]] as Police Inspector Dinesh
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as Forest officer
* [[P. L. Narayana]] as Venkateswarlu
* Chidathala Appa Rao as the barber
* [[Nithya Ravindran|Samyuktha]] as Rosy
* [[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeetha]] as Suryam's elder sister
* [[Suthivelu]] as Beggar
* [[Naramalli Sivaprasad|Sivaprasad]] as Beggar

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Film presenter M. Tirupathi Reddy and director [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]] contemplated doing a film together starring [[Chiranjeevi]].<ref name="tirupathi">{{cite web |last=Sri |date=8 October 2008 |title=Stars: Star Interviews: Interview with Tirupathi Reddy |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_tirupathireddy_2008.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011085229/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_tirupathireddy_2008.php |archive-date=11 October 2008 |access-date=9 August 2023 |work=[[Telugucinema.com]] |page=1}}</ref> Tirupathi Reddy asked the [[Paruchuri brothers]] to develop a story inspired by the American film ''[[First Blood]]'' (1982), which they did.<ref name="tirupathi" /> Kodandarami Reddy later noted that although the lead character's appearance was based on ''First Blood'', the story was entirely different.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9lQnGfzCqEc |title=Kodandarami Reddy About Chiranjeevi {{!}} Sakshi TV FlashBack |date=2022-11-10 |last= |language=Te |publisher=[[Sakshi TV]] |via=YouTube}}</ref>

Kodandarami Reddy wrote the screenplay, while the Paruchuri brothers wrote the dialogues. In the original script, the protagonist was a villager, but in the final script he was written as a student. The title ''Khaidi'' was Tirupathi Reddy's choice.<ref name="tirupathi" /> The film was produced by K. Dhanunjaya Reddy, S. Sudhakar Reddy and K. Narasa Reddy under Samyukta Movies, photographed by [[Lok Singh]] and edited by [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]].<ref name="telugucinema 1" />

The remuneration for Chiranjeevi in the film was Rs.1.75 lakhs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vadlmudi |first=Raghu |date=2013-10-28 |title=Chiranjeevi’s 1st Blockbuster ‘Khaidi’ Completes 30 Years |url=https://telugustop.com/chiranjeevis-1st-blockbuster-khaidi-completes-30-years |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=TeluguStop.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
The cast included [[Maadhavi (actress)|Maadhavi]], who was a popular pairing with Chiranjeevi at the time, though she had not previously worked with Kodandarami Reddy. [[Nithya Ravindran]], who had appeared in Tamil films, was cast as Rosy and was renamed Samyuktha after the production banner, Samyuktha Movies.<ref name="telugucinema 1" />

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] for ''Khaidi'' began on 30 April 1983, at [[Prasad Studios|Prasad Film Labs]] with a [[Muhurat shot|muhurtam shot]] featuring Chiranjeevi and Madhavi. The majority of the film was shot in the village of [[Rebala]] in [[Nellore district]], with climax scenes filmed in [[Porur]] near [[Chennai|Madras]].<ref name="telugucinema 2"/> The shooting spanned three schedules over 40 days, utilizing forty film rolls. A specially constructed set was used for scenes involving explosions. Chiranjeevi’s iconic black trouser and sleeveless T-shirt costume was his own design, which became a significant part of his "Khaidi" image. Chiranjeevi was paid ₹175,000 for the film, while Madhavi and Kodandarami Reddy each received ₹40,000.<ref name="telugucinema 1" /><ref name="telugucinema 2"/>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[K. Chakravarthy]]. All lyrics were penned by [[Veturi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2014 |title=Khaidi |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/khaidi/15zleK,-wLI_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709044506/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/khaidi/15zleK,-wLI_ |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=9 July 2021 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> The song "Ragulutondi" was remixed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]] in ''[[Punnami Naagu (2009 film)|Punnami Naagu]]'' (2009), also directed by Kodandarami Reddy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2009 |title=Punnami Naagu: Reptile repulsion |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/-punnami-naagu-reptile-repulsion/articleshow/22172594.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506103154/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/-punnami-naagu-reptile-repulsion/articleshow/22172594.cms |archive-date=6 May 2023 |access-date=8 March 2024 |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 21:28
| title1 = Gorinta Poosindi
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
| length1 = 4:25
| title2 = Idemitabba
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P.Susheela
| length2 = 4:03
| title3 = Mera Mera Merupula
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P.Susheela
| length3 = 4:31
| title4 = Ragulutondi
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]]
| length4 = 4:33
| title5 = Tappinchukolevu Na Chethilo
| extra5 = Anitha Reddy
| length5 = 3:56
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Khaidi'' was released on 28 October 1983.<ref name="telugucinema 1" /> The film was a massive commercial success, grossing around {{INRConvert|8|c|year=1983}},<ref name="gross">{{Cite web |date=19 March 2022 |title=Adavi Ramudu to Baahubaali: Telugu Movies That Set the Cash Registers Ringing |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/adavi-ramudu-to-baahubaali-telugu-movies-that-set-the-cash-registers-ringing-4890140.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625082508/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/adavi-ramudu-to-baahubaali-telugu-movies-that-set-the-cash-registers-ringing-4890140.html |archive-date=25 June 2022 |access-date=5 September 2022 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> and Chiranjeevi rose to stardom.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2016 |title=Chiranjeevi, the megastar who beat Big B as India's highest paid actor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/chiranjeevi-the-megastar-who-beat-big-b-as-the-highest-paid-actor/story-rIDYGZUtUgkNHYfnH2VDcM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708094630/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/chiranjeevi-the-megastar-who-beat-big-b-as-the-highest-paid-actor/story-rIDYGZUtUgkNHYfnH2VDcM.html |archive-date=8 July 2021 |access-date=5 August 2020 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The title of the film was considered "lucky" for Chiranjeevi, and used for two subsequent, unrelated films starring him: ''[[Khaidi No. 786]]'' (1988) and ''[[Khaidi No. 150]]'' (2017), which make up his successful ''Khaidi'' trilogy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Sujatha |date=6 January 2017 |title=Chiranjeevi is back with Khaidi No 150: How the megastar came to rule the Telugu film industry |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/chiranjeevi-is-back-with-khaidi-no-150-how-the-megastar-came-to-rule-the-telugu-film-industry-3191112.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709045030/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/chiranjeevi-is-back-with-khaidi-no-150-how-the-megastar-came-to-rule-the-telugu-film-industry-3191112.html |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=9 July 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>

== Remakes ==
In 1984, ''Khaidi'' was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Qaidi (1984 film)|Qaidi]]'', and in [[Kannada]] under [[Khaidi (1984 film)|the same title]]. Maadhavi reprised her role in both remakes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1981–1990 |date=14 April 2020 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |isbn=9788193848227 |page=478}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2014 |title=Vishnuvardhan's Khaidi to re-release tomorrow |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/vishnuvardhans-khaidi-to-re-release-tomorrow/articleshow/33601914.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708094643/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/vishnuvardhans-khaidi-to-re-release-tomorrow/articleshow/33601914.cms |archive-date=8 July 2021 |access-date=8 July 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="telugucinema 1">{{Cite web |last=Sri |date=10 October 2008 |title=Articles : Movie Retrospect : Movie Retrospect: Khaidi (1983) |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/retro_khaidi1983.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010000752/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/retro_khaidi1983.php |archive-date=10 October 2008 |access-date=4 November 2016 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |page=1}}</ref>
<ref name="telugucinema 2">{{Cite web |last=Sri |date=11 October 2008 |title=Articles : Movie Retrospect : Movie Retrospect: Khaidi (1983) |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/retro_khaidi1983_2.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011071917/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/retro_khaidi1983_2.php |archive-date=11 October 2008 |access-date=4 November 2016 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |page=2}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{A. Kodandarami Reddy}}

[[Category:1983 Indian films]]
[[Category:1983 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1983 action films]]
[[Category:1983 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Kodandarami Reddy]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by the Paruchuri brothers]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]

F2: Fun and Frustration

2026-03-03T17:44:18Z

Igornqa: Started new details

{{short description|2019 film by Anil Ravipudi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}} {{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = F2: Fun and Frustration
| image = F2 Fun and Frustration.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Anil Ravipudi]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
*[[Dil Raju]]
*Sirish–Laxman
}}
| writer = Anil Ravipudi
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]
*[[Varun Tej]]
*[[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
*[[Mehreen Pirzada]]
}}
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cinematography = [[Sameer Reddy]]
| editing = Tammiraju
| studio = [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]
| distributor = Sri Venkateswara Creations
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2019|1|12|ref1=<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/movie-news/dil-raju-refuses-to-budge-game-is-on-93644.html |title=F2 (Release Date) |work=greatandhra.com |url-status=dead |access-date=22 December 2018 |archive-date=22 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222125512/https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/movie-news/dil-raju-refuses-to-budge-game-is-on-93644.html }}</ref>}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR}}30 crore<ref name="budget">{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mahesh-babu-playing-extended-cameo-f3-118674|title=Mahesh Babu playing extended cameo in 'F3'?|work=The News Minute|date=2020-02-21|access-date=2020-08-04|archive-date=5 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405154008/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mahesh-babu-playing-extended-cameo-f3-118674|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|127.2–140 crore}}<ref name="bo">{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/tollywood-box-office-report-2019-highest-grossing-telugu-movies-year-810648|title=Tollywood Box office report - 2019: Highest grossing Telugu movies of the year|work=International Business Times|date=22 December 2019|access-date=20 November 2023|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819160212/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/tollywood-box-office-report-2019-highest-grossing-telugu-movies-year-810648|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bo2">{{cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/venkatesh-and-varun-tej-starrer-f2-movie-collected-140-crore-gross-collections/articleshow/68131098.cms|title=F2 Movie 140 Crores: 'F2' మూవీ రూ.140 కోట్లు నాటౌట్.. బాక్సాఫీస్ బాదుడు|access-date=10 July 2022|archive-date=10 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710022400/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/venkatesh-and-varun-tej-starrer-f2-movie-collected-140-crore-gross-collections/articleshow/68131098.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
'''''F2: Fun and Frustration''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]] written and directed by [[Anil Ravipudi]]. Produced by [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]], the film stars [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Varun Tej]], [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], and [[Mehreen Pirzada]]. The music is composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]]. The plot follows two men who try to control their dominating wives after getting married.

''F2'' was released on 12 January 2019 during [[Makar Sankranti|Sankranthi]], and grossed over {{INR}}127.2–140 crore against a budget of {{INR}}30 crore, becoming a major commercial success.<ref name="budget"/><ref name="bo"/> ''F2'' was featured in the [[International Film Festival of India|Indian Panorama]] Mainstream section of the [[50th International Film Festival of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 October 2019|title=IFFI 2019 Announces Official Films Selection for Indian Panorama 2019|url=https://iffigoa.org/indian-panorama-film-list-iffi-2019/|access-date=6 December 2019|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101020003/https://iffigoa.org/indian-panorama-film-list-iffi-2019/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

It is the first film in the ''Fun and Frustration'' series with a [[standalone sequel]] titled ''[[F3 (film)|F3]]'' released in May 2022, which was also a commercial success.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=F3 confirms its release date: Venkatesh and Tamannaah starrer to arrive on August 27|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/f3-confirms-its-release-date-venkatesh-and-tamannaah-starrer-to-arrive-on-august-27/articleshow/80509593.cms|access-date=2021-01-28|website=The Times of India|date=28 January 2021|language=en|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128132208/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/f3-confirms-its-release-date-venkatesh-and-tamannaah-starrer-to-arrive-on-august-27/articleshow/80509593.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
In [[Czech Republic|the Czech Republic]], the cops apprehended Venky and Varun for abusing two women. Interrogated by Indian Embassy officials Vishwanath, Venky, and Varun reveal that the women who filed a case against them are his wife and girlfriend, respectively, much to Vishwanath's surprise. Curious, Vishwanath asks them about their past. Venky was an orphan with high dreams about marriage and works as [[personal assistant]] to [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] Anji Reddy, earning a handsome income. Through a marriage bureau, Venky met Harika, a software engineer who lives with her parents, sister Honey, and paternal and maternal grandmothers Ganga and Manga. Her family was happy that Venky is an orphan, and Harika would therefore not have any problem with in-laws that women generally face, the family accepted marriage. Venky and Harika marry happily. However, they began to argue over petty issues, and Venky felt tormented. Plus, their neighbor Prasad, who showcased his love for his wife publicly, added to Harika's jealousy and Venky's problems. Unable to live in a hostel, Honey began to live with Harika and Venky and created issues between them when Venky tried to tell Harika that Honey had a boyfriend.

Varun narrates his story: Varun is Honey's boyfriend and runs a hotel. Venky saw Honey hugging Varun and told Harika and her family, but they refused to believe him. He challenged them that he would expose Honey one day, and Harika and her family promised to be slaves for him if he did. Venky succeeded in doing so and was unwilling to be tormented by a vengeful Venky; Harika and her mother lied that they already knew about Honey's relationship and were just testing him by challenging him. Despite Venky's warning about the side effects of marriage and Honey, Varun proceeded to have an engagement. Venky exposed Prasad's second wife (Swarna) to his first wife as an act of revenge for tormenting him. Within six days, Varun faced problems managing Honey and his mother, Kanthamma, who had issues with each other. Frustrated, Varun agreed with Venky. Prasad joined them and theorized that women need husbands. On the former's wedding day, Venky, Varun, and Prasad escape to Europe to teach their wives a lesson, which shatters Honey and Harika when they find Varun and Venky missing.

Venky, Varun, and Prasad enjoyed their lives in Europe. One day, Honey and Harika saw them in Europe and requested them to return, but they mocked and insulted them. Honey and Harika left the place, cursing them. Venky, Varun, and Prasad gatecrashed a party hosted by influential businessman Dora Swamy Naidu on the occasion of his sons' fixed marriages. Venky and Varun were stunned to know that Harika and Honey were the brides of Dora Swamy Naidu's sons. Dora Swamy Naidu believes that a home would be peaceful if the family's sons were married to sisters, who would act peacefully by being sisters with each other. Dora Swamy Naidu's wife and his elder brother Ramaswamy Naidu's wife are sisters, too. Doraswamy Naidu had previously broken his elder son's marriage with Anasuya when the latter's sister refused to marry his younger son. Besides, Honey and Harika declined to return when Varun and Venky challenged them to stop the marriage. Impersonating themselves as writers willing to write a biography of Doraswamy, Naidu, Venky, and Varun enter his house and try several methods to prevent the marriage. Still, Harika and Honey thwart their attempts.

Frustrated as Honey and Harika get engaged, Varun and Venky get drunk and create a scene. Doraswamy Naidu had them arrested and revealed that Honey and Harika revealed the truth to him long ago. After listening to their story, Vishwanath takes Venky, Prasad, and Varun to his house and introduces them to his wife, Lakshmi, with whom he shares a cordial relationship. Vishwanath lectures the trio that husbands must comprehend their wives, who still love them despite their ignorance, whereas the latter always feel troubled. Admitting their faults, Venky and Varun step to reconcile with their respective partners. They gatecrash Honey and Harika's Sangeet party with Anasuya, who convinced her younger sister to marry Doraswamy Naidu's younger son. However, the discussion comes to a halt when John Snow, Anasuya's brother, has Doraswamy Naidu, Harika, and Honey kidnapped as an act of revenge, unaware of the scenario that happened.

John takes the trio onto a weak bridge, unaware of its condition where everyone reaches, and John realizes what happened at the Sangeet Party. Harika and Honey still refuse to reconcile with Venky and Varun. The bridge starts to collapse. Harika and Honey go onto the safe side while Venky, Varun, and others remain trapped. Harika and Honey give in when Venky and Varun [[attempt suicide]], and reveal that they had sent Anasuya to them and always wanted them to realize. Venky and Varun go to the safer side by using the [[Warning sign|Caution board]] as a bridge. However, the board falls into the river when the others trapped on the bridge fight about who has to go first. Venky, Varun, Harika, and Honey leave while the trapped people wait for the rescue team.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] as Venky
* [[Varun Tej]] as Varun Yadav
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] as Harika
* [[Mehreen Pirzada]] as Honey
* [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Prasad
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Dora Swamy Naidu
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as [[List of diplomatic missions of India|Indian Embassy]] official Viswanath
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as John Strow, Venky & Varun’s friend
* [[Priyadarshi Pullikonda]] as Darshi, Varun's friend
* [[Prudhvi Raj]] as Ramaswamy Naidu
* [[Raghu Babu]] as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Anji Reddy
* [[Subbaraju]] as Ravindranath, Doraswamy Naidu's elder son and Harika's fiancée
* [[Satyam Rajesh]] as Shankarnarayan, Dora Swamy Naidu's younger son and Honey's fiancée
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]] as Ranga, Dora Swamy Naidu's servant
* [[Hari Teja]] as Padmavathi, Dora Swamy Naidu's sister
* [[Brahmaji]] as Dr. Albert Narayan Das, a [[Psychiatrist]]
* [[Easwari Rao]] as Lakshmi
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as Sivannarayana, Honey's college principal
* [[Jhansi (TV anchor)|Jhansi]] as Kanthamma
* [[Pradeep Kondiparthi]] as Govindharaju, Harika and Honey's father, Ganga's son
* [[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]] as Yamuna, Harika and Honey's mother, Manga's daughter
* [[Y. Vijaya]] as Manga, Harika and Honey's maternal grandmother, Yamuna's mother
* [[Annapurna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Ganga, Harika and Honey's paternal grandmother, Govindharaju's mother
* Rajasree Nair as Dora Swamy Naidu's wife, Gayathri's sister
* [[Rajitha]] as Gayathri, Ramaswamy Naidu's wife
* [[Vadlamani Srinivas]] as Ravi Shankar, Marriage bureau owner
* [[Chammak Chandra]] as Chandra, cultural fest manager in Honey's college
* Rocket Raghava as Rajendar, Salesman in shopping mall
* Madhavi Vootla as Madhu, Prasad's first wife
* Swarna as Prasad's second wife
;Cameo appearance
* [[Anasuya Bharadwaj]] as Anasuya
* [[Anil Ravipudi]] as himself
}}

== Production ==
Principal photography began on 27 June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaur|first=Jasmine|date=27 June 2018|title=Tamannaah Bhatia, Mehreen Pirzada to share screen for F2: Fun and Frustration|url=https://www.newsx.com/entertainment/tamannah-bhatia-mehreen-pirzada-venkatesh-varun-tej-f2-fun-and-frustration-anil-ravipudi|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180713034016/https://www.newsx.com/entertainment/tamannah-bhatia-mehreen-pirzada-venkatesh-varun-tej-f2-fun-and-frustration-anil-ravipudi|archive-date=13 July 2018|access-date=2021-03-01|website=NewsX}}</ref> Filming took place in Hyderabad, [[Prague]] and [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-09-03 |title=Venkatesh and Varun Tej's 'F2' team off to Prague for next filming schedule |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/venkatesh-and-varun-tejs-f2-team-off-to-prague-for-next-filming-schedule/articleshow/65659565.cms |access-date=2024-10-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = F2: Fun and Frustration
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover = blank
| alt =
| released = 30 December 2018
| recorded = 2018
| venue =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 23:51
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| prev_title = [[Vinaya Vidheya Rama]]
| prev_year = 2018
| next_title = [[Chitralahari (film)|Chitralahari]]
| next_year = 2019
| misc = {{singles
| name = F2: Fun and Frustration
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Rechipodham Brother
| single1date = 20 December 2018
| single2 = Entho Fun
| single2date = 26 December 2018
| single3 = Honey is the Best
| single3date = 29 December 2018
}}
}}

The music is composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]], marking his first collaboration with Anil Ravipudi, and the lyrics were written by [[Sri Mani]], Balaji, and [[Kasarla Shyam]]. Audio rights to the film were purchased by [[Aditya Music]]. A video teaser of "Rechipodham Brother" was released on 19 December 2018, and the lyrical video was released a day later on 20 December 2018. The second single track, "Entho Fun" sung by Devi Sri Prasad was released on 26 December 2018. The third single track "Honey is the Best" was released on 29 December 2018. The audio launch event took place on 30 December 2018, at [[RK Beach]] in [[Visakhapatnam|Vishakapatnam]].
{{track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 23:51

| title1 = Rechipodham
| lyrics1 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra1 = David Simon
| length1 = 3:44

| title2 = Entho Fun
| lyrics2 = Shreemani
| extra2 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| length2 = 4:34

| title3 = Honey Is The Best
| lyrics3 = Shreemani
| extra3 = Hariharasudhan
| length3 = 3:10

| title4 = Dhan Dhan
| lyrics4 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra4 = [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]], [[Sravana Bhargavi]]
| length4 = 3:48

| title5 = Girra Girra
| lyrics5 = Balaji
| extra5 = Sagar, [[M. M. Manasi]]
| length5 = 4:55

| title6 = Ding Dong
| lyrics6 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra6 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]], [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathi]]
| length6 = 3:33
}}

==Release==
===Theatrical===
''F2: Fun and Frustration'' was released in the Telugu language worldwide on 12 January 2019 coinciding with the [[Sankranthi]] weekend. The film was dubbed and released in Hindi, Tamil, and Malayalam under the same title.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

===Home media===
The film was dubbed into [[Hindi]] and released on 14 July 2019 by [[Aditya Music|Aditya Movies]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-12-12/F2-teaser-review/457496|title=F2 teaser review|date=12 December 2018|website=www.thehansindia.com|access-date=28 January 2021|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202060356/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-12-12/F2-teaser-review/457496|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
===Box office===
''F2'' grossed ₹17.2 [[crore]] on opening day in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]], and ₹22 crore in India.<ref>{{Cite news|title='F2' box office collection day 1: Anil Ravipudi's film has a good start!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/f2-box-office-collection-day-1-anil-ravipudis-film-has-a-good-start/articleshow/67521161.cms|access-date=2020-06-09|website=The Times of India|date=14 January 2019|language=en|archive-date=16 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416191741/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/f2-box-office-collection-day-1-anil-ravipudis-film-has-a-good-start/articleshow/67521161.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> By the third weekend, the film grossed $2 million at the [[United States]] box office,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vyas|date=2019-01-29|title=F2 USA third weekend box office collections report|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2019-01-29/F2-USA-third-weekend-box-office-collections-report/484103|access-date=2020-06-09|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408155502/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2019-01-29/F2-USA-third-weekend-box-office-collections-report/484103|url-status=live}}</ref> and by the end of its full theatrical run, it grossed more than {{INR}}185 crore worldwide and wound up as one of the [[List of Telugu films of 2019|highest grossing Telugu film of 2019]].<ref name="bo" />

=== Critical response ===
Y. Sunita Chowdhary of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote: "This family drama’s appeal stems from good casting. Venkatesh plays his comic part to perfection consistently and capitalizes on Ravipudi’s dialogues with great timing and flourish. One is reminded of his glorious projects in the past. Varun Tej also impresses."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/venkatesh-is-back-in-his-elements-with-his-impeccable-comic-timing-in-f2/article25978890.ece|title=F2 - Fun and Frustration: Comedy saves the day|website=The Hindu|date=2019-01-12|access-date=2019-12-16|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408153743/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/venkatesh-is-back-in-his-elements-with-his-impeccable-comic-timing-in-f2/article25978890.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and stated "F2 manages to entertain quite a lot and it's well-intentioned. It wants men to understand the importance of saying ‘sorry’ and ‘I love you’ when it matters the most. In the film, Venky and Varun might have learned their lesson the hard way, but they do unravel the secret to a life of happiness — that you don’t have to learn Venky Aasan, but just follow what Pradeep says right from the beginning till the end — ''Anthega Anthega''".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/f2-movie-review-venkatesh-varun-tej-starrer-is-a-laugh-riot-until-it-loses-its-magic-in-the-second-half-5883151.html|title=F2 movie review: Venkatesh, Varun Tej starrer is a laugh riot until it loses its magic in the second half|website=Firstpost|date=2019-01-12|access-date=2019-12-16|archive-date=1 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601163051/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/f2-movie-review-venkatesh-varun-tej-starrer-is-a-laugh-riot-until-it-loses-its-magic-in-the-second-half-5883151.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and said "Give it a go for Venkatesh, who saves this film from sinking into oblivion. But give it a cold hard miss if outdated humor and gender tropes are not your cups of tea."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/f2-fun-and-frustration/movie-review/67498568.cms|title=F2 – Fun and Frustration Review|website=The Times of India|date=2019-01-12|access-date=2019-12-16|archive-date=21 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221003059/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/f2-fun-and-frustration/movie-review/67498568.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Sequel ==
{{main article|F3 (film)}}

After the success of ''F2'', Ravipudi and Raju planned a sequel named ''[[F3 (film)|F3]]''. The film was released on 27 May 2022.<ref>{{cite web|date=2020-12-13|title=Venkatesh, Varun Tej, Tamannaah Bhatia, Mehreen Pirzada starrer F3 concept revealed|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/venkatesh-varun-tej-tamannaah-bhatia-mehreen-pirzada-starrer-f3-concept-poster-revealed/articleshow/79704030.cms|access-date=13 December 2020|website=Times of India|archive-date=13 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213070014/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/venkatesh-varun-tej-tamannaah-bhatia-mehreen-pirzada-starrer-f3-concept-poster-revealed/articleshow/79704030.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt8188610}}
{{Anil Ravipudi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:F2: Fun and Frustration}}
[[Category:2019 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:Films shot in Prague]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anil Ravipudi]]
[[Category:Sri Venkateswara Creations films]]

Jai Soorya

2026-03-03T04:31:10Z

Igornqa: Made a data needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Jai Soorya.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Manoj Kumar (Tamil director)|Manoj Kumar]]
| writer = Manoj Kumar
| starring = [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] [[Laila (actress)|Laila]] [[Chaya Singh]]
| producer = Manoj Kumar Selvi Manoj Kumar
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cinematography = A. Karthik Raja
| editing = P. Mohan Raj
| studio = Guru Films
| distributor = Lakshmipriya Combines
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|12|19|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Jai Soorya''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Manoj Kumar (Tamil director)|Manoj Kumar]]. The film stars [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] in dual roles, alongside [[Laila (actress)|Laila]], [[Chaya Singh]] and [[Vadivelu]] in pivotal roles. It was released on 19 December 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ஜெயசூர்யா / Jaisurya (2004) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/jaisurya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219135649/https://screen4screen.com/movies/jaisurya |archive-date=19 December 2023 |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>
== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=July 2024}}
Surya, a cunning con artist, uses his skills for personal gain, manipulated by the highest bidder. However, his tricks eventually backfire, leading to the dismissal of both the Assistant Commissioner and the Police Minister, who were his clients. Seeking revenge, they enlist the help of Pasupathy, a notorious criminal in [[Madras]]. Pasupathy is then hired by a [[Calcutta]]-based goon to kidnap the collector of Kancheepuram. Surya, seeing an opportunity, decides to thwart Pasupathy's plan and rescue the collector. In a surprising twist, he discovers that the collector, Jai Anand, is his doppelganger. As Surya learns more about Jai's past in Calcutta from his fiancée Priya, he becomes entangled in a web of intrigue and deception.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Arjun Sarja]] as Jai Anand and Surya
* [[Laila Mehdin|Laila]] as Baby
* [[Chaya Singh]] as Charupriya
* [[Vadivelu]] as Soosai
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Highways Govindan
* [[Shobaraj (actor)|Shobaraj]] as Pasupathy
* [[Ilavarasu]] as ACP
* [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil film director)|Raj Kapoor]] as Police Minister
* [[Mahanadi Shankar]]
* [[Paravai Muniyamma]]
* [[Uday Prakash (actor)|Uday Prakash]]
* [[T. P. Gajendran]]
* [[Bonda Mani]]
* Ravi Kumar
* Durai Pandian
}}

== Production ==
During the film's launch event in February 2004, producers had put up promotional stills featuring actress [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], even though she had not yet signed onto the project. The team subsequently moved quickly to sign Laila, rectifying their error.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rasika |date=19 February 2004 |title=Sneha out, Laila in |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/02reeltalk18th.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040603091641/http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/02reeltalk18th.asp |archive-date=3 June 2004 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> The filming was held at Kolkata with some of the spots where crucial scenes were shot were the Hooghly bridge, the tram, the Metro, Victoria Mahal and the palace of Maharaja Bharadwaj. A fight scene with village backdrop was shot at Pollachi with three cameras and 150 dancers while another fight was shot at Vishakapatnam for which train was hired for a purpose. The song featuring Arjun and Laila was shot at Arjun's farm at Porur.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 July 2004 |title=Jaisurya |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/onlocation/jaisurya.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050831065856/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/onlocation/jaisurya.asp |archive-date=31 August 2005 |access-date=17 July 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> The filming was also held at Hyderabad and Rajahmundry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=13388655|date=13 February 2004|access-date=13 December 2025|website=[[Sify]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040301223305/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=13388655|archive-date=1 March 2004|title=Arjun- Laila - Chaya Singh team up
}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==

Music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] and released on Five Star Audio.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jai Surya |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/jai-surya/IUHP2ktRBMw_ |access-date=17 July 2024 |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=23 July 2004 |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717103039/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/jai-surya/IUHP2ktRBMw_ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{track listing|
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 26:23
| title1 = Jai Surya
| extra1 = Timmy, [[Mathangi Jagdish|Mathangi]]
| length1 = 3:07
| title2 = Kattuna Avala Kattanumada
| extra2 = Krishnaraj, [[Vadivelu]], Jayalakshmi
| length2 = 4:50
| title3 = Kattuna Avala Kattanumada
| extra3 = [[Arjun Sarja]], Vadivelu, Jayalakshmi
| note3 = Version 2
| length3 = 4:50
| title4 = Madha Madha
| extra4 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| length4 = 5:04
| title5 = Theekuchi Penne
| extra5 = Krishnaraj, Jayalakshmi
| length5 = 4:30
| title6 = Vachukka Solli
| extra6 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Febi Mani]]
| length6 = 4:02
}}

== Release and reception ==
Due to producer's financial crunch, ''Jai Soorya''{{'}}s release was delayed for four months.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2004 |title=Two films are further delayed! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/two-films-are-further-delayed-news-tamil-kkfvCRdcjegsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907214909/http://www.sify.com/movies/two-films-are-further-delayed-news-tamil-kkfvCRdcjegsi.html |archive-date=7 September 2017 |access-date=7 September 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' criticised the film's inconsistent tone, noting, "The problem with the film is that the director doesn't seem to have quite made up his mind whether his narrative style should be a light-hearted one or serious. So it meanders somewhere between the two and ends in a confused amalgam of emotions, with neither the humour nor the intensity really touching one!".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=1 January 2005 |title=Jaisurya |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/12jaisurya.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050104011803/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/12jaisurya.asp |archive-date=4 January 2005 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "Arjun, a decent actor is doomed forever playing hero in stereotyped, mass action masalas like Jayasurya, that is crass, crude and is an unmitigated endurance test. The film makes us wonder if the audience in B and C stations are so dumb to accept such inane buffoonery in the name of entertainment!".<ref>{{cite web |title=Jayasurya |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=13635273&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050113012848/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=13635273&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=13 January 2005 |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Manoj Kumar (Tamil director)}}

[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:2004 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2004 action films]]
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:Films about con artists]]
[[Category:Films about lookalikes]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manoj Kumar (Tamil director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Yaaro

2026-03-03T02:36:58Z

Igornqa: Started The Details Added Tags

{{Short description|2022 Indian Tamil-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yaaro
| image = Yaaro poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sandeep Sai
| writer = Sandeep Sai
| producer = Venkat Reddy
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Venkat Reddy
* [[Upasana RC]]
}}
| cinematography = K. B. Prabu
| editing = Anil Krish
| music = [[Jose Franklin]]
| distributor = [[Trident Arts]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|02|4}}
| runtime = 102 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Yaaro''''' ({{Translation|Someone}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language thriller film written and directed by Sandeep Sai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2022 |title=Yaaro - Review by Naveen |url=https://mykollywood.com/movie/movie-review/yaaro-review-by-naveen/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2022 |title=யாரோ படத்தின் விமர்சனம் |url=https://gtamilnews.com/yaaro-movie-review/}}</ref> It is produced by Venkat Reddy under the banner of TakeOk Productions. The film stars producer Venkat Reddy and [[Upasana RC]] in lead roles; while CM Bala, Durairaj and Kishore Dev play supporting roles in the film. The film was released on 4 February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yaaro Movie (Feb 2022) – Trailer, Star Cast, Release Date |url=https://paytm.com/movies/yaaro-movie-detail-151919 |access-date=2022-02-08 |website=Paytm.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=March 2022}}
John (Venkat Reddy), an architect-designer, who lives all alone at his posh villa in ECR is plagued by various happenings around him. Trouble begins when a mysterious stranger enters his life. John spots him often in his house and feels that he is being followed by this man. He gets recurring dreams of some tragic incident and is disturbed by various characters that come knocking at his door. Either they disappear soon enough or are found dead, like the ghost buster sent by a friend who thought the house was haunted. His friends and colleagues seem to be conspiring against him and his girlfriend Pallavi ([[Upasana RC]]) cheating on him. He finds a hidden camera in his house that has a clip of two men and a murder being committed. John is panic-stricken and realises his life is in danger and races to unravel the truth.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|*Venkat Reddy as John Mathews
*[[Upasana RC]] as Pallavi
*CM Bala as Sundar
*J. Durairaj as Jeeva
*Rajan Iyer as Ganesh
*K. Satyamurthy as Giridhar
*R. Prem Kumar as Senthilnathan
*Akshay as Vinod
*Samragni Rajan as Maggie
*Kishore Dev as Arjun
*Senthil Kumar as Yaaro Mari}}

== Production ==
The film's lead actor and producer Venkat Reddy and director Sandeep Sai met when working at an IT company in the early 2010s, and were keen to break into Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 August 2019 |title=Yaaro is an edge-of-the-seat thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yaaro-is-an-edge-of-the-seat-thriller/articleshow/70552293.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2019 |title=From Silicon Valley to Tamil cinema |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/250919/from-silicon-valley-to-tamil-cinema.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 September 2019 |title=Storytelling is intriguing part of a film-making process: Venkat Reddy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/storytelling-is-intriguing-part-of-a-film-making-process-venkat-reddy/articleshow/71257910.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2022 |title=YAARO : Horror-Psycho-Thriller - Chennai City News |url=https://www.chennaicitynews.net/cinema/yaaro-horror-psycho-thriller/}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| all_music =
| all_lyrics =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = "Mozhiyellam Mounam"<ref>{{YouTube|AqjaTSFWFQA|"Mozhiyellam Mounam Video {{!}} Yaaro {{!}} Venkat Reddy {{!}} Sandeep Sai {{!}} Upasana {{!}} Jose Franklin"}}</ref>
| extra1 = Karthik, MM Manasi
| lyrics1 = Adithya Suresh
| length1 = 4:38
| title2 = "En Moga Thirai Yaaro"<ref>{{YouTube|8WIUYlTl9DA|"En Moga Thirai lyrical Video {{!}} Yaaro {{!}} Venkat Reddy {{!}} Sandeep Sai {{!}} Upasana {{!}} Jose Franklin"}}</ref>
| extra2 = Sathya Prakash, MM Manasi
| lyrics2 = Adithya Suresh
| length2 = 5:17
}}

== Reception ==
The film was released across theatres on 4 February 2022. A critic from the [[Times of India]] wrote " It resonates with the mood of the film and adds that mystery quotient. Overall, Yaaro is not a bad film, but it certainly could have been made better. " and gave 2 stars out of 5 stars.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Yaaro Movie Review : A psycho-thriller that could have been made better |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/yaaro/movie-review/89346705.cms |access-date=2023-03-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' also noted that the film was "Many unnecessary scenes are the film's weakness. Finally the answer to the question of who is the killer is well done."<ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2022-02-09 |title=யாரோ விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2022/02/09193636/3469930/Yaaro-movie-review-in-tamil.vpf |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2022 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Shah Abdul Wahhab (born 1831)

2026-02-28T19:08:13Z

Igornqa:

{{short description|Islamic scholar and reformer (1831-1921)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{other uses|Shah Abdul Wahhab}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox religious biography|religion=[[Islam]]
|name = Shah Abdul Wahhab Sahib رحمه الله
|image = Tomb of A'la Hadrat Shah Abdul Wahhab.jpg
|caption = ''[[Maqbara]]'' of Shah Abdul Wahhab
|title = A'la [[Hadrat]]
|birth_name = Abdul Wahhab
|birth_date = 1 [[Jumada al-awwal|Jumādā al-Ūlā]] 1247 [[Islamic calendar|Hijri]] (19 October 1831)<ref name="Thizkare Ganje Maa">Thizkare Ganje Maa (Sawanihe A'la Hadrath, [[Madrasa Al-Baqiyat As-Salihat]])</ref>
|birth_place = [[Vellore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|death_date = 22 [[Rabi al- Aakhir]] 1337 Hijri ({{Death date and age|1919|1|25|1831|10|19|df=y}})<ref name="Thizkare Ganje Maa" />
|death_place = [[Vellore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|death_cause =
|resting_place = Waranda of Masjid [[Madrasa Al-Baqiyat As-Salihat|Al-Baqiyat As-Salihat]] {{coord|12.919711|N|79.135758|E|type:landmark_region:IL}}
|other_names =
|era =
|region = [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|occupation = [[Hadith studies#Muhaddith: scholar of hadith|Muhaddtih]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-07-23|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Hadith studies#Muhaddith: scholar of hadith|reason= }}, [[Faqīh|Faqeeh]], [[Historiographer]]
|denomination = [[Sunni]]
|jurisprudence =
|creed =
|movement =
|main_interests =
|notable_ideas =
|notable_works = Islamic Social Reform during the later part of the 19th century, Fight against Bid'ah or Unislamic Innovations in Islam, Founder of [[Madrasa Al-Baqiyat As-Salihat]],
|alma_mater =
|Sufi_order = [[Qadiriyya]], [[Chishti Order|Chishtiya]]
|disciple_of =
|awards =
|influences =
|influenced =
|module =
|website =
}}
'''Shah Abdul Wahhab'''{{efn|{{langx|ta|அஃலா ஹள்ரத் மவ்லானா ஷாஹ் அப்துல் வஹ்ஹாப்}}, {{langx|ar|اعلى حضرت مولانا شاه عبد الوهّاب}}}} (9 October 1831 – 1921), also known as '''A'la Hadrat''',{{efn|Also transliterated '''A'la Hazrat''', '''Ala Hadrat''', '''Ala Hazrat'''; {{langx|ta|அஃலா ஹள்ரத்,அஃலா ஹஜ்ரத்}}}} was a [[Sunni Islam]]ic scholar and reformer. He was active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was from the southern part of [[India]]. Like [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi|Shah Waliullah Muhaddith Dehlvi]], he was worried about the state of the South Indian [[Muslim]]s, especially those of [[Nagore]] and its nearby regions. In 1857, he founded the [[Madrasa Al-Baqiyat As-Salihat]] in [[Vellore]].<ref name="mujaddid e junoob">hazrath fidwee rah, ''அண்ணல் அஃலா ஹள்ரத்(ரஹ்)அழகிய சரிதை – Beautiful History of A'la Hadrath'', Pages 31–48, [[Vellore]] – 632004, Darul Khatib,1992</ref><ref name="jbp">[[J.B.P.More]], ''Political Evolution of [[Muslim]]s in Tamil Nadu and Madras 1930–1947'', Page 54, Orient Blackswan, 1997, {{ISBN|978-81-250-1192-7}}</ref>

== Early life==
Shah Abdul Wahhab was born on 1 [[Jumada al-awwal|Jumādā al-Ūlā]] of [[Islamic calendar|Hijri]] 1247 (19 October 1831) in Vellore.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} His father, Abdul Qadir Sahib, died when he was 4 years old in [[Madurai]], India. He moved into his mother's household in [[Vellore]] and gained early education there.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

== Early education==
In [[Vellore]], after having finished his pre-school education with his mother and uncle, Shah Abdul Wahhab did his primary schooling with Hakeem Jainul Abideen, a teacher and medical practitioner, who lived in the same street. He completed his primary education in [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] languages with him.<ref name="fatawa baqiyat">A'la Hadrat, ''பாகியாதுஸ் ஸாலிஹாத் பத்வாத் தொகுப்பு-ஓர் அறிமுகம் – Compilation of the Islamic Rulings of Al-Baqiyat As-Salihat – An Introduction'', [[Vellore]] – 632004, Madrasa Al-Baqiyat As-Salihat, 1989</ref>

To complete the necessary education of the time, Shah Abdul Wahhab left for Madurai. There he stayed together with [[Madurai Maqbara#Syed Abdus Salaam Ibrahim .28Saalim Hazrat.29|Abdus Salaam Ibrahim]], along with whom he learnt from [[Madurai Maqbara#Meer Amjad Ibrahim (Chinna Hazrat)|Bahrul uloom Saahibul Karaamaat Ash Sheikh Meer Amjad Ibrahim Chinna Hazrat]] the second of [[Madurai Maqbara]] hazrats in Madurai for seven years.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Having finished his schooling, Shah Abdul Wahhab returned to [[Vellore]]. He married and started his family life. On 15 [[Sha'ban]] 1284 [[Hijri year|AH]], he left for [[Hijaz]], Arabia, while his three-year-old son and family stayed in [[India]].<ref name="fatawa baqiyat" />

== Higher education==
In Mecca, he learned from [[Rahmatullah Kairanawi]], [[Imdadullah Muhajir Makki]] and Muhammad Hussein Peshawari.<ref name="fatawa baqiyat" />

Shah Abdul Wahhab learned some Islamic books and Munazara from [[Rahmatullah Kairanawi]]. He completed his higher studies in the principles of Hadith from Syed Muhammad Hussein Peshawari. He pledged allegiance to his teacher [[Imdadullah Muhajir Makki]] and started his spiritual journey. He found yet another teacher in Abdul Latheef back home in [[Vellore]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

== Strange coincidence==
[[Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi]], the founder of the Madrasa [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] in North India and A'la Hadrat, the founder of the [[Madrasa Al-Baqiyat As-Salihat]] in South India shared a common lineage in their Islamic Studies.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Shah Abdul Wahhab's teachers were Rahmatullah Kairanawi, Muhammad Hussein Peshawari and Abdul Latheef. And the scholar who taught these three was Maulana Shah Muhammad Is-haaq.<ref name="coincidence">M.Abdul Majeed Baqavi, November 2011, 'அண்ணல் அஃலா ஹள்ரத்(ரஹ்) மற்றும் பாக்கியாத்தின் மஸ்லக்-கொள்கை என்ன? – What was the Maslaq- of A'la Hadrat and Al-Baqiyat As-Salihat?',''மனாருல் ஹுதா – Manarul Huda – Tamil Islamic Monthly Magazine'', Vol: 2, Issue: 10, Pages 13–21, Registered with the Registrar of Newspaper of [[India]] under No. TNTAM/2010/32087</ref>

The teacher of [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi]] in his higher studies was Shah Abdul Ghani and his teacher was Shah Muhammad Is-haaq.<ref name="coincidence" />

Shah Muhammad Is-haaq's teacher was Shah Abdul Aziz whose teacher was none other than Shah Waliullah Muhaddith Dehlvi. And thus this common lineage of Wahhab and [[Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi]] in Islamic Higher Studies goes as far as Shah Waliullah Muhaddith Dehlvi.<ref name="coincidence" />

Further, in their spiritual studies and journey, Shah Abdul Wahhab and [[Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi]] are even more closely related. Both their spiritual teacher was none other than [[Haji Imdadullah Muhaajir Makki]].<ref name="coincidence" />

Though these two scholars, Shah Abdul Wahhab and [[Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi]], shared a common lineage in the Islamic Studies and Spiritual path, there is no definite proof that these two Islamic Reformers of the Indian Sub-Continent ever met.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

== Islamic services==
After completing his studies,Shah Abdul Wahhab was offered the post of Deputy Collector when he was visiting [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. But he turned down the offer.<ref name="mujaddid-e-junoob">Maulana Nisar Ahmad Fitwhi Baqavi.''Mujaddid-e-Junoob'', Page 74, cited in ''மனாருல் ஹுதா – Manarul Huda – Tamil Islamic Monthly Magazine'', Vol: 2, Issue: 10, November 2011, Page 11</ref> Returning from [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], the first thing he did was to make himself financially stable. He sold off his ancestral land in [[Zameen Attur]] and bought land in [[Vellore]]. This provided him with an income. After he attended to his personal financial statement, he commenced his Islamic Social Services.<ref name="mujaddid e junoob" /> He visited villages and towns and called [[Muslim]]s to live their lives according to [[Sharia]]h and stressed the need for it. When it came to [[Bidah|Bid'ah]], he vehemently opposed it and voiced against it publicly.<ref name="fatawa baqiyat" />
In this course, he stayed in Thittachery for a long period and educated the [[Muslim]]s about Islam and [[Bidah|Bid'ah]] that had crept into their beliefs again and again. Though the people of Thittachery vowed to stay away from [[Bidah|Bid'ah]]s and [[Shirk (Islam)|Shirk]], they did it only for a short period.<ref name="mujaddid-e-junoob" />

At this juncture, Mohamed Ghouse advised him to start a Madrasa so that graduates could aid him in his Islamic social reforms.<ref name="fatawa baqiyat" /><ref name="rahmath">S.S.Abdul Cader Baqavi, October 1971, 'Mujaddid', ''Rahmath'', Page 18, Rahmath is a Tamil Islamic Monthly Magazine published from [[Tirunelveli]]</ref> So he founded the Islamic [[Madrasa Al-Baqiyat As-Salihat]] in 1884.<ref name="jbp" /><ref name="fatawa baqiyat" /> He also started the [[Khanqah]]ey Baqiyat in [[Vaniambadi]], which served as a centre for the [[Qadiriyya]] and [[Chishti Order|Chishtiya]] orders.<ref name="fatawa baqiyat" />

== Madrasa Al-Baqiyat As-Salihat==

On the lines of his teacher [[Rahmatullah Kairanawi]], Shah Abdul Wahhab started a madrasa in his house without many resources. Rahmatullah Kairanawi was founding the Madrasa Sawlatiyya in Mecca around that time. There is no reference to the name of this small Madrasa.<ref name="fatawa baqiyat" />

This madrasa founded in a small house grew into the Madrasa Al-Baqiyat As-Salihat with a new Syllabus at its present location in 1884 ([[Islamic calendar|Hijri]] 1301).{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

The nadrasa had three objectives. The first was Islamic education, the second was emphasise and call [[Muslim]]s towards the [[Sunnah]] and the third was to create service minded Islamic scholars who would be steadfast in their fight against [[Bidah|Bid'ah]] or un-Islamic innovations in Islam.<ref name="fatawa baqiyat" />

Following the footsteps of his teacher Rahmatullah Kairanawi, who wrote authored the famous Islamic works, [[Izhar ul-Haqq]], Izalathush Shukook, Izalathul Awham, A'la Hadrat spearheaded the Islamic [[Dawah|Da'wah]] and answering Christians in South India. It is astonishing to find that there was no other Islamic scholar of his calibre when it came to Islamic social reform during the later part of the 19th century or the earlier part of the 20th century in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="fatawa baqiyat" />

==Explanatory notes==
{{notelist}}

== References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Muslim reformers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:1831 births]]
[[Category:1921 deaths]]

St. Mary's Higher Secondary School, Madurai

2026-02-28T01:34:11Z

Igornqa: update page per standard format additionally and improved wording to improve readability

#REDIRECT [[List of Jesuit educational institutions#List of Jesuit secondary schools]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to list entry}}
{{R to section}}
{{R printworthy}}
}}

Sudhindranath Dutta

2026-02-27T20:47:29Z

Igornqa: small fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Sudhindranath Dutta
|image = SudhindranathDuttaPic.jpg
|birth_date = {{Birth date |df=yes|1901|10|30}}
|birth_place = [[Benares]], [[Benares State]], [[British Raj|British India]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1960|06|25|1901|10|30}}
|death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India
|occupation = {{flatlist|
* Poet
* journalist
* essayist
* literary critic
* lecturer
}}
|yearsactive = 1930–1960
|spouse = {{ubl|Chhabi Basu (1924–1960; no legal divorce)|[[Rajeshwari Vasudev]] (1943–1960)}}
|signature = Signature of Sudhindranath Dutta.jpg
}}

'''Sudhindranath Dutta''' (30 October 1901 – 25 June 1960) was an Indian poet, essayist, journalist and critic. Sudhindranath is one of the most notable poets after the [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]]-era in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] literature.<ref name="
Sudhindranath">[http://www.parabaas.com/translation/database/authors/texts/sudhindranathdutta.html Sudhindranath: the Person I Knew]</ref><ref name=Remains>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1020707/editoria.htm#head2 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912075500/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1020707/editoria.htm#head2 | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 September 2012 | title=Remains of the past | first=Rudrangshu | last=Mukherjee | newspaper=The Telegraph | date=7 July 2002 | location=India | access-date=6 May 2018 }}</ref>

==Education==
Sudhindranath Dutt went to the Theosophical High School in Varanasi between 1914 and 1917, and later attended the [[Oriental Seminary]] in [[Kolkata]].<ref name=Sudhindranath/> Later he graduated from the [[Scottish Church College]].{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} He later studied law at the Law College (1922–1924), while also simultaneously preparing for his finals for an MA in English literature from the [[University of Calcutta]]. However, he did not complete a degree (MA or a law degree) in either subject.<ref name=Sudhindranath/>
[[File:Manuscript of Sudhindranath Dutta.jpg|thumb|Manuscript of Sudhindranath Dutta]]

==Career==
Born to the renowned lawyer Hirendranath Dutta, and Indumati Vasu Mallik, sister of Raja Subodh Chandra Vasu Mallik, Sudhindranath became an apprentice under his father's supervision. He did not obtain a formal law degree. He married Chhabi Basu in 1924.

He started publishing ''[[Parichay (magazine)|Parichay]]'', a [[literary magazine]] which heralded his philosophy, in 1931 and carried on with the job till 1943, when he left following an ideological battle with his associates, but supplied funds nevertheless. He was also associated with ''[[Sabujpatra]]'', another noted literary magazine of the era, which was edited by eminent story-writer of the era, [[Pramatha Chaudhury]].
He worked also as a journalist for ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' from 1945 to 1949. He was also associated with the daily ''[[The Forward]],'' then edited by [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]], as the organ of [[All India Forward Bloc]].
He had also worked for several companies such as Light of Asia Insurance Company from 1930 to 1933, ARP from 1942 to 1945, DVC from 1949 to 1954, and Institute of Public Opinion from 1954 to 1956.

He was a part-time lecturer of [[Comparative Literature]] in [[Jadavpur University]] from 1956 to 1957. In 1957, he left for his final foreign trip and toured Japan and Europe before moving to United States of America to join [[University of Chicago]] to write his autobiography in English. However he left the lucrative job midway and returned home to rejoin Jadavpur University to resume his classes of Comparative Literature, which he continued till his death.

==Trivia==
[[File:Sudhindranth Dutta's Manuscript.jpg|thumb|Manuscript containing a verse by Sudhindranth Dutta]]

Perhaps his most famous line is the widely quoted one from his poem ''Utpakhi'' (The ostrich):
{{blockquote|অন্ধ হলে কি প্রলয় বন্ধ থাকে?
'''Transliteration:''' (Andha halē ki pralaẏa bandha thākē?) 
'''Translation:''' Does the tempest halt for the sake of your blindness?}}

==Literary analysis : In the words of Buddhadev Bose ==

• From An Acre of Green Grass
The majority of our modern poets have welcomed the prose poem, but two have stood firmly against it, both in theory and practice, Sudhindranath Dutta and Annadasankar Ray. It is well worth saying here that the two, in two different worlds, are great artificers in prose: Sudhindranath's critical essays are an illumination, and Annadasankar, in his fiction and [[belles-lettres]], is a writer of beautiful prose. He began as ardently in verse as in prose, but turned more and more to the sumptuousness of the latter, and for some years wrote no verse, or all but none. His recent appearance in the sphere of limericks, clerihews and doggerels is a joyful event: for he is master of light verse, and light verse is not necessarily slight. Annadasankar has effected that marriage between poetry and wit which is at once so happy and rare; he has the secret of turning topical comments to an art, and his fun ranges from the 'People's War' to mosquito-bites. That rippling, dancing lightness which marks his prose also animates all the verse he has written, and has led him to rediscover the chhada, the measure of our old ballads and nursery rhymes.
Sudhindranath Dutta is altogether different. There is nothing in him that is happy or light or sparkling; all is dark, darkly and bitterly passionate. There is a profound unity in all his poems; each is a part of a larger whole, and that whole larger than the sum of his poems. Poem after poem, he is working on a theme, expounding and elaborating it, repeating and correcting himself. His first mature work, Orchestra, is in some way a unique book in our language. It is a book of love poems, not the mystical love of the Vaishnavas, nor the idyllic love of Rabindranath's Ksanika, but a blind, violent and terrible love, born and bound in the body, without relief, release or hope of release. The poems have an unprecedented setting; for the lover is blase' and past his prime, and the mistress a young foreigner whose country is the place of action. The moment of time is when the lovers have been separated—irrevocably; and the whole drama, seen and revealed through memory, is charged with an anguish and a fury that the poet strains every nerve to hold in leash. It is characteristic, and also a measure, of Sudhindranath's powers that, in these poems, he has combined the passionateness of youth with the contemplation of maturity. Separation, in [[Indian poetry]], is traditionally sweet and serene, and even a channel of grace; but to this poet, separation is infernal and serenity death. yet this has not made of him an youthful idolater of the flesh; his is a mind that can see the clay in the idol, though not the symbol in the clay; a mind brave and self-reliant, desperately holding on to the ceremony of the intellect when all his world appears to be doomed. Orchestra is breathless with pain, the pain of memory which the poet can neither bear nor bear to think that time will deaden; it is 'heavy with the burden of Fate', for the present is dead and the future lightless, the only reality being the past, red with the flames of memory. the poems have caught the glow: they are as living as the love they describe.

Sudhindranath Dutta appeared on the literary scene rather late in life. His equipment was enviable, his discipline exemplary. His splendid poems were not an immediate 'success' -- for it is not easy to fall in love with them at first sight—and the recognition he deserves has not yet come to him. He, too, has been blamed for obscurity, and mentioned in the same breath with [[Bishnu Dey]], though the two have little in common. Sudhindranath, far from being obscure, is a model of lucidity, in as much as he does his best to give his verse a prose-like regularity. He is ratiocinative, and delights in pursuing an argument from point to point, and from stanza to stanza, right to its logical conclusion. Indeed, I should rather find fault with him for being, on occasions, too logical, too conclusive, and making a poem, with an array of `although's, `therefore's and `yet's, almost like a Euclidean proposition. The only difficulty we are likely to encounter in him is a highly Sanskritic vocabulary, and here it is not the words that so much trouble us as their connotations, for he often uses some word in its original [[Sanskrit]] sense, a sense lost to Bengali, or coins new forms from old, well-known roots, and that for a very good reason. His aim being to charge words with maximum meaning and reduce their number, he is not to be blamed if the current [[Bengali vocabulary]] does not suffice him. On the contrary, he is to be praised for the directness he has brought to our language, for the number of vital words and compounds he has coined, for his having made us newly and differently aware of the riches of Sanskrit, and lastly, for his effective harmonization of the commonest idioms and a classical diction, of dramatic declamation and meandering soliloquy.

[[Rabindranath]] once wrote of him in a letter :

"I know Sudhindra Datta's poetry from its beginning, and have grown rather partial to it. One reason for this is that it has taken much of its shape, and that quite unhesitantly, from my work. Yet its nature is entirely his own. His individuality, free from arrogance, has never neglected to make acknowledgements to the proper sources. This courage comes from power. "

The above is aptly said, for Sudhindranath gleans freely from Tagorean harvests, not, like Bishnu Dey, archly, self-consciously or with implied sarcasm, but in a straightforward manner, never trying to conceal what is true for him and each of his contemporaries, that Rabindranath lives in him. He does not have to employ any startling or oblique means to show that he is unlike Rabindranath; often has he allowed Tagorean utterances to be heard through his voice, and yet his difference is throughout irresistible; his individuality, uniformly and totally beyond question.

•Extract from Modern Bengali
Prose :

A singular figure in our recent speculative prose is Sudhindranath Datta, the poet, Svagata (the title, meaning 'Soliloquies', is at once a challenge and a confession), a collection of essays in literary criticism and his only prose book so far, gives the impression that the author, aware like the others of the inequality of the spirit and the medium, the subject-matter and the language, refused, unlike the others, to adopt any evasive, though practically effective strategy, but thought out each sentence completely in English, translating it, almost word for word, into a rich and fabulous Bengali. I say fabulous, for this apparently impossible task he could achieve only by sacrificing lucidity and all manner of 'surface' attraction, by bewildering the reader with Sanskrit words unheard in Bengali, technical terms of Hindu metaphysics, old words in new senses and, finally, words of his own coinage. There is not the least deviation or compromise; the sentences, strained to the utmost for attaining a directness and a precision not natural to Bengali, are in structure as involved and elaborate as they would be in English, though necessarily heavier. But what matter if they grow heavier still? Sudhindranath is out to have all his say: he does not leave out a subject, or a thought, nor even a slight modification of it because it 'just won't go' in Bengali, a form of compromise we can discern in both Pramatha Chaudhuri and Annadasankar.

This prose, produced cerebrally with almost a foreigner's fastidiousness might, in effect, appear to be the work of a highly gifted European who has taken the trouble of studying first Sanskrit and then Bengali, and the additional trouble of speaking out his mind on European and Bengali literatures in the comparatively insufficient language of the latter. But this is only appearance, for in reality Sudhindranath, as in his verse, blends a rigidly Sanskrit diction with common spoken idioms, some of which cannot even be suggested in English. This blending vitalizes his work but by no means relaxes the tension of thought. What makes his prose look 'foreign' is that, unlike his verse, it is untraditional; neither Pramatha Chaudhuri whom he ardently admires, nor Rabindranath whom, this side idolatry, he worships, is its moulder or starting point, or if so, he has concealed the fact so well as to make a complete denial. He gives us a new prose, or a new mode of prose, sombre, ponderous, of a compactness not known before, an enhancer, we might say, not only of the potency of our language, but also our own capacity for abstract thinking. For language modifies thought as much as thought organizes language; the more words we have, the more variously we learn to use them, the better we can think. Bengali as I have already implied, is in its present stage practically debarred from certain abstract subjects; Sudhindranath, at least, has shown a way. It is a way he has found, but not traversed; he has worked hard to forge new implements but not long enough to devise new means. Here and there in his prose we come upon sparks to ignite our mind, exquisite, memorable, quotable phrases and sentences; yet on the whole he makes us wrestle too much, sends us too often to the voluminous dictionaries, confounds us too frequently with an almost mathematical compression; and although the few who have submitted themselves to the hardship of unravelling him have been amply repaid, the great majority of readers have not been disposed to follow suit. Some other writer or writers, it is likely, will, in the near future, use him as a base, modify, extend and adapt this new mode so as to combine its advantages with the primary quality of ease which Sudhindranath admires but lacks. He would have done it himself if, like Atulchandra Gupta, he had not practically abandoned writing.

==Works==

===Collected poetry===
* ''Tanvi'' (1930), M. Sarkar & Sons
* ''Arkesṭrā'' (''Orchestra'', 1935),<ref name="Chatterjee1996">{{cite book |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Sudipto |last2=Ferdous |first2=Hasan |author1-link=Sudipto Chatterjee |editor1-last=Natarajan |editor1-first=Nalini |chapter=Twentieth-Century Bengali Literature |title=Handbook of Twentieth-Century Literatures of India |year=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0-313-28778-3 |page=56}}</ref> Bharati Bhavan
* ''Krandashee'' (1937), Bharati Bhavan
* ''Uttarphālgunī'' (''The Northerlies'', 1940),<ref name="Chatterjee1996" /> Parichay Press
* ''Saṅgbarta'' (''Cataclysmic Clouds'', 1953),<ref name="Chatterjee1996" /> Signet Press
* ''Pratiddhani'' (1954) Signet Press
* ''Dashamee'' (1956) [[Signet Press]].<ref name=Sudhindranath/>

===Collected essays===
* ''Svagato'', Bharati Bhavan
Title page of the first edition of Swagata

* ''Svagato'' (1957) New changed version from Signet Press
* ''Kulay O Kaalpurush'', (1957), Signet Press.<ref name=Sudhindranath/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutta, Sudhindranath}}
[[Category:Bengali male poets]]
[[Category:Oriental Seminary alumni]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Modernist poets]]

Super Subbarayan

2026-02-25T21:21:34Z

Igornqa: basic reworked page per sources and updated info

{{short description|Indian action choreographer and actor}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Prose|date=March 2023}}
{{Overly detailed|date=March 2023}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2023}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Super Subbarayan
| birth_name = P. Subbarayan
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| other_names = Super Fight Subbarayan
| yearsactive = 1980{{En dash}}present
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Action choreographer
* stunt co-ordinator
}}
}}
'''Super Subbarayan''' (born as '''P. Subbarayan''') is a stunt co-ordinator and actor in the [[Indian cinema]], mainly in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]. He has been working in the industry since 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/05/31/stories/2004053101350100.htm |title=No Stunt This |date=31 May 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=11 September 2015}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Stunt masters and actors like [[Rocky Rajesh]], [[Thalapathy Dinesh]], [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]], [[Ram Lakshman (Stunt choreographers)|Ram Laxman]], Kundrathur Babu, Indian Baskar, Rajasekhar, [[Dhilip Subbarayan]], Thavasiraj, and Dinesh Subbarayan have worked as fighters and assistants to him. His sons, Dhilip Subbarayan and Dinesh Subbarayan, are also leading stunt masters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/mar-12-02/dileep-subbarayan-aaranya-kandam-08-03-12.html |title=Multiple National Awards thrill Subbarayan |publisher=Behindwoods |date=8 March 2012 |accessdate=11 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2cbgtlv7xR4 |title=Mankatha Dilip Subbarayan |publisher=Youtube |date=26 May 2011 |accessdate=16 October 2015}}</ref> He has won four [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Stunt Coordinator]].

== Filmography ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* 1983 ''[[Manaivi Solle Manthiram]]''
* 1983 ''Seerum Singangal''
* 1984 ''[[Kuva Kuva Vaathugal]]''
* 1984 ''[[Nooravathu Naal]]''
* 1984 ''Maman Machan''
* 1984 ''[[Nandri]]''
* 1984 ''Vengaiyin Mainthan''
* 1984 ''[[Pudhiavan]]''
* 1984 ''Kuzhandhai Yesu''
* 1984 ''[[Raja Veettu Kannukkutty]]''
* 1984 ''[[Naalai Unathu Naal]]''
* 1984 ''[[Nirabarathi]]''
* 1984 ''[[January 1 (1984 film)|January 1]]''
* 1984 ''Unga Veettu Pillai''
* 1984 ''[[Ingeyum Oru Gangai]]''
* 1984 ''[[Uravai Kaatha Kili]]''
* 1984 ''[[24 Mani Neram]]''
* 1984 ''[[Sattathai Thiruthungal]]''
* 1984 ''Nyayam Ketkiren''
* 1984 ''[[Komberi Mookan]]''
* 1984 ''Pei Veedu''
* 1984 ''[[Vai Pandal]]''
* 1984 ''Unga Veettu Pillai''
* 1984 ''[[Enakkul Oruvan (1984 film)|Enakkul Oruvan]]''
* 1984 ''[[Osai]]''
* 1985 ''Thiramai''
* 1985 ''[[Alai Osai]]''
* 1985 ''Sigappu Nila''
* 1985 ''[[Marudhani]]''
* 1985 ''Thandanai''
* 1985 ''[[Engal Kural]]''
* 1985 ''[[Chain Jayapal]]''
* 1985 ''[[Amudha Gaanam]]''
* 1985 ''Anbin Mugavari''
* 1985 ''Terror'' (Telugu)
* 1985 ''[[Uthami]]''
* 1985 ''[[Santhosha Kanavukal]]''
* 1985 ''[[Kanni Rasi]]''
* 1985 ''[[Pagal Nilavu]]''
* 1985 ''[[Viswanathan Velai Vendum]]''
* 1985 ''[[Naan Ungal Rasigan]]''
* 1985 ''Naagam''
* 1985 ''Unakkaga Oru Roja''
* 1985 ''[[Jeevana Chakra]]'' (Kannada)
* 1985 ''[[Pillai Nila]]''
* 1985 ''[[Japanil Kalyanaraman]]''
* 1985 ''[[Kaakki Sattai]]''
* 1985 ''[[Andha Oru Nimidam]]''
* 1985 ''[[Naan Ungal Rasigan]]''
* 1985 ''[[Neethiyin Marupakkam]]''
* 1985 ''[[Aan Paavam]]''
* 1985 ''[[Marudhani]]''
* 1986 ''[[Vikram (1986 Tamil film)|Vikram]]''
* 1986 ''[[Paaru Paaru Pattanam Paaru]]''
* 1986 ''[[Karimedu Karuvayan]]''
* 1986 ''[[Nilave Malare (film)|Nilave Malare]]''
* 1986 ''[[Vidinja Kalyanam]]''
* 1986 ''[[Brahma Rudrulu]]'' (Telugu)
* 1986 ''Bhale Mithrulu'' (Telugu)
* 1986 ''[[Palaivana Rojakkal]]''
* 1986 ''[[Muthal Vasantham]]''
* 1986 ''[[Manakanakku]]''
* 1986 ''Kanne Kaniyamuthe''
* 1986 ''[[Khaidi Rudraiah]]'' (Telugu)
* 1986 ''Kovil Yaanai''
* 1986 ''[[Enakku Naaney Needhibathi]]''
* 1986 ''En Sabadham''
* 1986 ''[[Rasigan Oru Rasigai]]''
* 1986 ''[[Vasantha Raagam]]''
* 1986 ''[[Kaliyuga Krishnudu]]'' (Telugu)
* 1986 ''[[Mythili Ennai Kaathali]]''
* 1986 ''[[Anasuyamma Gari Alludu]]'' (Telugu)
* 1986 ''[[Oomai Vizhigal]]''
* 1986 ''[[Kathanayaka]]'' (Kannada)
* 1986 ''[[Mouna Ragam|Mouna Raagam]]''
* 1986 ''[[Oru Iniya Udhayam]]''
* 1986 ''Naa Pilupe Prabhanjanam'' (Telugu)
* 1986 ''[[Karna (1986 film)|Karna]]'' (Kannada)
* 1986 ''[[Thazhuvatha Kaigal]]''
* 1986 ''[[Manthira Punnagai (1986 film)|Manthira Punnagai]]''
* 1987 ''[[Chinna Thambi Periya Thambi]]''
* 1987 ''[[Sirai Paravai]]''
* 1987 ''[[Kirayi Dada]]'' (Telugu)
* 1987 ''[[Kadhal Parisu]]''
* 1987 ''[[Velaikkaran (1987 film)|Velaikkaran]]''
* 1987 ''[[Makkal En Pakkam]]''
* 1987 ''[[Oru Thayin Sabhatham]]''
* 1987 ''[[Bhanumati Gari Mogudu]]'' (Telugu)
* 1987 ''[[Theertha Karaiyinile]]''
* 1987 ''[[Valaiyal Satham]]''
* 1987 ''[[Thangachi]]''
* 1987 ''Marana Homam'' (Telugu)
* 1987 ''Kalyana Kacheri''
* 1987 ''[[Jallikattu (1987 film)|Jallikattu]]''
* 1987 ''[[Nayakan]]''
* 1987 ''[[Ninaive Oru Sangeetham]]''
* 1987 ''Karthika Pournami'' (Telugu)
* 1987 ''[[Uzhavan Magan]]''
* 1987 ''[[Ini Oru Sudhanthiram]]''
* 1987 ''[[Neethikku Thandanai]]''
* 1987 ''[[Manaivi Ready]]''
* 1987 ''[[Sattam Oru Vilayaattu]]''
* 1987 ''Enga Veettu Ramayanam''
* 1987 ''[[Parisam Pottachu]]''
* 1987 ''[[Aayusu Nooru]]''
* 1988 ''[[Oorai Therinjikitten]]''
* 1988 ''[[Ullathil Nalla Ullam]]''
* 1988 ''[[Therkathi Kallan]]''
* 1988 ''[[Paadatha Thenikkal]]''
* 1988 ''[[Paasa Paravaigal]]''
* 1988 ''Nanna Avesha'' (Kannada)
* 1988 ''Thaai Paasam''
* 1988 ''[[Poonthotta Kaavalkaaran]]''
* 1988 ''[[Nallavan (1988 film)|Nallavan]]''
* 1988 ''Jadikketha Moodi''
* 1988 ''Poovum Puyalum''
* 1988 ''[[Sudhanthira Naattin Adimaigal]]''
* 1988 ''[[Tiragabadda Telugubidda]]'' (Telugu)
* 1988 ''[[Uzhaithu Vaazha Vendum]]''
* 1988 ''Thenpandi Seemaiyile''
* 1988 ''Dorakani Donga'' (Telugu)
* 1988 ''[[Ithu Engal Neethi]]''
* 1988 ''[[Brahma Putrudu]]'' (Telugu)
* 1988 ''[[Agni Natchathiram]]''
* 1988 ''[[Paadatha Thenikkal]]''
* 1988 ''[[Urimai Geetham]]''
* 1989 ''[[Sonthakkaran]]''
* 1989 ''[[Thaai Naadu]]''
* 1989 ''[[Sahasame Naa Oopiri]]'' (Telugu)
* 1989 ''[[Pick Pocket (1989 film)|Pick Pocket]]''
* 1989 ''[[Vicky Dada]]'' (Telugu)
* 1989 ''Pinni'' (Telugu)
* 1989 ''[[Geethanjali (1989 film)|Geethanjali]]'' (Telugu)
* 1989 ''Kaaval Poonaigal''
* 1989 ''Moodu Mandhiram''
* 1989 ''Paasa Mazhai''
* 1989 ''Naa Mogudu Naake Sontham'' (Telugu)
* 1989 ''[[Ajatha Satruvu]]'' (Telugu)
* 1989 ''Pudhu Mappillai''
* 1989 ''[[En Purushanthaan Enakku Mattumthaan]]''
* 1989 ''[[Kai Veesamma Kai Veesu]]''
* 1989 ''[[Paattukku Oru Thalaivan]]''
* 1989 ''[[Poruthathu Pothum]]''
* 1989 ''Dharmam Vellum''
* 1989 ''[[Rajanadai]]''
* 1990 ''[[Pulan Visaranai]]''
* 1990 ''Vaazhkai Chakkaram''
* 1990 ''[[Pudhu Padagan]]''
* 1990 ''Seetha''
* 1990 ''[[Pagalil Pournami]]''
* 1990 ''[[Sandhana Kaatru]]''
* 1990 ''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]''
* 1990 ''Siraiyil Pootha Chinna Malar''
* 1990 ''[[Neti Siddhartha]]'' (Telugu)
* 1990 ''[[Thalattu Padava]]''
* 1990 ''[[Avasara Police 100]]''
* 1990 ''[[Mallu Vetti Minor]]''
* 1991 ''[[Sami Potta Mudichu]]''
* 1991 ''[[Stuartpuram Police Station]]'' (Telugu)
* 1991 ''[[Thaiyalkaran]]''
* 1991 ''[[Nanbargal]]''
* 1991 ''Neengalum Herodhan''
* 1991 ''[[Vetri Karangal]]''
* 1991 ''Sirai Kathavugal''
* 1991 ''[[Vetri Padigal]]''
* 1991 ''[[Captain Prabhakaran]]''
* 1991 ''[[Maanagara Kaaval]]''
* 1991 ''[[Archana IAS]]''
* 1991 ''[[Vasanthakala Paravai]]''
* 1991 ''[[Thalapathi]]''
* 1992 ''[[Ilavarasan]]''
* 1992 ''[[Mera Dil Tere Liye]]'' (Hindi)
* 1992 ''[[Sivantha Malar]]''
* 1992 ''[[Chinarayudu]]'' (Telugu)
* 1992 ''[[Innisai Mazhai]]''
* 1992 ''[[President Gari Pellam]]'' (Telugu)
* 1992 ''[[Chinna Pasanga Naanga]]''
* 1992 ''[[Idhuthanda Sattam]]''
* 1992 ''Nani'' (Telugu)
* 1992 ''[[Tyagi (film)|Tyagi]]'' (Hindi)
* 1992 ''[[Suyamariyadhai]]''
* 1992 ''[[Suriyan]]''
* 1992 ''[[Chanti (1992 film)|Chanti]]'' (Telugu)
* 1992 ''[[Ellaichami]]''
* 1992 ''[[Naalaiya Theerpu]]''
* 1992 ''[[Natchathira Nayagan]]''
* 1993 ''[[Vedan]]''
* 1993 ''[[Kattalai (film)|Kattalai]]''
* 1993 ''[[Thalattu]]''
* 1993 ''[[Pon Vilangu]]''
* 1993 ''[[Thanga Pappa]]''
* 1993 ''[[I Love India]]''
* 1993 ''[[Chinna Jameen]]''
* 1993 ''[[Thiruda Thiruda]]''
* 1994 ''[[Indhu]]''
* 1994 ''[[Seeman (film)|Seeman]]''
* 1994 ''[[Namma Annachi]]''
* 1994 ''[[Athiradi Padai]]''
* 1994 ''Ulavaali''
* 1994 ''[[Rasigan]]''
* 1994 ''[[May Madham]]''
* 1994 ''[[Raja Pandi]]''
* 1994 ''[[Thai Maaman]]''
* 1995 ''[[Aanazhagan]]''
* 1995 ''[[Maanthrikam]]'' (Malayalam)
* 1995 ''[[Nirnayam (1995 film)|Nirnayam]]'' (Malayalam)
* 1995 ''[[Pullakuttikaran]]''
* 1995 ''[[Makkal Aatchi]]''
* 1995 ''[[Pokiri Raja]]'' (Telugu)
* 1995 ''[[Mounam]]'' (Telugu)
* 1995 ''[[Ragasiya Police]]''
* 1995 ''[[Maaman Magal (1995 film)|Maaman Magal]]''
* 1996 ''[[Mahaprabhu (film)|Mahaprabhu]]''
* 1996 ''Vishwanath''
* 1996 ''[[Sivasakthi]]''
* 1996 ''[[Subash (film)|Subash]]''
* 1996 ''[[Indraprastham]]'' (Malayalam)
* 1996 ''[[The Prince]]'' (Malayalam)
* 1996 ''[[Thuraimugam]]''
* 1996 ''[[Senathipathi]]''
* 1997 ''[[Kaalamellam Kaathiruppen]]''
* 1997 ''Lady Commissioner'' (Kannada)
* 1997 ''[[Kaalamellam Kadhal Vaazhga]]''
* 1997 ''[[Arunachalam (film)|Arunachalam]]''
* 1997 ''[[Raasi (film)|Raasi]]''
* 1997 ''[[Vallal]]''
* 1997 ''Yuddha'' (Kannada)
* 1997 ''Bhookailas'' (Malayalam)
* 1997 ''[[V. I. P. (1997 film)|V. I. P]]''
* 1997 ''[[Periya Idathu Mappillai]]''
* 1997 ''[[Periya Manushan]]''
* 1997 ''[[Poochudava]]''
* 1998 ''[[Vaettiya Madichu Kattu]]''
* 1998 ''[[Kannedhirey Thondrinal]]''
* 1999 ''[[Chinna Durai (1999 film)|Chinna Durai]]''
* 1999 ''[[Rajasthan (film)|Rajasthan]]''
* 1999 ''[[Anantha Poongathe]]''
* 1999 ''[[Kanave Kalaiyadhe]]''
* 1999 ''[[Amarkkalam]]''
* 1999 ''[[Pooparika Varugirom]]''
* 1999 ''[[Maanaseega Kadhal]]''
* 1999 ''[[Taj Mahal (1999 film)|Taj Mahal]]''
* 1999 ''[[Olympian Anthony Adam]]''
* 2000 ''[[Narasimham (film)|Narasimham]]''
* 2000 ''[[Vetri Kodi Kattu]]''
* 2000 ''[[Independence Day (2000 film)|Independence Day]]'' (Tamil/Kannada)
* 2000 ''[[Parthen Rasithen]]''
* 2001 ''[[Looty]]''
* 2001 ''[[Aanandham]]''
* 2001 ''[[Narasimha (2001 film)|Narasimha]]''
* 2001 ''[[Dheena]]''
* 2001 ''[[Star (2001 film)|Star]]''
* 2001 ''[[Chocolate (2001 film)|Chocklet]]''
* 2001 ''[[Saivar Thirumeni]]''
* 2001 ''[[Mitta Miraasu]]''
* 2001 ''[[Love Marriage (2001 film)|Love Marriage]]''
* 2001 ''[[Thavasi]]''
* 2001 ''[[Kadal Pookkal]]''
* 2001 ''[[Majunu|Majnu]]''
* 2002 ''[[Alli Arjuna]]''
* 2002 ''[[Azhagi (2002 film)|Azhagi]]''
* 2002 ''[[Gemini (2002 Tamil film)|Gemini]]''
* 2002 ''[[Raajjiyam]]''
* 2002 ''[[Thamizh]]''
* 2002 ''[[Thamizhan]]''
* 2002 ''[[Devan (film)|Devan]]''
* 2002 ''[[Ivan (2002 film)|Ivan]]''
* 2002 ''[[Naina (2002 film)|Naina]]''
* 2002 ''[[Maaran (2002 film)|Maaran]]''
* 2002 ''[[Jjunction|Junction]]''
* 2002 ''[[Ramana (film)|Ramana]]''
* 2002 ''[[Solla Marandha Kadhai]]''
* 2002 ''[[Bala (2002 film)|Bala]]''
* 2003 ''[[Dhool]]''
* 2003 ''[[Thandavam]]''
* 2003 ''[[Pop Carn (2003 film)|Pop Carn]]''
* 2003 ''[[Anbu (2003 film)|Anbu]]''
* 2003 ''[[Kadhal Sadugudu]]''
* 2003 ''[[Anbae Anbae]]''
* 2003 ''[[Saamy]]''
* 2003 ''[[Jayam (2003 film)|Jayam]]''
* 2003 ''[[Aahaa Ethanai Azhagu]]''
* 2003 ''[[Success (2003 film)|Success]]''
* 2003 ''[[Kadhal Kisu Kisu]]''
* 2003 ''[[Jay Jay]]''
* 2003 ''[[Soori (2003 film)|Soori]]''
* 2004 ''[[Kovil (film)|Kovil]]''
* 2004 ''[[Varnajalam]]''
* 2004 ''[[Autograph (2004 film)|Autograph]]''
* 2004 ''Jathi''
* 2004 ''[[Lakshmi Narasimha]]'' (Telugu)
* 2004 ''[[Kuthu]]''
* 2004 ''[[Machi (film)|Machi]]''
* 2004 ''[[Kudaikul Mazhai]]''
* 2004 ''[[Attagasam]]''
* 2004 ''[[Aai (film)|Aai]]''
* 2004 ''[[Jananam]]''
* 2005 ''[[Dancer (2005 film)|Dancer]]''
* 2005 ''[[Ayya (2005 Tamil film)|Ayya]]''
* 2005 ''[[Ji (film)|Ji]]''
* 2005 ''[[Mannin Maindhan]]''
* 2005 ''[[Maayavi]]''
* 2005 ''[[Naran (film)|Naran]]'' (Malayalam)
* 2005 ''[[Manthiran]]''
* 2005 ''[[Englishkaran]]''
* 2005 ''[[February 14 (film)|February 14]]''
* 2005 ''[[Chanakya (2005 film)|Chanakya]]''
* 2005 ''[[Kundakka Mandakka]]''
* 2005 ''[[Kasthuri Maan]]''
* 2006 ''[[Pasa Kiligal]]''
* 2006 ''[[Pachchak Kuthira]]''
* 2006 ''[[Madhu (2006 film)|Madhu]]''
* 2006 ''[[Kaivantha Kalai]]''
* 2006 ''[[Naalai]]''
* 2006 ''[[Imsai Arasan 23 m Pulikesi]]''
* 2006 ''[[Kizhakku Kadarkarai Salai]]''
* 2006 ''[[Sivappathigaram]]''
* 2006 ''[[Veyil (2006 film)|Veyil]]''
* 2007 ''[[Aalwar]]''
* 2007 ''[[Agaram (film)|Agaram]]''
* 2007 ''[[Murugaa]]''
* 2007 ''[[Muni (film)|Muni]]''
* 2007 ''[[Koodal Nagar]]''
* 2007 ''[[July 4 (film)|July 4]]'' (Malayalam)
* 2007 ''[[Alibhai]]'' (Malayalam)
* 2007 ''[[Nasrani (film)|Nasrani]]'' (Malayalam)
* 2007 ''[[Mudhal Kanave]]''
* 2007 ''[[Maa Madurai]]''
* 2007 ''[[Kireedam (2007 film)|Kireedam]]''
* 2007 ''[[Thirutham]]''
* 2007 ''[[Nam Naadu (2007 film)|Nam Naadu]]''
* 2007 ''[[Nenjai Thodu]]''
* 2007 ''[[Kannamoochi Yenada]]''
* 2008 ''[[Indiralohathil Na Azhagappan]]''
* 2008 ''[[Sila Nerangalil]]''
* 2008 ''[[Vaitheeswaran]]''
* 2008 ''[[Kannum Kannum]]''
* 2008 ''[[Vedha (2008 film)|Vedha]]''
* 2008 ''[[Of The People]]'' (Malayalam)
* 2008 ''[[Chakkara Viyugam]]''
* 2008 ''[[Uliyin Osai]]''
* 2008 ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]''
* 2009 ''[[Naan Kadavul]]''
* 2009 ''[[Perumal (film)|Perumal]]''
* 2009 ''[[Vedigundu Murugesan]]''
* 2009 ''[[Ninaithale Inikkum (2009 film)|Ninaithale Inikkum]]''
* 2009 ''[[Solla Solla Inikkum]]''
* 2009 ''[[Munnar (film)|Munnar]]''
* 2009 ''[[Jaganmohini (2009 film)|Jaganmohini]]''
* 2009 ''[[Adhe Neram Adhe Idam]]''
* 2010 ''[[Porkkalam]]''
* 2010 ''[[Thunichal]]''
* 2010 ''Bombat Car'' (Kannada)
* 2010 ''[[Kutti Pisasu]]''
* 2010 ''[[Ambasamudram Ambani]]''
* 2010 ''[[Magizhchi]]''
* 2010 ''[[Mandhira Punnagai (2010 film)|Mandhira Punnagai]]''
* 2010 ''[[Ayyanar (film)|Ayyanar]]''
* 2010 ''[[Thenmerku Paruvakaatru]]''
* 2011 ''[[Ayyan (film)|Ayyan]]''
* 2011 ''[[Avan Ivan]]''
* 2011 ''[[Kanchana (2011 film)|Muni 2: Kanchana]]''
* 2011 ''[[Yuvan Yuvathi]]''
* 2011 ''[[Aayiram Vilakku]]''
* 2012 ''[[Kantha (film)|Kantha]]''
* 2012 ''[[Mattuthavani (film)|Mattuthavani]]''
* 2012 ''[[Marupadiyum Oru Kadhal]]''
* 2012 ''[[Mirattal]]''
* 2012 ''[[Kalpana (2012 film)|Kalpana]]'' (Kannada)
* 2012 ''[[Neerparavai]]''
* 2012 ''[[Challenge (2012 film)|Challenge]]'' (2012)
* 2013 ''[[Sundaattam]]''
* 2013 ''[[Annakodi]]''
* 2013 ''[[Thulli Vilaiyadu]]''
* 2013 ''[[Attahasa]]'' (Kannada)
* 2013 ''[[Summa Nachunu Irukku]]''
* 2013 ''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]''
* 2013 ''[[Arya Surya]]''
* 2013 ''[[6 (film)|6 Mezhuguvathigal]]''
* 2014 ''[[Nedunchaalai]]''
* 2014 ''[[Thalaivan]]''
* 2014 ''[[Naan Thaan Bala]]''
* 2015 ''[[Killadi]]''
* 2015 ''[[Yagavarayinum Naa Kaakka]]''
* 2015 ''[[JK Enum Nanbanin Vaazhkai]]''
* 2015 ''[[En Vazhi Thani Vazhi (2015 film)|En Vazhi Thani Vazhi]]''
* 2015 ''[[Kanchana 2|Muni 3: Kanchana 2]]''
* 2015 ''[[Kangaroo (2015 film)|Kangaroo]]''
* 2015 ''[[Eli (2015 film)|Eli]]''
* 2016 ''[[Anjala (film)|Anjala]]''
* 2016 ''[[Malupu]]'' (Telugu)
* 2016 ''[[Adida Melam]]''
* 2016 ''[[Jithan 2]]''
* 2016 ''[[Naanu Mattu Varalakshmi]]'' (Kannada)
* 2016 ''[[Thirunaal]]''
* 2016 ''[[Virumandikkum Sivanandikkum]]''
* 2017 ''[[Neruppu Da]]''
* 2017 ''[[Kodi Veeran]]''
* 2019 ''[[Ganesha Meendum Santhipom]]''
* 2019 ''[[Kanchana 3|Muni 4: Kanchana 3]]''
* 2019 ''[[Vennila Kabaddi Kuzhu 2]]''
* 2019 ''[[Chambal (film)|Chambal]]'' (Kannada)
* 2020 ''[[Adavi (film)|Adavi]]''
* 2020 ''[[Sandimuni]]''
* 2021 ''[[Chasing (2021 film)|Chasing]]''
* 2021 ''[[Udanpirappe]]''
* 2022 ''[[Therkathi Veeran]]''
* 2023 ''[[Kannitheevu]]''
* 2024 ''[[Mudakkaruthaan]]''
* 2024 ''[[Pambattam]]''
* 2024 ''Muniyandiyin Muni Paichal''
* 2025 ''[[Madha Gaja Raja]]''
{{div col end}}

== Actor ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! class="unsortable" | Role
! class="unsortable" | Note
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1983
| ''[[Thangaikkor Geetham]]''
| Rogue
| rowspan="4" | special appearance
|-
| ''Seerum Singangal''
| rowspan="2" | Henchman
|-
| 1984
| ''Madurai Sooran''
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1985
| ''[[Kanni Rasi]]''
| Carrom Opponent
|-
| ''[[Aan Paavam]]''
| Super Subbarayan
| special appearance as a Thief
|-
| ''[[Neethiyin Marupakkam]]''
| Super
| special appearance as a Henchaman
|-
| 1986
| ''Oru Iniya Udhayam''
| Subbu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1987
| ''Kalyana Kacheri''
| Farm Owner
| rowspan="2" | special appearance
|-
| ''[[Anjatha Singam]]''
| Rogue
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Pudhea Paadhai]]''
| Subbarayan
| special appearance as a Henchman
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1990
| ''[[Thalattu Padava]]''
| Rogue
| rowspan="2" | special appearance
|-
| ''[[Seetha (1990 film)|Seetha]]''
| Henchman
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1992
| ''[[Innisai Mazhai]]''
| Super
|
|-
| ''[[Chinna Pasanga Naanga]]''
| Bus Driver
| rowspan="2" | special appearance
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Pachchak Kuthira]]''
| himself
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Komban]]''
| Gundan Ramasamy
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kollytalk.com/featured/super-subbarayan-plays-karthis-villain-komban-158321.html |title=Super Subbarayan plays Karthi’s villain in Komban |publisher=Kollytalk |date=19 June 2014 |accessdate=6 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017
| ''[[Kadamban]]''
| Moopa
|
|-
| ''[[Ivan Thanthiran]]''
| Minister Devaraj
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Sandimuni]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2021
| ''Chidambaram Railway Gate''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Engada Iruthinga Ivvalavu Naala]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Chasing (2021 film)|Chasing]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kodiyil Oruvan]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[IPC 376]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2025
| ''[[Madraskaaran]]''
| Muthupandi
|
|-
| ''[[Revolver Rita]]''
| Dracula Pandiyan
|
|-
|}

== Extra fighter ==
* 1980 ''[[Kaali (1980 Tamil film)|Kaali]]''
* 1981 ''[[Adima Changala]]'' (Malayalam)
* 1982 ''[[Sakalakala Vallavan (1982 film)|Sakalakala Vallavan]]''
* 1982 ''[[Pakkathu Veetu Roja]]''
* 1982 ''[[Pokkiri Raja (1982 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]''
* 1982 ''[[Kanne Radha]]''
* 1983 ''[[Uruvangal Maralam]]''
* 1983 ''[[Thoongadhey Thambi Thoongadhey]]''
* 1983 ''[[Soorakottai Singakutti]]''
* 1983 ''[[Malaiyoor Mambattiyan]]''
* 1983 ''[[Mundhanai Mudichu]]''
* 1983 ''Oru Kai Parpom''

== Awards ==
;Won
* 1991 [[Cinema Express Awards|Cinema Express Award for Best Stunt Director]] – Many movies
* 1997 [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Stunt Coordinator]] – ''[[Arunachalam (film)|Arunachalam]]''
* 2001 [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Stunt Coordinator]] – ''[[Thavasi]]'' and ''[[Mitta Miraasu]]''
* 2006 [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Stunt Coordinator]] – ''[[Veyil (2006 film)|Veyil]]''
* 2009 [[Ananda Vikatan Awards]] for Best Stunt Director – ''[[Naan Kadavul]]''
* 2014 [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Stunt Coordinator]] – ''[[6 (film)|6 Mezhuguvathigal]]'' and ''[[Nedunchaalai]]''
;Nominated
* 2009 [[Vijay Award for Best Stunt Director]] – ''[[Naan Kadavul]]''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=1958024|name=Super Subbarayan}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subbarayan, Super}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Indian action choreographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kuldeep Vats

2026-02-18T10:30:01Z

Igornqa:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| native name =
| image =
| caption = Kuldeep Vats
Assembly constituency|
| office1 = Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Badli, Haryana Assembly constituency|Badli]]
| predecessor1 = [[O. P. Dhankar]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| term_start1 = October 2024
| office2 = Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Badli, Haryana Assembly constituency|Badli]]
| predecessor2 = [[O. P. Dhankar]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| term_start2 = October 2019
| term_end2 = September 2024
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|5|5|df=y}}
| parents =
| birth_place = [[Jhajjar district|Surehti]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| residence = [[Pataudi]]
| nationality = Indian
| spouse = Babita Vats
| children = 3
| image name =
| website = https://kuldeepvats.in/
}}

'''Kuldeep Vats''' (born 5 May 1975) is an Indian politician from [[Haryana]]. He won from [[Bagli Assembly constituency|Badli Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-24 |title=Haryana Assembly Election 2019: JJP Party Result - Times Now |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/haryana/jjp |access-date=2024-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024024507/https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/haryana/jjp |archive-date=24 October 2019 }}</ref> The Congress party nominated him to contest again from Badli in the [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-09 |title=Amid collapse of Haryana alliance bid with Cong, a look at 20 seats on AAP's first list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/amid-collapse-of-haryana-alliance-bid-with-cong-a-look-at-20-seats-on-aaps-first-list-9558669/ |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He won from the constituency again.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-08 |title=Badli Assembly Election Result 2024: Congress's Kuldeep Vats wins with 68160 votes against BJP's Omprakash Dhankar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/badli-assembly-election-result-2024-counting-of-votes-today/articleshow/114012595.cms |access-date=2025-07-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Vats is from Badli, Jhajjar district, Haryana. He is the son of late Sat Narayan. He completed his Class 10 exam conducted by Board of School Education, Haryana in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuldeep Vats(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- BADLI(JHAJJAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=http://www.myneta.info/haryana2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=7921 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vats, Kuldeep}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:People from Jhajjar district]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
Kuldeep Vats is an Indian politician from Haryana and a member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He represents the [[Bagli Assembly constituency|Badli Assembly constituency]] in the Haryana Legislative Assembly.

In the 2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election, he won the Badli seat with 45,441 votes, defeating Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) candidate [[Om Prakash Dhankhar]] by a margin of 11,245 votes.
<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |title=Badli Assembly Election Results 2020 Live Updates, Badli Assembly Election Latest News & Updates |url=https://news.abplive.com/haryana-election/badli-assembly-election-result-2019-65.html |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-24 |title=Badli Election Results 2019 Live Updates (बादली): Kuldeep Vats of Congress Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/badli-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2359285.html |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

In the 2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election, he was re-elected from Badli, securing 68,160 votes and again defeating BJP candidate [[Om Prakash Dhankhar]] by a margin of 16,820 votes.
<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kuldeep Vats Performance in Badli Assembly Elections 2024: Vote Margins & Live Trends – India TV News|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/badli-constituency/candidate-list/kuldeep-vats |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web | date=2026-02-18 |title=Badli Assembly Election 2024: Badli Election Candidates List, Election Date, Chunav Results, Vote Share News in Hindi |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/assembly-chunav/haryana/badli-assembly-result-7065 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=www.aajtak.in |language=en}}</ref>

He has served as MLA for the Badli constituency since October 2019, winning consecutive terms in 2019 and 2024

== References ==
<references />

Edwin Colaço

2026-02-17T13:05:05Z

Igornqa:

{{Short description|Indian Roman Catholic prelate (1937–2025)}}
{{Expand German|topic=bio|Edwin Colaço}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = [[Bishop]]
| honorific-prefix = His Excellency
| name = Edwin Colaço
| honorific-suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| title = [[Diocese of Aurangabad|Bishop Emeritus of Aurangabad]]
| image = Bp_Edwin.png
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| church =
| archdiocese = [[Archdiocese of Nagpur|Nagpur]]
| province =
| metropolis =
| diocese = [[Diocese of Aurangabad|Aurangabad]]
| see =
| elected =
| appointed = 20 October 2006
| term =
| term_start =
| quashed =
| term_end = 13 May 2015
| predecessor = [[Sylvester Monteiro]]
| opposed =
| successor = [[Ambrose Rebello]]
| other_post =
| previous_post = Bishop of [[Diocese of Amravati|Amravati]] (1995–2006)
| ordination = 2 December 1964
| ordained_by =
| consecration = 30 July 1995
| consecrated_by = [[Simon Pimenta]], [[Leobard D’Souza]] and [[Joseph Albert Rosario]]
| cardinal =
| created_cardinal_by =
| rank = 
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1937|10|02}}
| birth_place = [[Uttan]], Bombay Province, British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2025|09|22|1937|10|02}}
| death_place =
| buried =
| nationality =
| religion =
| residence =
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation =
| profession =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| motto = ''In the service of the Gospel''<ref>[https://www.ebay.com/itm/235398500901 EDWIN COLACO Bishop of Aurangabad, India signed convolute letter autograph]</ref>
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_alt = 
| other =
}}

'''Edwin Colaço''' (2 October 1937 – 22 September 2025) was an Indian Roman Catholic prelate. He was bishop of [[Diocese of Amravati|Amravati]] from 1995 to 2006 and [[Diocese of Aurangabad|Aurangabad]] from 2006 to 2015. Colaço died on 22 September 2025, at the age of 87.<ref>[https://catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bcolaco.html Bishop Edwin Colaço †]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Sylvester Monteiro]]}}
{{s-ttl | title=Bishop of Aurangabad|years=2006–2015}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Ambrose Rebello]]}}
{{s-bef | before=Joseph Albert Rosario}}
{{s-ttl | title=Bishop of Amravati|years=1995–2006}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Lourdunada Daniel]]}}
{{end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Colaco, Edwin}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in India]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in India]]
[[Category:Bishops appointed by Pope John Paul II]]
[[Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Benedict XVI]]

{{India-RC-bishop-stub}}

Mir Afsar Ali

2026-02-14T09:00:10Z

Igornqa:

{{Short description|Indian radio & television show host, and actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mir Afsar Ali
| image = Meer Afsar Ali (cropped).JPG
| alt =
| caption = Mir at the [[Kolkata Book Fair]] 2014
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|2|13}}
| birth_place = [[Azimganj]], [[Murshidabad]], West Bengal, India.
| other_names = Mir (মীর)
| alma_mater = [[Umes Chandra College]]
| occupation = [[Radio jockey]], actor, comedian, singer, news anchor
| known_for = Goppo Mir-er
Thek, [[Mirakkel]], Sunday Suspense, Hi Kolkata (previously ''Hello Kolkata'')
| awards = Kalakar Awards
}}

'''Mir Afsar Ali''' (born 13 February 1975)<ref>{{Cite web |title=mir-afsar-ali |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/mir-afsar-ali/1057319 |access-date=5 Oct 2024 |website=Bookmyshow}}</ref> is an Indian [[radio jockey]], television anchor, singer, comedian, actor and media personality. He was the host of [[Mirakkel]], a Comedy show on [[Zee Bangla]] and Hi Kolkata on [[Radio Mirchi]]. He read on the show ''[[Sunday Suspense]]'' on [[Radio Mirchi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Pritha |title=কী ভাবে জন্ম হয়েছিল Sunday Suspense-এর? মির্চির জন্মদিনে গল্প শোনালেন দীপ |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/mirchi-deep-reveals-why-and-when-sunday-suspense-started/articleshow/91286069.cms |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=3 May 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> He is also the producer and presenter of the Bengali food vlogging channel "Foodka" since 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karia |first1=Vedant |title=Two food vlogs we can't get enough of — Foodka and Henglabazz! |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/two-food-vlogs-we-cant-get-enough-of-foodka-and-henglabazz/cid/1838064 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |publisher=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=9 November 2021}}</ref>

Now he is running "Goppo Mir er Thek", an audio-story show, on his YouTube channel "Mir Afsar Ali". As of February 2026, his channel has more than 1.5M subscribers and over 20 Crore views.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mir Afsar Ali – YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/@realmir?si=ZYq9OaHrsLLaVOUR |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> His most popular series include the [[Taranath Tantrik]] series by [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]] and his successors, and the [[Sherlock Holmes]] series by [[Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]].

==Television==
* ''[[Mirakkel]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=হাসির ফোয়ারা নিয়ে ফিরছে 'মীরাক্কেল', শ্রীলেখার বদলে এবার বিচারক পাওলি! |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/television/paoli-dam-will-be-new-judge-of-reality-show-mirakkel-10/ |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=2 October 2020}}</ref>
* ''[[Jabab Kinte Chai]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=JABAB KINTE CHAI |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/jabab-kinte-chai/cid/419136 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |publisher=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=28 May 2012}}</ref>
* ''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]'' appeared for promotion of the film ''[[Colkatay Columbus]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=কপিল ও কলম্বাস |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/mir-afsar-ali-attended-the-kapil-sharma-show-1.511542 |work=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=19 November 2016 |language=bn}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Film/ Web Series
!Role
! Director
!Source
|-
|2006
|''[[The Bong Connection]]''
|Shibaji
|[[Anjan Dutt]]a
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Notobor Notout]]''
|Wall Painter
|[[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]]
|
|-
|2011
|''Chaplin''
|Zafar
|Anindya Bandopadhyay
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Bhooter Bhabishyat]]''
|Ganesh Bhutoria
|[[Anik Dutta]]
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Ashchorjyo Prodeep]]''
|
|[[Anik Dutta]]
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Obhishopto Nighty]]''
|RSJ
|[[Birsa Dasgupta]]
|
|-
|2015
|''Sesh Anka''
|
|Tathagata Banerjee
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
|''[[Byomkesh Pawrbo]]''
|Gambler
|[[Arindam Sil]]
|<ref>{{cite news |date=20 November 2016 |title=ভূতুড়ে অশ্বারোহীর খপ্পরে এবার ব্যোমকেশ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/trailer-of-byomkesh-pawrbo-a-confrontation-with-ghost-rider/ |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Colkatay Columbus]]''
|[[Christopher Columbus]]
|Saurav Palodhi
|
|-
|''Aranyadeb''
|Dev
|Debasish Sen Sharma
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|''Satyadar Coaching''
|
|Dr. Krishnendu Chatterjee
|
|-
|''[[Dhananjay (film)|Dhananjay]]''
|
|[[Arindam Sil]]
|
|-
|''[[Dekh Kemon Lage]]''
|
|[[Sudeshna Roy]] & [[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2018
|''Ka Kha Ga Gha''
|
|Krishnendu Chatterjee
|
|-
|''Michael''
|Michael
|Satrajit Sen
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Roushni |date=12 February 2018 |title=Michael review: A comedy on dreams, cinema and human relationships |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/michael-36308 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925191920/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/michael-36308 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |work=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Aschhe Abar Shabor]]''
|Sujit
|[[Arindam Sil]]
|
|-
|''Happy Pill''
|
|Mainak Bhaumik
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Rawkto Rawhoshyo]]''
|Radio Boss
|Soukarya Ghosal
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rawkto Rawhoshyo Movie Review : Rawkto Rawhoshyo is a thoroughly enjoyable thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/rawkto-rawhoshyo/movie-review/78805923.cms |access-date=2024-10-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|''[[Bijoyar Pore (film)|Biljoyar Pore]]''
|
|Abhijit SriDas
|<ref>{{cite news |date=25 November 2021 |title=Mir Afsar Ali {{!}} Mir-Swastika: বছর চারেক পরে মীর-স্বস্তিকার দেখা 'বিজয়ার পরে' |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/mir-afsar-ali-and-swastika-mukherjee-paired-in-upcoming-film-bijoyar-pore-autumn-files-dgtl/cid/1315585 |work=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kaantaye Kaantaye]]''
|Inspector Nripen Ghoshal
|[[Joydip Mukherjee]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Kaantaye Kaantaye Teaser: Saswata Chatterjee and Ananya Chatterjee starrer Kaantaye Kaantaye Official Teaser |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/bengali/kaantaye-kaantaye-teaser-saswata-chatterjee-and-ananya-chatterjee-starrer-kaantaye-kaantaye-official-teaser/videoshow/112007770.cms |access-date=28 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#ffc;" |''[[Binodiini: Ekti Natir Upakhyan]]''
|Gurumukh Rai
|[[Ram Kamal Mukherjee]]
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Samadder |first1=Tulika |title=Binodini biopic cast reveals: কে বর আর কে প্রেমিক? বিনোদিনীর বায়োপিকে রুক্মিণীর সঙ্গে কৌশিক-মীর-ওম-রাহুল |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/binodini-biopic-cast-reveals-after-rukmini-maitra-kaushik-ganguly-mir-afsar-ali-rahul-bose-om-sahani-in-boat-directed-by-ram-kamal-mukherjee-31675481204246.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204081627/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/binodini-biopic-cast-reveals-after-rukmini-maitra-kaushik-ganguly-mir-afsar-ali-rahul-bose-om-sahani-in-boat-directed-by-ram-kamal-mukherjee-31675481204246.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2023 |access-date=18 January 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=4 February 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>
|}

==Dubbed voice==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= May 2022}}
Ali gives voices in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]] languages.
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! For
! Role
! Language
! Film
|-
| 2012
| [[Aditya Pancholi]]
| Anjali's Brother
| Bengali
| ''[[Idiot (2012 film)|Idiot]]''
|-
| 2013
| [[Tanikella Bharani]]
| Krishna
| Bengali
| ''[[Rangbaaz (2013 film)|Rangbaaz]]''
|-
| 2016
| [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]]
| Veera Kuttiyum Machineni
| [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|''[[James & Alice]]''
|-

| 2016
|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
| Hari's father
| Bengali
| ''[[Haripada Bandwala]]''
|-
| 2017
| [[Eduardo Munniz]]
| Ankoma
| Bengali
| ''[[Amazon Obhijaan]]''
|-
|
| [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]]
| Surya
| Bengali
| ''[[Noor Jahaan]]''
|-
| 2018
| [[Raghu Babu]]
| Surendra
| Bengali
| ''[[Raja Rani Raji]]''
|-
| 2018
| [[Sayaji Shinde]]
| CM Ranjan
| Bengali
| ''[[Kabir (film)|Kabir]]''
|-
| 2018
| [[Murali Sharma]]
| Sanjay Banerjee
| Bengali
| ''[[Haami]]''
|-
| 2018
| [[Rao Ramesh]]
| Raja
| Bengali
|''[[Chalbaaz]]''
|-
| 2018
| [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]
| Chanchal
| Tamil
| ''[[Vada Chennai]]''
|-
| 2018
| [[Rajatabha Dutta]]
| RDX
| Malayalam
| ''[[Ranam (2018 film)|Ranam]]''
|-
| 2018
| [[Sayaji Shinde]]
| Surya
| Bengali
| ''[[Girlfriend (2018 film)|Girlfriend]]''
|}

== Awards ==
* Kalakar Awards<ref name="Kalakar award winners">{{cite web |title=Kalakar award winners |url=http://kalakarawards.co/images/listofawardees.pdf |publisher=Kalakar website |accessdate=16 October 2012 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425155216/http://kalakarawards.co/images/listofawardees.pdf |archivedate=25 April 2012 }}</ref>

* e4m Golden Mikes Radio and Audio Awards 2025(Best Podcast/Audio Series -Storytelling)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners 2025 |url=https://e4mevents.com/golden-mikes-2025/winners-2025 |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=e4mevents.com}}</ref>
* TV9 Bangla Ghorer Bioscope Awards '24 Best YouTuber.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bangla |first=TV9 |date=14 February 2026 |title=Best YouTuber Award |url=https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1252061762607136&vanity=TV9BanglaLive |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1252061762607136&vanity=TV9BanglaLive |archive-date=15 December 2024 |access-date=15 February 2026 |website=Facebook}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4433883}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Mir Afsar}}
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Kalakar Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:People from Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Bengali male actors]]
[[Category:1975 births]]

Gurjars in Himachal Pradesh

2026-02-09T20:59:05Z

Igornqa: Started details!

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}

{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = 
| native_name = Himachali Gujjars
| image = Gujjar Tribe.jpg
| image_caption = Gurjar man from [[Chamba district]]
| regions = {{flagicon|India}} [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| population = 92,547 ([[2011 census of India|2011 census]])<ref name=":2" />
|region1 =
| pop1 =
|region2 =
| pop2 =
|region3 =
| pop3 =
| ref3 =
| languages = [[Gujari]], [[Pahari language|Pahadi]], [[Kangri language|Kangri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]]
| religions = •majority: [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]][[Sunni Islam|Islam]]<ref name=":5" />
•minority: [[File:Om symbol.svg|18px]][[Hinduism]]<ref name=":5" />
| related_groups = [[Pangwala]], [[Bharai]], [[Bodh people]], [[Bangali (caste)]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Gurjars in Himachal Pradesh''' or '''Himachali Gujjars'''{{efn|[[Mahasu Pahari|Pahari]]: {{Lang|bfz|G𑚄𑚤𑚶𑚑𑚤𑚶𑚨𑚶 𑚂𑚝𑚶 H𑚂𑚢𑚏𑚥𑚶 P𑚤𑚛𑚳𑚧𑚶}}; {{langx|hi|{{nq|हिमाचल प्रदेश में गुर्जर / हिमाचली गुज्जर}}}}; {{langx|ur|{{nq|ہماچل پردیش میں گجر/ ہما چلی گجر}}}}}}, are a community native to the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. They are descended from [[Gurjar|Gurjars]] who moved into this region during [[Medieval India|medieval]] times. They are scattered across almost all districts of Himachal Pradesh;<ref name=":Alpa">{{Cite book |last1=Shah |first1=Alpa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kj1nEQAAQBAJ |title=Ground Down by Growth: Tribe, Caste, Class and Inequality in 21st Century India |last2=Lerche |first2=Jens |last3=Axelby |first3=Richard |last4=Benbabaali |first4=Dalel |last5=Donegan |first5=Brendan |last6=Thakur |first6=Vikramaditya |last7=Raj |first7=Jayaseelan |date=2017-11-20 |publisher=Pluto Books |isbn=978-1-78680-205-7 |language=en}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=8-175}} They are densely populated in [[Solan district|Solan]], [[Mandi district|Mandi]], [[Sirmaur district|Sirmaur]], [[Chamba district|Chamba]], and [[Kangra district|Kangra]] districts, while [[Lahaul and Spiti district]] has the smallest Gujjar population.<ref name=":Kehar">{{Cite journal |last1=MR. Kehar |first1=Singh |last2=Dr. Mubashir Ahmad |first2=Rather |date=July 2025 |title=Understanding the Socio-Economic Challenges of the Gujjar Tribe in Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.ijssr.com/wp-content/uploads/journal/published_paper/volume-2/issue-4/IJSSR30508.pdf |journal=International Journal of Social Science Research |publisher=[[IEC University|Research Scholar, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IEC University]], Himachal Pradesh |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=498–499 |issn=3048-9490 |via=ijssr.com}}</ref> Approximately 86% of the total Gurjar population in Himachal Pradesh are [[Muslim]] and remaining 14% are [[Hindu]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Baldi |first=Dr. Shrikant |title=SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY OF GUJJARS IN HIMACHAL PRADESH. |publisher=Planning department [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]], Shimla |year=2019 |pages=3 |quote=Out of the total Gujjar population in the State 14.0 percent of them are Hindus and 86.0 percent are Muslims. It is found that 100 percent Gujjars of Chamba, Sirmaur & Kangra are Muslims whereas, Gujjars residing in Solan District have only 1.4 percent Muslims and 98.6 percent Hindus.}}</ref>

In Himachal Pradesh, Hindu Gujjars have traditionally been settled with some nomads, while Muslim Gujjars are primarily [[nomads]] with some settled communities. Amongst the nomadic Muslim communities, there are three distinct groups of [[Muslim Gujjars]] known as [[Van Gujjar people|Van Gujjar]]s, Dodhi Gujjars, and [[Bakarwal]]s.<ref name=":4" />

According to [[2011 Indian census|2011 census]] data, Gujjars make up a large percentage of the tribal population in HP, representing 23.06% of all [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] in HP and representing 1.39% of the total population of Himachal Pradesh.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Jyoti |first=Dr. Vidhav |date=October 2021 |title=Pastoral Life of Muslim Gujjars: A Study of Life of Gujjars in Mandi District |url=https://www.ijaresm.com/pastoral-life-of-muslim-gujjars-a-study-of-life-of-gujjars-in-mandi-district-himachal-pradesh-india |journal=Pastoral Life of Muslim Gujjars: A Study of Life of Gujjars in Mandi District, Himachal Pradesh, India |publisher=Department of Sociology, G.D.C Darlaghat, District Solan, [[Himachal Pradesh]], India |volume=9 |issue=10 |pages= |issn=2455-6211 |via=Ijaresm.com}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=1775}}

==Etymology and origin==
===Etymology===
The term Gujjar is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word [[Gurjar|Gurjara]]. Its literal meaning is "Destroyer of enemy".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Amir |first=Hasan |title=A Tribe in Turmoil (A Socio-Economic Study of Jammu Gujars of Uttar Pradesh) |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |year=2024 |isbn=9788119808571 |location=India |pages=2 |language=en}}</ref>

===Origin===
The Muslim Gurjars of Himachal Pradesh claim to be descendants of the prophet [[Isaac|Ishaque (Isaac)]].<ref name=":Jag">{{Cite book |last=Balokhra |first=Jag Mohan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jiujygAACAAJ |title=The wonderland himachal pradesh: a survey of the geography, people, history, administrative history, art and architecture, culture, and economy of the state |date=1995 |publisher=H. G. Publ. |isbn=978-81-86351-05-5 |pages=2 |language=en}}</ref> A community legend recounts the [[prophet]] Ishaque's trial for his son's, [[Esau|Ash]], and [[Jacob in Islam|Yaqub]], where he declared that the son who presented him with goat [[Kebab|Kababs]] would succeed him as prophet as Ash forged for a goat in the forest, Yaqub secured the meat and, with his mother's help, skillfully prepared the Kababs.<ref name=":Jag" />

While the [[Hindu Gurjars]] of Himachal Pradesh claim their origin to [[Yashoda]], the foster-mother of Lord [[Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balokhra |first=Jag Mohan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jiujygAACAAJ |title=The wonderland himachal pradesh: a survey of the geography, people, history, administrative history, art and architecture, culture, and economy of the state |date=1995 |publisher=H. G. Publ. |isbn=978-81-86351-05-5 |pages=114 |language=en}}</ref>

==Background==
Historically, the [[Gurjar|Gurjara]]s are considered to be descendants of the Gujjars, who came to [[India]] around the same time as the [[Huna people|Hunas]]. They are often associated with the Huns in ancient text, and the first reference to the [[Gurjar|Gurjara]] seems to be after 600 AD.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Mian Goverdhan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIIbAAAAIAAJ |title=Himachal Pradesh, History, Culture, and Economy |date=1992 |publisher=Minerva Book House |isbn=978-81-85573-02-1 |pages=40 |language=en}}</ref>

Muslim Gujjars initially migrated to the former princely states of [[Chamba State|Chamba]] and [[Sirmur State|Sirmur]] due to limited grazing land in [[Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]], later spreading to other areas of the Himachal Pradesh.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Rana |first1=Dipika |last2=Bhatt |first2=Anupam |last3=Lal |first3=Brij |date=2019-02-11 |title=Ethnobotanical knowledge among the semi-pastoral Gujjar tribe in the high altitude (Adhwari's) of Churah subdivision, district Chamba, Western Himalaya |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=10 |doi=10.1186/s13002-019-0286-3 |doi-access=free |issn=1746-4269 |pmc=6371563 |pmid=30744678}}</ref>

Gujjars migrated to Himachal Pradesh a few decades before 1881. Census data states that by 1881, there was an estimated 906 Gurjar people living in that area. The [[1904 Chamba Gazetteer]] supports this, stating Gurjars settled there about 40 to 50 years earlier and primarily perused their flocks through the [[Ravi River|Ravi Valley]], [[Chamba district]] and the surrounding hills.<ref name=":Thakur">{{Cite book |last=Thakur |first=Laxman Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiduAAAAMAAJ |title=Where Mortals and Mountain Gods Meet: Society and Culture in Himachal Pradesh |date=2002 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |isbn=978-81-7986-000-7 |pages=|language=en}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=145}}

The Gazetteer of Kangra state in 1883-84 indicates the presence of Gujjars within the district. Some Gujjar households emigrated from [[Jammu division|Jammu]] to the Chamba area and also migrated into the highlands of Rihlu, where they remained all summer grazing their livestock. After September they would depart for [[Nurpur, Himachal Pradesh|Nurpur]], where they would remain until the hard winter and return to their customary routes south and west to Kullu or Mandi. Acting in a transitory fashion, many Gujjars would never settle down permanently anywhere else in the Kangra district, but rather use Kangra as a place for rest and sustenance while traveling to [[Kullu district|Kullu]] and [[Mandi district|Mandi]].<ref name=":Thakur" />{{Reference page|page=145}}

During the 19th century, Gujjars migrated to Himachal Pradesh, specifically the [[Dhauladhar]] range, and began living in forested areas called "dhars". Each spring, these Gujjars would migrate up to their dhar areas (in April) for grazing (summer grazing months) on the millions of acres of high mountain meadows and forests located there and, in the fall (by October), would migrate back down to the plains in Chamba. Gujjars also had many different migration routes; many Gujjars migrated to Kangra from [[Jammu division|Jammu]] while many others migrated to Chamba via Chamba.<ref name=":8" />{{Reference page|page=87 - 88}}

In [[Una, Himachal Pradesh|Una]], Gujjars arrived from other parts of [[Punjab]] around the middle to late 19th century and were mostly new settlers to the area from other portions of Punjab. Gujjars migrated to Bilaspur from [[Delhi]] or [[Rajasthan]] and most of the Gujjars who later settled in [[Solan district]] arrived from the Sirmur. Due to the marriage alliance between the Kingdom of Poonch and Sirmaur State, 19 Gujjar families initially migrated into Sirmaur; however, more Gujjar groups continued to migrate into the area via various routes and on their own.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapur |first=Suresh |url= |title=Scheduled Tribes of Himachal Pradesh: Marriage and Divorce Customs |date=1993 |publisher=Navrang |isbn=9788170130925 |pages=137 |language=en |issn=}}</ref> According to local lore, it is believed that the migration of Gujjar families to Himachal Pradesh began with the Maharaja of Sirmaur discovering the buffalo milk of the Gujjars of the [[Ruhullah Khan of Poonch|Poonch Kingdom]] in Kashmir during one of his trips. The Maharaja liked it so much that he brought back a few families of Gujjars to [[Sirmur state|Sirmur]], and over the next few years, these Gujjar families migrated to many other parts of Himachal Pradesh, most likely beginning in the first two decades of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neeraj |first=Rajnikant |title=Nomads of the Himalayas: (An Epic Journey to the World of Pastoral Gujjars in Rajaji's Kingdom) |date=1 January 2021 |publisher=Star Publication Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=9788176504287 |location=India |pages=10 |language=en}}</ref>

The 1906 Settlement Report for [[G.S. Hart]] said that some families of Gujjars moved from Jammu to [[Doon Valley|Kiarda dun]] during the rule of [[Maharaja]] Shamsher Prakash (1870s) while under the [[Sirmur State]]. They then spread into adjoining forests in the [[Hill States of India|Shimla Hill States]], including [[Bushahr]], [[Khaneti]], and [[Keonthal]].<ref name=":Thakur" />{{Reference page|page=146}}

With restrictions through quotas by the [[Himachal Pradesh Forest Department]] on available buffalo grazing, approximately 20% of the Gujjar families left the Saal valley forever from 1990 to 2001 to go to [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] in search of better grazing opportunities. This ultimately resulted in a loss of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST status]] and associated benefits, although the benefits were generally not taken advantage of.<ref name=":Alpa" />{{Reference page|page=169}}

==Demographics==
The Gujjar community primarily reside in various valleys of Himachal Pradesh, including [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]], [[Kangra Valley|Kangra]], [[Kullu]], [[Parvati Valley|Parvati]], [[Solang Valley|Solang]], and [[Kinaur valley|Kinaur]]. They are dispersed across different districts in [[Himachal Pradesh]].
[[File:Distribution of Muslim & Hindu Gurjars In Himachal Pradesh.png|thumb]]

In [[Chamba district|Chamba]] and [[Kangra district|Kangra]] districts, the Gujjar community is referred to as '[[Van Gujjar people|Van Gujjars]]', predominantly consisting of Muslims, making up 97.12% of the Gujjar population of 9,784. In contrast, Gujjars in Una and [[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]] are known as '[[Heer Gujjars]]', primarily comprising Hindus who have settled in the area.<ref name=":4" />

Muslim Gujjars are predominantly found in the [[Chamba district|Chamba]], [[Mandi district|Mandi]], [[Solan]], [[Una, Himachal Pradesh|Una]], and [[Sirmaur district|Sirmaur]] districts. Some of them particularly from the nomad class, also inhabit forest and mountainous areas.<ref name=":2" /> [[File:Population distribution of Muslim Gurjars in Himachal Pradesh.png|thumb]]

The Hindu Gujjars are mostly settled in Una, Mandi, Bilaspur, Kangra, Chamba, Solan, Sirmaur districts of the state.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Suresh |last2=Rabindranath |first2=M. |date=2017-10-02 |title=Beyond nomadism: media, modernity and the Gujjar tribe in Himachal Pradesh-India |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01296612.2017.1377993 |journal=Media Asia |language=EN |volume=44 |issue=3–4 |pages=175–177 |doi=10.1080/01296612.2017.1377993 |issn=0129-6612 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
==Clan system==
In Himachal Pradesh, Gujjars are organized into various clans that are shared among both [[Hindu Gujjars]] and [[Muslim Gujjars]].<ref name=":Clans1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yfKBAAAAMAAJ |title=The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India |date=2001 |publisher=[[The Survey]] |volume=49 |pages=60 |language=en |quote=The Gujjars of Himachal Pradesh whether Hindu or Muslim , no- madic or settled , identify themselves simply as 'Gujjar' and they have many Gots (clans) such as Tas, Kataria, Kor, Kheppad, Toor, and so on.}}</ref>

Himachali Muslim Gujjars are divided further into two main sections: [[Bhatariye]] and [[Bhanariye]], which typically do not intermarry. These two sections are further subdivided into exogamous clans.<ref name=":Kumar2">{{Cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Dr. Ajay |last2=Seema |first2=Kumari |date=March 2025 |title=Religion, Beliefs and Customs of Gujar Tribe of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.ijfmr.com/papers/2025/2/38529.pdf |journal=International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research |publisher=Assistant Professor Public Administration, Govt. College Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh, India |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=146 |issn=2582-2160 |quote=The Muslims have two sections, i.e., Bhatariye and Bhanariye, who normally do not inter-marry. They are further segmented into exogamous gotras viz., Bhatti, Chandel, Chauhan, Banja, Lodha, Kasana, Bhensi, Chopra, Chechi, Khatana, Padha and many more, which no doubt, are their past Hindu clans. |via=IJFMR.Com}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Baldi |first=Dr. Shrikant |title=SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY OF GUJJARS IN HIMACHAL PRADESH. |publisher=Planning department [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]], Shimla |year=2019}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=35}} Some known clans among them are as follow:

*Bhatti<ref name=":Kumar2" />
*Kataria<ref name=":Clans1" />
*Tas<ref name=":Clans1" />
*Kor<ref name=":Clans1" />
*Khepar<ref name=":Clans1" />
*Toor<ref name=":Clans1" />
*Lodha<ref name=":Kumar2" />
*Kasana<ref name=":Kumar2" />
*Chandel<ref name=":Kumar2" />
*Chauhan<ref name=":Kumar2" />
*Chopra<ref name=":Kumar2" />
*Bhensi<ref name=":Kumar2" />
*Banja<ref name=":Kumar2" />
*Chechi<ref name=":Kumar2" />
*Khatana<ref name=":Kumar2" />
*Padhana<ref name=":Kumar2" />

==Culture==
Hindu and Muslim Gujjars in Himachal Pradesh share many common social and religious practices with the wider population.<ref name=":Watcher">{{Cite web |last=Watcher |first=Himachal |date=2021-06-04 |title=Western Himalayan Gujjar Tribe and their Transformation Overtime |url=https://himachalwatcher.com/2021/06/04/western-himalayan-gujjar-tribe/ |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=Himachal Watcher |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Languages===
In [[Himachal Pradesh]], they speak various regional languages, including Pahari, Kangri, [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]] and Gujari. The [[Kangri language]] is mostly spoken by Hindu Gujjars in [[Kangra Valley|Kangra]] region.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yfKBAAAAMAAJ |title=The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India |date=2001 |publisher=[[The University of Michigan]] |volume=49 |pages=44 |language=en}}</ref> [[Muslim Gujjars]] in the state mostly speak [[Gujari]] as their mother tongue.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Sarthak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSqAAAAAMAAJ |title=Health, Healers, and Healing: Studies in Medical Anthropology |date=1999 |publisher=N.L. Publishers |pages=6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dipankar |first1=Chatterjee |last2=Arnab |first2=Das |date=2013 |title=Space and Identity A Study on the Tradition and Change of the Gujars of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://antrocom.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/chatterjee-das-study-tradition-change-gujars-himachal-pradesh.pdf |journal=Antrocom Online Journal of Anthropology |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=133 |issn=1973-2880 |quote=In Himachal Pradesh the Hindu Gujars are settled in a village and practice agro-pastoralism, whereas Muslim Gujars are transhumant buffalo-herders. The present study is focused on the cognitive aspects of the Muslim Gujars only. The Muslim Gujars speak in Gujri languages with some local variation under different regional influences. |via=Antrocom}}</ref> In the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], there were ''14,127,'' Gujari speakers among the Muslim Gujjars in Himachal Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - C-16: Population by mother tongue, Himachal Pradesh - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10205 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=censusindia.gov.in |quote=Gojri/Gujjari/Gujar}}</ref>

===Attire===
Himachali Gujjars have distinctive traditional attire and grooming. Men typically sport [[Beard|beards]] and wear traditional clothing like loose-fitting trousers, long shirts, and [[Himachali cap]]s. Women wear fitted trousers, loose tops, and a long [[scarf]] to cover their heads, with some Muslim Gujar women observing [[purdah]]. Both Gujjar men and women adorn themselves with ornaments, with the women having a particular foddness for [[gold]] and [[silver]] jewelry.<ref name=":Manjit">{{Cite book |last=Ahluwalia |first=Manjit Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tG0fnF0VRk0C |title=Social, Cultural, and Economic History of Himachal Pradesh |date=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-089-7 |pages=82 |language=en}}</ref>

===Food===
In Himachal Pradesh, Gurjars typically eat simple, wholesome foods like [[maize]], [[dairy products]] such as [[butter]], [[yogurt]], [[milk]] and ghee. [[Meat]] is an occasional part of their diet, especially among [[Muslim Gujjars]].<ref name=":Manjit" />

===Wedding===
Gurjars wedding ceremonies are very simple. Muslim Gujjars welcome the birth of a [[child]] as a divine blessing and a joyous occasion. Muslim Gujars recognize various forms of marriage, including Batta-Satta, service based unions, bride price marriages, and Ghar-Jawain. Unlike some other [[Hindu culture|Hindu cultures]], they do not practice [[polyandry]].<ref name=":Manjit" />

===Family structure===
Gurjar families in Himachal Pradesh often live together in [[Joint family|joint families]]. In these families, the oldest man is in charge and is called "Sayana". They share food and resources, including animals. However, many Gurjar families are now choosing to live in smaller, nuclear families, showing that their society is slowly changing.<ref name=":Watcher" />

===Kucha===
The [[Kutcha house|Kucha houses]] are made up of [[mud]], [[grass]] and [[straw]]. In Himachal Pradesh tribal Gujjars mostly live in Kucha houses. Almost 48% Gujjar families live in Kucha house, 32% in partially built houses, and 20% in strong, finished houses. In [[Himachal Pradesh]] many Gujjars face housing challenges, likely due to financial struggles and limited access to government support.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dr. Mudasir Ahmad |first=Rather |date=July 2025 |title=Understanding the Socio-Economic Challenges of the Gujjar Tribe in Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.ijssr.com/wp-content/uploads/journal/published_paper/volume-2/issue-4/IJSSR30508.pdf |journal=International Journal of Social Science Research |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=500–5001 |issn=3048-9490}}</ref>

==Religion==
The majority of Gujjars (86%) in [[Himachal Pradesh]] are Muslim and they belonged to [[Sunni]] sect of Islam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur |first=Laxman Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiduAAAAMAAJ |title=Where Mortals and Mountain Gods Meet: Society and Culture in Himachal Pradesh |date=2002 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |isbn=978-81-7986-000-7 |pages=147 |language=en |quote=The Muslim Gujars in Himachal Pradesh, one and all, are of the Sunni creed.}}</ref> But there are also Hindu Gujjars (14%) as a minority among Gujjars in the state.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Dr. Ajay |last2=Seema |first2=Kumari |date=March 2025 |title=Religion, Beliefs and Customs of Gujar Tribe of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.ijfmr.com/papers/2025/2/38529.pdf |journal=International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research |publisher=Assistant Professor Public Administration, Govt. College Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh, India |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=142–143 |issn=2582-2160 |quote= |via=IJFMR.Com}}</ref>

The Gujjars of Himachal Pradesh are believed to have adopted [[Islam]] in the 17th century during the rule of Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name=":3" />{{Reference page|page=1776}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Mian Goverdhan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIIbAAAAIAAJ |title=Himachal Pradesh, History, Culture, and Economy |date=1992 |publisher=Minerva Book House |isbn=978-81-85573-02-1 |pages=41 |language=en}}</ref>

==Population==
As per 2011 states's census report Gujjars contribute as 5.7% in Himachal Pradesh's total population.

The Gujjar community in Himachal Pradesh has a widespread presence across the state. As per the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census]], the state's total population stands at 6,864,602, with [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] accounting for 392,126 individuals. Within this Tribal demographics, Gujjar's number is numbers are 92,547.<ref name=":Kehar" />

===District wise population===
Districts wise Gujjar population per [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] in Himachal Pradesh.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Mr. Kehar |last2=Rather |first2=Dr. Mudasir Ahmad |date=July 2025 |title=Understanding the Socio-Economic Challenges of the Gujjar Tribe in Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.ijssr.com/wp-content/uploads/journal/published_paper/volume-2/issue-4/IJSSR30508.pdf |journal=International Journal of Social Science Research |publisher=Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, [[IEC University]], Himachal Pradesh |volume=02 |issue=4 |pages=498 |doi=10.70558/IJSSR.2025.v2.i4.30508 |issn=3048-9490 |via=IJSSR}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; font-size: 12pt;"
|+ 2011 census<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" />{{Reference page|page=31}}
|-
! Districts !! Population
|-
| Solan || 23,728
|-
| Kangra || 11,390
|-
| Mandi || 11,278
|-
| Sirmaur || 10,545
|-
| Bilaspur || 10,278
|-
| Chamba || 9,784
|-
| Una || 8,379
|-
| Shimla || 3,157
|-
| Hamirpur || 2,736
|-
| Kullu || 1,246
|-
| Kinaur || 17
|-
| Lahaul & Spiti || 9
|-
|}

===Historical population===
Himachal Pradesh's Gujjar population was recorded in state census reports.
{{historical populations|15=1881|16=906|17=1961|18=16,887|19=1971|20=20,634|21=1981|22=20,121|23=1991|24=33,028|25=2001|26=35,538|27=2011|28=92,547|percentages=pagr|footnote=source: [[Census in British India|1881 census]]<ref name=":Thakur" />{{Reference page|page=145}} - [[1961 census of India|1961 census]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TNpEQAAQBAJ |title=Economics of the Tribes and their Transformation |date=2016-01-01 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-93-5125-137-8 |pages=203 |language=en}}</ref> -[[1971 census of India|1971 census]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahi |first=Javaid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KI1pEAAAQBAJ |title=The Gujjars Vol: 01 and 02 Edited by Dr. Javaid Rahi |date=2012-01-01 |publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Acacademy of Art, Culture , Languages , Jammu |pages=209 |language=en}}</ref> - [[1981 census of India|1981 census]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur |first=Laxman S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiduAAAAMAAJ |title=Where Mortals and Mountain Gods Meet: Society and Culture in Himachal Pradesh |date=2002 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |isbn=978-81-7986-000-7 |pages=146 |language=en |quote=Himachal Pradesh: The 1981 census data record the population of Scheduled Tribe Gujar as 28,121 souls, which figure rose to 33,028 during 1991 operations.}}</ref> - [[1991 census of India|1991 census]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l-n8zwEACAAJ|title=Census of India, 1991: Himachal Pradesh|date=1991|language=en}}</ref> - [[2001 census of India|2001 census]]<ref name=":po0">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Dr Devender |date=2023-10-10 |title=Usurping Traditional Rights of Tribals in Himachal Pradesh via Competitive Communalism |url=https://hillpost.in/2023/10/usurping-traditional-rights-of-tribals-in-himachal-pradesh-via-competitive-communalism/121796/ |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=Hill Post |language=en-US}}</ref> - [[2011 Indian census|2011 census]]<ref name=":Kehar" />|align=right}}

==Social status==
Before the [[History of Himachal Pradesh#Post independence|formation of the Himachal Pradesh state]], Initially Gujjars were recognized as a scheduled tribe in [[Chamba district]] in 1950.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Impact of Traditional & Modern Mass Media on Development Communication among Gujjar Tribe of Chamba District in the Western Himalayas of Himachal Pradesh |first =Dr. Pyar|last= Singh|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5075325|publisher= Shimla University; [[Alakh Prakash Goyal Shimla University]]|pages=20|doi=10.2139/ssrn.5075325|ssrn =5075325}}</ref>

The Gujjars of Himachal Pradesh were classified as a [[Scheduled Tribe]] under the [[Indian government]]'s general reservation scheme of [[positive discrimination]], effective in 1976.<ref>{{Cite book |last=De |first=Debasree |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DgtfEQAAQBAJ |title=Indigenous Peoples and the Politics of Indigeneity in India: A Local Perspective on a Global Movement |date=2025-05-20 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-96-3632-7 |pages=57 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Vidhu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MVDgCgAAQBAJ |title=Non-discrimination and Equality in India: Contesting Boundaries of Social Justice |date=2011-11-17 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-51501-9 |pages=113 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Axelby |first=Richard |date=May 2020 |title=The Teacher, the Activist, and the Maulvi: Emancipatory visions and insurgent citizenship among Gujjars in Himachal Pradesh |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=868–897 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X18000471 |issn=0026-749X|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Genetics==
In a 2003 genetic study, it was revealed that ''Muslim Gujjars'' of [[Himachal Pradesh]] are genetically different from ''Hindu Gujjars'' of [[Indian Punjab]]. The study was conducted using samples from [[Gurjar|Hindu Gujars]] of the [[Rupnagar district|Ropar]] and [[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]] districts of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and Muslim Gujjars of the [[Chamba district|Chamba]] and [[Kangra district|Kangra]] districts of Himachal Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Balgir |first=R. S. |date=2003 |title=Morphological and regional variations in body dimensions of the Gujjars of different localities in North-Western India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29542470 |journal=Anthropologischer Anzeiger |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=279 ~ 280 |doi=10.1127/anthranz/61/2003/275 |jstor=29542470 |issn=0003-5548 |quote=It is interesting to note that the Muslim Gujjars of Himachal Pradesh in the present study significantly differ from the counterpart Hindu Gujjars of the Ropar District in Punjab with respect to 12 biological measurements and 5 anthropometric indices (Table 3), suggesting the biological diversity between the two populations... The Muslim Gujjars of the Chamba District in Himachal Pradesh also differ from the Hindu Gujjars of the Hoshiarpur District in Punjab for 9 somatometric measurements and 6 anthropometric indices (Table 3). |via=JSTOR}}</ref>

==Politics==
While Gujjars form the smallest ethnic and religious minority in [[Chamba District]], they have successfully established ties to many different groups and individuals around them, including politicians with the [[Indian National Congress]], members of civil society, and Islamic organisations. In [[Saal valley]] they have connections with diverse groups, including [[American Missionary Association|American missionaries]], Tribal right activists, and India [[Gurjar Mahasabha]]. However, the [[Ulama|Ulamas]] from [[Deobandi movement|Deobandi]] influenced [[madrasas]] have had the crucial influence on them.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Shah |first1=Alpa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kj1nEQAAQBAJ |title=Ground Down by Growth: Tribe, Caste, Class and Inequality in 21st Century India |last2=Lerche |first2=Jens |last3=Axelby |first3=Richard |last4=Benbabaali |first4=Dalel |last5=Donegan |first5=Brendan |last6=Thakur |first6=Vikramaditya |last7=Raj |first7=Jayaseelan |date=2017-11-20 |publisher=Pluto Books |isbn=978-1-78680-205-7 |pages= |language=en}}</ref>{{Reference page|page=169}}

The [[Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India|constitutional amendments of 1992]] facilitated increased political participation for Gujjars, particularly in those areas where they constitute a strong voting majority. Candidates from the Gujjar community often win elections within [[Panchayati raj|panchayats]] such as [[Baragaon, Himachal|Baragaon]] when they are provided with reserved seats for [[Schedule tribes]]. In order to be successful in the election process, many of the voters expressed the need for candidates to create and maintain "good relationships" with other groups including [[Forward caste|General-caste Hindus]], non-tribal [[Islam in India|Muslims]] and [[Gaddis]]. As an example, Hanif a Muslim Gujjar.<ref name=":Axelby" />{{Reference page|page=13}} The [[political philosophy]] of Hanif is to support and embrace his Gujjar identity while discreetly differentiating himself from his Muslim ancestry. His wife, Sheena, serves as a member of the panchayat as a true leader who supports Hanif. Together they advocate for women's rights and women’s education. The couple uses the changing political structure of India to work towards uniting and empowering the Gujjar community.<ref name=":Axelby">{{Cite journal |last=Axelby |first=Richard |date=May 2020 |title=The Teacher, the Activist, and the Maulvi: Emancipatory visions and insurgent citizenship among Gujjars in Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/teacher-the-activist-and-the-maulvi-emancipatory-visions-and-insurgent-citizenship-among-gujjars-in-himachal-pradesh/704BC881D25204292DE940E17EE1900F |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=868–897 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X18000471 |issn=0026-749X|doi-access=free }}</ref>{{Reference page|page=13}}

The voter turnout for Gujjar's has been consistent at a high level, in spite of doubts about the future. The local [[madrasa]] in Badagaon received funding from the government to emphasize the connection between this community's involvement in [[Politics of India|National Politics]]. Gujjar's in [[Chamba district|Chamba]] are reformulating their relationship with the [[Himachal Pradesh|Himachal state]] by accepting the rights of 'equal Citizenship' instead of relying on special privileges and tribally status, thereby allowing them to establish a more empowered relationship with the State.<ref name=":Axelby" />{{Reference page|page=25}}

==Socoi economic==
===Economy===
The Gujjar community contributes greatly to the dairy industry in [[Himachal Pradesh]], India. However, they face significant difficulties, including [[poverty]], [[illiteracy]], lack of access to healthcare and basic services due to their nomadic lifestyles. The nomadic practice further exacerbates Issu's (a government-supported economic program) difficulty providing support for Gujjar people and, as such, contributes to their already challenging lifestyle compared to other groups living in the same area.<ref name=":Narender">{{Cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Mr. Narender |last2=Dr. Mudasir Ahmad |first2=Rather |date=August 2025 |title=Socio-Economic Status of the Gujjar Tribe In Himachal Pradesh: A Descriptive Study |url=https://multiarticlesjournal.com/uploads/articles/IJCRM202544123.pdf |journal=International Journal of Contemporary Research in Multidisciplinary |publisher=Research Scholar, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, [[IEC University]], Himachal Pradesh, India |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=75–76 |via=Multi Articles Journal}}</ref>

===Income===
Most Gujjar people living in [[Chamba District]] have a monthly income between 5000 and 10000 Indian Rupees, which constitutes 44% of the population. On the other hand, approximately 24% earn less than 5000 [[Indian Rupee]]s; therefore, they are struggling financially. Very few Gujjars (only 8%) earn higher monthly income levels, indicating that the Gujjar community requires additional support from economic programs, as well as jobs and social services, in order to help improve their quality of life.<ref name=":Narender" />

A study completed in 2024 found that Gujjars living in [[Himachal Pradesh]] had very low earnings, with 71% earning less than 1000 rupees and approximately 24% earning between 1500 and 2000 rupees; however, this amount is increasing slightly over time. Currently, 40% of Gujjars earn between 1000 and 2000 rupees, and 26% of the population earns between 2000 and 3000 rupees. Unfortunately, the remote area Gujjars feel disconnected from government programs that primarily serve individuals living within a more accessible distance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Abhishiant |first1=Slariya |last2=Mohinder |first2=Kumar |last3=Slariya |first3=Ph. D. & Abhidiksha |date=November 2024 |title=ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION OF GUJJAR TRIBE IN SAAL VALLEY OF CHAMBA DISTRICT, HIMACHAL PRADESH|url=https://oaji.net/articles/2021/1201-1610010240.pdf|journal=Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language |volume=8 |issue=42 |pages=10748 |issn=2348-3083 |via=Associate Professor, Govt. College Chamba, [[Himachal Pradesh University|Himachal Pradesh University Shimla]] & Research Scholar, Department of Sociology, [[Panjab University Chandigarh]]}}</ref>

==Literacy and education==
The difference in literacy rates between females and males is large. Females represent a much lower [[literacy rate]] than Males. Over 50% of the Gujjar’s population have not attained any form of basic literacy skills, and only 1.7% has attained education beyond secondary school. Most Gujjars in the province of [[Himachal Pradesh]] only receive limited formal education and hold limited ability to read and write (23.8 % can read/write at least up to [[Fourth grade|grade IV]]); 11.9% of the population have attained at least some middle school education (class IX); and 4.6% have attained [[Secondary education|secondary school]] completion. [[Chamba district]] has the lowest literacy rate and [[Solan district]] has the highest.<ref name=":8" />{{Reference page|page=4}}

As the [[Deobandi movement|Deobandi School of Islam]] becomes more popular among the Gujjars in Himachal Pradesh, more emphasis on religious identity, education is now viewed in a different manner by the Gujjars. The use of [[madrassas]] and student hostels that offer both a mixture of [[Islamic studies]] and [[curriculum]] incorporating math, computer science, and many other subjects has increased the number of educated Gujjars. The madrassas are often located within the community, have locally born Gujjar teachers, and the teachers are trained within the denomination of [[Islam]] at Islamic seminaries. As a result, Gujjars are experiencing higher rates of educational attainment.<ref name=":Alpa" />{{Reference page|page=172}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book |last=Bharadwaj |first=A. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UApuAAAAMAAJ |title=History and Culture of Himalayan Gujjars |date=1994 |publisher=Jay Kay Book House |pages=96–140 |language=en}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Kumari |first=Neelam |date=2015 |title=Paradoxes of Tribal Development: A Case Study of Gujjars of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26575616 |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=76 |issue=4 |pages=853–858 |jstor=26575616 |issn=0019-5510}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Sahni |first=Bindu |date=2012 |title="Chos/Khads" and the Gujjar Settlements in the Himachal Pradesh During the Colonial Period |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156279 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=73 |pages=826–835 |jstor=44156279 |issn=2249-1937}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Turner |first=David H. |date=1992 |title=We will Always be Gujar: The Politics of Nomadism in Northern Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23002235 |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=19 |issue=1/2 |pages=251–263 |jstor=23002235 |issn=0376-9771}}
*{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jA1uAAAAMAAJ |title=Ban-Gujars: A Nomadic Tribe in Himachal Pradesh |date=2000 |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7646-112-2 |language=en}}

*{{Cite book |last=Sahni |first=Dr. Bindu |title=Colonial Forest Acts & Their Impact on Pastrolist Gujjars of Himachal Pradesh |date=January 1, 2020 |publisher=[[Walnut Publication]] |isbn=978-9390261161 |language=Bengali}}

*Axelby, R. (2017). [https://soas-repository.worktribe.com/output/437454/gaddis-and-gujjars-in-chamba-district-himachal-pradesh Gaddis and Gujjars in Chamba District, Himachal Pradesh]. In A. Shah, J. Lerche, R. Axelby, D. Benbabaali, B. Donegan, J. Raj, & V. Thakur (Eds.) Ground Down by Growth: Inequality in 21st century India (pp. 143-175). [[Pluto Press]].

* {{Cite book |last=Bhāratī |first=Ke Āra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VO9cP6LYR8wC |title=Chamba Himalaya: Amazing Land, Unique Culture |date=2001 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-125-2 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Pant |first1=Shreekar |url=https://www.vedamsbooks.com/books/ethnobotany_and_biodiversity_conservation |title=Ethnobotany and Biodiversity Conservation |last2=Arjun |first2=Sharma |last3=Virbala |first3=Sharma |publisher=Indu Book Services |year=2020 |isbn=9789386754653 |location=India |pages=212 |language=en}}

==External links==
*{{Cite web |last=travelworldplanet |date=2022-05-20 |title=Gujjar Tribes in Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.travelworldplanet.com/gujjar-tribes-of-himachal-pradesh/ |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=Travel World Planet |language=en-US}}
*{{Cite web |date=2017-03-31 |title=Gujjars in Himalayan States |url=https://indiandefencereview.com/gujjars-in-himalayan-states/ |access-date=2025-10-26 |language=en-US}}
*{{Cite web |title=How the Gujjars of Chamba moved into the district market |url=https://www.actionaidindia.org/story/how-the-gujjars-of-chamba-moved-into-the-district-market/ |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=[[ActionAid|ActionAid Association (India)]]|language=en}}

[[Category:Muslim communities of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Himachal Pradesh]]

Aathur

2026-02-04T19:40:00Z

Igornqa: adding initial data v1 - done

{{Short description|Locality in Chennai, India}}
{{Other uses|Athur (disambiguation)}}
'''Aathur''' (pronounced [[Help:IPA/English|ˈɑː.θʊər]], Tamil: [[Help:IPA/Tamil|/ˈtʃɛnaɪ/]], [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: Āthur), often spelled as '''Athur''' or '''Athoor''', is a suburban locality situated near [[Chengalpattu]] in the southern part of the [[Chennai metropolitan area]], [[Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu, India]]. It falls under the jurisdiction of the Chengalpattu district and is part of the Greater Chennai region.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-07 |title=Tamil Nadu CM MK Stalin inaugurates child observation home at Athur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chief-minister-inaugurates-child-observation-home-at-athur/articleshow/97673489.cms |access-date=2024-06-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Aathur is located approximately 5 kilometers west of the Chengalpattu Bridge, along the [[Grand Southern Trunk Road|Grand Southern Trunk]] (GST) Road. The locality is well-connected to Chennai and other neighboring regions through road networks, making it accessible for commuters.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-01-13 |title=Despite efforts by NHAI, all roads leading out of Chennai choked with traffic |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/despite-efforts-by-nhai-all-roads-leading-out-of-chennai-choked-with-traffic/article67738251.ece |access-date=2024-06-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Athur-chengalpattu SO Pin Code: Find Pin Code of Athur-chengalpattu SO locality of Tamil Nadu - NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/tools/pincodes/tamil-nadu/kanchipuram/athur-chengalpattu-so |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Transport ==
Aathur's proximity to the GST Road provides connectivity to Chennai and other parts of Tamil Nadu. Public transportation, including buses and trains from nearby Chengalpattu, facilitates transportation for commuters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Toll Information {{!}} NHTIS |url=https://www.tis.nhai.gov.in/TollInformation?TollPlazaID=75 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=www.tis.nhai.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Distance between Chennai and Athur is 339 KM / 210.9 miles |url=https://distancebetween2.com/chennai/athur |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=distancebetween2.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Athur chengalpattu Pin Code - 603101, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search kanchipuram Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/tamil-nadu/kanchipuram/athur-chengalpattu-pincode-603101.html |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-06-03 |title=NHAI hikes toll fee at 34 plazas in Tamil Nadu from June 3 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Jun/03/nhai-hikes-toll-fee-at-34-plazas-in-tamil-nadu-from-june-3 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

=== Aathur Census Details (2011) ===
Source:<ref>{{cite web |title=Provisional Population Totals - Tamil Nadu-Census 2011 |url=http://www.census.tn.nic.in/census2011data/PPT_taluk_data_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617095215/http://www.census.tn.nic.in/census2011data/PPT_taluk_data_final.pdf |archivedate=17 June 2013 |accessdate=4 July 2013 |publisher=Census Tamil Nadu}}</ref>

* '''Local Languages''': Tamil and English
* '''Total Population''': 2,189
* '''Number of Houses''': 534
* '''Female Population''': 48.6% (1,064)
* '''Village Literacy Rate''': 76.4% (1,672)
* '''Female Literacy Rate''': 33.9% (743)

==== Population Breakdown ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Census Parameter
!Census Data
|-
|Total Population
|2,189
|-
|Total Number of Houses
|534
|-
|Female Population %
|48.6% (1,064)
|-
|Total Literacy Rate %
|76.4% (1,672)
|-
|Female Literacy Rate
|33.9% (743)
|-
|Scheduled Tribes Population %
|3.7% (80)
|-
|Scheduled Caste Population %
|34.9% (765)
|-
|Working Population %
|56.2%
|-
|Child (0-6) Population (2011)
|252
|-
|Girl Child (0-6) Population % (2011)
|53.6% (135)
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Chennai]]

{{Chengalpattu-geo-stub}}

Duruwa language

2026-02-01T11:57:02Z

Igornqa:

{{Short description|Dravidian language spoken in India}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Dhurwa and Durua
| nativename = ଦୁରୁଆ, धुरुवा Durua
| states = [[India]]
| ethnicity = [[Duruwa]] (Durua)
| speakers = 52,349
| date = 2011 census
| ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-05}}</ref>
| script = [[Odia script]], [[Devanagari script]]
| familycolor = Dravidian
| fam2 = [[Central Dravidian]]
| fam3 = Parji–Gadaba
| iso3 = pci
| glotto = durua1236
| glottorefname = Duruwa
}}

'''Duruwa''' ({{ipa|pci|d̪ʱuruʋaː|ipa}}, [[Odia alphabet|Odia]]: ଦୁରୁଆ, [[Devanagari]]: धुरुवा) or '''[[Dhuruwa]]''' or '''Durua''' is a [[Central Dravidian language]] spoken by the [[Duruwa|Duruwa people]] of [[India]], in the districts of [[Koraput district|Koraput]] in [[Odisha]] and [[Bastar district|Bastar]] in [[Chhattisgarh]]. The language is related to [[Ollari language|Ollari]] and [[Kolami language|Kolami]], which is also spoken by other neighbouring tribes.

==Classification==
Duruwa is a member of the Central Dravidian languages.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Fairservis
|first=Walter Ashlin
|title=The Harappan Civilization and Its Writing: A Model for the Decipherment of the Indus Script
|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers
|series = Asian Studies
|year=1997
|isbn=978-90-04-09066-8
|page=78
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|last=Stassen
|first=Leon
|title=Intransitive Predication
|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]
|series = Oxford Studies in Typology and Linguistic Theory
|year=1997
|isbn=978-0-19-925893-2
|page=335
}}</ref> Duruwa is a spoken language and is generally not written. Whenever it is written, it makes use of the [[Devanagari script]] in [[Bastar district]] and [[Odia script]] in [[Koraput district]].

==Phonology==
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+[[Vowels]]<ref name=BhK/>
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!short
!long
!short
!long
!short
!long
|- align="center"
![[High vowel|High]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|{{IPA link|iː}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|{{IPA link|uː}}
|- align="center"
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|{{IPA link|eː}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|o}}
|{{IPA link|oː}}
|- align="center"
![[Low vowel|Low]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|a}}
|{{IPA link|aː}}
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+[[Consonant]]s<ref name=BhK>{{cite book|last=Krishnamurti|first=Bhadriraju|title=The Dravidian languages|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780511060373|page=57|edition=null}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}} || {{IPA link|n̪}} || || {{IPA link|ɲ}} || {{IPA link|ŋ}} ||
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! [[voicelessness|voiceless]]
| {{IPA link|p}} || {{IPA link|t}} || {{IPA link|ʈ}} || {{IPA link|c}} || {{IPA link|k}} ||
|-
! [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
| {{IPA link|b}} || {{IPA link|d}} || {{IPA link|ɖ}} || {{IPA link|ɟ}} || {{IPA link|ɡ}} ||
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| || ({{IPA link|s}}) || || || || ({{IPA link|h}})
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! [[median consonant|median]]
| {{IPA link|ʋ}} || || || {{IPA link|j}} || ||
|-
! [[Lateral consonant|lateral]]
| || {{IPA link|l}} || || || ||
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Flap consonant|Tap]]
| || {{IPA link|ɾ}} || {{IPA link|ɽ}} || || ||
|}

==Dialects==
There are four dialects: Tiriya, Nethanar, Dharba, and Kukanar. They are mutually intelligible.{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Dravidian languages}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Dravidian languages]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]

Sumathi (actress)

2026-02-01T10:10:36Z

Igornqa: small update details for accuracy further

{{short description|Indian actress from Madurai, Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| name = Sumathi
| birth_name = Sumathi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1964|08|19}}
| birth_place = [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actress
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername = Baby Sumathi, Sumi
| yearsactive = 1966–1989
| spouse =
| relatives = [[Master Prabhakar]] (brother)
| awards =
}}

'''Sumathi''' is an Indian actress from [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. She started her career at the age of two. She starred in many [[Cinema of Kerala|Malayalam]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu]], [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada]], and [[Bollywood|Hindi]] language films.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}

==Personal life==
Sumathi was born in [[Madurai]] a city in [[Tamil Nadu]] India. Her father and mother were originally from Madurai. Her father managed several businesses such as photo studio and printing press. Her mother, was a housewife taking care of Sumathi and her seven brothers and three sisters. Her elder brother [[Master Prabhakar]] was the first one in the family to enter the film industry.<ref>[http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_masterprabhakar_2008.php Stars : Star Interviews : Exclusive: Interview with Prabhakar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502133715/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_masterprabhakar_2008.php |date=2009-05-02 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/grill-mill-master-prabhakar/article859259.ece Grill Mill – Master Prabhakar - The Hindu]</ref>

In 1966, Sumathi moved in with her Aunt along with Prabhakar to pursue her dreams. Sumathi entered the film industry when a director was looking for a young baby to play a role in a [[Malayalam]] film along with veteran actor [[Bharath Gopi]].

Sumathi is married and settled in America with their daughter and son.

== Career ==
She started her film career in Tamil movies as a child actress (Baby Sumathi) by playing the role of daughter of [[Bharath Gopi|Gopi]] in the late 60's. She appeared in many children's movies. She played dual roles and in some movies acted as a boy. Soon she moved to Telugu and Malayalam films, where she starred in many films.

As Baby Sumathi grew up, she took to modeling and started endorsing many products. She has won many Nandi and [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare awards]] as a child. She acted many films with her third elder brother '''Master Prabhakar''' and second younger brother '''Kumar'''. As soon as her brothers entered the film industry, most of her family members were interested to go on the same line. Sumathi's cousin was a well known actress who was successful in various Tamil films. Sumathi's other cousins were cinematography and assistant directors. Sumathi also [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbed]] for many actresses in the past in many languages.

In her acting career, she was often stereotyped as the [[girl next door]]. She acted with many stars such as [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Jaya Bachchan]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Nagesh]], [[Rajinikanth]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]], [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]], and [[K. Bhagyaraj|Bhagyaraj]] to name a few. Her debut film, as heroine, was Bhagyaraj's directorial debut; ''[[Suvarillatha Chithirangal]]'' (1978) in Tamil. She gave up her acting career at the peak after her marriage in 1989 to move to America.

== Awards ==
===Child Artist awards in Malayalam===
Baby Sumathi is a three-time winner [[Kerala State Film Award]] for Best Child Artist (female).<ref>[http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm Kerala State Film Awards] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232254/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref>
*1969 [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Female Child Artist]] (female) Baby Sumathi - ''Nadhi''
*1972 [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Female Child Artist]] (female) Baby Sumathi
*1977 [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Female Child Artist]](female) Baby Sumathi - ''Shankupushpam''

== Filmography ==

===Malayalam===
{{Div col}}
*''Nadhi'' (1969) as Babymol
*''Kuttavali'' (1970) as Young Santhi
*''Kochaniyathi'' (1971) as Young Indu
*''[[Anubhavangal Paalichakal]]'' (1971) as Kumari
*''[[Thettu]]'' (1971) as Minimol
*''[[Muthassi (film)]]'' (1971) as Rekha
*''Panitheeratha Veedu'' (1972)
*''[[Prathikaram]]'' (1972) as Leela
*''Professor'' (1972) as Rema
*''[[Sree Guruvayoorappan (1972 film)|Sree Guruvayoorappan]]'' (1972)
*''[[Achanum Bappayum]]'' (1972) as Young Amina
*''[[Maram (film)|Maram]]'' (1973)
*''[[Padmavyooham (1973 film)|Padmavyooham]]'' (1973) as Leenamol
*''[[Panitheeratha Veedu]]'' (1973) as Roshini
* ''[[Veendum Prabhatham]]'' (1973) as Young Ravi
*''[[Azhakulla saleena]]'' (1973) as Sajan
*''[[Kamini (film)|Kamini]]'' (1974) as Young Seema
*''[[Moham]]'' (1974)
*''[[Nagaram Sagaram]]'' (1974)
*''[[Chandrakantham]]'' (1974) as Young Vinayan, Bindu (double role)
*''[[Poonthenaruvi]]'' (1974) as Young Valsamma
*''[[Jeevikkan Marannu Poya Sthree]]'' (1974)
*''[[Bhoogolam Thiriyunnu]]'' (1974) as Gopi's daughter
*''[[Sethubandanam]]'' (1974) as in dual role as Kavitha / Saritha
*''[[Swamy Ayyappan]]'' (1975) Young Girl
*''[[Chattambikkalyaani]]'' (1975) as Young Kalyani
*''[[Dharmakshetre Kurukshetre]]'' (1975) as
*''[[Soorya Vamsham]]'' (1975)
*''[[Chief Guest]]'' (1975)
*''[[Thiruvonam]]'' (1975) as Manju
*''[[Pravaham]]'' (1975) as Young Ragini
*''[[Hiridhayam Oru Kshethram]]'' (1976) as Sumam
*''[[Abhimaanam]]'' (1976) as Latha
*''[[Anubhavam]]'' (1976) as Young Mary
*''[[Chennaya Valarthiya Kutty]]'' (1976) as Young Omana
*''[[Thulavarsham]]'' (1976) as Young Ammini
*''[[Chottanikkara Amma]]'' (1976)
*''[[Shankupushpam]]'' (1977) as Mini
*''[[]]Sathyavan Savithri'' (1977)
*''[[Hridayame Sakshi]]'' (1977)
*''[[Sree Murukan]]'' (1977)
*''Aradhana'' (1977)
*''Sneha Yamuna'' (1977)
*''Amme Anupame'' (1977)
*''[[Aa Nimisham]]'' (1977)
*''Veedu Oru Swargam'' (1977)
*''Aasheervatham'' (1977)
*''Aval Oru Devalayam'' (1977)
*''Neethipeedham'' (1977)
*''[[Vidarunna Mottukal]]'' (1977) Kanchana
*''[[Samudram]]'' (1977) as Bindu
*''[[Rathinirvedam (1978 film)|Rathi Nirvedam]]'' (1978) as Shanthi
*''Kaithappo'' (1978)
*''[[Avalude Ravukal]]'' (1978)
*''[[Ashtamudikkayal]]'' (1978)
*''[[Avalkku Maranamilla]]'' (1978)
*''[[Aaru Manikkoor]]'' (1978)
*''[[Mudramothiram]]'' (1978) as Amina
*''[[Sarapanchaaram]]'' (1979) as Young Baby
*''[[Choola]]'' (1979)
*''[[Radha Enna Pennkutti]]'' (1979)
*''[[Raathrikal Ninakku Vendi]]'' (1979)
*''Lajjavathi'' (1979) as Sandhya
*''Lovely'' (1979)
*''[[Pathivritha]]'' (1979)
*''[[Indradhanussu]]'' (1979)
*''Maani Koya Kurup'' (1979)
*''[[Kanathavalayam]]'' (1980)
*''Vazhiyile Yathrakkar'' (1981)
*''[[Enne Njan Thedunnu]]'' (1983) as Janaki
*''[[Aval Kaathirunnu Avanum]]'' (1986)
{{div col end}}

===Tamil===
{{Colbegin}}
*''[[Iru Kodugal]]'' (1969)
*''[[Vaa Raja Vaa]]'' (1969)
*''[[Thirudan]]'' (1969) as Guest Role
*''[[Avare En Deivam]]'' (1969)
*''[[Enga Mama]]'' (1970) as Anni Pesant
* ''[[Thirumalai Thenkumari]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Penn Deivam]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Engirundho Vandhaal]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Engal Mama]]'' (1970) as Annie Pesant
* ''[[Thangaikkaaga]]'' (1971) as Young Radha
* ''[[Annai Velankanni]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Justice Viswanathan]]'' (1971)
*''Velli Vizha'' (1972)
* ''Appa Tatta!'' (1972)
*''Naan Yen Pirandhen'' (1972)
*''[[Dhikku Theriyadha Kaattil]]'' (1972) as Meena
*''Komatha En Kulamatha'' (1973) as Punithavathi
*''Karaikkal Ammaiyar'' (1973) as Valli
*''Swamy Ayyappan'' (1975) as Young Girl
*''Avandhan Manidhan'' (1975) as Selvi
*''[[Vattathukkul Chaduram]]'' (1978)
*''[[Ennai Pol Oruvan]]'' (1978) as Shanthi
*''[[Suvarilladha Chiththirangal]]'' (1979) as Saroja
*''[[Sigappukkal Mookkuthi]]'' (1979) as Janaki
*''Saranam Ayyappa'' (1980)
*''Pennin Vazhkai'' (1981)
*''Ponnazhagi'' (1981)
*''[[Azhagu]]'' (1984)
*''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (1985 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]'' (1985)
*''Amman Kaatiya Vazhi'' (1991)
{{Colend}}

===Telugu===
*''[[Balaraju Katha]]'' (1970)
*''[[Manchivadu]]'' (1973) as Rani
*''Pasi Hrudayalu'' (1973)
*''Bangaru Kalalu'' (1974)
*''Urvashi'' (1974) as Suguna & Aruna
*''Rakta Sambandhalu'' (1975)
*''Swarganiki Nichchenalu'' (1977)
*''Sangeeta'' (1981)

===Kannada===
* ''[[Mannina Magalu]]'' (1974)

===Hindi===
*''[[Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani (1970 film)|Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani]]'' (1970, film, as Baby Sumathi)
*''[[Swarg Narak]]'' (1978, film, as Baby Sumathi)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1331356|name=Sumathi}}
* [http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Baby%20Sumathi&limit=36 Baby Sumathi at MSI]
* [http://www.dailymotion.com/relevance/search/Suvarillatha+Chithirangal+/video/x4bdn4_suvarillatha-chithirangal-kaathal-v_music Kaathal Vaibhogame]
* [https://archive.today/20110627215914/http://moviedost.com/video/balaraju-kadha-mahabalipuram-mahabalipuram Balaraju Kadha - Mahabalipuram Mahabalipuram]
* [http://movielinks4u.com/2008/10/08/balaraju-katha-1970-telugu-movie-watch-online/ Balaraju Katha Movie]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Madurai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]

1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election

2026-01-28T08:59:10Z

Igornqa:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{For|Lok Sabha election|1977 Indian general election in Kerala}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1970
| next_election = 1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1980
| election_date = 19 March 1977
| seats_for_election = All 140 seats in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 71
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=K._Karunakaran_in_1977.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[K. Karunakaran]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| alliance1 = [[United Front (Kerala)|United Front]]
| leaders_seat1 = Mala
| seats1 = 38
| last_election1 = 30
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 8
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=E. M. S. Namboodiripad.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
| party2 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| leaders_seat2 = [[Alathur Assembly constituency|Alathur]]
| alliance2 = [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
| seats2 = 29
| last_election2 = 29
| seat_change2 = {{nochange}}
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| map2_image = [[File:Kerala Alliance wise Result in 1977.svg]]
| swing2 =
| map_image = India-KERALA.svg
| map_size = 150px
| map2_size = 200px
| map_caption = '''Kerala, India''' Kerala, one of the states in [[South India]], has an electorate of more than 21 million people.
| title = [[Chief Minister of Kerala|Chief Minister]]
| posttitle = [[Chief Minister of Kerala|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[C. Achutha Menon]]
| map2_caption = Alliance wise structure
| before_party = [[CPI]]
| after_election = [[K. Karunakaran]]
| after_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| turnout = 79.19% ({{increase}} 3.90%)
}}

Elections were held on 19 March 1977 to elect members to the fifth [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Niyamasabha]]. The [[United Front (Kerala)|United Front]], led by [[Indian National Congress|INC]] and [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won plurality of seats and remained in power, with [[K. Karunakaran]] as the Chief Minister.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kerala.gov.in/history-of-kerala-legislature |title=History of Kerala legislature - Government of Kerala, India |website=kerala.gov.in |access-date=26 May 2019 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814235820/https://kerala.gov.in/history-of-kerala-legislature |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
Fourth Kerala Legislative Assembly, which was elected in 1970, completed its term by 1975, but it was extended on three occasions during the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaassembly.org/records.html |title=Golden Jubilee of Kerala Assembly: 2006-2007- records (updated) |website=www.keralaassembly.org |access-date=26 May 2019}}</ref> Election of 1977 was the general election after the withdrawal of Emergency imposed on 26 June 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/recalling-the-emergency-1975-77-the-emergency-at-work/ |title=Recalling the Emergency years |date=29 June 2015 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN |access-date=26 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/who-was-k-karunakaran-442836 |title=Who was K Karunakaran? |website=NDTV.com |access-date=26 May 2019}}</ref>

This is the first election the 1974 [[Delimitation Commission of India|delimitation of Assembly Constituencies]] was put to effect,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl1817/18170940.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191106063350/https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl1817/18170940.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 November 2019 |title=A Bill with limitations |website=frontline.thehindu.com |access-date=26 May 2019 }}</ref> which increased number of seat in the assembly from 133 to 140

== Results ==

=== Party Wise Results ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+'''Party Wise Results'''
!colspan=10|[[File:India Kerala Legislative Assembly 1977.svg]]
|-
!Alliance
!Party
!Seats
|----
|----
| rowspan="7" style="background:skyblue; color:black;" | United Front
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (INC)]]
|38
|----
|[[Communist Party of India|Communist Party of India (CPI)]]
|23
|----
|[[Kerala Congress|Kerala Congress (KEC)]]
|20
|----
|[[Indian Union Muslim League|Indian Union Muslim League (IUML)]]
|13
|----
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP)]]
|9
|-
|[[National Democratic Party (Kerala)|National Democratic Party (NDP)]]{{efn|name=fn1}}
|5
|-
|[[Praja Socialist Party|Praja Socialist Party (PSP)]]{{efn|name=fn1}}
|3
|----
| rowspan="5" style="background:#f00; color:black;" | Opposition
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M))]]
|17
|----
|[[Bharatiya Lok Dal|Bharatiya Lok Dal (BLD)]]
|6
|----
|[[Muslim League (Opposition)|All India Muslim League (Opposition) (AIML)]]
|3
|----
|[[Kerala Congress (B)|Kerala Congress (Pillai Group) (KCP)]]
|2
|----
|[[Independent politician|Independent]] (IND)
|1
|----
!rowspan=2|Total
!140
|----
|}

==== Notes ====

{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|The members of the PSP and NDP were elected as independent candidates.}}}}

=== Constituency Wise Results ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+'''Detailed constituency-wise Results<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/KLA/KL_1977_ST_REP.pdf |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1977 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF KERELA |publisher=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA |year=1987 |pages=4–7}}</ref>'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/1977-election-results.html |title=Kerala Assembly Election Results in 1977 |website=www.elections.in |access-date=18 May 2019}}</ref>
!'''Sl No.'''
!Constituency Name
!Category
!Winner Candidates Name
!Gender
!Party
!Vote
!Runner-up Candidates Name
!Gender
!Party
!vote
|----
|----
|----
|1
|[[Manjeshwar Assembly constituency|Manjeshwar]]
|GEN
|[[M. Ramappa]]
|M
|CPI
|25709
|[[H. Shankara Alva]]
|M
|BLD
|21100
|----
|2
|[[Kasaragod Assembly constituency|Kasaragod]]
|GEN
|[[T. A. Ibrahim]]
|M
|MUL
|29402
|B. M. Abdul Rehiman
|M
|MLO
|22619
|----
|3
|[[Udma Assembly constituency|Udma]]
|GEN
|[[N. K. Balakrishnan]]
|M
|United Front IND
|31690
|[[K. G. Marar]]
|M
|BLD
|28145
|----
|4
|[[Kanhangad Assembly constituency|Hosdrug]]
|(SC)
|[[K. T. Kumaran]]
|M
|CPI
|34683
|M. Raghavan
|M
|CPM
|32578
|----
|5
|[[Thrikaripur Assembly constituency|Trikaripur]]
|GEN
|[[P. Karunakaran]]
|M
|CPM
|38632
|P. T. Jose
|M
|KEC
|32512
|----
|6
|[[Irikkur Assembly constituency|Irikkur]]
|GEN
|[[C. P. Govindan Nambiar]]
|M
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|34889
|Sabastian Vettam
|M
|KCP
|27741
|----
|7
|[[Payyanur Assembly constituency|Payyannur]]
|GEN
|N. Subramoniya Shenoy
|M
|CPM
|37256
|T. C. Bharathan
|M
|IND
|32209
|----
|8
|[[Taliparamba Assembly constituency|Taliparamba]]
|GEN
|M. V. Raghavan
|M
|CPM
|36829
|K. Narayanan Nambiar
|M
|IND
|35304
|----
|9
|[[Azhikode Assembly constituency|Azhikode]]
|GEN
|[[Chadayan Govindan|Chatayan Govindan]]
|M
|CPM
|32548
|C. C. Abdul Halim
|M
|MUL
|26712
|----
|10
|[[Kannur Assembly constituency|kannur]]
|GEN
|[[P. Bhaskaran]]
|M
|BLD
|31391
|N. K. Kumaran
|M
|INC
|30701
|----
|11
|[[Edakkad Assembly constituency|Edakkad]]
|GEN
|P. P. V. Moosa
|M
|MLO
|34266
|[[N Ramakrishnan|N. Ramakrishnan]]
|M
|INC
|30947
|----
|12
|[[Thalassery Assembly constituency|thalassery]]
|GEN
|[[Pattiam Gopalan]]
|M
|CPM
|38419
|N. C. Mammootty
|M
|CPI
|29946
|----
|13
|[[Peringalam Assembly constituency|Peringalam]]
|GEN
|[[P. R. Kurup|P. R. Karup]]
|M
|INC
|33916
|V. K. Achuthan
|M
|BLD
|31958
|----
|14
|[[Kuthuparamba Assembly constituency|Kuthuparamba]]
|GEN
|[[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
|M
|CPM
|34465
|Abdulkadar
|M
|RSP
|30064
|----
|15
|[[Peravoor Assembly constituency|Peravoor]]
|GEN
|[[K. P. Noorudeen]]
|M
|INC
|36449
|E. P. Krishnan Nambiar
|M
|CPM
|31465
|----
|16
|North Wynad
|(ST)
|M. V. Rajan
|M
|INC
|32589
|A. Gopalan
|M
|CPM
|24288
|----
|17
|[[Vadakara Assembly constituency|Vatakara]]
|GEN
|K. Chandrasekharan
|M
|BLD
|37543
|P. Vijayan
|M
|INC
|34998
|----
|18
|Nadapuram
|GEN
|Kandalottu Kunhambu
|M
|CPI
|37391
|E. V. Kumaran
|M
|CPM
|30321
|----
|19
|Meppayur
|GEN
|Panarath Kunhimohammed
|M
|MUL
|40642
|A. V. Abdurahiman Haji
|M
|MLO
|34808
|----
|20
|Quilandy
|GEN
|E. Narayanan Nair
|M
|INC
|39581
|E. Rajagopalan Nair
|M
|BLD
|35074
|----
|21
|Perambra
|GEN
|K. C. Joseph
|M
|KEC
|35694
|V. V. Dakshinamoorthy
|M
|CPM
|34921
|----
|22
|Balusseri
|GEN
|P. K. Sankarankutty
|M
|BLD
|33960
|Puthoor Ramakrishnan Nair
|M
|INC
|32413
|----
|23
|Koduvally
|GEN
|E. Ahammad
|M
|MUL
|39241
|K. Moosakutty
|M
|CPM
|31206
|----
|24
|Calicut- I
|GEN
|N. Chandrasekhara Kurup
|M
|CPM
|37249
|P. V. Sankaranarayanan
|M
|INC
|35476
|----
|25
|Calicut- II
|GEN
|P. M. Aboobacker
|M
|MLO
|33531
|S. V. Usmankoya
|M
|MUL
|32433
|----
|26
|Beypore
|GEN
|N. P. Moideen
|M
|INC
|35374
|K. Chathunni Master
|M
|CPM
|33178
|----
|27
|Kunnamangalam
|(SC)
|K. P. Raman
|M
|MLO
|30289
|P. K. Kannan
|M
|CPI
|28601
|----
|28
|Thiruvambady
|GEN
|[[P. Cyriac John]]
|M
|INC
|29835
|E. T. Mohammed Basheer
|M
|MLO
|26454
|----
|29
|Kalpetta
|GEN
|K. G. Adiyodi
|M
|INC
|28713
|M. P. Veerandrakumar
|M
|BLD
|26608
|----
|30
|Sultan'S Battery
|(ST)
|K. Raghavan Master
|M
|INC
|29204
|Nidyachery Vasu
|M
|BLD
|24213
|----
|31
|Wandoor
|(SC)
|V. Eacharan
|M
|INC
|35369
|K. Gopalan
|M
|BLD
|22079
|----
|32
|Nilambur
|GEN
|Aryadan Muhammed
|M
|INC
|35410
|K. Saidali Kutty
|M
|CPM
|27695
|----
|33
|Manjeri
|GEN
|M. P. M Abdulla Kurikkal
|M
|MUL
|43626
|K. A. Quader
|M
|MLO
|16807
|----
|34
|Malappuram
|GEN
|C. H. Mohammed Koya
|M
|MUL
|39362
|T. K. S. A. Muthukoyathangal
|M
|MLO
|15724
|----
|35
|Kondotty
|GEN
|P. Seethi Haji
|M
|MUL
|41731
|M. C. Muhammed
|M
|MLO
|20159
|----
|36
|Tirurangadi
|GEN
|Avakader Kutty Naha
|M
|MUL
|40540
|T. P. Kunhalan Kutty
|M
|IND
|21479
|----
|37
|Tanur
|GEN
|U. A. Beeran
|M
|MUL
|42886
|C. M. Kutty
|M
|MLO
|12158
|----
|38
|Tirur
|GEN
|P. T. Kunhimuhammed ( Kunhukutty Hajee )
|M
|MUL
|41675
|K. Moideen Kutty Haji ( K. Bava Haji )
|M
|MLO
|26127
|----
|39
|Ponnani
|GEN
|M. P. Gangadharan
|M
|INC
|38083
|E. K. Imbichi Bava
|M
|CPM
|28334
|----
|40
|Kuttippuram
|GEN
|Chakeri Ahmedkutty
|M
|MUL
|36367
|K. Moidu
|M
|MLO
|12023
|----
|41
|Mankada
|GEN
|Korambayil Ahammed Haji
|M
|MUL
|33597
|Cherukoya Thangal
|M
|MLO
|26207
|----
|42
|Perinthalmanna
|GEN
|K. K. S. Thangal
|M
|MUL
|32356
|Paloli Muhammed Kutty
|M
|CPM
|24751
|----
|43
|Thrithala
|GEN
|K. Sankaranarayanan
|M
|INC
|34012
|P. P. Krishnan
|M
|CPM
|24288
|----
|44
|Pattambi
|GEN
|E. P. Gopalan
|M
|CPI
|30659
|Devaki Warrier
|F
|CPM
|26072
|----
|45
|Ottapalam
|GEN
|P. Balan
|M
|INC
|30937
|K. P. Unni
|M
|CPM
|24120
|----
|46
|Sreekrishnapuram
|GEN
|K. Sukumaranunni
|M
|INC
|32071
|C. Govinda Panicker
|M
|CPM
|28136
|----
|47
|Mannarkkad
|GEN
|A. N. Yusuff
|M
|CPI
|30563
|[[C. S. Gangadharan]]
|M
|CPM
|23854
|----
|48
|Malampuzha
|GEN
|P. V. Kunhikannan
|M
|CPM
|27122
|C. M. Chandrasekharan
|M
|RSP
|22696
|----
|49
|Palghat
|GEN
|C. M. Sundaram
|M
|United Front IND
|30160
|R. Krishnan
|M
|CPM
|27357
|----
|50
|Chittur
|GEN
|P. Sankar
|M
|CPI
|28698
|K. A. Sivarama Bharathy
|M
|BLD
|21121
|----
|51
|Kollengode
|GEN
|C. Vasudeva Menon
|M
|CPM
|29303
|K. V. Narayanan
|M
|CPI
|28865
|----
|52
|Coyalmannam
|(SC)
|M. K. Krishnan
|M
|CPM
|34798
|N. Subbayyan
|M
|INC
|29570
|----
|53
|Alathur
|GEN
|E. M. S. Namboodiripad
|M
|CPM
|31424
|V. S. Vijayaraghavan
|M
|INC
|29425
|----
|54
|Chelakara
|(SC)
|K. K. Balakrishnan
|M
|INC
|34460
|K. S. Sankaran
|M
|CPM
|24525
|----
|55
|Wadakkanchery
|GEN
|K. S. Narayanan Namboodiri
|M
|INC
|37783
|A. S. N. Nambisan
|M
|CPM
|25725
|----
|56
|Kunnamkulam
|GEN
|[[K. P. Viswanathan]]
|M
|INC
|35230
|T. K. Krishnan
|M
|CPM
|29889
|----
|57
|Cherpu
|GEN
|K. P. Prabhakaran
|M
|CPI
|33526
|I. M. Velayudhan
|M
|IND
|29007
|----
|58
|Trichur
|GEN
|[[K. J. George (born 1934)|K. J. George]]
|M
|BLD
|32335
|P. A. Antony
|M
|INC
|28185
|----
|59
|Ollur
|GEN
|P. R. Francis
|M
|INC
|30931
|Adv. P. K. Asokan
|M
|CPM
|29845
|----
|60
|Kodakara
|GEN
|Lonappan Nambadan
|M
|KEC
|30569
|T. P. Sitaraman
|M
|BLD
|29119
|----
|61
|Chalakudi
|GEN
|[[P. K. Ittoop]]
|M
|KCP
|33581
|P. P. George
|M
|INC
|25968
|----
|62
|Mala
|GEN
|K. Karunakaran
|M
|INC
|34699
|Paul Kokkat
|M
|CPM
|25233
|----
|63
|Irinjalakuda
|GEN
|Sidharthan Kattungal
|M
|INC
|33377
|John Manjooran
|M
|IND
|31243
|----
|64
|Manalur
|GEN
|N. I. Devassykutty
|M
|INC
|32314
|M. G. Jayachandran
|M
|IND
|24986
|----
|65
|Guruvayoor
|GEN
|B. V. Seethi Thangal
|M
|MUL
|34063
|V. M. Sulaiman
|M
|MLO
|20071
|----
|66
|Nattika
|GEN
|P. K. Gopalakrishnan
|M
|CPI
|32917
|V. K. Gopinathan
|M
|BLD
|24711
|----
|67
|Kodungallur
|GEN
|V. K. Rajan
|M
|CPI
|32159
|P. V. Abdul Kader
|M
|IND
|24048
|----
|68
|Ankamali
|GEN
|A. P. Kurian
|M
|CPM
|36261
|P. P. Thankachan
|M
|INC
|35700
|----
|69
|Vadakkekara
|GEN
|T. K. Abdu
|M
|CPM
|30498
|K. C. Mathew
|M
|CPI
|29541
|----
|70
|Parur
|GEN
|Xavier Arakkal
|M
|INC
|29644
|Varkey Painandar
|M
|IND
|24733
|----
|71
|Narakkal
|(SC)
|T. A. Paraman
|M
|RSP
|30985
|S. Vasu
|M
|CPM
|28795
|----
|72
|Ernakulam
|GEN
|A. L. Jacob
|M
|INC
|33367
|Alexander Parambithara
|M
|BLD
|31643
|----
|73
|Mattancherry
|GEN
|K. J. Harschel
|M
|BLD
|29543
|A. A. Kochunny
|M
|INC
|25348
|----
|74
|Palluruthy
|GEN
|Eapen Varghese
|M
|KEC
|32479
|M. M. Lawrence
|M
|CPM
|30638
|----
|75
|Thrippunithura
|GEN
|T. K. Ramakrishnan
|M
|CPM
|35754
|K. M. Ramsakunju
|M
|MUL
|30009
|----
|76
|Alwaye
|GEN
|T. H. Musthafa
|M
|INC
|37017
|M. P. M. Japherkhan
|M
|MLO
|36259
|----
|77
|Perumbavoor
|GEN
|P. R. Sivan
|M
|CPM
|34133
|P. I. Poulose
|M
|INC
|32386
|----
|78
|Kunnathunad
|GEN
|P. R. Esthose
|M
|CPM
|31126
|[[Paul P. Mani]]
|M
|INC
|28436
|----
|79
|Piravom
|GEN
|T. M. Jacob
|M
|KEC
|35598
|Alunkal Devassy
|M
|BLD
|29868
|----
|80
|Muvattupuzha
|GEN
|P. C. Joseph
|M
|KEC
|32994
|Sunny Mannathukaran
|M
|KCP
|28349
|----
|81
|Kothamangalam
|GEN
|M. V. Mani
|M
|KEC
|34523
|M. E. Kuriakose
|M
|KCP
|31432
|----
|82
|Thodupuzha
|GEN
|P. J. Joseph
|M
|KEC
|38294
|A. C. Chacko
|M
|KCP
|24386
|----
|83
|Devicolam
|(SC)
|Kittappanarayanaswamy
|M
|INC
|27348
|G. Varadan
|M
|CPM
|18949
|----
|84
|Idukki
|GEN
|V. T. Sebastian
|M
|KEC
|23244
|John Thomas Mooleparambil
|M
|IND
|14071
|----
|85
|Udumbanchola
|GEN
|Thomas Joseph
|M
|KEC
|29083
|M. Ginadevan
|M
|CPM
|20843
|----
|86
|Peermade
|GEN
|C. A. Kuriyan
|M
|CPI
|27360
|K. S. Krishnan
|M
|CPM
|20013
|----
|87
|Kanjirappally
|GEN
|K. V. Kurian
|M
|KEC
|32207
|Eapen Jacob
|M
|KCP
|28227
|----
|88
|Vazhoor
|GEN
|K. Narayana Kurup
|M
|KEC
|37391
|K. M. Sadasivan Nair
|M
|CPM
|17356
|----
|89
|Changanacherry
|GEN
|Joseph Chacko
|M
|KEC
|31960
|Mathew Mullakupadem
|M
|KCP
|19481
|----
|90
|Kottayam
|GEN
|P. P. George
|M
|CPI
|35683
|M. Thomas
|M
|CPM
|32107
|----
|91
|Ettumanoor
|GEN
|P. B. R. Pillai
|M
|BLD
|23795
|M. C. Abraham
|M
|INC
|23553
|----
|92
|Puthuppally
|GEN
|Oommen Chandy
|M
|INC
|40376
|P. C. Cherian
|M
|BLD
|24466
|----
|93
|Poonjar
|GEN
|V. J. Joseph
|M
|KEC
|34770
|P. I. Devasia
|M
|KCP
|21065
|----
|94
|Palai
|GEN
|K. M. Mani
|M
|KEC
|39664
|N. C. Joseph
|M
|IND
|24807
|----
|95
|Kaduthuruthy
|GEN
|O. Lukose
|M
|KEC
|38403
|K. K. Joseph
|M
|CPM
|25652
|----
|96
|Vaikom
|(SC)
|M. K. Kesavan
|M
|CPI
|39711
|K. G. Bhaskaran
|M
|CPM
|24770
|----
|97
|Aroor
|GEN
|P. S. Sreenivasan
|M
|CPI
|39643
|K. R. Gouri
|F
|CPM
|30048
|----
|98
|Sherthala
|GEN
|M. K. Raghavan
|M
|INC
|37767
|N. P. Thandar
|M
|CPM
|26007
|----
|99
|Mararikulam
|GEN
|A. V. Thamarakshan
|M
|RSP
|39094
|P. K. Chandrandan
|M
|CPM
|34748
|----
|100
|Alleppey
|GEN
|P. K. Vasudevan Nair
|M
|CPI
|35301
|Joseph Matahn
|M
|BLD
|25631
|----
|101
|Ambalapuzha
|GEN
|K. K. Kumara Pillai
|M
|RSP
|32056
|V. S. Achuthanandan
|M
|CPM
|26471
|----
|102
|Kuttanad
|GEN
|Eappen Kandakudy
|M
|KEC
|34161
|K.P. Joseph
|M
|CPM
|27014
|----
|103
|Haripad
|GEN
|G.P. Mangalathu Madaom
|M
|United Front IND
|33037
|C.B.C. Warrier
|M
|CPM
|30118
|----
|104
|Kayamkulam
|GEN
|Thundathie Kunjukrishna Pillai
|M
|INC
|29742
|P.A. Haris P.K. Kunju
|M
|BLD
|24655
|----
|105
|Thiruvalla
|GEN
|E. John Jacob
|M
|KEC
|31548
|John Jacob Vallakkalil
|M
|KCP
|24573
|----
|106
|Kallooppara
|GEN
|T.S. John
|M
|KEC
|33967
|E.K. Kuriakose
|M
|KCP
|17173
|----
|107
|Aranmula
|GEN
|M.K. Hemachandran
|M
|INC
|35482
|P.N. Chandrasenan
|M
|IND
|21127
|----
|108
|Chengannur
|GEN
|Thakappan Pillai
|M
|United Front IND
|33909
|K.R. Saraswathi Amma
|F
|KCP
|27356
|----
|109
|Mavelikara
|GEN
|Bhaskaran Nair
|M
|United front IND
|35103
|S. Govinda Kurup
|M
|CPM
|26310
|----
|110
|Pandalam
|(SC)
|Damodaran Kalassery
|M
|INC
|36938
|V. Kesavan
|M
|CPM
|31764
|----
|111
|Ranni
|GEN
|K.A. Mathew
|M
|KEC
|32530
|F. Thomas Kuttikayam
|M
|KCP
|23235
|----
|112
|Pathanamthitta
|GEN
|George Mathew
|M
|KEC
|34853
|K.K. Nair
|M
|IND
|30686
|----
|113
|Konni
|GEN
|P.J. Thomas
|M
|INC
|30714
|R.C. Unnithan
|M
|CPM
|30277
|----
|114
|Pathanapuram
|GEN
|E.K. Pillai
|M
|CPI
|30927
|A. George
|M
|KCP
|30136
|----
|115
|Punalur
|GEN
|P.K. Sreenjvasan
|M
|CPI
|33870
|V. Bharathan
|M
|CPM
|30668
|----
|116
|Chadayamangalam
|GEN
|Chandrasekharan Nair
|M
|CPI
|31906
|N. Sundaresan
|M
|CPM
|20219
|----
|117
|Kottarakkara
|GEN
|R. Balakrishan Pillai
|M
|KCP
|37253
|Kottara Gopalkrishan
|M
|INC
|23098
|----
|118
|Neduvathur
|(SC)
|Bhargavi Thankappan
|F
|CPI
|33941
|Vettikavala Kochukunju
|M
|BLD
|22019
|----
|119
|Adoor
|GEN
|Thennala Balakrishna Pillai
|M
|INC
|31214
|Mathew Muthalali
|M
|KCP
|23826
|----
|120
|Kunnathur
|(SC)
|Kallada Narayanan
|M
|RSP
|43347
|C.K. Thankappan
|M
|CPM
|25103
|----
|121
|Karunagappally
|GEN
|P. M. Sheriff
|M
|CPI
|29739
|C.P. Karunnakaran Pillai
|M
|CPM
|24255
|----
|122
|Chavara
|GEN
|Baby John
|M
|RSP
|36892
|A. Noorundin Kunju
|M
|IND
|17583
|----
|123
|Kundara
|GEN
|A. A. Rahim
|M
|INC
|29758
|V. V. Joseph
|M
|IND
|29362
|----
|124
|Quilon
|GEN
|Thyagarajan
|M
|RSP
|37065
|N. Padmalochanan
|M
|CPM
|24049
|----
|125
|Eravipuram
|GEN
|R. S. Unni
|M
|RSP
|39119
|R. M. Parameswaran
|M
|IND
|22666
|----
|126
|Chathanoor
|GEN
|J. Chitharanjan
|M
|CPI
|38787
|Varinja Vasu Pillai
|M
|BLD
|20016
|----
|127
|Varkala
|GEN
|T. A. Majeed
|M
|CPI
|25210
|Shamsuddin
|M
|BLD
|18991
|----
|128
|Attingal
|GEN
|Vakkam Purushothaman
|M
|INC
|32452
|Varkala Radhakrishnan
|M
|CPM
|23892
|----
|129
|Kilimanoor
|(SC)
|P. K. Chathan Master
|M
|CPI
|32242
|C. K. Balakrishnan
|M
|CPM
|31412
|----
|130
|Vamanapuram
|GEN
|N. Vasudevan Pillai
|M
|CPM
|31463
|M. Kunju Krishnan Pillai
|M
|INC
|29071
|----
|131
|Ariyanad
|GEN
|K. C. Vamadevan
|M
|RSP
|26100
|Thakidi Krishanan Nair
|M
|BLD
|18908
|----
|132
|Nedumangad
|GEN
|Kaniapuram Ramachandran Nair
|M
|CPI
|34731
|R. Sundaresan Nair
|M
|IND
|23992
|----
|133
|Kazhakuttam
|GEN
|Thlaekunnil Basheer
|M
|INC
|37014
|A. Essuddin
|M
|MLO
|22637
|----
|134
|Trivandrum North
|GEN
|K. Raveendran Nair
|M
|United Front IND
|31971
|S. Dharmarajan
|M
|CPM
|25806
|----
|135
|Trivandrum West
|GEN
|K. Pankajakshan
|M
|RSP
|31224
|S.M. Noohu
|M
|BLD
|20301
|----
|136
|Trivandrum East
|GEN
|P. Narayanan Nair
|M
|United Front IND
|33405
|J. Saradamma
|F
|CPM
|22802
|----
|137
|Nemom
|GEN
|S. Varadarajan Nair
|M
|INC
|32063
|Pallichal Sadasivan
|M
|CPM
|25142
|----
|138
|Kovalam
|GEN
|A. Neellalohithadasan Nadar
|M
|Left IND
|32549
|N. Sakthan
|M
|KEC
|28435
|----
|139
|Neyyattinkara
|GEN
|R. Sundaresan Nair
|M
|United Front IND
|30372
|R. Parameswaran
|M
|CPM
|24678
|----
|140
|Parassala
|GEN
|M. Kunjukrishnan Nadar
|M
|INC
|34485
|M. Sathyanesan
|M
|CPM
|21084
|----
|}

=== By-Elections ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!S.No.
!Constituency
!Type
!Year
!Winning candidate
!Party
!Votes
!Runner-up Candidate
!Party
!Votes
!Winning party
!Majority
|-
|133
|Kazhakootam
|GEN
|1977
|A.K. Antony
|INC
|38463
|P. Sreedharan Nair
|CPM- Ind.
|29794
|INC
|8669
|----
|136
|Trivandrum East
|GEN
|1978
|K.Anirudhan
|CPM
|23891
|P.K.Pillai
|IND
|22106
|CPM
|1785
|-
|2
|Kasaragod
|GEN
|1979
|B. M. A. Rahiman
|MLO
|22419
|C. T. A. Ali
|MUL
|21269
|MLO
|1150
|-
|12
|Tellicherry
|GEN
|1979
|M.V.Rajagopalan
|CPM
|44457
|K.Sreedharan
|CPI
|23799
|CPM
|20658
|-
|105
|Thiruvalla
|GEN
|1979
|P.C.T.Painummoottil
|JNP
|30552
|J.J.Vallakkalil
|KEC
|24863
|JNP
|5689
|-
|140
|Parassala
|GEN
|1979
|M.Sahyanesan
|CPM
|27986
|M. S. Nadar
|INC(I)
|20657
|CPM
|7329
|}

=== Formation of Ministry ===
On 25 March, [[K. Karunakaran]] of Congress sworn as Chief Minister. However, Karunakaran had to resign within a month over the [[Rajan case|controversial death of Left-leaning engineering student Rajan]], who was tortured during the Emergency when he was the Home Minister.<ref>Haritha John,
Rakesh Mehar (21 June 2017). [https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-chronicles-how-one-missing-student-brought-down-congress-govt-just-month-64012 "Kerala Chronicles: How one missing student brought down a Congress govt in just a month"]. ''The News Minute''. Retrieved 1 January 2018.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/once-there-was-a-hero..../705882/2 |title=Once there was a hero.... - Indian Express |website=archive.indianexpress.com |access-date=26 May 2019}}</ref> Then 15 member ministry under the leadership of [[A. K. Antony|A.K. Antony]] assumed office on 27 April 1977. When Congress split in January 1978, Karunakaran joined the new Indira Congress, and A K Antony continued with the 'main' Congress, which was variously known as Congress (Urs), Congress (Socialist). Antony resigned as Chief Minister in late 1978 when his Congress faction decided to support Indira Gandhi in Chickmagalur bye-election. CPI and Congress also drifted apart. Though the ruling alliance had won nearly 80% seats in the election, it became unstable, and the assembly lasted less than 3 years.

[[First K. Karunakaran Ministry|K. Karunakaran's ministry]] holds the record for ministry which served the shortest term<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaassembly.org/records.html |title=Golden Jubilee of Kerala Assembly: 2006-2007- records (updated) |website=www.keralaassembly.org |access-date=26 May 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.keralaassembly.org/ Kerala Assembly Election DATABASE]

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Kerala]]
[[Category:1970s in Kerala]]
[[Category:1977 State Assembly elections in India|Kerala]]

Padrauna railway station

2026-01-27T13:42:56Z

Igornqa: added a stub!

{{short description|Railway Station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Padrauna railway station
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Regional rail]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = Station Road, Padrauna, Uttar Pradesh
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.8975|N|83.9831|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|89|m|ft}}
| line = Gorakhpur–Siwan(Via Thawe)
| other = Taxi stand
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platform = 2
| tracks = 3
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = NO
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1907}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = POU
| zone = [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Varanasi}}

}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former = Bengal and North Western Railway [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh
| map_dot_label = Padrauna railway station
| map_size = 280
| map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh
}}
[[File:POUPadrauna.jpg | thumb | right | alt=Padrauna Railway Station | Padrauna Railway Station]]
'''Padrauna railway station''' is on the [[Gorakhpur]]–[[Thawe]] line. It is about 77 km from [[Gorakhpur railway station]] and is situated towards its north-eastern part. It is situated about 20 km from [[Kushinagar]], an international tourist and religious spot for Buddhists. It serves [[Padrauna]] city in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

|image=

==Railway station==
Padrauna railway station is at an elevation of {{convert|89|m|ft}} and was assigned the code – POU.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/padrauna-pou/6859|title= Arrivals at Padrauna|publisher= indiarailinfo| access-date=3 May 2014}}</ref>
Padrauna railway station is one of the important railway station of kushinagar district because of being the district headquarter.

==History==
Bengal and North Western Railway constructed the {{convert|79|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} long {{track gauge|1000mm}}-wide [[metre-gauge]] line from Siwan to Kaptanganj in 1907.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://indianrailwaynotes.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/north-eastern-railway.pdf|title= Indian Railways line history; 2. North Eastern Railway |access-date=22 June 2013 }}</ref>

The Kaptanganj–Thawe section was converted to {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ner.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,338,637 |title= Indian Railways: A Historical Perspective |publisher= North Eastern Railway |access-date= 22 June 2013 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140109151138/http://www.ner.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C6%2C338%2C637 |archive-date= 9 January 2014 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>

==Passengers==
Padrauna railway station handles around 18,000 passengers every day.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://railenquiry.in/stationinfo/POU/Padrauna |title= Padrauna |publisher= Indian Rail Enquiry | access-date=22 June 2013 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/padrauna-pou/6859 Trains at Padrauna]
{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y
|system=Indian Railways
|line=North Eastern Railway zone|left=Barharaganj|right=Kath Kuiyan|type=Gorakhpur–Thawe branch line}}

{{external media
| float=right
| video1= [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFw65YuUn7I Inauguration of broad gauge at Padrauna]
}}

{{Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1907]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Kushinagar district]]
[[Category:Varanasi railway division]]
[[Category:Padrauna]]

The Greatest of All Time (soundtrack)

2026-01-24T04:33:18Z

Igornqa: Made Data

{{Short description|2024 soundtrack album by Yuvan Shankar Raja}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox album
| name = The Greatest of All Time
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cover = The Greatest of All Time album cover.jpg
| border = yes
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| released = 3 September 2024
| recorded = 2023–2024
| studio = [[U1 Records]], [[Chennai]] AI Watan Studios, [[Dubai]] High Tide Studios, [[Germany]] [[Ilaiyaraaja|Ilaiyaraaja Studios]], Chennai Chennai Strings Orchestra, Chennai
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = {{ubl|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]|[[Sony Music India]]}}
| length = 16:53
| producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| prev_title = [[Gangs of Godavari]]
| prev_year = 2024
| year = 2024
| next_title = [[Parachute (TV series)|Parachute]]
| next_year = 2024
| misc = {{Singles
| name = The Greatest of All Time
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Whistle Podu
| single1date = 14 April 2024
| single2 = Chinna Chinna Kangal
| single2date = 22 June 2024
| single3 = Spark
| single3date = 3 August 2024
| single4 = Matta
| single4date = 31 August 2024
}}
}}
'''''The Greatest of All Time''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] for the 2024 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film [[The Greatest of All Time|of the same name]], which is directed by [[Venkat Prabhu]] and stars [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] alongside [[Prashanth]], [[Prabhu Deva]], [[Ajmal Ameer]] and [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]].

The album featured four songs, with all of them being previously released as singles. It was planned to be released with the film's audio launch event, before its cancelation. The album was released via [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] on 3 September 2024, two days before the film's release.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=0Yf72jKVbon03Hus&v=dV_rlFYuThE&feature=youtu.be |title=The Greatest Of All Time Audio Jukebox {{!}} Thalapathy Vijay {{!}} Venkat Prabhu {{!}} Yuvan Shankar Raja |date=2024-09-03 |last=T-Series Tamil |access-date=2024-09-03 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

== Background ==
Yuvan shared a long-standing personal and working relationship with Prabhu; since the latter's directorial debut with ''[[Chennai 600028]]'' (2007), he would score all of his films with the exception of ''[[Manmadha Leelai (2022 film)|Manmadha Leelai]]'' (2022) and the unreleased ''[[Party (2018 film)|Party]]'', composed by Prabhu's brother [[Premgi Amaren]].<ref name="cast and crew">{{Cite news |date=24 October 2023 |title=Cast and crew of Vijay – Venkat Prabhu's 'Thalapathy 68' revealed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cast-and-crew-of-vijay-venkat-prabhus-thalapathy-68-revealed/article67453076.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024082139/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cast-and-crew-of-vijay-venkat-prabhus-thalapathy-68-revealed/article67453076.ece |archive-date=24 October 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Yuvan's only composition for a Vijay-starrer was ''[[Pudhiya Geethai]]'' (2003).<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 December 2021 |title=Will Yuvan Shankar Raja and Vijay team up after almost two decades? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/will-yuvan-shankar-raja-and-vijay-team-up-after-almost-two-decades/articleshow/88471671.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127150500/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/will-yuvan-shankar-raja-and-vijay-team-up-after-almost-two-decades/articleshow/88471671.cms |archive-date=27 January 2023 |access-date=22 May 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> In December 2021, he shared a picture with Vijay on his X (formerly [[Twitter]]) account indicating a possible reunion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=24 December 2021 |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja posts a picture of himself with Thalapathy Vijay; netizens wonder what's brewing |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/yuvan-shankar-raja-posts-a-picture-of-himself-with-thalapathy-vijay-netizens-wonder-whats-brewing/09bac9e633574 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317114543/https://www.ottplay.com/news/yuvan-shankar-raja-posts-a-picture-of-himself-with-thalapathy-vijay-netizens-wonder-whats-brewing/09bac9e633574 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |access-date=17 March 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> On 21 May 2023, [[AGS Entertainment]] officially announced the film with Prabhu and Yuvan's involvement as the director and musician; This would be his second film with Vijay after two decades.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2023 |title=Thalapathy Vijay and Venkat Prabhu to join forces for actor's 68th film. Yuvan Shankar Raja to score music |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-and-venkat-prabhu-to-join-forces-for-actors-68th-film-yuvan-shankar-raja-to-score-music-2382197-2023-05-21 |access-date=22 June 2024 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522145626/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-and-venkat-prabhu-to-join-forces-for-actors-68th-film-yuvan-shankar-raja-to-score-music-2382197-2023-05-21 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 May 2023 |title='Thalapathy 68': Vijay, Venkat Prabhu team up for their next |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalapathy-68-vijay-venkat-prabhu-team-up-for-their-next/article66877089.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522021946/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalapathy-68-vijay-venkat-prabhu-team-up-for-their-next/article66877089.ece |archive-date=22 May 2023 |access-date=21 May 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> The songs in the film were written by Prabhu's father [[Gangai Amaran]], [[Madhan Karky]], [[Kabilan Vairamuthu]] and [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5GSt99nxiJQ |title=Whistle Podu Lyrical Video {{!}} The Greatest Of All Time {{!}} Thalapathy Vijay {{!}} VP {{!}} U1 {{!}} AGS {{!}} T-Series |date=14 April 2024 |last=T-Series |access-date=22 June 2024 |via=YouTube |archive-date=15 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415163453/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5GSt99nxiJQ&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Initially, [[Arivu]] was signed to write on song, but was subsequently replaced with Vivek due to reasons unknown.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2023 |title=Thalapathy 68 First Look: Thalapathy Vijay's next film titled The Greatest of All Time: A Venkat Prabhu Hero |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thalapathy-68-first-look-thalapathy-vijays-next-film-titled-the-greatest-of-all-time-a-venkat-prabhu-hero-1268666 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101015534/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thalapathy-68-first-look-thalapathy-vijays-next-film-titled-the-greatest-of-all-time-a-venkat-prabhu-hero-1268666 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |access-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Production and composition ==
In September 2023, at the Panacea23 event at [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology]], Chennai, Yuvan revealed about the first single which would be a [[dappankuthu]] number.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 September 2023 |title='Thalapathy 68's first single will be a Kuthu song, confirms Yuvan Shankar Raja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-68s-first-single-will-be-a-kuthu-song-confirms-yuvan-shankar-raja/articleshow/103386868.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024000807/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-68s-first-single-will-be-a-kuthu-song-confirms-yuvan-shankar-raja/articleshow/103386868.cms |archive-date=24 October 2023 |access-date=22 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The aforementioned song (later deciphered to be "Whistle Podu") was shot during the first schedule,<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 2023 |title='Thalapathy 68' song shoot wrapped up; choreographer revealed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-68-song-shoot-wrapped-up-choreographer-revealed/articleshow/104282126.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010072255/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-68-song-shoot-wrapped-up-choreographer-revealed/articleshow/104282126.cms |archive-date=10 October 2023 |access-date=22 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and it was recorded during late-October 2023, commencing the music production, and vocals performed by Vijay himself.

The number "Chinna Chinna Kangal" was composed by Yuvan in January 2024 at [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 June 2024 |title=The 'GOAT' crew pays special tribute to the late singer Bhavatharini as they bring back her voice through AI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-goat-crew-pays-special-tribute-to-the-late-singer-bhavatharini-as-they-bring-back-her-voice-through-ai/articleshow/111019221.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731171014/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-goat-crew-pays-special-tribute-to-the-late-singer-bhavatharini-as-they-bring-back-her-voice-through-ai/articleshow/111019221.cms |archive-date=31 July 2024 |access-date=31 July 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> At that time, he wanted the song to be sung by his sister [[Bhavatharini]], but she died from [[cancer]] on 25 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2024 |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja On Song In Thalapathy Vijay's GOAT: Never Imagined I'd Be Using Bhavatharini's Voice Like This |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/yuvan-shankar-raja-on-song-in-thalapathy-vijays-goat-never-imagined-i-d-be-using-bhavatharinis-voice-like-this-article-111193585 |access-date=31 July 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=31 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731165915/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/yuvan-shankar-raja-on-song-in-thalapathy-vijays-goat-never-imagined-i-d-be-using-bhavatharinis-voice-like-this-article-111193585 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2024 |title=The G.O.A.T second single to have late Bhavatharini's voice using AI |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/the-goat-second-single-to-have-late-bhavatharinis-voice-using-ai-791273 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621132742/https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/the-goat-second-single-to-have-late-bhavatharinis-voice-using-ai-791273 |archive-date=21 June 2024 |access-date=21 June 2024 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref> Her vocals were [[Music and artificial intelligence|generated via artificial intelligence]] by the music production company Pitch Innovations. The company's CEO, T. R. Krishna Chetan, recalled that the team assembled the singer's previous recordings at various pitches and styles, for the studio-quality AI model and a pilot version of the song was recorded with Priyanka NK's vocals which was then replaced with Bhavatharini's AI generated vocals.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 July 2024 |title=Once we establish how to use AI properly, negative comments will go away: Krishna Chetan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/once-we-establish-how-to-use-ai-properly-negative-comments-will-go-away-krishna-chetan/articleshow/111746168.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801180049/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/once-we-establish-how-to-use-ai-properly-negative-comments-will-go-away-krishna-chetan/articleshow/111746168.cms |archive-date=1 August 2024 |access-date=31 July 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=24 June 2024 |title=Song and Sensibility |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2024/Jun/24/song-and-sensibility |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731165919/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2024/Jun/24/song-and-sensibility |archive-date=31 July 2024 |access-date=31 July 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> After listening to a snippet of her vocals, Vijay felt emotional and impressed, and agreed to perform the vocals for the male counterpart.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarpana |first=Vini |date=2024-06-24 |title=GOAT 2nd Single: "பாடலைப் பாடிவிட்டு விஜய் சார் சொன்னது என்னன்னா..." – கபிலன் வைரமுத்து ஷேரிங்ஸ் |trans-title=GOAT 2nd Single: "What Vijay sir said after recording the song" – Kabilan Vairamuthu shares |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/lyricist-kabilan-vairamuthu-interview-about-the-goat-2nd-single |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624112656/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/lyricist-kabilan-vairamuthu-interview-about-the-goat-2nd-single |archive-date=2024-06-24 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

Yuvan commenced recording the film's background score during late-July 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2024 |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja begins background score for Vijay's GOAT |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yuvan-shankar-raja-begins-background-score-for-vijays-goat/articleshow/112034876.cms |access-date=31 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=31 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731165915/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yuvan-shankar-raja-begins-background-score-for-vijays-goat/articleshow/112034876.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Yuvan collaborated with the Budapest Scoring Orchestra for re-recording, where some of the cues had resembled the [[Theme from Mission: Impossible|theme from ''Mission: Impossible'']].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9iu35N6AR8c |title="VIJAY Sir in SJ Suryah Mode"🔥 – Venkat Prabhu Exclusive GOAT Interview {{!}} Part 2 {{!}} Yuvan {{!}} AGS |date=2024-08-30 |type=Interview |publisher=Cineulagam |access-date=2024-08-30 |via=YouTube |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830153245/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=9iu35N6AR8c |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Singles ===
On April 14, celebrating the occasion of [[Puthandu|Tamil New Year]], the first single, "Whistle Podu", was released from the film. Sung by [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] with lyrics penned by [[Madhan Karky]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2024 |title=Vijay's GOAT first single: Makers tease with quirky and colourful 'are you ready' poster |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vijays-goat-first-single-makers-tease-with-quirky-and-colourful-are-you-ready-poster/180294165724 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413131402/https://www.ottplay.com/news/vijays-goat-first-single-makers-tease-with-quirky-and-colourful-are-you-ready-poster/180294165724 |archive-date=13 April 2024 |access-date=13 April 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2024 |title=The Greatest of All Time song Whistle Podu: Vijay turns singer and shakes a leg with Prabhudeva, Prashanth. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/the-greatest-of-all-time-song-whistle-podu-vijay-turns-singer-and-shakes-a-leg-with-prabhudeva-prashanth-watch-101713145283136.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424091437/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/the-greatest-of-all-time-song-whistle-podu-vijay-turns-singer-and-shakes-a-leg-with-prabhudeva-prashanth-watch-101713145283136.html |archive-date=24 April 2024 |access-date=31 July 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> its title was perceived by some media as an allusion to the [[Chennai Super Kings]]' anthem.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2024 |title=CSK 'GOAT' MS Dhoni, Ravindra Jadeja Get A Whistle Podu Tribute From Vijay |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/chennai-super-kings-goat-ms-dhoni-ravindra-jadeja-get-a-whistle-podu-tribute-from-vijay-8853174.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417022340/https://www.news18.com/movies/chennai-super-kings-goat-ms-dhoni-ravindra-jadeja-get-a-whistle-podu-tribute-from-vijay-8853174.html |archive-date=17 April 2024 |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> The song received a mixed response from fans, although some felt its reception would improve with time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2024 |title=The Greatest Of All Time first song Whistle Podu: Thalapathy Vijay's party anthem gets mixed reviews |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/the-greatest-of-all-time-first-song-whistle-podu-thalapathy-vijays-party-anthem-gets-mixed-reviews/606adafe78289 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415161907/https://www.ottplay.com/news/the-greatest-of-all-time-first-song-whistle-podu-thalapathy-vijays-party-anthem-gets-mixed-reviews/606adafe78289 |archive-date=15 April 2024 |access-date=15 April 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref>

The second single "Chinna Chinna Kangal" was released on 22 June, coinciding with Vijay's 50th birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Panikker |first=Rohit |date=22 June 2024 |title=Chinna Chinna Kangal from Thalapathy Vijay's The GOAT Is Out! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/second-single-chinna-chinna-kangal-from-vijay-film-the-goat-is-out-article-111192076 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622132151/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/second-single-chinna-chinna-kangal-from-vijay-film-the-goat-is-out-article-111192076 |archive-date=22 June 2024 |access-date=22 June 2024 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> Prior to its release, the song was leaked to social media pages, which leaded to the makers filling copyright notice to the accounts who were spreading the leaked footage throughout the platforms and officially releasing it earlier on 5:30pm (IST) rather than the initially planned time, 6:00pm.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 2024 |title=Vijay's 'GOAT' makers take strict action against piracy after 'Chinna Chinna Kangal' song leaked |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-goat-makers-take-strict-action-against-piracy-after-chinna-chinna-kangal-song-leaked/articleshow/111204278.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629083607/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-goat-makers-take-strict-action-against-piracy-after-chinna-chinna-kangal-song-leaked/articleshow/111204278.cms |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=23 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Despite this, the song topped the most-viewed video globally on YouTube in the past 24 hours with 4.5 million views.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2024 |title=Vijay's 'GOAT' second single 'Chinna Chinna Kangal' tops the global chart |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-goat-second-single-chinna-chinna-kangal-tops-the-global-chart/articleshow/111224206.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624095626/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-goat-second-single-chinna-chinna-kangal-tops-the-global-chart/articleshow/111224206.cms |archive-date=24 June 2024 |access-date=24 June 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The third single, titled "Spark", was released on 3 August.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2024 |title=Spark Promo OUT: Makers of Thalapathy Vijay starrer The Greatest Of All Time drop an upbeat glimpse of upcoming single ft Meenakshi Chaudhary |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/spark-promo-out-makers-of-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-the-greatest-of-all-time-drop-an-upbeat-glimpse-of-upcoming-single-ft-meenakshi-chaudhary-1334997 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802140824/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/spark-promo-out-makers-of-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-the-greatest-of-all-time-drop-an-upbeat-glimpse-of-upcoming-single-ft-meenakshi-chaudhary-1334997 |archive-date=2 August 2024 |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref> The song received mixed response from audiences.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2024 |title=Spark from The Greatest of All Time: Vijay's de-aged look panned by internet. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/spark-from-the-greatest-of-all-time-vijays-de-aged-look-panned-by-internet-watch-101722700774898-amp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804062552/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/spark-from-the-greatest-of-all-time-vijays-de-aged-look-panned-by-internet-watch-101722700774898-amp.html |archive-date=4 August 2024 |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

The fourth single, titled "Matta" was released on 31 August, coinciding Yuvan's birthday.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-31 |title='GOAT' fourth single 'Matta': It's Ilayathalapathy's party on Yuvan Shankar Raja's birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/goat-fourth-single-matta-its-ilayathalapathys-party-on-yuvan-shankar-rajas-birthday/articleshow/112951265.cms |access-date=2024-08-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=1 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901134725/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/goat-fourth-single-matta-its-ilayathalapathys-party-on-yuvan-shankar-rajas-birthday/articleshow/112951265.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Cancelled audio launch plans ===
In May 2024, it was reported that the film's audio launch would take place in Malaysia or Singapore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2024 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's GOAT Audio Launch To Happen In Malaysia Or Singapore: Reports |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/thalapathy-vijays-goat-audio-launch-to-happen-in-malaysia-or-singapore-reports-8890218.html |access-date=31 July 2024 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=31 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731165914/https://www.news18.com/movies/thalapathy-vijays-goat-audio-launch-to-happen-in-malaysia-or-singapore-reports-8890218.html |url-status=live }}</ref> But an article from ''[[The Times of India]]'', revealed that the event would be held in [[Chennai]] during mid-August; it further claimed that Vijay would skip the forthcoming event due to his political commitments.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 July 2024 |title=Buzz: Vijay to skip the audio launch of 'GOAT' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/buzz-vijay-to-skip-the-audio-launch-of-goat/articleshow/112058184.cms |access-date=31 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=31 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731171015/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/buzz-vijay-to-skip-the-audio-launch-of-goat/articleshow/112058184.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Extended soundtrack ===
The film also features a couple of additional tracks, the theatrical version of "Whistle Podu," sung by Vijay, Yuvan, Premgi Amaren, and Venkat Prabhu, and "Lonely Lullaby," with lyrics penned by Vignesh Ramakrishna and sung by [[Haricharan]]. These tracks were officially released as part of the movie's OST Jukebox Vol. 1, one month after the movie's release on October 4.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Greatest Of All Time OST Jukebox |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=ic5MtEdOWc1ivTIi&v=qNs-9h_TW2Q&feature=youtu.be |access-date=23 February 2025|language=en}}</ref>

Yuvan also remixed "Sorgame Endralum", a classic song originally composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] for ''[[Ooru Vittu Ooru Vanthu]]''. This version features vocals by Ilaiyaraaja, Yuvan Shankar Raja, and [[S. Janaki]] and was officially released on October 21, 2024, via [[Sony Music India|Sony Music South]]'s YouTube channel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/2SuHv0TOlxLtN3g4A8Cthl?si=xBwChydAR4OAVtrOoF94Yg|title=Sorgame Endralum (GOAT Version) - Download or Listen Free - Spotify|website=[[Spotify]] |date=February 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
"Whistle Podu" became the most-viewed song in the first 24 hours, amassing 25.5 million views on [[YouTube]]. It also topped the global chart on YouTube, becoming the most-watched video in the past 24 hours. By reaching this feat, "Whistle Podu" broke the record set by "Arabic Kuthu" (23.7 million views) from ''[[Beast (2022 Indian film)|Beast]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=GOAT first single 'Whistle Podu' smashes records; fans crack Vijay and Yuvan Shankar Raja's song to discover unexplored |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/goat-first-single-whistle-podu-smashes-records-fans-crack-vijay-and-yuvan-shankar-rajas-song-to-discover-unexplored/articleshow/109308686.cms |access-date=2024-08-03 |work=The Times of India |date= |archive-date=2024-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525061415/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/goat-first-single-whistle-podu-smashes-records-fans-crack-vijay-and-yuvan-shankar-rajas-song-to-discover-unexplored/articleshow/109308686.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, the lyrical video garnered 1 million likes on YouTube, making it the fastest lyrical video to achieve this milestone.<ref>{{cite news |title='Whistle Podu' is officially South India's most viewed first single track; Vijay breaks his own record |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/whistle-podu-is-officially-south-indias-most-viewed-first-single-track-vijay-breaks-his-own-record/articleshow/109334483.cms |access-date=2024-08-03 |work=The Times of India |date= |archive-date=2025-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223093135/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/whistle-podu-is-officially-south-indias-most-viewed-first-single-track-vijay-breaks-his-own-record/amp_articleshow/109334483.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vijay breaks his own record with 'Whistle Podu' amidst petition urging ban on GOAT first single |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/vijay-breaks-his-own-record-with-whistle-podu-amidst-petition-urging-ban-on-goat-first-single-enn24041602691 |access-date=2025-02-23 |work=ETV Bharat |date= |archive-date=2025-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223093918/https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/vijay-breaks-his-own-record-with-whistle-podu-amidst-petition-urging-ban-on-goat-first-single-enn24041602691 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
=== Original ===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Whistle Podu
| length1 = 4:47
| lyrics1 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| extra1 = [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], Yuvan Shankar Raja
| title2 = Chinna Chinna Kangal
| length2 = 4:29
| lyrics2 = [[Kabilan Vairamuthu]]
| extra2 = Vijay, [[Bhavatharini]]{{efn|Via artificial intelligence, originally sung by Priyanka NK.}}
| title3 = Spark
| length3 = 4:10
| lyrics3 = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| extra3 = Yuvan Shankar Raja, Vrusha Balu
| title4 = Matta
| length4 = 3:32
| lyrics4 = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
| extra4 = Yuvan Shankar Raja, Shenbagaraj, Velu, Sam, Narayanan Ravishankar
| total_length = 16:53
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Extended Soundtrack
|total_length = 28:51
| all_writing =
|extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sorgame Endralum Remix
| length1 = 3:08
| note1 = Originally composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and remixed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| lyrics1 = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| extra1 = Ilaiyaraaja, [[S. Janaki]], Yuvan Shankar Raja
|title2 = Whistle Podu Theatrical
| length2 = 4:15
| lyrics2 = Madhan Karky
| extra2 = Vijay, Yuvan Shankar Raja, [[Venkat Prabhu]], [[Premgi Amaren]]
|title3 = Lonely Lullaby
| length3 = 2:53
| lyrics3 = Vignesh Ramakrishna
| extra3 = [[Haricharan]]
|title4 = Whistle Podu Sat Night Mix
|note4= Remix by Premgi Amaren
| length4 = 2:22
| lyrics4 = Madhan Karky
| extra4 = Vijay, Premgi Amaren
}}

=== Telugu ===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Whistleaesko
| length1 = 4:47
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], [[Nakash Aziz]]
| title2 = Ninnu Kanna Kanulae
| length2 = 4:30
| lyrics2 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra2 = Yuvan Shankar Raja, [[S. P. Charan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title3 = Spark
| length3 = 4:10
| lyrics3 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra3 = Yuvan Shankar Raja, Vrusha Balu
| title4 = Masthie
| length4 = 3:32
| lyrics4 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra4 = Yuvan Shankar Raja, Shenbagaraj, Velu, Sam, Narayanan Ravishankar
| total_length = 16:53
}}

=== Hindi ===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Whistle Podu
| length1 = 4:41
| lyrics1 = Raqueeb Alam
| extra1 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], [[Nakash Aziz]]
| title2 = Chhoti Chhoti Aankhen
| length2 = 4:30
| lyrics2 = Raqueeb Alam
| extra2 = Yuvan Shankar Raja, [[Javed Ali]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title3 = Spark
| length3 = 4:10
| lyrics3 = Raqueeb Alam
| extra3 = Yuvan Shankar Raja, [[Kunal Ganjawala]], Vrusha Balu
| title4 = Aaya
| length4 = 3:32
| lyrics4 = Raqueeb Alam
| extra4 = Yuvan Shankar Raja, Vrusha Balu
| total_length = 16:47
}}

== Background score ==
{{Infobox album
| name = The Greatest of All Time
| type = [[Film score]]
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 4 October 2024 22 October 2024
| recorded = 2023–2024
| studio = [[U1 Records]], [[Chennai]] AI Watan Studios, [[Dubai]] High Tide Studios, [[Germany]] [[Ilaiyaraaja|Ilaiyaraaja Studios]], Chennai Chennai Strings Orchestra, Chennai
| genre = [[Film score]]
| length = {{Duration|m=23|s=22}}
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
| audio1=
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Volume 1<ref>{{cite web |access-date=4 October 2024 |title=The Greatest Of All Time Ost |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/4xEiNkMfZXAH82aNMzzmJp?si=bO7RWMGYRfqb6dNyFgAqJg |website=Spotify}}</ref>
| title1 = Captain Lives On
| length1 = 2:20
| title2 = Echos Of The Past
| length2 = 1:34
| title3 = Mission Gandhi
| length3 = 0:56
| title4 = Srinidhi Blossoms
| length4 = 0:44
| title5 = Metro Madness
| length5 = 1:24
| title6 = Shadows Of The Dark
| length6= 1:47
| title7 = The Real Og
| length7 = 1:12
| total_length = 10:38
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Volume 2<ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 October 2024 |title=The Greatest Of All Time Ost |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/6mKo5AdhdFvDHCKt9dzeS6?si=uP7aj0xNTE6xHd-VOulm_A |work=Spotify}}</ref>
| title1 = The Goat
| length1 = 0:50
| title2 = Captain In Action
| length2 = 1:03
| title3 = Bangkok Misery
| length3 = 1:25
| title4 = Welcome To Moscow
| length4 = 1:26
| title5 = Moscow Memoirs
| length5 = 1:28
| title6 = On Da Run In Moscow
| length6 = 2:46
| title7 = Menon Is Alive
| length7 = 1:01
| title8 = Sunil Vs Kalyan
| length8 = 1:15
| title9 = Goat Of Chepauk
| length9 = 1:29
| total_length = 12:44
}}

== Controversy ==
Following the release of "Whistle Podu", a social activist filed a police complaint at [[Mylapore]] Police Station in Chennai to [[Director general of police|DGP Office]], stating that the lyrical video did not feature any disclaimer on drinking or smoking and promotes drug addiction and rowdyism to the youth, demanding an action towards Vijay and ban to the song.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 April 2024 |title=Vijay's 'Whistle Podu' from 'GOAT' in trouble; petition filed to ban the song- deets inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-whistle-podu-from-goat-in-trouble-petition-filed-to-ban-the-song-deets-inside/articleshow/109335859.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416140705/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-whistle-podu-from-goat-in-trouble-petition-filed-to-ban-the-song-deets-inside/articleshow/109335859.cms |archive-date=16 April 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Yuvan Shankar Raja}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Greatest of All Time, The}}
[[Category:2024 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Yuvan Shankar Raja soundtracks]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]

Komal Thacker

2026-01-18T19:24:14Z

Igornqa: Made the article more to come

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Komal Thacker
| image = Komal_Thacker_at_Cannes_Film_Festival.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Komal Thacker at [[2022 Cannes Film Festival]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1985|9|13}}
| birth_place = [[Gandhidham]],[[Kutch district]], [[Gujarat]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2004–present
}}

'''Komal Thacker''' (born 13 September 1985)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/komal-thacker-signs-lady-dabang/articleshow/38486326.cms|title=Komal Thacker is the Lady Dabang of Dhollywood - Times of India}}</ref> is an Indian actress primarily working in the [[Gujarati film]] industry. She made her acting debut in the Gujarati film Alakh Na Ajwala in 2006 opposite [[Hiten Kumar]], which was directed by Chandresh Bhatt and have started her journey as an actress, she is known for the [[Hameer (film)]], which released in 2017, [[Kasoombo]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/komal-thacker-to-play-zubeda-in-kasoombo/articleshow/106011125.cms|title=Komal Thacker to play Zubeda in 'Kasoombo'- Times of India}}</ref> which released in 2024. She was the first Gujarati actress to receive an official invitation to the [[2022 Cannes Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/komal-thacker-becomes-the-first-gujarati-actress-to-walk-the-cannes-red-carpet-exclusive/articleshow/91833990.cms|title=Komal Thacker becomes the first Gujarati actress to walk the Cannes red carpet- Exclusive!- Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://tv9gujarati.com/photo-gallery/cinema-photos/komal-thacker-photos-gujarati-actress-komal-thacker-continues-to-spark-at-the-cannes-film-festival-for-second-year-761312.html|title= Komal Thacker Photos: કાન્સ ફિલ્મ ફેસ્ટિવલમાં એકમાત્ર ભાગ લેનારી ગુજરાતી અભિનેત્રી કોમલ ઠક્કરનો દબદબો, જુઓ તસ્વીરો- TV9 Gujarati}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/komal-thacker-the-first-gujarati-actress-to-sparkle-at-cannes20220531095832/ |title= Komal Thacker, the first Gujarati Actress to sparkle at Cannes}}</ref> and was invited again in [[2023 Cannes Film Festival]] as an official guest.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/komal-thacker-makes-waves-at-cannes-2023-in-a-spectacular-outfit-see-pics/articleshow/100672785.cms|title=Komal Thacker makes waves at Cannes 2023 in a spectacular outfit- Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/komal-thacker-strikes-a-glamorous-pose-with-filmmaker-pan-nalin-esha-gupta-and-star-studded-celebs-at-cannes-2023/articleshow/100569619.cms|title=Komal Thacker strikes a glamorous pose with filmmaker Pan Naalin, Esha Gupta and Star – Studded celebs at Cannes - Times of India}}</ref> Komal Thacker made a stunning return to the Cannes Film Festival in 2025, making her third appearance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/komal-thacker-dazzles-at-cannes-2025-bold-beautiful-unstoppable-on-the-red-carpet/articleshow/121481057.cms|title= Komal Thacker dazzles at Cannes 2025: Bold, beautiful & unstoppable on the red carpet - Times of India}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Komal has done her primary schooling from her hometown [[Gandhidham]], [[Kutch district]], she has done her graduation from [[Gujarat University]], after the graduation she moved to [[Mumbai]] to pursue her acting career. She debuted in [[Gujarati cinema]] in 2006, opposite [[Hiten Kumar]] and her acting journey has started. In 2017 her career was started shining, on that time she did back to back projects like Aa to Prem Che.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/komal-thacker-in-her-hottest-best-in-aa-toh-prem-chhe/articleshow/38484733.cms|title=Komal Thacker's hot look in Aa Toh Prem Chhe revealed - Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/komal-thacker-visits-ahmedabad/articleshow/45168084.cms|title=KT's Amdavadi sojourn - Times of India}}</ref> Later on she has been seen in Aatank opposite Jeet Upendra.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/jeet-upendra-komal-thacker-kissing-scene-in-aatank/articleshow/39819299.cms|title=Jeet and Komal's kiss in Aatank - Times of India}}</ref> She featured in Punjabi video songs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/komal-thacker-shoots-in-bikaner/articleshow/45625537.cms|title=Sizzling hot KT shoots in Bikaner - Times of India}}</ref> She appeared in Rajasthani movie.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/komal-thacker-komal-thacker-to-star-in-a-rajasthani-film/articleshow/45402386.cms|title=Komal Thacker to star in a Rajasthani film - Times of India}}</ref> She appeared in Gujarati movie named Avtar Dhari Ne Aavyo Chu, where she paired with [[Hiten Kumar]] and [[Vikram Thakor]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/komal-thacker-komal-rejoins-shooting-for-her-upcoming-movie/articleshow/45343710.cms|title=Komal starts shooting for her upcoming movie - Times of India}}</ref> In 2023 She has adopted a dog and named him as Taimur,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tv9gujarati.com/entertainment/bollywood/komal-thacker-dog-name-is-taimur-saif-ali-khan-and-kareena-kapoor-khan-fans-started-trolling-779471.html|title=આ ગુજરાતી અભિનેત્રી એ પોતાના શ્વાનનું નામ રાખ્યું 'તૈમુર', યુઝર્સે કહ્યું – કરીના-સૈફ માગી રહ્યા છે તારુ લોકેશન ! – TV9 Gujarati}}</ref> later on social media users made joked on it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/komal-thacker-wishes-dog-taimur-a-happy-birthday-saif-kareena-605727.html|title=Komal Thacker Wishes Dog 'Taimur' A Happy Birthday, Fans Say 'Saif-Kareena Want Your Location'– India Times}}</ref> In 2024 she started shooting for [[Sanghavi and Sons]], which is going to release in 2025.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/bollywood/filmmaker-chandresh-bhatt-begins-shooting-for-new-film-sanghavi-son-s/ar-BB1qDx5O?apiversion=v2&noservercache=1&domshim=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1&batchservertelemetry=1&noservertelemetry=1|title=Filmmaker Chandresh Bhatt begins shooting for new film 'Sanghavi & Son's' – MSN}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{|class=wikitable
|-
! Year !! Title !! Director !! Language
|-
| 2006 ||''Alakh Na Ajwala''|| Chandresh K Bhatt || Gujarati
|-
| 2008 || ''Mahisagar Na Saugandh''|| Mukund Patel || Gujarati
|-
| 2009 ||''Bhad No Dikaro''|| Hitu Patel || Gujarati
|-
| 2010 || ''Parnetar Ni Preetadi''|| Vithalbhai Patel || Gujarati
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || ''Rajvadi Bapu Ne Rang Che''|| Suryakiran Rawat || Gujarati
|-
| ''Vaav'' || Ashok Patel || Gujarati
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''Aa to Prem chhe''|| Ashok Patel || Gujarati
|-
| ''Avtar Dharine Aavu Chu''|| Atmaram Thakor|| Gujarati
|-
| 2016 || ''My Father Iqbal''|| Suzad Iqbal Khan|| Hindi
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || ''[[Hameer (film)|Hameer]]''|| Ashok Patel || Gujarati
|-
|''Bewafa Sanam Tari Bahu Meherbani''|| Poonam Beldar || Gujarati
|-
| 2018 || ''O Gori Meto Dil Thi Bandhi Che Preet''|| Subhash Shah || Gujarati
|-
| 2021 || ''I Love You Radha''|| Naresh Kumar || Gujarati
|-
| 2022 || ''Purna Purushottam Shree Swaminarayan Bhagwan''|| Rakesh Pujara|| Gujarati
|-
| 2023 || ''Hu chhu Mr. Shankar''|| Rafik Talukdar|| Gujarati
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Kasoombo]]''|| [[Vijaygiri Bava]] || Gujarati
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Sanghavi and Sons (film)|Sanghavi and Sons]]''|| Chandresh K Bhatt || Gujarati
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|nm8108197}}
*{{IMDb name|nm7615540}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thacker, Komal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Gujarati cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Gujarati actresses]]
[[Category:1985 births]]

Lonavala

2026-01-15T01:46:55Z

Igornqa: cleanup lead as per guidelines as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lonavala
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Hill station
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/2
| image1 = Mumbai Pune Expressway2.jpg
| caption1 = [[Mumbai–Pune Expressway]]
| image2 = Tiger Point Lonavala.jpg{{!}}Tiger Point
| caption2 = Tiger Point
| image3 = Lions Point - India.jpg{{!}}Lions Point
| caption3 = Lions Point
| image4 = Bhaja Caves 1.jpg{{!}}Bhaja Caves
| caption4 = [[Bhaja Caves]]
| image5 = ...sanctum sanctorum..... (24519395033).jpg{{!}}
| caption5 = [[Karla Caves]]
| image6 = Dukesnose.jpg{{!}}
| caption6 = Dukes Nose
| image7 = Khandala ghat during rains.jpg{{!}}Khandala ghat
| caption7 = Khandala Ghat
}}
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India#Asia
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.74806|N|73.40722|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 38
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 624
| population_total = 57698
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 1464
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 410401
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02114
| registration_plate = MH-12, MH-14
}}

'''Lonavala-Khandala'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Lonavala, Khandala railway stations to run on clean energy |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/lonavala-khandala-railway-stations-to-run-on-clean-energy-861470.html|date=15 July 2020|newspaper=Deccan Herald|quote=Lonavala and Khandala belt, as a hill station, is one of the most popular tourist spots among Indians and now Lonavala station and its adjoining railway premises will completely run on clean and green energy.}}</ref> is a [[hill station]] and a [[municipal council]] in the [[Pune district]], [[Maharashtra]]. It is about {{Convert|64|km|mi|abbr=in}} west of [[Pune]] and {{Convert|96|km|mi|abbr=in}} to the east of [[Mumbai]]. It is known for its production of the hard candy ''[[chikki]]'' and is also a major stop on the railway line connecting Mumbai and Pune. From the Pune suburbs, local trains are available from [[Pune Junction]]. The [[Mumbai-Pune Expressway]] and the [[National Highway 48 (India)|Mumbai-Pune national highway]] both pass through Lonavala.

Lonavala is also home to [[INS Shivaji|INS ''Shivaji'']] (formerly HMIS ''Shivaji''), the [[Indian Navy]]'s premier technical training institute. On 16 February 1945, the Establishment was commissioned as HMIS Shivaji and since then, the premier Technical Training Establishment of the Indian Navy trains officers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/insshivaji/node/391|title = WELCOME TO INDIAN NAVAL SHIP SHIVAJI | insshivaji}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:India; a stretch of railway in the Western Ghats mountain ra Wellcome V0037521.jpg|thumb|left|A view of [[Western Ghats]] in Lonavala, 1881]]
Present day Lonavala was a part of the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty]]. Later, the [[Mughals]] realised the strategic importance of the region and kept the region for an extended time. The forts in the region and the "''Mavala''" warriors played an important role in the history of the [[Maratha Empire]] and that of the [[Peshwa]]s.
In 1871, the Lonavala and [[Khandala]] hill stations were established by Lord Elphinstone, who was the Governor of [[Bombay Presidency]] at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbai.org.uk/excursions/lonavala.html|title=Lonavla, India|publisher=Mumbai.org.uk|access-date=2010-01-31}}</ref>

==Politics==
The President of Lonavala Municipal Council is Smt. Surekha Nandkumar Jadhav and the Vice president is Shri. Sanjay Mohan Ghone.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref name=census2011>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802810-lonavala.html|title=Lonavala Population Census 2011|last=Govt. of India|work=Census of India|access-date=18 February 2017}}</ref> Lonavala had a population of 57,698. Males constituted 53.47% of the population and females 46.53%. The sex ratio in Lonavala is 870, lower than the state average of 929. Lonavala has a literacy rate of 89.33%, which is higher than the state average of 82.34%. The Male literacy rate is 93.4%, and the female literacy rate is 84.57%. 10.37% of the total population in Lonavala is of children under 6 years of age.

===Religion===
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 75.18% of the population of Lonavala followed [[Hinduism]], 10.13% [[Islam]], 8.75% [[Buddhism]], 2.67% [[Jainism]], 2.32% [[Christianity]] and the remaining 0.96% of the population followed other religions or stated no religion.<ref name=census2011/>

{{Pie chart
|thumb=right
|caption=Religion in Lonavala (2011)<ref name=census2011/>
|label1 = [[Hinduism]] |value1 = 75.18 |color1=darkorange
|label2 = [[Islam]] |value2 = 10.13 |color2 = Green
|label3 = [[Buddhism]] |value3 = 8.75 |color3 = yellow
|label4 = [[Jainism]] |value4 = 2.67 |color4 = pink
|label5 = [[Christianity]] |value5 = 2.32 |color5 = blue
|label6 = Other or not stated |value6 = 0.96 |color6 = grey
}}

==Climate==
Lonavala has an extreme version of tropical wet and dry climate which barely is borderline with a humid subtropical climate (CWa) due to the January mean temperature being shy of 18.9°C. It has an extreme wet and dry climate because it's quite dry during the dry months (mid October to may) while it's extremely wet from June to September. July and August rainfall values are higher than most well known cities annual rainfall.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
{{Weather box
|location = Lonavla
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes

|Jan high C = 27.9
|Feb high C = 30.3
|Mar high C = 33.6
|Apr high C = 37.8
|May high C = 35.9
|Jun high C = 31.6
|Jul high C = 26.7
|Aug high C = 24.5
|Sep high C = 28.6
|Oct high C = 31.4
|Nov high C = 30.1
|Dec high C = 26.8

|Jan mean C = 18.9
|Feb mean C = 20.8
|Mar mean C = 24.1
|Apr mean C = 28.7
|May mean C = 29.6
|Jun mean C = 27.3
|Jul mean C = 24.4
|Aug mean C = 22.9
|Sep mean C = 24.3
|Oct mean C = 24.8
|Nov mean C = 22.3
|Dec mean C = 19.1

|Jan low C = 9.9
|Feb low C = 11.4
|Mar low C = 14.6
|Apr low C = 19.6
|May low C = 23.4
|Jun low C = 23.0
|Jul low C = 22.1
|Aug low C = 21.3
|Sep low C = 19.9
|Oct low C = 18.2
|Nov low C = 14.4
|Dec low C = 11.5
|Jan precipitation mm = 4
|Feb precipitation mm = 2
|Mar precipitation mm = 3
|Apr precipitation mm = 18
|May precipitation mm = 67
|Jun precipitation mm = 666
|Jul precipitation mm = 1733
|Aug precipitation mm = 1147
|Sep precipitation mm = 495
|Oct precipitation mm = 111
|Nov precipitation mm = 16
|Dec precipitation mm = 3

|source = weather2stay
|date = February 2021
}}

==Tourism==
Lonavala and the adjacent [[Khandala]] are twin hill stations {{convert|622|m|ft}} above sea level, in the Sahyadri ranges that demarcate the [[Deccan Plateau]] and the Konkan coast. The hill stations sprawl over an approximate area of {{convert|38|km2|mi2}}. Tourism peaks during the monsoon season. The name Lonavala is derived from the words '''leni''<nowiki/>' which means caves and '<nowiki/>''avali''<nowiki/>' which means series. i.e. 'a series of Caves' which is a reference to the many caves like [[Karla Caves]], [[Bhaja Caves]] and Bedsa that are close to Lonavala. A trip to Lonavala and Khandala can be combined with sight-seeing visits of Karla, Bhaja and Bedsa caves and also the two fortresses, [[Lohagad]] and [[Visapur fort|Visapur]]. Another place of interest is the Tungi fort, one of the forts captured by Malik Ahmad near the village of [[Karjat]] and was known for its natural strength.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://raigad.nic.in/DG/1964/places_Tungi%20Fort.html|title=Tungi fort|publisher=NIC Raigad-Alibaug}}</ref> The Andharban trek begins from village Pimpri, passes through dense forests, valleys and waterfalls and ends in [[Bhira Kheri|Bhira]].

==Transport==
[[File:NH 6 - Mumbai - Lonavala Turn.jpg|thumb|[[Mumbai-Pune Expressway]]]]

===By road===
Lonavala is on the [[Mumbai-Pune Expressway]] and is well-connected to several towns of [[Khopoli]], [[Karjat]], [[Talegaon Dabhade]], etc.

===By train===
{{Further|Lonavala railway station}}
Lonavala is well-connected by train. Local trains run from Pune at 2-hour intervals. Those originating from Mumbai along the [[Central line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|central line]] have [[Khopoli]] as their last station. Buses are available at regular intervals to complete the remaining 15 km of the journey to Lonavla from Khopoli bus station. It takes 2.5 hours by train from Mumbai and 1 to 1.5 hour from Pune. All trains, travelling between Mumbai and Pune, halt at Lonavala. Before the push-pull technology, trains from Mumbai used to halt at Karjat in [[Raigad district|Raigad District]] to attach [[bank engine|banker locomotives]] before the train started the journey up the [[Western Ghats]] to reach Lonavala.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/karjat-commuters-oppose-new-technology-on-intercity-express/article27892659.ece|title=Karjat commuters oppose new technology on Intercity Express|last=Mahale|first=Ajeet|date=2019-06-13|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-10-21|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===By air===
The city of Aamby Valley, which lies near to Lonavala, has its own private airport. The nearest commercial airports are [[Pune International Airport]] at 64 km and [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|second nearest commercial airport is D.B Patil international airport in Navi Mumbai, that is 65 km and Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]] at 104 km.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maharashtratourism.net/hill-stations/lonavla-and-khandala.html|title=Lonavla and Khandala|publisher=Maharashtra Tourism|access-date=2010-01-31}}</ref> A [[seaplane]] service is also available between [[Juhu]] and Pawana Dam, which is 14 km away from Lonavala.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/First-seaplane-service-from-Mumbai-takes-off-for-Lonavala/articleshow/40868277.cms | title=First seaplane service from Mumbai takes off for Lonavala | first=Nergish | last=Sunavala | date=25 August 2014 | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=1 December 2018 }}</ref>

==Skywalk==
{{anchor|Sky}}
'''Lonavala Tiger Point Skywalk''' is a 125 meter long, 6 meter wide, horseshoe-shaped glass-bridge skywalk costing Rs 909 cr at Tiger Point in Lonavala being constructed under [[parvatmala]] project.Lonavala Skywalk project also includes 5000 sqm rooftop cafe, 1000 seat amphitheatre, adventure sports, parking for 2000 motor bikes and 1600 cars. The road from A1 Chakki to the skybridge will also be widened into 11 km long elevated toll-free expressway between [[Mulshi]] and Lonavala. The construction will commence in 2025 and will be completed by June 2027.<ref name=lonv1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/125-metre-long-glass-skywalk-at-lonavala-to-be-ready-in-2-years/articleshow/118489094.cms 125 m long glass bridge skywalk at Tiger Point Lonavala], Times of India, 22 Feb 2025.</ref>

== Tourism ==
=== Rajmachi Point ===
[[Rajmachi|Rajmachi Point]] is located about 6.5 km from Lonavala. This point commands a view of Shivaji Maharaj's fort, Rajmachi (Royal terrakouioce), and the surrounding valley. Regular State Transport buses ply between Rajmachi Point and Lonavala from the State Transport Bus Stand. The Vaghjai Dari is also located here.

=== Rajmachi Fort ===
[[Rajmachi|Rajmachi Fort]] is a historic fort close to Lonavala and attracts a lot of trekkers during the monsoon season. The fort also comprises two other forts - Shrivardhan Fort and Manaranjan Fort. Besides, the fort is known for the fireflies that lit up the surroundings in night

=== Ryewood Park & Shivaji Udyan ===
This is an extensive garden situated in Lonavla. The garden has a number of tall trees - some of which are very old.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} There is an old Shiva temple in the park.

=== Valvan Dam ===
Valvan Dam is a Britisher-built garden and is more than a century old. This dam has a garden at the foot of its wall and is 2 km from the town.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} The dam supplies water to the Khopoli power station at the foothills of the Sahyadris for generating electricity. The [[Kundali River]] feeds into the dam's reservoir.

=== Della Adventure Park ===
[[Della Adventure Park]] is India's largest adventure park situated in Lonavala hill station. The park is spread over an area of 36 acres. It is located at about 3,000 feet height above [[mean sea level|MSL]]. Della Adventure Park offers close to 52 adventure activities.

=== Lonavala Lake ===
Lonavala Lake is surrounded by natural scenery, about 1.6  km from the town. The lake dries up during the winter and summer months offering an expanse of green grass that is used by walkers and joggers.<ref>{{cite web| title= Google Maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Lonavala+Lake/@18.7412776,73.3920943,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3be8016ca25d36d9:0xfef709609f19abd1!8m2!3d18.7417874!4d73.3996038}}</ref> This place attracts tourists for its street food,{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} including [[convenience food]] items like smoked corn on the cob, shaved ice (gola), vada pav, chaat, and hot ginger tea.

=== Duke's Nose ===
Duke's Nose stands 12 km from Lonavla, clearly visible from the highway while driving towards Mumbai. This landmark in Khandala is visited by hikers.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} Also known locally as ''Naagphani'' (Cobra's Hood), the cliff owes its name to the Duke of Wellington, whose ample nose it resembles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tripadvisor.in/Attraction_Review-g1156430-d1203670-Reviews-Nagphani_Duke_s_Nose-Khandala_Lonavala_Pune_District_Maharashtra.html|title = Nagphani (Duke's Nose) (Khandala) - 2022 What to Know Before You Go (With Photos)}}</ref>

=== Tiger's Leap ===
[[File: Lonavala near tiger point.jpg|thumb|A place near Tiger Point]]

Tiger's Leap also known as '''Tiger's Point''' is a cliff-top with a sheer drop of over 650 m, giving an extensive view. Buses are available up to [[INS Shivaji]] and the remaining distance of about 1.6  km has to be covered on foot. Legend has it that while being chased by a tiger once, the [[Maratha Empire]] king [[Shivaji]] jumped into a ditch on the hill and the tiger leaped off it into the valley giving it the name of tiger's leap.

Just around the tiger's leap, there is a small waterfall active only during the monsoon. It serves the purpose of relaxing in the water better than Bushi Dam, as the force of the fall is higher. Also, after the brief steep descent, the fall becomes a stream with a fair amount of force to go all the way down to the base of the Tiger's Leap. Adventurers can trek down the stream whilst intermittently stepping back on land where the water current is too strong and the fall is steep.

=== Karla Caves ===
[[Karla Caves]], located near Lonavala, is a complex of cave shrines built by Buddhist monks around 3rd to 2nd century B.C. A temple of Goddess Ekvira Devi is also present here.<ref>{{cite web| title=Ekveera Aai Tu Dongaravari Najar Hai Tuji Kolyavari|date=21 January 2012|url=http://mandarmala.blogspot.in/2012/01/ekveera-aai-tu-dongaravari-najar-hai.html}}</ref>

=== [[Lohagad]] Fort ===
A robust climb of about 11.2 km from [[Malavali]] railway station takes you to the 'Iron Fort', once a formidable battle-station of [[Shivaji]]. The fort commands a view of the surrounding hills and hamlets.

=== Visapur Fort ===
Adjacent to the Lohagad fort lies the visapur fort which is part of the Lohagad-Visapur fortification. Visapur Fort is larger and at a higher elevation than its twin- Lohagad. It was built during 1713-1720 CE by Balaji Vishwanath.

=== [[Bhushi Dam]] ===
A waterfall near the dam is located between Lonavala and I.N.S. Shivaji. Buses running on the I.N.S. Shivaji Road stop here.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.amazingmaharashtra.com/2012/09/bhushi-dam-lonavala.html|title=Amazing Maharashtra: BHUSHI DAM LONAVALA}}</ref>

=== Lion Point ===
This is a viewpoint midway between Bhushi Dam and Aamby Valley which overlooks a deep valley and mountains known for its roasted corn and onion fritters. This point does not have any lions but is named so because it is associated with the Lions Club of Lonavala.

=== Narayani Dham ===
[[File:Narayani Dham lonavala.jpg|thumb|Narayani Dham Temple ]]
Narayani Dham is a temple constructed in 2002 in honor of the Hindu Goddess [[Narayani Mata|Narayani]]. It is at a distance of 2 km from the Lonavla railway station. The temple has idols of Durga Mata, Salasar Balaji (Hanuman) and Ganapati housed in a marble structure.

=== Tungarli Dam ===
This lake and Dam comes to life during the Monsoon season, where some people climb the mountain top to the Dam. This dam was built during the British era and features a serene surrounding of trees and hillocks.

=== Shooting Point ===
Another viewpoint in the town of Khandala (Bazaar peth), provides views of the Rajmachi Fort and the valley. Also the home for the St. Mary's villa.{{Clarify|date=October 2024}}

=== [[Kataldhar Lonavla]] ===
Kataldhar is a waterfall neer Rajmachi Fort off the Rajmachi Trekking route.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kataldhar waterfall near Lonavala @699 |url=https://www.trekhievers.com/tours/kataldhar-waterfall |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=Trekhievers |language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==
{{directory|section|date=August 2020}}

Some major educational institutes in Lonavala are:
* Sinhgad Institute of Technology Lonavala
* The Cathedral Vidya School, Lonavala
* Ryewood International School, Lonavala
* Gurukul High School (boarding school)
* Auxilium Convent School
* Don Bosco School and Junior College, Lonavala
* Adv. Bapusaheb Bhonde High School, Lonavala
* Samundra Institute of Maritime Studies (SIMS)
* Kohinoor Business School-Kohinoor Global Campus
* DC High School and Jr. College
* Dr. B. N. Purandare Vidyalay High School
* Institute For Future Education Entrepreneurship And Leadership
* V. P. S. HighSchool
* D.P. Mehata Jr College
* [[Kaivalyadhama Health and Yoga Research Center]]
* Kendriya Vidyalaya, INS Shivaji, Lonavala
* Sadhana Institute, Old Khandala Road, Lonavala
* Kaivalya Vidya Niketan, Kaivalyadhama Lonavala. CBSE Board
* The Great Eastern Institute Of Maritime Studies, Lonavala
* Society of Saint Mary Virgin in India, Shanti Sadan School Lonavala<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csmvonline.org.uk/overseas.htm/ |title=Wantage Overseas |access-date=2015-01-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317170150/http://www.csmvonline.org.uk/overseas.htm |archive-date=2015-03-17 }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:A waterfall on the way to Lonavala, Maharashtra.jpg|A waterfall on the way to Lonavala.
File:View of Western ghats, from Rajmachi point Khandala, on the Mumbai-Pune expressway.jpg|View of Western ghats, from Rajmachi
File:Tiger point-Lonavla.JPG|Tiger point during the rainy season
File:Bhushi Dam - Lonavala.jpg|Bhushi Dam - Lonavala
File:Tombstone of Jesuits German Priests 01.JPG|Tombstone of Jesuits German Priests 01
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Lonavala chikki]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Lonauli}}
* {{Commons category inline}}
* {{wikivoyage-inline|Lonavla}}

{{Pune district topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Pune district]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tourism in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Lonavala-Khandala]]

Republic of Hindutva

2026-01-13T09:25:58Z

Igornqa: added new details

{{Short description|Book by Badri Narayan}}
{{Orphan|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Republic of Hindutva
| image = File:Republic of Hindutva.jpg
| caption = First edition
| border = yes
| author = Badri Narayan
| country = India
| subject = Politics
| genre =
| published = 15 March 2021 ([[Penguin Books|Penguin]])
| pages = 240
| media_type = [[Book]]
| isbn = 978-0670094042
}}

'''''Republic of Hindutva''''' is a 2021 political commentary book by Indian social historian, Badri Narayan. The book is a field study of how the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] keeps reinventing itself to spread its worldview.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/republic-of-hindutva-how-the-sangh-is-reshaping-indian-democracy-review-ways-and-means-to-navigate-a-democratic-and-social-polity/article34556072.ece|title='Republic of Hindutva: How the Sangh is Reshaping Indian Democracy' review: Ways and means to navigate a democratic and social polity|first=G.|last=Sampath|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 May 2021|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/the-many-shades-of-saffron/2235045/|title=The many shades of saffron|date=18 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/a-new-sangh-has-emerged-dalit-inclusion-is-its-key-action-plan-author-badri-narayan-3585701.html|title=A New Sangh Has Emerged, Dalit Inclusion Is Its Key Action Plan: Author Badri Narayan|date=29 March 2021|website=www.news18.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/all-that-matters/sangh-has-various-strategies-to-make-dalits-part-of-grand-hindutva-identity-badri-narayan-social-historian-says/articleshow/81726973.cms|title=Sangh has various strategies to make Dalits part of grand Hindutva identity Badri Narayan, social historian says - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2021 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian literature]]
[[Category:Penguin Books India books]]

{{India-poli-book-stub}}

Dharmabad Assembly constituency

2026-01-06T00:14:46Z

Igornqa: Started new details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dharmabad
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1957
| abolished = 1962
| electors = 73,938
| mla = Chaudhan Shankarao Bhaurao
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}

'''Dharmabad Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan=2 | Chaudhan Shankarao Bhaurao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Dharmabad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Chaudhan Shankarao Bhaurao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,065 |percentage = 60.07% |change={{decrease}}9.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Konbderao Manoharrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 10,366 |percentage = 24.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrao Mariba |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,416 |percentage = 3.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gopalya Namya |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,184 |percentage = 2.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vithalrao Wamanrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,116 |percentage = 2.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,699 |percentage = 35.23% |change= {{decrease}}3.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 41,728 |percentage = 52.95% |change= {{increase}}15.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,938 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.70 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Dharmabad<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Chaudhan Shankarao Bhaurao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 18,033 |percentage = 69.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Digambarrao Bapurao |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 8,018 |percentage = 30.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,015 |percentage = 38.44% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 26,051 |percentage = 40.77% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,905 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Gaddis

2025-12-29T21:47:36Z

Igornqa: add content per sources per standard format

{{short description|Indian community}}
{{For|the surname|Gaddis (surname)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=May 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| region1 = Himachal Pradesh
| pop1 = 178,130
| region2 = Jammu Kashmir
| pop2 = 46,489
| languages = [[Gaddi language|Gaddi]]
| related_groups = [[Pangwals]], other [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryans]]
}}
[[File:Gaddi shepherds having a good time (16260304116).jpg|thumb|A group of Gaddi shepherds]]

The '''Gaddi''' is a semi-pastoral community living mainly in the high remote areas of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in India.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uv5DwAAQBAJ |title=Himachal Competition Focus - Half Yearly 2020 - January to August |publisher=Sarla Publications Private Limited |pages=121 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
{{expand section|date=December 2025}}

==Population==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], the Gaddi population was 178,130 in Himachal Pradesh and 46,489 in Jammu Kashmir. The Gaddis of Himachal Pradesh had an adult sex ratio of 1014 and literacy rate of 73.3, whereas those of Jammu and Kashmir had a sex ratio of 953 and literacy of 53.5. [[Reservation in India|reservation system]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Profile of Scheduled Tribes in India |url=https://tribal.nic.in/ST/StatisticalProfileofSTs2013.pdf |accessdate=1 May 2019 |publisher=Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Statistics Division, Government of India |page=170 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820035137/https://tribal.nic.in/ST/StatisticalProfileofSTs2013.pdf |archive-date= 20 August 2019 }}</ref>

==Classification==
The Gaddi community includes people from multiple castes. The castes within the community are variously categorised as [[Scheduled Tribe]]s, [[Scheduled Caste]]s and [[Other Backward Classes]] by the [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]]. The castes that are not listed as Scheduled Tribe, especially the Brahmins, Rajputs and Khatris, fall under Other Backward Classes, with the remaining lower castes, including the Sippy, Halli, Dhogri, Daggi, Rhadey and Baddi, fall within Scheduled Castes category.<ref>{{cite web |title=LIST OF BACKWARD CLASSES |url=https://himachalservices.nic.in/hbcfdc/list.htm |website=himachalservices.nic.in |access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="HT_Oct2012">{{cite news |last1=Thakur |first1=Naresh K. |date=17 October 2012 |title=Gaddis, OBCs hold key to Kangra, Chamba |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/gaddis-obcs-hold-key-to-kangra-chamba/story-AL7UHHcnM7DrUn0JRYr13L.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cong promises ST status to 6 Gaddi sub-castes in Kangra |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/cong-promises-st-status-to-6-gaddi-sub-castes-in-kangra-406988/ |work=The Tribune |date=26 June 2022 |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref> The Gaddis are dominant in the districts of [[Kangra district|Kangra]], [[Chamba district|Chamba]] and [[Una district]]s, having significant hold on the local politics.<ref name="HT_Oct2012"/>

==Tradition==
Gaddis' traditional practices and habits are changing rapidly with India's modernisation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simpson |first=Nikita |date=29 May 2023 |title=Ghar ki tension: domesticity and distress in India's aspiring middle class |doi-access=free |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute]] |language=en |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=573–592 |doi=10.1111/1467-9655.13956 |issn=1359-0987}}</ref> In 2024, an exhibit "Journey across the Himalayas" was held in New Delhi, sharing about Gaddis' way of life and modernity.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Aditya Mani |date=20 December 2024 |title=In 2025, look to the Himalayas |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/2025-journeying-across-the-himalayas-royal-enfield-mountain-stories-conservation-northeast/article68999591.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=30 December 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Aastha D. |title=Journeying Across the Himalayas spotlights the region's layered society and culture |date=14 December 2024 |website=STIRworld |url=https://www.stirworld.com/see-features-journeying-across-the-himalayas-spotlights-the-region-s-layered-society-and-culture |access-date=30 December 2024 |language=English |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20241230103845/https://www.stirworld.com/see-features-journeying-across-the-himalayas-spotlights-the-region-s-layered-society-and-culture |archive-date= 30 December 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=Dharmendra |last=Singh |date=20 December 2024 |title=Know About Himachal Pradesh : विरासत और संस्कृति को सहेजे हैं गद्दी जनजाति के लोग |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/state/himachal-pradesh/the-gaddi-tribe-suffering-from-the-atrocities-of-aurangzeb-took-refuge-in-the-himanchal-hills-au235-1312543.html/amp |url-access=subscription |access-date= |work=Tv 9 Bharatvarsh |pages= |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center">
File:Gaddi woman cutting grass c. 1980.jpg|Gaddi woman mowing, [[Alfred Hallett]] {{circa|1980}}
File:Gaddi village men with hookah, on mountain path, 1980.jpg|Gaddi men near [[Dharamshala]], 1980
File:Gaddi artisans at Suraj Kund fest.jpg|Gaddi artisans at Suraj Kund fest
File:Gaddi_Couple_1940.jpg|alt=Gaddis in bharmour|Gaddi Couple
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Gaddi}}
*{{Cite web |title=Gaddi, a Hindu community of the Western Himalayas |url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/ubccommunityandpartnerspublicati/52387/items/1.0385824 |access-date=16 March 2025 |website=open.library.ubc.ca |language=en}}

==Further reading==
* Verma, V. 1996. ''Gaddis of Dhauladhar: A Transhumant Tribe of the Himalayas''. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaddi (Tribe)}}
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transhumant ethnic groups]]

2024 Mangaf building fire

2025-12-08T00:13:20Z

Igornqa: adding new data more to come - done

{{Short description|2024 residential building fire in Kuwait}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox event
| date = 12 June 2024
| image = 2024 Mangaf building fire.jpg
| caption = Still from a video capturing the event, showing fire and smoke coming out of the building
| Location = [[Mangaf]], Ahmadi Governorate, Kuwait
| coordinates = {{Coord|29.0957|N|48.1335|E|type:event_region:KW-AH|display=inline,title}}
| also_known_as =
| type = [[Structure fire]]
| cause = [[Short circuit]]
| reported deaths = 50
| reported injuries = 50
| map = {{maplink
|frame=yes
|zoom=15
|frame-width=260
|frame-height=250
|frame-align=center
|marker=fire-station
|marker-color=FF0000
|type=point
|text=Location of the Building, [[Mangaf]], Kuwait }}
}}

On 12 June 2024, an early-morning [[Structure fire|fire]] broke out at a residential building in [[Mangaf]] in Kuwait's [[Ahmadi Governorate]] housing 196 male [[migrant worker]]s of NBTC Group, killing 50 migrant workers, at least 46 of whom were from India, and injuring around 50 others. Most victims died of [[smoke inhalation]], while others were fatally injured from [[Falling (accident)|falling]]. The building's owner was arrested in the wake of the fire.

Indian officials such as Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and Minister of State for External Affairs [[Kirti Vardhan Singh]] offered condolences and [[aid]] for the relatives of the victims. They also arranged for the repatriation of the remains of their deceased nationals.

== Incident ==
The fire was reported at 04:00 [[Arabic Standard Time|AST]] (01:00 GMT) on the ground floor of a six-storey residential building housing 196 all-male migrant workers of NBTC Group, which also leased the site.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-06-13 |title=Kuwait fire: MoS Kirti Vardhan Singh reaches Kuwait to ensure early repatriation of mortal remains of Mangaf fire victims |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/kuwait-fire-tragedy-mangaf-fire-accident-indian-victims-jaber-hospital-mos-kirti-vardhan-singh-early-repatriation-of-bodies/article68284512.ece |access-date=2024-06-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619033413/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/kuwait-fire-tragedy-mangaf-fire-accident-indian-victims-jaber-hospital-mos-kirti-vardhan-singh-early-repatriation-of-bodies/article68284512.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The fire began in the security room before spreading to the kitchen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuwait Fire: Several Indians killed, Jaishankar calls it shocking. Here is all you should know |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/kuwait-fire-several-indians-killed-jaishankar-calls-it-shocking-here-is-all-you-should-know/articleshow/110941299.cms?from=mdr |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=The Economic Times |archive-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612163811/https://m.economictimes.com/news/international/world-news/kuwait-fire-several-indians-killed-jaishankar-calls-it-shocking-here-is-all-you-should-know/amp_articleshow/110941299.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Salem |first=Mostafa |date=12 June 2024 |title=Kuwait building fire: Dozens of people killed |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/12/middleeast/kuwait-building-fire-intl/index.html |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=CNN |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613070013/https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/12/middleeast/kuwait-building-fire-intl/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Flames engulfed the lower part of the building and thick black smoke billowed from the upper floors.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Greenfall |first=Robert |date=12 June 2024 |title=Kuwait fire: Dozens dead as blaze engulfs residential block |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9ww0j74rddo |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=BBC |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613070028/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9ww0j74rddo |url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the deaths were a result of [[smoke inhalation]] while sleeping,<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2024 |title=At least 35 killed in building fire in southern Kuwait |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/world/gulf/35-killed-in-building-fire-in-southern-kuwait |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=Khaleej Times |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613070139/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/world/gulf/35-killed-in-building-fire-in-southern-kuwait |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Most Kuwait victims died in sleep after inhaling smoke |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/most-kuwait-victims-died-in-sleep-after-inhaling-smoke/articleshow/110950355.cms |access-date=13 June 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613070133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/most-kuwait-victims-died-in-sleep-after-inhaling-smoke/amp_articleshow/110950355.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> while several victims suffered from fall injuries. Security agencies rescued 67 people.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 June 2024 |title=Fire in Kuwait labour camp shocks Kerala, people on tenterhooks as details of dead and injured awaited |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/fire-in-kuwait-labour-camp-shocks-kerala-people-on-tenterhooks-as-details-of-dead-and-injured-awaited/article68281598.ece |access-date=12 June 2024 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612153317/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/fire-in-kuwait-labour-camp-shocks-kerala-people-on-tenterhooks-as-details-of-dead-and-injured-awaited/article68281598.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Five firefighters were injured during the rescue efforts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-13 |title=45 Indians among 49 dead in Kuwait fire, many burnt beyond recognition |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/kuwait-building-fire-death-toll-indians-killed-mangaf-blaze-video-latest-updates-2552523-2024-06-13 |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=India Today |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613234138/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/kuwait-building-fire-death-toll-indians-killed-mangaf-blaze-video-latest-updates-2552523-2024-06-13 |url-status=live }}</ref> Firefighters extinguished the blaze 10 minutes after they arrived.<ref name="flammable"/>

A preliminary investigation found that the fire was caused by an electrical [[short circuit]] in the security guard's room located on the ground floor of the building<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2024 |title=Mangaf Blaze Tragedy Traced to Electrical Fault |url=https://www.arabtimesonline.com/news/mangaf-blaze-tragedy-traced-to-electrical-fault/ |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=Arab Times |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613222942/https://www.arabtimesonline.com/news/mangaf-blaze-tragedy-traced-to-electrical-fault/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and was exacerbated by the use of a flammable material to partition apartments and rooms. It also found that victims were prevented from escaping to the rooftop by a locked door.<ref name="flammable">{{Cite web |date=12 June 2024 |title=49 Killed in Mangaf Inferno |url=https://kuwaittimes.com/article/15562/kuwait/other-news/49-killed-in-mangaf-inferno/ |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=Kuwait Times |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613182033/https://kuwaittimes.com/article/15562/kuwait/other-news/49-killed-in-mangaf-inferno/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Victims ==
{{Further|Political issues in Kuwait#Foreign workers}}
Fifty people were killed,<ref name="bbc50"/> and at least another 50 were injured and taken to hospital.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-14 |title=India brings home bodies of 45 workers killed in Kuwait fire |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/india-brings-home-bodies-45-080422326.html |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-SG |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615013303/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/india-brings-home-bodies-45-080422326.html |url-status=live }}</ref> All victims were male migrant workers, the majority from India, who were all employed for the NBTC Group.<ref name="bbc50">{{Cite web |last=Greenall |first=Robert |date=13 June 2024 |title=Forty Indians among 50 dead in Kuwait block fire |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9ww0j74rddo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613070028/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9ww0j74rddo |archive-date=13 June 2024 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=BBC}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=15 June 2024 |title=Kuwait fire : NBTC group MD K. G. Abraham says company will take care of victims' families |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/kuwait-fire-nbtc-group-md-k-g-abraham-says-company-will-take-care-of-victims-families/cid/2027287 |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=Telegraph India |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615165646/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/kuwait-fire-nbtc-group-md-k-g-abraham-says-company-will-take-care-of-victims-families/cid/2027287 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-14 |title=Kuwait fire: Mortal remains of 45 Indian migrant workers flown back in IAF aircraft |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kuwait-fire-kerala-pays-respect-to-victims-at-kochi-airport/article68288441.ece |access-date=2024-06-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616015107/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kuwait-fire-kerala-pays-respect-to-victims-at-kochi-airport/article68288441.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Indian embassy officials visited the injured in hospitals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuwait building fire: 30 Indian workers among dozens killed; PM Modi issues statement |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/world/kuwait-building-fire-30-indian-workers-among-dozens-killed-pm-modi-issues-statement |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=Khaleej Times |archive-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612122511/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/world/kuwait-building-fire-30-indian-workers-among-dozens-killed-pm-modi-issues-statement |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 14 June, 48 bodies had been identified.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 June 2024 |title=IAF aircraft from Kuwait with mortal remains of 45 Indian victims; to land in Kochi early on June 14 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/iaf-aircraft-kuwait-fire-indian-victims-land-in-kochi/article68287810.ece |access-date=14 June 2024 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614080031/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/iaf-aircraft-kuwait-fire-indian-victims-land-in-kochi/article68287810.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> It was the second deadliest fire in Kuwait since an [[2009 Kuwait wedding fire|arson attack]] in 2009 that killed 57 people.<ref name="flammable"/>

At least 46 of the dead were from India, including at least 23 from [[Kerala]],{{efn|Denny Baby's family with family roots in [[Karunagappally]] was settled in [[Virar]], Maharashtra, at the time of his death, so he is not included as a Keralite in this figure.}}<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |title=Kuwait Fire LIVE Updates: Death toll rises to 46 as yet another Indian succumbs to injuries |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/world/kuwait-fire-live-updates-keralites-iaf-plane-dead-bodies-indians-labour-pinarayi-vijayan-al-mangaf-eam-s-jaishankar-11718343962585.html |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614175913/https://www.livemint.com/news/world/kuwait-fire-live-updates-keralites-iaf-plane-dead-bodies-indians-labour-pinarayi-vijayan-al-mangaf-eam-s-jaishankar-11718343962585.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Kuwait fire: Bodies of 31 victims arrive in Kerala, public pay homage to deceased at Kochi aiport [sic] |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/06/14/kuwait-fire-mangaf-mortal-remains-indians-malayalis-kochi-delhi.html |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Onmanorama |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615030824/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/06/14/kuwait-fire-mangaf-mortal-remains-indians-malayalis-kochi-delhi.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=12 June 2024 |title=Fire in Kuwait building kills 49 foreign workers |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/least-35-people-killed-fire-southern-kuwait-state-media-2024-06-12/ |access-date=12 June 2024 |work=Reuters |archive-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612155856/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/least-35-people-killed-fire-southern-kuwait-state-media-2024-06-12/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-14 |title=Maharashtra accountant killed in Kuwait building fire, mortal remains arrive today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kuwait-building-fire-victim-maharashtra-palghar-mumbai-kerala-2553254-2024-06-14 |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=India Today |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614131624/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kuwait-building-fire-victim-maharashtra-palghar-mumbai-kerala-2553254-2024-06-14 |url-status=live }}</ref> seven from [[Tamil Nadu]], three from [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]], two from [[Odisha]], and one each from [[Bihar]], [[Haryana]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Karnataka]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-14 |title=Kuwait fire: India brings back bodies of 45 workers |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg330n9x614o |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=BBC News |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614105108/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg330n9x614o |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bodies Of 45 Indians Who Died In Kuwait Fire Reach Kerala |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/plane-with-bodies-of-45-indians-who-died-in-kuwait-fire-on-way-to-kerala-5886155 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=NDTV |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614044119/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/plane-with-bodies-of-45-indians-who-died-in-kuwait-fire-on-way-to-kerala-5886155 |url-status=live }}</ref> Their ages ranged between 20 and 50.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 June 2024 |title=Kuwait fire tragedy: Deputy PM blames 'greed' as 40 Indians killed; Modi calls urgent meeting |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/kuwait-fire-tragedy-indian-nationals-killed-latest-updates-june-12-101718199376441.html |access-date=12 June 2024 |work=Hindustan Times |archive-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612143821/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/kuwait-fire-tragedy-indian-nationals-killed-latest-updates-june-12-101718199376441-amp.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Hospitals in the area admitted 56 patients from the fire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuwait building fire kills at least 49 Indian workers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jun/12/kuwait-building-fire-kills-indian-workers |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=The Guardian |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613065815/https://amp.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jun/12/kuwait-building-fire-kills-indian-workers |url-status=live}}</ref> Around 50 Indians were injured,<ref name=":0" /> over 30 of whom were treated at Al Adan hospital, which was later visited by the Indian ambassador to Kuwait, Adarsh Swaika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mostafa |first=Amr |date=12 June 2024 |title=Almost 50 people killed in fire in southern Kuwait |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/gulf/2024/06/12/at-least-35-people-killed-in-fire-in-southern-kuwait/ |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=The National |archive-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612085118/https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/gulf/2024/06/12/at-least-35-people-killed-in-fire-in-southern-kuwait/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Three [[overseas Filipino worker]]s also died<ref>{{Cite web |last=Casucian |first=Jiselle Anne |date=13 June 2024 |title=3 Filipinos dead in Kuwait building fire —DMW |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/pinoyabroad/content/909991/3-filipinos-dead-in-kuwait-fire-dmw/story/ |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=GMA News |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613143801/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/pinoyabroad/content/909991/3-filipinos-dead-in-kuwait-fire-dmw/story/ |url-status=live}}</ref> while two others were in a critical condition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hernandez |first=Zen |date=13 June 2024 |title=3 Filipinos die in Kuwait building fire: DMW |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/2024/6/13/3-filipinos-in-hospital-after-fire-hits-building-in-kuwait-dmw-944 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=ABS-CBN |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613032427/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/2024/6/13/3-filipinos-in-hospital-after-fire-hits-building-in-kuwait-dmw-944 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nepali nationals were among the injured.<ref name=":0" />

Kuwait is highly dependent on [[migrant labour]], but their poor living conditions have been noted by human rights groups.<ref name=":0" /> From 2022 to 2024, over 1,400 Indian workers died in Kuwait, and the Indian embassy in Kuwait City received 16,423 complaints from March 2021 to December 2023 due to payment delays, harassment, and substandard accommodation. A large number of migrants returned to India due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhaumik |first=Anirban |title=As fire tragedy claims 49 lives, focus back on Kuwait where over 1400 Indian workers died in past two years |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kuwait-where-over-1400-indian-workers-died-in-past-two-years-3064187 |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613070035/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kuwait-where-over-1400-indian-workers-died-in-past-two-years-3064187 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
Deputy Prime Minister Sheikh [[Fahad Yusuf Al-Sabah|Fahad Yusuf al-Sabah]] ordered the arrest of the building's owner and said violations of building standards led to the disaster.<ref>{{Cite web |title=At least 41 dead in fire at building housing workers in Kuwait |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/12/dozens-dead-in-kuwait-building-fire |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612095621/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/12/dozens-dead-in-kuwait-building-fire |archive-date=12 June 2024 |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaudhury |first=Dipanjan Roy |date=2024-06-13 |title=Kuwait fire tragedy: Emir orders probe; authorities launch crackdown |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/kuwait-fire-tragedy-emir-orders-probe-authorities-launch-crackdown/articleshow/110976701.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-06-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |quote=He has ordered the arrest of the Kuwaiti landlord of the building where fire broke out. |archive-date=17 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617061610/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/kuwait-fire-tragedy-emir-orders-probe-authorities-launch-crackdown/articleshow/110976701.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> A senior police officer told state TV that warnings were often issued about overcrowding in this type of accommodation.<ref name=":0" /> The building's owner was later detained for negligence.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=12 June 2024 |title=Scores killed in Kuwait building housing hundreds of foreign workers |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240612-more-than-35-dead-dozens-injured-in-kuwait-building-fire |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612112553/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240612-more-than-35-dead-dozens-injured-in-kuwait-building-fire |archive-date=12 June 2024 |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=France 24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-13 |title=Al-Mangaf building fire: Focus shifts to corruption, sad plight of migrant workers in Kuwait |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2024/Jun/13/al-mangaf-building-fire-focus-shifts-to-corruption-plight-of-migrant-workers-in-kuwait |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614114417/https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2024/Jun/13/al-mangaf-building-fire-focus-shifts-to-corruption-plight-of-migrant-workers-in-kuwait |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reactions ==
Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] called the disaster "saddening" and expressed condolences to the victims and their relatives. He announced an ex-gratia [[Humanitarian aid|relief]] of [[Indian rupee|₹]]200,000 (US$2,394) to each of the families of the deceased Indian nationals from the Prime Minister's Relief Fund.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=2024-06-13 |title=Kuwait Fire: PM Modi announces Rs 2 lakh ex-gratia for victim's families, Indian Embassy extends support |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/pm-modi-conveys-condolences-over-kuwait-fire-tragedy-indian-embassy-extends-support-to-victims/articleshow/110943659.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-06-17 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612235506/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/pm-modi-conveys-condolences-over-kuwait-fire-tragedy-indian-embassy-extends-support-to-victims/articleshow/110943659.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Government of Kerala]] also pledged ₹500,000 in financial assistance to the families of people from the state that died.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-20 |title=Kuwait to give $15,000 compensation to kin of Mangaf fire victims: Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kuwait-to-give-usd-15000-compensation-to-kin-of-mangaf-fire-victims-report/articleshow/111101172.cms |access-date=2024-06-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Indian Foreign Minister [[S. Jaishankar]] also offered condolences, and Minister of State for External Affairs [[Kirti Vardhan Singh]] said that he would provide assistance and repatriate the dead.<ref name=":2" /> On 14 June, their bodies were returned to India aboard an [[Indian Air Force]] aircraft, stopping first in [[Kochi]], where the dead from south India were released, before proceeding to Delhi, where the remaining victims were claimed.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=India brings back bodies of 45 workers from Kuwait |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg330n9x614o |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614105108/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg330n9x614o |archive-date=14 June 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=BBC}}</ref> The Filipino fatalities were repatriated on 17 June.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=PHOTO: Remains of fire victims in Kuwait arrive in PH |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/2024/6/17/kuwait-fire-victims-arrival-1954 |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=ABS-CBN |archive-date=17 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617123648/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/2024/6/17/kuwait-fire-victims-arrival-1954 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Saudi Arabia's [[King Salman]] and Crown Prince [[Mohammed bin Salman]] shared their condolences for Kuwait, with the king wishing a speedy recovery for the injured.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2024 |title=Saudi leaders send condolences to Kuwait's emir over victims of deadly fire |url=https://arab.news/ctcrc |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=Arab News |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613071036/https://arab.news/ctcrc |url-status=live }}</ref> The foreign ministries of the United Arab Emirates and Iran also expressed solidarity with Kuwait.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UAE expresses solidarity with Kuwait over victims of fire |url=https://gulftoday.ae/news/2024/06/12/uae-expresses-solidarity-with-kuwait-over-victims-of-fire |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612182828/https://www.gulftoday.ae/news/2024/06/12/uae-expresses-solidarity-with-kuwait-over-victims-of-fire |archive-date=12 June 2024 |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=Gulf Today|date=12 June 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran condoles with Kuwait gov., people on deadly fire |url=https://en.mehrnews.com/news/216436/Iran-condoles-with-Kuwait-gov-people-on-deadly-fire |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=Mehr News Agency |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614224517/https://en.mehrnews.com/amp/216436/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 13 June, the [[Kerala Catholic Bishops' Council]] (KCBC), the Regional Bishops' Council for the State of Kerala, expressed their condolences to the families of all victims, calling the disaster "heartbreaking". Kerala reported a significant number of victims – 26 casualties, many identified as Christian. Its spokesperson, Father Jacob Palakkappilly, added that they were praying for the speedy recovery of the injured.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2024 |title=Indian Bishops saddened over tragic fire mishap in Kuwait |url=https://www.heraldmalaysia.com/news/indian-bishops-saddened-over-tragic-fire-mishap-in-kuwait/76557/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614014433/https://www.heraldmalaysia.com/news/indian-bishops-saddened-over-tragic-fire-mishap-in-kuwait/76557/1/ |archive-date=14 June 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=Herald Malaysia Online}}</ref>

On 18 June, the Kuwait government announced $15,000 (about 4,600 [[Kuwaiti dinar]]s or ₹1,250,000) compensation to the families of the victims of the fire.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-19 |title=Kuwait to give USD 15,000 compensation to kin of Mangaf fire victims: Report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/kuwait-to-give-usd-15000-compensation-to-kin-of-mangaf-fire-victims-report/articleshow/111101118.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-06-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619163728/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/kuwait-to-give-usd-15000-compensation-to-kin-of-mangaf-fire-victims-report/articleshow/111101118.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> NBTC group announced aid of 8 [[lakh]] rupees to the families of the victims of fire and assured ongoing support to them. Executives [[M. A. Yusuff Ali]] and [[Ravi Pillai]] announced aid of 5 lakh rupees and 2 lakh rupees respectively to each family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala: Families Inconsolable as They Receive Bodies of Migrant Workers Killed in Kuwait Fire |url=https://thewire.in/labour/kerala-families-inconsolable-as-they-receive-bodies-of-migrant-workers-killed-in-kuwait-fire |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=thewire.in |language=en}}</ref> Philanthropist Saad Kassis-Mohamed had offered support to affected workers and their families.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaweekly.biz/saad-kassis-mohameds-wecare-supports-kuwait-fire-affected/ |title=Saad Kassis Mohamed’s WeCare supports Kuwait fire-affected |date=15 June 2024 |language=en |access-date=7 December 2025|work=The India Weekly}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2009 Kuwait wedding fire]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mangaf building fire, 2024}}
[[Category:2024 fires in Asia]]
[[Category:2024 in international relations]]
[[Category:2024 disasters in Kuwait]]
[[Category:June 2024 in Kuwait]]
[[Category:Fires in Kuwait]]
[[Category:Residential building fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Ahmadi Governorate]]
[[Category:India–Kuwait relations]]
[[Category:Fire disasters involving barricaded escape routes]]
[[Category:Migrant workers]]

Rajapur, Maharashtra

2025-12-07T23:50:33Z

Igornqa:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rajapur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt = Aryadurga Devi, Devihasol
| image_caption = Rajapur Central Depot
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Maharashtra]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.67|N|73.52|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| government_type = [[Nagar parishad]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 72
| population_total = 10499
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Rajapurkar
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Malvani language|Malvani]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 416702
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02353
| registration_plate = MH-08
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MH]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rajapur''' is a city and a [[municipal council]] in [[Ratnagiri district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. It is 385 km away from [[Mumbai]].

==Geography==
Rajapur has an average elevation of 72 [[metre]]s (236 [[foot (length)|feet]]).<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/16/Rajapur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Rajapur]</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Rajapur had a population of 9,753. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Rajapur has an average literacy rate of 78%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 82%, and female literacy is 74%. In Rajapur, 9% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==History==

During the days of the [[Bijapur Sultanate]], Rajapur was an important maritime trade centre due to a navigable creek that connects it to the Arabian sea. It became an access point to the rich cities of [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] for those involved in the Arabia-India commerce.<ref name="Marguerite1951">{{cite book | author=Marguerite Eyer Wilbur | title=The East India Company: And the British Empire in the Far East | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTCsAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA173 | access-date=13 February 2013 | year=1951 | publisher=Stanford University Press | isbn=978-0-8047-2864-5 | pages=173 }}</ref>

=== Doroji's attack on Rajapur ===

After defeating the Bijapuri general [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]], [[Shivaji Maharaj]] entered the present-day [[Ratnagiri]] district and started capturing the important ports and towns. Many Bijapuri generals fled to Rajapur because its governor, known by the title [[Rustam Zaman|Rustam-i-Zamani]], was on friendly terms with Shivaji.<ref name="Jadunath_Shivaji_English">Shivaji and the English in Western India by [[Jadunath Sarkar]], in [https://archive.org/details/journalofbiharre04bihauoft The Journal of the Bihar Research Society] (p. 418-427)</ref>

However, Doroji, one of Shivaji's generals, attacked Rajapur. The [[East India Company]] had stationed several men in the town, under the charge of Henry Revington to facilitate the trade of saltpeter, pepper, calicoes and cotton. When Rustam-i-Zamani heard about the approach of the Maratha army, he procured funds from one of the company's brokers and escaped with the money in a [[junk (ship)]]. Revington sent an English ship ''Diamond'' to stop him. When confronted by the English, Rustam offered the company the ownership of two of his junks in lieu of payment. At the same time, the Marathas also arrived, and asked the English to hand over the junks to them. The English declined to oblige, unless they were given the money that Rustam owed them. The angry Marathas seized two of the company's brokers, Baghji and Balaji, in [[Jaitapur]]. When the English sent Philip Gyffard to demand their release, he was arrested as well. The three prisoners were taken to Kharepatan fort on 18 January 1660.<ref name="Jadunath_Shivaji_English"/>

Henry Revington wrote to Shivaji in February 1660, requesting their release. Meanwhile, the brokers had also pleaded for their release, and Shivaji issued an order to set them free. Shivaji also condemned the attack on Rajapur, dismissed Doroji and issued an order to restore all the loot from Rajapur.<ref name="Jadunath_Shivaji_English"/> However, a rogue officer at Kharepatan refused to set Gyfford free unless he received a [[bribe]]. He decided to move Gyfford to another location, escorted by his small Maratha contingent. Revington dispatched an armed party that waylaid the contingent and rescued Gyfford by force.<ref name="Jadunath_Shivaji_English"/>

=== Shivaji's relations with the Company ===

The East India Company personnel at Rajapur maintained amicable relations with Shivaji until June 1660, when the Adilshahi general Siddi Jauhar attacked Shivaji's camp at [[Panhala]]. During this siege, Siddi Jauhar used grenades purchased from the English at Rajapur. He also hired some English artillerymen, who came to Panhala with an English flag, although the Company did not officially support him. Shivaji managed to escape from Panhala, and decided to take revenge as he assumed that the company had supported Siddi Jauhar. He plundered the English factory at Rajapur in December 1661.

During the attack, Shivaji captured four Englishmen - Henry Revington, Richard Taylor, Randolph Taylor and Philip Gyffard - who were imprisoned, first at [[Vasota Fort|Vasota]] and later at Songd. Shivaji's officer Raoji Pandit treated them well, but the Marathas demanded ransom for their release. The English insisted that they had lost everything at Rajapur and would be unable to pay a ransom. Instead, they tried to negotiate their release in exchange for their support in capturing the Danda Rajpuri sea fort. This negotiation could not happen due to the absence of Shivaji, who was away on an expedition near [[Kalyan]]. The English prisoners wrote an angry letter to the company's president, who replied that they had been imprisoned not for performing the Company duties, but for illegally supporting Siddi Jauhar without the company's permission. Subsequently, the four made an escape attempt, but they were caught and moved to [[Raigad Fort|Raigad]].

Later, Shivaji discovered that the company had not officially supported Siddi Jauhar, and that some rogue personnel had joined Jauhar without the company's permission. He ordered the release of the English prisoners in 1663. In a letter dated 6 February 1663, Shivaji also assured that the English would enjoy his protection in the future. The English informed him about the losses suffered by them at Rajapur, and tried to negotiate a settlement. In 1672, Shivaji offered them 5000 [[pagoda (coin)|pagodas]] towards the losses. He also promised that if the English decided to set up a new factory at Rajapur, he would "show all kindness and civility imaginable to the said factory".<ref name="Jadunath_Shivaji_English"/> Shivaji was cautious about the British but also wanted to learn the new artillery technology that the British brought.

A French commercial lodge was established in 1669, after preliminary contacts in 1668 with Shivaji showed promise. The merchant Jacques Boureau developed it commercially for the French East Indies Company but it declined after Shivaji's death and the lodge was closed in 1688.

=== Later developments ===
Rajapur is mentioned in novel ''Parashuramachi Savli'' by the Marathi author [[Ravindra Pinge]].{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

==Places of interest==
[[File:Swayambhu mahadeo Mandir Vatul.jpg|thumb|Swayambhu mahadeo Mandir Vatul Village in Rajapur]]
* Rajapur is a hub for business activity for the surrounding many small villages. Rajapur is famous for mangoes called '''Alphanso''' or locally called "Hapus".

[[File:Aryadurga Devi, Devihasol.png|thumb|Aryadurga Devi, Devihasol]]
* [[Aryadurga devi, Devihasol]] : Shri Aryadurga devi temple is famous in Rajapur (Ratnagiri) Many devotees come to visit this temple. It is 24 km from Rajapur. The fair of Aryadurga devi is famous in Rajapur.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}
* Rajapurchi Ganga: At a distance of 2 km from Rajapur, a holy place "Rajapurchi Ganga" i.e. Holy Ganges of Rajapur is wonder of nature. It is situated at a height 25 metres above height of Rajapur. This place is usually dry. However, all of a sudden water starts flowing in ponds. Barring exceptions, usually it happens once in three years. Small tanks are built for storing water and facilitating bathing. Surprisingly water temperature in these tanks is different from each other, though those are at distance of 1 metre from each other. Approximately after three months, water disappears or stops streaming. There is a local lore how & why Holy Ganges appeared at this place. Scientifically it could be a long siphon from Sahyadri range. Millions of people visit the Ganges for bathing. One of the bigger tank, 'Kashikund' delivers clean water like glass and people believe that bathing in this water will relieve them of sins.
* Hot Water Spring: At one kilometre distance from Jawahar Chouk, Rajapur, there is Hot Spring. This place is called "Unhala". Hot water of this spring is rich with sulphur and thought to cure skin diseases.
* Dhoot Papeshwar Temple: Very old Lord Shiva Temple is situated at 1.5 kilometre Rajapur. There is a waterfall close to Dhootpapeshwar
* Mahakali Temple: the goddess [[Mahakali]]'s temple is situated at Adiware Village, It is very old temple and is close to Rajapur that can be reached by car.
* Madban: At a distance of 38 km from Rajapur, and possessed of a beach. Also there is a Bhagvati temple.
* [[Yeshwantgad]], an island fortification.
* [[Vatul (village)|Vatul Village]] close to Mumbai Goa Highway. Swaymbhu Mahadev, Adhisthi Devi temples and Gango temple, Wandertek Sunset point, Vatul Dam
* Kankaditya Sun Temple: At a distance of approximately 30 km towards Ratnagiri on the Coastal Highway is one of the unique Sun Temples of India with a huge mandap supported only on the sides
* Shri Ninadevi Temple, this temple is the Gramdaivat of Pangaregaon and Shri. Rawal Nath and Shri. Pavanadevi, Shri Vitthala Devi is also a goddess in this temple. Many religious programs are taking place in this temple and they fall under the authority of the honourable Tatha village chief, as well as there is a Shri. Harihareshwar temple, as well as Swami Shivanand Maharaj (Tembe Swami), his ashram. Similarly, Shri Durgarameshwar temple is also located in Sawantwadi in the same village. The temple of Duttguru is situated on a hilltop in Gavmala Wadi. Pangare Budruk village is at a distance of 09 km from Rajapur and 06 km from Rajapur railway station. It is a small and nice village with about 150-160 houses.
* Pangare Budruk Dam - A dam built on the lake with a waterfront in Chinchwadi Pangare Budruk. At the far end of it are the Pandava Kalin caves.
* Ekveera Devi Temple: the goddess [[Ekveera]]'s temple is situated at Kotapur Village, It is an old temple.
* Hazrat Mehdi Peer Refai Dargah: The place is also called Mehndi nagar. Urs Mubarak is celebrated on 14,15 and 16th of Muharram according to the Urdu calendar.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Shri Aryadurga devi, devihasol, Shri Navadurga devi bhalavali, Rajapur.jpg |Shri Aryadurga devi devihasol. Shri Navadurga devi
File:Shri Aryadurga devi, Devihasol.jpg|Shri aryadurga devi devihasol
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Sasale]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ratnagiri district topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ratnagiri district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]

Rajasthan State Human Rights Commission

2025-11-25T07:11:56Z

Igornqa: added a details!

{{Short description|State Government body}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = '''Rajasthan State Human Rights Commission'''
| nativename = '''राजस्थान राज्य मानवाधिकार आयोग'''
| nativenamea =
| nativenamer =
| commonname =
| patch =
| patchcaption =
| logo =
| logocaption =
| badge =
| badgecaption =
| flag =
| flagcaption =
| imagesize =
| motto =
| mottotranslated =
| mission =
| formed = 18 January 1999
| preceding1 = [[National Human Rights Commission of India]]
| employees =
| volunteers =
| budget =
| country = India
| federal = Yes
| map =
| mapcaption =
| sizearea = 342,239 km2
| sizepopulation = 73,529,325 (2015)
| legaljuris =
| governingbody =
| governingbodyscnd =
| constitution1 = TPHRA, 1993 <ref name="nhrc.nic.in">{{Cite web|title=National Human Rights Commission, India|url=http://www.nhrc.nic.in/documents/Publications/TheProtectionofHumanRightsAct1993_Eng.pdf|access-date=2020-11-11}}</ref>
| restriction =
| overviewtype =
| overviewbody =
| headquarters = [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| website = www.rshrc.rajasthan.gov.in
| chief1name =Ganga Ram Moolchandani
}}
The '''Rajasthan State Human Rights Commission''' is a State Government body constituted on 18 January 1999 to exercise the powers conferred upon and functions assigned to a State Human Rights Commission under chapter-V of The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.<ref name="nhrc.nic.in"/>

The commission became functional from 23 March 2000 with the appointment of Justice [[Kanta Kumari Bhatnagar]], former Chief Justice of the [[Madras High Court]] as the first Chairperson along with Shri R. K. Akodia, Shri B. L. Joshi and Prof. Alamshah Khan as the supporting members.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rshrc.rajasthan.gov.in/former-chairman-members.htm |title=Former Chairman & Members | Rajasthan State Human Rights Commission |access-date=2017-07-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520103644/http://rshrc.rajasthan.gov.in/former-chairman-members.htm |archive-date=2015-05-20 }}</ref>

== Functions ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2021}}
The Commission shall perform all or any of the following functions in accordance to chapter-III point No.12 of the TPHRA-1993.
# Inquire, moto or on a petition presented to it by a victim or any person on his behalf or on a direction or order of any court into complaint of
## Violation of human rights or abatement thereof; or
## Negligence in the prevention of such violation, by a public servant;
# Intervene in any proceeding involving any allegation of violation of human rights pending before a court with the approval of such court;
# Visit, notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, any jail or other institution under the control of the State Government, where persons are detained or lodged for purposes of treatment, reformation or protection, for the study of the living conditions of the inmates thereof and make recommendations thereon to the Government;
# Review the safeguards provided by or under the Constitution or any law for the time being in force for the protection of human rights and recommend measures for their effective implementation;
# Review the factors, including acts of terrorism that inhibit the enjoyment of human rights and recommend appropriate remedial measures;
# Study treaties and other international instruments on human rights and make recommendations for their effective implementation;
# Undertake and promote research in the field of human rights;
# Spread human rights literacy among various sections of society and promote awareness of the safeguards available for the protection of these rights through publications, the media, seminars and other available means;
# Encourage the efforts of non-governmental organisations and institutions working in the field of human rights;
# Such other functions as it may consider necessary for the protection of human rights.

== Procedure ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2021}}
The course of action to any case as mentioned in chapter-IV point no. 17 to 20 of TPHRA Act 1993.{{cn|date=September 2021}}

=== Inquiry into complaints ===
The Commission while inquiring into the complaints of violations of human rights may–
# call for information or report from the Central Government or any State Government or any other authority or organisation subordinate thereto within such time as may be specified by it:- Provided that–
## if the information or report is not received within the time stipulated by the Commission, it may proceed to inquire into the complaint on its own;
## if, on receipt of information or report, the Commission is satisfied either that no further inquiry is required or that the required action has been initiated or taken by the concerned Government or authority, it may not proceed with the complaint and inform the complainant accordingly;
## without prejudice to anything contained in clause (i), if it considers necessary, having regard to the nature of the complaint, initiate an inquiry.

=== Steps during and after inquiry ===
The Commission may take any of the following steps during or upon the completion of an inquiry held under this Act, namely:-
# where the inquiry discloses the commission of violation of human rights or negligence in the prevention of violation of human rights or abatement thereof by a public servant, it may recommend to the concerned Government or authority –
## to make payment of compensation or damages to the complainant or to the victim or the members of his family as the Commission may consider necessary;
## to initiate proceedings for prosecution or such other suitable action as the Commission may deem fit against the concerned person or persons;
## to take such further action as it may think fit;
# approach the Supreme Court or the High Court concerned for such directions, orders or writs as that Court may deem necessary;
# recommend to the concerned Government or authority at any stage of the inquiry the grant of such immediate interim relief to the victim or the members of his family as the Commission may consider necessary;
# subject to the provisions of clause
# provide a copy of the inquiry report to the petitioner or his representative;
# the Commission shall send a copy of its inquiry report together with its recommendations to the concerned Government or authority and the concerned Government or authority shall, within a period of one month, or such further time as the Commission may allow, forward its comments on the report, including the action taken or proposed to be taken thereon, to the Commission;
# the Commission shall publish its inquiry report together with the comments of the concerned Government or authority, if any, and the action taken or proposed to be taken by the concerned Government or authority on the recommendations of the Commission.

=== Procedure with respect to armed forces ===
# Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, while dealing with complaints of violation of human rights by members of the armed forces, the Commission shall adopt the following procedure, namely :-
## It may, either on its own motion or on receipt of a petition, seek a report from the Central Government
## After the receipt of the report, it may, either not proceed with the complaint or, as the case may be, make its recommendations to that Government.
# The Central Government shall inform the Commission of the action taken on the recommendations within three months or such further time as the Commission may allow.
# The Commission shall publish its report together with its recommendations made to the Central Government and the action taken by that Government on such recommendations.
# The Commission shall provide a copy of the report published under sub-section (3) to the petitioner or his representative.

=== Annual and special reports of the Commission ===
# The Commission shall submit an annual report to the Central Government and to the State Government concerned and may at any time submit special reports on any matter which, in its opinion, is of such urgency or importance that it should not be deferred till submission of the annual report.
# The Central Government and the State Government, as the case may be, shall cause the annual and special reports of the Commission to be laid before each House of Parliament or the State Legislature respectively, as the case may be, along with a memorandum of action taken or proposed to be taken on the recommendations of the Commission and the reasons for non-acceptance of the recommendations, if any.

==Composition==
After an official comment from [[Supreme court]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/sc-raps-rajasthan-over-headless-state-rights-panel-115091801256_1.html|title=SC raps Rajasthan over headless state rights panel|last=IANS|date=2015-09-18|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2017-07-31}}</ref> Justice [[Prakash Chandra Tatia]], former Chief Justice of [[Jharkhand High Court]] was appointed as the Chairperson,
<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/rajasthan/ex-jharkhand-hc-cj-appointed-as-shrc-chief-rajasthan-govt-to-sc_1819117.html|title=Ex-Jharkhand HC CJ appointed as SHRC chief: Rajasthan govt to SC|date=2015-11-06|work=Zee News|access-date=2017-07-31|language=en}}</ref> his name was recommended along with Shri Chandramohan Meena as Member and Shri Ashutosh Sharma as an expert, by two selection committees headed by Chief Minister [[Vasundhara Raje]] Scindia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://rajasthanpatrika.patrika.com/story/rajasthan/rajasthan-human-rights-commission-chairman-justice-prakash-tatia-1394428.html|title=मानवाधिकार आयोग के अध्यक्ष होंगे जस्टिस टाटिया|access-date=2017-07-31}}</ref>

===Present team===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Designation !! From
|-
| Justice [[Gangaram Moolchandani]]|| Chairperson || --
|-
| Shri Mahesh Goyal || Member || --
|-
| Shri Ashutosh Sharma || Member || --
|-
| Shri H. R. Kuri || Member || 1 September 2011
|-
| Dr. M. K. Devarajan || Member || 1 September 2011
|-
| Shri Janga Srinivas Rao || Secretary || 5 April 2010
|-
| Smt. Sanchita Bishnoi || Deputy Secretary || 30 March 2012
|-
| Shri P. R. Pandit || Secretary || 3 March 2014
|-
| Shri Saurabh Srivastava || Director General Police || 3 March 2014
|}

Earlier Shri H. R. Kuri was heading the commission as an Acting Chairman since the position become vacant after the former Chief Justice Nagendra Kumar Jain from [[Madras]] and [[Karnataka High Court]], completed his tenure as the Chairperson from 16 July 2005 till 15 July 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/vacancies-in-state-human-rights-panel-sc-slams-rajasthan-467927-2015-09-18|title=Vacancies in state Human Rights panel; SC slams Rajasthan|access-date=2017-07-31}}</ref>

===Former Chairmen & Members===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Designation !! From !! Till
|-
| Justice Kanta Kumari Bhatnagar|| Chairperson || 23 March 2000|| 11 August 2000
|-
| Justice [[Saiyed Saghir Ahmad]]|| Chairperson || 16 February 2001 || 3 June 2004
|-
| Justice [[Nagendra Kumar Jain]] || Chairperson || 16 July 2005 || 15 July 2010
|-
| Justice Amar Singh Godara || Member || 7 July 2000 || 6 July 2005
|-
| Shri R. K. Akodia || Member || 25 March 2000 || 24 March 2005
|-
| Shri B. L. Joshi || Member || 25 March 2000 || 31 March 2004
|-
| Prof. Alamshah Khan || Member|| 24 March 2000 || 16 May 2003
|-
| Shri Namo Narayan Meena || Member || 11 September 2003 || 23 March 2004
|-
| Shri Dharam Singh Meena || Member || 7 July 2005 || 6 July 2010
|-
| Justice Jagat Singh || Member || 10 October 2005 || 9 October 2010
|-
| Shri Pukhraj Sirvi || Member || 15 April 2004 || 13 April 2011
|}

==Reports==
The commission had assessed a sum of 17,033 incidents between 2010~2014 with the highest number of incidents reported from [[Jaipur]] followed by [[Ajmer]] out of 33 districts. A comprehensive district and incident wise, report is annually published by the commission reflecting status of the incidents along with some of the important and major rulings by the commission each year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rshrc.rajasthan.gov.in/annual-reports.htm |title=Annual Progress Report | Rajasthan State Human Rights Commission |access-date=2015-12-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226231329/http://rshrc.rajasthan.gov.in/annual-reports.htm |archive-date=2015-12-26 }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
!From
!Till
!Child
!Health
!Prison
!Gang
!Labor
!SC / ST
!Police
!Pollution
! Religious
!Woman
!Others
!Rejected<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/not-without-their-grandson/|title=Not without their grandson|date=9 August 2015|website=indianexpress.com}}</ref>
!Total
|-
|1 April 2004
|31 March 2005
|13
|43
|94
|19
|01
|19
|819
|16
|29
|92
|125
|2002
|'''3272'''
|-
|1 April 2005
|31 March 2006
|18
|50
|84
|48
|08
|41
|867
|12
|48
|130
|112
|2317
|'''3735'''
|-
|1 April 2006
|31 March 2007<ref>{{Cite web|title=HRS for the year 2006-07|url=http://www.justicenagendrakjain.com/Document/HRS_for_the_year_2006-07.pdf|access-date=2020-11-11}}</ref>
|20
|30
|80
|38
|12
|16
|1002
|16
|54
|158
|158
|2306
|'''3890'''
|-
|1 April 2007
|31 March 2008<ref>{{Cite web|title=HRS for the year 2007-08|url=http://www.justicenagendrakjain.com/Document/HRS_for_the_year_2007-08.pdf|access-date=2020-11-11}}</ref>
| 24
| 38
| 63
| 08
| 08
| 27
| 997
| 17
| 33
| 186
| 317
| 2126
|'''3844'''
|-
|1 April 2008
|31 March 2009<ref>{{Cite web|title=HRS for the year 2008-09|url=http://www.justicenagendrakjain.com/Document/HRS_for_the_year_2008-09.pdf|access-date=2020-11-11}}</ref>
|36
|34
|57
|26
|06
|39
|1121
|14
|27
|191
|331
|2095
|'''3977'''
|-
|1 April 2009
|31 March 2010<ref>{{Cite web|title=HRS of the year 2009-10|url=http://www.justicenagendrakjain.com/Document/Annual_Report_2009-10.pdf|access-date=2020-11-11}}</ref>
|18
|05
|98
|161
|03
|96
|768
|08
|19
|142
|407
|1526
|'''3251'''
|-
|1 April 2010
|31 March 2011
|35
|22
|126
|211
|08
|48
|842
|14
|34
|172
|285
|1777
|'''3574'''

|-
|1 April 2011
|31 March 2012
|29
|45
|114
|117
|10
|35
|1175
|20
|36
|181
|288
|1871
|'''3921'''

|-
|1 April 2012
|31 March 2013
|29
|117
|112
|55
|07
|20
|1371
|21
|37
|101
|905
|2177
|'''4952'''

|-
|1 April 2013
|31 March 2014
|17
|68
|91
|17
|06
|02
|1375
|03
|31
|32
|1052
|1892
|'''4586'''
|}

==Significant incidents==
Some of the recent incidents which brought Human Rights concerns in the state of [[Rajasthan]] under News are:
* Pakistani resident Hawa Devi, who is stuck in Jodhpur for over a year, waiting for permission of departure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Human-rights-panel-takes-note-of-Hawa-Devis-plight/articleshow/50277226.cms|title=Human rights panel takes note of Hawa Devi's plight - Times of India|website=indiatimes.com}}</ref>
* Notice to the state police and local authorities seeking a detailed report of the car accident involving [[BJP]], MP [[Hema Malini]], which killed a four-year-old girl.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/hema-malini-car-crash-rshrc-issues-notice-police-local-authorities-1800274.html|title=Hema Malini accident: RSHRC issues notice to police, local authorities|website=oneindia.com}}</ref>
* Suo-motu cognizance of the rising suicides by students in the coaching hub of Kota.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/RSHRC-seeks-report-on-student-suicides-in-Kota/articleshow/49651819.cms|title=RSHRC seeks report on student suicides in Kota - Times of India|website=indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kota-registers-its-30th-student-suicide-numbs-district-administration/articleshow/50361135.cms|title=Kota registers its 30th student suicide, numbs district administration - Times of India|website=indiatimes.com}}</ref>
* Police's attitude in handling a minor gang rape incident in [[Sikar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Sikar-rape-2-ragpickers-held-3-cops-suspended/articleshow/48941673.cms|title=Sikar rape: 2 ragpickers held, 3 cops suspended - Times of India|website=indiatimes.com}}</ref>
* Right to die practicing [[Sallekhana]] as per [[Jainism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/debating-santhara-the-jain-practise-isnt-suicide-but-indian-laws-dont-see-it-that-way-2408134.html|title=Debating Santhara: This Jain practice is not suicide, but Indian laws don't see it that way - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/the-jain-religion-and-the-right-to-die-by-santhara/|title=The Jain religion and the right to die by Santhara|date=2 September 2015|website=indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-reductive-reading-of-santhara/article7572187.ece|title=A reductive reading of Santhara|last=Visvanathan|first=Shiv|date=2015-08-24|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-06-17|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* RAC’s 11th battalion IPS officer accused of corruption and favoritism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/racs-11th-battalion-accuses-adg-of-corruption-writes-to-dgp-for-action/#sthash.68uH3Sc9.dpuf|title=RAC's 11th battalion accuses ADG of corruption, writes to DGP for action|date=20 December 2015|website=indianexpress.com}}</ref>
* NHRC's Suo-motu cognizance in case where Cops strip woman in Ajmer police station to recover stolen mobile.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Cops-strip-woman-in-Ajmer-police-station/articleshow/50001735.cms|title=Cops strip woman in Ajmer police station - Times of India|website=indiatimes.com}}</ref>
* Fake pharmaceutical company in Rajasthan had recently supplied various life saving medicines & antibiotics to 13 different states.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prameyanews7.com/en/dec2015/odisha/7924/NHRC-issues-notice-to-centre-13-states-over-fake-medicines-NHRC-issuesOdisha-Odisha.htm/|title=News7 – Prameya News7, News7 Odia, Odisha Latest News, Odisha Current Headlines, Odisha News Online|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-17}}</ref>
* [[Beawar]] sex racket investigation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rajasthanpatrika.patrika.com/story/rajasthan/human-rights-commission-take-action-ask-to-submit-report-1467760.html|title=human rights commission take action, ask to submit report , Jaipur News in Hindi – सैक्स स्केंडल..मानवाधिकार आयोग ने मांगी रिपोर्ट, परमज्योति करेंगी जांच|website=patrika.com}}</ref>
* Rising number of cancer patients due to radiation after [[Pokhran-II]] nuke test from Khetolai and Loharki villages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestatesman.com/mobi/news/8th-day/all-fired-up/81226.html|title=Latest News, India, Bengal News, Breaking News, Opinion, Bollywood News, Cricket, Football - The Statesman|website=The Statesman}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pokhran-village-wants-radiation-level-checked/articleshow/47670578.cms|title=Pokhran village wants radiation level checked - Times of India|website=indiatimes.com}}</ref>
* Recommendations to make necessary amendments in Mines Act, 1952 to contain the alarming spread of occupational diseases like [[silicosis]] and effectively deal with violators.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/debilitating-effect-of-silicosis/article7081841.ece|title=Debilitating effect of silicosis|first=Aarti|last=Dhar|date=8 April 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/amend-mines-act-to-contain-silicosis-says-rajasthan-state-human-rights-commission/article7070876.ece|title=Amend Mines Act to contain silicosis: Rajasthan HRC|first=Aarti|last=Dhar|date=5 April 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
* Fair compensation for land acquired by govt. is farmer’s human right:[[Supreme court of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Fair-compensation-for-land-acquired-by-govt-is-farmers-human-right-SC/articleshow/50050793.cms|title=Fair compensation for land acquired by govt is farmer's human right: SC - Times of India|website=indiatimes.com}}</ref>
* The Rajasthan Human Rights Commission, advocated to make home guards permanent working in Jaisalmer and Barmer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Home-guards-demand-regularisation-of-jobs/articleshow/48908830.cms|title=Home guards demand regularisation of jobs - Times of India|website=indiatimes.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Human rights enforcement agencies in India]]
[[Category:State agencies of Rajasthan|Human rights]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajasthan_State_Human_Rights_Commission}}

Aimaq people

2025-11-22T18:28:53Z

Igornqa: refined page based on references and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Persian-speaking nomadic ethnic group of Afghanistan}}
{{Redirect|Aymāq|other uses|Aimaq (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Aimaq {{small|{{lang|fa|ایماق}}}}
| image =
| caption =
| population = '''1,593,418''' (2021) 4% of the population of Afghanistan{{Efn|The last census in Afghanistan was conducted in 1979, and was itself incomplete. Due to the [[Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)|ongoing conflict]] in the country, no official census has been conducted since.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://afghanistan.unfpa.org/en/node/15230 |title=Population Matters |date=3 March 2016 |access-date=29 September 2021 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816021136/https://afghanistan.unfpa.org/en/node/15230 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/afghanistan-population |title="Afghanistan Population 2021" |author=World Population Review |date=19 September 2021 |publisher= |via=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghan-ethnic-groups-brief-investigation |title=Afghan Ethnic Groups: A Brief Investigation |website=reliefweb.int |date=14 August 2011 |publisher= |via=}}</ref>
| langs = [[Aimaq dialect]] of [[Persian language|Persian]]<ref name="ir1">{{cite encyclopedia|title=AYMĀQ |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |publisher=[[Columbia University]] |location=United States |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aymaq-turk |last=Janata |first=A. |editor-first=Ehsan |editor-last=Yarshater |editor-link=Ehsan Yarshater |edition=Online}}</ref>
| rels = [[Sunni Islam]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Aimaq |url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/aimaq/ |access-date=28 July 2021 |website=Minority Rights Group |language=en-GB}}</ref>
| related = [[Hazaras]], [[Tajiks]]
}}

The '''Aimaq''' ({{langx|prs|{{nq|ایماق}}|Aimāq}}),{{efn|Also transliterated as '''Aymaq''', '''Aimagh''', '''Aimak''', and '''Aymak'''.}} also known as the '''Chahar Aimaq''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aimaq {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/aimaq |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> are a collection of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] and mostly [[Persian language|Persian-speaking]]<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=AYMĀQ – Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/aymaq-turk |access-date=1 February 2021 |website=iranicaonline.org}}</ref> [[nomadic]] and semi-nomadic tribes.<ref>Tom Lansford -''A bitter harvest: US foreign policy and Afghanistan'' 2003 Page 25 "The term Aimaq means "tribe" but the Aimaq people actually include several different ethnic groups. The classification has come to be used for a variety of nonaligned nomadic tribes"</ref> They live mainly in the central and western highlands of [[Afghanistan]], especially in [[Ghor Province|Ghor]] and [[Badghis Province|Badghis]]. Aimaqs were originally known as ''chahar'' ("four") Aymaqs: [[Jamshidi (tribe)|Jamshidi]], [[Aimaq Hazara]], [[Firozkohi]], and [[Taymani]].<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=Spuler |first=B. |title=Aymak |date=2012-04-24 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/aymak-SIM_0904?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=Aymak |work=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |access-date=2023-07-14 |publisher=Brill |language=en}}</ref> The [[Timuri]], which is a separate tribe but is sometimes included among Aimaqs, which is known as ''Aimaq-e dīgar'' ("Other Aimaq").<ref name="Vogelsang2002">{{cite book |last=Vogelsang |first=Willem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kfJ6MlMsJQC&pg=PA37 |title=The Afghans |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |year=2002 |isbn=9780631198413 |pages=37– |access-date=1 April 2011}}</ref>

The Aimaq speak several subdialects of the [[Aimaq dialect]] of the [[Persian language]], but some southern groups of Taymani, Firozkohi, and northeastern Timuri Aimaqs have adopted the [[Pashto language]].<ref name="Vogelsang">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kfJ6MlMsJQC&q=taymani&pg=PA18 |title=The Afghans |last1=Vogelsang |first1=Willem |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |year=2002 |isbn=0631198415 |page=18 |access-date=23 January 2012}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The word "Aimaq" is derived from the [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]-[[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]] word "Oymaq" that means "tribe" and "group of tribes".<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Origin ==
The Aimaqs claim different origins based on their tribal background. Some claim to be descended from the troops of [[Genghis Khan]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=Human: The Definitive Visual Guide |publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]] |year=2004 |isbn=0-7566-0520-2 |editor-last=Winston |editor-first=Robert |location=New York |pages=432}}</ref> The [[Taymani (Aimaq tribe)|Taymani]] and [[Firozkohi]] claim descent from [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] tribes.<ref>{{cite web|first=A. |last=Janata |title=Aymāq |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/aymaq-turk |url-status=live |access-date=4 April 2021 |website=iranicaonline.org |quote=A Kākaṛ Pashtun from Baluchistan, Tayman, formed a coalition in Ḡūr around 1650. The traditional chiefs of the northern Fīrūzkūhī, Zay Ḥākem, claim descent from Ačakzay Pashtun ancestors. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429170352/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aymaq-turk |archive-date=29 April 2011}}</ref>

== Culture and society ==
The Aimaq are largely nomadic to semi-nomadic goat and sheep herders. They also trade with villages and farmers during migrations for pastures for their livestock. The material culture and foodstuffs of the Aimaq include skins, carpets, milk, dairy products and more. They trade these products to settled peoples in return for vegetables, grains, fruits, nuts, and other types of foods and goods.<ref name=":0" />

=== Religion ===
Aimaqs are largely [[Sunni Muslim]] except for the Jamshidi who are mainly [[Isma'ilism|Isma'ili Shia Muslims]].<ref>"Afghanistan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Further|Demographics of Afghanistan|Ethnic groups in Afghanistan}}
[[File:Afghanistan ethnic groups 2005.jpg|thumb|CIA map showing the territory of the settlement of [[ethnic groups in Afghanistan|ethnic groups and subgroups in Afghanistan]] (2005)]]
In 2021, the Aimaq made up 4% of Afghanistan's population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan Population 2024 (Live) |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/afghanistan |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Hazaras]]
* [[Moghols]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* Macgregor, ''Central Asia'', (Calcutta, 1871)
* {{Citation |last=Spuler |first=B. |title=Aymak |date=2012-04-24 |work=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/aymak-SIM_0904?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=Aymak |publisher=Brill |language=en}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.allposters.com/-sp/Aimaq-Man-with-Children-Pal-Kotal-I-Guk-Ghor-Province-Posters_i2672763_.htm Aimaq Man with Children, Pal-Kotal-I-Guk, Ghor Province] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819155221/http://www.allposters.com/-sp/Aimaq-Man-with-Children-Pal-Kotal-I-Guk-Ghor-Province-Posters_i2672763_.htm |date=2021-08-19 }}
* [http://www.allposters.com/-sp/Aimaq-Nomad-Camp-Pal-Kotal-I-Guk-Between-Chakhcharan-and-Jam-Afghanistan-Posters_i2672820_.htm Aimaq Nomad Camp Pal-Kotal-I-Guk Between Chakhcharan and Jam Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909004851/https://www.allposters.com/-sp/Aimaq-Nomad-Camp-Pal-Kotal-I-Guk-Between-Chakhcharan-and-Jam-Afghanistan-Posters_i2672820_.htm |date=2018-09-09 }}
{{Commons category}}
{{Ethnic groups in Afghanistan}}
{{Iranian peoples}}
{{Mongol ethnic groups}}
{{Turkic peoples}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aimaq}}
[[Category:Aymaq]]
[[Category:Afghan nomads]]
[[Category:Iranian nomads]]
[[Category:Nomads]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Modern nomads]]

Flora and fauna of Madhya Pradesh

2025-11-22T11:08:18Z

Igornqa: fixed article per standard format and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|none}} 
[[Image:Forests of MP.JPG|thumb|300px|Forest in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Image:Hinglajgarh Forest.jpg|thumb|300px|Hinglaj Fort surrounded by deep mixed forests in [[Mandsaur]]]]
[[Madhya Pradesh]], often called the "Heart of India", is a [[States and territories of India|state]] in central [[India]]. Its capital is [[Bhopal]]. Madhya Pradesh was the largest state in India until 1 November 2000 when the state of [[Chhattisgarh]] was carved out. It borders the states of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]].

== Forest composition ==
[[Image:Amarkantak3.jpg|thumb|300px|Mixed forests at Amarkantak]]

[[Shorea robusta|Sal]], [[bamboo]], [[Senegalia catechu|khair]].
[[File:Diospyros melanoxylon Tendu.jpg|thumb|Tendu patta (leaf) collection]]

===Medicinal plants===
Medicinal trees and plants are found in the forests of Madhya Pradesh. Important ones are: ''[[Aegle marmelos]]'', ''[[Azadirachta indica]]'', ''[[Bixa orellana]]'', ''[[Butea monosperma]]'', ''[[Asparagus racemosus]]'', ''[[Argemone mexicana]]'', ''[[Buchanania lanzan]]'', ''[[Aloe barbadensis]]'', ''[[Acorus calamus]]'', ''[[Cassia tora]]'', ''[[Curculigo orchioides]]'', ''[[Curcuma longa]]'', ''[[Embelia ribes]]'', ''[[Clitoria ternatea]]'', ''[[Mangifera indica]]'', ''[[Cassia fistula]]'', ''[[Evolvulus alsinoides]]'', ''[[Commiphora mukul]]'', ''[[Helicteres isora]]'', ''Holorrhaena antidysenterica'', ''[[Glycyrrhiza glabra]]'', ''[[Woodfordia fruticosa]]'',. ''[[Dioscorea spp]]'', ''Plumbago zeylaniea'', ''[[Terminalia bellirica]]'', ''[[Tamarindus indica]]'', ''[[Mucuna pruriens]]'', ''[[Pongamia pinnata]]'', ''[[Terminalia bellirica]]'', ''[[Psoralea corylifolia]]'', ''Phyllanthus embilica'', ''[[Ocimum americanum]]'', ''[[Rauvolfia serpentina]]'', ''Tinospora cardifolio'', ''[[Withania somnifera]]'', ''[[Swertia chirayita]]'', ''Tribulus terrestres'', ''[[Chlorophytum tuberosum]]'', and ''Cyprus rotundus''.

== Forest growing stock ==
[[File:Fort Bandhavgarh National Park Madhya Pradesh India.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Bandhavgarh National Park]]]]
The total growing stock (volume of timber / wood) is 50,000,000 m3 valued worth Rs 2.5 [[lakh]] [[crore]]s

== Protected areas ==
Madhya Pradesh is home to 11 [[National parks of India|national parks]], including [[Bandhavgarh National Park]], [[Kanha National Park]], [[Satpura National Park]], [[Sanjay National Park]], [[Madhav National Park]], [[Van Vihar National Park]], [[Mandla Plant Fossils National Park]], [[Panna National Park]], [[Pench National Park]], [[Kuno National Park]] and dinosaur fossil National Park Madhya Pradesh.

There are also a number of natural preserves, including [[Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve]], [[Patalkot, Madhya Pradesh|Patalkot]], [[Bagh Caves]], [[Bhedaghat]], [[Bori Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Ken Gharial Sanctuary]], [[Ghatigaon Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Kuno-Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Narwar]], [[National Chambal Sanctuary]], Kukdeshwar, Chidi Kho, [[Narsinghpur|Narsinghgarh]], [[Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve]], Panpatha, Shikarganj, and Tamia.

== National parks and their fauna ==
There are 11 [[national parks]] and 24 [[sanctuaries]] spread over an area of 94,3489 km2 constituting 12.27% of the total forest area and 3.52% of the geographical area of the state.

*[[Kanha National Park|Kanha]], [[Bandhavgarh National Park|Bandhavgarh]], [[Pench National Park|Pench]], [[Panna National Park|Panna]], and [[Satpura National Park]] are managed as [[Project Tiger]] areas.
*Sardarpur sanctuary in [[Dhar]] and [[Sailana]] are managed for conservation of kharmore or [[lesser florican]].
*Ghatigaon sanctuary is managed for [[great Indian bustard]] or son chiriya.
*[[National Chambal Sanctuary]] is managed for conservation of [[gharial]] and [[crocodile]], [[river dolphin]], [[smooth-coated otter]] and a number of [[turtle]] species.
*Ken-gharial and Son-gharial sanctuaries are managed for conservation of [[gharial]] and mugger.
*[[Barasingha]] is the state animal and [[Indian paradise flycatcher|dudhraj]] is the state bird of Madhya Pradesh.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name of national park !! Area !! Location !! Established !! Fauna
|-
| [[Kanha National Park]] || 940 km2 || [[Mandla]] || 1955 ||
[[Tiger]], [[leopard|panther]], [[gaur]], [[chital]], [[sambar (deer)|sambar]], [[nilgai]], [[chinkara]], [[barking deer]], [[swamp deer]], ([[barasingha]]), [[wild boar]] and a variety of upland birds.
|-
| [[Bandhavgarh National Park]] || 437 km2 || [[Umaria]] || 1968 ||
[[Tiger]], [[leopard|panther]], [[gaur]], [[chital]], [[sambar (deer)|sambar]], [[nilgai]], [[chinkara]], [[barking deer]], [[wild boar]] and a variety of upland birds.
|-
| [[Madhav National Park]]|| 354 km2 || [[Shivpuri]] || 1959 ||
[[leopard|Panther]], [[chital]], [[sambar (deer)|sambar]], [[nilgai]], [[chinkara]], [[blackbuck]], [[chausingha]], [[wild boar]], [[crocodile]]s in lake, and a variety of upland birds.
|-
| [[Sanjay National Park]]|| 467 km2 || [[Sidhi]] || 1981 ||
[[Tiger]], [[leopard|panther]], [[sambar (deer)|sambar]], [[chital]], [[gaur]], etc.
|-
| [[Van Vihar National Park]] || 4.45 km2 || [[Bhopal]] || 1983 ||
[[Tiger]], [[leopard|panther]], [[lion]], [[bear]], [[hyena]], etc.
|-
| [[Panna National Park]] || 543 km2 || [[Panna, Madhya Pradesh|Panna]], [[Chhatarpur]] || 1981 ||
[[Tiger]], [[chital]], [[chinkara]], [[sambar (deer)|sambar]] and [[sloth bear]].
|-
| [[Satpura National Park]] || 524 km2 || [[Pachmarhi]] || 1981 ||
[[Tiger]], [[leopard]], [[sambar (deer)|sambar]], [[chital]], bherki, [[nilgai]], [[four-horned antelope]], [[chinkara]], [[bison]] (gour), [[wild boar]], [[dhole|wild dog]], [[bear]], [[blackbuck]], [[fox]], [[porcupine]], [[flying squirrel]], [[mouse deer]], [[Indian giant squirrel]], etc.
|-
| [[Pench National Park, Madhya Pradesh|Pench National Park]] ||293 km2 || [[Seoni]], [[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]]||1975 ||
[[Tiger]], [[leopard|panther]], [[bison]], [[chital]], [[sambar (deer)|sambhar]], [[nilgai]], [[chinkara]], [[barking deer]], [[chowsingha]], [[wild boar]] and a variety of upland birds.
|-
| [[Ghughua Fossil Park|Ghughua Fossil National Park]]|| 0.27 km2 || [[Dindori district|Dindori]]|| 1983 ||
Plant fossils
|-
|Dinosaur Fossils National Park
|0.89 km2
|[[Dhar district, India|Dhar]]
|2011
|
|-
|[[Kuno National Park]]
|748.76 km2
|[[Sheopur district|Sheopur]]
|2018
|
|-
| Omkareshwar National Park
|
|
|
|
|}

== List of sanctuaries ==
There are 30 wildlife sanctuaries in Madhya Pradesh:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://mpforest.org/wildlife.html
|title=Wild Life
|work=mpforest.org
|publisher=Madhya Pradesh Forest Department
|accessdate=14 September 2016
}}</ref>
*[[Bori Wildlife Sanctuary]] (Narmadapuram) {{convert|518.00|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[Bagdara Wildlife Sanctuary]] (Singrauli) {{convert|478.90|km2|abbr=on}}
*Phen Sanctuary (Mandla) {{convert|110.74|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[Ghatigaon Sanctuary]] (Gwalior) {{convert|512.00|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary]] (Mandsaur, Neemuch) {{convert|368.62|km2|abbr=on}}
*Karera Sanctuary (Shivpuri) {{convert|202.21|km2|abbr=on}}
* [[Ken Gharial Sanctuary]] (Chhatarpur, Panna) {{convert|45.00|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[Kheoni Wildlife Sanctuary]] (Dewas, Sehore) {{convert|122.70|km2|abbr=on}}
*Narsingharh Sanctuary (Rajgarh) {{convert|57.19|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[National Chambal Sanctuary]] (Morena) {{convert|320.00|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary]] (Sagar, Damoh, Narsinghpur) {{convert|1194.67|km2|abbr=on}}
*Pachmarhi Sanctuary (Narmadapuram) {{convert|461.85|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[Panpatha Wildlife Sanctuary]] (Umaria) {{convert|245.84|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary]] (Sheopur) {{convert|345.00|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[Pench National Park]] (Seoni) {{convert|449.39|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[Ratapani Tiger Reserve]] (Raisen, Sehore) {{convert|823.84|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[Sanjay National Park#Sanjay-Dubri Tiger Reserve|Sanjay-Dubri Wildlife Sanctuary]] (Sidhi) {{convert|364.69|km2|abbr=on}}
*Singhori Sanctuary (Raisen) {{convert|287.91|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[Son Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary]] (Sidhi) {{convert|41.80|km2|abbr=on}}
*Sardarpur Sanctuary (Dhar) {{convert|348.12|km2|abbr=on}}
*Sailana Sanctuary (Ratlam) {{convert|12.96|km2|abbr=on}}
* [[Ralamandal Wildlife Sanctuary|Ralamandal wildlife Sanctuary]] (Indore) {{convert|5|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[Orchha Wildlife Sanctuary]] (Niwari) {{convert|46|km2|abbr=on}}
*Gangau Sanctuary (Panna) {{convert|69|km2|abbr=on}}
*Veerangna Durgawati Sanctuary (Damoh) {{convert|24|km2|abbr=on}}

== Climate ==
Madhya Pradesh has a subtropical climate. Like most of north India, it has a hot, dry summer (April–June) followed by the monsoon rains (July–September), and a cool and relatively dry winter. The average rainfall is about 1,370 mm (53.9 in). It decreases from east to west. The south-eastern districts have the heaviest rainfall, some places receiving as much as 2,150 mm (84.6 in), while the western and north-western districts receive 1,000 mm (39.4 in) or less.

== Tribals and forests ==
{{Main|Tribals in Madhya Pradesh}}
The tribal population is an integral part of the biodiversity of the forests since ages. A large number of ethnic aboriginal tribes are there who live in and around forests in Madhya Pradesh. The main tribal groups are:

*[[Bhil]]s
**[[Barela]]s
**[[Bhilala]]s
**Patliya
*[[Korku people|Korku]]
**Movasiruma
**Nahala
**Vavari
**Bodoya
*[[Agaria]]
*[[Baiga (tribe)|Baiga]]
**Bijhwar
**Narotia
**Bharotiya
**Nahar
**Rai Bhaina
**Kadh Bhaina
*[[Kaul]]
**Rohiya
**Rauthail
*[[Saharia]]
*[[Bharia people|Bharia]]
**[[Bhumiya]]
**Bhuihar
**Pando
*[[Gondi people|Gond]]
**Pardhan
**[[Agariya people|Agariya]]
**[[Ojha]]
**Nagarchi
**Solhas
*[[Halba people|Halba]]
**Halbi
**Bastariya
**Chhatisgarhiya
*[[Maria language (India)|Mariya]]
**Abujh Mariya,
**Dandami Mariya,
**Metakoitur

== See also ==
*[[Flora of Madhya Pradesh]]

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Image:White Tiger.png|[[White tiger]]
Image:Mnp1.jpg|[[Madhav National Park]]
Image:Shesh Shaiya.JPG|[[Bandhavgarh National Park]]
Image:Gamhar.jpg|''[[Gmelina arborea]]''
Image:Satpura1.jpg|[[Satpura Range]]
Image:Terpsiphone paradisi.jpg|[[Indian paradise flycatcher]]
Image:Sonchiriya.jpg|[[Great Indian bustard]]
</gallery>

==References==
<references />
* [http://www.forest.mp.gov.in/ Madhya Pradesh Forest Department]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070630102133/http://www.mfpfederation.com/content/about_us.html Minor Forest Produce Federation Madhya Pradesh]
* ''Madhya Pradesh A to Z'', Madhya Pradesh State Tourism Development Corporation, Cross Section Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi 1994

[[Category:Flora of Madhya Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:Fauna of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of biota of India|Madhya Pradesh]]