https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Igornhx 2026-08-16T20:53:11Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nazira_Assembly_constituency&diff=521406 2026-05-05T10:55:48Z

<p>Igornhx: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Nazira<br /> | mla = Mayur Borgohain<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> | state = [[Assam]]<br /> | district = [[Sivasagar district|Sivasagar]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency|Jorhat]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | constituency_no = 97<br /> | map_image = Nazira Assembly constituency map 2023.svg<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Nazira Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]], it is a north east state of [[India]]. [[Nazira]] is also part of [[Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary &amp; Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Member of Legislative Assembly==<br /> {|class =&quot;wikitable&quot; <br /> |- <br /> ! Year <br /> !Name&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nazira Election and Results 2021, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/assam/assembly-constituencies/nazira.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! colspan=2|Party <br /> |-<br /> |1951<br /> |Ananda Chandra Bezbarua<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=8}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Tankeswar Chetia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-08-15 |title=Assam Legislative Assembly - MLA 1962-67 |url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1962-67.html |access-date=2022-03-11 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815221300/http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1962-67.html |archive-date=15 August 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |K.K. Gogoi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=🗳️ K.K. Gogoi winner in Nazira, Assam Assembly Elections 1967: LIVE Results &amp; Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results &amp; Live Election Updates |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/assam/1967/nazira/ |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Hiteswar Saikia]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |-<br /> |1988★<br /> |[[Tanu Konwar]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | [[Hiteswar Saikia]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Hemoprova Saikia]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> |[[Drupad Borgohain]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]] <br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Debabrata Saikia]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]] <br /> |-<br /> |[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]] <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> ★by-election<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Nazira}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Debabrata Saikia]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mayur Borgohain|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kanak Gogoi|party=Communist Party of India|votes=|percentage=|changes=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2021===<br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Nazira}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Debabrata Saikia<br /> |votes = 52,387<br /> |percentage = 47.56<br /> |change = -6.21<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Mayur Borgohain<br /> |votes = 51,704<br /> |percentage = 46.94<br /> |change = +8.28<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Assam Jatiya Parishad<br /> |candidate = Ribulaya Gogoi<br /> |votes = 2,896<br /> |percentage = 2.63<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Mintu Boruah<br /> |votes = 1,061<br /> |percentage = 0.96<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = All India Forward Bloc<br /> |candidate = Horen Borgohain<br /> |votes = 640<br /> |percentage = 0.58<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 1,470<br /> |percentage = 1.33<br /> |change = -0.12<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 683<br /> |percentage = 0.62<br /> |change = -14.49<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,10,158<br /> |percentage = 82.22<br /> |change = -0.54<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box Registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = 1,33,974<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2016===<br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Nazira}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Debabrata Saikia<br /> |votes = 52,869<br /> |percentage = 53.77<br /> |change = -9.63<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Prohlad Gowala<br /> |votes = 38,014<br /> |percentage = 38.66<br /> |change = +36.38<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Communist Party of India<br /> |candidate = Kanak Gogoi<br /> |votes = 4,507<br /> |percentage = 4.58<br /> |change = -18.00<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |candidate = Ribulaya Gogoi<br /> |votes = 1,501<br /> |percentage = 1.52<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 1,430<br /> |percentage = 1.45<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 14,855<br /> |percentage = 15.11<br /> |change = -25.71<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 98,321<br /> |percentage = 82.76<br /> |change = +6.87<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box Registered electors<br /> |reg. electors = 1,18,794<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = -23.01<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2011===<br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Nazira}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Debabrata Saikia]]<br /> |votes = 52,510<br /> |percentage = 63.40<br /> |change = +19.38<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Communist Party of India<br /> |candidate = [[Drupad Borgohain]]<br /> |votes = 18,700<br /> |percentage = 22.58<br /> |change = -22.04<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Asom Gana Parishad<br /> |candidate = Juri Konwar<br /> |votes = 5,282<br /> |percentage = 6.38<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Nationalist Congress Party<br /> |candidate = Ajit Hazarika<br /> |votes = 1,921<br /> |percentage = 2.32<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Syed Abdul Rahim<br /> |votes = 1,887<br /> |percentage = 2.28<br /> |change = -3.06<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = All India United Democratic Front<br /> |candidate = Sofiquddin Ahmed<br /> |votes = 1,304<br /> |percentage = 1.57<br /> |change = -1.79<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |candidate = Hari Krishna Gogoi<br /> |votes = 1,223<br /> |percentage = 1.48<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 33,810<br /> |percentage = 40.82<br /> |change = +40.22<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 82,827<br /> |percentage = 75.89<br /> |change = -1.83<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Communist Party of India<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> title=Assam Legislative Assembly election, 2006: Nazira}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Communist Party of India<br /> |candidate = [[Drupad Borgohain]]<br /> |votes = 37,623<br /> |percentage = 44.62<br /> |change = +31.24<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Hemprove Saikia]]<br /> |votes = 37,113<br /> |percentage = 44.02<br /> |change = -24.17<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Alik Burgohain<br /> |votes = 4,506<br /> |percentage = 5.34<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = All India United Democratic Front<br /> |candidate = Tajmot Ali<br /> |votes = 2,830<br /> |percentage = 3.36<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|<br /> |party = AGP(P)<br /> |candidate = Deepak Burgohain<br /> |votes = 2,244<br /> |percentage = 2.66<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 510<br /> |percentage = 0.60<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 84,316<br /> |percentage = 77.72<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Communist Party of India<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Nazira]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Sivasagar district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Assam]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nallasopara_railway_station&diff=520138 2026-04-24T11:42:59Z

<p>Igornhx: made basic stub w/ refs</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Railway Station in Maharashtra, India}}<br /> {{update|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|50px|up|link=Mumbai Suburban Railway]]&lt;br&gt;Nalla Sopara<br /> | type = [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] station<br /> | image = Nalla Sopara stationboard.jpg<br /> | image_caption = <br /> | address = [[Nala Sopara]]<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|19.4154|N|72.8613|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}<br /> | line = [[Western Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Western Line]]<br /> | other = <br /> | structure = Standard on-ground station<br /> | platform = 4<br /> | depth = <br /> | style = Mumbai Suburban Railway<br /> | levels = <br /> | tracks = 4<br /> | parking = <br /> | bicycle = <br /> | baggage_check = <br /> | opened = 1865&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jhingron |first=A.K |title=Heritage, Traditions, and Legends |publisher=Western Railways |year=2009 |isbn= |pages=213 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | closed = <br /> | rebuilt = <br /> | status = Active<br /> | electrified = Yes<br /> | accessible = <br /> | code = NSP<br /> | owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]<br /> | zone = [[Western Railways]]<br /> | former = <br /> | passengers = 69 eut<br /> | pass_year = <br /> | pass_percent = <br /> | pass_system = <br /> | mpassengers = <br /> | services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Mumbai Suburban Railway|line=Western|left=Vasai Road|right=Virar}}<br /> | map_type = Maharashtra<br /> | map_dot_label = Nala sopara<br /> | route_map = {{MSR Western line}}<br /> | map_state = collapsed<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Nalla Sopara''' (station code '''NSP''') is a railway station on the Western line of the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] network, serving the town of [[Nala Sopara]], within the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/nalla-sopara-nsp/8817|title=Nalla Sopara Railway Station Map/Atlas WR/Western Zone – Railway Enquiry|publisher=India Rail Info|access-date=10 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> In 2011, Nalla Sopara alone recorded a 25% increase in first-class commuters from the previous year.<br /> <br /> [[Western Railway zone|Western Railways]] widened the platforms at the station in 2012. It created more space on the narrow fast-train platform 4 at Nalla Sopara, as well as at {{stnlnk|Mira Road}}, which is linked to the skywalk. The project cost about {{INR}}72 lacs and the construction was completed in July 2012.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} <br /> <br /> The extra space on platforms helped the railway deal with increased number of passengers due to longer trains, wider bridges and new skywalks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-wr-gifts-commuters-space-with-wider-platforms-on-the-anvil-1644433|title=WR gifts commuters space with wider platforms on the anvil|date=2012-02-01|website=DNA India|access-date=2019-07-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; The new bridge was built to provide passengers with another means of walking from platform to platform.<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Nalla Sopara platformboard.jpg|Nalla Sopara platformboard<br /> File:Nalla Sopara overview - Platform 1 &amp; 2.jpg|Nalla Sopara overview – Platform 1 &amp; 2<br /> File:Nalla Sopara overview - Platform 3 &amp; 4.jpg|Nalla Sopara overview – Platform 3 &amp; 4<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{commons category|Nalla Sopara railway station}}<br /> {{Mumbai – Suburban Railway, Western}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Transport in Vasai-Virar]]<br /> [[Category:Railway stations in Palghar district]]<br /> [[Category:Mumbai Suburban Railway stations]]<br /> [[Category:Mumbai WR railway division]]<br /> [[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1865]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Maharashtra-railstation-stub}}</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Company_(2002_film)&diff=494830 2026-04-21T15:59:41Z

<p>Igornhx: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2002 film by Ram Gopal Varma}}<br /> {{good article}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Company<br /> | image = CompanyRGVPoster.jpg<br /> | caption = Film poster<br /> | director = [[Ram Gopal Varma]]<br /> | producer = Ram Gopal Varma&lt;br /&gt;[[C. Aswini Dutt]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Boney Kapoor]]<br /> | writer = [[Jaideep Sahni]]<br /> | narrator = [[Makrand Deshpande]]<br /> | starring = {{Plainlist|<br /> *[[Mohanlal]]<br /> *[[Ajay Devgn]]<br /> *[[Vivek Oberoi]]<br /> *[[Manisha Koirala]]<br /> *[[Antara Mali]]<br /> *[[Seema Biswas]]<br /> }}<br /> | cinematography = [[Hemant Chaturvedi]]<br /> | music = [[Sandeep Chowta]]<br /> | editing = [[Chandan Arora]]<br /> | studio = {{Plainlist|<br /> *Varma Corporation<br /> *[[Vyjayanthi Movies]]<br /> *[[Boney Kapoor|Bayview Projects LLP]]<br /> }}<br /> | distributor = [[Eros International]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2002|04|12}}<br /> | runtime = 155 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | budget = {{INR}}9.5 crore&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=600|title=Company – Movie|publisher=Box Office India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | gross = {{INR}}25.02 crore&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Company''''' is a 2002 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Crime film|crime drama film]] directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]] and written by [[Jaideep Sahni]]. The film stars [[Mohanlal]], [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Vivek Oberoi]], [[Manisha Koirala]], [[Antara Mali]], and [[Seema Biswas]]. It marked Mohanlal's debut in Hindi cinema.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-04-20 |title=Did you know Mohanlal has made appearances in three Bollywood movies? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-mohanlal-has-made-appearances-in-three-bollywood-movies/articleshow/82160344.cms#:~:text=Mohanlal%20has%20appeared%20in%203,Ajay%20Devgn%20in%20the%20lead. |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the second instalment in Varma's [[Gangster (franchise)|''Gangster'' trilogy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-24 |title=Ram Gopal Varma says he first offered Company to Shah Rukh Khan but later replaced him with Ajay Devgn; here's why |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ram-gopal-varma-says-he-first-offered-company-to-shah-rukh-khan-but-later-replaced-him-with-ajay-devgn-heres-why-101761230751154.html |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film follows Chandu, a henchman of a gangster named Malik, with whom he forms a rapport that eventually falls apart after tension arises between them.<br /> <br /> Varma conceived the idea of the film after meeting a man named Haneef, who had been in prison for five years after the [[1993 Bombay bombings]] and was a close aid of the underworld don [[Dawood Ibrahim]] in his [[D-Company]]. Haneef told Varma about the fallout between Ibrahim and [[Chhota Rajan]]. Varma also had much information that he used in the film, especially about police procedures he could not use in ''Satya'' since it was too much for one film. The film was made in several locations in [[Mumbai]], [[Mombasa]], [[Nairobi]], [[Hong Kong]], and [[Switzerland]]. [[Hemant Chaturvedi]] served as the [[director of photography]], while [[Chandan Arora]] edited the film.<br /> <br /> ''Company'' was released on 12 April 2002 and received positive reviews from critics. It was commercially successful, grossing ₹25.02 crores against its production budget of ₹9.5 crores. It was screened at the Austin [[Austin Film Festival|Film Festival]], the New [[New York Asian Film Festival|York Asian Film Festival]], and the [[Fribourg International Film Festival]]. The film won six awards at the [[48th Filmfare Awards]], including [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]] for Oberoi, [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Critics Best Actor]] for Devgn, and [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Critics Best Actress]] for Koirala. Several film critics have cited ''Company'' as one of Varma's best works.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=24 May 2016 |title=Ten Bollywood films on gangsters and outlaws |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/pubW6GTmtgKzxGZTzIoA5L/Ten-Bollywood-films-on-gangsters-and-outlaws.html |url-status=live |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829080557/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/pubW6GTmtgKzxGZTzIoA5L/Ten-Bollywood-films-on-gangsters-and-outlaws.html |archive-date=29 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Chandrakant 'Chandu' Nagre joins the [[Mumbai underworld]]; he gradually learns the trade and increases the gang's profits, leading Malik, the leader of the gang, to take a liking to him. Malik goes on a bloody rampage, killing all of his rivals to take control of the underworld. Inspector Rathod, who once tortured and abused Chandu in jail, is killed with Malik's permission. During the execution of a [[contract killing]], Malik and Chandu argue over the target; Chandu stops the deliberate vehicle crash and falls from Malik's favour.<br /> <br /> The contract was taken out by a politician who tries to use Malik's gang to eliminate a popular candidate for the [[Ministry of Home Affairs Government of Maharashtra|Home Minister]]'s post. The assassination, a staged vehicle collision, takes place in spite of Chandu's objection after Malik, not relying on Chandu anymore, gives direct orders. The rift between Chandu and Malik widens. The Joint Commissioner of [[Mumbai Police]], Veerappalli Sreenivasan, uses the rift to bring the mafia under control. Chandu and Malik become bitter enemies. After Chandu's retaliation for the assassination of Warsi, a lieutenant and Chandu's lifelong friend, two factions of Mumbai's once-powerful gang Company begin a full-scale war. Malik and Chandu kill as many members of their opponents' gangs as possible. Sreenivasan is criticised, but he and his men know that since many gang members are being killed, this war is making it easier for his department to dispose of Malik and Chandu.<br /> <br /> The war results in an intense chase in [[Kenya]], during which Malik hires assassins to kill Chandu, who is severely injured but survives. Sreenivasan persuades Chandu to come back to Mumbai and fight his war with Malik by helping the police bring the mafia under control. Chandu kills the politician who ordered the contract killing, in prison. Chandu and Malik come to a truce, but Chandu never withdraws his order to Koda Singh, one of his aids, to kill Malik. At the same time, Koda kills Malik at point-blank range in Hong Kong and is immediately arrested. After the assassination, Sreenivasan notifies Chandu, who is shocked at this news. Chandu then spends the rest of his life in prison after being persuaded by Sreenivasan to surrender.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> <br /> * [[Mohanlal]] as [[Inspector-general of police|IG]] Veerappalli Srinivasan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<br /> * [[Ajay Devgn]] as N. Mallik<br /> * [[Vivek Oberoi]] as Chandrakant &quot;Chandru&quot; Nagre<br /> * [[Manisha Koirala]] as Saroja<br /> * [[Seema Biswas]] as Ranibhai<br /> * [[Antara Mali]] as Kannu<br /> * [[Akash Khurana]] as Vilas Pandit<br /> * [[Vijay Raaz]] as Koda Singh<br /> * [[Rajpal Yadav]] as Joseph<br /> * [[Shabbir Masani]] as David Khan<br /> * [[Neeraj Vora]] as Sanam Khan<br /> * [[Ashraful Haque (actor)|Ashraful Haque]] as Krishnan<br /> * [[Pankaj Jha]] as Anees<br /> * [[Harsh Chhaya]] as [[Inspector]] Sawant<br /> * [[Mukul Nag]] as Inspector Navlekar<br /> * Rajesh Tandon as Gadgil<br /> * Rajendra Sethi as Saeed<br /> * Madan Joshi as Aslam Bhai<br /> * Bharat Dabholkar as [[Interior minister|Home Minister]] Bharat Rahute<br /> * Ganesh Yadav as Yadav<br /> * Akshay Verma as Kenkare<br /> * Mukesh Bhatt as Akram<br /> * [[Isha Koppikar]] as item dancer in the song &quot;Khallas&quot; (special appearance)<br /> * [[Urmila Matondkar]] as item dancer in the song &quot;Gandha Hai&quot; (special appearance)<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> <br /> === Development ===<br /> At a producer's house, director [[Ram Gopal Varma]] met a man named Haneef, who had been in prison for five years after the [[1993 Bombay bombings]]. He was a close aide of gangster [[Dawood Ibrahim]].{{Sfn|Varma|2016|p=88}} Varma started talking to Haneef out of curiosity and his &quot;obsession with the criminal psyche&quot;, who told him how the underworld operated.{{Sfn|Varma|2016|p=89}} During that time, the media was circulating stories about the conflict between Ibrahim and [[Chhota Rajan]], who had a fallout and wanted to kill each other, thus giving Varma the idea for ''Company''.{{Sfn|Varma|2016|p=89}} During his research for ''[[Satya (1998 film)|Satya]]'' (1998), Varma found out several things he could not incorporate into one film, especially the police procedures, because there was too much information.{{Sfn|Varma|2016|p=89}}<br /> <br /> Varma said he drew inspiration for the supporting characters and scenes from the staff of his own production company. He said Haneef's version of the underworld war gave him a story while his research gave him the &quot;atmosphere&quot;.{{Sfn|Varma|2016|p=89}} He found a strong resemblance with the rivalries between criminals and those between politicians because he felt &quot;human nature is same everywhere&quot;.{{Sfn|Varma|2016|p=89}} Varma was also inspired by the September 2000 attack on Rajan in [[Bangkok]], which was perceived as the intelligence agencies pitting one gang against another. He later met several crime reporters, police officers and associates of gangsters regarding the research of the film.&lt;ref name=&quot;raval&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Raval |first=Sheela |date=22 April 2002 |title=Mumbai mafia gets a realistic screen presence in Ram Gopal Varma's 'Company' |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20020422-mumbai-mafia-gets-a-realistic-screen-presence-in-ram-gopal-varma-company-795547-2002-04-22 |url-status=live |access-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219114601/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20020422-mumbai-mafia-gets-a-realistic-screen-presence-in-ram-gopal-varma-company-795547-2002-04-22 |archive-date=19 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film's screenplay was written by [[Jaideep Sahni]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Company Cast &amp; Crew |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/company/cast/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219001152/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/company/cast/ |archive-date=19 December 2018 |access-date=19 December 2018 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=12 April 2002 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Casting ===<br /> ''Company'' marked Malayalam Superstar [[Mohanlal]]'s debut in [[Hindi cinema]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-04-20 |title=Did you know Mohanlal has made appearances in three Bollywood movies? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-mohanlal-has-made-appearances-in-three-bollywood-movies/articleshow/82160344.cms#:~:text=Mohanlal%20has%20appeared%20in%203,Ajay%20Devgn%20in%20the%20lead. |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; He portrayed [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] Veerapalli Srinivasan, a character based on the former [[Police Commissioner of Mumbai]], [[Dhanushkodi Sivanandhan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;lal&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Goyal |first=Samarth |date=14 April 2017 |title=15 years of Company: Working with Ram Gopal Varma was an 'honour' for Mohan Lal |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/15-years-of-company-working-with-ram-gopal-varma-was-an-honour-for-mohan-lal/story-f3N3Y91wtb41zxvtHP8vaM.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219044333/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/15-years-of-company-working-with-ram-gopal-varma-was-an-honour-for-mohan-lal/story-f3N3Y91wtb41zxvtHP8vaM.html |archive-date=19 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Varma described the character as someone who looks heroic and &quot;more like a professor and treats crime as a disease and criminals as patients&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;pillai&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=22 April 2002 |title=Varma and 'Company' |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/04/22/stories/2002042201150300.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=20 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031130212808/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/04/22/stories/2002042201150300.htm |archive-date=30 November 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kamal Haasan]] was first considered for the part, but Varma later replaced him with Mohanlal, feeling Haasan's &quot;stylized&quot; acting might not fit the raw and realistic tone he wanted for the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-24 |title=‘One meeting with Shah Rukh Khan and I realised he won’t work for Company’: Ram Gopal Varma recalls how he cast Ajay Devgn after stepping out of SRK’s home |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/one-meeting-with-shah-rukh-khan-and-i-realised-he-wont-work-for-company-ram-gopal-varma-recalls-how-he-cast-ajay-devgn-after-stepping-out-of-srks-office-10323865/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Varma had first offered the role of Malik to [[Shah Rukh Khan]]. However, upon narrating the story to him, he felt that Khan's body language did not suit the character.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-10-24 |title=Ram Gopal Varma reveals Shah Rukh Khan was first choice for Company before casting Ajay Devgn : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ram-gopal-varma-reveals-shah-rukh-khan-first-choice-company-casting-ajay-devgn/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |language=en|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ajay Devgn]] was then finalized then for the role.&lt;ref name=&quot;lal&quot; /&gt; Varma wanted to keep the mafia boss character calm and composed, which he based on Devgn's personality.&lt;ref name=&quot;lal&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Goyal |first=Samarth |date=14 April 2017 |title=15 years of Company: Ajay Devgn says RGV at first refused him the role of Malik |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/15-years-of-company-ajay-devgn-reveals-that-rgv-initially-refused-him-the-role-of-malik/story-KqDhaIaEi3j8r4wJp7PugP.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219044345/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/15-years-of-company-ajay-devgn-reveals-that-rgv-initially-refused-him-the-role-of-malik/story-KqDhaIaEi3j8r4wJp7PugP.html |archive-date=19 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Abhishek Bachchan]] was the initial choice for the role of Chandrakant Aangre, but declined due to other commitments at the time. Varma then cast newcomer [[Vivek Oberoi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;oberoi&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Goyal |first=Samarth |date=14 April 2017 |title=15 years of Company: Vivek Oberoi stayed in slums to prep for his role in the film |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/15-years-of-company-vivek-oberoi-stayed-in-slums-to-prep-for-his-role-in-the-film/story-yd4mfa3BhZ0lrapbnLg4uK.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219134239/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/15-years-of-company-vivek-oberoi-stayed-in-slums-to-prep-for-his-role-in-the-film/story-yd4mfa3BhZ0lrapbnLg4uK.html |archive-date=19 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Upon meeting Varma, who said he wanted to cast someone as a gangster living in a slum and told Oberoi he looked too good for the role, Oberoi asked Varma for 15 days, during which he stayed in the slums and slept on the floor.&lt;ref name=&quot;oberoi&quot; /&gt; He rubbed oils and creams on his body, and sun-bathed daily to look darker for the role.&lt;ref name=&quot;ziya&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Salam |first=Ziya Us |title=Doing it all for a role... . |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/04/01/stories/2002040101110100.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041124005913/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/04/01/stories/2002040101110100.htm |archive-date=24 November 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; He applied some mud to his face on the day of his meeting with Varma, and was eventually selected for the role of Chandru.&lt;ref name=&quot;oberoi&quot; /&gt; [[Rinke Khanna|Rinkle Khanna]] was cast as Saroja, but was replaced by [[Manisha Koirala]] a fews days into shooting.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-04-12 |title=Revisiting Company, one of Ram Gopal Varma’s finest works |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/revisiting-company-one-of-ram-gopal-varmas-finest-works/articleshow/99429461.cms |access-date=2026-02-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Filming ===<br /> [[Hemant Chaturvedi]] served as the [[director of photography]] and [[Chandan Arora]] edited the film.&lt;ref name=bh /&gt; Location filming for the project took place in the slums of Mumbai, [[Mombasa]], [[Nairobi]], Hong Kong, and Switzerland.&lt;ref name=raval /&gt;&lt;ref name=ziya /&gt; The film's prologue scene, in which eagles are flying over the city, was the final scene to be filmed. Varma asked his cameraman to take a few shots of the city to use as inserts. While he was filming, the eagles were flying; Varma said the footage reminded him of the opening scene of ''[[Mackenna's Gold]]'' (1969) and was &quot;seized by the desire to somehow incorporate them in the film&quot;. Instead of using it as an exterior cut, he used it for the opening to &quot;create drama&quot;.{{Sfn|Varma|2016|p=89}} For the opening sequence, Varma wrote and used a fake informational voice-over about eagles waiting for months for their prey because it was &quot;profound-sounding&quot;.{{Sfn|Varma|2016|p=89}} Varma filmed the song &quot;Khallas&quot; hand-held with a camera &quot;as a guest at a seedy disco where people find it difficult to move around&quot; because he did not want to have a &quot;picture-perfect composition&quot;.&lt;ref name=pillai /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> {{Infobox album|<br /> | name = Company:&lt;br /&gt;The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack<br /> | type = soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Sandeep Chowta]]<br /> | cover = <br /> | alt = <br /> | released = 15 February 2002<br /> | recorded = <br /> | venue = <br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = [[Soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 39:02<br /> | label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br /> | producer = [[Sandeep Chowta]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The soundtrack album of ''Company'' was composed by [[Sandeep Chowta]] with lyrics written by [[Jaideep Sahni]], Nitin Raikwar and Taabish Romani.&lt;ref name=bh /&gt; The album contains eight tracks, two of which are instrumentals. The vocals were performed by [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Sudesh Bhosle]], [[Sapna Awasthi]], [[Altaf Raja]], [[Babul Supriyo]], Sonali Vajpayee, [[Sowmya Raoh]] and Chowta. It was released on 15 February 2002 by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Company (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/au/album/company-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1139048301 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221090529/https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/company-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1139048301 |archive-date=21 December 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018 |website=[[iTunes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The album met with mostly positive reviews. Taran Adarsh said the film &quot;boasts of just one song, the immensely popular &quot;Khallas&quot;, while the remaining songs form part of the background&quot;.&lt;ref name=taran /&gt; Sheela Raval of ''India Today'' wrote that the songs seemingly blend with the film and said; &quot;Even the sole song&amp;nbsp;– &quot;Khallas&quot;, lipsynched by the sexy [[Isha Koppikar]]&amp;nbsp;– doesn't seem like a needless interjection&quot;.&lt;ref name=raval /&gt; Jyoti Shukla of Rediff.com said &quot;Khallas&quot; is &quot;out and out for front-benchers and breaks the tempo of the movie&quot;.&lt;ref name=jyoti /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{tracklist<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Khallas<br /> | extra1 = [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Sudesh Bhosle]], [[Sapna Awasthi]]<br /> | music1 = [[Sandeep Chowta]]<br /> | lyrics1 = Nitin Raikwar<br /> | length1 = 5:00<br /> | title2 = Tumse Kitna<br /> | extra2 = [[Altaf Raja]]<br /> | music2 = Sandeep Chowta<br /> | lyrics2 = Taabish Romani<br /> | length2 = 04:28<br /> | title3 = Pyar Pyar Mein<br /> | extra3 = [[Babul Supriyo]], Sonali Vajpayee<br /> | music3 = Sandeep Chowta<br /> | lyrics3 = Nitin Raikwar<br /> | length3 = 04:51<br /> | title4 = Ankhon Mein<br /> | extra4 = [[Sowmya Raoh]]<br /> | music4 = Sandeep Chowta<br /> | lyrics4 = Taabish Romani<br /> | length4 = 05:13<br /> | title5 = Khallas Remix<br /> | extra5 = Asha Bhosle, Sudesh Bhosle, Sapna Awasthi<br /> | music5 = Sandeep Chowta<br /> | lyrics5 = Nitin Raikwar<br /> | length5 = 05:11<br /> | title6 = Gandha Hai<br /> | extra6 = Sandeep Chowta<br /> | music6 = Sandeep Chowta<br /> | lyrics6 = [[Jaideep Sahni]]<br /> | title7 = A Shot of Company<br /> | extra7 = Instrumental<br /> | music7 = Sandeep Chowta<br /> | lyrics7 = Instrumental<br /> | length7 = 04:32<br /> | title8 = Malik's Soul<br /> | extra8 = Instrumental<br /> | music8 = Sandeep Chowta<br /> | lyrics8 = Instrumental<br /> | length8 = 6:19<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release and reception ==<br /> ''Company'' was released in India on 12 April 2002 in 295 screens,&lt;ref name=&quot;BO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Company |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=600 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103215900/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=600 |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=1 November 2016 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was screened at the [[New York Asian Film Festival]] in 2003 in the Subway Cinema section for Asian films.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nanda |first=Tanmaya Kumar |date=15 May 2003 |title=NY cinema lovers have Company |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/15asia.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173447/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/15asia.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=23 December 2018 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; followed by screenings at the [[Fribourg International Film Festival]] and the [[Austin Film Festival]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Company |url=https://www.fiff.ch/en/company |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223030117/https://www.fiff.ch/en/company |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=23 December 2018 |website=[[Fribourg International Film Festival]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was also screened retrospectively in 2006 at the [[Fantastic Fest]], along with other Varma-produced films including ''[[Ab Tak Chhappan]]'' (2004), ''[[Ek Hasina Thi (film)|Ek Hasina Thi]]'' (2004) and ''[[Shiva (1990 film)|Shiva]]'' (1990).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=3 August 2016 |title=Truly fantastic: 'Magadheera' and 'Khalnayak' part of annual festival on genre-bending cinema |work=[[Scroll.in]] |url=https://scroll.in/reel/813078/truly-fantastic-magadheera-and-khalnayak-part-of-annual-festival-on-genre-bending-cinema |url-status=live |access-date=23 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224214852/https://scroll.in/reel/813078/truly-fantastic-magadheera-and-khalnayak-part-of-annual-festival-on-genre-bending-cinema |archive-date=24 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Company'' was released in DVD format on 22 September 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Company |url=https://www.amazon.com/Company-Bollywood-Movie-Ajay-Devgan/dp/B006O2OCPW |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203011302/http://www.amazon.com/Company-Bollywood-Movie-Ajay-Devgan/dp/B006O2OCPW |archive-date=3 February 2013 |access-date=23 December 2018 |website=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also available on video-on-demand website [[ZEE5]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Company |url=https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/company/0-0-2352 |access-date=23 December 2018 |website=[[ZEE5]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Critical response ===<br /> ''Company'' received critical acclaim upon release. [[Taran Adarsh]] said the film has &quot;a new language, a language that's even more hard-hitting when compared to its predecessors&quot;. He also praised Devgn's performance and said, &quot;the actor takes to this complex character like a fish takes to water&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;taran&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |date=10 April 2002 |title='Company' Review: High on hype and substance |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/55963 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218174413/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/55963 |archive-date=18 December 2012 |access-date=16 March 2013 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ziya Us Salam]] of [[Idlebrain.com]] called it &quot;the kind of new century fare, which tells you to welcome a cinema with muted colours, snooping camera angles and almost unrelieved suspense&quot;, and added, &quot;It is a grim film which lives in stilted frames, which thrives on silhouettes&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Salam, Ziya Us |author-link=Ziya Us Salam |title=Review of the week: Company |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/mumbai/reviews/mr-company.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019014706/http://idlebrain.com/mumbai/reviews/mr-company.html |archive-date=19 October 2017 |access-date=20 December 2018 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sheela Raval of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote that there is a &quot;raw feel to the film but there are no rough edges&amp;nbsp;... given the amount of information Varma had collected on the subject and his desire to package it all in the three-hour plus production, the film almost ascends to the level of a well-made documentary&quot;.&lt;ref name=raval /&gt;<br /> <br /> Jyoti Shukla of [[Rediff.com]] called it a &quot;fast-paced movie&quot; that is &quot;anchored by brilliant performances&quot;. She praised the performances of Mohanlal, Devgan and Oberoi, and said they are &quot;a treat to watch&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;jyoti&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Jyoti |date=12 April 2002 |title=And Company belongs to |url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/12comp.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230326/http://m.rediff.com/movies/2002/apr/12comp.htm |archive-date=20 December 2018 |access-date=20 December 2018 |website=Rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Derek Elley of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' wrote; &quot;By [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] standards, a dark and realistic look at the Mumbai underworld through the battle between a powerful don and his vengeful former sidekick, ''Company'' manages to cater to Hindi cinema norms while feeding the viewer something a little different.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Elley |first=Derek |date=21 February 2003 |title=Company |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/2003/film/reviews/company-10-1200543223/ |url-status=live |access-date=20 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723065850/http://variety.com/2003/film/reviews/company-10-1200543223/ |archive-date=23 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2010, [[Raja Sen]] wrote in his review; &quot;This finely plotted duel between two gangsters left us battered, bruised and craving more&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;raja&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Raja |date=3 February 2003 |title=Company |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/feb/03/slide-show-1-raja-sen-picks-best-films-of-the-decade.htm#6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323084031/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/feb/03/slide-show-1-raja-sen-picks-best-films-of-the-decade.htm#6 |archive-date=23 March 2018 |access-date=24 December 2018 |website=Rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Box office ===<br /> ''Company'' was made on a production budget of {{INRConvert|70|m}}.&lt;ref name=raval /&gt; It opened to 100 per cent occupancy in Mumbai and grossed {{INRConvert|11.8|m}} on its opening day.&lt;ref name=BO /&gt; It went on to collect {{INRConvert|111|m}} worldwide, which included {{INRConvert|60.1|m}} from the Indian box office, in its first week.&lt;ref name=BO /&gt; The film's first-week theatre occupancy was 87 per cent in [[Delhi]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Hyderabad]], and [[Nagpur]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nandwani |first=Deepali |date=18 June 2002 |title=Once upon 2002 in Bollywood |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jun/18film.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313032257/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jun/18film.htm |archive-date=13 March 2016 |access-date=1 November 2016 |website=Rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; In its entire run, ''Company'' grossed {{INRConvert|238|m}} in India and {{INRConvert|250|m}} worldwide.&lt;ref name=BO /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> At the [[48th Filmfare Awards]], ''Company'' won six awards: the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]] for Oberoi; [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Critics Award for Best Actor]] for Devgn (also for the film ''[[The Legend of Bhagat Singh]]'') and [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Critics Award for Best Actress]] for Koirala; and the [[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]] for Sahni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K |date=22 February 2003 |title=Shah Rukh, Ash, Ajay Devgan's rich haul |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/feb/22award.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223426/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/feb/22award.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=23 December 2018 |website=Rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the [[4th IIFA Awards]], the film won four awards: [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] for Vivek Oberoi; [[IIFA Award for Best Story|Best Story]] for Jaideep Sahni; [[IIFA Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]] for Chandan Arora and [[IIFA Award for Best Action|Best Action]] for Allan Amin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IIFA Through the Years – IIFA 2003 : South Africa |url=http://iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2003/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208124732/http://iifa.com/iifa-years/iifa-years-2003/ |archive-date=8 February 2015 |access-date=20 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> Several film critics have cited ''Company'' as one of Varma's best works.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=24 May 2016 |title=Ten Bollywood films on gangsters and outlaws |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/pubW6GTmtgKzxGZTzIoA5L/Ten-Bollywood-films-on-gangsters-and-outlaws.html |url-status=live |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829080557/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/pubW6GTmtgKzxGZTzIoA5L/Ten-Bollywood-films-on-gangsters-and-outlaws.html |archive-date=29 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Raja |date=17 August 2011 |title=The Highs and Lows of Ram Gopal Varma |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-best-and-the-worst-of-ram-gopal-varma/20110817.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224024102/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-best-and-the-worst-of-ram-gopal-varma/20110817.htm |archive-date=24 December 2018 |access-date=24 December 2018 |website=Rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was mentioned in Raja Sen's list of The Top 75 Films of the Decade in 2010.&lt;ref name=raja /&gt; While reviewing Varma's 2008 film ''[[Contract (2008 film)|Contract]]'', critic [[Rajeev Masand]] called ''Company'', along with ''Satya'', &quot;one of the most influential films of the past ten years&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |date=18 July 2008 |title=Masand's Verdict: Contract, mangled mess of Satya, Company |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/masands-verdict-contract-mangled-mess-of-satya-company/69135-8.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202220525/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/masands-verdict-contract-mangled-mess-of-satya-company/69135-8.html |archive-date=2 December 2008 |access-date=18 August 2010 |website=[[News18]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is considered one of the best technically superior films in Ram Gopal Varma's career.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=RGV's Company |url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/revisiting-ram-gopal-varmas-finest-film-company-as-it-clocks-23-years/529439/ |website=News 24 |access-date=12 Apr 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; British director [[Danny Boyle]] cited ''Company'' and ''Satya'' as inspirations for his [[Academy Award]]-winning film ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008). He said the films &quot;offer slick, often mesmerizing portrayals of the Mumbai underworld&quot;. [[Isha Koppikar]] established herself as the [[ sex symbol]] of Bollywood with her Item Number Khallas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Amitava Kumar |date=23 December 2008 |title=Slumdog Millionaire's Bollywood Ancestors |work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2008/12/slumdog-millionaires-bollywood-ancestors |url-status=live |access-date=25 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143319/http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2008/12/slumdog-millionaires-bollywood-ancestors |archive-date=2 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Company'' is the second film of Varma's [[Gangster (film series)|''Gangster'' series]] after ''Satya''; it was followed by ''[[D (film)|D]]'' (2005), which stars [[Randeep Hooda]] and was also produced by Varma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |date=20 June 2005 |title=Film review: D by Vishram Sawant starring Ishaa Koppikar, Randeep Hooda |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/19700101-film-review-of-d-by-vishram-sawant-starring-ishaa-koppikar-randeep-hooda-788672-2005-06-19 |url-status=live |access-date=5 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504042009/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/19700101-film-review-of-d-by-vishram-sawant-starring-ishaa-koppikar-randeep-hooda-788672-2005-06-20 |archive-date=4 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> *{{Cite book |last=Varma |first=Ram Gopal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DwZ3jwEACAAJ&amp;q=Guns+and+Thighs+:+The+Story+of+My+Life |title=Guns &amp; Thighs: The Story of My Life |publisher=Rupa Publications |year=2016 |isbn=9788129137494}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title|id=0296574}}<br /> *{{Rotten Tomatoes|1153799_company}}<br /> <br /> {{Ram Gopal Varma}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2000s crime action films]]<br /> [[Category:2002 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian sequel films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian gangster films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian crime action films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about criminals]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Hong Kong]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Switzerland]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Kenya]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in slums]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in South Africa]]<br /> [[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]<br /> [[Category:Crime action films based on actual events]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Ram Gopal Varma]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Sandeep Chowta]]<br /> [[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Kenya]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Hong Kong]]<br /> [[Category:2000s avant-garde and experimental films]]<br /> [[Category:D-Company]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language films based on actual events]]<br /> [[Category:Films produced by Boney Kapoor]]<br /> [[Category:Vyjayanthi Movies films]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latehar_Assembly_constituency&diff=511910 2026-04-19T19:17:53Z

<p>Igornhx: made a article from scratch</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Jharkhand legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | reservation = SC<br /> | name = Latehar<br /> | map_image = Latehar constituency map.svg<br /> | state = [[Jharkhand]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Chatra Lok Sabha constituency|Chatra]]<br /> | district = [[Latehar district|Latehar]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | mla = [[Prakash Ram]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|BJP}}<br /> | established = 2000<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:269835}}<br /> | constituency_no = 74<br /> }}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> ''' Latehar Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].&lt;ref name=jhceo&gt;{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC &amp; PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=delimitation2008&gt;{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; And after partition from [[Bihar]], new state [[Jharkhand]] came into existence on 15 November 2000 and Latehar Vidhansabha came under [[Jharkhand]].<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election <br /> ! Name <br /> ! colspan=2|Party <br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |{{center|''Before 1957: see Latehar cum Manatu constituency''}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> |[[John Munzani]]{{Efn|name=TwoMembers|Two member constituency}}<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Lal Jagdhatri Nath Shah Deo]]{{Efn|name=TwoMembers}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |John Munzani<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |[[T. Singh]] <br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br /> |[[Jamuna Singh]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> |[[Vijoy Virendra Kumar]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |{{center|''1977-80: Constituency did not exist''}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |[[Indra Nath Bhagat]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |[[Haridarshan Ram]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> |[[Ramdeo Ram]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br /> |[[Baljit Ram]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br /> |[[Baidyanath Ram]] <br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br /> |[[Prakash Ram]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br /> |[[Baidyanath Ram]] <br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br /> |[[Prakash Ram]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]&lt;ref name=election2019&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-12-24|title=Latehar Election Result 2019: JMM's Baidyanath Ram unseats incumbent BJP leader Prakash Ram by 16,328 votes in Jharkhand polls|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/latehar-election-result-2019-jmms-baidyanath-ram-unseats-incumbent-bjp-leader-prakash-ram-by-16328-votes-in-jharkhand-polls-7716411.html|access-date=2021-09-26|website=Firstpost}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |[[Baidyanath Ram]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> |[[Prakash Ram]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> ===Assembly election 2024===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Latehar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prakash Ram]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=98,062 |percentage=44.74% |change={{increase}}11.66 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Baidyanath Ram]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=97,628 |percentage=44.54% |change={{increase}}2.49 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Santosh Kumar Paswan |party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha |votes=4,295 |percentage=1.96% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Paswan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,745 |percentage=1.71% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prakash Kumar Ravi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,678 |percentage=1.22% |change={{decrease}}0.51 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shrawan Paswan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,426 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brahamdev Ram |party=Ambedkarite Party of India |votes=2,386 |percentage=1.09% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=4,518 |percentage=2.06% |change={{decrease}}0.96 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=434 |percentage=0.20% |change= {{decrease}}8.78 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=2,19,204 |percentage=71.12% |change= {{increase}}3.68 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,08,236 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.23 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{increase}}2.69 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly election 2019===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Latehar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Baidyanath Ram]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=76,507 |percentage=42.04% |change={{increase}}27.67 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prakash Ram]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=60,179 |percentage=33.07% |change={{increase}}5.35 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Santosh Kumar Paswan |party=Independent politician |votes=15,985 |percentage=8.78% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aman Kumar Bhogta |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=8,700 |percentage=4.78% |change={{decrease}}39.66 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=4,278 |percentage=2.35% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Ganjhu |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,143 |percentage=1.73% |change={{decrease}}0.65 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virendra Paswan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,827 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=5,503 |percentage=3.02% |change={{increase}}0.36 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,328 |percentage=8.97% |change= {{decrease}}7.75 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,81,967 |percentage=67.44% |change= {{increase}}1.27 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,69,835 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.47 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |swing= {{decrease}}2.40 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly election 2014===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Latehar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prakash Ram]] |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=71,189 |percentage=44.45% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brajmohan Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=44,402 |percentage=27.72% |change={{decrease}}5.14 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Ganjhu |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=23,022 |percentage=14.37% |change={{increase}}4.78 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=4,916 |percentage=3.07% |change={{decrease}}29.38 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Digambar Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,806 |percentage=2.38% |change={{decrease}}0.66 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shravan Kumar |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,751 |percentage=1.72% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tulsi Ram |party=Jai Bharat Samanta Party |votes=2,219 |percentage=1.39% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=4,270 |percentage=2.67% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,787 |percentage=16.72% |change= {{increase}}16.31 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,60,170 |percentage=66.17% |change= {{increase}}4.96 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,42,068 |ref = |change= {{increase}}41.04 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}11.58 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly election 2009===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Latehar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Baidyanath Ram]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=34,522 |percentage=32.86% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prakash Ram]] |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=34,084 |percentage=32.44% |change={{increase}}18.69 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramdeo Ganjhu |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=10,076 |percentage=9.59% |change={{decrease}}0.22 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,865 |percentage=7.49% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramnath Ganjhu |party=Independent politician |votes=5,999 |percentage=5.71% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Ratan Baspati |party=Independent politician |votes=3,731 |percentage=3.55% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yugal Kishor Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,189 |percentage=3.04% |change={{increase}}1.83 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=438 |percentage=0.42% |change= {{decrease}}3.53 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,05,054 |percentage=61.21% |change= {{increase}}4.00 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,71,628 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}28.24 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Rashtriya Janata Dal |swing= {{increase}}19.11 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly election 2005===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Latehar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prakash Ram]] |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=18,819 |percentage=13.75% |change={{decrease}}6.24 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramdev Ganjhu |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=13,421 |percentage=9.81% |change={{decrease}}6.94 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Baidyanath Ram]] |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=13,040 |percentage=9.53% |change={{decrease}}21.65 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phulchand Ganjhu |party=Independent politician |votes=9,411 |percentage=6.88% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shyam Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=3,441 |percentage=2.51% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Sevak Baitha |party=Independent politician |votes=3,215 |percentage=2.35% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bigu Mochi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,643 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,398 |percentage=3.95% |change= {{decrease}}7.24 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,36,824 |percentage=57.21% |change= {{increase}}40.54 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,39,166 |ref = |change= {{increase}}60.68 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Rashtriya Janata Dal |loser=Janata Dal (United) |swing= {{decrease}}17.42 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly election 2000===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Latehar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Baidyanath Ram]] |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=7,734 |percentage=31.18% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prakash Ram]] |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=4,960 |percentage=19.99% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baljeet Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,518 |percentage=18.21% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramdeo Ganjhu |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=4,154 |percentage=16.75% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lakshman Prasad Ganjhu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,802 |percentage=7.26% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shankar Baitha |party=Communist Party of India |votes=597 |percentage=2.41% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parra Nayak |party=Independent politician |votes=483 |percentage=1.95% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,774 |percentage=11.18% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=24,807 |percentage=16.97% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,48,848 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Janata Dal (United) |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Vidhan Sabha]]<br /> * [[List of states of India by type of legislature]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|23.747|84.507|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Latehar district]]<br /> [[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhander_Assembly_constituency&diff=490815 2026-04-19T08:41:20Z

<p>Igornhx: put up initial entry and citations</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Madhya Pradesh}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Bhander<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | map_image = 21-Bhander.svg<br /> | constituency_no = 21<br /> | mla = [[Phool Singh Baraiya]]<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Datia district|Datia]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Bhind Lok Sabha constituency|Bhind]]<br /> | established = 1957<br /> | reservation = SC<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> | preceded_by = [[Raksha Santram Saroniya]]<br /> | incumbent_image = Phoolsingh Baraiya.jpg<br /> }}<br /> '''Bhander''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]]. This constituency is reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Dalit|Scheduled castes]] from its inception.&lt;ref name=eci1&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=6 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> Bhander is one of the 3 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Datia district]]. This constituency covers the entire Bhander [[tehsil]] and part of Datia tehsil of the district.&lt;ref name=&quot;ceo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=228, 250}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bhander is part of [[Bhind (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhind Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Sewda Assembly constituency|Sewda]] and [[Datia Assembly constituency|Datia]] in this district and [[Bhind Assembly constituency|Bhind]], [[Ater Assembly constituency|Ater]], [[Lahar Assembly constituency|Lahar]], [[Mehgaon Assembly constituency|Mehgaon]] and [[Gohad Assembly constituency|Gohad]] in [[Bhind district]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ceo&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ [[Pichhore Gird Assembly constituency|Pichhore Gird]] constituency:<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> |1957<br /> |Raja Ram Singh<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]: Bhander Constituency<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party <br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |Raja Ram Singh<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |Kishorilal Hans<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> |Chaturbhuj Morya<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> |Nand Lal Saroniya<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |Kamlapat Arya<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |Radhesham Chandoriya<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> |Pooram Singh Palaiya<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br /> |Keshri Choudhary<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<br /> |[[Phool Singh Baraiya]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<br /> |Kamlapat Arya<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br /> |Asha Ram Ahirwar<br /> |-<br /> |[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br /> |Ghanshyam Pironiya<br /> |-<br /> |[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Raksha Santram Saroniya]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2020 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections|2020]]^&lt;ref name=&quot;election2018&quot; /&gt;<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> |[[Phool Singh Baraiya]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |}<br /> ^ bypolls<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === 2023 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhander&lt;ref name=&quot;election2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Phool Singh Baraiya]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:82043}}<br /> |percentage = 58.67<br /> |change = +13.55<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Ghanshyam Pironiya<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:52605}}<br /> |percentage = 37.62<br /> |change = -7.63<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Chaudhari Raju Dohare<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1954}}<br /> |percentage = 1.4<br /> |change = -4.20<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1175}}<br /> |percentage = 0.84<br /> |change = -0.44<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:29438}}<br /> |percentage = 21.05<br /> |change = +20.92<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:139828}}<br /> |percentage = 73.62<br /> |change = +2.02<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2020 bypolls ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title= [[2020 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: Bhander&lt;ref name=byelection2020&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12753-bye-elections-2020-parliamentary-and-assemblies/ |title=Bye Elections 2020 (Parliamentary and Assemblies) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Raksha Santram Saroniya]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 57,043<br /> |percentage = 45.25<br /> |change = +16.81<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Phool Singh Baraiya]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=56,882|percentage=45.12|change=-17.00}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Mahendra Boudh]]|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=7,055|percentage=5.60|change=+3.37}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=1,619|percentage=1.28|change=+0.24}}<br /> {{Election box majority|votes=161|percentage=0.13|change=-33.55}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=126,068|percentage=71.6|change=+2.11}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2018 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhander&lt;ref name=election2018&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Raksha Santram Saroniya]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:73578}}<br /> |percentage = 62.12<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Rajni Prajapati<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:33682}}<br /> |percentage = 28.44<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Kiran Bala<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2642}}<br /> |percentage = 2.23<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Sangharsh Dal<br /> |candidate = Narayan Singh<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2323}}<br /> |percentage = 1.96<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bhartiya Shakti Chetna Party<br /> |candidate = Karan Singh<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1165}}<br /> |percentage = 0.98<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1228}}<br /> |percentage = 1.04<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:39896}}<br /> |percentage = 33.68<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:118447}}<br /> |percentage = 69.49<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Bhander]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}<br /> {{coords|25.74|78.75|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Datia district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br /> [[Category:1957 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rumtek_Assembly_constituency&diff=531068 2026-04-17T01:01:28Z

<p>Igornhx: creating some data basic info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Rumtek<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | state = Sikkim<br /> | established = 1979<br /> | abolished = 2008&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219182705/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|format=pdf|title=THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | electors = 13,726<br /> | mla = Menlom Lepcha<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Democratic Front}}<br /> | constituency_no =<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> | district =<br /> | loksabha_cons =<br /> | reservation =<br /> }}<br /> '''Rumtek Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India|Indian]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Sikkim]].<br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> | [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1979]] || Dadul Bhutia || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Janata Parishad}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Ongay Tob Shutia || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || O. T. Bhutia<br /> |-<br /> | [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || Menlom Lepcha<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Karma Tempo Namgyal Gyaltsen || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Menlom Lepcha<br /> |}<br /> == Election results ==<br /> === Assembly election 2004 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rumtek&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006151710/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Menlom Lepcha |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=5,639 |percentage=56.61% |change={{increase}}6.38 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Delay Namgyal Barfungpa]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,323 |percentage=43.39% |change={{increase}}41.60 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,316 |percentage=13.21% |change= {{increase}}10.96 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=9,962 |percentage=72.58% |change= {{decrease}}4.08 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,726 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.17 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}6.38 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly election 1999 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rumtek&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007144437/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Karma Tempo Namgyal Gyaltsen |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,326 |percentage=50.23% |change={{increase}}20.79 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=O. T. Bhutia |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=4,132 |percentage=47.97% |change={{increase}}4.10 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ugen Tshering Lepcha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=155 |percentage=1.80% |change={{decrease}}20.57 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=194 |percentage=2.25% |change= {{decrease}}12.18 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=8,613 |percentage=78.03% |change= {{decrease}}1.92 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,235 |ref = |change= {{increase}}32.01 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{increase}}6.36 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === Assembly election 1994 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rumtek&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007184813/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Menlom Lepcha |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,934 |percentage=43.87% |change={{decrease}}19.27 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karma Tempo Namgyal Gyaltsen |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=1,969 |percentage=29.44% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=O. T. Bhutia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,496 |percentage=22.37% |change={{decrease}}5.44 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nima Lepcha |party=Independent politician |votes=207 |percentage=3.10% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Uttam Lepcha |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=48 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=965 |percentage=14.43% |change= {{decrease}}20.90 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=6,688 |percentage=80.33% |change= {{increase}}3.83 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,511 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{decrease}}19.27 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly election 1989 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rumtek&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006145759/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=O. T. Bhutia |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=3,126 |percentage=63.14% |change={{increase}}1.70 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Pintso Wangdi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,377 |percentage=27.81% |change={{increase}}7.66 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phigu Tshering |party=Rising Sun Party |votes=285 |percentage=5.76% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,749 |percentage=35.33% |change= {{decrease}}5.96 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=4,951 |percentage=72.29% |change= {{increase}}16.56 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,623 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === Assembly election 1985 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rumtek&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006223633/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ongay Tob Shutia |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=1,933 |percentage=61.44% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rinzing Ongmo |party=Indian National Congress |votes=634 |percentage=20.15% |change={{increase}}18.63 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Namayal Tshering Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=414 |percentage=13.16% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Namgey Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=120 |percentage=3.81% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kinga Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=27 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phingu Tshering |party=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |votes=18 |percentage=0.57% |change={{decrease}}24.21 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,299 |percentage=41.29% |change= {{increase}}27.05 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=3,146 |percentage=58.92% |change= {{increase}}1.92 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,406 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.25 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Janata Parishad |swing= {{increase}}22.41 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === Assembly election 1979 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rumtek&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1979 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006104054/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dadul Bhutia |party=Sikkim Janata Parishad |votes=948 |percentage=39.03% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karma Gyampo Bhutia |party=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |votes=602 |percentage=24.78% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Namgyal Tshering Bhutia |party=Janata Party |votes=405 |percentage=16.67% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Lama Changkapa |party=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |votes=336 |percentage=13.83% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dawa Tashi Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=79 |percentage=3.25% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tshering Pintso Bhutia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37 |percentage=1.52% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tenzing Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=16 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=346 |percentage=14.24% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=2,429 |percentage=59.06% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,316 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Janata Parishad |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Sikkim}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies established in 1979]]<br /> [[Category:1979 establishments in Sikkim]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]<br /> [[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1979]]<br /> <br /> {{Sikkim-geo-stub}}</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kodumur_Assembly_constituency&diff=510227 2026-04-15T23:21:26Z

<p>Igornhx: Put Up The Details Added Tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Kodumur<br /> | map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (143-Kodumur highlighted).png<br /> | map_caption = Location of Kodumur Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh<br /> | state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Kurnool]]<br /> | reservation = SC<br /> | established = 1962<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 143<br /> | mla = [[Boggula Dastagiri]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | electors = 216,090<br /> }}<br /> '''Kondumur''' is a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] reserved constituency in [[Kurnool district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].&lt;ref name=loksabha&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=31, TABLE B – Parliamentary Constituencies}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref name=&quot;constituencies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=21, 31|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Boggula Dastagiri]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|title=Assembly Election 2019|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=24 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 25 March 2019, there are a total of 216,090 electors in the constituency.&lt;ref name=&quot;electors&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The constituency was established in 1962, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1962)''.<br /> <br /> ==Mandals==<br /> Kodumur assembly constituency consists of four mandals.<br /> <br /> {{srn}}<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash&quot;<br /> !Mandals<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kurnool]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[C.Belagal]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kodumur]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Gudur, Kurnool]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Political party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> | [[D. Sanjivayya]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | [[P. R. Rao]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> | rowspan=3 |[[D. Muniswamy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> | [[M. Sikhamani]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | [[M. Madan Gopal]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<br /> | rowspan=3 |M. Sikhamani<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br /> |Murali Krishna<br /> |-<br /> | [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br /> | [[M. Mani Gandhi]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br /> | [[Jaradoddi Sudhakar]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | [[Boggula Dastagiri]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === 2004 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kodumur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[M Sikhamani]]<br /> |votes = 59,730<br /> |percentage = 54.56<br /> |change = -2.93<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |candidate = [[Akepogu Prabhakar Rao]]<br /> |votes = 42,617<br /> |percentage = 38.93<br /> |change = -2.30<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 17,113<br /> |percentage = 14.51<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 109,482<br /> |percentage = 67.71<br /> |change = +1.55<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2009 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kodumur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Parigela Muralikrishna]]<br /> |votes = 47,844<br /> |percentage = 38.19<br /> |change = -16.37<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |candidate = [[M. Mani Gandhi]]<br /> |votes = 42,519<br /> |percentage = 33.94<br /> |change = -4.99<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Praja Rajyam Party<br /> |candidate = [[Bojugu Karunakara Raju]]<br /> |votes = 25,343<br /> |percentage = 20.23<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 5,325<br /> |percentage = 4.25<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 125,276<br /> |percentage = 72.99<br /> |change = +5.28<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2014 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kodumur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = YSR Congress Party<br /> |candidate = [[M. Mani Gandhi]]<br /> |votes = 84,206<br /> |percentage = 55.20<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Madharapu Renukamma]]<br /> |votes = 31,822<br /> |percentage = 20.90<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Parigela Murali Krishna]]<br /> |votes = 21,118<br /> |percentage = 13.87<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 52,382<br /> |percentage = 34.40<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 152,273<br /> |percentage = 74.70<br /> |change = +1.71<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = YSR Congress Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2019 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kodumur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = YSR Congress Party<br /> |candidate = [[Jaradoddi Sudhakar]]<br /> |votes = 100000<br /> |percentage = 55<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |candidate = [[Burla Ramanjaneyulu]]<br /> |votes = 58,992<br /> |percentage = 35.12<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 36,045<br /> |percentage = 21.18<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 170,214<br /> |percentage = 78.77<br /> |change = +4.07<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = YSR Congress Party<br /> |loser = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2024 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kodumur}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Telugu Desam Party<br /> |candidate = [[Boggula Dastagiri]]<br /> |votes = 1,01,703 <br /> |percentage = 51.49<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Dr. Adimulapu Sathish|votes=80,120|percentage=40.56|change=}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Parigela Murali Krishna|votes=9,835|percentage=4.98|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=2,169|percentage=1.1|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=21,583|percentage=10.93|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=1,97,533|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Telugu Desam Party <br /> |loser = YSR Congress Party <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> {{coord|15.68|77.77|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Kurnool district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]<br /> [[Category:1962 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walgaon_Assembly_constituency&diff=545461 2026-04-08T17:36:22Z

<p>Igornhx: details!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Walgaon<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | state = Maharashtra<br /> | established = 1967<br /> | abolished = 2008&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&amp;type=order&amp;filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | electors = 162,376<br /> | mla = Band Sanjay Raosaheb<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena}}<br /> | constituency_no =<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> | district =<br /> | loksabha_cons =<br /> | reservation =<br /> }}<br /> &lt;b&gt;Walgaon Assembly constituency &lt;/b&gt;was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |- <br /> | [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Purshottam Kashirao Deshmukh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan=2 | U. Rao B. Rao Mahalle <br /> |- <br /> | [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] <br /> |- <br /> | [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Sable Bhau Bapurao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=2}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Ambadas Bapurao Bhau Sable <br /> |- <br /> | [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Varhade Anil Gopalrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Anil Warhade <br /> |- <br /> | [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Sanjay Raosaheb Band || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=3}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan=2 | Band Sanjay Raosaheb <br /> |- <br /> | [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === Assembly Election 2004 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Walgaon }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Band Sanjay Raosaheb |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 41,109 |percentage = 37.53% |change = {{decrease}}9.51 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Warhade Sunil Gopalrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,346 |percentage = 25.88% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kuralkar Chandrashekhar Ramdaspant |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 21,545 |percentage = 19.67% |change = {{increase}}18.78 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajendra Pralhadrao Alies Baba Juwar |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,532 |percentage = 3.22% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Bhande Dashratha Motiran |party = Bahujan Mahasangha Paksha |votes = 3,095 |percentage = 2.83% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Milind Shriranji Tayde |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,635 |percentage = 2.41% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abhyankar Madhukar Sukhadeo |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 2,076 |percentage = 1.90% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaji Bapurao Dongare |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,711 |percentage = 1.56% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,763 |percentage = 11.65% |change = {{decrease}}10.54 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 109,542 |percentage = 67.46% |change = {{increase}}7.67 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 109,536}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 162,376 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.50 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}9.51 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1999 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Walgaon &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Band Sanjay Raosaheb |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 40,690 |percentage = 47.04% |change = {{increase}}23.91 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Z. Wakpanjar |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 21,491 |percentage = 24.84% |change = {{increase}}17.18 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Anil Gopalrao Warhade |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,713 |percentage = 14.70% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Amirkhan Hamidkhan Pathan |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 7,775 |percentage = 8.99% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anil Balkrishna Gondane |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,294 |percentage = 1.50% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manikkaka Raibole |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 767 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vijay Gulabrao Gohatre |party = Independent politician |votes = 722 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,199 |percentage = 22.19% |change = {{increase}}18.81 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 92,904 |percentage = 59.79% |change = {{decrease}}16.60 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 86,504}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 155,379 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.30 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}23.91 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1995 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Walgaon &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sanjay Raosaheb Band |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 25,864 |percentage = 23.13% |change = {{decrease}}0.40 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Anil Warhade |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,089 |percentage = 19.76% |change = {{decrease}}5.72 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Amirkhan Hamidkhan |party = Independent politician |votes = 14,243 |percentage = 12.74% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shrikant Vishwas Taral |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,986 |percentage = 11.62% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Edatkar Dilip Laxmanrao |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 8,572 |percentage = 7.67% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wakpanjar. D. Z |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 8,568 |percentage = 7.66% |change = {{decrease}}14.81 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahalle Nilima Shrikant |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,714 |percentage = 3.32% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Belsare Baburao Deorao |party = Samajwadi Janata Party (Maharashtra) |votes = 3,326 |percentage = 2.97% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,775 |percentage = 3.38% |change = {{increase}}1.42 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 113,802 |percentage = 76.39% |change = {{increase}}14.06 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 111,800}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 148,978 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.04 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.35 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1990 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Walgaon &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Anil Warhade |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,983 |percentage = 25.48% |change = {{decrease}}21.62 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Subhash Alias Nanubhau Mahalle |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 19,373 |percentage = 23.53% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Z. Wakpanjar |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 18,504 |percentage = 22.47% |change = {{increase}}20.68 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shrikant Vishwas Taral |party = Janata Dal |votes = 9,815 |percentage = 11.92% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Babarao Bagorao Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,916 |percentage = 4.76% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kashirao Bapu Zagade |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,802 |percentage = 2.19% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ingole Gangadharrao Barikrao |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes = 1,592 |percentage = 1.93% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shekh Mahammad Shekh Bashir Chabiwala |party = Lokdal (B) |votes = 1,020 |percentage = 1.24% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,610 |percentage = 1.96% |change = {{decrease}}17.50 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 83,623 |percentage = 62.33% |change = {{increase}}5.68 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 82,349}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,172 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.55 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}21.62 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1985 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Walgaon &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Varhade Anil Gopalrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,080 |percentage = 47.10% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Nilkanth Madahavrao |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 16,479 |percentage = 27.64% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pralhad Bajirao Gaikwad |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,941 |percentage = 20.03% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Jamil Sk. Mohammed |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,703 |percentage = 2.86% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gawai Uttam Jangluji |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,068 |percentage = 1.79% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,601 |percentage = 19.46% |change = {{increase}}7.97 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 60,537 |percentage = 56.65% |change = {{increase}}3.54 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 59,613}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 106,866 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.39 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}1.48 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1980 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Walgaon &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ambadas Bapurao Bhau Sable |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 24,363 |percentage = 45.62% |change = {{decrease}}20.49 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Nilkanth Madhao |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 18,225 |percentage = 34.13% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwad Prahlad Bajirao |party = Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 9,664 |percentage = 18.10% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Chavan Anirudha Udhaorao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,147 |percentage = 2.15% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,138 |percentage = 11.49% |change = {{decrease}}39.81 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 54,370 |percentage = 53.11% |change = {{decrease}}20.32 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 53,399}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 102,372 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.90 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}20.49 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1978 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Walgaon &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sable Bhau Bapurao |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 45,789 |percentage = 66.11% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ingole Bhagwant Maroti |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,259 |percentage = 14.81% |change = {{decrease}}49.54 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wankhede Vishwas Ruprao |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,704 |percentage = 9.68% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Ganeshrao Uttamrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,127 |percentage = 3.07% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khandare Sudam Tulshiram |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,980 |percentage = 2.86% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jamnekar Pandurang Bajirao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,006 |percentage = 1.45% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Zagde Kashinath Shrawanji |party = Independent politician |votes = 735 |percentage = 1.06% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Dharmavair Vishwasrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 565 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 35,530 |percentage = 51.30% |change = {{increase}}8.41 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 70,978 |percentage = 73.43% |change = {{increase}}6.59 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 69,259}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,664 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.81 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.76 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1972 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Walgaon &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = U. Rao B. Rao Mahalle |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 39,457 |percentage = 64.35% |change = {{increase}}16.19 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gopal Gulab Waghmare |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 13,160 |percentage = 21.46% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ambadas B. Sable |party = All India Forward Bloc |votes = 5,257 |percentage = 8.57% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Namdeo Dattatraya Mohod |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 2,702 |percentage = 4.41% |change = {{decrease}}40.91 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pundlik Chihuji Ogale |party = Independent politician |votes = 373 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,297 |percentage = 42.89% |change = {{increase}}40.05 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 62,846 |percentage = 66.84% |change = {{decrease}}5.89 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 61,312}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,023 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.04 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}16.19 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1967 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Walgaon &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = U. Rao B. Rao Mahalle |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,761 |percentage = 48.16% |change = {{increase}}1.17 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. V. Bonde |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 25,185 |percentage = 45.32% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. S. Khande |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,733 |percentage = 4.92% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. R. Umekar |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 888 |percentage = 1.60% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,576 |percentage = 2.84% |change = {{decrease}}14.05 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 61,589 |percentage = 72.73% |change = {{increase}}10.00 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 55,567}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,676 |ref = |change = {{increase}}101.90 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.17 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1952 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Walgaon &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Purshottam Kashirao Deshmukh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,362 |percentage = 46.99% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gulabrao Champatrao Bobde |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 7,918 |percentage = 30.10% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Champatrao Hanumant Ramteke |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 4,897 |percentage = 18.61% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhaorao Wamanrao Deshmukh |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 1,130 |percentage = 4.30% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,444 |percentage = 16.89% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 26,307 |percentage = 62.73% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 26,307}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 41,940 |ref = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Maharashtra}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]<br /> {{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_football_stadiums_in_India&diff=475488 2026-03-28T18:30:36Z

<p>Igornhx: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=September 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}<br /> This is a '''list of football stadiums in India''' that have been used for major international [[Association football|football]] matches.<br /> <br /> {{Location map+<br /> | India3<br /> | float=right<br /> | width=300<br /> | caption=List of international football stadiums in India<br /> | places=<br /> &lt;!-- Active Football Stadiums --&gt;<br /> {{location map~|India|label=&lt;small&gt;[[Salt Lake Stadium|Kolkata]]&lt;/small&gt;|position=left|mark=Green pog.svg|lat=22.58|long=88.41}}<br /> {{location map~|India|label=&lt;small&gt;{{nowrap|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|South East Delhi]]}}&lt;/small&gt;|position=bottom|mark=Green pog.svg|lat=28.58|long=77.23}}<br /> {{location map~|India|label=&lt;small&gt;[[Greenfield International Stadium|Thiruvananthapuram]]&lt;/small&gt;|position=right|mark=Green pog.svg|lat=8.571|long=76.884}}<br /> {{location map~|India|label=&lt;small&gt;[[EMS Stadium|Kozhikode]]&lt;/small&gt;|position=right|mark=Green pog.svg|lat=11.2588|long=75.7804}}<br /> {{location map~|India|label=&lt;small&gt;[[DY Patil Stadium|Navi Mumbai]]&lt;/small&gt;|position=top|mark=Green pog.svg|lat=19.04|long=73.02}}<br /> {{location map~|India|label=&lt;small&gt;[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Kochi]]&lt;/small&gt;|position=right|mark=Green pog.svg|lat=9.9946|long=76.2854}}<br /> {{location map~|India|label=&lt;small&gt;[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Chennai]]&lt;/small&gt;|position=right|mark=Green pog.svg|lat=13.07|long=80.27}}<br /> {{location map~|India|label=&lt;small&gt;[[Kanchenjunga Stadium|Siliguri]]&lt;/small&gt;|position=left|mark=Green pog.svg|lat=26.73|long=88.43}}<br /> {{location map~|India|label=&lt;small&gt;[[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium|Imphal]]&lt;/small&gt;|position=right|mark=Green pog.svg|lat=24.82|long=93.94}}<br /> {{location map~|India|label=&lt;small&gt;[[Ambedkar Stadium|Central Delhi]]&lt;/small&gt;|position=top|mark=Green pog.svg|lat=28.64|long=77.24}}<br /> {{location map~|India|label=&lt;small&gt;[[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium|Guwahati]]&lt;/small&gt;|position=right|mark=Green pog.svg|lat=26.14|long=91.73}}<br /> {{location map~|India|label=&lt;small&gt;[[GMC Balayogi Athletic Stadium|Hyderabad]]&lt;/small&gt;|position=right|mark=Green pog.svg|lat=17.4614|long=78.3729}}<br /> {{location map~|India|label=&lt;small&gt;[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium|Bengaluru]]&lt;/small&gt;|position=left|mark=Green pog.svg|lat=12.9716|long=77.5946}}<br /> {{location map~|India|label=&lt;small&gt;[[EKA Arena|Ahmedabad]]&lt;/small&gt;|position=right|mark=Green pog.svg|lat=23.03|long=72.58}}<br /> {{location map~|India|label=&lt;small&gt;[[Fatorda Stadium|Margao]]&lt;/small&gt;|position=right|mark=Green pog.svg|lat=15.2736|long=73.9581}}<br /> {{location map~|India|label=&lt;small&gt;[[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex|Pune]]&lt;/small&gt;|position=right|mark=Green pog.svg|lat=18.58|long=73.75}}<br /> {{location map~|India|label=&lt;small&gt;[[Mumbai Football Arena|Mumbai]]&lt;/small&gt;|position=left|mark=Green pog.svg|lat=19.1189|long=72.8426}}<br /> {{location map~|India|label=&lt;small&gt;[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Shillong]]&lt;/small&gt;|position=left|mark=Green pog.svg|lat=25.582222|long=91.894444}}<br /> {{location map~|India|label=&lt;small&gt;[[Kalinga Stadium|Bhubaneswar]]&lt;/small&gt;|position=left|mark=Green pog.svg|lat=20.27|long=85.84}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Current stadiums ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !#!!Image!!Stadium!!Capacity!!City!!State!!Home team(s)!!Sport(s)<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |1<br /> |[[File:Salt Lake Stadium during FIFA U17 World Cup 2017 ....jpg|150px]]<br /> | [[Salt Lake Stadium]] † || 85,000|| [[Bidhannagar]]|| [[West Bengal]] <br /> | [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]], [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]],[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |2<br /> |[[File:The inside view of the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, the main venue of the inauguration of 19th Commonwealth Games Delhi-2010, in New Delhi on October 03, 2010 (1).jpg|150px]]<br /> | [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] † || 60,254|| [[Delhi]] || [[Delhi]] <br /> | [[Punjab FC]], [[SC Delhi]] || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |3<br /> |[[File:Greenfield International Stadium.jpg|150px]]<br /> |[[Greenfield International Stadium]] †<br /> |50,000<br /> |[[Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> |[[Kerala]]<br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |4<br /> |[[File:Kozhikode EMS Stadium.jpg|150px]]<br /> |[[EMS Stadium]] † || 50,000 || [[Kozhikode]]|| [[Kerala]] <br /> | [[Gokulam Kerala]] || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |7<br /> |[[File:D Y Patil Sports Stadium.jpg|150px]]<br /> |[[DY Patil Stadium]] † || 45,300|| [[Navi Mumbai]] || [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |8<br /> |[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi) in 2022.jpg|150px]]<br /> |[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawarhalal Nehru International Stadium, Kaloor]] † || 41,000||[[Kochi]] || [[Kerala]]<br /> | [[Kerala Blasters]] || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]] <br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |9<br /> |[[File:Birsa munda football stadium morhabadi.jpg|150px]]<br /> |[[Birsa Munda Football Stadium]]|| 40,000|| [[Ranchi]] || [[Jharkhand]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |10<br /> |[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Chennai panorama.jpg|150px]]<br /> |[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] † || 40,000||[[Chennai]]||[[Tamil Nadu]] <br /> | [[Chennaiyin FC]] || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |11<br /> |[[File:Western entrance of Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Kollam.jpg|150px]]<br /> |[[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Kollam|Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium]]|| 40,000|| [[Kollam]] || [[Kerala]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |12<br /> |[[File:Near the entrance of Mangala Stadium in Mangalore.jpg|150px]]<br /> |[[Mangala Stadium]]|| 40,000||[[Mangalore]]||[[Karnataka]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |13<br /> |[[File:Sports 4.jpg|150px]]<br /> | [[Kanchenjunga Stadium]] † || 40,000||[[Siliguri]]||[[West Bengal]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |14<br /> |[[File:J.R.D. Tata Stadium.jpg|150px]]<br /> | [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]]|| 40,000||[[Jamshedpur]]||[[Jharkhand]] <br /> | [[Jamshedpur FC]] || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |15<br /> |[[File:EB-Ground.png|150px]]<br /> | [[East Bengal Ground]]|| 40,000|| [[Kolkata]] || [[West Bengal]] <br /> | [[Aryan FC]] || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |16<br /> |<br /> | [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]] † || 35,285|| [[Imphal]] ||[[Manipur]] <br /> | [[NEROCA FC]], [[TRAU FC]] || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |17<br /> |[[File:Ambedkar stadium in delhi at morning.jpg|150px]]<br /> | [[Ambedkar Stadium]] † || 35,000|| [[Delhi]] || [[Delhi]] <br /> | [[Delhi FC]], [[HOPS FC]], [[Sudeva Delhi]] || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |18<br /> |<br /> |[[Birsa Munda Athletics Stadium]]|| 35,000|| [[Ranchi]] || [[Jharkhand]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |19<br /> |[[File:CHHATRAPATI SHAHU MAHARAJ STADIUM KOLHAPUR.jpg|150px]]<br /> |[[Chhatrapati Shahu Stadium]]|| 30,000|| [[Kolhapur]]|| [[Maharashtra]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |20<br /> |[[File:GURU NANAK STADIUM AT LUDHIANA.jpg|150px]]<br /> |[[Guru Nanak Stadium]]|| 30,000|| [[Ludhiana]] || [[Punjab]]<br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]] <br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |21<br /> |<br /> | [[Baichung Stadium]]|| 30,000|| [[Namchi]] || [[Sikkim]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |22<br /> |<br /> | [[Bakhshi Stadium]]|| 30,000|| [[Srinagar]] || [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |23<br /> |[[File:Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium.jpg|150px]]<br /> |[[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium]]<br /> |30,000<br /> |[[Malappuram]]<br /> |[[Kerala]]<br /> | [[Kerala United FC]], [[Malappuram FC]] || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |24<br /> |[[File:Paljor Stadium, Gangtok.jpg|150px]]<br /> | [[Paljor Stadium]]|| 30,000||[[Gangtok]]||[[Sikkim]] <br /> | [[United Sikkim]] || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |25<br /> |[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru stadium, coimbatore.jpg|150px]]<br /> |[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Coimbatore|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]|| 30,000||[[Coimbatore]]||[[Tamil Nadu]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |26<br /> |<br /> | [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad|Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium]]|| 30,000||[[Hyderabad]]||[[Telangana]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |27<br /> |[[File:Sree kanteerava stadium,Bangalore.jpg|150px]]<br /> | [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]] † || 25,810|| [[Bangalore]] || [[Karnataka]] <br /> | [[Bengaluru FC]] || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |28<br /> |[[File:Naihati Stadium during CFL opening ceremony.jpg|150px]]<br /> | [[Bankimanjali Stadium]]|| 25,000|| [[Naihati]] || [[West Bengal]] <br /> | [[Diamond Harbour]] || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |5<br /> |[[File:KD Singh Babu Stadium Lucknow.jpg|150px]]<br /> | [[K. D. Singh Babu Stadium, Lucknow|KD Singh Babu Stadium]]|| 25,000|| [[Lucknow]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |29<br /> |[[File:VIEW OF PAVILION 2 FROM PAVILION 1.jpg|150px]]<br /> |[[Guru Gobind Singh Stadium]]|| 22,000||[[Jalandhar]]||[[Punjab]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |30<br /> |[[File:Rabindra Sarobar Stadium (3).jpg|150px]]<br /> |[[Rabindra Sarobar Stadium]] † || 22,000||[[Kolkata]]||[[West Bengal]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |31<br /> |[[File:Sarusajai2.jpg|150px]]<br /> |[[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]] † || 21,600||[[Guwahati]]||[[Assam]] <br /> | [[Inter Kashi]], [[NorthEast United]] || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |32<br /> |[[File:Ekana International Football Stadium.jpg|150px]]<br /> |[[Ekana Football Stadium]] || 20,000 || [[Lucknow]]|| [[Uttar Pradesh]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |33<br /> |[[File:EKA Arena Stadium(TransStadia).jpg|150px]]<br /> | [[The Arena (Ahmedabad)|The Arena by Transtadia]] † || 20,000|| [[Ahmedabad]] || [[Gujarat]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |34<br /> |<br /> | [[Indira Gandhi Stadium, Kohima|Indira Gandhi Stadium]]|| 20,000|| [[Kohima]] || [[Nagaland]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |35<br /> |[[File:Mohun Bagan Ground and gallery 09.jpg|150px]]<br /> | [[Mohun Bagan Ground]] † || 20,000|| [[Kolkata]] ||[[West Bengal]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |36<br /> |<br /> | [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium, Aizawl|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]|| 20,000||[[Aizawl]]||[[Mizoram]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |37<br /> |<br /> | [[Silli Stadium]]|| 20,000|| [[Silli]] || [[Jharkhand]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |38<br /> |<br /> | [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Akola|Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium]]|| 20,000|| [[Akola]] || [[Maharastra]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |39<br /> |[[File:Fatorda Stadium.jpg|150px]]<br /> |[[Fatorda Stadium]] † || 19,000|| [[Margao]]|| [[Goa]] <br /> | [[FC Goa]] || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |40<br /> |[[File:StadiumHyderabad.jpg|150px]]<br /> |[[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium|GMC Balayogi Athletic Stadium]] † || 18,000||[[Hyderabad]]||[[Telangana]] <br /> | [[Sreenidi Deccan]] || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |41<br /> |<br /> | [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] †|| 17,000|| [[Shillong]]|| [[Meghalaya]] <br /> | [[Rangdajied United FC]], [[Shillong Lajong]] || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |42<br /> |[[File:Enhanced photo of the New Bengaluru Football Stadium on a matchday.jpg|150px]]<br /> | [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]|| 15,000|| [[Bangalore]] || [[Karnataka]] <br /> | [[Bengaluru United]], [[SC Bengaluru]] || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |43<br /> |<br /> | [[Barasat Stadium|Vidyasagar Krirangan]]|| 15,000|| [[Barasat]]|| [[West Bengal]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |44<br /> |[[File:Kalinga Stadium during ISL.jpg|150px]]<br /> | [[Kalinga Stadium]]|| 15,000||[[Bhubaneswar]]||[[Odisha]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |45<br /> |<br /> | [[Calicut Medical College Stadium]]||15,000||[[Kozhikode]]||[[Kerala]]<br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |46<br /> |<br /> | [[Golden Jubilee Stadium]]||15,000||[[Yupia]]||[[Arunachal Pradesh]]<br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |47<br /> |<br /> | [[Mulna Stadium]]|| 15,000||[[Balaghat]]||[[Madhya Pradesh]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |48<br /> |[[File:Nehru Stadium Guwahati.jpg|150px]]<br /> | |[[Nehru Stadium, Guwahati|Nehru Stadium]]|| 15,000||[[Guwahati]]||[[Assam]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |49<br /> |[[File:Office - Howrah Municipal Corporation Stadium - Howrah Maidan - Howrah 2013-04-28 6709.JPG|150px]]<br /> | [[Rajendra Stadium]]|| 15,000||[[Siwan District|Siwan]]||[[Bihar]] <br /> | || [[File:Rajendra Stedium Siwan.jpg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |50<br /> |[[File:Office - Howrah Municipal Corporation Stadium - Howrah Maidan - Howrah 2013-04-28 6709.JPG|150px]]<br /> | [[Sailen Manna Stadium]]|| 15,000||[[Howrah]]||[[West Bengal]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |51<br /> |<br /> | [[Sumant Moolgaokar Stadium]]|| 15,000|| [[Jamshedpur]] || [[Jharkhand]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |52<br /> |[[File:Corporation Stadium 222.jpg|150px]]<br /> |[[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium]]<br /> |15,000<br /> |[[Thrissur]]<br /> |[[Kerala]]<br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |53<br /> |<br /> | [[Mohammedan Sporting Ground]]|| 14,000||[[Kolkata]]||[[West Bengal]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |54<br /> |[[File:Kokrajhar SAI.jpg|150px]]<br /> |[[SAI Stadium (Kokrajhar)|SAI Stadium]]|| 12,000|| [[Kokrajhar]]|| [[Assam]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |55<br /> |<br /> | [[Jorhat Stadium]]|| 12,000|| [[Jorhat]] || [[Assam]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |56<br /> |<br /> | [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]|| 12,000|| [[Jadavpur]]||[[West Bengal]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |57<br /> |[[File:Balewadi Athletics Stadiums Interior.jpg|150px]]<br /> | [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]] † || 11,900 || [[Pune]] || [[Maharashtra]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |58<br /> |<br /> | [[Dr. Rajendra Prasad Football Stadium]]|| 10,000|| [[Neemuch]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |59<br /> |<br /> | [[Duler Stadium]]|| 10,000|| [[Mapusa]] || [[Goa]] <br /> | [[Dempo SC]] || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |60<br /> |<br /> | [[Jorethang Ground]]|| 10,000||[[Jorethang]]||[[Sikkim]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |61<br /> |[[File:East Bengal Ultras tifo 2.jpg|150px]]<br /> | [[Kalyani Stadium]]|| 10,000|| [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]|| [[West Bengal]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |62<br /> |<br /> |[[Kottappadi Football Stadium, Malappuram|Kottappadi Football Stadium]]<br /> |10,000<br /> |[[Malappuram]]<br /> |[[Kerala]]<br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |63<br /> |<br /> | [[Mela Ground]]|| 10,000||[[Kalimpong]]||[[West Bengal]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |64<br /> |<br /> | [[TRC Turf Ground]]|| 10,000|| [[Srinagar]] || [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu &amp; Kashmir]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |65<br /> |<br /> | [[KASA Stadium]]|| 9,000|| [[Diphu]] || [[Assam]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |66<br /> |[[File:Wug0reym7cv91.jpg|150px]]<br /> | [[Mumbai Football Arena]] † || 7,000|| [[Andheri]], [[Mumbai]] || [[Maharashtra]] <br /> | [[Mumbai City FC]] || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |67<br /> |[[File:Kunal Sawant (4).JPG|150px]]<br /> |[[Cooperage Ground|Cooperage Football Stadium]]|| 5,000|| [[Mumbai]] || [[Maharashtra]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |68<br /> |<br /> | [[Fr. Agnel Stadium]]||5,000||[[Navi Mumbai]]||[[Maharashtra]]<br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |69<br /> |[[File:Lammual stadium.jpg|150px]]<br /> | [[Lammual|Lammual Stadium]]|| 5,000||[[Aizawl]]|| [[Mizoram]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |70<br /> |<br /> | [[Santipur Municipality Stadium]]|| 5,000||[[Santipur]]||[[West Bengal]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |71<br /> |[[File:Tilak Maidan Stadium.jpg|150px]]<br /> | [[Tilak Maidan Stadium]]|| 5,000|| [[Vasco da Gama]] || [[Goa]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |72<br /> |<br /> | [[Oil India Ground]]|| 4,000||[[Duliajan]]||[[Assam]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |73<br /> |<br /> | [[GMC Athletic Stadium]]|| 3,000|| [[Bambolim]]|| [[Goa]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;right&quot; |74<br /> |<br /> | [[Nehru Maidan]]|| 2,000|| [[Mangalore]]|| [[Karnataka]] <br /> | || [[File:Football pictogram.svg|20px]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> '''''Note.''''' † ''denotes stadiums that have hosted international football matches.''<br /> <br /> == 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup venues ==<br /> {{Main|2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup}}<br /> The initial shortlist of nine host cities was [[New Delhi]], [[Pune]], [[Mumbai]], [[Margao]], [[Bangalore]], [[Kolkata]], [[Kochi]], [[Guwahati]], and [[Navi Mumbai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=India to host 2017 Under-17 FIFA World Cup |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/527845/20131206/india-2017-u-17-fifa-world-cup.htm |publisher=ibtimes.co.in |access-date=5 December 2013 |date=5 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the reception of FIFA's technical report, the AIFF cleared [[Kochi]], [[Delhi]], [[Navi Mumbai]], [[Guwahati]], [[Margao]] and [[Kolkata]] as the venues for the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.newsnation.in/article/63714-minister-discusses-u-17-world-cup-progress-fifa-officials.html |title=Minister discusses U-17 World Cup progress with FIFA officials |publisher=Newsnation.in |date=13 December 2014 |access-date=23 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://footballnewsindia.in/fifa-team-inspects-kochi-jn-stadium-training-grounds-2017-u-17-world-cup/ |title=FIFA Team Inspects Kochi JN Stadium and Training Grounds for 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup |publisher=Football News India |date=11 December 2014 |access-date=23 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321130509/http://footballnewsindia.in/fifa-team-inspects-kochi-jn-stadium-training-grounds-2017-u-17-world-cup/ |archive-date=21 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)]] was the first venue to be announced.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kochi to host U-17 FIFA World Cup matches |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/sports/football/kochi-to-host-u-17-fifa-world-cup-matches.html |publisher=Manoramaonline |date=6 April 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408234845/http://english.manoramaonline.com/sports/football/kochi-to-host-u-17-fifa-world-cup-matches.html |archive-date=8 April 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Stadium<br /> ! Capacity<br /> ! City/State<br /> |-<br /> | [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yubabharati Krirangan]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | {{Nts|85,000}}<br /> | [[Kolkata]], West Bengal<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | {{Nts|60,000}}<br /> | [[Delhi]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[DY Patil Stadium]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | {{Nts|45,300}}<br /> | [[Navi Mumbai]], Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | {{Nts|41,000}}<br /> | [[Kochi]], Kerala<br /> |-<br /> | [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | {{Nts|25,000}}<br /> | [[Guwahati]], Assam<br /> |-<br /> | [[Fatorda Stadium]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | {{Nts|19,500}}<br /> | [[Margao]], Goa<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == 2022 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup venues ==<br /> {{Main|2022 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup}}<br /> <br /> [[Kalinga Stadium]] in the city of [[Bhubaneswar]] got provisional clearance as the first venue for the 2020 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=9879|title=Bhubenswar is the first venue to get provisional clearance for FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup India 2020|date=27 August 2019|publisher=AIFF|access-date=27 August 2019}}{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; In November 2019, FIFA local organising committee after second inspection of [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]] in [[Kolkata]], [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]] in [[Guwahati]] and Kalinga Stadium in Bhubaneswar, expressed their satisfaction with the preparation of infrastructure and the training facilities as the provisional venues for the tournament.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=10050|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514091051/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=10050|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 May 2020|title=FIFA kicks of Women's World Cup India 2020 inspection in Kolkata|date=26 November 2019|access-date=29 November 2019|publisher=AIFF}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=10054|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322024609/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=10054|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 March 2022|title=FIFA LOC delegation inspects Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium in Guwahati for FIFA U17 Women's World Cup India 2020|date=28 November 2019|access-date=29 November 2019|publisher=AIFF}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 18 February 2020, all the five venues were finalised and announced together with the official schedule. Ahmedabad, Bhubaneswar, Guwahati and Kolkata will host the group-stage matches, where as the knockout matches will be played in four cities except Guwahati.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/u17womensworldcup/news/match-schedule-and-host-cities-announced-for-fifa-under-17-women-s-world-cup-ind|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218213132/https://www.fifa.com/u17womensworldcup/news/match-schedule-and-host-cities-announced-for-fifa-under-17-women-s-world-cup-ind|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 February 2020|title=FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup 2020™ - News - Match schedule and host cities announced for FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup India 2020™ |last=FIFA.com|website=www.fifa.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Stadium<br /> ! Capacity<br /> ! City/State<br /> |-<br /> |[[Kalinga Stadium]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 15,000<br /> |[[Bhubaneswar]], Odisha<br /> |-<br /> |[[DY Patil Stadium]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | 45,300<br /> |[[Navi Mumbai]], Maharashtra<br /> |-<br /> | [[Fatorda Stadium]]<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | {{Nts|19,500}}<br /> | [[Margao]], Goa<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of cricket grounds in India]]<br /> * [[List of stadiums in India]]<br /> * [[List of international cricket grounds in India]]<br /> * [[List of golf courses in India]]<br /> * [[List of Field hockey venues in India]]<br /> * [[Venues of the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]<br /> * [[List of association football stadiums by country]]<br /> * [[List of sports venues by capacity]]<br /> * [[Lists of stadiums]]<br /> * [[Football in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707070257/http://www.sangamnersports.8m.com/ www.sangamnersports.8m.com]<br /> * [http://www.indianfootball.de/data/stadiums/stadiums.html Football Stadiums in India]<br /> * [http://www.rimtimblog.com/sports-training-centres/stadiums/look-out-for-the-famous-football-stadiums-in-india/ Famous Football Stadiums In India]<br /> <br /> {{Football in India}}<br /> {{Football stadiums in India}}<br /> {{Asia topic|List of football stadiums in}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Football venues in India| ]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of association football stadiums|India]]<br /> [[Category:India football-related lists|stadiums]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of sports venues in India|Football stadiums]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chintaram_Tikariha&diff=494262 2026-03-25T14:51:49Z

<p>Igornhx: done!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian philanthropist and social worker}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Chintaram Tikariha<br /> | image = Chintaram Chhattisgarh ke Bheem.jpg<br /> | other_names = Chhattisgadh ke Bheem<br /> | birth_date = 1880<br /> | birth_place = Kumhari, [[Central Provinces]], [[British India]]<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|1982|11|21|1880|01|01}}<br /> | citizenship = Indian<br /> | occupation = [[Philanthropist]], [[Pehlwani]]<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Victoria Bai Tikariha|1910|1953|end=died}}&lt;br&gt;{{marriage|Shree <br /> Bai Tikariha&lt;br&gt;|1955|}}<br /> | children = 16 (4 Sons &amp; 12 Daughters)<br /> | parents = Dauwaram Tikariha (father)&lt;br&gt;Sukhiya Bai Tikariha (mother)<br /> }}<br /> '''Chintaram Tikariha''' (1880 – 21 November 1982) was an [[India]]n [[strongman]], [[Agriculturist|agriculturalist]], [[Philanthropy|philanthropist]] and [[Charity (practice)|social worker]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aṭapaṭū |first=Ajaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aSy6DQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0&amp;pg=PA81 |title=Chhattisgarh Ke Lokjeevan Mein Ram |date=2015 |publisher=Vani Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5229-093-2 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; He also donated land and money for construction of schools. He was also widely known in the local community for his numerous physical feats.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dhurandhar |first=S Anshu |title=Chintaram |date=2024-06-23 |publisher=Bluerose Publishers |isbn=978-9364525763 |edition= |pages=107 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the subject of the 2025 documentary ''[[Chhattisgarh ke Bheem Chintaram]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Verma |first=Dainik |title=समाजसेवी चिंताराम टिकरिहा की जीवनगाथा पर बनी डॉक्यूमेंट्री |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/baloda/news/chhattisgarh-a-documentary-made-on-the-life-story-of-chintaram-tikriha-134712337.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-03-28 |title=छत्तीसगढ़ के भीम चिंताराम को पाठ्यक्रम में शामिल करने मांग - Palari (Gariyaband) News |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/gariyaband/palari/news/demand-to-include-bhim-chintaram-of-chhattisgarh-in-the-syllabus-134722338.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407115426/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/gariyaband/palari/news/demand-to-include-bhim-chintaram-of-chhattisgarh-in-the-syllabus-134722338.html |archive-date=2025-04-07 |access-date=2025-04-17 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=दाऊ चिंताराम टिकरिहा पर बनी फिल्म &quot;छत्तीसगढ़ के भीम चिंताराम&quot; और पुस्तक का हुआ विमोचन, मंत्री टंकराम वर्मा ने कहा- युवाओं को उनके जीवन से लेनी चाहिए प्रेरणा |url=https://www.ramraj.co/state.php?articleid=9107 |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=दाऊ चिंताराम टिकरिहा पर बनी फिल्म “छत्तीसगढ़ के भीम चिंताराम” और पुस्तक का हुआ विमोचन, मंत्री टंकराम वर्मा ने कहा- युवाओं को उनके जीवन से लेनी चाहिए प्रेरणा |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early &amp; personal life ==<br /> Tikariha was born in 1880 at village Kumhari, [[Central Provinces and Berar|Central Provinces]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]. His father, Dauaram Tikariha, was an affluent landowner. He later moved to Budgahan, in present-day district [[Baloda Bazar]]. In early 1900s, he married Victoria Bai. They had 2 sons and 3 daughters. After the death of his first wife he married Shree Bai. The couple was survived by 2 sons and 9 daughters together.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dhurandhar |first=S Anshu |title=Chintaram |date=2024-06-23 |publisher=Bluerose Publishers |isbn=978-9364525763 |pages=21 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Agricultural reforms ==<br /> In the mid-1900s, Tikariha, concerned by the challenges faced by agriculture in his native region, began a nationwide tour to study various agricultural practices. Accompanied by fellow former freedom fighter Salik Chandrawanshi, they traveled across India, observing and learning diverse farming techniques. His efforts contributed to the introduction of wet rice cultivation in central Chhattisgarh, which is claimed to be a significant development for the region's agricultural practices.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dhurandhar |first=S Anshu |title=Chintaram |date=2024-06-23 |publisher=Bluerose Publishers |isbn=978-9364525763 |pages=53 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Physical feats ==<br /> [[File:Stone Column lifted by Chintaram 01.jpg|thumb|The 14-feet Pillar lifted by Tikariha, with his name engraved on it]]<br /> Tikariha was renowned for his remarkable displays of physical prowess. His contemporaries recall instance where a bullock cart got stuck in the mud, he would unfasten one bull and pull the cart himself alongside the other bull. On another occasion, when a large tree trunk had fallen onto the road, obstructing his path, he alighted from his cart and single-handedly moved it aside. In yet another demonstration of his strength, when four guests were about to depart without accepting his offer for a meal, they discovered that their jeep was unable to move forward. Upon inspection, they observed that Tikariha had lifted the rear wheels of the car a few inches off the ground.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dhurandhar |first=S Anshu |title=Chintaram |date=2024-06-23 |isbn=978-9364525763 |pages=34 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Tikariha was noted for his physical strength, with several accounts of his feats still recalled in oral histories. Incidents include assisting with stuck bullock carts, removing fallen trees from pathways, and lifting heavy objects during construction projects. In 1935, he reportedly moved a large rock blocking a pathway in Chitrakoot. As a gesture of gratitude, the locals inscribed his name on the rock. The rock remained in its place for several decades until it was relocated in 1996 due to a construction project. In the same year, he is said to have lifted a 14-foot-long rock which weighed over 500 kilograms and positioned it vertically, his name and the date were written on it. According to eyewitness accounts, during the re-construction of a temple in Turturiya, Tikariha lifted rocks weighing over 100-200 kilograms and transported them to the construction site. Additionally, during the construction of his house in the 1940s, he was one of the ten people to carry a 22-feet-long pole, weighing over 1800 kilograms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dhurandhar |first=S Anshu |title=Chintaram |date=2024-06-23 |isbn=978-9364525763 |pages=49 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Philanthropy ==<br /> [[File:Valmiki Ashram Turturiya.jpg|thumb|271x271px|Valmiki Ashram Mandir reconstructed by Tikariha]]<br /> Tikariha was active in philanthropy, donating his residence for the establishment of a school and creating employment opportunities for local laborers. He provided financial aid to underprivileged families and supported them during periods of famine and floods. Additionally, he advocated for infrastructure development, such as a canal in Budgahan, and contributed his land for road construction without seeking compensation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dhurandhar |first=S Anshu |title=Chintaram |date=2024-06-23 |publisher=Bluerose Publishers |isbn=978-9364525763 |pages=73 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Temple restoration ===<br /> Between 1969 and 1974, Tikariha played a central role in restoring the ancient temple at Turturiya, often associated with Valmiki Ashram. The site, located in a remote part of Balodabazar district, was in a state of disrepair. Tikariha's efforts facilitated the revival of the temple and transformed it into a recognized place of worship and cultural heritage. The temple restoration is now regarded as a significant contribution to the region's spiritual and cultural identity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> Despite his wealth, he maintained a modest lifestyle and was affectionately called &quot;Babu ji&quot; by the local community. Tikariha is remembered through oral histories and is considered a source of pride by his native village of Budgahan and surrounding areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-03-26 |title=अब जग के सामने आएगी समाजसेवी चिंताराम टिकरिहा की जीवनगाथा - News Express 24 |url=https://newsexpress24.com/lifestyle-news-hindi/now-the-life-story-of-social-worker-chintaram-tikriha-will-come-in-front-of-jag/ |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=newsexpress24.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Films ===<br /> <br /> * In 2025 a long form documentary, ''[[Chhattisgarh ke Bheem Chintaram]]'' was made by filmmaker S Anshu Dhurandhar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Khare |first=Basant |date=2025-01-05 |title=चिंताराम टिकरिहा पर बनी फिल्म 6 जनवरी को होगी रिलीज़, तुरतुतिया मंदिर के पुनर्निर्माण में निभाई थी महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका |url=https://johar36garh.com/the-film-based-on-chintaram-tikriha-will-be-released-on-january-6-played-an-important-role-in-the-reconstruction-of-turtutiya-temple/ |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=johar36garh.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-08 |title=CG Film: छत्तीसगढ़ के भीम पर बनी फिल्म, कसरत के साथ सिखाएगी संस्कार {{!}} CG Film: A film made on Bheem of Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.patrika.com/baloda-bazar-news/cg-film-a-film-made-on-bheem-of-chhattisgarh-19298370 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; The docufilm contained testimonies of over 250 people and featured video messages and remarks from various leading figures including cabinet minister [[Tank Ram Verma]], member of parliament [[Vijay Baghel]] and [[Bhupesh Baghel]], the former Chief Minister of [[Chhattisgarh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=MODANWAL |first=RIYA |date=2025-01-07 |title=CG News: छत्तीसगढ़ के भीम चिंताराम टिकरिहा&quot; फिल्म और पुस्तक का हुआ भव्य विमोचन, युवाओं को दी प्रेरणा |url=https://aajkijandhara.com/cg-news-chhattisgarhs-bhim-chintaram-tikriha-grand-release-of-film-and-book-inspired-the-youth/ |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Aaj Ki Jandhara |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film remains the only documented primary source on the life of Tikariha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Chandrakant |date=2025-01-04 |title=छत्तीसगढ़ के भीम चिंताराम टिकरिहा, 6 जनवरी को होगी 'चिंताराम फिल्म' रिलीज! |url=https://chhattisgarhtalk.com/chhattisgarhs-bhim-chintaram-tikriha-chintaram-film-will-be-released-on-january-6/ |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Chhattisgarh Talk |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Agrawal |first=Trisha |date=2025-01-04 |title=छत्तीसगढ़ के भीम चिंताराम: तुरतुरिया मंदिर के जीर्णोद्धारकर्ता चिंताराम टिकरिहा के जीवन पर बन रही फिल्म, 6 जनवरी को होगी रिलीज … |url=https://lalluram.com/bhim-chintaram-of-chhattisgarh-a-film-is-being-made-on-the-life-of-chintaram-tikariya-the-restorer-of-turturiya-temple-will-be-released-on-january-6/ |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Lalluram |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=दाऊ चिंताराम टिकरिहा पर बनी फिल्म &quot;छत्तीसगढ़ के भीम चिंताराम&quot; और पुस्तक का हुआ विमोचन, मंत्री टंकराम वर्मा ने कहा- युवाओं को उनके जीवन से लेनी चाहिए प्रेरणा |url=https://www.ramraj.co/state.php?articleid=9107 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=दाऊ चिंताराम टिकरिहा पर बनी फिल्म “छत्तीसगढ़ के भीम चिंताराम” और पुस्तक का हुआ विमोचन, मंत्री टंकराम वर्मा ने कहा- युवाओं को उनके जीवन से लेनी चाहिए प्रेरणा |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Books ===<br /> <br /> * Chintaram Tikariha's biography was published in 2024. It was authored by S Anshu Dhurandhar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dwivedi |first=Silky |date=2025-01-04 |title=Bhim Chintaram of Chhattisgarh: A film is being made on the life of Chintaram Tikariya, the restorer of Turturiya temple, will be released on January 6… - |url=https://www.the-journalist.com/bhim-chintaram-of-chhattisgarh-a-film-is-being-made-on-the-life-of-chintaram-tikariya-the-restorer-of-turturiya-temple-will-be-released-on-january-6/ |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=www.the-journalist.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-08 |title=CG News: दाऊ चिंताराम टिकरिहा पर बनी फिल्म व पुस्तक का हुआ विमोचन, मंत्री टंकराम वर्मा बोले – कसरत के साथ संस्कार सिखाएगी {{!}} CG News: Film and book made on Bhim Chintaram Tikriha of Chhattisgarh released |url=https://www.patrika.com/baloda-bazar-news/cg-news-film-and-book-made-on-bhim-chintaram-tikriha-of-chhattisgarh-released-19297645 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=cg streetbuzz दाऊ चिंताराम टिकरिहा पर बनी फिल्म &quot;छत्तीसगढ़ के भीम चिंताराम&quot; और पुस्तक का हुआ विमोचन, मंत्री टंकराम वर्मा ने कहा- |url=https://streetbuzz.co.in/newsapp/view/post:550748?%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%258A%2520%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AE%2520%25E0%25A4%259F%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A4%25BE%2520%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%25B0%2520%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580%2520%25E0%25A4%25AB%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%2520%25E2%2580%259C%25E0%25A4%259B%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A4%25A2%25E0%25A4%25BC%2520%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2587%2520%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25AE%2520%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E2%2580%259D%2520%25E0%25A4%2594%25E0%25A4%25B0%2520%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%2595%2520%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%2520%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%2586%2520%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A4%25A8,%2520%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=streetbuzz.co.in |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:1880 births]]<br /> [[Category:1982 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Indian agriculturalists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian philanthropists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian social workers]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maski&diff=450931 2026-03-15T08:23:14Z

<p>Igornhx: Refined content and updated sections</p> <hr /> <div>{{About|the town|the Finnish rapper|Maski (rapper)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Maski<br /> | settlement_type = Town<br /> | image_skyline = Maski city.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_caption = A view of Maski atop Mallikarjuna temple hill<br /> | nickname = <br /> | pushpin_map = India#India Karnataka<br /> | pushpin_relief = yes<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|15.96|N|76.65|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Raichur district|Raichur]]<br /> | established_title = Settled <br /> | established_date = [[2nd millennium BC]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/researchers-find-evidence-of-a-4000-year-old-human-settlement-in-karnatakas-maski-3634072#google_vignette|title=Researchers find evidence of a 4000 year old human settlement in Karnataka's Maski |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=17 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 584124<br /> | registration_plate = KA 36<br /> | website = {{URL|http://www.lingasugurtown.gov.in/tourism}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Maski''' is a town and an [[archaeological site]] in the [[Raichur district]] of the state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ama&quot;&gt;Amalananda Ghosh (1990), p282&lt;/ref&gt; It lies on the bank of the Maski river which is a tributary of the [[Tungabhadra]]. Maski derives its name from Mahasangha or Masangipura . The site came into prominence with the discovery of a [[Edicts of Ashoka|minor rock edict]] of [[Emperor Ashoka]] by C. Beadon in 1915.&lt;ref name=&quot;vrr&quot;&gt;V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar (1993), p41&lt;/ref&gt; It was the first edict of [[Emperor Ashoka]] that contained the name ''Ashoka'' in it instead of the earlier edicts that referred him as ''Devanampriya''.&lt;ref name=&quot;dpa&quot;&gt;O. C. Handa (1994), p197&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vin&quot;&gt;Vincent Arthur Smith (1998), p5&lt;/ref&gt; This edict was important to conclude that many edicts found earlier in the Indian sub-continent in the name of ''Devanampiye piyadasi'', all belonged to [[Emperor Ashoka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dpa&quot;/&gt; The edict is etched on a rock-face of ''Durgada-gudda'', one of the [[gneiss]]ic outcrops that are present in the site.<br /> <br /> Maski is also the place on the Raichur Doab which was also under the hegemony of the imperial [[Chola]] empire and it was here that [[Rajendra Chola I]] defeated [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]], the [[Western Chalukya]] ruler in battle in 1019-1020 AD.&lt;ref name=&quot;A History of South India&quot;&gt;(2003), K.A.Nilakanta Sastri, p. 166&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Excavation history==<br /> Maski was studied initially by [[Robert Bruce Foote]] in 1870 and 1888. In 1915, C. Beadon, a mining engineer, discovered Ashoka's rock edict here. In 1935–37, the archaeological department of [[Hyderabad state]] explored this region and in 1954, [[Amalananda Ghosh]] excavated this place on behalf of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ama&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Minor Rock Edict of Ashoka===<br /> The Maski version of [[Minor Rock Edict]] No.1 was historically especially important in that it confirmed the association of the title &quot;Devanampriya&quot; (&quot;Beloved-of-the-Gods&quot;) with [[Ashoka]]:&lt;ref name=CSH&gt;{{cite book |title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India |publisher=CUP Archive |page=42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_48AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA42 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Subhadra Sen |title=Ashoka |date=2009 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=9788184758078 |page=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5ru08et_ZAC&amp;pg=PT13 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{blockquote<br /> |[A proclamation] of [[Devanampriya|Beloved of the Gods]] [[Ashoka|Asoka]].&lt;br&gt;<br /> Two and a half years [and somewhat more] (have passed) since I am a [[Buddhist|Buddha]]-[[Shakya]].&lt;br&gt;<br /> [A year and] somewhat more (has passed) [since] I have visited the [[Samgha]] and have shown zeal.&lt;br&gt;<br /> Those gods who formerly had been unmingled (with men) in [[Jambudvipa]], have how become mingled (with them).&lt;br&gt;<br /> This object can be reached even by a lowly (person) who is devoted to morality.&lt;br&gt;<br /> One must not think thus, — (viz.) that only an exalted (person) may reach this.&lt;br&gt;<br /> Both the lowly and the exalted must be told : &quot;If you act thus, this matter (will be) prosperous and of long duration, and will thus progress to one and a half.<br /> |Maski [[Minor Rock Edict]] of Ashoka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch |date=1925 |pages=174–175 |url=https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n353/mode/2up |language=sa}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> Way to edict.JPG|Location of the Edict<br /> Venue of edict.JPG|Entrance<br /> File:The Ashoka edict.JPG|The [[Minor Rock Edict]] of Maski confirmed the association of the title &quot;Devanampriya&quot; with [[Ashoka]]<br /> File:Maski Edict Grafix.jpg|Transcription of the inscription of Emperor Ashoka on the rock edict at Maski<br /> File:Ashoka in Brahmi script.jpg|The name ''Ashoka'' in [[Brahmi script]], Maski [[Minor Rock Edict]], c.259 BCE<br /> Maski inscription Buddha.jpg|The word &quot;Buddha&quot; in the Maski inscription. [[Brahmi script]]<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> === Chola-period inscription ===<br /> <br /> In 2013, historian Dr. Channabasappa Malkamdinni reported the discovery of a Chola-period inscription at Maski . The inscription, written in [[Tamil script]] with portions in Sanskrit, records a military campaign involving the Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas against the Western Chalukya ruler [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]] in 1020 CE. It also refers to [[Rajendra Chola I]] assuming the title “Parakesari Varman” following the campaign. The discovery was reported in regional media, and the [[Tamil Nadu]] government subsequently sanctioned funds for further study of the inscription.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Paniyadi |first=Gururaj A. |date=2025-08-30 |title=Maski: Karnataka’s Small Town With a 6,000-year Civilisational Legacy |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/karnataka/maski-karnatakas-small-town-with-a-6000-year-civilisational-legacy-1900518 |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Buradikatti |first=Kumar |date=2023-12-01 |title=Maski that unmasked the mysterious Devanampiye and established him as Emperor Ashoka |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/maski-that-unmasked-the-mysterious-devanampiye-and-established-him-as-emperor-ashoka/article67562033.ece |access-date=2026-02-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Other findings===<br /> The excavations indicated that the region was occupied across four different cultural periods; Period I: [[Neolithic]]-[[Chalcolithic]], Period II: [[Megalithic]], Period III: Early historical and Period IV: [[Medieval]]. In Period I, [[microlith]]s and blades made of [[agate]], [[chert]], [[carnelian]] and [[opal]] are found.&lt;ref name=&quot;ama&quot;/&gt; Ornamental beads of [[agate]], [[coral]], [[exoskeleton|shell]] and other materials are also found. Dull-grey ware and painted-buff ware pottery are found, some of which were painted with linear patterns. Animal remains of cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat are also found.&lt;ref name=&quot;ama&quot;/&gt; Period II saw the introduction of [[iron]] and five different forms of burials were discovered. Lances, [[ferrule]]s, daggers and arrowheads were found, apart from beads of [[gold]] and [[terracotta]] objects.&lt;ref name=&quot;ama&quot;/&gt; The pottery of Period II consisted of the megalithic red-and-black ware, all-black ware and red-slipped ware, some of which had graffiti on them. Coins were discovered in the Period III which also saw the use of Russet-coated painted ware. The earliest specimens of Indian [[glass]] were also discovered at Maski.&lt;ref name=&quot;man&quot;&gt;Manfred G. Raschke (1978), p1029&lt;/ref&gt; A [[cylinder seal]] has also been found here.&lt;ref name=&quot;pap&quot;&gt;E. C. L. During Caspers (1975), p64&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Transport==<br /> Maski is well connected by road. It lies on [[Bengaluru]]-[[Kalaburagi]] road. Maski is around 425&amp;nbsp;km from Bengaluru, 80&amp;nbsp;km from Raichur and 24&amp;nbsp;km from Sindhanuru. Maski can be reached by [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] buses from all Major towns and cities in Karnataka. Raichur Junction, 80&amp;nbsp;km away, is the nearest railway station and Gangavathi Approximate driving distance between Gangavathi and Maski is 74&amp;nbsp;km or 46 miles.<br /> <br /> ==Image gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot; class=&quot;center&quot; caption=&quot;&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Maski government college.jpg|Devanampriya Ashoka government first grade college and post graduation study centre, Maski<br /> File:Maski Sunset.jpg|Maski sunset view<br /> File:Maski Malllikarjun Temple.jpg|Maski Mallikarjun Temple<br /> File:Maski.jpg|Maski at night<br /> File:Maski in monsoon.jpg|Maski in monsoon<br /> File:Maski Canal view at night.jpg|Maski canal view at night<br /> Maski Panorama view.jpg|Maski panoramic view<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Hatti Gold Mines]] <br /> * [[Mudgal]]<br /> * [[Raichur]]<br /> * [[Hampi]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{commons category}}<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{cite book |last= Ghosh|first= Amalananda|title= An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology|orig-year=1990|year= 1990|publisher= BRILL|isbn=90-04-09262-5}}<br /> * {{cite book |last= Smith|first= Vincent Arthur|title= Aśoka: The Buddhist Emperor of India|orig-year=1998|year= 1998|publisher= Asian Educational Services|isbn=81-206-1303-1}}<br /> * {{cite book |last= Handa|first= O. C.|title= Buddhist Art and Antiquities of Himachal Pradesh|orig-year=1994|year= 1994|publisher= Indus Publishing|isbn=81-85182-99-X}}<br /> * {{cite book |last= Dikshitar |first= Ramachandra V. R.|title= The Mauryan Polity|orig-year=1993|year= 1993|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass Publications|isbn=81-208-1023-6}}<br /> * {{cite book |last= Raschke|first= Manfred G.|editor=Hildegard Temporini, Wolfgang Haase|title= Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Geschichte und Kultur Roms|orig-year=1978|year= 1978|chapter=New Studies in Roman Commerce with the East|publisher= Walter de Gruyter|isbn=3-11-007175-4}}<br /> * {{cite book |last= Caspers|first= During E. C. L.|editor=Johanna Engelberta, Lohuizen-De Leeuw|title= South Asian Archaeology 1975: Papers from the Third International|orig-year=1979|year= 1979|chapter=Statuary in the round from Dilmun|publisher= BRILL|isbn=90-04-05996-2}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> {{Raichur district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Raichur district]]<br /> [[Category:Archaeological sites in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Taluks of Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Taluks in Raichur district]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences,_Raebareli&diff=458706 2026-03-13T15:40:15Z

<p>Igornhx: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Medical college and hospital in Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox university<br /> | name = All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli<br /> | image_name = All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli logo.png<br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = <br /> | motto = {{lang|sa-latn|svāsthyam sarvārthasadhanam}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=AIIMS Raebareli {{!}} Logo |url=https://www.aiimsrbl.edu.in/logo |website=www.aiimsrbl.edu.in |accessdate=10 May 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | mottoeng = Good Health is Greatest Blessing and Pre-requisite for All Ventures in Life<br /> | top_free_label = <br /> | established = {{start date and age|2018}}<br /> | type = [[Public University|Public]]<br /> | endowment = <br /> | president = A. K. Singh<br /> | director = Arvind Rajwanshi<br /> | dean = Niraj Kumari<br /> | city = [[Raebareli]]<br /> | state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | postalcode = 229001<br /> | country = India<br /> | coor = {{Coord|26.1794|81.2433}}<br /> | faculty = <br /> | students = 448 (MBBS)<br /> | campus = Urban<br /> | website = {{URL|https://www.aiimsrbl.edu.in/}}<br /> | affiliations = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[File:AIIMS_RBL_Medical_College.jpg|thumb|AIIMS Raebareli Medical College]]<br /> <br /> '''All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli''' ('''AIIMS Raebareli''') is a [[medical research]] [[public university]] and hospital based in [[Raebareli]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. One of the [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences]] (AIIMS), It was established in 2018.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> An AIIMS in Raebareli was cleared in 2009&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Seth |first1=Maulshree |title=Rae Bareli: Decade after Centre nod, AIIMS OPD starts service, gets 1,100 patients in 2 days |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/rae-bareli-aiims-opd-starts-service-5307272/ |accessdate=15 February 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=15 August 2018 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; as &quot;Phase-II&quot; of the Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY) initiative.&lt;ref name=Phase2&gt;{{cite web |title=Status of other announced new AIIMS |url=http://pmssy-mohfw.nic.in/aiimsraebareli.aspx |website=pmssy-mohfw.nic.in |publisher=Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana |accessdate=15 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216035200/http://pmssy-mohfw.nic.in/aiimsraebareli.aspx |archive-date=16 February 2019 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the approval of the ''All India Institute of Medical Sciences (Amendment) Act, 2012''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| authorlink = Parliament of the Republic of India| date = 13 September 2012| url = http://www.aiimsbhopal.edu.in/act/act_ammend_12_sep.pdf| title = The All India Institute of Medical Sciences (Amendment) Act, 2012| access-date = 25 February 2019| archive-date = 13 July 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180713123325/http://www.aiimsbhopal.edu.in/act/act_ammend_12_sep.pdf| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; the institute was officially established via a Gazette notification in 2013.&lt;ref name=Raebareli&gt;{{cite web |title=Gazette notification for AIIMS Rae Bareli |url=https://aiimsraebareli.edu.in/aiims-acts/aiims-act-2012.pdf |accessdate=25 February 2019 |date=13 August 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018 [[Outpatient clinic (hospital department)|outpatient department]] (OPD)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/rae-bareli-aiims-opd-starts-service-5307272/ |title=Rae Bareli: Decade after Centre nod, AIIMS OPD starts service, gets 1,100 patients in 2 days |date=2018-08-15 |website=The Indian Express |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |location=India |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; services became operational. The institute has March 2020 as target day of completion.&lt;ref name=Phase2/&gt; It operates under the mentorship of the [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]] (PGIMER)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=AIIMS Raebareli {{!}} History, Mission &amp; Vision |url=https://aiimsraebareli.edu.in/history |website=aiimsraebareli.edu.in |accessdate=25 February 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; with the director Prof. Jagat Ram.<br /> <br /> == Academics ==<br /> It started operation with the first batch of 50 [[MBBS]] students in 2019, one of the six AIIMSs to become operational in 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;status&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|title=Establishment and Upgradation of Hospitals under PMSSY |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=195310 |accessdate=4 December 2019 |work=pib.gov.in |date=3 December 2019|publisher=Press Information Bureau}}&lt;/ref&gt; Arvind Rajwanshi was appointed executive director in March 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Tandon|first=Aditi|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/govt-names-directors-for-6-aiims-50900|title=Govt names directors for 6 AIIMS|date=4 March 2020|work=[[The Tribune]]|access-date=5 March 2020|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Campus==<br /> [[File:Aiims_rbl_hospital_under_construction.jpg|thumb|AIIMS Raebareli Hospital Block (Under Construction)]]<br /> [[File:Aiimsrbl residential.jpg|thumb|AIIMS Raebareli Residential Block]]<br /> AIIMS Raebareli's main campus is located in Munshiganj, Dalmau Road, Raebareli. The main campus is spread into different locations containing the OPD block, main hospital block, medical college, administrative wing, hostels, faculty and staff quarters.<br /> <br /> AIIMS Raebareli's Residential complex, staff quarters, hostels, mess building, hospital, medical college etc. construction was completed as of March 2021.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[AIIMS Gorakhpur]]<br /> *[[National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{official|https://aiimsrbl.edu.in}}<br /> <br /> {{All India Institutes of Medical Sciences}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|Raebareli]]<br /> [[Category:Medical colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges in Raebareli]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 2013]]<br /> [[Category:Universities in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:2013 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basketball&diff=464386 2026-03-10T23:57:48Z

<p>Igornhx: brief improve content for accuracy and improved wording for accuracy</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Team sport}}<br /> {{About|the sport}}<br /> {{Pp-semi-indef}}<br /> {{Pp-move-indef}}<br /> {{Use mdy dates|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox sport<br /> | name = Basketball<br /> | image = File:Steph Curry (51915116957).jpg<br /> | imagesize = 275px<br /> | caption = [[Stephen Curry]] attempting to score a [[field goal (basketball)|field goal]] at the [[2022 NBA All-Star Game]]<br /> | union = [[FIBA]]<br /> | nickname =<br /> | first = {{Start date and years ago|1891|12|21}}. [[Springfield, Massachusetts]], U.S.<br /> | registered =<br /> | region = Worldwide<br /> | contact = [[Contact sport#Limited-contact|Limited]]<br /> | team = 5 per side:&lt;br&gt;[[point guard]]&lt;br&gt;[[shooting guard]]&lt;br&gt;[[small forward]]&lt;br&gt;[[power forward]]&lt;br&gt;[[center (basketball)|center]]<br /> | mgender = Yes, separate competitions<br /> | type = Indoor/Outdoor<br /> | category = [[Team sport]], [[Ball game|ball sport]]<br /> | venue = Indoor court (mainly) or outdoor court ([[streetball]])<br /> | glossary = [[Glossary of basketball]]<br /> | ball = [[Basketball (ball)|Basketball]]<br /> | olympic = Yes, demonstrated in the 1904 and 1924 Summer Olympics&lt;br&gt;Part of the Summer Olympic program since 1936 and [[3x3 basketball]] since 2020<br /> | paralympic = Yes (also [[Wheelchair basketball]])<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Basketball''' is a [[team sport]] in which two teams of five players each (excluding subs), opposing one another on a rectangular [[Basketball court|court]], compete with the primary objective of [[#Shooting|shoot]]ing a [[basketball (ball)|basketball]] (approximately {{convert|9.4|in|cm}} in diameter) through the defender's [[Basket (basketball)|hoop]] (a basket {{convert|18|in|cm}} in diameter mounted {{convert|10|ft|m|sigfig=3}} high to a [[Backboard (basketball)|backboard]] at each end of the court). Teams alternate between [[Offense (sports)|offense]], when they attempt to score, and [[Defense (sports)|defense]], when they try to prevent the opposing side from scoring. A [[Field goal (basketball)|field goal]] is worth two points, unless made from behind the [[3 point line|three-point line]], when it is worth three. After a [[Foul (basketball)|foul]], timed play stops and the player fouled or designated to shoot a [[technical foul]] is given one, two or three one-point [[free throw]]s. The team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but if regulation play expires with the score tied, an additional period of play ([[Overtime (sports)|overtime]]) is mandated. However, if the additional period still results in a tied score, yet another additional period is mandated. This goes on until the score is not tied anymore.<br /> <br /> Players advance the ball by bouncing it while walking or running (dribbling) or by passing it to a teammate, both of which require considerable skill. On offense, players may use a variety of shots{{snd}}the [[layup]], the [[jump shot (basketball)|jump shot]], or a [[Slam dunk|dunk]]; on defense, they may [[Steal (basketball)|steal]] the ball from a dribbler, intercept passes, or [[block (basketball)|block]] shots; either offense or defense may collect a [[rebound (basketball)|rebound]], that is, a missed shot that bounces from rim or backboard. It is a violation to [[Traveling (basketball)|lift or drag one's pivot foot without dribbling the ball]], to [[Carrying (basketball)|carry]] it, or to [[double dribble|hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling]].<br /> <br /> The five players on each side fall into five [[Basketball positions|playing positions]]. The tallest player is usually the [[Center (basketball)|center]], the second-tallest and strongest is the [[power forward]], a slightly shorter but more agile player is the [[small forward]], and the shortest players or the best ball handlers are the [[shooting guard]] and the [[point guard]], who implement the coach's game plan by managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays (player positioning). Informally, players may play three-on-three, two-on-two, and one-on-one.<br /> <br /> Invented in 1891 by Canadian-American gym teacher [[James Naismith]] in [[Springfield, Massachusetts]], in the United States, basketball has evolved to become one of the world's most popular and widely viewed sports.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-11348053 |title=The Canadian who invented basketball |access-date=September 14, 2011 |date=September 20, 2010 |work=BBC News |first=Sian |last=Griffiths |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425025454/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-11348053 |archive-date=April 25, 2012 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ranking The Top 10 Most Popular Sports In The World in 2023 |last1=Maria |website=Sports Virsa |date=January 3, 2023 |url=https://sportsvirsa.com/most-popular-sports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925040942/https://sportsvirsa.com/most-popular-sports/ |archive-date=September 25, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA) is the most significant [[professional basketball]] league in the world in terms of popularity, salaries, talent, and level of competition&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |magazine=Forbes |first1=Alicia |last1=Jessop |title=The Surge of the NBA's International Viewership and Popularity |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/aliciajessop/2012/06/14/the-surge-of-the-nbas-international-viewership-and-popularity/ |url-access=subscription |date=June 14, 2012 |access-date=June 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618104120/http://www.forbes.com/sites/aliciajessop/2012/06/14/the-surge-of-the-nbas-international-viewership-and-popularity/ |archive-date=June 18, 2012 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=Sporting Intelligence |first1=Nick |last1=Harris |title=REVEALED: The world's best paid teams, Man City close in on Barca and Real Madrid |url=http://www.sportingintelligence.com/2012/05/01/revealed-the-worlds-best-paid-teams-man-city-close-in-on-barca-and-real-madrid-010501/ |date=May 1, 2012 |access-date=June 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616192611/http://www.sportingintelligence.com/2012/05/01/revealed-the-worlds-best-paid-teams-man-city-close-in-on-barca-and-real-madrid-010501/ |archive-date=June 16, 2012 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; (drawing most of its talent from U.S. [[college basketball]]). Outside North America, the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the [[EuroLeague]] and the [[Basketball Champions League Americas]]. The [[FIBA Basketball World Cup]] and [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics#Men's tournament|Men's Olympic Basketball Tournament]] are the major international events of the sport and attract top national teams from around the world. Each continent hosts regional competitions for national teams, like [[EuroBasket]] and [[FIBA AmeriCup]].<br /> <br /> The [[FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup]] and [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics#Women's tournament|women's Olympic basketball tournament]] feature top national teams from continental championships. The main North American league is the [[WNBA]] ([[NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Championship]] is also popular), whereas the strongest European clubs participate in the [[EuroLeague Women]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> {{Main|History of basketball}}<br /> <br /> === Early history ===<br /> A game similar to basketball is mentioned in a 1591 book published in Frankfurt am Main that reports on the lifestyles and customs of coastal North American residents, {{lang|de|Wahrhafftige Abconterfaytung der Wilden}} (German; translates as ''Truthful Depictions of the Savages)'':&lt;ref&gt;(sv) [[Nordisk familjeboks sportlexikon: uppslagsverk för sport, gymnastik och friluftsliv]], part 4, [https://runeberg.org/sportlex/4/0548.html korgboll], p. 939-940, edition 1938-1946, publisher Förlagsaktiebolaget A. Sohlman &amp; Co, Stockholm (via Runeberg project)&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Among other things, a game of skill is described in which balls must be thrown against a target woven from twigs, mounted high on a pole. There's a small reward for the player if the target is being hit.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=de Bry |first1=Theodor |url=https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/IJCLICQM5WA3KY6LRVCEGOOHSYWNDBNE |title=Wahrhafftige Abconterfaytung der Wilden |last2=Le Moyne de Morgues |first2=Jacques |publisher=J. Feyerabend &amp; J. Wechel |year=1591 |location=Frankfurt am Main |pages=85 |language=de |chapter=Illustrationen - 85 |quote=Darnach spielen sie auch mit dem Ballen auf nachfolgende weise: Mitten auf einem weiten Platz wirdt ihnen ein Baum auffgerichtet / acht oder neun Ehlen hoch / darauff ist etwas viereckichtes / aus Binzen geflochten / geleget / welcher sich nun brauchet / und dasselbige mit dem Ballen trifft / der bekompt etwas sonderlichs zu Lohn. |chapter-url=https://digital.wlb-stuttgart.de/sammlungen/sammlungsliste/werksansicht?id=6&amp;tx_dlf%5Border%5D=title&amp;tx_dlf%5Bid%5D=2484&amp;tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=85}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Creation===<br /> [[File:James Naismith at Springfield College circa 1920.jpg|thumb|170px|[[James Naismith]] {{c.|1920}}]]<br /> [[File:How_to_play_basket_ball;_a_thesis_on_the_technique_of_the_game_(IA_howtoplaybasketb02mess).pdf|alt=An early manual for teaching basketball|right|thumb|An early manual for teaching basketball]]<br /> In December 1891, [[James Naismith]], a Canadian-American professor of [[physical education]] and instructor at the International [[YMCA|Young Men's Christian Association]] Training School (now [[Springfield College]]) in [[Springfield, Massachusetts]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ymca.int/who-we-are/history/basketball-a-ymca-invention/ |title=YMCA International – World Alliance of YMCAs: Basketball : a YMCA Invention |website=www.ymca.int |access-date=March 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314065438/http://www.ymca.int/who-we-are/history/basketball-a-ymca-invention/ |archive-date=March 14, 2016 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; was trying to keep his gym class active on a rainy day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/inventions/inventions.html |title=The Greatest Canadian Invention |work=CBC News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203114542/http://www.cbc.ca/inventions/inventions.html |archive-date=December 3, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; He sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied and at proper levels of fitness during the long [[New England]] winters. After rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in [[gymnasiums]], he invented a new game in which players would pass a ball to teammates and try to score points by tossing the ball into a basket mounted on a wall. <br /> <br /> [[File:Firstbasketball.jpg|thumb|left|170px|The first basketball court at [[Springfield College]]]]<br /> Naismith wrote the basic [[rules of basketball|rules]] and nailed a peach basket onto an elevated track. Naismith initially set up the peach basket with its bottom intact, which meant that the ball had to be retrieved manually after each &quot;basket&quot; or point scored. This quickly proved tedious, so Naismith removed the bottom of the basket to allow the balls to be poked out with a long [[dowel]] after each scored basket.<br /> <br /> Shortly after, [[Senda Berenson Abbott|Senda Berenson]], instructor of physical culture at the nearby [[Smith College]], went to Naismith to learn more about the game.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pioneers in Physical Education&quot; /&gt; Fascinated by the new sport and the values it could teach, she started to organize games with her pupils, following adjusted rules.&lt;ref name=&quot;Senda Berenson Papers&quot; /&gt; The first official women's interinstitutional game was played barely 11 months later, between the [[University of California, Berkeley|University of California]] and Miss Head's School.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jenkins&quot; /&gt; In 1899, a committee was established at the Conference of Physical Training in Springfield to draw up general rules for women's basketball. Thus, the sport quickly spread throughout America's schools, colleges and universities with uniform rules for both sexes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Berenson1901&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Berenson |first=Senda |url=https://archive.org/details/linebasketballor00bere |title=Basket Ball for Women |publisher=American Sports Publishing Company, New York |year=1901 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Basketball historic.tif|thumb|150px|The first basketballs used were association footballs]]<br /> Basketball was originally played with a [[ball (association football)|soccer ball]]. These round balls from &quot;[[association football]]&quot; were made, at the time, with a set of laces to close off the hole needed for inserting the inflatable bladder after the other sewn-together segments of the ball's cover had been flipped outside-in.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/store/leather-head-naismith-style-lace-up-basketball-14320.html Leather Head Naismith Style Lace Up Basketball] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911090256/https://www.nytimes.com/store/leather-head-naismith-style-lace-up-basketball-14320.html |date=September 11, 2016 }} (The New York Times. Retrieved August 28, 2016)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zKf4s9cOKRQ&amp;t=104 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717093710/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zKf4s9cOKRQ&amp;gl=US&amp;hl=en |archive-date=July 17, 2012 |title=Passion Drives Creation – Jeep® &amp; USA Basketball |last=Jeep |date=July 16, 2012 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; These laces could cause bounce passes and dribbling to be unpredictable.&lt;ref&gt;[https://patents.google.com/patent/US1660378 Inflatable ball, Inventor: Frank Dieterle, Patent: US 1660378 A (1928)] The description in this patent explains problems caused by lacing on the cover of basketballs.&lt;/ref&gt; Eventually a lace-free ball construction method was invented, and this change to the game was endorsed by Naismith (whereas in [[American football]], the lace construction proved to be advantageous for gripping and remains to this day). The first balls made specifically for basketball were brown, and it was only in the late 1950s that [[Paul D. &quot;Tony&quot; Hinkle|Tony Hinkle]], searching for a ball that would be more visible to players and spectators alike, introduced the orange ball that is now in common use. Dribbling was not part of the original game except for the &quot;bounce pass&quot; to teammates. Passing the ball was the primary means of ball movement. Dribbling was eventually introduced but limited by the asymmetric shape of early balls.{{dubious|date=January 2019}} Dribbling was common by 1896, with a rule against the double dribble by 1898.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Naismith |first1=James |title=Basketball : its origin and development |date=1941 |publisher=Association Press |location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The peach baskets were used until 1906 when they were finally replaced by metal hoops with backboards. A further change was soon made, so the ball merely passed through. Whenever a person got the ball in the basket, their team would gain a point. Whichever team got the most points won the game.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.naismithmuseum.com/naismith_drjamesnaismith/main_drjamesnaismith.htm |access-date=February 14, 2007 |date=February 14, 2007 |title=James Naismith Biography |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205045627/http://www.naismithmuseum.com/naismith_drjamesnaismith/main_drjamesnaismith.htm |archive-date=February 5, 2007 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The baskets were originally nailed to the mezzanine balcony of the playing court, but this proved impractical when spectators in the balcony began to interfere with shots. The backboard was introduced to prevent this interference; it had the additional effect of allowing rebound shots.&lt;ref&gt;Thinkquest, [https://web.archive.org/web/20050318090722/http://library.thinkquest.org/10480/b-ball.html Basketball]. Retrieved January 20, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Naismith's handwritten diaries, discovered by his granddaughter in early 2006, indicate that he was nervous about the new game he had invented, which incorporated rules from a children's game called [[duck on a rock]], as many had failed before it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 14, 2006 |title=Newly found documents shed light on basketball's birth |url=https://www.espn.com/nba/news/story?id=2660882 |access-date=July 29, 2022 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Frank Mahan, one of the players from the original first game, approached Naismith after the Christmas break, in early 1892, asking him what he intended to call his new game. Naismith replied that he had not thought of it because he had been focused on just getting the [[game]] started. Mahan suggested that it be called &quot;Naismith ball&quot;, at which he laughed, saying that a name like that would kill any game. Mahan then said, &quot;Why not call it basketball?&quot; Naismith replied, &quot;We have a basket and a ball, and it seems to me that would be a good name for it.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/programme/index_uk.asp?SportCode=BK |title=Basketball |website=olympic.org |date=June 26, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920205645/http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/programme/index_uk.asp?SportCode=BK |archive-date=September 20, 2009 |access-date=December 18, 2005}}{{dubious|date=January 2021|reason the accessdate &amp; archivedate are before the publication date}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.espn.com/nba/news/story?id=2660882 |title=Newly found documents shed light on basketball's birth |access-date=January 11, 2007 |date=November 13, 2006 |agency=Associated Press |publisher=ESPN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201225936/http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/news/story?id=2660882 |archive-date=December 1, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first official game was played in the [[Young Men's Christian Association Building (Albany, New York)|YMCA gymnasium in Albany]], New York, on January 20, 1892, with nine players. The game ended at 1–0; the shot was made from {{convert|25|ft|m}}, on a court just half the size of a present-day [[Streetball]] or [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA) court.<br /> <br /> At the time, [[Association football|soccer]] was being played with 10 to a team (which was increased to 11). When winter weather got too icy to play soccer, teams were taken indoors, and it was convenient to have them split in half and play basketball with five on each side. By 1897–98, teams of five became standard.<br /> <br /> ===College basketball===<br /> {{Main|College basketball}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Kansas U team 1899.jpg|thumb|The 1899 University of Kansas basketball team, with James Naismith at the back, right]]<br /> Basketball's early adherents were dispatched to YMCAs throughout the United States, and it quickly spread through the United States and Canada. By 1895, it was well established at several women's high schools. While YMCA was responsible for initially developing and spreading the game, within a decade it discouraged the new sport, as rough play and rowdy crowds began to detract from YMCA's primary mission. However, other amateur sports clubs, colleges, and professional clubs quickly filled the void. In the years before [[World War I]], the [[Amateur Athletic Union]] and the [[Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States]] (forerunner of the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]]) vied for control over the rules for the game. The first pro league, the National Basketball League, was formed in 1898 to protect players from exploitation and to promote a less rough game. This league only lasted five years.<br /> <br /> James Naismith was instrumental in establishing [[college basketball]]. His colleague C. O. Beamis fielded the first college basketball team just a year after the Springfield YMCA game at the suburban Pittsburgh [[Geneva College]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.postgazette.com/pg/10105/1050305-57.stm |title=Grandson of basketball's inventor brings game's exhibit to Geneva College |newspaper=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|Postgazette.com]] |date=April 15, 2010 |access-date=June 3, 2011 |last=Fuoco |first=Linda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011182132/http://www.postgazette.com/pg/10105/1050305-57.stm |archive-date=October 11, 2011 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Naismith himself later coached at the [[Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball|University of Kansas]] for six years, before handing the reins to renowned coach [[Phog Allen|Forrest &quot;Phog&quot; Allen]]. Naismith's disciple [[Amos Alonzo Stagg]] brought basketball to the [[University of Chicago]], while [[Adolph Rupp]], a student of Naismith's at Kansas, enjoyed great success as coach at the [[Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball|University of Kentucky]]. On February 9, 1895, the first intercollegiate 5-on-5 game was played at [[Hamline University]] between Hamline and the School of Agriculture, which was affiliated with the [[University of Minnesota]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hamline.edu/hamline_info/athletics/facilities/hutton_arena.html |title=Hamline University Athletics: Hutton Arena |publisher=Hamline.edu |date=January 4, 1937 |access-date=July 25, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528055346/http://www.hamline.edu/hamline_info/athletics/facilities/hutton_arena.html |archive-date=May 28, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rarenewspapers.com/view/206238 |title=1st Ever Public Basketball Game Played... |website=www.rarenewspapers.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320083548/http://www.rarenewspapers.com/view/206238 |archive-date=March 20, 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.rarenewspapers.com/view/206238 |title=1st Ever Public Basketball Game Played |date=March 12, 1892 |website=Rare &amp; Early Newspapers |access-date=March 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320083548/http://www.rarenewspapers.com/view/206238 |archive-date=March 20, 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The School of Agriculture won in a 9–3 game.<br /> <br /> In 1901, colleges, including the [[University of Chicago]], [[Columbia University]], [[Cornell University]], [[Dartmouth College]], the [[University of Minnesota]], the [[United States Naval Academy|U.S. Naval Academy]], the [[University of Colorado Boulder|University of Colorado]] and [[Yale University]] began sponsoring men's games. In 1905, frequent injuries on the [[College football|football]] field prompted President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] to suggest that colleges form a governing body, resulting in the creation of the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States (IAAUS). In 1910, that body changed its name to the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] (NCAA). The first Canadian interuniversity basketball game was played at [[YMCA]] in [[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]], Ontario on February 6, 1904, when [[McGill University]]{{snd}}Naismith's alma mater{{snd}}visited [[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]]. McGill won 9–7 in overtime; the score was 7–7 at the end of regulation play, and a ten-minute overtime period settled the outcome. A good turnout of spectators watched the game.&lt;ref&gt;''[[Queen's Journal]]'', vol. 31, no. 7, February 16, 1904; ''105 years of Canadian university basketball'', by Earl Zukerman, {{cite web |url=http://www.cisport.ca/e/m_basketball/story_detail.cfm?id%3D13618 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001193138/http://www.cisport.ca/e/m_basketball/story_detail.cfm?id%3D13618 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 1, 2018 |title=broken link |access-date=February 6, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The first men's national championship tournament, the National Association of Intercollegiate Basketball tournament, which still exists as the [[National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics]] (NAIA) [[NAIA national men's basketball championship|tournament]], was organized in 1937. The first national championship for NCAA teams, the [[National Invitation Tournament]] (NIT) in New York, was organized in 1938; the [[NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament|NCAA national tournament]] began one year later. College basketball was rocked by gambling scandals from 1948 to [[CCNY point shaving scandal|1951]], when dozens of players from top teams were implicated in [[match fixing|game-fixing]] and [[point shaving]]. Partially spurred by an association with cheating, the NIT lost support to the NCAA tournament.<br /> <br /> ===High school basketball===<br /> <br /> [[File:Heart Mountain Relocation Center, Heart Mountain, Wyoming. A hotly contested interscholastic basket . . . - NARA - 539726.jpg|thumb|upright|A basketball game between the [[Heart Mountain Relocation Center|Heart Mountain]] and Powell High School girls teams, Wyoming, March 1944]]<br /> [[File:HS Basketball 2024.jpg|thumb|A photo taken during a high school basketball game in 2024. Demonstrates the extreme disparities in terms of physical maturity that can be seen between opposing players. ]]<br /> Before widespread [[school district]] consolidation, most American high schools were far smaller than their present-day counterparts. During the first decades of the 20th century, basketball quickly became the ideal interscholastic sport due to its modest equipment and personnel requirements. In the days before widespread television coverage of professional and college sports, the popularity of [[high school basketball]] was unrivaled in many parts of America. Perhaps the most legendary of high school teams was Indiana's [[Franklin Wonder Five]], which took the nation by storm during the 1920s, dominating Indiana basketball and earning national recognition.<br /> <br /> Today virtually every high school in the United States fields a basketball team in [[Varsity team|varsity]] competition.&lt;ref&gt;[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120424210910/http://www.nfhs.org/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id&amp;ItemID=3506 2008–09 High School Athletics Participation Survey] NFHS.&lt;/ref&gt; Basketball's popularity remains high, both in rural areas where they carry the identification of the entire community, as well as at some larger schools known for their basketball teams where many players go on to participate at higher levels of competition after graduation. In the 2016–17 season, 980,673 boys and girls represented their schools in interscholastic basketball competition, according to the [[National Federation of State High School Associations]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nfhs.org/ParticipationStatistics/PDF/2016-17_Participation_Survey_Results.pdf |title=2016–17 High School Athletics Participation Survey |publisher=National Federation of State High School Associations |access-date=February 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225223739/http://www.nfhs.org/ParticipationStatistics/PDF/2016-17_Participation_Survey_Results.pdf |archive-date=February 25, 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The states of [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]] and [[Kentucky]] are particularly well known for their residents' devotion to high school basketball, commonly called [[Hoosier Hysteria]] in Indiana; the critically acclaimed film ''[[Hoosiers (film)|Hoosiers]]'' shows high school basketball's depth of meaning to these communities.<br /> <br /> [[File:The High School Magazine. Montreal, Canada (1916) (14779954132).jpg|thumb|[[High School of Montreal]] Girls Junior Basketball team, 1915–1916]]⁣There is currently no tournament to determine a national high school champion. The most serious effort was the National Interscholastic Basketball Tournament at the [[University of Chicago]] from 1917 to 1930. The event was organized by [[Amos Alonzo Stagg]] and sent invitations to state champion teams. The tournament started out as a mostly Midwest affair but grew. In 1929 it had 29 state champions. Faced with opposition from the [[National Federation of State High School Associations]] and [[North Central Association of Colleges and Schools]] that bore a threat of the schools losing their accreditation the last tournament was in 1930. The organizations said they were concerned that the tournament was being used to recruit professional players from the prep ranks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hoopedia.nba.com/index.php?title=National_Interscholastic_Basketball_Tournament |title=National Interscholastic Basketball Tournament – hoopedeia.nba.com – Retrieved September 13, 2009 |publisher=Hoopedia.nba.com |access-date=July 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810175316/http://hoopedia.nba.com/index.php?title=National_Interscholastic_Basketball_Tournament |archive-date=August 10, 2010 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The tournament did not invite minority schools or private/parochial schools.<br /> <br /> The National Catholic Interscholastic Basketball Tournament ran from 1924 to 1941 at [[Loyola University Chicago|Loyola University]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hoopedia.nba.com/index.php?title=National_Catholic_Interscholastic_Basketball_Tournament |title=National Catholic Interscholastic Basketball Tournament, 1924–1941 – hoopedia.nba.com – Retrieved September 13, 2009 |publisher=Hoopedia.nba.com |date=December 7, 1941 |access-date=July 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810174238/http://hoopedia.nba.com/index.php?title=National_Catholic_Interscholastic_Basketball_Tournament |archive-date=August 10, 2010 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The National Catholic Invitational Basketball Tournament from 1954 to 1978 played at a series of venues, including [[Catholic University of America|Catholic University]], [[Georgetown University|Georgetown]] and [[George Mason University|George Mason]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hoopedia.nba.com/index.php?title=National_Catholic_Invitational_Basketball_Tournament |title=National Catholic Invitations Basketball Tournament – hoopedia.nba.com – Retrieved September 13, 2009 |publisher=Hoopedia.nba.com |access-date=July 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810182009/http://hoopedia.nba.com/index.php?title=National_Catholic_Invitational_Basketball_Tournament |archive-date=August 10, 2010 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The National Interscholastic Basketball Tournament for Black High Schools was held from 1929 to 1942 at [[Hampton University|Hampton Institute]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hoopedia.nba.com/index.php?title=National_Interscholastic_Basketball_Tournament_for_Black_Schools |title=– National Interscholastic Basketball Tournament for Black High Schools, 1929–1942 – Retrieved September 13, 2009 |publisher=Hoopedia.nba.com |access-date=July 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810182014/http://hoopedia.nba.com/index.php?title=National_Interscholastic_Basketball_Tournament_for_Black_Schools |archive-date=August 10, 2010 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The National Invitational Interscholastic Basketball Tournament was held from 1941 to 1967 starting out at [[Tuskegee University|Tuskegee Institute]]. Following a pause during [[World War II]] it resumed at [[Tennessee State University|Tennessee State College]] in Nashville. The basis for the champion dwindled after 1954 when ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'' began an integration of schools. The last tournaments were held at [[Alabama State University|Alabama State College]] from 1964 to 1967.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hoopedia.nba.com/index.php?title=National_Invitational_Interscholastic_Basketball_Tournament |title=National Invitational Interscholastic Basketball Tournament – hoopedia.nba.com – Retrieved September 13, 2009 |publisher=Hoopedia.nba.com |access-date=July 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810173531/http://hoopedia.nba.com/index.php?title=National_Invitational_Interscholastic_Basketball_Tournament |archive-date=August 10, 2010 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Professional basketball===<br /> [[File:Liberator-ad.jpg|thumb|upright|Ad from ''[[The Liberator (magazine)|The Liberator]]'' magazine promoting an exhibition in Harlem, March 1922. Drawing by [[Hugo Gellert]]]]<br /> Teams abounded throughout the 1920s. There were hundreds of men's [[professional basketball]] teams in towns and cities all over the United States, and little organization of the professional game. Players jumped from team to team and teams played in armories and smoky dance halls. Leagues came and went. [[Barnstorm (sports)|Barnstorming]] squads such as the [[Original Celtics]] and two all-African American teams, the [[New York Renaissance|New York Renaissance Five]] (&quot;Rens&quot;) and the (still existing) [[Harlem Globetrotters]] played up to two hundred games a year on their national tours.<br /> <br /> In 1946, the [[Basketball Association of America]] (BAA) was formed. The first game was played in [[Toronto]], Ontario, Canada between the [[Toronto Huskies]] and [[New York Knicks|New York Knickerbockers]] on November 1, 1946. Three seasons later, in 1949, the BAA merged with the [[National Basketball League (United States)|National Basketball League]] (NBL) to form the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA). By the 1950s, basketball had become a major college sport, thus paving the way for a growth of interest in professional basketball. In 1959, a [[Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame|basketball hall of fame]] was founded in [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]], Massachusetts, site of the first game. Its rosters include the names of great players, coaches, referees and people who have contributed significantly to the development of the game. The hall of fame has people who have accomplished many goals in their career in basketball. An upstart organization, the [[American Basketball Association]], emerged in 1967 and briefly threatened the NBA's dominance until the [[ABA-NBA merger]] in 1976. Today the NBA is the top professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity, salaries, talent, and level of competition.<br /> <br /> [[File:Diamond DeShields (1) drives to the basket around Maya Moore (23) in the Minnesota Lynx vs Chicago Sky game.jpg|thumb|[[Diamond DeShields]] (#1) drives to the basket around [[Maya Moore]] (#23) in the Minnesota Lynx vs Chicago Sky game]]<br /> <br /> The NBA has featured many famous players, including [[George Mikan]], the first dominating &quot;big man&quot;; ball-handling wizard [[Bob Cousy]] and defensive genius [[Bill Russell]] of the [[Boston Celtics]]; charismatic center [[Wilt Chamberlain]], who originally played for the barnstorming [[Harlem Globetrotters]]; all-around stars [[Oscar Robertson]] and [[Jerry West]]; more recent big men [[Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]], [[Shaquille O'Neal]], [[Hakeem Olajuwon]] and [[Karl Malone]]; playmakers [[John Stockton]], [[Isiah Thomas]] and [[Steve Nash]]; crowd-pleasing forwards [[Julius Erving]] and [[Charles Barkley]]; European stars [[Dirk Nowitzki]], [[Pau Gasol]], [[Nikola Jokić]] and [[Tony Parker]]; Latin American stars [[Manu Ginobili]], more recent superstars, [[Allen Iverson]], [[Kobe Bryant]], [[Tim Duncan]], [[LeBron James]], [[Stephen Curry]], [[Giannis Antetokounmpo]], etc.; and the three players who many credit with ushering the professional game to its highest level of popularity during the 1980s and 1990s: [[Larry Bird]], [[Magic Johnson|Earvin &quot;Magic&quot; Johnson]], and [[Michael Jordan]].<br /> <br /> In 2001, the NBA formed a developmental league, the [[National Basketball Development League]] (later known as the NBA D-League and then the [[NBA G League]] after a branding deal with [[Gatorade]]). As of the 2023–24 season, the G League has 31 teams.<br /> <br /> ===International basketball===<br /> <br /> [[File:Basketball World Cup 2014.jpg|thumb|The U.S. playing against Mexico at the [[2014 FIBA World Cup]]]]<br /> [[FIBA]] (International Basketball Federation) was formed in 1932 by eight founding nations: [[Argentina]], [[Czechoslovakia]], [[Greece]], [[Italy]], [[Latvia]], [[Portugal]], [[Romania]] and [[Switzerland]]. At this time, the organization only oversaw amateur players. Its acronym, derived from the French ''Fédération Internationale de Basket-ball Amateur'', was thus &quot;FIBA&quot;. Men's basketball was first [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|included]] at the Berlin [[1936 Summer Olympics]], although a demonstration tournament was held in 1904. The United States defeated Canada in the first final, played outdoors. This competition has usually been dominated by the United States, whose team has won all but three titles. The first of these came in a controversial final game in [[Munich]] in [[Basketball at the 1972 Summer Olympics|1972]] against the Soviet Union, in which the ending of the game was replayed three times until the Soviet Union finally came out on top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomberg&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Golden |first1=Daniel |title=Three Seconds at 1972 Olympics Haunt U.S. Basketball |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-07-23/three-seconds-at-1972-olympics-haunt-u-s-basketball.html |publisher=Bloomberg Business Week |access-date=November 18, 2014 |date=July 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109121347/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-07-23/three-seconds-at-1972-olympics-haunt-u-s-basketball.html |archive-date=January 9, 2015 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1950 the first FIBA World Championship for men, now known as the [[FIBA Basketball World Cup]], was held in Argentina. Three years later, the first FIBA World Championship for women, now known as the [[FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup]], was held in Chile. Women's basketball was added to the Olympics in 1976, which were held in [[Montreal]], Quebec, Canada with teams such as the [[Soviet Union]], [[Brazil women's national basketball team|Brazil]] and [[Australia women's national basketball team|Australia]] rivaling the [[United States women's national basketball team|American]] squads.<br /> <br /> In 1989, [[FIBA]] allowed professional NBA players to participate in the [[Olympics]] for the first time. Prior to the [[1992 Summer Olympics]], only European and South American teams were allowed to field professionals in the Olympics. The United States' dominance continued with the introduction of the original [[1992 United States men's Olympic basketball team|Dream Team]]. In the [[2004 Summer Olympics|2004 Athens Olympics]], the United States suffered its first Olympic loss while using professional players, falling to [[Puerto Rico national basketball team|Puerto Rico]] (in a 19-point loss) and [[Lithuania men's national basketball team|Lithuania]] in group games, and being eliminated in the semifinals by [[Argentina national basketball team|Argentina]]. It eventually won the bronze medal defeating Lithuania, finishing behind Argentina and [[Italy national basketball team|Italy]]. The [[2008 United States men's Olympic basketball team|Redeem Team]], won gold at the [[Basketball at the 2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Olympics]], and the B-Team, won gold at the [[2010 FIBA World Championship]] in Turkey despite featuring no players from the 2008 squad. The United States continued its dominance as they won gold at the [[Basketball at the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012 Olympics]], [[2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup|2014 FIBA World Cup]] and the [[Basketball at the 2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Olympics]].<br /> <br /> [[File:Матч ЦСКА – Реал Мадрид в ДС «Мегаспорт» 1 февраля 2018 года · 2.jpg|thumb|A [[EuroLeague]] game in [[Megasport Sport Palace|Moscow]] in 2018]]<br /> Worldwide, basketball tournaments are held for boys and girls of all age levels. The global popularity of the sport is reflected in the nationalities represented in the NBA. Players from all six inhabited continents currently play in the NBA. Top international players began coming into the NBA in the mid-1990s, including Croatians [[Dražen Petrović]] and [[Toni Kukoč]], Serbian [[Vlade Divac]], Lithuanians [[Arvydas Sabonis]] and [[Šarūnas Marčiulionis]], Dutchman [[Rik Smits]] and German [[Detlef Schrempf]].<br /> <br /> In the Philippines, the [[Philippine Basketball Association]]'s first game was played on April 9, 1975, at the [[Araneta Coliseum]] in [[Quezon City#Cubao|Cubao]], [[Quezon City]], Philippines. It was founded as a &quot;rebellion&quot; of several teams from the now-defunct Manila Industrial and Commercial Athletic Association, which was tightly controlled by the Basketball Association of the Philippines (now defunct), the then-FIBA recognized national association. Nine teams from the MICAA participated in the league's first season that opened on April 9, 1975. The [[National Basketball League Australia|NBL]] is Australia's pre-eminent men's professional basketball league. The league commenced in [[1979 NBL Season|1979]], playing a winter season (April–September) and did so until the completion of the 20th season in [[1998 NBL Season|1998]]. The [[1998–99 NBL season|1998–99]] season, which commenced only months later, was the first season after the shift to the current summer season format (October–April). This shift was an attempt to avoid competing directly against [[Football in Australia|Australia's various football codes]]. It features 8 teams from around Australia and one in New Zealand. A few players including [[Luc Longley]], [[Andrew Gaze]], [[Shane Heal]], [[Chris Anstey]] and [[Andrew Bogut]] made it big internationally, becoming poster figures for the sport in Australia. The [[Women's National Basketball League]] began in 1981.<br /> <br /> ===Women's basketball===<br /> {{main|Women's basketball}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Smith-College-Class-1902-basketball-team.jpg|thumb|The Smith College Class 1902 basketball team]]<br /> [[File:2006 World Championship for Women Australia.jpg|upright=1.8|thumb|The [[Australia women's national basketball team|Australian women's basketball team]] on winning the [[2006 FIBA World Championship for Women]]]]<br /> <br /> Women began to play basketball in the fall of 1892 at [[Smith College]] through [[Senda Berenson Abbott|Senda Berenson]], substitute director of the newly opened gymnasium and physical education teacher, after having modified the rules for women. Shortly after Berenson was hired at Smith, she visited Naismith to learn more about the game.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pioneers in Physical Education&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://clio.fivecolleges.edu/smith/berenson/1biog/19411000/index.shtml?page=4 |title=Pioneers in Physical Education |pages=661–662 |access-date=June 3, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620173552/http://clio.fivecolleges.edu/smith/berenson/1biog/19411000/index.shtml?page=4 |archive-date=June 20, 2009 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fascinated by the new sport and the values it could teach, she instantly introduced the game as a class exercise and soon after teams were organized. The first women's collegiate basketball game was played on March 21, 1893, when her Smith freshmen and sophomores played against one another.&lt;ref name=&quot;Senda Berenson Papers&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://clio.fivecolleges.edu/smith/berenson/ |title=Senda Berenson Papers |access-date=June 3, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203084349/http://clio.fivecolleges.edu/smith/berenson/ |archive-date=February 3, 2016 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.smith.edu/newssmith/fall2003/100.php |title=You Come in as a Squirrel and Leave as an Owl |access-date=June 3, 2011 |last=Peacock-Broyles |first=Trinity |work=Smith.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615080005/http://www.smith.edu/newssmith/fall2003/100.php |archive-date=June 15, 2011 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first official women's interinstitutional game was played later that year between the [[University of California, Berkeley|University of California]] and the Miss Head's School.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jenkins&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Jenkins |first=Sally |title=History of Women's Basketball |url=http://www.wnba.com/about_us/jenkins_feature.html |work=WNBA.com |access-date=January 21, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106144210/http://www.wnba.com/about_us/jenkins_feature.html |archive-date=January 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1899, a committee was established at the Conference of Physical Training in Springfield to draw up general rules for women's basketball.&lt;ref&gt;The conference took place at the YMCA training school - see [https://web.archive.org/web/20160121231122/http://clio.fivecolleges.edu/smith/berenson/1biog/18990600/ newsclip] (archived)&lt;/ref&gt; These rules, designed by Berenson, were published in 1899.&lt;ref name=&quot;Berenson1901&quot; /&gt; In 1902 Berenson became the editor of [[Spalding (sports equipment)|A. G. Spalding]]'s first Women's Basketball Guide.&lt;ref name=&quot;Senda Berenson Papers&quot; /&gt; The same year women of [[Mount Holyoke College|Mount Holyoke]] and [[H. Sophie Newcomb Memorial College|Sophie Newcomb College]] (coached by [[Clara Gregory Baer]]), began playing basketball. By 1895, the game had spread to colleges across the country, including [[Wellesley College|Wellesley]], [[Vassar College|Vassar]], and [[Bryn Mawr College|Bryn Mawr]]. The first intercollegiate women's game was on April 4, 1896. [[Stanford Cardinal women's basketball|Stanford]] women played [[California Golden Bears women's basketball|Berkeley]], 9-on-9, ending in a 2–1 Stanford victory.<br /> <br /> Women's basketball development was more structured than that for men in the early years. In 1905, the executive committee on Basket Ball Rules (National Women's Basketball Committee) was created by the [[American Physical Education Association]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Historical Timeline&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wbhof.com/timeline.html |title=Historical Timeline |access-date=June 2, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621024009/http://www.wbhof.com/timeline.html |archive-date=June 21, 2009 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; These rules called for six to nine players per team and 11 officials. The [[International Women's Sports Federation]] (1924) included a women's basketball competition. 37 women's high school varsity basketball or state tournaments were held by 1925. And in 1926, the Amateur Athletic Union backed the first [[NAIA national women's basketball championship|national women's basketball championship]], complete with men's rules.&lt;ref name=&quot;Historical Timeline&quot; /&gt; The [[Edmonton Grads]], a touring Canadian women's team based in [[Edmonton, Alberta|Edmonton]], Alberta, operated between 1915 and 1940. The Grads toured all over North America, and were exceptionally successful. They posted a record of 522 wins and only 20 losses over that span, as they met any team that wanted to challenge them, funding their tours from gate receipts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.histori.ca/minutes/lp.do?id=13113 |title=The Great Teams |access-date=June 2, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812064236/http://www.histori.ca/minutes/lp.do?id=13113 |archive-date=August 12, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Grads also shone on several exhibition trips to Europe, and won four consecutive exhibition Olympics tournaments, in 1924, 1928, 1932, and 1936; however, women's basketball was not an official Olympic sport until 1976. The Grads' players were unpaid, and had to remain single. The Grads' style focused on team play, without overly emphasizing skills of individual players. The first women's [[Amateur Athletic Union|AAU]] All-America team was chosen in 1929.&lt;ref name=&quot;Historical Timeline&quot; /&gt; Women's industrial leagues sprang up throughout the United States, producing famous athletes, including [[Babe Zaharias|Babe Didrikson]] of the [[Golden Cyclones]], and the [[All American Red Heads Team]], which competed against men's teams, using men's rules. By 1938, the women's national championship changed from a three-court game to [[6 on 6 Basketball|two-court game with six players per team]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Historical Timeline&quot; /&gt;<br /> [[File:Brittney Griner accepting Wade Trophy 2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Brittney Griner]] accepting an award]]<br /> The NBA-backed [[Women's National Basketball Association]] (WNBA) began in 1997. Though it had shaky attendance figures, several marquee players ([[Lisa Leslie]], [[Diana Taurasi]], and [[Candace Parker]] among others) have helped the league's popularity and level of competition. Other [[women's professional sports|professional women's basketball]] leagues in the United States, such as the [[American Basketball League (1996–98)]], have folded in part because of the popularity of the WNBA. The WNBA has been looked at by many as a niche league. However, the league has recently taken steps forward. In June 2007, the WNBA signed a contract extension with [[ESPN]]. The new television deal ran from 2009 to 2016. Along with this deal, came the first-ever rights fees to be paid to a women's professional sports league. Over the eight years of the contract, &quot;millions and millions of dollars&quot; were &quot;dispersed to the league's teams.&quot; In a March 12, 2009, article, [[NBA]] commissioner [[David Stern]] said that in the bad economy, &quot;the NBA is far less profitable than the WNBA. We're losing a lot of money among a large number of teams. We're budgeting the WNBA to break even this year.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''[[Television New Zealand]]'', [http://tvnz.co.nz/basketball-news/nba-getting-through-tough-times-2539976 BASKETBALL | NBA getting through tough times] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318010025/http://tvnz.co.nz/basketball-news/nba-getting-through-tough-times-2539976 |date=March 18, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Rules and regulations==<br /> [[File:Canasta y tablero - 0.00.jpg|thumb|upright|End of a game as the game clock shows no time left]]<br /> [[File:Basketball terms.png|thumb|300px|Most important terms related to the basketball court]]<br /> {{Main|Rules of basketball}}<br /> &lt;!-- Please do be careful not to include too much detail when editing this section; see talk page for more info. --&gt;<br /> <br /> Measurements and time limits discussed in this section often vary among tournaments and organizations; international and NBA rules are used in this section.<br /> <br /> The object of the game is to outscore one's opponents by throwing the ball through the opponents' basket from above while preventing the opponents from doing so on their own. An attempt to score in this way is called a shot. A successful shot is worth two points, or [[three-point field goal|three points]] if it is taken from beyond the three-point arc {{convert|6.75|m|ftin|sp=us}} from the basket in international games&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 7, 2019 |title=Everything You Need to Know About Basketball Court Dimensions {{!}} PROformance Hoops |url=https://proformancehoops.com/basketball-court-dimensions/ |access-date=January 8, 2021 |website=proformancehoops.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and {{convert|23|ft|9|in|m}} in NBA games.&lt;ref name=&quot;NBA.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nba.com/media/dleague/1314-nba-rule-book.pdf |title=Official Rules of the National Basketball Association 2013–2014 |website=[[NBA.com]] |pages=8–9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112132306/https://www.nba.com/media/dleague/1314-nba-rule-book.pdf |archive-date=November 12, 2018 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A one-point shot can be earned when shooting from the foul line after a foul is made. After a team has scored from a field goal or free throw, play is resumed with a '''throw-in''' awarded to the non-scoring team taken from a point beyond the endline of the court where the points were scored.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cdn.nba.net/nba-drupal-prod/18-19-Rule-Book-10.26.18.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://cdn.nba.net/nba-drupal-prod/18-19-Rule-Book-10.26.18.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=May 28, 2020 |title=NBA Official Rules 2018–19 |pages=29–30}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Playing regulations===<br /> &lt;!-- Please be careful not to include too much detail when editing this section; see talk page for more info. --&gt;<br /> Games are played in four quarters of 10 ([[FIBA]])&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.fiba.com/asp_scripts/downMana.asp?fileID=1260 FIBA Official Basketball Rules (2010)]{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} Rule 4, Section 8.1 Retrieved July 26, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; or 12 minutes (NBA).&lt;ref&gt;[http://i.cdn.turner.com/nba/nba/.element/pdf/2.0/sect/officiating/Official_NBA_Rule_Rook_09-10.pdf NBA Official Rules (2009–2010)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111152818/http://i.cdn.turner.com/nba/nba/.element/pdf/2.0/sect/officiating/Official_NBA_Rule_Rook_09-10.pdf |date=January 11, 2012 }} Rule 5, Section II, a. Retrieved July 26, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; College men's games use two 20-minute halves,&lt;ref name=college&gt;[http://www.ncaapublications.com/DownloadPublication.aspx?download=BR11.pdf 2009–2011 Men's &amp; Women's Basketball Rules] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806220855/http://www.ncaapublications.com/DownloadPublication.aspx?download=BR11.pdf |date=August 6, 2012 }} Rule 5, Section 6, Article 1. Retrieved July 26, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; college women's games use 10-minute quarters,&lt;ref name=&quot;2015 NCAA women's changes&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.espn.com/womens-college-basketball/story/_/id/13038918/ncaa-approves-change-four-quarters-women-basketball |title=NCAA panel approves women's basketball rules changes |agency=Associated Press |work=ESPN.com |date=June 8, 2015 |access-date=June 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609063239/http://espn.go.com/womens-college-basketball/story/_/id/13038918/ncaa-approves-change-four-quarters-women-basketball |archive-date=June 9, 2015 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and most United States high school varsity games use 8-minute quarters; however, this varies from state to state.&lt;ref name=highschool&gt;{{cite book |editor1-first=Mary |editor1-last=Struckhoff |title=2009–2010 NFHS Basketball Rules |year=2009 |publisher=[[National Federation of State High School Associations|National Federation of High Schools]] |location=Indianapolis, Indiana |page=41}} Rule 5, Section 5, Article 1&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Stewart |first1=Mark |title=Varsity basketball games will have two 18-minute halves next season |url=http://archive.jsonline.com/sports/preps/varsity-basketball-games-will-have-two-18-minute-halves-next-season-b99526786z1-309878981.html |access-date=July 11, 2018 |work=Journal Sentinel |date=June 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711191648/http://archive.jsonline.com/sports/preps/varsity-basketball-games-will-have-two-18-minute-halves-next-season-b99526786z1-309878981.html |archive-date=July 11, 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 15 minutes are allowed for a half-time break under FIBA, NBA, and NCAA rules&lt;ref name=college /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://i.cdn.turner.com/nba/nba/.element/pdf/2.0/sect/officiating/Official_NBA_Rule_Rook_09-10.pdf NBA Official Rules (2009–2010)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111152818/http://i.cdn.turner.com/nba/nba/.element/pdf/2.0/sect/officiating/Official_NBA_Rule_Rook_09-10.pdf |date=January 11, 2012 }} Rule 5, Section II, c. Retrieved July 26, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.fiba.com/asp_scripts/downMana.asp?fileID=1260 FIBA Official Basketball Rules (2010)]{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} Rule 4, Section 8.4 Retrieved July 26, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; and 10 minutes in United States high schools.&lt;ref name=highschool /&gt; [[Overtime (sports)#Basketball|Overtime]] periods are five minutes in length&lt;ref name=college /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://i.cdn.turner.com/nba/nba/.element/pdf/2.0/sect/officiating/Official_NBA_Rule_Rook_09-10.pdf NBA Official Rules (2009–2010)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111152818/http://i.cdn.turner.com/nba/nba/.element/pdf/2.0/sect/officiating/Official_NBA_Rule_Rook_09-10.pdf |date=January 11, 2012 }} Rule 5, Section II, b. Retrieved July 26, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.fiba.com/asp_scripts/downMana.asp?fileID=1260 FIBA Official Basketball Rules (2010)]{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} Rule 4, Section 8.7 Retrieved July 26, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; except for high school, which is four minutes in length.&lt;ref name=highschool /&gt; Teams exchange baskets for the second half. The time allowed is actual playing time; the clock is stopped while the play is not active. Therefore, games generally take much longer to complete than the allotted game time, typically about two hours.<br /> <br /> Five players from each team may be on the court at one time.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.fiba.com/asp_scripts/downMana.asp?fileID=1260 FIBA Official Basketball Rules (2010)]{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} Rule 3, Section 4.2.2 Retrieved July 26, 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://i.cdn.turner.com/nba/nba/.element/pdf/2.0/sect/officiating/Official_NBA_Rule_Rook_09-10.pdf NBA Official Rules (2009–2010)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111152818/http://i.cdn.turner.com/nba/nba/.element/pdf/2.0/sect/officiating/Official_NBA_Rule_Rook_09-10.pdf |date=January 11, 2012 }} Rule 3, Section I, a. Retrieved July 26, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ncaapublications.com/DownloadPublication.aspx?download=BR11.pdf 2009–2011 Men's &amp; Women's Basketball Rules] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806220855/http://www.ncaapublications.com/DownloadPublication.aspx?download=BR11.pdf |date=August 6, 2012 }} Rule 10, Section 2, Article 6. Retrieved July 26, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |editor1-first=Mary |editor1-last=Struckhoff |title=2009–2010 NFHS Basketball Rules |year=2009 |publisher=[[National Federation of State High School Associations|National Federation of High Schools]] |location=Indianapolis, Indiana |page=59}} Rule 10, Section 1, Article 6&lt;/ref&gt; [[Substitution (sport)|Substitutions]] are unlimited but can only be done when play is stopped. Teams also have a coach, who oversees the development and strategies of the team, and other team personnel such as assistant coaches, managers, statisticians, doctors and trainers.<br /> <br /> For both men's and women's teams, a standard uniform consists of a pair of shorts and a [[Team jersey|jersey]] with a clearly visible number, unique within the team, printed on both the front and back.<br /> <br /> A limited number of time-outs, clock stoppages requested by a coach (or sometimes mandated in the NBA) for a short meeting with the players, are allowed. They generally last no longer than one minute (100 seconds in the NBA) unless, for televised games, a commercial break is needed.<br /> <br /> The game is controlled by the [[Official (basketball)|officials]] consisting of the referee (referred to as crew chief in the NBA), one or two umpires (referred to as referees in the NBA) and the table officials. For college, the NBA, and many high schools, there are a total of three referees on the court. The table officials are responsible for keeping track of each team's scoring, timekeeping, individual and team [[Personal foul (basketball)|fouls]], player substitutions, team [[possession arrow]], and the [[shot clock]].<br /> <br /> ===Equipment===<br /> {{Main|Basketball (ball)|Basketball court|Backboard (basketball)}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Please be careful not to include too much detail when editing this section; see talk page for more info. --&gt;<br /> [[File:Basketball.png|thumb|upright|Traditional eight-panel [[basketball (ball)|basketball]]]]<br /> <br /> The only essential equipment in a basketball game is the ball and the court: a flat, rectangular surface with baskets at opposite ends. Competitive levels require the use of more equipment such as clocks, score sheets, scoreboards, alternating possession arrows, and whistle-operated stop-clock systems.<br /> <br /> [[File:Basketball Goal.jpg|thumb|An outdoor basketball net]]<br /> A regulation [[basketball court]] in international games is {{convert|28|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} long and {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} wide. In the [[NBA]] and [[NCAA]] the court is {{convert|94|by|50|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;NBA.com&quot; /&gt; Most courts have [[wood flooring]], usually constructed from [[maple]] planks running in the same direction as the longer court dimension.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.livestrong.com/article/430186-what-are-the-different-types-of-basketball-court-surfaces/ |title=What Are the Different Types of Basketball Court Surfaces? |first=William |last=Lynch |access-date=March 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323094713/http://www.livestrong.com/article/430186-what-are-the-different-types-of-basketball-court-surfaces/ |archive-date=March 23, 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.livestrong.com/article/430186-what-are-the-different-types-of-basketball-court-surfaces/ |title=What Are the Different Types of Basketball Court Surfaces? |date=February 7, 2014 |website=LIVESTRONG |access-date=March 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323094713/http://www.livestrong.com/article/430186-what-are-the-different-types-of-basketball-court-surfaces/ |archive-date=March 23, 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The name and logo of the home team is usually painted on or around the center circle.<br /> <br /> {{anchor|rim}}The basket is a steel rim {{convert|18|in|cm}} diameter with an attached net affixed to a backboard that measures {{convert|6|by|3.5|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} and one basket is at each end of the court. The white outlined box on the backboard is {{convert|18|in|cm}} high and {{convert|2|ft|cm}} wide. At almost all levels of competition, the top of the rim is exactly {{convert|10|ft|m|2|abbr=off|sp=us}} above the court and {{convert|4|ft|m|2|abbr=off|sp=us}} inside the baseline. While variation is possible in the dimensions of the court and backboard, it is considered important for the basket to be of the correct height – a rim that is off by just a few inches can have an adverse effect on shooting. The net must &quot;check the ball momentarily as it passes through the basket&quot; to aid the visual confirmation that the ball went through.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Official Rules, RULE NO. 1: Court Dimensions – Equipment |url=https://official.nba.com/rule-no-1-court-dimensions-equipment/ |website=National Basketball Association |date=October 15, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The act of checking the ball has the further advantage of slowing down the ball so the rebound does not go as far.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Moniz |first1=Brian |title=Why Do Basketball Hoops Have Nets? |url=https://basketballword.com/why-basketball-hoops-have-nets/ |website=BasketballWorld |date=August 28, 2020 |access-date=December 6, 2020 |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230123/https://basketballword.com/why-basketball-hoops-have-nets/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The size of the basketball is also regulated. For men, the official ball is {{convert|29.5|in|cm}} in circumference (size 7, or a &quot;295 ball&quot;) and weighs {{convert|22|oz|g|abbr=on}}. If women are playing, the official basketball size is {{convert|28.5|in|cm}} in circumference (size 6, or a &quot;285 ball&quot;) with a weight of {{convert|20|oz|g|abbr=on}}. In [[3x3 (basketball)|3x3]], a formalized version of the halfcourt 3-on-3 game, a dedicated ball with the circumference of a size 6 ball but the weight of a size 7 ball is used in all competitions (men's, women's, and mixed teams).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |url=http://www.amersports.com/newsroom/archive/news-article/2015/06/09/wilson-to-provide-the-official-game-ball-for-fiba |title=Wilson to provide the Official Game Ball for FIBA |publisher=[[Amer Sports]] |date=June 9, 2015 |access-date=August 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903211156/http://www.amersports.com/newsroom/archive/news-article/2015/06/09/wilson-to-provide-the-official-game-ball-for-fiba |archive-date=September 3, 2015 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Violations===<br /> &lt;!-- Please be careful not to include too much detail when editing this section; see talk page for more info. --&gt;<br /> {{Main|Violation (basketball)}}<br /> <br /> The ball may be advanced toward the basket by being shot, passed between players, thrown, tapped, rolled or dribbled (bouncing the ball while running).<br /> <br /> The ball must stay within the court; the last team to touch the ball before it travels [[out of bounds]] forfeits possession. The ball is out of bounds if it touches a boundary line, or touches any player or object that is out of bounds.<br /> <br /> There are limits placed on the steps a player may take without dribbling, which commonly results in an infraction known as [[traveling (basketball)|traveling]]. Nor may a player stop their dribble and then resume dribbling. A dribble that touches both hands is considered stopping the dribble, giving this infraction the name [[double dribble]]. Within a dribble, the player cannot carry the ball by placing their hand on the bottom of the ball; doing so is known as [[Carrying (basketball)|carrying the ball]]. A team, once having established ball control in the front half of their court, may not return the ball to the backcourt and be the first to touch it. A violation of these rules results in loss of possession.<br /> <br /> The ball may not be kicked, nor be struck with the fist. For the offense, a violation of these rules results in loss of possession; for the defense, most leagues reset the shot clock and the offensive team is given possession of the ball out of bounds.<br /> <br /> There are limits imposed on the time taken before progressing the ball past halfway (8 seconds in FIBA and the NBA; 10 seconds in NCAA and high school for both sexes), before attempting a shot (24 seconds in FIBA, the NBA, and [[U Sports]] (Canadian universities) play for both sexes, and 30 seconds in NCAA play for both sexes), holding the ball while closely guarded (5 seconds), and remaining in the restricted area known as the free-throw lane, (or the &quot;[[key (basketball)|key]]&quot;) (3 seconds). These rules are designed to promote more offense.<br /> <br /> There are also limits on how players may [[block (basketball)|block]] an opponent's field goal attempt or help a teammate's field goal attempt. [[Goaltending]] is a defender's touching of a ball that is on a downward flight toward the basket, while the related violation of [[basket interference]] is the touching of a ball that is on the rim or above the basket, or by a player reaching through the basket from below. Goaltending and basket interference committed by a defender result in awarding the basket to the offense, while basket interference committed by an offensive player results in cancelling the basket if one is scored. The defense gains possession in all cases of goaltending or basket interference.<br /> <br /> ===Fouls===<br /> &lt;!-- Please be careful not to include too much detail when editing this section; see talk page for more info. --&gt;<br /> [[File:Basketball foul.jpg|thumb|upright|The referee signals that a foul has been committed.]]<br /> {{Main|Personal foul (basketball)|Technical foul}}<br /> <br /> An attempt to unfairly disadvantage an opponent through certain types of physical contact is illegal and is called a personal foul. These are most commonly committed by defensive players; however, they can be committed by offensive players as well. Players who are fouled either receive the ball to pass inbounds again, or receive one or more [[free throw]]s if they are fouled in the act of shooting, depending on whether the shot was successful. One point is awarded for making a free throw, which is attempted from a line {{convert|15|ft|m}} from the basket.<br /> <br /> The referee is responsible for judging whether contact is illegal, sometimes resulting in controversy. The calling of fouls can vary between games, leagues and referees.<br /> <br /> There is a second category of fouls called [[technical foul]]s, which may be charged for various rules violations including failure to properly record a player in the scorebook, or for unsportsmanlike conduct. These infractions result in one or two free throws, which may be taken by any of the five players on the court at the time. Repeated incidents can result in [[ejection (sports)|disqualification]]. A blatant foul involving physical contact that is either excessive or unnecessary is called an intentional foul (flagrant foul in the NBA). In FIBA and NCAA women's basketball, a foul resulting in ejection is called a disqualifying foul, while in leagues other than the NBA, such a foul is referred to as flagrant.<br /> <br /> If a team exceeds a certain limit of team fouls in a given period (quarter or half) – four for NBA, NCAA women's, and international games – the opposing team is awarded one or two free throws on all subsequent non-shooting fouls for that period, the number depending on the league. In the US college men's game and high school games for both sexes, if a team reaches 7 fouls in a half, the opposing team is awarded one free throw, along with a second shot if the first is made. This is called shooting &quot;one-and-one&quot;. If a team exceeds 10 fouls in the half, the opposing team is awarded two free throws on all subsequent fouls for the half.<br /> <br /> When a team shoots foul shots, the opponents may not interfere with the shooter, nor may they try to regain possession until the last or potentially last free throw is in the air.<br /> <br /> After a team has committed a specified number of fouls, the other team is said to be &quot;in the bonus&quot;. On scoreboards, this is usually signified with an indicator light reading &quot;Bonus&quot; or &quot;Penalty&quot; with an illuminated directional arrow or dot indicating that team is to receive free throws when fouled by the opposing team. (Some scoreboards also indicate the number of fouls committed.)<br /> <br /> If a team misses the first shot of a two-shot situation, the opposing team must wait for the completion of the second shot before attempting to reclaim possession of the ball and continuing play.<br /> <br /> If a player is fouled while attempting a shot and the shot is unsuccessful, the player is awarded a number of free throws equal to the value of the attempted shot. A player fouled while attempting a regular two-point shot thus receives two shots, and a player fouled while attempting a three-point shot receives three shots.<br /> <br /> If a player is fouled while attempting a shot and the shot is successful, typically the player will be awarded one additional free throw for one point. In combination with a regular shot, this is called a &quot;three-point play&quot; or &quot;four-point play&quot; (or more colloquially, an &quot;and one&quot;) because of the basket made at the time of the foul (2 or 3 points) and the additional free throw (1 point).<br /> <br /> [[File:Foul plus basket.ogg|thumb|A foul committed during a shot attempt]]<br /> <br /> ==Common techniques and practices==<br /> <br /> ===Positions===<br /> {{main|Basketball positions}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Basketball positions.svg|thumb|upright=1.15|Basketball positions in the offensive zone]]<br /> Although the rules do not specify any positions whatsoever, they have evolved as part of basketball. During the early years of basketball's evolution, two guards, two forwards, and one center were used. In more recent times specific positions evolved, but the current trend, advocated by many top coaches including [[Mike Krzyzewski]], is towards positionless basketball, where big players are free to shoot from outside and dribble if their skill allows it.&lt;ref name=&quot;Positionless Basketball&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Marshall |first1=John |title=Positionless basketball taking hold in college |work=The Big Story |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/0af6adb8a9764142a1dae795bb22d6d3/positionless-basketball-taking-hold-college |access-date=November 18, 2014 |date=November 1, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129083230/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/0af6adb8a9764142a1dae795bb22d6d3/positionless-basketball-taking-hold-college |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Popular descriptions of positions include:<br /> <br /> [[Point guard]] (often called the &quot;'''1'''&quot;) : usually the fastest player on the team, organizes the team's offense by controlling the ball and making sure that it gets to the right player at the right time.<br /> <br /> [[Shooting guard]] (the &quot;'''2'''&quot;) : creates a high volume of shots on offense, mainly long-ranged; and guards the opponent's best perimeter player on defense.<br /> <br /> [[Small forward]] (the &quot;'''3'''&quot;) : often primarily responsible for scoring points via cuts to the basket and dribble penetration; on defense seeks rebounds and steals, but sometimes plays more actively.<br /> <br /> [[Power forward]] (the &quot;'''4'''&quot;): plays offensively often with their back to the basket; on defense, plays under the basket (in a zone defense) or against the opposing power forward (in [[man-to-man defense]]).<br /> <br /> [[Center (basketball)|Center]] (the &quot;'''5'''&quot;): uses height and size to score (on offense), to protect the basket closely (on defense), or to rebound.<br /> <br /> The above descriptions are flexible. For most teams today, the shooting guard and small forward have very similar responsibilities and are often called '''the wings''', as do the power forward and center, who are often called '''post players.''' While most teams describe two players as guards, two as forwards, and one as a center, on some occasions teams choose to call them by different designations.<br /> <br /> ===Strategy===<br /> {{main|Basketball playbook}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Bader defense vs bgsu (cropped).jpg|thumb|Defensive player guarding a specific player]]<br /> There are two main defensive strategies: ''zone defense'' and ''man-to-man defense''. In a [[zone defense]], each player is assigned to guard a specific area of the court. Zone defenses often allow the defense to double team the ball, a maneuver known as a '''trap'''. In a [[man-to-man defense]], each defensive player guards a specific opponent. <br /> <br /> Offensive plays are more varied, normally involving planned passes and movement by players without the ball. A quick movement by an offensive player without the ball to gain an advantageous position is known as a ''cut''. A legal attempt by an offensive player to stop an opponent from guarding a teammate, by standing in the defender's way such that the teammate cuts next to him, is a ''[[screen (basketball)|screen]]'' or ''pick''. The two plays are combined in the ''[[pick and roll]]'', in which a player sets a pick and then &quot;rolls&quot; away from the pick towards the basket. Screens and cuts are very important in offensive plays; these allow the quick passes and teamwork, which can lead to a successful basket. Teams almost always have several offensive plays planned to ensure their movement is not predictable. On court, the point guard is usually responsible for indicating which play will occur.<br /> <br /> ===Shooting===<br /> [[File:Navy Midshipmen women's basketball shot.jpg|thumb|upright|Player releases a short jump shot, while her defender is either knocked down, or trying to &quot;take a charge&quot;.]]<br /> <br /> Shooting is the act of attempting to score points by throwing the ball through the basket, methods varying with players and situations.<br /> <br /> Typically, a player faces the basket with both feet facing the basket. A player will rest the ball on the fingertips of the dominant hand (the shooting arm) slightly above the head, with the other hand supporting the side of the ball. The ball is usually shot by jumping (though not always) and extending the shooting arm. The shooting arm, fully extended with the wrist fully bent, is held stationary for a moment following the release of the ball, known as a ''follow-through''. Players often try to put a steady backspin on the ball to absorb its impact with the rim. The ideal trajectory of the shot is somewhat controversial, but generally a proper arc is recommended. Players may shoot directly into the basket or may use the backboard to redirect the ball into the basket.<br /> <br /> [[File:Basketball through hoop.jpg|thumb|left|Basketball falling through hoop]]<br /> <br /> The two most common shots that use the above described setup are the ''[[set shot (basketball)|set shot]]'' and the ''[[Jump shot (basketball)|jump shot]]''. Both are preceded by a crouching action which [[Isometric exercise#Isometric presses as preparation for explosive power movements|preloads]] the muscles and increases the power of the shot. In a set shot, the shooter straightens up and throws from a standing position with neither foot leaving the floor; this is typically used for free throws. For a jump shot, the throw is taken in mid-air with the ball being released near the top of the jump. This provides much greater power and range, and it also allows the player to elevate over the defender. Failure to release the ball before the feet return to the floor is considered a traveling violation.<br /> <br /> [[Image:Satnam Singh Bhamara.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Singh (left side) with the [[India men's national basketball team|Indian national team]] in 2013 scoring a right-sided layup.]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Duke and Wake Forest basketball game, 2025-03-03 Wake Forest Cooper Flagg dunking B.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Cooper Flagg]] (formerly of [[Duke Blue Devils men's basketball|Duke]]) getting a [[Slam dunk|dunk]] against [[Wake Forest Demon Deacons men's basketball|Wake Forest]] in 2025.]]<br /> <br /> <br /> Another common shot is called the ''[[layup]]''. This shot requires the player to be in motion toward the basket, and to &quot;lay&quot; the ball &quot;up&quot; and into the basket, typically off the backboard (the backboard-free, underhand version is called a ''[[finger roll]]''). The most crowd-pleasing and typically highest-percentage accuracy shot is the ''[[slam dunk]]'', in which the player jumps very high and throws the ball downward, through the basket while touching it.<br /> <br /> [[File:Dunk.gif|thumb|Slow-motion animation of a dunk]]<br /> <br /> Another shot, less common than the layup, is the &quot;circus shot&quot;. The circus shot is a low-percentage shot that is flipped, heaved, scooped, or flung toward the hoop while the shooter is off-balance, airborne, falling down or facing away from the basket. A back-shot is a shot taken when the player is facing away from the basket, and may be shot with the dominant hand, or both; but there is a very low chance that the shot will be successful.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 17, 2016 |title=WATCH: Curry pulls off circus shot and gets a foul |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/sports/11/17/16/watch-curry-pulls-off-circus-shot-and-gets-a-foul |access-date=January 8, 2021 |website=ABS-CBN News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A shot that misses both the rim and the backboard completely is referred to as an ''[[air ball]]''. A particularly bad shot, or one that only hits the backboard, is jocularly called a [[brick (basketball)|brick]]. The ''hang time'' is the length of time a player stays in the air after jumping, either to make a slam dunk, layup or jump shot.<br /> <br /> ===Rebounding===<br /> {{Main|Rebound (basketball)}}<br /> <br /> [[File:20130103 Offensive Rebound Glenn Robinson III rebound.jpg|upright|thumb|A player making an offensive rebound]]<br /> &lt;!-- There should be at least a paragraph or two here, in addition to the main article link. --&gt;<br /> The objective of rebounding is to successfully gain possession of the basketball after a missed field goal or free throw, as it rebounds from the hoop or backboard. This plays a major role in the game, as most possessions end when a team misses a shot. There are two categories of rebounds: offensive rebounds, in which the ball is recovered by the offensive side and does not change possession, and defensive rebounds, in which the defending team gains possession of the loose ball. The majority of rebounds are defensive, as the team on defense tends to be in better position to recover missed shots; for example, about 75% of rebounds in the NBA are defensive.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2022–23 NBA Season Summary |url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/leagues/NBA_2023.html |access-date=April 18, 2023 |website=Basketball-Reference.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Passing===<br /> &lt;!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[File:172808 480 art R0.jpg|thumb|left|[[Carlos Arroyo]] shown here with the [[Utah Jazz]], left, passes to a teammate.{{Deletable image-caption|2006-10-16|date=May 2012}} ]] --&gt;<br /> {{See also|Assist (basketball)}}<br /> A pass is a method of moving the ball between players. Most passes are accompanied by a step forward to increase power and are followed through with the hands to ensure accuracy.<br /> <br /> A staple pass is the ''chest pass''. The ball is passed directly from the passer's chest to the receiver's chest. A proper chest pass involves an outward snap of the thumbs to add velocity and leaves the defence little time to react.<br /> <br /> Another type of pass is the ''bounce pass''. Here, the passer bounces the ball crisply about two-thirds of the way from his own chest to the receiver. The ball strikes the court and bounces up toward the receiver. The bounce pass takes longer to complete than the chest pass, but it is also harder for the opposing team to intercept (kicking the ball deliberately is a violation). Thus, players often use the bounce pass in crowded moments, or to pass around a defender.<br /> <br /> The ''overhead pass'' is used to pass the ball over a defender. The ball is released while over the passer's head.<br /> <br /> The ''outlet pass'' occurs after a team gets a defensive rebound. The next pass after the rebound is the ''outlet pass''.<br /> <br /> The crucial aspect of any good pass is it being difficult to intercept. Good passers can pass the ball with great accuracy and they know exactly where each of their other teammates prefers to receive the ball. A special way of doing this is passing the ball without looking at the receiving teammate. This is called a ''no-look pass''.<br /> <br /> Another advanced style of passing is the ''behind-the-back pass'', which, as the description implies, involves throwing the ball behind the passer's back to a teammate. Although some players can perform such a pass effectively, many coaches discourage no-look or behind-the-back passes, believing them to be difficult to control and more likely to result in turnovers or violations.<br /> <br /> ===Dribbling===<br /> {{Main|Dribble}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Vishesh Bhriguvanshi.JPG|thumb|200px|left|Bhriguvashi dribbling the ball down the court.]]<br /> [[File:Army vs Navy Basketball game, 2004.jpg|thumb|upright|A U.S. Naval Academy (&quot;Navy&quot;) player, left, posts up a U.S. Military Academy (&quot;Army&quot;) defender.]]<br /> <br /> Dribbling is the act of bouncing the ball continuously with one hand and is a requirement for a player to take steps with the ball. To dribble, a player pushes the ball down towards the ground with the fingertips rather than patting it; this ensures greater control.<br /> <br /> When dribbling past an opponent, the dribbler should dribble with the hand farthest from the opponent, making it more difficult for the defensive player to get to the ball. It is therefore important for a player to be able to dribble competently with both hands.<br /> <br /> Good dribblers (or &quot;ball handlers&quot;) tend to keep their dribbling hand low to the ground, reducing the distance of travel of the ball from the floor to the hand, making it more difficult for the defender to &quot;steal&quot; the ball. Good ball handlers frequently dribble behind their backs, between their legs, and switch directions suddenly, making a less predictable dribbling pattern that is more difficult to defend against. This is called a [[crossover dribble|crossover]], which is the most effective way to move past defenders while dribbling.<br /> <br /> A skilled player can dribble without watching the ball, using the dribbling motion or [[peripheral vision]] to keep track of the ball's location. By not having to focus on the ball, a player can look for teammates or scoring opportunities, as well as avoid the danger of having someone steal the ball away from him/her.<br /> <br /> ===Blocking===<br /> {{Main|Block (basketball)}}<br /> <br /> A block is performed when, after a shot is attempted, a defender succeeds in altering the shot by touching the ball. In almost all variants of play, it is illegal to touch the ball after it is in the downward path of its arc; this is known as ''[[goaltending]]''. It is also illegal under NBA and Men's NCAA basketball to block a shot after it has touched the backboard, or when any part of the ball is directly above the rim. Under international rules it is illegal to block a shot that is in the downward path of its arc or one that has touched the backboard until the ball has hit the rim. After the ball hits the rim, it is again legal to touch it even though it is no longer considered as a block performed.<br /> <br /> To block a shot, a player has to be able to reach a point higher than where the shot is released. Thus, height can be an advantage in blocking. Players who are taller and playing the power forward or center positions generally record more blocks than players who are shorter and playing the guard positions. However, with good timing and a sufficiently high vertical leap, even shorter players can be effective shot blockers.<br /> <br /> ==Height==<br /> [[File:Joonas Suotamo.jpg|thumb|[[Joonas Suotamo]], a Finnish-American former professional center, is {{convert|6|ft|11|in|m|2}} tall. Many professional centers' heights exceed {{convert|7|ft|m|2}}.]]<br /> [[File:Yuki_Kawamura_2020-2021.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Yuki Kawamura]], a Japanese professional [[point guard]], is {{convert|5|ft|8|in|m|2}} tall. Many professional point guard's heights exceed {{convert|6|ft|m|2}}.]]<br /> At the professional level, most male players are above {{convert|6|ft|3|in|m|2}} and most women above {{convert|5|ft|7|in|m|2}}. Guards, for whom physical coordination and ball-handling skills are crucial, tend to be the smallest players. Almost all forwards in the top men's pro leagues are {{convert|6|ft|6|in|m|2}} or taller. Most centers are over {{convert|6|ft|10|in|m|2}} tall. According to a survey given to all NBA teams&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=What is the Average Height of NBA Players in 2026? &amp;#124; Lines | url=https://www.lines.com/guides/average-height-nba-players/1519 }}&lt;/ref&gt;, the average height of all NBA players with shoes on is around {{convert|6|ft|6|in|m|}}, although exaggeration of height is widespread.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Six NBA players whose listed heights could drastically drop when league reveals true measurements | date=September 26, 2019 | url=https://www.cbssports.com/nba/news/six-nba-players-whose-listed-heights-could-drastically-drop-when-league-reveals-true-measurements/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=ESPN: Love among NBA's 'height liars' | work=Bring Me The News | url=https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-sports/espn-love-among-nbas-height-liars }}&lt;/ref&gt; The average weight being close to {{convert|222|lb|kg}}. The tallest players ever in the NBA were [[Manute Bol]] and [[Gheorghe Mureșan]], who were both {{convert|7|ft|7|in|m|2}} tall. At {{convert|7|ft|2|in|m|2}}, [[Margo Dydek]] was the tallest player in the history of the WNBA.<br /> <br /> The shortest player ever to play in the NBA is [[Muggsy Bogues]] at {{convert|5|ft|3|in|m|2}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nba.com/playerfile/muggsy_bogues/bio.html |title=Muggsy Bogues Bio |work=NBA.com |access-date=July 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717083745/http://www.nba.com/playerfile/muggsy_bogues/bio.html |archive-date=July 17, 2010 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other average-height or relatively short players have thrived at the pro level, including [[Spud Webb|Anthony &quot;Spud&quot; Webb]], who was {{convert|5|ft|7|in|m}} tall, but had a {{convert|42|in|m|adj=on}} vertical leap, giving him significant height when jumping. There was also [[Yuki Kawamura]], who stood at 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m), found success with the [[Japan men's national basketball team]], with him averaging 20 points, 3 rebounds, and 7 assists with his team.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web<br /> | title = Yuki Kawamura – Japan – Player Profile, Men's Olympic Basketball Tournament Paris 2024<br /> | website = FIBA<br /> | url = https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/mens-olympic-basketball-tournament-paris-2024/teams/japan/249570-yuki-kawamura<br /> | access-date = November 17, 2025<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; His success with his national team led him to sign a [[Two-way contract|two-way]] deal with the [[Memphis Grizzlies]] of the NBA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web<br /> | title = Grizzlies Promote Yuki Kawamura to Two-Way Contract<br /> | website = NBA.com<br /> | publisher = Memphis Grizzlies<br /> | date = October 9, 2024<br /> | url = https://www.nba.com/grizzlies/news/grizzlies-promote-yuki-kawamura-to-two-way-contract<br /> | access-date = November 17, 2025<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lastly, [[Temeka Johnson]], who won the [[WNBA Rookie of the Year Award]] and a championship with the [[Phoenix Mercury]] while standing only {{convert|5|ft|3|in|m}}. While shorter players are often at a disadvantage in certain aspects of the game, their ability to navigate quickly through crowded areas of the court and steal the ball by reaching low is a strength.<br /> <br /> Players regularly inflate their height in high school or college. Many prospects exaggerate their height while in high school or college to make themselves more appealing to coaches and scouts, who prefer taller players. Charles Barkley stated; &quot;I've been measured at 6–5, 6-{{frac|4|3|4}}. But I started in college at 6–6.&quot; Sam Smith, a former writer from the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', said: &quot;We sort of know the heights, because after camp, the sheet comes out. But you use that height, and the player gets mad. And then you hear from his agent. Or you file your story with the right height, and the copy desk changes it because they have the 'official' N.B.A. media guide, which is wrong. So you sort of go along with the joke.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=Noah Liberman |title=When Height Becomes a Tall Tale |work=The New York Times |date=June 22, 2008 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/22/sports/basketball/22score.html |access-date=February 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613020602/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/22/sports/basketball/22score.html |archive-date=June 13, 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Since the [[2019–20 NBA season]] heights of NBA players are recorded definitively by measuring players with their shoes off.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=For years, some NBA players lied about their height. They can't anymore. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2019/09/27/years-some-nba-players-lied-about-their-height-they-cant-anymore/ |access-date=August 8, 2021 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Variations and similar games==<br /> {{Main|Variations of basketball}}<br /> <br /> Variations of basketball are activities based on the game of basketball, using common basketball skills and equipment (primarily the ball and basket). Some variations only have superficial rule changes, while others are distinct games with varying degrees of influence from basketball. Other variations include children's games, contests or activities meant to help players reinforce skills.<br /> <br /> An earlier version of basketball, played primarily by women and girls, was [[six-on-six basketball]]. [[Horseball]] is a game played on horseback where a ball is handled and points are scored by shooting it through a high net (approximately 1.5m×1.5m). The sport is like a combination of [[polo]], [[rugby football|rugby]], and basketball. There is even a form played on donkeys known as [[Donkey basketball]], which has attracted criticism from animal rights groups.<br /> <br /> === Half-court ===<br /> Perhaps the single most common variation of basketball is the half-court game, played in informal settings without referees or strict rules. Only one basket is used, and the ball must be &quot;taken back&quot; or &quot;cleared&quot; – passed or dribbled outside the three-point line each time possession of the ball changes from one team to the other. Half-court games require less [[cardiovascular]] stamina, since players need not run back and forth a full court. Half-court raises the number of players that can use a court or, conversely, can be played if there is an insufficient number to form full 5-on-5 teams.<br /> <br /> [[File:Basketball pictogram.svg|thumb|120px|Olympic pictogram for basketball]]<br /> Half-court basketball is usually played 1-on-1, 2-on-2 or 3-on-3. The last of these variations is gradually gaining official recognition as [[3x3 (basketball)|3x3]], originally known as FIBA 33. It was first tested at the [[2007 Asian Indoor Games]] in [[Macau]] and the first official tournaments were held at the [[2009 Asian Youth Games]] and the [[2010 Youth Olympics]], both in Singapore. The first FIBA 3x3 Youth World Championships&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://rimini2011.fiba.com/ |title=2011 3x3 Youth World Championship |work=[[FIBA.com]] |date=September 11, 2011 |access-date=November 22, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113155323/http://rimini2011.fiba.com/ |archive-date=November 13, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; were held in [[Rimini]], Italy in [[2011 FIBA 3x3 Youth World Championships|2011]], with the first [[FIBA 3x3 World Championships]] for senior teams following [[2012 FIBA 3x3 World Championships|a year later]] in [[Athens]]. The sport is highly tipped to become an [[Olympic sport]] as early as [[2016 Summer Olympics|2016]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Thomas |first=Vincent |title=3-on-3 basketball might become big time? |work=[[ESPN]] |access-date=January 11, 2011 |url=https://www.espn.com/espn/page2/index?id=5587987 |publisher=[[ESPN Internet Ventures]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201123011/http://espn.go.com/espn/page2/index?id=5587987 |archive-date=February 1, 2013 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the summer of 2017, the [[BIG3]] basketball league, a professional 3x3 half court basketball league that features former NBA players, began. The BIG3 features several rule variants including a [[four-point field goal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nba/2017/06/25/big3-3-on-3-league-begins-with-a-game-winner-and-an-injury/103184926/ |title=Big3 begins: Ice Cube's new 3-on-3 league starts with a bang |publisher=[[Gannett]] |author=AP |author-link=Associated Press |date=June 26, 2017 |access-date=September 29, 2019 |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210151311/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nba/2017/06/25/big3-3-on-3-league-begins-with-a-game-winner-and-an-injury/103184926/ |archive-date=December 10, 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Other variations ===<br /> Variations of basketball with their own page or subsection include:<br /> <br /> {{colbegin|colwidth=15em}}<br /> * '''[[Twenty-one (basketball)|21]]''' (also known as '''American''', '''cutthroat''' and '''roughhouse''')&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Basketball and Baseball Games: For the Driveway, Field Or the Alleyway |author=Eric Shanburn |publisher=AuthorHouse |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4343-8912-1 |access-date=June 29, 2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Q7XhPnbT70C&amp;q=basketball+cutthroat+21&amp;pg=PA35}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''[[Variations of basketball#42|42]]'''<br /> * '''[[Around the World (basketball)|Around the World]]'''<br /> * '''[[Variations of basketball#Bounce|Bounce]]'''<br /> * '''[[Variations of basketball#Firing Squad|Firing Squad]]'''<br /> * '''[[Variations of basketball#Fives|Fives]]'''<br /> * '''[[H-O-R-S-E]]'''<br /> * '''[[Hotshot (game)|Hotshot]]'''<br /> * '''[[Knockout (game)|Knockout]]'''<br /> * '''[[Variations of basketball#One-shot conquer|One-shot conquer]]'''<br /> * '''[[Variations of basketball#Steal The Bacon|Steal The Bacon]]'''<br /> * '''[[Variations of basketball#Tip-it|Tip-it]]'''<br /> * '''[[Variations of basketball#Tips|Tips]]'''<br /> * '''[[Variations of basketball#&quot;The One&quot;|&quot;The One&quot;]]'''<br /> * '''[[Variations of basketball#War|Basketball War]]'''<br /> * '''[[Water basketball]]'''<br /> * '''[[Beach basketball]]'''<br /> * '''[[Streetball]]'''<br /> {{colend}}<br /> * '''One-on-one''' is a variation in which two players will use only a small section of the court (often no more than a half of a court) and compete to play the ball into a single hoop. Such games tend to emphasize individual dribbling and ball stealing skills over shooting and team play.<br /> * '''Dunk Hoops''' is a variation played on basketball hoops with lowered (under basketball regulation 10 feet) rims. It originated when the popularity of the slam dunk grew and was developed to create better chances for dunks with lowered rims and using altered [[goaltending]] rules.<br /> * '''Unicycle basketball''' is played using a regulation basketball on a regular basketball court with the same rules, for example, one must dribble the ball while riding. There are a number of rules that are particular to unicycle basketball as well, for example, a player must have at least one foot on a pedal when in-bounding the ball. Unicycle basketball is usually played using 24&quot; or smaller unicycles, and using plastic pedals, both to preserve the court and the players' shins. Popular unicycle basketball games are organized in North America.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://bayarea.comcastsportsnet.com/UncoveredVid.jsp?bcpid=1274025926&amp;bclid=1313706243&amp;bctid=1432781480 |title=Comcast SportsNet Feature about Berkeley Unicycle Basketball |access-date=April 7, 2020}}{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Variations of basketball#More distantly related games|Spin-offs from basketball]] that are now separate sports include:<br /> * '''[[Ringball]]''', a traditional South African sport that stems from basketball, has been played since 1907. The sport is now promoted in South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Lesotho, India, and Mauritius to establish Ringball as an international sport.<br /> * '''[[Korfball]]''' (Dutch: Korfbal, ''korf'' meaning 'basket') started in the Netherlands and is now played worldwide as a mixed-gender team ball game, similar to mixed netball and basketball.<br /> * '''[[Netball]]''' is a limited-contact team sport in which two teams of seven try to score points against one another by placing a ball through a high hoop. Australia New Zealand champions (so called ANZ Championship) is very famous in Australia and New Zealand as the premier netball league. Formerly played exclusively by women, netball today features mixed-gender competitions.<br /> * '''[[Slamball]]''', invented by television writer Mason Gordon, is a full-contact sport featuring [[trampolines]]. The main difference from basketball is the court; below the padded rim and [[backboard (basketball)|backboard]] are four trampolines set into the floor, which serve to propel players to great heights for [[slam dunk]]s. The rules also permit some physical contact between the members of the four-player teams. Professional games of Slamball aired on [[Spike TV]] in 2002, and the sport has since expanded to China and other countries.<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;160px&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Dan Hadani collection (990044347560205171).jpg|A basketball player in Israel, 1969<br /> File:Girls play basketball in Dharmsala, India.jpg|Schoolgirls shooting hoops among the [[Himalaya]]s in [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]], India.<br /> File:Sân trường THPT Phan Đình Phùng, Hà Nội.JPG|A basketball training course at the Phan Đình Phùng High School, [[Hanoi]], Vietnam<br /> File:MECVOLLEYBALL GROUND.JPG|A basketball court in [[Tamil Nadu]], India<br /> File:Kevyen liikenteen väylä Baana - G8537 - hkm.HKMS000005-km0000n5j4.jpg|A basketball court on [[Baana]] - [[Helsinki]], Finland. <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Social forms of basketball==<br /> [[File:BasketballHoop.jpg|thumb|Typical privately owned basketball hoop|alt=]]<br /> <br /> Basketball as a social and communal sport features environments, rules and demographics different from those seen in professional and televised basketball.<br /> <br /> === Recreational basketball ===<br /> Basketball is played widely as an extracurricular, intramural or amateur sport in schools and colleges. Notable institutions of recreational basketball include:<br /> * '''Basketball schools and academies''', where students are trained in developing basketball fundamentals, undergo fitness and endurance exercises and learn various basketball skills. Basketball students learn proper ways of passing, ball handling, dribbling, shooting from various distances, rebounding, offensive moves, defense, [[layup]]s, screens, basketball rules and basketball ethics. Also popular are the basketball camps organized for various occasions, often to get prepared for basketball events, and basketball clinics for improving skills.<br /> * '''College and university basketball''' played in educational institutions of higher learning. This includes [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] (NCAA) intercollegiate basketball.<br /> <br /> === Disabled basketball ===<br /> * '''[[Deaf basketball]]''': One of several deaf sports, deaf basketball relies on signing for communication. The purpose of many deaf sporting events is to serve as a catalyst for the socialization of a low-incidence and geographically dispersed population.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Stewart |first=David Alan |title=Deaf Sport: the Impact of Sports within the Deaf Community |publisher=[[Gallaudet University Press]] |year=1991 |url=https://archive.org/details/deafsportimpacto00stew |url-access=registration |pages=[https://archive.org/details/deafsportimpacto00stew/page/234 234] |isbn=9780930323745}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''[[Wheelchair basketball]]''': A sport based on basketball but designed for [[disability|disabled]] people in [[wheelchair]]s. It is considered one of the major [[disabled sports]] and is an [[Wheelchair basketball at the Summer Paralympics|Olympic event]].<br /> <br /> === Other forms ===<br /> * '''[[Biddy basketball]]''' played by minors, sometimes in formal tournaments, around the globe.<br /> * '''[[Midnight basketball]]''', an initiative to curb inner-city crime in the United States and elsewhere by engaging youth in urban areas with sports as an alternative to drugs and crime.<br /> * '''[[Rezball]]''', short for reservation ball, is the avid [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] following of basketball, particularly a style of play particular to Native American teams of some areas.<br /> <br /> ==Fantasy basketball==<br /> {{Main|Fantasy basketball}}<br /> <br /> '''[[Fantasy basketball]]''' was popularized during the 1990s by [[ESPN]] Fantasy Sports, [[NBA.com]], and [[Yahoo!]] Fantasy Sports. On the model of [[fantasy baseball]] and [[Fantasy football (gridiron)|football]], players create fictional teams, select professional basketball players to &quot;play&quot; on these teams through a mock draft or trades, then calculate points based on the players' real-world performance.<br /> <br /> === Basics of fantasy basketball ===<br /> <br /> # '''League Setup''':<br /> #* You can join public leagues or create private leagues with friends.<br /> #* Popular platforms include ESPN, Yahoo Sports, Sleeper, and Fantrax.<br /> # '''Draft''':<br /> #* A draft (snake or auction) is held at the beginning of the season.<br /> #* Participants select NBA players to form their teams.<br /> # '''Scoring Formats''':<br /> #* '''Points League''': Players earn points based on specific stats (e.g., 2 points per rebound, 1.5 points per assist).<br /> #* '''Categories League''': Teams compete in specific categories (e.g., best in assists, steals).<br /> #* '''Rotisserie (Roto)''': Teams rank in each category, and rankings are combined to determine the overall score.<br /> # '''Roster Management''':<br /> #* Teams set lineups daily or weekly, determining which players' stats will count.<br /> #* You can trade players, pick up free agents, or drop underperforming players.<br /> # '''Playoffs''':<br /> #* At the end of the regular NBA season, fantasy leagues often have playoffs to determine the champion.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{For outline|Outline of basketball}}<br /> {{Portal|Basketball|Sports}}<br /> * [[Basketball moves]]<br /> * [[Basketball National League]]<br /> * [[Continental Basketball Association]]<br /> * [[Glossary of basketball terms]]<br /> * [[Index of basketball-related articles]]<br /> * [[List of basketball films]]<br /> * [[List of basketball leagues]]<br /> * [[Timeline of women's basketball]]<br /> * [[ULEB]], Union des Ligues Européennes de Basket, in English Union of European Leagues of Basketball<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> === Citations ===<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ===General references===<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{cite web |author=National Basketball Association |year=2014 |url=https://turnernbahangtime.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/2014-15-nba-rule-book.pdf |title=Official Rules of the National Basketball Association |access-date=March 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130744/https://turnernbahangtime.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/2014-15-nba-rule-book.pdf |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |url-status=dead}}<br /> * {{cite book |date=June 2004 |title=Official Basketball Rules |author=International Basketball Federation |url=http://www.fiba.com/asp_includes/download.asp?file_id=327 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051222011459/http://www.fiba.com/asp_includes/download.asp?file_id=327 |archive-date=December 22, 2005 }}<br /> * {{cite journal |first=Anthony |last=Reimer |date=June 2005 |title=FIBA vs North American Rules Comparison |journal=FIBA Assist |issue=14 |pages=40–44 |url=http://www.fiba.com/asp_includes/download.asp?file_id=518 |access-date=January 11, 2006 |archive-date=January 29, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129161522/http://www.fiba.com/asp_includes/download.asp?file_id=518 |url-status=dead}}<br /> * {{cite web |author=Bonsor, Kevin |url=http://health.howstuffworks.com/basketball2.htm |title=How Basketball Works: Who's Who |work=HowStuffWorks |date=March 10, 2003 |access-date=January 11, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060101034243/http://health.howstuffworks.com/basketball2.htm |archive-date=January 1, 2006 |url-status=live}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Adolph H |first=Grundman |year=2004 |title=The golden age of amateur basketball: the AAU Tournament, 1921–1968 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kHVGigFqcNkC&amp;q=Basketball&amp;pg=PP1 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=0-8032-7117-4}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Batchelor |first=Bob |year=2005 |title=Basketball in America: from the playgrounds to Jordan's game and beyond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v8r__pvCopgC&amp;q=history%20of%20Basketball&amp;pg=PP1 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7890-1613-3}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Donald H |year=2007 |title=A Basketball Handbook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJmsqtj-rh4C&amp;q=history%20of%20Basketball&amp;pg=PP1 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4259-6190-9}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Coleman |first=Brian&lt;!-- Author is per the title page of the book; Google Books seems to have gotten it wrong. --&gt; |year=1991 |title=All You Wanted to Know About Basketball |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FMbE6oVIP-0C |publisher=Sterling publishing |isbn=81-207-2576-X}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Grundy |first=Pamela |author2=Susan Shackelford |year=2005 |title=Shattering the glass: the remarkable history of women's basketball |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfS_3MUPBXoC&amp;q=history%20of%20Basketball&amp;pg=PP1 |publisher=New Press |isbn=1-56584-822-5}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Herzog |first=Brad |year=2003 |title=Hoopmania: The Book of Basketball History and Trivia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oH8uK4Sn_BoC&amp;q=history%20of%20Basketball&amp;pg=PP1 |publisher=Rosen Pub. Group |isbn=0-8239-3697-X}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Naismith |first=James |year=1941 |title=Basketball: its origin and development |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yDKtaGdhZncC&amp;q=James%20Naismith&amp;pg=PP1 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=0-8032-8370-9}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Simmons |first=Bill |year=2009 |title=The book of basketball: the NBA according to the sports guy |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofbasketball00simm |url-access=registration |quote=history of Basketball. |publisher=Ballantine/ESPN Books |isbn=978-0-345-51176-8}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> &lt;!-- {{No more links}}<br /> <br /> Please be cautious adding more external links.<br /> <br /> Wikipedia is not a collection of links and should not be used for advertising.<br /> <br /> Excessive or inappropriate links will be removed.<br /> <br /> See [[Wikipedia:External links]] and [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details.<br /> <br /> If there are already suitable links, propose additions or replacements on<br /> the article's talk page, or submit your link to the relevant category at<br /> the &quot;long dead (2017)&quot; Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) and link there using {{Dmoz}}.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> {{Sister project links|voy=no}}<br /> {{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes}}<br /> &lt;!-- Please be selective when adding links, see talk page for more info. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Historical===<br /> * [http://www.hoophall.com/ Basketball Hall of Fame – Springfield, MA]<br /> * [http://naismithbasketballfoundation.com/ National Basketball Foundation]{{snd}}runs the Naismith Museum in Ontario<br /> * [http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/sgc-cms/histoires_de_chez_nous-community_memories/pm_v2.php?id=story_line&amp;lg=English&amp;fl=0&amp;ex=00000534&amp;sl=4146&amp;pos=1 Hometown Sports Heroes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402200708/http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/sgc-cms/histoires_de_chez_nous-community_memories/pm_v2.php?id=story_line&amp;lg=English&amp;fl=0&amp;ex=00000534&amp;sl=4146&amp;pos=1 |date=April 2, 2015 }}<br /> <br /> ===Organizations===<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100626134909/http://www.olympic.org/uk/sports/programme/index_uk.asp?SportCode=BK Basketball at the Olympic Games]<br /> * [https://www.fiba.basketball International Basketball Federation]<br /> * [http://www.nba.com/ National Basketball Association]<br /> * [http://www.wnba.com/ Women's National Basketball Association]<br /> * [http://www.cbahoopsonline.com/ Continental Basketball Association (oldest professional basketball league in the world)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330211322/http://www.cbahoopsonline.com/ |date=March 30, 2019 }}<br /> * [http://www.nwba.org/ National Wheelchair Basketball Association]<br /> <br /> ===Other sources===<br /> * [https://www.britannica.com/sports/basketball &quot;Basketball&quot;]. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' Online.<br /> * [http://www.eurobasket.com/ Eurobasket website]<br /> * [https://www.basketball-reference.com/ Basketball-Reference.com: Basketball Statistics, Analysis and History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222214347/http://www.basketball-reference.com/ |date=February 22, 2011 }}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100902041518/http://www.ontarioplaques.com/Plaques_JKL/Plaque_Lanark03.html Ontario's Historical Plaques – Dr. James Naismith (1861–1939)]<br /> <br /> {{basketball}}<br /> {{Navboxes<br /> |title= Articles related to basketball<br /> |titlestyle = background:#ccccff<br /> |list =<br /> {{FIBA navbox}}<br /> {{International basketball}}<br /> {{International basketball (Women)}}<br /> {{Men's professional basketball leagues}}<br /> {{Women's professional basketball leagues}}<br /> {{Team Sport}}<br /> {{Summer Olympic sports}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Basketball| ]]<br /> [[Category:Articles containing video clips]]<br /> [[Category:Ball games]]<br /> [[Category:Games and sports introduced in 1891]]<br /> [[Category:Sports originating in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Summer Olympic sports]]<br /> [[Category:Team sports]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations&diff=446409 2026-03-05T23:02:07Z

<p>Igornhx: typo fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{protection padlock|small=yes}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox bilateral relations|India–Pakistan|Pakistan|India|filetype=svg<br /> |mission1= [[High Commission of Pakistan, New Delhi]]<br /> |mission2=[[High Commission of India, Islamabad]]<br /> |envoytitle1= Ambassador<br /> |envoy1= Saad Ahmad Warraich<br /> |envoytitle2= Ambassador<br /> |envoy2= Geetika Srivastava<br /> |map=Pakistan India Locator 2.png<br /> }}<br /> [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] have a complex and largely hostile relationship that is rooted in a multitude of historical and political events, most notably the [[Partition of India|partition of British India]] in August 1947.<br /> <br /> Two years after [[World War II]], the [[United Kingdom]] formally dissolved [[British Raj|British India]], dividing it into two new sovereign nations: the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]]. The partitioning of the former British colony resulted in the displacement of up to 15 million people, with the death toll estimated to have reached between several hundred thousand and one million people as [[Hindus]] and [[Muslims]] migrated in opposite directions across the [[Radcliffe Line]] to reach India and Pakistan, respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp=221–222}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1950, India emerged as a [[secularism in India|secular republic]] with a [[Hinduism in India|Hindu-majority population]]. Shortly afterwards, in 1956, Pakistan emerged as an [[Islamic republic]] with a [[Islam in Pakistan|Muslim-majority population]].<br /> <br /> While the two [[South Asian]] countries established full diplomatic ties shortly after their formal independence, their relationship was quickly overshadowed by the mutual effects of the partition as well as by the emergence of conflicting territorial claims over various [[princely state]]s, with the most significant dispute being that of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Since 1947, India and Pakistan have fought [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|three major wars and one undeclared war]], and have also engaged in numerous armed skirmishes and military standoffs; the [[Kashmir conflict]] has served as the catalyst for every war between the two states, with the exception of the [[India–Pakistan war of 1971]], which instead occurred alongside the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], which saw the secession of [[East Pakistan]] as the independent country of [[Bangladesh]]. It resulted in a large displacement of Pakistan's [[Hinduism in Pakistan|Hindu minority]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/area_pop/area_pop.html |title=Area, Population, Density and Urban/Rural Proportion by Administrative Units |publisher=Ministry of Economic Affairs and Statistics, Statistics Division |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222185234/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/area_pop/area_pop.html |archive-date=22 December 2010 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cavendish2006&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Marshall Cavendish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C&amp;pg=PA396 |title=World and Its Peoples |date=September 2006 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-7571-2 |page=396}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[India–Pakistan border]] is one of the most militarized international boundaries in the world. There have been numerous attempts to improve the relationship, notably with the 1972 [[Simla Agreement|Shimla summit]], 1999 [[Lahore Declaration|Lahore summit]], and the 2001 [[Agra summit]] in addition to various peace and co-operation initiatives. Despite those efforts, relations between the countries have remained frigid as a result of repeated acts of cross-border terrorism sponsored by the Pakistani side and alleged subversive acts sponsored by India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Ups the Ante With India on Terrorism |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/12/pakistan-ups-the-ante-with-india-on-terrorism/ |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The lack of any political advantages on either side for pursuing better relations has resulted in a period of &quot;minimalist engagement&quot; by both countries. This allows them to keep a &quot;[[cold peace]]&quot; with each other.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The age of minimalism in India-Pakistan ties |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-age-of-minimalism-in-india-pakistan-ties/article66108192.ece |work=The Hindu |date=7 November 2022 |access-date=8 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[North India|Northern India]] and most of modern-day eastern Pakistan overlap with each other in terms of their common [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan demographic]], natively speaking a variety of [[Indo-Aryan languages]] (mainly [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], and [[Hindustani language|Hindi–Urdu]]). Although the two countries have linguistic and cultural ties, the size of India–Pakistan trade is very small relative to the size of their economies and the fact that they share a land border.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/pakistan-india-trade-what-needs-to-be-done-what-does-it-matter Pakistan-India Trade: What Needs to Be Done? What Does It Matter?] Asia Centre Program. ''The Wilson Centre''. Accessed 1 March 2022.&lt;/ref&gt; Trade across direct routes has been curtailed formally,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Nisha Taneja (Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations)|author2=Shaheen Rafi Khan |author3=Moeed Yusuf |author4=Shahbaz Bokhari |author5=Shoaib Aziz |title=''Chapter 4: India–Pakistan Trade: The View from the Indian Side'' (p. 72-77) ''Chapter 5: Quantifying Informal Trade Between Pakistan and India'' (p. 87-104) |editor=Zareen Fatima Naqvi and Philip Schuler |website=The Challenges and Potential of Pakistan-India Trade |date=January 2007 |publisher=(The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, June 2007) |access-date=29 August 2012 |url=https://nub.academia.edu/NishaAkter/Papers/910718/The_Challenges_and_Potential_of_Pakistan-India_Trade }}&lt;/ref&gt; so the bulk of India–Pakistan trade is routed through [[Dubai]] in the Middle East.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ahmed |last2=Ghani |first1=Sadiq |first2=Ejaz |title=''South Asia's Growth and Regional Integration: An Overview'' |page=33 |website=World Bank |access-date=29 August 2012 |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/Publications/448813-1171648504958/SAR_integration_overview.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to a [[BBC World Service]] poll in 2017, only 5% of Indians view Pakistan's influence positively, with 85% expressing a negative view, while 11% of Pakistanis view India's influence positively, with 62% expressing a negative view.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC_Poll&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=2017 BBC World Service Global Poll|url=http://www.globescan.com/images/images/pressreleases/bbc2017_country_ratings/BBC2017_Country_Ratings_Poll.pdf|publisher=BBC World Service|access-date=4 August 2017|archive-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608143515/https://globescan.com/images/images/pressreleases/bbc2017_country_ratings/BBC2017_Country_Ratings_Poll.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Country comparison ==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |<br /> ! '''Republic of India'''<br /> ! '''Islamic Republic of Pakistan'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''Flag'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | {{Flagicon|IND|size=125px}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | {{Flagicon|PAK|size=125px}}<br /> |-<br /> | '''Population'''<br /> | 1,428,627,663<br /> | 241,599,431<br /> |-<br /> | '''Area'''<br /> | {{convert|3,287,263|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<br /> | {{convert|881,913|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<br /> |-<br /> | '''Population Density'''<br /> | {{convert|432.3|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}<br /> | {{convert|273.8|/sqkm|/sqmi|abbr=on}}<br /> |-<br /> | '''Capital'''<br /> | [[New Delhi]]<br /> | [[Islamabad]]<br /> |-<br /> | '''Largest City'''<br /> | [[Mumbai]] – 12,442,373 (18,414,288 Metro)<br /> | [[Karachi]] – 18,868,021 (20,382,881 Metro)<br /> |-<br /> | '''Government'''<br /> | [[Federalism|Federal]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] constitutional republic <br /> | [[Federalism|Federal]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[Islamic republic]]<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> | '''Current Leaders'''<br /> | [[Droupadi Murmu]] (President)&lt;br&gt;[[Narendra Modi]] (Prime minister)<br /> | [[Asif Ali Zardari]] (President) &lt;br&gt; [[Shehbaz Sharif]] (Prime minister)<br /> |-<br /> | '''Official languages'''<br /> | [[English language|English]] and [[Hindi]]<br /> | [[English language|English]] and [[Urdu]]<br /> |-<br /> | '''GDP ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])'''<br /> | <br /> *[[United States dollar|US$]]17.647 trillion<br /> **$12,132 [[per capita]]<br /> | <br /> *US$1.58 trillion<br /> **$6,287 per capita<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> === Pre-partition era ===<br /> {{See also|Northwest India#History}}[[File:British_troops_crossing_the_Sutlej_(Punjab)_in_boats._10_February_1846.jpg|thumb|British troops crossing the [[Sutlej|Sutlej river]] in 1846 during the [[first Anglo-Sikh war]]. By 1849, Punjab [[Second Anglo-Sikh War|was annexed]]]]<br /> Most of the pre-British invasions into India (the [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim conquests]] having been the most impactful) took place from the northwest through the modern-day territory of Pakistan. This geography meant that Pakistan absorbed more [[Indo-Persian culture|Persian and Muslim influences]] than the rest of the subcontinent, which can be seen in its usage of a modified [[Perso-Arabic alphabet]] for writing its native languages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Details for: South Asia's geography of conflict / › ACKU catalog |url=https://archive.af/bib/35886 |access-date=20 December 2024 |website=archive.af}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the 1840s, [[British conquest of Sindh|Sindh]], [[Kashmir]], and [[British conquest of Punjab|Punjab]], which are along today's India–Pakistan border, were annexed into British India. British historian [[John Keay]] notes that while the rest of British India had generally been consolidated through treaties and more nonviolent means, much of what is now Pakistan [[Military history of Pakistan#British annexation|had to be physically conquered]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shaikh |first=Dr Muhammad Ali |date=31 October 2021 |title=HISTORY: THE BRITISH CONQUEST OF SINDH |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1655098 |access-date=20 December 2024 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; By the early 20th century, the [[Pakistan Movement]] had emerged, demanding a separate nation for Indian Muslims carved out of the northwestern and northeastern regions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |title=The Creation of Pakistan |date=2017-11-20 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History |url=https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-114 |access-date=2025-04-24 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.114 |isbn=978-0-19-027772-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Seeds of conflict during independence===<br /> {{Main|Partition of India}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Mahatma Gandhi and Jinnah having a difference of opinion.jpg|thumb|[[Jinnah]] and [[Gandhi]] engaged in a heated conversation. A well-known photograph recently attributed to [[Kulwant Roy]].|left]]<br /> [[Population transfer|Massive population exchanges]] occurred between the two newly formed states in the months immediately following the partition. There was no conception that population transfers would be necessary because of the partitioning. Religious minorities were expected to stay put in the states they found themselves residing in. However, while an exception was made for Punjab, where the transfer of populations was organised because of the communal violence affecting the province, this did not apply to other provinces.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5c9ta97GeoC&amp;pg=PA40|title=The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories|author=Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali Zamindar|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-231-13847-5|pages=40–|quote=Second, it was feared that if an exchange of populations was agreed to in principle in Punjab, ' there was the likelihood of trouble breaking out in other parts of the subcontinent to force Muslims in the Indian Dominion to move to Pakistan. If that happened, we would find ourselves with inadequate land and other resources to support the influx.' Punjab could set a very dangerous precedent for the rest of the subcontinent. Given that Muslims in the rest of India, some 42 million, formed a population larger than the entire population of West Pakistan at the time, economic rationality eschewed such a forced migration. However, in divided Punjab, millions of people were already on the move, and the two governments had to respond to this mass movement. Thus, despite these important reservations, the establishment of the MEO led to an acceptance of a 'transfer of populations' in divided Punjab, too, 'to give a sense of security' to ravaged communities on both sides. A statement of the Indian government's position of such a transfer across divided Punjab was made in the legislature by Neogy on November 18, 1947. He stated that although the Indian government's policy was 'to discourage mass migration from one province to another.' Punjab was to be an exception. In the rest of the subcontinent migrations were not to be on a planned basis, but a matter of individual choice. This exceptional character of movements across divided Punjab needs to be emphasized, for the agreed and 'planned evacuations' by the two governments formed the context of those displacements.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAkarK3gLDgC&amp;pg=PA149|title=The Making of the Modern Refugee|author=Peter Gatrell|date=2013|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-967416-9|pages=149–|quote=Notwithstanding the accumulated evidence of inter-communal tension, the signatories to the agreement that divided the Raj did not expect the transfer of power and the partition of India to be accompanied by a mass movement of population. Partition was conceived as a means of preventing migration on a large scale because the borders would be adjusted instead. Minorities need not be troubled by the new configuration. As Pakistan's first Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, affirmed, 'the division of India into Pakistan and India Dominions was based on the principle that minorities will stay where they were and that the two states will afford all protection to them as citizens of the respective states'.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:A refugee special train at Ambala Station during partition of India.jpg|thumb|A refugee special train at Ambala Station during the partition of India]]<br /> The partition of British India split the former [[Punjab Province (British India)|British province of Punjab]] and [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] between the [[Dominion of India]] and the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. The mostly Muslim western part of the province became Pakistan's [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab province]]; the mostly Hindu and Sikh eastern part became India's East Punjab state (later divided into the new states of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]]). Many Hindus and Sikhs lived in the west, and many Muslims lived in the east, and the fears of all such minorities were so great that the Partition saw many people displaced and much inter-communal violence. Some have described the violence in Punjab as a retributive genocide.&lt;ref name=&quot;washedu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf|title=The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes|access-date=19 December 2006|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414111514/http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Total migration across Punjab during the partition is estimated at 12 million people;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Zamindar|first=Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali|title=India–Pakistan Partition 1947 and forced migration|publisher=Wiley Online Library|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4443-3489-0|quote=&quot;Some 12 million people were displaced in the divided province of Punjab alone, and up to 20 million in the subcontinent as a whole.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; around 6.5 million Muslims moved from East Punjab to West Punjab, and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs moved from West Punjab to East Punjab.<br /> <br /> According to the British plan for the partition of British India, all the 680 [[princely states]] were allowed to decide which of the two countries to join. With the exception of a few, most of the Muslim-majority princely-states acceded to Pakistan while most of the Hindu-majority princely states joined India. However, the decisions of some of the princely states would shape the Pakistan–India relationship considerably in the years to come.<br /> <br /> ====Junagadh issue====<br /> {{Main|Annexation of Junagadh}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Map GujDist Saurastra.png|thumb|upright=1.2|right|Junagadh is one of the modern districts of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], Gujarat]]<br /> [[Junagadh]] was a state on the south-western end of [[Gujarat]], with the principalities of [[Manavadar]], [[Mangrol State|Mangrol]] and [[Babariawad|Babriawad]]. It was not contiguous to Pakistan and other states physically separated it from Pakistan. The state had an overwhelming Hindu population which constituted more than 80% of its citizens, while its ruler, [[Nawab of Junagadh|Nawab]] [[Muhammad Mahabat Khanji III|Mahabat Khan]], was a Muslim. Mahabat Khan acceded to Pakistan on 15 August 1947. Pakistan confirmed the acceptance of the accession on 15 September 1947.<br /> <br /> India did not accept the accession as legitimate. The Indian point of view was that Junagadh was not contiguous to Pakistan, that the Hindu majority of Junagadh wanted it to be a part of India, and that the state was surrounded by Indian territory on three sides.<br /> <br /> The Pakistani point of view was that since Junagadh had a ruler and governing body who chose to accede to Pakistan, it should be allowed to do so. Also, because Junagadh had a coastline, it could have maintained maritime links with Pakistan even as an [[enclave]] within India.<br /> [[File:Partition of India 1947 en.svg|thumb|The [[partition of India]]: green regions were all part of Pakistan by 1948, and orange ones part of India.]]<br /> Neither of the states was able to resolve this issue amicably and it only added fuel to an already charged environment. [[Sardar Patel]], India's [[Home Minister]], felt that if Junagadh was permitted to go to Pakistan, it would create communal unrest across Gujarat. The government of India gave Pakistan time to void the accession and hold a [[plebiscite]] in Junagadh to pre-empt any violence in Gujarat. [[Samaldas Gandhi]] formed a government-in-exile, the ''Arzi Hukumat'' (in [[Urdu]]: ''Arzi'': Transitional, ''Hukumat'': Government) of the people of Junagadh. Patel ordered the annexation of Junagadh's three principalities.<br /> <br /> India [[blockade|cut off]] supplies of fuel and coal to Junagadh, severed air and postal links, sent troops to the frontier, and occupied the [[principality|principalities]] of Mangrol and Babariawad that had acceded to India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Lumby|1954|p=238}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 26 October, Nawab of Junagadh and his family fled to Pakistan following clashes with Indian troops. On 7 November, Junagadh's court, facing collapse, invited the Government of India to take over the State's administration. The Dewan of Junagadh, Sir [[Shah Nawaz Bhutto]], the father of [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]], decided to invite the [[Government of India]] to intervene and wrote a letter to Mr. Buch, the Regional Commissioner of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] in the Government of India to this effect.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hellojunagadh.com/history_letter.aspx |title=Letter Inviting India to Intervene |access-date=16 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326005939/http://www.hellojunagadh.com/history_letter.aspx |archive-date=26 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Government of Pakistan]] protested. The Government of India rejected the protests of Pakistan and accepted the invitation of the Dewan to intervene.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Lumby|1954|pp=238–239}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indian troops occupied Junagadh on 9 November 1947. In February 1948, a [[plebiscite]] held almost unanimously voted for accession to India.<br /> <br /> ====Kashmir conflict====<br /> {{Main|Kashmir conflict}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Kashmir_region._LOC_2003626427_-_showing_sub-regions_administered_by_different_countries.jpg|thumb|India claims the entire erstwhile [[British Raj|British Indian]] [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] based on an [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|instrument of accession]] signed in 1947.]]<br /> [[Kashmir]] was a Muslim-majority princely state, ruled by a Hindu king, [[Maharaja]] [[Hari Singh]]. At the time of the [[partition of India]], Maharaja Hari Singh, the ruler of the state, preferred to remain independent and did not want to join either the [[Dominion of India]] or the [[Dominion of Pakistan]].<br /> <br /> Despite the [[standstill agreement (India)|standstill agreement]] with Pakistan, teams of Pakistani forces were dispatched into Kashmir. Backed by Pakistani paramilitary forces, [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] [[Mehsud]] tribals&lt;ref name=&quot;Haroon2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Haroon|first=Sana|title=Frontier of faith: Islam in the Indo-Afghan borderland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=20VIdFUoC3UC&amp;pg=PA179|access-date=26 February 2012|date=1 December 2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-70013-9|pages=179–180}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--Ref for invasion by tribals--&gt; invaded Kashmir in October 1947 under the code name &quot;[[Operation Gulmarg]]&quot; to seize Kashmir. The Maharaja requested military assistance from India. The Governor General of India, [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]], required the Maharaja to accede to India before India could send troops. Accordingly, the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|instrument of accession]] was signed and accepted during 26–27 October 1947. The accession as well as India's military assistance were supported by [[Sheikh Abdullah]], the state's political leader heading the [[Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] party, and Abdullah was appointed as the Head of Emergency Administration of the state the following week.<br /> <br /> Pakistan refused to accept the state's accession to India and escalated the conflict, by giving full-fledged support to the rebels and invading tribes. A constant replenishment of Pashtun tribes were organised, and provided arms and ammunition as well as military leadership.<br /> <br /> Indian troops managed to evict the invading tribes from the [[Kashmir Valley]] but the onset of winter made much of the state impassable. In December 1947, India referred the conflict to the [[United Nations Security Council]], requesting it to prevent the outbreak of a general war between the two fledgling nations. The Security Council passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 47|Resolution 47]], asking Pakistan to withdraw all its nationals from Kashmir, asking India to withdraw the bulk of its forces as a second step, and offering to conduct a [[plebiscite]] to determine the people's wishes. Though India rejected the resolution, it accepted a suitably amended version of it negotiated by the [[United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan|UN Commission]] set up for the purpose, as did Pakistan towards the end of 1948. A ceasefire was declared on 1 January the following year.<br /> <br /> However, India and Pakistan could not agree on the suitable steps for demilitarisation to occur as prelude to the plebiscite. Pakistan organised the rebel fighting forces of Azad Kashmir into a full-fledged military of 32 battalions, and India insisted that it should be disbanded as part of the demilitarisation. No agreement was reached and the plebiscite never took place.<br /> <br /> ==Wars, conflicts, and disputes==<br /> {{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars}}<br /> {{Main|India–Pakistan wars and conflicts}}<br /> {{Further|India–Pakistan war of 1947–1948|India–Pakistan war of 1965|India–Pakistan war of 1971|Kargil War|Siachen conflict|Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir}}<br /> <br /> India and Pakistan have fought in numerous armed conflicts since their independence. There are three major wars that have taken place between the two states, namely in 1947, 1965 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. In addition to this was the unofficial [[Kargil War]] in 1999 and some border skirmishes.&lt;ref name=&quot;CM&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last=Ganguly|first=Sumit|title=India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh: Civil-Military Relations|date=17 December 2020|encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1926|isbn=978-0-19-022863-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; While both nations have held a shaky cease-fire agreement since 2003, they continue to trade fire across the disputed area. Both nations blame the other for breaking the cease-fire agreement, claiming that they are firing in retaliation for attacks.&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Pye|first1=Lucian W.|last2=Schofield|first2=Victoria|date=2000|title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan, and the Unfinished War|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume=79|issue=6|page=190|doi=10.2307/20050024|jstor=20050024|s2cid=129061164 |issn=0015-7120}}&lt;/ref&gt; On both sides of the disputed border, an increase in territorial skirmishes that started in late 2016 and escalated into 2018 killed hundreds of civilians and made thousand homeless.&lt;ref name=&quot;CM&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UW&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===War of 1965===<br /> {{Main|India–Pakistan war of 1965}}<br /> <br /> The India–Pakistan war of 1965 started following the culmination of [[skirmish]]es that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 and Pakistan's [[Operation Gibraltar]], which was designed to infiltrate forces into [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] to precipitate an [[insurgency]] against rule by India.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050603/main2.htm Chandigarh, India – Main News]. Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved on 14 April 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; India retaliated by launching a full-scale military attack on [[West Pakistan]]. The seventeen-day war caused thousands of casualties on both sides and witnessed the largest engagement of armored vehicles and the largest tank battle since World War II.{{sfn|David R. Higgins|2016}}{{sfn|Rachna Bisht|2015}} Hostilities between the two countries ended after a [[United Nations]]-mandated ceasefire was declared following diplomatic intervention by the Soviet Union and the United States, and the subsequent issuance of the [[Tashkent Declaration]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lyon2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Lyon|first=Peter|title=Conflict between India and Pakistan: an encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLwOck15eboC&amp;pg=PR11|access-date=30 October 2011|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-712-2|page=82}}&lt;/ref&gt; The five-week war caused thousands of casualties on both sides. Most of the battles were fought by opposing [[infantry]] and [[armoured warfare|armoured]] units, with substantial backing from air forces, and naval operations. It ended in a [[United Nations]] (UN) mandated [[ceasefire]] and the subsequent issuance of the [[Tashkent Declaration]].<br /> <br /> ===War of 1971===<br /> [[File:1971 Instrument of Surrender WaPo.jpg|thumb|right| Pakistan's Lt Gen [[:en:Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi|Niazi]] (sitting second from right) signing the [[:en:Instrument of Surrender (1971)|Instrument of Surrender]], following the defeat of Pakistan in the [[India–Pakistan war of 1971]].]]<br /> {{Main|India–Pakistan war of 1971|Bangladesh Liberation War|Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971}}<br /> <br /> Pakistan, since independence, was geo-politically divided into two major regions, [[West Pakistan]] and [[East Pakistan]]. East Pakistan was occupied mostly by [[Bengali people]]. After a Pakistani [[Operation Searchlight|military operation]] and a [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|genocide on Bengalis]] in December 1971, following a political crisis in East Pakistan, the situation soon spiralled out of control in East Pakistan and India intervened in favour of the rebelling Bengali populace. The conflict, a brief but bloody war, resulted in the independence of East Pakistan. In the war, the [[Indian Army]] invaded East Pakistan from three sides, while the [[Indian Navy]] used the aircraft carrier {{INS|Vikrant|1961|6}} to impose a naval blockade of East Pakistan. The war saw the first offensive operations undertaken by the Indian Navy against an enemy port, when Karachi harbour was attacked twice during [[Operation Trident (1971)]] and [[Operation Python]]. These attacks destroyed a significant portion of Pakistan's naval strength, whereas no Indian ship was lost. The Indian Navy did, however, lose a single ship, when [[INS Khukri (F149)]] was torpedoed by a Pakistani submarine. 13 days after the invasion of East Pakistan, 93,000 [[Pakistani Military|Pakistani military]] personnel surrendered to the [[Indian Army]] and the [[Mukti Bahini]]. After the surrender of Pakistani forces, East Pakistan became the independent nation of [[Bangladesh]].<br /> <br /> === 1999 Kargil War ===<br /> [[File:Kargil war.jpg|thumb|Indian soldiers after capturing a hill from Pakistani forces during the Kargil war in 1999.]]<br /> {{Further|Kargil War}}<br /> <br /> In May 1999 some Kashmiri shepherds discovered the presence of militants and non-uniformed Pakistani soldiers (many with official identifications and [[Pakistan Army]]'s custom weaponry) in the Kashmir Valley, where they had taken control of border hilltops and unmanned border posts. The incursion was centred around the town of [[Kargil]], but also included the [[Batalik]] and [[Akhnoor]] sectors and artillery exchanges at the [[Siachen Glacier]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/sjir/3.1.06_kapur-narang.html|title=SJIR: The Fate of Kashmir: International Law or Lawlessness?|website=web.stanford.edu|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012061736/https://web.stanford.edu/group/sjir/3.1.06_kapur-narang.html|archive-date=12 October 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=675–678}}<br /> <br /> The Indian army responded with Operation Vijay, which launched on 26 May 1999. This saw the Indian military fighting thousands of militants and soldiers in the midst of heavy artillery shelling and while facing extremely cold weather, snow and treacherous terrain at the high altitude.{{sfn|Myra|2017|pp=27–66}} Over 500 Indian soldiers were killed in the three-month-long Kargil War, and it is estimated around 600–4,000 Pakistani militants and soldiers died as well.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://164.100.24.208/lsq/quest.asp?qref=51302|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202045832/http://164.100.24.208/lsq/quest.asp?qref=51302|archive-date=2 December 2008|title=PARLIAMENT QUESTIONS, LOK SABHA|date=2 December 2008|access-date=17 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Rodrigo|2006|p=}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2003/08/17/stories/2003081702900800.htm|title=Over 4,000 soldiers killed in Kargil: Sharif|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040531145342/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2003/08/17/stories/2003081702900800.htm|archive-date=31 May 2004|date=17 August 2003|last1=Reddy|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|first1=B. Muralidhar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-pak-quietly-names-453-men-killed-in-kargil-war/20101118.htm|title=Pak quietly names 453 men killed in Kargil war|work=Rediff.com|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627173200/http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-pak-quietly-names-453-men-killed-in-kargil-war/20101118.htm|archive-date=27 June 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; India pushed back the Pakistani militants and [[Northern Light Infantry]] soldiers. Almost 70% of the territory was recaptured by India.{{sfn|Myra|2017|pp=27–66}} Vajpayee sent a &quot;secret letter&quot; to U.S. President [[Bill Clinton]] that if Pakistani infiltrators did not withdraw from the Indian territory, &quot;we will get them out, one way or the other&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-was-ready-to-cross-loc-use-nuclear-weapons-in-kargil-war-115120300518_1.html|title=India was ready to cross LoC, use nuclear weapons in Kargil war|last=Team|first=BS Web|date=3 December 2015|work=Business Standard India|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609100347/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-was-ready-to-cross-loc-use-nuclear-weapons-in-kargil-war-115120300518_1.html|archive-date=9 June 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After Pakistan suffered heavy losses, and with both the United States and China refusing to condone the incursion or threaten India to stop its military operations, General [[Pervez Musharraf]] was [[recalcitrant]] and [[Nawaz Sharif]] asked the remaining militants to stop and withdraw to positions along the LoC.&lt;ref name=&quot;NS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/05/14/the-story-of-how-nawaz-sharif-pulled-back-from-nuclear-war/|title=The story of how Nawaz Sharif pulled back from nuclear war|website=Foreign Policy|date=14 May 2013 |access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817193426/https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/05/14/the-story-of-how-nawaz-sharif-pulled-back-from-nuclear-war/|archive-date=17 August 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The militants were not willing to accept orders from Sharif but the [[Northern Light Infantry|NLI]] soldiers withdrew.&lt;ref name=&quot;NS&quot; /&gt; The militants were killed by the Indian army or forced to withdraw in skirmishes which continued even after the announcement of withdrawal by Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;NS&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> A subsequent military coup in Pakistan that overturned the democratically elected [[Nawaz Sharif]] government in October of the same year also proved a setback to relations.<br /> <br /> ===Water disputes===<br /> The [[Indus Waters Treaty]] governs the rivers that flow from India into Pakistan. Water is cited as one possible cause for a conflict between the two nations, but to date issues such as the [[Nimoo Bazgo Project]] have been resolved through diplomacy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2011/11/19/unquenchable-thirst |title=Unquenchable thirst |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=19 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Bengal refugee crisis (1949)===<br /> {{Further|East Bengali refugees}}<br /> In 1949, India recorded close to 1 million Hindu refugees, who flooded into [[West Bengal]] and other states from [[East Pakistan]] (now Bangladesh), owing to communal violence, intimidation and repression from authorities. The plight of the refugees outraged Hindus and Indian nationalists, and the refugee population drained the resources of Indian states, which were unable to absorb them. While not ruling out war, Prime Minister Nehru and Sardar Patel invited [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] for talks in Delhi. Although many Indians termed this appeasement, Nehru signed a pact with Liaquat Ali Khan that pledged both nations to the protection of minorities and creation of minority commissions. Khan and Nehru also signed a trade agreement, and committed to resolving bilateral conflicts through peaceful means. Steadily, hundreds of thousands of Hindus returned to East Pakistan, but the thaw in relations did not last long, primarily owing to the [[Kashmir conflict]].<br /> <br /> ===Insurgency in Kashmir (1989–present)===<br /> {{Main|Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir}}<br /> <br /> [[File:India disputed areas map.svg|thumb|Map showing [[disputed territories of India]]]]<br /> According to some reports published by the [[Council of Foreign Relations]], the Pakistan military and the ISI have provided covert support to terrorist groups active in Kashmir, including the [[al-Qaeda]] affiliate [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cfr.org/publication/11644/ The ISI and Terrorism: Behind the Accusations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724100526/http://www.cfr.org/publication/11644/ |date=24 July 2009 }}, [[Council on Foreign Relations]], 28 May 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/9514/|title=Pakistan's New Generation of Terrorists|website=Council on Foreign Relations|access-date=22 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202062723/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9514/|archive-date=2 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pakistan has denied any involvement in terrorist activities in Kashmir, arguing that it only provides political and moral support to the [[secessionist]] groups who wish to escape Indian rule. Many Kashmiri militant groups also maintain their headquarters in [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir]], which is cited as further proof by the Indian government.<br /> <br /> Journalist [[Stephen Schwartz (journalist)|Stephen Suleyman Schwartz]] notes that several militant and criminal groups are &quot;backed by senior officers in the Pakistani army, the country's ISI intelligence establishment and other armed bodies of the state.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/archive/features/24639/a-threat-to-the-world.thtml |title=A threat to the world |access-date=20 September 2007 |author=Stephen Schwartz |date=19 August 2006 |publisher=[[The Spectator]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224052833/http://www.spectator.co.uk/archive/features/24639/a-threat-to-the-world.thtml |archive-date=24 December 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Insurgent attacks====<br /> {{incomplete list|date=May 2025}}<br /> * Insurgents attack on Jammu and Kashmir State Assembly: A car bomb exploded near the Jammu and Kashmir State Assembly on 1 October 2001, killing 27 people on an attack that was blamed on Kashmiri separatists. It was one of the most prominent attacks against India apart from on the [[Indian Parliament]] in December 2001. The dead bodies of the terrorists and the data recovered from them revealed that Pakistan was solely responsible for the activity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/10/01/india.kashmir/index.html|title=Bombing at Kashmir assembly kills at least 29|access-date=23 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Qasim Nagar Attack: On 13 July 2003, armed men believed to be a part of the [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]] threw hand grenades at the Qasim Nagar market in [[Srinagar]] and then fired on civilians standing nearby killing twenty-seven and injuring many more.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=What happened to Muslims in Jammu? Local identity, '&quot;the massacre&quot; of 1947' and the roots of the 'Kashmir problem' |last=Snedden |first=Christopher |date=8 May 2007 |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=111–134 |doi=10.1080/00856400108723454}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=independent&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/panic-in-the-dark-as-slum-is-attacked-by-islamic-militants-184336.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/panic-in-the-dark-as-slum-is-attacked-by-islamic-militants-184336.html |archive-date=1 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Panic in the dark as slum is attacked by Kashmiri militants|work=The Independent|date=15 July 2002|first=Maseeh|last=Rahman|access-date=19 September 2014}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rediff 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jul/13jk2.htm|title=29 killed in militant attack in Jammu|work=Rediff|date=13 July 2002|first=Mukhtar|last=Ahmad|access-date=19 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rediff 2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/sep/06jk5.htm|title=Terrorists behind Qasim Nagar massacre nabbed|date=6 September 2002|work=Rediff|access-date=19 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Rory|last=McCarthy|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jul/15/kashmir.india|title=Massacre in Kashmir slum renews fear of war|work=The Guardian|date=15 July 2002|access-date=3 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Assassination of Abdul Ghani Lone: Abdul Ghani Lone, a prominent All Party Hurriyat Conference leader, was assassinated by an unidentified gunmen during a memorial rally in [[Srinagar]]. The assassination resulted in wide-scale demonstrations against the Indian occupied-forces for failing to provide enough security cover for Mr. Lone.{{ref|hrw}}<br /> * 20 July 2005 [[Srinagar]] Bombing: A car bomb exploded near an armoured [[Indian Army]] vehicle in the Church Lane area in [[Srinagar]] killing four [[Indian Army]] personnel, one civilian and the suicide bomber. Terrorist group [[Hizbul Mujahideen]], claimed responsibility for the attack.{{ref|church}}<br /> * [[Srinagar (city)|Budshah Chowk attack]]: A terrorist attack on 29 July 2005 at [[Srinagar (city)|Srinigar]]'s city centre, Budshah Chowk, killed two and left more than 17 people injured. Most of those injured were media journalists.{{ref|Bud}}<br /> * Murder of Ghulam Nabi Lone: On 18 October 2005, a suspected man killed Jammu and Kashmir's then education minister Ghulam Nabi Lone. No Terrorist group claimed responsibility for the attack.{{ref|Nabi}}<br /> * [[2016 Uri attack]]: A terrorist attack by four heavily armed terrorists on 18 September 2016, near the town of [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, killed 18 and left more than 20 people injured. It was reported as &quot;the deadliest attack on security forces in Kashmir in two decades&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;uri&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Militants attack Indian army base in Kashmir 'killing 17'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37399969|access-date=18 September 2016 |publisher=BBC News|date=18 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[2019 Pulwama attack]]: On 14 February 2019, a convoy of vehicles carrying security personnel on the Jammu Srinagar National Highway was attacked by a vehicle-bound suicide bomber in Lethpora near Awantipora, Pulwama district, Jammu and Kashmir, India. The attack resulted in the death of 38 Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) personnel and the attacker. The responsibility of the attack was claimed by the Pakistan-based Islamist militant group [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pulwama-attack-2019-everything-about-jammu-and-kashmir-terror-attack-on-crpf-by-terrorist-adil-ahmed-dar-jaish-e-mohammad-1457530-2019-02-16|title=Pulwama Attack 2019, everything about J&amp;K terror attack on CRPF by terrorist Adil Ahmed Dar, Jaish-e-Mohammad|date=16 February 2019|website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[2025 Pahalgam attack]]: On 22 April 2025, 26 tourists were attacked by terrorists, resulting in the death of 28 people, including a local from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and two foreigners from [[Nepal]] and the [[UAE]]. India stopped supplying the [[Indus river]] to Pakistan.<br /> <br /> ===Insurgent activities elsewhere===<br /> &lt;!-- https://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_2008_Mumbai_attacks#Indo-Pakistani_relations links here. --&gt;<br /> The attack on the [[Indian Parliament]] was by far the most dramatic attack carried out allegedly by Pakistani terrorists. India blamed Pakistan for carrying out the attacks, an allegation which Pakistan strongly denied. The following [[2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff]] raised concerns of a possible [[nuclear warfare|nuclear]] confrontation. However, international peace efforts ensured the cooling of tensions between the two nuclear-capable nations.<br /> <br /> Apart from this, the most notable was the [[Aircraft hijacking|hijacking]] of [[Indian Airlines Flight 814|Indian Airlines Flight IC 814]] en route New Delhi from [[Kathmandu]], Nepal. The plane was hijacked on 24 December 1999 approximately one hour after takeoff and was taken to [[Amritsar]] airport and then to [[Lahore]] in Pakistan. After refuelling the plane took off for [[Dubai]] and then finally landed in [[Kandahar]], Afghanistan. Under intense media pressure, New Delhi complied with the hijackers' demand and freed [[Maulana Masood Azhar]] from his captivity in return for the freedom of the Indian passengers on the flight. The decision, however, cost New Delhi dearly. Maulana, who is believed to be hiding in [[Karachi]], later became the leader of [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]], an organisation which has carried out several terrorist acts against Indian security forces in Kashmir.{{ref|814}}<br /> <br /> On 22 December 2000, a group of terrorists belonging to the [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]] stormed the [[Red Fort]] in [[New Delhi]]. The fort houses an [[Indian Army|Indian military]] unit and a high-security interrogation cell used both by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] and the [[Indian Army]]. The terrorists successfully breached the security cover around the [[Red Fort]] and opened fire at the [[Indian Military|Indian military personnel]] on duty killing two of them on spot. The attack was significant because it was carried out just two days after the declaration of the cease-fire between India and Pakistan.{{ref|red}}<br /> <br /> In 2002, India claimed again that terrorists from Jammu and Kashmir were infiltrating into India, a claim denied by Pakistan President [[Pervez Musharraf]], who claimed that such infiltration had stopped—India's spokesperson for the External Affairs Ministry did away with Pakistan's claim, calling it &quot;terminological inexactitude&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-07-28/news/27364071_1_infiltration-pakistan-president-pervez-musharraf-state-colin-powell|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509210942/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-07-28/news/27364071_1_infiltration-pakistan-president-pervez-musharraf-state-colin-powell|archive-date=9 May 2012|title=India rejects Musharraf's claim on infiltration|date=28 July 2002|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=15 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Only two months later, two Kashmiri terrorists belonging to [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] raided the [[Akshardham Gandhinagar|Swami Narayan temple complex]] in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]] killing 30 people, including 18 women and five children. The attack was carried out on 25 September 2002, just few days after state elections were held in Jammu and Kashmir. Two identical letters found on both the terrorists claimed that the attack was done in retaliation for the deaths of thousands of Muslims during the [[2002 Gujarat violence|Gujarat riots]].{{ref|attack}}<br /> <br /> Two car bombs exploded in south [[Mumbai]] on 25 August 2003; one near the [[Gateway of India]] and the other at the Zaveri Bazaar, killing at least 48 and injuring 150 people. Though no terrorist group claimed responsibility for the attacks, [[Military of India|Mumbai Police]] and [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] suspected [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]]'s hand in the twin blasts.{{ref|Mumbai}}<br /> <br /> In an unsuccessful attempt, six terrorists belonging to [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]], stormed the [[Ayodhya]] [[Babri Masjid|Ram Janmbhomi complex]] on 5 July 2005. Before the terrorists could reach the main [[Babri Masjid|disputed site]], they were shot down by [[Military of India|Indian security forces]]. One [[Hindus|Hindu]] worshipper and two policemen were injured during the incident.{{ref|ram}}<br /> <br /> ====2001 Indian Parliament attack====<br /> {{Main|2001 Indian Parliament attack}}<br /> <br /> The [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]] was an attack at the [[Parliament of India]] in New Delhi on 13 December 2001, during which fourteen people, including the five men who attacked the building, were killed. The perpetrators were [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] (Let) and [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] (JeM) terrorists.&lt;ref name=&quot;demarche&quot;&gt;[http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/dec/14parl12.htm &quot;Govt blames LeT for Parliament attack&quot;]. Rediff.com (14 December 2001). Retrieved 8 September 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indianembassy.org&quot;&gt;[http://www.indianembassy.org/new/parliament_dec_13_01.htm#STATEMENT%20MADE%20BY%20HOME%20MINISTER,%20L.%20K.%20ADVANI%20ON%20THE%20TERRORIST%20ATTACK%20ON%20PARLIAMENT%20HOUSE%20ON%20DECEMBER%2013,%202001 Embassy of India – Washington DC (official website) United States of America] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611152203/http://www.indianembassy.org/new/parliament_dec_13_01.htm#STATEMENT%20MADE%20BY%20HOME%20MINISTER,%20L.%20K.%20ADVANI%20ON%20THE%20TERRORIST%20ATTACK%20ON%20PARLIAMENT%20HOUSE%20ON%20DECEMBER%2013,%202001 |date=11 June 2010 }}. Indianembassy.org. Retrieved 8 September 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; The attack led to the deaths of five terrorists, six [[Delhi Police]] personnel, two Parliament Security Service personnel and a gardener, in total 14&lt;ref name=remember&gt;{{cite news|last1=PTI|title=Parliament attack victims remembered |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/parliament-attack-victims-remembered/article2711970.ece|access-date=23 October 2014|work=The Hindu|date=13 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; and to increased tensions between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], resulting in the [[2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.globalbearings.net/2011/10/image-from-gates-of-pakistan-naval.html |title=From Kashmir to the FATA: The ISI Loses Control |access-date=8 June 2016 |archive-date=27 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127094835/http://www.globalbearings.net/2011/10/image-from-gates-of-pakistan-naval.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff====<br /> {{Main|2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff}}<br /> <br /> The [[2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff]] was a military standoff between India and Pakistan that resulted in the massing of troops on either side of the [[Indo-Pakistani border|border]] and along the [[Line of Control]] (LoC) in the region of [[Kashmir]]. This was the first major military standoff between India and Pakistan since the [[Kargil War]] in 1999. The military buildup was initiated by India responding to a [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]] and the [[2001 Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly attack]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rajesh M. Basrur&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia: The Causes and Consequences of the Kargil Conflict|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-76721-7|page=326|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-vifpWqV2WYC&amp;pg=PA326|author=Rajesh M. Basrur|edition=1st|editor=Peter R. Lavoy|access-date=8 August 2013|chapter=The lessons of Kargil as learned by India|date=14 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; India claimed that the attacks were carried out by two Pakistan-based terror groups, the [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] and [[Jaish-e-Mohammad]], both of whom India has said are backed by Pakistan's [[Inter Services Intelligence|ISI]]&lt;ref name=letjemisi&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/printedition/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=917228 |title=Who will strike first |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=20 December 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; a charge that Pakistan denied.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kashmir Militant Extremists|url=http://www.cfr.org/kashmir/kashmir-militant-extremists/p9135|publisher=Council Foreign Relations|author=Jamal Afridi|date=9 July 2009|quote=Pakistan denies any ongoing collaboration between the ISI and militants, stressing a change of course after 11 September 2001.|access-date=4 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302144145/http://www.cfr.org/kashmir/kashmir-militant-extremists/p9135|archive-date=2 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Perlez |first=Jane |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/world/asia/30pstan.html |title=Pakistan Denies Any Role in Mumbai Attacks |location=Mumbai (India);Pakistan |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=29 November 2008 |access-date=31 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/2001/dec2001/ind-d20.shtml |title=Attack on Indian parliament heightens danger of Indo-Pakistan war |publisher=Wsws.org |date=20 December 2001 |access-date=31 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tensions de-escalated following international [[Diplomacy|diplomatic]] mediation which resulted in the October 2002 withdrawal of Indian&lt;ref name=toiwithdraw&gt;[http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/articleshow?artid=25384627 &quot;India to withdraw troops from Pak border&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031130174834/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/articleshow?artid=25384627 |date=30 November 2003 }}, [[Times of India]], 16 October 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; and Pakistani troops&lt;ref name=bbcwithdraw&gt;[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2335599.stm &quot;Pakistan to withdraw front-line troops&quot;], [[BBC]], 17 October 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; from the international border.<br /> <br /> ====2007 Samjhauta Express bombings====<br /> {{Main|2007 Samjhauta Express bombings}}<br /> <br /> The [[2007 Samjhauta Express bombings]] was a terrorist attack targeted on the [[Samjhauta Express]] train on 18 February. The Samjhauta Express is an international train that runs from New Delhi, India to Lahore, Pakistan, and is one of two trains to cross the India–Pakistan border. At least 68 people were killed, mostly Pakistani civilians but also some Indian security personnel and civilians.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-pakistan-train-idUSDEL34195220070219|title=Indian police release sketches of bomb suspects|date=21 February 2007|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====2008 Mumbai attacks====<br /> {{Main|2008 Mumbai attacks}}<br /> <br /> The [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] by ten Pakistani terrorists killed over 173 and wounded 308. The sole surviving gunman [[Ajmal Kasab]] who was arrested during the attacks was found to be a Pakistani national. This fact was acknowledged by Pakistani authorities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/surviving-gunmans-identity-established-as-pakistani-ss|title=DAWN.COM &amp;#124; Pakistan &amp;#124; Surviving-gunmans-identity-established-as-Pakistani-ss|website=www.dawn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2010, an Indian court convicted him on four counts of murder, waging war against India, [[Conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]] and [[terrorism]] offences, and sentenced him to death.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/world/04-ajmal-kasab-death-qs-07|title=DAWN.COM &amp;#124; World &amp;#124; Ajmal Kasab sentenced to death for Mumbai attacks|website=www.dawn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> India blamed the [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], a Pakistan-based militant group, for planning and executing the attacks. Indian officials demanded Pakistan extradite suspects for trial. They also said that, given the sophistication of the attacks, the perpetrators &quot;must have had the support of some official agencies in Pakistan&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;BlameAgenciesWaPo&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/05/AR2009010500097.html|title=India Gives Pakistan Findings From Mumbai Probe, Urges Action Against Suspects|first=Rama|last=Lakshmi|date=6 January 2009|newspaper=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July 2009 Pakistani authorities confirmed that LeT plotted and financed the attacks from LeT camps in Karachi and [[Thatta]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hussain |first=Zahid |title=Islamabad Tells of Plot by Lashkar |place=Islamabad |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=28 July 2009 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124872197786784603?mod=googlenews_wsj |access-date=28 July 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; In November 2009, Pakistani authorities charged seven men they had arrested earlier, of planning and executing the assault.&lt;ref name=&quot;abc20091125&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Schifrin |first=Nick |title=Mumbai terror attacks: 7 Pakistanis charged |publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|location=United States |date=25 November 2009 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/mumbai-terror-attacks-pakistanis-charged/story?id=9176592 |access-date=1 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091127091951/http://abcnews.go.com/International/mumbai-terror-attacks-pakistanis-charged/story?id=9176592 |archive-date=27 November 2009 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 9 April 2015, the foremost ringleader of the attacks, [[Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Masood&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Masood |first=Salman |title=Pakistan Announces Arrests for Mumbai Attacks |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=12 February 2009 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/13/world/asia/13pstan.html?partner=permalink&amp;exprod=permalink |access-date=12 February 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Haider&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Haider |first=Kamran |title=Pakistan says it arrests Mumbai attack plotters |work=Reuters|date=12 February 2009 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE51B25820090212?pageNumber=1&amp;virtualBrandChannel=10112 |access-date=12 February 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; was granted bail against [[surety]] bonds of {{PKRConvert|200|k}} in Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pak court grants bail to Mumbai terror attack accused Lakhvi |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/pak-court-grants-bail-to-mumbai-terror-attack-accused-lakhvi-061534426.html |access-date=9 January 2015 |publisher=Yahoo! News |date=9 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Lakhvi gets bail, again |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1155805 |access-date=9 January 2015 |work=Dawn|location=Pakistan}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Balochistan Insurgency ====<br /> The [[Insurgency in Balochistan|Balochistan Insurgency]], ongoing since the early 2000s, involves separatist groups in Pakistan's Balochistan province seeking autonomy. The largest and most prominent group, the [[Balochistan Liberation Army|Baloch Liberation Army]] (BLA), has fought for independence, citing long-standing grievances over perceived discrimination and underdevelopment by the central government. The insurgency escalated in March 2025 when the BLA hijacked a train in a remote area of [[Balochistan]], killing 26 people.<br /> <br /> Pakistan's military has accused India of supporting the insurgents, citing the 2016 arrest of Indian naval officer [[Kulbhushan Jadhav]], who was convicted of espionage and allegedly aiding Baloch separatists. These accusations have been rejected by India, which denies any involvement in the insurgency. The region's strategic importance, with its oil and mineral wealth, and its proximity to India, has made the conflict a focal point in South Asian military tensions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 March 2025 |title=Pakistan moves closer to Bangladesh as India watches warily |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cge1gxxn07qo |access-date=19 March 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Press |first=Associated |date=14 March 2025 |title=Pakistan accuses India of sponsoring militant terror group after train hijacking |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/mar/14/pakistan-accuses-india-of-sponsoring-militant-terror-group-after-train-hijacking |access-date=19 March 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== 2025 conflict ====<br /> {{main|2025 India–Pakistan conflict}}<br /> <br /> Following the [[2025 Pahalgam attack|Pahalgam terrorist attack]] on April 22 which resulted in the deaths of 26 civilians, including 25 Indian tourists and one Nepali national, India–Pakistan relations have reached a critical low point. The attack, attributed by India to the [[Islam]]ic [[The Resistance Front|Resistance Front]], an offshoot of the Pakistan-based [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], has triggered a series of retaliatory measures from both nations, escalating tensions to levels not seen in years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025 |title=Deadly Kashmir attack threatens new escalation between India and Pakistan |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/04/23/kashmir-attack-pahalgam-india-pakistan/?utm_}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Blair&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Blair |first=Anthony |date=2025-04-28 |title=Tourist captures Kashmir terror attack as he films himself ziplining |url=https://nypost.com/2025/04/28/world-news/tourist-captures-terror-attack-as-he-films-himself-ziplining/?utm_ |access-date=2025-04-30 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Indian news, unnamed sources have stated that Hashim Musa, a former para commando in the Pakistan Army's elite Special Service Group (SSG), was involved in the attack. Trained in covert and unconventional warfare, he is said to have joined the banned terror group, Lashkar-e-Taiba, after his dismissal from SSG and to have infiltrated Kashmir in September 2023. Unnamed sources say his name and SSG background were revealed during the interrogation of Over Ground Workers (OGWs) who supported the perpetrators.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ranjan |first=Mukesh |date=2025-04-29 |title=Hashim Musa, ex-Pakistan Army Special Forces soldier, prime suspect in Pahalgam terror attack |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Apr/29/hashim-musa-ex-pakistan-army-special-forces-soldier-prime-suspect-in-pahalgam-terror-attack |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===== Diplomatic fallout =====<br /> ====== India's response ======<br /> In response to escalating tensions, India has suspended the [[Indus Waters Treaty|Indus Waters Treaty of 1960]], placing the long-standing water-sharing agreement &quot;in abeyance&quot; due to what it alleges is Pakistan's ongoing support for cross-border terrorism. Additionally, India has imposed visa and diplomatic restrictions, halting visa services for Pakistani nationals and expelling several Pakistani diplomats. As part of broader punitive measures, the Attari–Wagah border has been closed, effectively cutting off overland trade and further straining bilateral ties.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025 |title=Pakistan preparing to challenge India's suspension of water treaty, minister says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-preparing-challenge-indias-suspension-water-treaty-minister-says-2025-04-29/?utm_}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=Matthew |date=2025-04-26 |title=Are India and Pakistan on the cusp of war over water? |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/asia/article/india-pakistan-kashmir-water-rvghjhm5s?utm_ |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=www.thetimes.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Additionally, authorities across various states started a crackdown on illegal immigrants from Pakistan and began the process of deporting them. Many of these illegal immigrants had reportedly possessed voter IDs and ration cards, sparking a major controversy and debate as non-citizens do not have right to vote.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/22-women-with-pakistani-citizenship-found-in-moradabad-many-have-grandchildren-families-total-over-500/articleshow/120898093.cms?from=mdr|title= 22 women with Pakistani citizenship found in Moradabad; many have grandchildren, families total over 500|work= The Economic Times|date= 5 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, short term visas of several Pakistani visitors, some of who were married to Indians, were also being cancelled.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Apr/28/fate-of-pregnant-maryam-illegal-settler-seema-hangs-in-balance-as-up-speeds-up-deportation-of-pakistanis|title= Fate of pregnant Maryam, illegal settler Seema hangs in balance as UP speeds up deportation of Pakistanis|date= 28 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====== Pakistan's countermeasures ======<br /> In retaliation, Pakistan announced a series of countermeasures. It suspended the 1972 [[Simla Agreement|Shimla Agreement]], which had emphasized the peaceful resolution of bilateral disputes. Pakistan also closed its airspace to Indian aircraft and halted all trade with India. On the diplomatic front, Indian diplomats have been expelled, and the staff size at the Indian High Commission in Islamabad has been significantly reduced, deepening the diplomatic rift between the two countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blair&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025 |title=India File: A deadly reminder from Kashmir |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-file-deadly-reminder-kashmir-2025-04-30/?utm_}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====== India's missile strikes ======<br /> On May 6, India [[2025 India-Pakistan strikes|targeted]] Pakistan proper and Pakistan-administered [[Azad Kashmir|Kashmir]] with multiple airstrikes as part of [[Operation Sindoor]], marking a significant escalation of the conflict.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pakistan 'attacked with missiles' - as India says it targeted terrorist camps |url=https://news.sky.com/story/pakistan-attacked-with-missiles-as-india-says-it-targeted-terrorist-camps-13362775 |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=Sky News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; India announced that it struck nine &quot;terrorist infrastructure&quot; sites in Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir, stating the targets were used to plan and direct attacks. It stressed the strikes were precise, avoided Pakistani military sites, and were non-escalatory. Jaish-e-Mohammad stronghold of Bahawalpur and Lashkar-e-Taiba's base in Muridke were among the targets. Pakistan reported hits in Muzaffarabad, Kotli, and Bahawalpur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-07 |title=What we know about India's strike on Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj6868pdpw4o |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-05-07 |title=Operation Sindoor: Full list of terrorist camps in Pakistan, PoJK targeted by Indian strikes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/operation-sindoor-full-list-of-terrorist-camps-in-pakistan-pojk-targeted-by-indian-strikes/article69547986.ece |access-date=2025-05-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====== Diplomatic expulsions ======<br /> On 13 May, India reportedly declared Md. Ehsan Ur Rahim, a staff member at the Pakistan High Commission, persona non grata for engaging in activities inconsistent with his diplomatic status. He was allegedly involved in espionage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Chaudhury |first=Dipanjan Roy |date=2025-05-13 |title=Pakistan High Commissioner staffer declared persona non grata for 'espionage' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pakistan-high-commissioner-staffer-declared-persona-non-grata-for-espionage/articleshow/121145884.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-05-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Pakistani official declared persona non grata |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/39494/Pakistani_official_declared_persona_non_grata |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514085254/https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/39494/Pakistani_official_declared_persona_non_grata |archive-date=14 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-19 |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |language=en-US |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; More information on the expulsion was revealed to Indian media after 17 May when a YouTuber was arrested.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-17 |title=Haryana-based YouTuber among 6 arrested for spying for Pakistan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/haryana-based-youtuber-among-arrested-for-spying-for-pakistan-2726271-2025-05-17 |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was alleged that Ehsan used an Indian YouTuber, namely Jyoti Malhotra, for espionage activities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-19 |title=India-Pakistan tensions: YouTuber arrested for allegedly spying for Pakistan |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2e7xv8v80o |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; He reportedly befriended the youtuber in 2023 and maintained close contact with her during the four-day military conflict. Over time, he reportedly cultivated her as an asset by introducing her to Pakistani contacts and facilitating her visit to Pakistan, where she met intelligence officials. The youtuber is believed to have maintained communication with these officials through encrypted platforms like WhatsApp, Telegram, and Snapchat, and shared sensitive information, according to Indian police.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cops Say Haryana YouTuber Was Groomed As A Pak Asset. How She Was Lured |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/youtuber-jyoti-malhotra-operation-sindoor-from-likes-to-lock-up-how-haryana-youtuber-went-from-vlogging-to-spying-8450903 |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-05-18 |title=How YouTuber Jyoti Malhotra used social media apps to pass secrets to Pakistan |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/how-youtuber-jyoti-malhotra-used-social-media-apps-to-pass-secrets-to-pakistan/articleshow/121245520.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-05-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Weapons of mass destruction==<br /> {{See also|India and weapons of mass destruction|Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|Nuclear arms race}}<br /> <br /> India has a long history of [[nuclear weapons]] development.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian nuclear program: origin&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Carey Sublette |title=Indian nuclear program: origin |url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaOrigin.html |access-date=4 February 2013 |date=30 March 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; The origins of India's nuclear program date back to 1944, when it started a nuclear program soon after obtaining independence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian nuclear program: origin&quot;/&gt; In the 1940s–1960s, India's nuclear program slowly matured towards militarisation and expanded the nuclear power infrastructure throughout the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian nuclear program: origin&quot;/&gt; Decisions on the development of nuclear weapons were made by Indian political leaders after the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War|Chinese invasion]] and territorial annexation of [[North India]]. In 1967, India's nuclear program was aimed at the development of nuclear weapons, with [[Indira Gandhi]] overseeing the development of the weapons.&lt;ref name=&quot;India's First Bomb: 1967-1974&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=India's First Bomb: 1967-1974|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaFirstBomb.html|publisher=India's First Bomb: 1967-1974|access-date=4 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1971, India gained [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|military and political momentum]] over Pakistan, after their success in the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]]. Starting preparations for a [[nuclear test]] in 1972, India finally exploded its first nuclear bomb at the [[Pokhran]] test range, codenamed ''[[Smiling Buddha]]'', in 1974.&lt;ref name=&quot;India's First Bomb: 1967-1974&quot;/&gt; During the 1980s–90s, India began development of space and nuclear armed rockets with its [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Program]], which marked Pakistan's efforts to engage in the space race with India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pakistan Space Journal&quot;/&gt; Pakistan's own [[Integrated Missile Research and Development Programme]] developed space and nuclear missiles and began unmanned flight tests of its space vehicles in the mid-1990s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pakistan Space Journal&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Lodhi |first=SFS |title=Pakistan's space technology |url=https://defencejournal.com/may98/pakmissiletech.htm |publisher=Pakistan Space Journal |access-date=4 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430031214/http://defencejournal.com/may98/pakmissiletech.htm |archive-date=30 April 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After their defeat in the Indo-Pakistani war in 1971, Pakistan launched its own nuclear bomb program in 1972, and accelerated its efforts in 1974, after India exploded its first nuclear bomb in Pokhran test range.&lt;ref name=&quot;India's First Bomb: 1967-1974&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pakistan atomic bomb project: The Beginning&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Pakistan atomic bomb project: The Beginning|title=Pakistan atomic bomb project: The Beginning|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Pakistan/PakOrigin.html|publisher=Pakistan atomic bomb project: The Beginning|access-date=4 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; This large-scale nuclear bomb program was directly in response to India's nuclear program.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Eighties: Developing Capabilities&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The Eighties: Developing Capabilities|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Pakistan/PakDevelop.html|access-date=4 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1983, Pakistan achieved a major milestone in its efforts after it covertly performed a series of [[Subcritical testing|non-fission tests]], codenamed ''[[Kirana-I]]''. No official announcements of such tests were made by the [[Pakistani Government]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The Eighties: Developing Capabilities&quot;/&gt; Over the next several years, Pakistan expanded and modernized nuclear power projects around the country to supply its electricity sector and to provide back-up support and benefit to its national economy. In 1988, a mutual understanding was reached between the two countries in which each pledged not to attack nuclear facilities. Agreements on cultural exchanges and civil aviation were also initiated in 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Eighties: Developing Capabilities&quot;/&gt; Finally, in May 1998, India carried out its second nuclear test series (see ''[[Pokhran-II]]'') which caused Pakistan to reply with its own test series, also in May 1998 (see ''[[Chagai-I]]'' and ''[[Chagai-II]]'').<br /> <br /> The U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency's 2025 assessment stated that Pakistan viewed India as an existential threat and was modernizing its military, focusing on tactical nuclear weapons to counter India's conventional superiority. The report estimated Pakistan's arsenal at 170 warheads in 2024, potentially rising to 200 by 2025, and noted growing defense ties with China, a key supplier for materials and technologies for its weapons of mass destruction programs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jacob |first=Jayanth |date=2025-05-25 |title=Pakistan modernising nuclear arsenal; views India as 'existential threat', says US intelligence |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2025/May/25/pakistan-modernising-nuclear-arsenal-views-india-as-existential-threat-says-us-intelligence |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pak's Mass Destruction Weapons Mention In US Threat Report - And China Link |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pakistan-sees-india-as-an-existential-threat-us-threat-assessment-report-8503035 |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=NDTV |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In August 2025, Pakistan's army chief Field Marshal [[Asim Munir]] issued a nuclear threat against India during a black-tie dinner in Tampa, [[Florida]], stating that if Pakistan faced an existential threat, &quot;we'll take half the world down with us.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-08-11 |title=India decries 'sabre rattling' after Pakistan army chief's reported nuclear remarks |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/india-decries-sabre-rattling-after-pakistan-army-chiefs-reported-nuclear-remarks-2025-08-11/ |access-date=2025-08-12 |work=Reuters |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Swami |first=Praveen |date=2025-08-10 |title=ThePrint Exclusive: Asim Munir's India nuke threat from US ballroom—'will take half the world down' |url=https://theprint.in/world/pakistan-army-chief-field-marshal-asim-munir-florida-speech-nuclear-threat-india/2718095/ |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; India condemned the remarks as &quot;nuclear sabre-rattling,&quot; with Ministry of External Affairs spokesperson [[Randhir Jaiswal]] stating that it was &quot;Pakistan's stock-in-trade&quot; and adding that &quot;the international community can draw its own conclusions on the irresponsibility inherent in such remarks.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;Nuke Sabre-Rattling Is Pak's Stock-In-Trade&quot;: India On Asim Munir Comments |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pakistan-irresponsible-state-with-nukes-sources-on-asim-munir-comments-9061158 |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=NDTV |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pakistan's Foreign Office claimed the remarks were &quot;distorted.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-08-12 |title=Pakistan denies nuclear threat claims, says India misrepresenting army chief's US remarks |url=https://arab.news/g5m96 |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=Arab News PK |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Terrorism charges ==<br /> {{see also|Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism}}<br /> === Border terrorism ===<br /> Countries including India and the United States have demanded that Pakistan stop using its territory as a base for terrorist groups following multiple terrorist attacks by [[Islamic terrorism in India|Islamic jihadists]] in Kashmir and other parts of India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Pakistan Rejects US, India Call to Curb Cross-Border Terrorism |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/pakistan-rejects-us-india-call-to-curb-cross-border-terrorism-/7150753.html |access-date=5 July 2023 |website=VOA}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Pakistani government has denied the accusation and accused India of sponsoring so-called &quot;state-backed terror&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Baluch Separatists Call For India To Intervene Like In Bangladesh |url=https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/pakistan-balochistan-india-bangladesh/27993409.html |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=gandhara.rferl.org|date=18 September 2016 |last1=Kakar |first1=Abdul Hai |last2=Siddique |first2=Abubakar }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Fugitives ===<br /> India has accused some of the most wanted Indian fugitives, such as [[Dawood Ibrahim]], of having a presence in Pakistan. On 11 May 2011, India released a list of 50 &quot;Most Wanted Fugitives&quot; hiding in Pakistan. This was to tactically pressure Pakistan after the [[Killing of Osama bin Laden|killing]] of [[Osama bin Laden]] in his [[Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad|compound in Abbottabad]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-releases-list-of-50-most-wanted-fugitives-in-Pak/articleshow/8243293.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705155413/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-11/india/29532084_1_hafiz-saeed-fugitives-paramjit-singh-panjwar |url-status=live |archive-date=5 July 2012 |title=India releases list of 50 'most wanted fugitives' in Pak |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=22 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; After two errors in the list received publicity, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] removed it from their website, pending review.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title =India: 'Most wanted' errors embarrass government | publisher =BBC News | date =20 May 2011 | url =https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13465908 | access-date =20 May 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; After this incident, the Pakistani interior ministry rejected the list forwarded by India to Islamabad, saying it should first probe if those named in the list were even living in the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Pakistan rejects India's list of 50 most wanted |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Pakistan-rejects-Indias-list-of-50-most-wanted/articleshow/8560151.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603073334/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Pakistan-rejects-Indias-list-of-50-most-wanted/articleshow/8560151.cms |archive-date=3 June 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Talks and other confidence-building measures==<br /> After the 1971 war, Pakistan and India made slow progress towards the normalisation of relations. In July 1972, Indian Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] and Pakistani President [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] met in the Indian hill station of [[Shimla]]. They signed the [[Simla Agreement|Shimla Agreement]], by which India would return all Pakistani personnel (over 90,000) and captured territory in the west, and the two countries would &quot;settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations.&quot; Diplomatic and trade relations were also re-established in 1976.<br /> <br /> ===1990s===<br /> In 1997, high-level Indo-Pakistan talks resumed after a three-year pause. The Prime Ministers of Pakistan and India met twice and the foreign secretaries conducted three rounds of talks. In June 1997, the foreign secretaries identified eight &quot;outstanding issues&quot; around which continuing talks would be focused. The conflict over the status of Kashmir, (referred by India as Jammu and Kashmir), an issue since Independence, remains the major stumbling block in their dialogue. India maintains that the entire former princely state is an integral part of the Indian union, while Pakistan insists that UN resolutions calling for self-determination of the people of the state/province must be taken into account. It however refuses to abide by the previous part of the resolution, which calls for it to vacate all territories occupied.<br /> <br /> In September 1997, the talks broke down over the structure of how to deal with the issues of Kashmir, and peace and security. Pakistan advocated that the issues be treated by separate [[working group]]s. India responded that the two issues be taken up along with six others on a simultaneous basis.<br /> <br /> Attempts to restart dialogue between the two nations were given a major boost by the February 1999 meeting of both Prime Ministers in [[Lahore]] and their signing of three agreements.<br /> <br /> ===2000s===<br /> In 2001, a summit was called in [[Agra]]; Pakistani [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Pervez Musharraf]] turned up to meet Indian [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Atal Behari Vajpayee]]. The talks fell through.<br /> <br /> On 20 June 2004, with a new government in place in India, both countries agreed to extend a [[nuclear testing]] ban and to set up a [[hotline]] between their foreign secretaries aimed at preventing misunderstandings that might lead to a [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear war]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/asiapcf/06/20/india.pakistan/ |title= Nuke hotline for India, Pakistan |publisher=CNN |date=20 June 2004 |access-date=27 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Baglihar Dam]] issue was a new issue raised by Pakistan in 2005.<br /> <br /> After Dr. Manmohan Singh become prime minister of India in May 2004, the [[Government of Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab provincial Government]] declared it would develop [[Gah, Pakistan|Gah]], his place of birth, as a model village in his honour and name a school after him.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/23/stories/2007062355601600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626100250/http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/23/stories/2007062355601600.htm|archive-date=26 June 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Schoolmate wants to meet PM|date=23 June 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is also a village in India named [[Pakistan, India|Pakistan]], despite occasional pressure over the years to change its name the villagers have resisted.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/this-pakistan-has-no-muslims-37974-2009-01-24|title=This 'Pakistan' has no Muslims|website=India Today|date=24 January 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh flagging off the Srinagar-Muzaffarabad Bus in Srinagar on April 7, 2005.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Srinagar-Muzaffarabad Bus|Srinagar-Muzaffarabad bus]] service has helped ease tensions between India and Pakistan. Shown here is India's [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]] flagging off the [[Srinagar-Muzaffarabad Bus|Srinagar-Muzaffarabad bus]] in [[Srinagar]] on 7 April 2005.]] Violent activities in the region declined in 2004. There are two main reasons for this: warming of relations between [[New Delhi]] and [[Islamabad]] which consequently lead to a [[ceasefire]] between the two countries in 2003 and the fencing of the Line of Control being carried out by the [[Indian Army]]. Moreover, coming under intense international pressure, Islamabad was compelled to take action against the militants' training camps on its territory. In 2004, the two countries also agreed upon decreasing the number of troops present in the region.<br /> <br /> Under pressure, Kashmiri militant organisations made an offer for talks and negotiations with New Delhi, which India welcomed.<br /> <br /> India's [[Border Security Force]] blamed the Pakistani military for providing cover-fire for the terrorists whenever they infiltrated into Indian territory from Pakistan. Pakistan in turn has also blamed India for providing support to terrorist organisations operating in Pakistan such as the [[Balochistan Liberation Army|BLA]].<br /> <br /> In 2005, Pakistan's information minister, Sheikh Rashid, was alleged to have run a [[terrorist training camp]] in 1990 in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|N.W. Frontier]], Pakistan. The Pakistani government dismissed the charges against its minister as an attempt to hamper the ongoing peace process between the two neighbours.<br /> <br /> Both India and Pakistan have launched several mutual [[Confidence and Security-Building Measures|confidence-building measures]] (CBMs) to ease tensions between the two. These include more high-level talks, easing [[Visa (document)|visa]] restrictions, and restarting of [[cricket]] matches between the two. The new bus service between [[Srinagar]] and [[Muzaffarabad]] has also helped bring the two sides closer. Pakistan and India have also decided to co-operate on economic fronts.<br /> <br /> Some improvements in the relations are seen with the re-opening of a series of transportation networks near the India–Pakistan border, with the most important being bus routes and railway lines.<br /> <br /> A major clash between [[Indian Army|Indian security forces]] and militants occurred when a group of insurgents tried to infiltrate into Kashmir from Pakistan in July 2005. The same month also saw a Kashmiri militant attack on [[Ayodhya]] and [[Srinagar]]. However, these developments had little impact on the peace process.<br /> <br /> An Indian man held in Pakistani prisons since 1975 as an accused spy walked across the border to freedom 3 March 2008, an unconditional release that Pakistan said was done to improve relations between the two countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/04/india.prison.ap/index.html|title=Freed Indian man arrives back home |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309002707/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/04/india.prison.ap/index.html |archive-date=9 March 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2006, a &quot;Friends Without Borders&quot; scheme began with the help of two British tourists. The idea was that Indian and Pakistani children would make pen pals and write friendly letters to each other. The idea was so successful in both countries that the organisation found it &quot;impossible to keep up&quot;. The World's Largest Love Letter was recently sent from India to Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.friendswithoutborders.org/index.html|title=Friends Without Borders – international penpal program between India and Pakistan|website=friendswithoutborders.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2010s===<br /> [[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi warmly received by the Prime Minister of Pakistan, Mr. Nawaz Sharif, at Lahore, Pakistan on December 25, 2015 (3).jpg | thumb | Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] received by Pakistani Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] in December 2015, during a visit to Pakistan by Modi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=25 December 2015 |title=A hug and high tea: Indian PM makes surprise visit to Pakistan|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-pakistan-modi-arrival-idUKKBN0U80MQ20151225 |access-date=23 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]In December 2010, several Pakistani newspapers published stories about India's leadership and relationship with militants in Pakistan that the papers claimed were found in the [[United States diplomatic cables leak]]. A British newspaper, ''[[The Guardian]]'', which had the Wikileaks cables in its possession reviewed the cables and concluded that the Pakistani claims were &quot;not accurate&quot; and that &quot;WikiLeaks [was] being exploited for propaganda purposes.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Declan Walsh, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/09/pakistani-newspaper-fake-leaks-india Pakistani media publish fake WikiLeaks cables attacking India] ''[[The Guardian]]'' 9 December 2010&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 10 February 2011, India agreed to resume talks with Pakistan which were suspended after 26/11 Mumbai Attacks.&lt;ref name=&quot;The World Reporter&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.theworldreporter.com/2011/02/new-turn-in-india-pakistan-ties.html|title=A New Turn in India Pakistan Ties|date=14 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; India had put on hold all the diplomatic relations saying it will only continue if Pakistan will act against the accused of Mumbai attacks.<br /> <br /> On 13 April 2012, following a thaw in relations whereby India gained [[most favoured nation]] status in the country, India announced the removal of [[foreign direct investment]] restrictions from Pakistan to India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Banerji |first=Annie |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/india-pakistan-trade-fdi-investment-idINDEE83C04M20120413 |title=India to allow FDI from Pakistan, open border post |publisher=In.reuters.com |date=13 April 2012 |access-date=13 April 2012 |archive-date=15 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115072653/http://in.reuters.com/article/india-pakistan-trade-fdi-investment-idINDEE83C04M20120413 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Foreign Minister of Pakistan]] [[Hina Rabbani Khar]] on 11 July 2012, stated in [[Phnom Penh]] that her country is willing to resolve some of the disputes, including Sir Creek and [[Siachen Glacier|Siachen]], on the basis of agreements reached in past.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/pak-willing-to-resolve-bilateral-disputes-with-india-hina-rabbani-khar/973482/|title=Pak willing to resolve bilateral disputes with India: Hina Rabbani Khar|date=12 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 7 September 2012, [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Indian External Affairs Minister]] [[S. M. Krishna]] would pay a 3-day visit to Pakistan to review the progress of bilateral dialogue with his Pakistani counterpart.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/krishna-to-undertake-3day-visit-to-pakistan-from-sept-7/978706/ |title=Krishna to undertake 3-day visit to Pakistan from Sept 7 |date=24 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In August 2019, following the approval of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill, 2019|Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill]] in the [[Indian Parliament]], which [[Indian revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special status|revoked]] the special status of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=5 August 2019|title=India strips disputed Kashmir of special status|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49231619|access-date=8 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=UN expresses concern over India's move to revoke special status of Kashmir|url=https://www.radio.gov.pk/06-08-2019/un-expresses-concern-over-indias-move-to-revoke-special-status-of-kashmir|access-date=8 August 2019|website=radio.gov.pk}}&lt;/ref&gt; further tension was brought between the two countries, with Pakistan downgrading their diplomatic ties, closing its airspace, and suspending bilateral trade with India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pakistan sends back Indian High Commissioner Ajay Bisaria, suspends bilateral trade|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/international/article/pakistan-downscales-diplomatic-relationship-suspends-bilateral-trade-with-india/465213|access-date=8 August 2019|website=timesnownews.com|date=7 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Kartarpur Corridor]] was opened in November 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pakistan opens visa-free border crossing for India Sikhs |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/pakistan-opens-visa-free-border-crossing-for-india-sikhs-1.1573309104454 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114044412/https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/pakistan-opens-visa-free-border-crossing-for-india-sikhs-1.1573309104454 |archive-date=14 November 2019 |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=gulfnews.com |date=9 November 2019|quote=Kartarpur, Pakistan: The prime ministers of India and Pakistan inaugurated on Saturday a visa-free border crossing for Sikh pilgrims from India, allowing thousands of pilgrims to easily visit a Sikh shrine just inside Pakistan each day.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2020s===<br /> On 25 February 2021, India and Pakistan issued a joint statement indicating that both sides agreed to stop firing at each other at the [[Line of Control]] (LOC, disputed ''de facto'' border) in Kashmir.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-pakistan-agree-to-stop-firing-at-kashmir-border/a-56683894 |title=India, Pakistan agree to stop firing at Kashmir border |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |agency=DW |date=25 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Despite this, in July 2021 Indian government rejected Pakistan's call for talks, stating that &quot;Peace, prosperity can't coexist with terrorism&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 July 2021 |title=Peace, prosperity can't coexist with terrorism: Rajnath Singh at SCO meet |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/peace-prosperity-cant-coexist-with-terrorism-rajnath-singh-at-sco-meet-7427511/ |access-date=5 July 2023 |website=The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 16 October 2024, External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar met Pakistan's Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif to discuss topics at the SCO Summit dinner in Islamabad.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1865367/pm-shehbaz-welcomes-state-dignitaries-to-sco-dinner|title=PM Shehbaz welcomes state dignitaries to SCO dinner|work=Dawn|date=15 October 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sco-day-2-meeting-islamabad/article68759731.ece|title=SCO Summit in Islamabad: Jaishankar attends day 2 meet|work=The Hindu|date=16 October 2024 |last1=Haidar |first1=Suhasini }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/s-jaishankar-sco-summit-pakistan-islamabad-morning-walk-planting-sapling-shehbaz-sharif-2617625-2024-10-16|title=How S Jaishankar started his day in Islamabad ahead of SCO Summit|date=16 October 2024 |publisher=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Response to natural calamities==<br /> ===2001 Gujarat earthquake in India===<br /> In response to the [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]], Pakistani President [[Pervez Mushrraf]] sent a plane load of relief supplies from [[Islamabad]] to [[Ahmedabad]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/02/02/india.quake.02/ | publisher=CNN| title=Quake may improve India Pakistan ties | date=2 February 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821221743/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/02/02/india.quake.02 | archive-date=21 August 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; They carried 200 tents and more than 2,000 blankets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1139807.stm | publisher=BBC News | title=Rival Pakistan offers India help | date=30 January 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the President called Indian PM to express his 'sympathy' over the loss from the earthquake.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/20010203/ina03028.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004045012/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/20010203/ina03028.html|title=Gujarat gets Musharraf to dial PM in New Delhi&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|archive-date=4 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2005 earthquake in Pakistan===<br /> India offered aid to Pakistan in response to the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]] on 8 October. Indian and Pakistani High Commissioners consulted with one another regarding cooperation in relief work. India sent 25 tonnes of relief material to Pakistan including food, blankets and medicine. Large Indian companies such as [[Infosys]] offered aid up to $226,000. On 12 October, an [[Ilyushin Il-76|Ilyushin-76]] cargo plane ferried across seven truckloads (about 82 [[ton]]s) of army medicines, 15,000 blankets and 50 tents and returned to New Delhi. A senior air force official also stated that they had been asked by the Indian government to be ready to fly out another similar consignment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dawn.com/2005/10/13/top9.htm|title=Indian troops cross LoC to back up relief efforts|date=13 October 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 14 October, India dispatched the second consignment of relief material to Pakistan, by train through the [[Wagah Border]]. The consignment included 5,000 blankets, 370 tents, 5 tons of plastic sheets and 12 tons of medicine. A third consignment of medicine and relief material was also sent shortly afterwards by train.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1518632,0008.htm |title=Hindustan Times – Archive News |access-date=15 October 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051104044231/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1518632%2C0008.htm |archive-date=4 November 2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt; India also pledged $25 million as aid to Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4381982.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – India offers Pakistan $25m in aid|date=27 October 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; India opened the first of three points at Chakan Da Bagh, in [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]], on the Line of Control between India and Pakistan for earthquake relief work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=White flags at the LoC|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/nov/07nlook.htm|access-date=9 May 2021|website=Rediff}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2022 Pakistan floods ===<br /> Amid the [[2022 Pakistan floods]], Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi expressed his &quot;heartfelt condolences to families of the victims&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Floods: India Offers Condolences, Several Countries Extend Help As Monsoon Death Toll Crosses 1,100 |url=https://weather.com/en-IN/india/news/news/2022-08-30-india-offers-condolences-as-monsoon-death-toll-crosses-1100-in-pakistan |access-date=30 August 2022 |website=The Weather Channel}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Government of India considered sending relief aid to Pakistan, but chose not to.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India Reportedly Discussing Flood Aid As Pak Minister Talks Food Import |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-reportedly-discussing-flood-aid-as-pak-minister-talks-of-food-import-3299328 |access-date=30 August 2022 |website=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Economic relations ==<br /> {{See also|Economy of South Asia}}<br /> India and Pakistan have curtailed formal trade; South Asia, the region inhabited by the two countries, is the least economically integrated region in the world, with only 5% of its trade conducted internally.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Realizing the Promise of Regional Trade in South Asia |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2018/10/09/realizing-the-promise-of-regional-trade-in-south-asia |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, there is an informal bilateral trade of around $10 billion, with most of the goods imported by Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Priyanka |last2=Shankar |first2=Yashraj |title=The $10bn India-Pakistan trade secret hidden by official data |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/1/the-10bn-india-pakistan-trade-secret-hidden-by-official-data |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]], bilateral maritime trade was suspended.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India and Pakistan Halt Maritime Trade |url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/india-and-pakistan-halt-maritime-trade |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=The Maritime Executive |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Social relations==<br /> === Organisational ties ===<br /> [[File:The SAARC Car Rally 2007 crossing over to India from Pakistan at Wagah Border (Amritsar) on March 31, 2007.jpg|thumb|The 2007 SAARC Car rally crossing the [[Wagah border]]. The event saw travellers commute throughout the SAARC nations&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kirpalani |first=Renuka |date=2022-02-04 |title=Winding Across Borders Remembering the First-Ever SAARC Car Rally |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/explore/adventure/winding-across-borders-remembering-the-first-ever-saarc-rally |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> India and Pakistan both feature in the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] (SAARC) and the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. SAARC membership initially helped the two countries come to certain agreements, such as simplifying visa access for each other, while in the early years of independence, one of the reasons both countries remained in the Commonwealth was arguably to prevent a British preference towards the other country.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gangal |first=S.C. |date=1966-01-01 |title=The Commonwealth and Indo-Pakistani Relations |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002088176600800107 |journal=International Studies |language=EN |volume=8 |issue=1–2 |pages=134–149 |doi=10.1177/002088176600800107 |issn=0020-8817|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2000-04-01 |title=Pakistan and the Commonwealth |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/750459440 |journal=The Round Table |volume=89 |issue=354 |pages=157–160 |language=EN |doi=10.1080/750459440|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Eventually SAARC became defunct largely due to the impasse between the two nations,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SAARC Is Dead. Long Live Subregional Cooperation |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/09/saarc-is-dead-long-live-sub-regional-co-operation/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and since the [[2025 Pahalgam attack]], India removed SAARC visa privileges for Pakistani nationals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme Suspended For Pak Nationals: What It Means |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pahalgam-attack-saarc-visa-exemption-scheme-suspended-for-pakistan-nationals-what-it-means-8241974 |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Aman ki Asha]] is a joint venture and campaign between ''[[The Times of India]]'' and the ''[[Jang Group]]'' started in 2010 calling for mutual peace and development of diplomatic and cultural relations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rid |first=Saeed Ahmed |date=2020-01-02 |title=Aman ki Asha (a desire for peace): a case study of a people-to-people contacts peacebuilding initiative between India and Pakistan |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09584935.2019.1666090 |journal=Contemporary South Asia |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=113–125 |doi=10.1080/09584935.2019.1666090 |issn=0958-4935|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Cultural links===<br /> {{See also|Culture of South Asia}}{{Multiple images<br /> | image1 = Entrance of the Kartarpur Sahib Corridor (or Nanak Marg) from Dera Baba Nanak side of Indian border 02.jpg<br /> | image2 = Kartarpur Guru Nanak.jpg<br /> | total_width = 300<br /> | footer = The [[Kartarpur Corridor]] (left) was launched in 2019 to allow Indian Sikhs to visit [[Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur]] (right), which is 4km across the border&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The story of the Kartarpur Sahib Corridor in dates |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/the-story-of-the-kartarpur-sahib-corridor-in-dates-774897.html |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> India and Pakistan, particularly Northern India and Eastern Pakistan, to some degree have similar cultures, cuisines and languages due to common [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] heritage which spans through the two countries and throughout much of the northern subcontinent which also underpin the historical ties between the two. [[Pakistani singers]], musicians, [[List of stand-up comedians#Pakistan|comedians]] and entertainers have enjoyed widespread popularity in India, with many achieving overnight fame in the Indian film industry [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]]. Likewise, [[Indian music]] and [[Cinema of India|film]] are very popular in Pakistan. Being located in the [[Northwestern South Asia|northernmost region]] of [[South Asia]], Pakistan's culture is somewhat similar to that of [[North India]], especially the [[Northwest India|northwest]].<br /> <br /> The [[Punjab region]] was split into [[Punjab, Pakistan]] and [[Punjab, India]] following the independence and partition of the two countries in 1947. The [[Punjabi people]] are today the largest ethnic group in Pakistan and also an important ethnic group of northern India. The founder of [[Sikhism]] was born in the modern-day Pakistani Punjab province, in the city of [[Nankana Sahib]]. Each year, millions of Indian Sikh pilgrims cross over to visit holy Sikh sites in [[Nankana Sahib]]. The [[Sindhi people]] are the native ethnic group of the Pakistani province of [[Sindh]]. Many Hindu Sindhis migrated to India in 1947, making the country home to a sizeable Sindhi community. In addition, the millions of Muslims who migrated from India to the newly created Pakistan during independence came to be known as the [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajir people]]; they are settled predominantly in Karachi and still maintain family links in India.<br /> <br /> Relations between Pakistan and India have also resumed through platforms such as media and communications.<br /> <br /> ===Geographic links===<br /> {{Main|India–Pakistan border|Maritime history of Pakistan#Contemporary era}}<br /> <br /> [[File:International border at Wagah - evening flag lowering ceremony.jpg|thumb|right| The [[Attari–Wagah border ceremony|evening flag lowering ceremony]] at the India–Pakistan border near [[Wagah]].]]<br /> The India–Pakistan border is the official international boundary that demarcates the Indian states of Punjab, [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]] from the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Sindh. The [[Wagah]] border is the only road crossing between India and Pakistan and lies on the [[Grand Trunk Road]], connecting [[Lahore]], Pakistan with [[Amritsar]], India. Each evening, the [[Attari–Wagah border ceremony|Wagah–Attari border ceremony]] takes place, in which the flags are lowered and guards on both sides make a pompous military display and exchange handshakes.<br /> <br /> ===Linguistic ties===<br /> [[File:HindustaniNames.PNG|thumb|The name Hindustani written in Hindi and Urdu scripts]]<br /> [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] is the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of North India and Pakistan, as well as the official language of both countries, under the standard registers [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]], respectively. Standard Urdu is [[mutually intelligible]] with standard Hindi. Hindustani is also widely understood and used as a lingua franca amongst South Asians including [[Sri Lankans]], [[Nepalis]] and [[Bangladeshis]], and is the language of Bollywood, which is enjoyed throughout much of the subcontinent.<br /> <br /> Apart from [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], India and Pakistan also share a distribution of the [[Punjabi language]] (written in the [[Gurmukhi]] script in Indian Punjab, and the [[Shahmukhi]] script in Pakistani Punjab), [[Kashmiri language]] and [[Sindhi language]], mainly due to population exchange. These languages belong to a common [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan family]] that are spoken in countries across the subcontinent.<br /> <br /> ===Matrimonial ties===<br /> Some Indian and Pakistani people marry across the border at instances. Many Indians and Pakistanis in the diaspora, especially in the United States, intermarry, as there are large cultural similarities between the two countries respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;PA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1334329|title=How Pakistani-Americans are entering interfaith and interracial marriages – and making them work|last=Chaudhry|first=Fahad Naveed {{!}} Hufsa|date=20 May 2017|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|access-date=26 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 2010 a high-profile Pakistani cricketer, [[Shoaib Malik]] married the Indian tennis star [[Sania Mirza]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/events-tournaments/sania-shoaib-wedding/Shoaibs-impressed-by-hospitality-in-India/articleshow/5827685.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Shoaib's family impressed by hospitality in India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421061206/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/events-tournaments/sania-shoaib-wedding/Shoaibs-impressed-by-hospitality-in-India/articleshow/5827685.cms |archive-date=21 April 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The wedding received much media attention and was said to transfix both India and Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-47624320100412 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415064608/http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-47624320100412 | archive-date=15 April 2010 | work=Reuters| title=Sania Mirza weds Shoaib Malik after divorce row | date=12 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Sporting ties===<br /> {{Main|India–Pakistan sports rivalries}}<br /> <br /> {{See also|Sport in South Asia}}<br /> [[File:India vs pakistan 2023 CWC.jpg|thumb|[[2023 Cricket World Cup]] match]]<br /> Cricket and hockey matches between the two (as well as other sports to a lesser degree such as those of the SAARC/[[South Asian Games]]) have often been political in nature. During the [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]] General [[Zia-ul Haq]] travelled to India for a bout of &quot;[[Cricket diplomacy#India and Pakistan|cricket diplomacy]]&quot; to keep India from supporting the Soviets by opening another front. [[Pervez Musharaff]] also tried to do the same in the aftermath of the [[Kargil War]], which led to some bilateral series between India and Pakistan.<br /> <br /> Following the [[2008 Mumbai Attacks|2008 terror attack]] in [[Mumbai]], India stopped playing bilateral cricket series against Pakistan. Since then, the Indian team has only played against them in [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] and [[Asian Cricket Council]] events such as the [[Cricket World Cup]], [[ICC Men's T20 World Cup|T20 World Cup]], [[Asia Cup]] and [[ICC Champions Trophy]]. In 2017, the then Sports Minister of India, [[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]] opposed further bilateral series due to [[Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism|Pakistan's alleged sponsoring of terrorism]], saying that &quot;there cannot be sports relations between the two countries [while] there is terrorism from the Pakistani side.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=No cricket with Pakistan until terrorism stops, says sports minister Vijay Goel |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-pakistan-cricket-series-terrorism-vijay-goel-979786-2017-05-29 |website=India Today |date=29 May 2017 |access-date=3 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) also opposed any further series without the permission of the Indian government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Playing Pakistan depends on government – BCCI |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/playing-pakistan-depends-on-government-bcci-1096694 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The BCCI also did not allow Pakistani players to play in the [[Indian Premier League]] in the aftermath of the 2008 terror attack, although they were part of the inaugural season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= Terrorism and sports can't go along, says Sports Minister Vijay Goel|date=3 May 2017 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/terrorism-and-sports-cant-go-along-says-sports-minister-vijay-goel/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The two nations also share some of the same [[Traditional games of South Asia|traditional games]], such as [[kabaddi]] and [[kho kho]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hussain |first1=Umer |last2=Cunningham |first2=George B |date=2021-11-01 |title='These are &quot;our&quot; sports': Kabaddi and Kho-Kho women athletes from the Islamic Republic of Pakistan |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1012690220968111 |journal=International Review for the Sociology of Sport |language=EN |volume=56 |issue=7 |pages=1051–1069 |doi=10.1177/1012690220968111 |issn=1012-6902|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; In [[tennis]], [[Rohan Bopanna]] of India and [[Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi]] of Pakistan have formed a successful duo and have been dubbed as the &quot;Indo-Pak Express&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120509210013/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-10/news/27599621_1_indo-pak-express-bopanna-and-qureshi-zeballos The Indo-Pak Express rolls on], The Economic Times&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Although both the teams have willingly participated in [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] and [[Asian Cricket Council]] events, tensions evolved following the [[2025 Pahalgam attack|Pahalgam terror attack]] in April 2025 by Pakistan based terror group [[The Resistance Front]] and the [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict|military conflict]]. While there were demands to boycott the matches during the [[2025 Asia Cup]], the Government of India gave a go-ahead, and following each India - Pakistan match during the series, the Indian team refused to shake hands with the Pakistan team.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url= https://www.nbcnews.com/world/asia/india-pakistan-asia-cup-cricket-rcna230758|title= Cricket teams from South Asian rivals India and Pakistan are meeting for the first time since their countries fought a deadly armed conflict in May.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Adil_2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Adil |first1=Hafsa|last2=Iftikhar Nagi |first2=Ahsan|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2025/9/14/india-vs-pakistan-asia-cup-match-hit-by-no-handshake-controversy|title=India, Pakistan embroiled in 'no handshake' drama after Asia Cup match |work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The policy continued during the [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup]], where at Group Stage, India had defeated Pakistan by 61 runs. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Francis |first=Krishan |title=India crushes Pakistan by 61 runs in marquee game in T20 World Cup. No handshakes again |url=https://abcnews.com/Sports/wireStory/pakistan-takes-india-marquee-game-t20-world-cup-130183665 |date=16 February 2026 |access-date=16 February 2026 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |archive-date=16 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260216042459/https://abcnews.com/Sports/wireStory/pakistan-takes-india-marquee-game-t20-world-cup-130183665 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Diasporic relations===<br /> The large size of the [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]] and [[Pakistani diaspora]] in many different countries throughout the world has created strong diasporic relations. It is quite common for a &quot;[[Little India (location)|Little India]]&quot; and a &quot;[[Little Pakistan]]&quot; to co-exist in [[South Asian diaspora|South Asian ethnic enclaves]] in overseas countries.<br /> <br /> [[British Indians]] and [[British Pakistanis]], the largest and second-largest ethnic minorities living in the United Kingdom respectively, are said to have friendly relations with one another.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishasiantrust.org/|title=Home|website=British Asian Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.easterneye.eu/ABA%20Brochure%202009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091218083233/http://www.easterneye.eu/ABA%20Brochure%202009.pdf|title=Eastern Eye, Your Trusted Source for Breaking News|archive-date=18 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are various cities such as [[Birmingham]], [[Blackburn]] and [[Manchester]] where [[British Indian]]s and [[British Pakistanis]] live alongside each other in peace and harmony. Both Indians and Pakistanis living in the UK fit under the category of [[British Asian]]. The UK is also home to the Pakistan &amp; India friendship forum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.pakindiafriendship.com/Launch.htm|title=Official UK Launch of the Pakistan India Friendship Forum On 8th February 200 7At The House Of Commons|website=www.pakindiafriendship.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the United States, Indians and Pakistanis are classified under the [[South Asian American]] category and share many cultural traits, with intermarriage being common.&lt;ref name=&quot;PA&quot; /&gt; After [[September 11 attacks]] however, in response to reported incidents of discrimination, particularly in public spaces such as airports, several Pakistani Americans started identifying themselves as [[Indian Americans|Indians]] to avoid discrimination and for better business and economic opportunities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Pakistanis pose as Indians after NY bomb scare |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-timessquare-backlash/pakistanis-pose-as-indians-after-ny-bomb-scare-idUSTRE64655Y20100507 |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=23 March 2020 |date=7 May 2010 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114111303/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-timessquare-backlash/pakistanis-pose-as-indians-after-ny-bomb-scare-idUSTRE64655Y20100507 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Pakistanis pose as Indians after NY bomb scare |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/11555/pakistanis-pose-as-indians-after-ny-bomb-scare |website=[[The Express Tribune]] |date=May 7, 2010 |access-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-date=November 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107230433/https://tribune.com.pk/story/11555/pakistanis-pose-as-indians-after-ny-bomb-scare |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The British MEP [[Sajjad Karim]] is of Pakistani origin. He is a member of the European Parliament Friends of India Group, Karim was also responsible for opening up Europe to free trade with India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/members/expert/alphaOrder/view.do?id=28481&amp;language=EN|title=Search for a Member – MEPs – European Parliament|website=europarl.europa.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?language=EN&amp;type=IM-PRESS&amp;reference=20090325IPR52628|title=EU-India: Free Trade Agreement to be signed by the end of 2010 say MEPs|website=europarl.europa.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt; He narrowly escaped the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|Mumbai attacks]] at the [[Taj Mahal Palace Hotel|Taj Hotel]] in November 2008. Despite the atrocity, Karim did not wish the remaining killer [[Ajmal Kasab]] to be sentenced to death. He said: &quot;I believe he had a fair and transparent trial and I support the guilty verdict. But I am not a supporter of capital punishment. I believe he should be given a life sentence, but that life should mean life.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=8 May 2010|title=26/11 case: UK victim doesn't favour death penalty for Kasab|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/26-11-case-uk-victim-doesn-t-favour-death-penalty-for-kasab/story-yI7jdgj7q345YRfcIbonUN.html|access-date=9 May 2021|website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=23 November 2012|title='What closure?' asks Briton who survived 26/11|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-what-closure-asks-briton-who-survived-2611-1768701|access-date=9 May 2021|website=DNA India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> While relations within both the diasporas are largely peaceful, certain tensions between Indian and Pakistani communities have occasionally led to incidents of instability. In some cases, business owners have closed establishments, citing harassment or safety concerns; for instance, in February 2026, Rangrez, an Indian restaurant in London, closed after 16 years, as the owner attributed the decision to disturbances and online harassment he linked to members of the Pakistani community.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=NDTV |title=Attacks by Pakistanis: Owner shuts down Indian eatery in London after 16 years |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/attacks-by-pakistanis-owner-harman-singh-kapoor-after-shutting-down-indian-eatery-in-london-after-16-years-11129446|date=2026-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Head of state visits==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ From India to Pakistan<br /> ! Year!! Name<br /> |-<br /> ! 1953<br /> | Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]<br /> |-<br /> ! 1960<br /> | Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]<br /> |-<br /> ! 1964<br /> | Prime Minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]<br /> |-<br /> ! 1988<br /> | Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] (Funeral of [[Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan]] and [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC Summit]])<br /> |-<br /> ! 1989<br /> | Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]]<br /> |-<br /> ! 1999<br /> | Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<br /> |-<br /> ! 2004<br /> | Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] ([[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC Summit]])<br /> |-<br /> ! 2015<br /> | Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] (Informal meeting with Pakistani Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]])<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|Politics|India|Pakistan}}<br /> <br /> ===Foreign relations===<br /> * [[Foreign relations of India]]<br /> * [[Foreign relations of Pakistan]]<br /> <br /> ===History===<br /> * [[History of India]]<br /> * [[History of the Republic of India]]<br /> * [[History of Pakistan]]<br /> * [[Kashmir conflict]]<br /> <br /> ===Human rights===<br /> * [[Human rights in India]]<br /> * [[Human rights in Pakistan]]<br /> * [[Persecution of Hindus]]<br /> * [[Persecution of Muslims]]<br /> <br /> ===Cultural issues===<br /> * [[Hindi–Urdu controversy]]<br /> * [[Anti-Pakistan sentiment]]<br /> * [[Indophobia]]<br /> <br /> ===Wars and skirmishes===<br /> * [[Indo-Pakistani Wars]]<br /> * [[India–Pakistan border skirmishes (disambiguation)|India–Pakistan border skirmishes]]<br /> <br /> ===Sports===<br /> * [[India–Pakistan cricket rivalry]]<br /> * [[India–Pakistan field hockey rivalry]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> {{refbegin|30em}} <br /> * {{citation |doi=10.1080/00927678.2015.999518|title=Breaking the Equilibrium? New Leaders and Old Structures in the India-Pakistan Rivalry|year=2015|last1=Ahmad|first1=Ishtiaq|last2=Ebert|first2=Hannes|journal=Asian Affairs: An American Review|volume=42|pages=46–75|s2cid=153809052}}.<br /> * {{citation |doi=10.1080/09584939808719835|title=Confidence-building measures between Pakistan and India: An argument for change|year=1998|last1=Ahmed|first1=Mutahir|journal=Contemporary South Asia|volume=7|issue=2|pages=137–145}}.<br /> * {{citation |doi=10.1111/j.1521-9488.2004.00453.x|title=The Consequences of an Indo-Pakistani Nuclear War1|year=2004|last1=Batcher|first1=Robert T.|journal=International Studies Review|volume=6|issue=4|pages=135–162}}.<br /> * {{citation |last=Bisht |first=Rachna |title=1965: Stories from the Second Indo-Pakistan War |date=15 August 2015 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5214-129-6 |page=60 |ref={{sfnref |Rachna Bisht |2015}}}}<br /> * {{citation |doi=10.1080/1362369042000282994|title=India and Pakistan: Bargaining in the Shadow of Nuclear War|year=2004|last1=Ganguly|first1=Sumit|last2=Wagner|first2=R Harrison|journal=Journal of Strategic Studies|volume=27|issue=3|pages=479–507|s2cid=155000054}}.<br /> * {{citation |author=Ganguly, Sumit|title=India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh: Civil-Military Relations|location= Oxford|publisher= Oxford University Press|year= 2020}}.<br /> * {{citation |last=Higgins |first=David R. |title=M48 Patton vs Centurion: Indo-Pakistan War 1965 |date=20 January 2016 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-4728-1094-6 |page=103 |ref={{sfnref |David R. Higgins |2016}}}}<br /> * {{citation |doi=10.1108/IJCMA-08-2018-0093|title=Balancing and stabilizing South Asia: Challenges and opportunities for sustainable peace and stability|year=2019|last1=Khan|first1=Zafar|journal=International Journal of Conflict Management|volume=30|issue=5|pages=589–614|s2cid=197710332 }}.<br /> * {{Citation | last=Lumby | first=E.W.R. | title=The Transfer of Power in India, 1945–1947 | publisher=George Allen and Unwin | place=London | year=1954}}.<br /> * {{citation |last1=Metcalf|first1=Barbara D.|last2=Metcalf|first2=Thomas R.|title=A Concise History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGCBNTDv7acC|year=2006|edition=2nd|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-68225-1}}<br /> * {{citation |doi=10.1007/s10584-012-0518-1|title=Impacts of a nuclear war in South Asia on soybean and maize production in the Midwest United States|year=2013|last1=Özdoğan|first1=Mutlu|last2=Robock|first2=Alan|last3=Kucharik|first3=Christopher J.|journal=Climatic Change|volume=116|issue=2|pages=373–387|bibcode=2013ClCh..116..373O|s2cid=2837628}}.<br /> * {{citation |doi=10.2307/20050024|jstor=20050024|last1=Pye|first1=Lucian W.|title=Reviewed work: Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan, and the Unfinished War, Victoria Schofield|journal=Foreign Affairs|year=2000|volume=79|issue=6|pages=190–191|s2cid=129061164 }}.<br /> * {{citation |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3111513|title=Nuclear Proliferation in South Asia Towards World War III|year=2018|last1=Shamim|first1=Syed Jazib}}.<br /> * {{citation |jstor=24905298|title=The India-Pakistan Nuclear Dyad and Regional Nuclear Dynamics|last1=Singh|first1=P. K.|journal=Asia Policy|year=2015|volume=19|issue=19|pages=37–44|doi=10.1353/asp.2015.0019|s2cid=153779296}}.<br /> * {{citation |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aay5478|title=Rapidly expanding nuclear arsenals in Pakistan and India portend regional and global catastrophe|year=2019|last1=Toon|first1=Owen B.|last2=Bardeen|first2=Charles G.|last3=Robock|first3=Alan|last4=Xia|first4=Lili|last5=Kristensen|first5=Hans|last6=McKinzie|first6=Matthew|last7=Peterson|first7=R. J.|last8=Harrison|first8=Cheryl S.|last9=Lovenduski|first9=Nicole S.|last10=Turco|first10=Richard P.|journal=Science Advances|volume=5|issue=10|article-number=eaay5478|pmid=31616796|pmc=6774726|bibcode=2019SciA....5.5478T}}.<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> {{refbegin|30em}} <br /> * Budania, Rajpal, &quot;India's Pakistan Policy: A Study in the Context of Security,&quot; ''South Asian Studies'', Vol.30:2,1995.<br /> * Burke, S.M.,''Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policies'', Minneapolis, University of Minnesota, 1974.<br /> * Brines Russel, ''The Indo-Pakistan Conflict'', London, Pall Mall Press, 1968.<br /> * Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds. ''The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy (2015)'' [https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Indian-Foreign-Policy/dp/0198799063/ excerpt] pp 370–83.<br /> * [[Thomas Powers]], &quot;The War without End&quot; (review of [[Steve Coll]], ''Directorate S: The CIA and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan'', Penguin, 2018, 757 pp.), ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', vol. LXV, no. 7 (19 April 2018), pp.&amp;nbsp;42–43. &quot;Forty-plus years after our failure in [[Vietnam]], the [[United States]] is again fighting an endless war in a faraway place against a culture and a people we don't understand for political reasons that make sense in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], but nowhere else.&quot; (p.&amp;nbsp;43.) [[Pakistan]]'s support of [[Afghanistan]]'s [[Taliban]] [[guerrilla]]s, including provision of [[sanctuary]], relates to Pakistan's hope of acquiring India's [[Kashmir]]. (p.&amp;nbsp;42.)<br /> {{refend}}<br /> {{Indo-Pakistani relations}}<br /> {{Foreign relations of India}}<br /> {{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:India-Pakistan relations}}<br /> [[Category:India–Pakistan relations| ]]<br /> [[Category:Bilateral relations of India|Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seaward-class_defense_boats&diff=468489 2026-03-05T21:53:13Z

<p>Igornhx: expanded content</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Large patrol craft}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox ship<br /> |section1={{Infobox ship/image<br /> | image = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> |section2={{Infobox ship/class overview<br /> | name = ''Seaward'' class<br /> | builders = [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]]<br /> | operators = {{navy|India}}<br /> | class_before = [[Pulicat-class patrol boat|''Pulicat ''class]]<br /> | class_after = {{sclass|Trinkat|patrol vessel|4}}<br /> | subclasses = <br /> | cost = <br /> | built_range = <br /> | in_service_range = <br /> | in_commission_range = <br /> | total_ships_building = <br /> | total_ships_planned = <br /> | total_ships_completed = 7<br /> | total_ships_canceled = <br /> | total_ships_active = <br /> | total_ships_laid_up = <br /> | total_ships_lost = <br /> | total_ships_retired = 7<br /> | total_ships_preserved = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> |section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics<br /> | hide_header = <br /> | header_caption = <br /> | class = <br /> | type = Large Patrol Craft<br /> | tonnage = <br /> | displacement = 210 tons full load<br /> | length = {{convert|37.5|m|abbr=on}}<br /> | beam = <br /> | height = <br /> | draught = <br /> | draft = <br /> | depth = <br /> | hold_depth = <br /> | decks = <br /> | deck_clearance = <br /> | ramps = <br /> | ice_class = <br /> | power = <br /> | propulsion = *2 × diesel motors with 6,820 hp<br /> *2 shafts<br /> | speed = {{convert|30|kn|abbr=on}}<br /> | range = {{convert|5800|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|15|kn|abbr=on}}<br /> | endurance = <br /> | test_depth = <br /> | boats = <br /> | capacity = <br /> | troops = <br /> | complement = 32<br /> | crew = <br /> | time_to_activate = <br /> | sensors = BEL 1245 surface radar<br /> | EW = <br /> | armament = *2 × Bofors 40mm/60 gun<br /> *1 × 7.62 mm MG<br /> *18 MK 7, 10 MK 12 depth charges<br /> | armour = <br /> | armor = <br /> | aircraft = <br /> | aircraft_facilities = <br /> | notes = <br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''''Seaward''-class defence boats''' are large [[Patrol boat|patrol craft]] designed by [[Mazagon Dock Limited]] (MDL) and built by [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]] (GRSE) for the [[Indian Navy]]. All of these vessels have been decommissioned, due to the large maintenance overhead they require.<br /> <br /> ==Midlife refits==<br /> The ships of this class were built with low strength [[Carbon steel|mild steel]] and thin plates, and consequently had low corrosion tolerance. As such adhering to prescribed docking intervals was essential.<br /> <br /> INS ''Seaward'' (T54) was commissioned in September 1982. Its medium [[refit]] was due in March 1988 and its long refit in April 1992. Ignoring the vulnerability to corrosion of this ship, the medium refit was delayed by over three years and was carried out from July 1991 to April 1992. As a result, the long refit could not be planned. However, another short refit including the replacement of the engines was taken up in December 1993. The short refit was converted into a medium refit in February 1994. While carrying out repairs, extensive damage to the hull below the waterline was noticed in March 1994. The medium refit was extended to May 1996 because the engines and other materials procured for this ship were used for carrying out ongoing repairs on another, similar, ship (SDBT-55).<br /> <br /> ==Ships==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Name<br /> !Pennant<br /> !Builder<br /> !Commissioned<br /> !Decommissioned<br /> !Status<br /> |-<br /> | INS ''Seaward''<br /> | T-54<br /> | [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers|GRSE]]<br /> | September 1982<br /> |20 Jan 2006<br /> | Sunk to be made into an artificial reef<br /> |-<br /> | INS ''Seawater''<br /> | T-55<br /> | GRSE<br /> | <br /> |2008-2009<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | Inactive<br /> |-<br /> | INS ''Seawind''<br /> | T-56<br /> | GRSE<br /> |<br /> |2008-2009<br /> |-<br /> | INS ''Seawaves''<br /> | T-57<br /> | GRSE<br /> |<br /> |24 August 2006 <br /> |-<br /> | INS ''Seastorm''<br /> | T-58<br /> | GRSE<br /> |<br /> |20 July 2010<br /> |-<br /> | INS ''Seasand''<br /> | T-59<br /> | GRSE<br /> |<br /> |7 September 2009<br /> |-<br /> | INS ''Searock''<br /> | T-60<br /> | GRSE<br /> |<br /> |7 September 2009<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mauritius Police Force#National Coast Guard|CGS ''Guardian'']]<br /> | T-61<br /> | GRSE<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |April 1993 gifted to [[Mauritius]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |title=Supply of two serviceable Main Engines to the Mauritius Police Force by the Government of India on a gratis basis |url=https://hcimauritius.gov.in/press?id=dJ62d |website=High Commission of Port Louis, Mauritius |accessdate=9 March 2020 |date=7 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In service&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |title=The NCG to acquire high-speed crafts from foreign countries |url=http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/The-NCG-to-acquire-high-speed-crafts-from-foreign-countries.aspx |website=Government of Mauritius |accessdate=9 March 2020 |date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212162609/http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/The-NCG-to-acquire-high-speed-crafts-from-foreign-countries.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/SDBs.html Seaward Defence Boats - Bharat Rakshak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616193615/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/SDBs.html |date=16 June 2008 }}<br /> * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/p-sdb.htm SDB - Seaward Defense Boats - Global Security]<br /> <br /> {{Ship classes of the Indian Navy}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Patrol boats of the Indian Navy]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haseenon_Ka_Devata&diff=459713 2026-03-03T23:32:46Z

<p>Igornhx: added references after review and cleaned formatting for clarity</p> <hr /> <div>{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Haseenon Ka Devata<br /> | image = Haseenon Ka Devata.jpg<br /> <br /> | caption = <br /> | director = <br /> | producer = <br /> | writer =<br /> | narrator = <br /> | starring = {{ubl|[[Sanjay Khan]]|[[Rekha]]|[[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]]|[[Helen Jairag Richardson|Helen]]}}<br /> | music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] <br /> | cinematography = <br /> | editing = <br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|1971}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Haseenon Ka Devata''''' is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1971|1971]] Hindi-language [[drama film]] directed by Ravikant Nagaich, produced by Ram Dayal, with music composed by Laxmikant Pyarelal and songs penned by Anand Bakshi. The film stars [[Sanjay Khan]], [[Rekha]], [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] and [[Helen Jairag Richardson|Helen]].<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> *[[Sanjay Khan]] ... Jai <br /> *[[Rekha]] ... Sunita / Chhabili <br /> *[[Sujit Kumar]] ... Gopal <br /> *[[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] ... Silky <br /> *[[Helen Jairag Richardson|Helen]] ... Casino Dancer<br /> *[[Mohan Choti]] ... Gypsy Chotu<br /> *[[Bela Bose]] ... Gypsy Woman<br /> *[[Kamal Kapoor]] ... Tony<br /> * [[Brahm Bharadwaj]] ... Raja saheb<br /> * Polson ... Gypsy Motu<br /> * Ram Kamlani ... Adv. Mehta<br /> * Ranjeet<br /> * Ram Avtar ... Persian Sheikh<br /> * Tiger Joginder ... Sheikh's bodyguard<br /> * Rirkoo ... Sheikh's dwarf associate<br /> * Coca-Cola ... Police Inspector <br /> * Suraj ... Ram Singh<br /> * Rajan Kapoor ... Tony's associate<br /> * Manju ... Bhola<br /> <br /> ==Songs==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Song !! Singer<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Haseenon Ka Devata&quot;<br /> | [[Mohammed Rafi]]<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Gori Ke Aanchal Mein&quot;<br /> | Mohammed Rafi<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Balam Deewane Mujhe Chhod De&quot;<br /> | Mohammed Rafi, [[Asha Bhosle]]<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Jiske Liye Mera Dil Jale&quot;<br /> | Asha Bhosle<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Dhadkan Kehti Hai&quot;<br /> | Asha Bhosle<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Preet Na Jaane&quot;<br /> | Asha Bhosle<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=0245935|title=Haseenon Ka Devata}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1971 films]]<br /> [[Category:1971 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1971 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Ravikant Nagaich]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}<br /> {{1970s-drama-film-stub}}</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heron&diff=463728 2026-03-02T20:55:25Z

<p>Igornhx: adjusted details additionally and corrected details based on references</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Family of birds}}<br /> {{Other uses}}<br /> {{Automatic taxobox<br /> | name = Herons<br /> | fossil_range = Early [[Oligocene]]–Holocene {{fossil range|32|0|ref=&lt;ref&gt;Mayr, G. ''et al''. (2018) A fossil heron from the early Oligocene of Belgium – the earliest temporally well-constrained record of the Ardeidae. ''Ibis'', 161(1) DOI:10.1111/ibi.12600&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> | image = Ardeidae-01.jpg<br /> | image_caption = <br /> | taxon = Ardeidae<br /> | authority = [[William Elford Leach|Leach]], 1820<br /> | type_genus = ''[[Ardea (bird)|Ardea]]''<br /> | type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758<br /> | subdivision_ranks = Genera<br /> | subdivision = 18 extant, see [[#Taxonomy and systematics|text]]<br /> | synonyms = Cochlearidae<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Herons''' are long-legged, long-necked, freshwater and coastal [[bird]]s in the family '''Ardeidae''', with 75 recognised [[species]], some of which are referred to as [[egret]]s or [[bittern]]s rather than herons. Members of the genus ''[[Botaurus]]'' are referred to as bitterns, and, together with the [[zigzag heron]], or zigzag bittern, in the [[monotypic]] genus ''Zebrilus'', form a [[monophyletic]] group within the Ardeidae. [[Egrets]] do not form a biologically distinct group from herons, and tend to be named differently because they are mainly white or have decorative plumes in breeding plumage. Herons, by evolutionary adaptation, have long beaks.<br /> <br /> The classification of the individual heron/egret species is fraught with difficulty, and no clear consensus exists about the correct placement of many species into either of the two major genera, ''[[Ardea (genus)|Ardea]]'' and ''[[Egretta]]''. Similarly, the relationships of the [[genus|genera]] in the family are not completely resolved. However, one species formerly considered to constitute a separate [[monotypic]] family, the Cochlearidae or the [[boat-billed heron]], is now regarded as a member of the Ardeidae.<br /> <br /> Although herons resemble birds in some other families, such as the [[stork]]s, [[ibis]]es, [[spoonbill]]s, and [[Crane (bird)|cranes]], they differ from these in flying with their necks retracted, not outstretched. They are also one of the bird groups that have [[powder down]]. Some members of this group nest [[Bird colony|colonially]] in trees, while others, notably the bitterns, use [[reed bed]]s. <br /> <br /> ==Name==<br /> The word ''heron'' first appeared in the English language around 1300, originating from Old French ''hairon, eron'' (12th century), earlier'' hairo ''(11th century), from Frankish ''haigiro'' or from Proto-Germanic ''*haigrô'', ''*hraigrô''.&lt;ref&gt;{{OEtymD|heron}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Herons are also known as ''shitepokes'' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|aɪ|t|p|oʊ|k|}} {{respell|SHYTE|pohk}}), or euphemistically as ''shikepokes'' or ''shypokes''. ''[[Webster's Dictionary]]'' suggests that herons were given this name because of their habit of defecating when flushed.&lt;ref&gt;''&quot;Shitepoke&quot; and &quot;Shikepoke&quot; entries'', [[Webster's Third International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged]], [[Philip Babcock Gove]], Editor in Chief, [[G. and C. Mirriam Company]], 1971 {{ISBN|0-87779-001-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The 1971 ''[[Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary]]'' describes the use of ''shitepoke'' for the small green heron of North America (''Butorides virescens'') as originating in the United States, citing a published example from 1853. The ''OED'' also observes that ''shiterow'' or ''shederow'' are terms used for herons, and also applied as derogatory terms meaning a ''thin, weakly person''. This name for a heron is found in a list of game birds in a royal decree of [[James VI]] (1566–1625) of [[Scotland]]. The ''OED'' speculates that ''shiterow'' is a corruption of ''shiteheron''.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Shitepoke&quot; and &quot;shiterow&quot; entries, ''[[Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary]]'', [[Oxford University Press]], 1971, [[Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number]] 76-188038&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Another former name was ''heronshaw'' or ''hernshaw'', derived from the Old French ''heronçeau''. Corrupted to ''handsaw'', this name appears in [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Hamlet]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Armitage |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Armitage |date=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0N9h8IE70AAC&amp;pg=PT404 |title=The Poetry of Birds |publisher=Penguin |page=404 |isbn=978-0-14-194186-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; A possible further corruption took place in the Norfolk Broads, where the heron is often referred to as a ''harnser''.<br /> <br /> A group of herons has been called a &quot;siege&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Berners|first=Juliana|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/71266/71266-h/71266-h.htm|title=The Book of Saint Albans|date=1486}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Lipton|first=James|url=https://archive.org/details/exaltationoflark0000lipt_x7z9|url-access=registration|title=An Exaltation of Larks|date=1991|publisher=Viking|isbn=978-0-670-30044-0|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Goliath heron standing cropped.jpg|thumb|The [[goliath heron]] is the largest heron species.]]<br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> [[File:Yellow Bittern hunting.jpg|thumb|left|[[Yellow bittern]] with its neck fully retracted.|alt=A beige heron with yellow legs and bill stands hunched on a wire mesh above water, its neck folded tightly to its body and hidden among feathers.]]<br /> <br /> The herons are medium- to large-sized birds with long legs and necks. They exhibit very little [[sexual dimorphism]] in size. The smallest species is usually considered the [[dwarf bittern]], which measures {{convert|25-30|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} in length, although all the species in the genus ''[[Ixobrychus]]'' are small and many broadly overlap in size. The largest species of heron is the [[goliath heron]], which stands up to {{convert|152|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} tall. <br /> <br /> [[File:Cervical vertebrae in the neck of a heron (X-ray).jpg|thumb|X-ray of the cervical vertebrae in the neck of an unidentified heron]]<br /> <br /> All herons can retract their necks by folding them into a tight S-shape, due to the modified shape of the cervical vertebrae, of which they have 20 or 21; the neck is retracted during flight, unlike most other long-necked birds. The neck is longer in the day herons than the night herons and bitterns. The legs are long and strong, and in almost every species are unfeathered from the lower part of the [[tibia]] (the exception is the [[zigzag heron]]). In flight, the legs and feet are generally held in a horizontal position, pointing backwards. Toes are long and thin, with three pointing forwards and one backwards.&lt;ref name = &quot;HBW&quot;&gt;{{Cite book | first1 = Albert | last1 = Martínez-Vilalta | first2 = Anna | last2 = Motis | editor-first = Josep | editor-last = del Hoyo | editor2-first = Andrew | editor2-last = Elliott | editor3-last = Sargatal | editor3-first = Jordi | contribution = Family Ardeidae (herons) | title = [[Handbook of the Birds of the World]]. Volume 1: Ostriches to Ducks | year = 1992 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse/page/376 376–403] | place = Barcelona | publisher = Lynx Edicions | isbn = 978-84-87334-10-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Eastern reef egrets in Ko Tao.jpg|thumb|The [[Pacific reef heron]] has two [[Polymorphism (biology)|colour morphs]], the light and the dark.|alt=two herons, one with white plumage and one with slate grey, on a rock in the surf of the ocean]]<br /> [[File:White Heron Closeup.jpg|alt=A close-up of white heron with a droplet of water on its beak.|thumb|A white heron with a droplet of water on its beak in Forest Park.]]<br /> The [[beak|bill]] is generally long and harpoon-like. It can vary from extremely narrow, as in the [[agami heron]], to wider as in the [[grey heron]]. The most atypical heron bill is owned by the [[boat-billed heron]], which has a broad, thick bill. Herons' bills and other bare parts of the body are usually yellow, black, or brown, although this can vary during the breeding season. The wings are broad and long, exhibiting 10 or 11 [[primary feather]]s (the boat-billed heron has only nine), 15–20 secondaries, and 12 rectrices (10 in the bitterns). The feathers of the herons are soft and the [[plumage]] is usually blue, black, brown, grey, or white, and can often be strikingly complex. Amongst the day herons, little sexual dimorphism in plumage is seen (except in the pond herons); however, for the night herons and smaller bitterns, plumage differences between the sexes are the rule. Many species also have different [[Polymorphism (biology)|colour morphs]].&lt;ref name = &quot;HBW&quot;/&gt; In the [[Pacific reef heron]], both dark and light colour morphs exist, and the percentage of each morph varies geographically; its white morphs only occur in areas with coral beaches.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Itoh|first=Singi|year=1991|title=Geographical Variation of the Plumage Polymorphism in the eastern reef heron (''Egretta sacra'')|journal=The Condor|volume=93|issue=2|pages=383–389 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v093n02/p0383-p0389.pdf|doi=10.2307/1368954|jstor=1368954}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Distribution and habitat==<br /> [[File:Lava Heron (Butorides sundevalli) Galapagos2.jpg|thumb|alt=Lava heron, grey with a long bill and red feet and with small fish in bill amongst grey rocks|[[Lava heron]]s are endemic to the [[Galápagos Islands]], where they feed on fish and crabs in the intertidal and mangrove areas.]]<br /> <br /> The herons are a widespread family with a [[cosmopolitan distribution]]. They exist on all continents except [[Antarctica]] and are present in most habitats except the coldest extremes of the Arctic, extremely high mountains, and the driest deserts. Almost all species are associated with water; they are essentially non-swimming waterbirds that feed on the margins of lakes, rivers, swamps, ponds, and the sea. They are predominantly found in lowland areas, although some species live in alpine areas, and the majority of species occur in the tropics.&lt;ref name =&quot;HBW&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The herons are a highly mobile family, with most species being at least partially [[bird migration|migratory]]; for example, the [[grey heron]] is mostly sedentary in Britain, but mostly migratory in Scandinavia. Birds are particularly inclined to disperse widely after breeding, but before the annual migration, where the species is colonial, searching out new feeding areas and reducing the pressures on feeding grounds near the colony. The migration typically occurs at night, usually as individuals or in small groups.&lt;ref name =&quot;HBW&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Behaviour and ecology==<br /> ===Diet===<br /> [[File:Egretand lizard.jpg|thumb|A [[great egret]] manipulating its prey, a lizard, before swallowing|alt=A white heron with grey legs and a yellow/orange bill standing in green grasses throwing a lizard with its bill]]<br /> <br /> Herons, egrets, and bitterns are [[carnivorous]]. The members of this family are mostly associated with [[wetlands]] and water and feed on a variety of live [[Aquatic animal|aquatic]] prey. Their diet includes a wide variety of aquatic animals, including fish, reptiles, [[amphibian]]s, [[crustacean]]s, [[mollusc]]s, and aquatic insects. Individual species may be generalists or specialize in certain prey types, such as the [[yellow-crowned night heron]], which specializes in crustaceans, particularly [[crab]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Watts|first=Bryan|year=1988|title=Foraging Implications of Food Usage Patterns in yellow-browned night-herons|journal=The Condor|volume=90|issue=4|pages=860–865 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v090n04/p0860-p0865.pdf|doi=10.2307/1368843|jstor=1368843}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many species also opportunistically take larger prey, including birds and bird eggs, rodents, and more rarely [[carrion]]. Even more rarely, herons eating acorns, peas, and grains have been reported, but most vegetable matter consumed is accidental.&lt;ref name =&quot;HBW&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Balck Heron canopy crop.jpg|thumb|left|[[Black heron]]s holding wings out to form an umbrella-like canopy under which to hunt|alt=Four black herons standing in low water with vegetation holding their wings over their bodies forming what looks like umbrellas]]<br /> <br /> The most common hunting technique is for the bird to sit motionless on the edge or stand in shallow water and wait until prey comes within range. Birds may either do this from an upright posture, giving them a wider field of view for seeing prey, or from a crouched position, which is more cryptic and means the bill is closer to the prey when it is located. Having seen prey, the head is moved from side to side so that the heron can calculate the position of the prey in the water and compensate for [[refraction]], and then the bill is used to spear the prey.&lt;ref name =&quot;HBW&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Heron tricol 01.JPG|thumb|[[Tricoloured heron]] fishing, using wings to eliminate reflection from the water, which improves its ability to sight prey]]<br /> <br /> In addition to sitting and waiting, herons may feed more actively. They may walk slowly, around or less than 60 paces a minute, snatching prey when it is observed. Other active feeding behaviours include foot stirring and probing, where the feet are used to flush out hidden prey.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Meyerriecks|first=Andrew|year=1966|title=Additional Observations on &quot;Foot-Stirring&quot; Feeding Behavior in herons|journal=The Auk|volume=83|issue=3|pages=471–472 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v083n03/p0471-p0472.pdf|doi=10.2307/4083060|jstor=4083060}}&lt;/ref&gt; The wings may be used to frighten prey (or possibly attract it to shade) or to reduce glare; the most extreme example of this is exhibited by the [[black heron]], which forms a full canopy with its wings over its body.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Delacour|first=J|year=1946|title=Under-Wing Fishing of the black heron, ''Melanophoyx ardesiaca''|journal=The Auk|volume=63|issue=3|pages=441–442 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v063n03/p0441-p0442.pdf|doi=10.2307/4080141|jstor=4080141}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Some species of heron, such as the [[little egret]] and grey heron, have been documented using bait to lure prey to within striking distance. Herons may use items already in place, or actively add items to the water to attract fish such as the [[banded killifish]]. Items used may be man-made, such as bread;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Post|first=R. |author2=Post, C. |author3=F. Walsh|title=Little egret (''Egretta garzetta'') and grey heron (''Ardea cinerea'') Using Bait for Fishing in Kenya| journal=Waterbirds|year=2009| volume=32|issue=3|pages=450–452| doi=10.1675/063.032.0311|s2cid=85622885 }}&lt;/ref&gt; alternatively, [[striated heron]]s in the [[Amazon Basin|Amazon]] have been watched repeatedly dropping seeds, insects, flowers, and leaves into the water to catch fish.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Robinson|first=S.|title=Use of bait and lures by green-backed herons in Amazonian Peru|journal=Wilson Bulletin|year=1994|volume=106|issue=3|pages=569–571|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v106n03/p0567-p0569.pdf|jstor=4163462}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Three species, the [[black-headed heron]], [[whistling heron]], and especially the two [[cattle egret]] species, are less tied to watery environments and may feed far away from water. Cattle egrets improve their foraging success by following large grazing animals, and catching insects flushed by their movement. One study found that the success rate of prey capture increased 3.6 times over solitary foraging.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Dinsmore|first=James J.|year=1973|title=Foraging Success of Cattle Egrets, ''Bubulcus ibis''|journal=American Midland Naturalist|volume=89|issue=1|pages=242–246|doi=10.2307/2424157|jstor=2424157}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Breeding===<br /> [[File:American-Bittern-01-web.jpg|thumb|The larger bitterns, like this [[American bittern]], are solitary breeders. To advertise for mates, males use loud, characteristic calls, referred to as booming.|alt=A brown heron with brown, back, and beige coloured streaks stands in similarly coloured dead grasses, its head pointed upwards]]<br /> <br /> While the family exhibits a range of breeding strategies, overall, the herons are [[monogamy in animals|monogamous]] and mostly [[bird colony|colonial]]. Most day herons and night herons are colonial, or partly colonial depending on circumstances, whereas the bitterns and tiger herons are mostly solitary nesters. Colonies may contain several species, as well as other species of waterbirds. In a study of little egrets and cattle egrets in India, the majority of the colonies surveyed contained both species.&lt;ref name=&quot;EgretcolonyIndia&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hilaluddin |first1=Aisha S. |last2=Khan |first2=A. |last3=Yahya |first3=H. |first4=R. |last4=Kaul |title=Nesting ecology of Cattle Egrets and Little Egrets in Amroha, Uttar Pradesh, India |journal=Forktail |year=2006 |volume=22 |url=http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/22pdfs/Hilaludin-CattleEgrets.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610155611/http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/22pdfs/Hilaludin-CattleEgrets.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nesting is seasonal in temperate species; in tropical species, it may be seasonal (often coinciding with the rainy season) or year-round. Even in year-round breeders, nesting intensity varies throughout the year. Tropical herons typically have only one breeding season per year, unlike some other tropical birds which may raise up to three broods a year.&lt;ref name =&quot;HBW&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Courtship usually takes part in the [[bird nest|nest]]. [[File:Herons in nests at sunset (గూళ్ళలో బకములు).jpg|thumb|Herons in their nests in tree tops]] Males arrive first and begin the building of the nest, where they display to attract females. During courtship, the male employs a stretch display and uses erectile neck feathers; the neck area may swell. The female risks an aggressive attack if she approaches too soon and may have to wait up to four days.&lt;ref&gt;Kushlan, J. A. (2011). [https://www.heronconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/resources/Heron-Behavior-Terminology.pdf The terminology of courtship, nesting, feeding and maintenance in herons] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024210538/https://www.heronconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/resources/Heron-Behavior-Terminology.pdf |date=2019-10-24 }}. heronconservation.org&lt;/ref&gt; In colonial species, displays involve visual cues, which can include adopting postures or ritual displays, whereas in solitary species, auditory cues, such as the deep booming of the bitterns, are important. The exception to this is the boat-billed heron, which pairs up away from the nesting site. Having paired, they continue to build the nest in almost all species, although in the [[little bittern]] and [[least bittern]], only the male works on the nest.&lt;ref name =&quot;HBW&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Some [[Ornithology|ornithologists]] have reported observing female herons attaching themselves to [[Erectile dysfunction|impotent]] mates, then seeking sexual gratification elsewhere.&lt;ref name =&quot;HBW&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The nests of herons are usually found near or above water. Although the nests of a few species have been found on the ground where suitable trees or shrubs are unavailable, they are typically placed in vegetation.&lt;ref name =&quot;HBW&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EgretcolonyIndia&quot;/&gt; Trees are used by many species, and here they may be placed high up from the ground, whereas species living in reed beds may nest very close to the ground.&lt;ref name =&quot;HBW&quot;/&gt; Though the majority of nesting of herons is seen in or immediately around water, colonies commonly occur in several cities when human persecution is absent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Mehta |first1=Kanishka |last2=Koli |first2=Vijay K. |last3=Kittur |first3=Swati |last4=Sundar |first4=K. S. Gopi |date=2024 |title=Can you nest where you roost? Waterbirds use different sites but similar cues to locate roosting and breeding sites in a small Indian city |journal=Urban Ecosystems |volume=27|issue=4 |pages=1279–1290 |doi=10.1007/s11252-023-01454-5 |bibcode=2024UrbEc..27.1279M }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Generally, herons lay between [[clutch (eggs)|three and seven eggs]]. Larger clutches are reported in the smaller bitterns and more rarely some of the larger day herons, and single-egg clutches are reported for some of the tiger herons. Clutch size varies by latitude within species, with individuals in temperate climates laying more eggs than tropical ones. On the whole, the eggs are glossy blue or white, with the exception being the large bitterns, which lay olive-brown eggs.&lt;ref name =&quot;HBW&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy and systematics==<br /> {{See also|List of heron species}}<br /> <br /> Analyses of skeletons, mainly [[skull]]s, suggested that the Ardeidae could be split into a [[Diurnal animal|diurnal]] and a [[crepuscular]]/[[nocturnal]] group which included the bitterns. From [[DNA]] studies, and from skeletal analyses that focussed more on bones of the body and limbs, that two-group division has been revealed to be incorrect.&lt;ref name=&quot;McCracken &amp; Sheldon&quot;/&gt; Rather, the similarities in the skull [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] among certain herons reflect [[convergent evolution]] to cope with the different challenges of daytime and nighttime feeding. Today, it is believed that three major groups can be distinguished,&lt;ref name=Sheldon1995/&gt;&lt;ref name=Sheldon2000/&gt; which are:<br /> <br /> * tiger herons and the boatbill<br /> * bitterns<br /> * day herons and egrets, and night herons<br /> <br /> The night herons may still warrant separation from the day herons and egrets (as subfamily Nycticoracinae, as it was traditionally done). However, the position of some genera (e.g. ''Butorides'' or ''Syrigma'') is unclear at the moment, and molecular studies have so far suffered from studying only a small number of taxa. Especially among the subfamily Ardeinae, the relationships are very inadequately resolved. The arrangement presented here should be considered provisional.<br /> <br /> A 2008 study suggests that this family belongs to the [[Pelecaniformes]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History |vauthors=Hackett SJ, Kimball RT, Reddy S, Bowie RC, Braun EL, Braun MJ, Chojnowski JL, Cox WA, Han KL, Harshman J, Huddleston CJ, Marks BD, Miglia KJ, Moore WS, Sheldon FH, Steadman DW, Witt CC, Yuri T |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=320 |issue=5884 |year=2008 |pages=1763–1768 |doi=10.1126/science.1157704 |pmid=18583609|bibcode=2008Sci...320.1763H |s2cid=6472805 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In response to these findings, the [[International Ornithological Congress]] &lt;!-- (IOC) --&gt; reclassified Ardeidae and their sister taxa [[Threskiornithidae]] under the order Pelecaniformes instead of the previous order of [[Ciconiiformes]].&lt;ref name=ioc&gt;{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=December 2023 | title=Ibis, spoonbills, herons, Hamerkop, Shoebill, pelicans | work=IOC World Bird List Version 14.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/pelicans/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=4 August 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The cladogram shown below is based on a [[molecular phylogenetic]] study of the Ardeidae by Jack Hruska and collaborators published in 2023.&lt;ref name=hruska&gt;{{Cite journal | last1=Hruska | first1=J.P. | last2=Holmes | first2=J. | last3=Oliveros | first3=C. | last4=Shakya | first4=S. | last5=Lavretsky | first5=P. | last6=McCracken | first6=K.G. | last7=Sheldon | first7=F.H. | last8=Moyle | first8=R.G. | date=2023 | title=Ultraconserved elements resolve the phylogeny and corroborate patterns of molecular rate variation in herons (Aves: Ardeidae) | journal=Ornithology | volume=140 | issue=2 | article-number=ukad005 | doi=10.1093/ornithology/ukad005}}&lt;/ref&gt; For several species these results conflict with the taxonomy published online in July 2023 by [[Frank Gill (ornithologist)|Frank Gill]], [[Pamela Rasmussen]] and David Donsker on behalf of the [[International Ornithological Committee]] (IOC).&lt;ref name=ioc/&gt; The [[least bittern]] (''Ixobrychus exilis'') and the [[stripe-backed bittern]] (''Ixobrychus involucris'') were nested with members of the genus ''[[Botaurus]]''. Hruska and collaborators resurrected the genus ''[[Calherodius]]'' [[James L. Peters|Peters]], 1931 to contain two night herons (the [[white-backed night heron]] and the [[white-eared night heron]]) that were previously placed in ''[[Gorsachius]]''. The [[western cattle egret]] (''Bubulcus ibis'') was embedded in the genus ''[[Ardea (bird)|Ardea]]''. The [[eastern cattle egret]] (''Bubulcus coromandus'') was not sampled. The placement of the [[forest bittern]] (''Zonerodius heliosylus'') was ambiguous, but the results suggest that it is probably closely related to members of the genus ''[[Ardeola]]'' rather than to the subfamily [[Tigriornithinae]].&lt;ref name=hruska/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%<br /> |label1='''Ardeidae'''<br /> |1={{clade<br /> |label1=[[Tigriornithinae]]<br /> |1={{clade<br /> |1=''[[Tigriornis]]'' – white-crested tiger heron<br /> |2=''[[Tigrisoma]]'' – tiger herons (3 species)<br /> }}<br /> |2={{clade<br /> |label1=Cochleariinae<br /> |1=''[[Cochlearius]]'' – boat-billed heron<br /> |2={{clade<br /> |label1=Agamiinae<br /> |1=''[[Agamia]]'' – agami heron<br /> |2={{clade<br /> |label1=[[Botaurinae]]<br /> |1={{clade<br /> |1=''[[Zebrilus]]'' – zigzag heron<br /> |2=''[[Botaurus]]'' – bitterns (14 species of which 1 extinct, includes species formerly placed in ''Ixobrychus'')<br /> }}<br /> |label2=[[Ardeinae]]<br /> |2={{clade<br /> |1=''[[Gorsachius]]'' – night herons (2 species)<br /> |2={{clade<br /> |1={{clade<br /> |1={{clade<br /> |1=''[[Calherodius]]'' – white-backed night heron<br /> |2=''[[Oroanassa]]'' – white-eared night heron<br /> }}<br /> |2={{clade<br /> |1={{clade<br /> |1=''[[Pilherodius]]'' – capped heron<br /> |2=''[[Syrigma]]'' – whistling heron<br /> }}<br /> |2=''[[Egretta]]'' – herons and egrets (13 species)<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> |2={{clade<br /> |1={{clade<br /> |1=''[[Nyctanassa]]'' – night herons (2 species of which 1 extinct)<br /> |2=''[[Nycticorax]]'' – night herons (2 species)<br /> }}<br /> |2={{clade<br /> |1={{clade<br /> |1=''[[Butorides]]'' – herons (4 species)<br /> |2=''[[Ardeola]]'' – pond herons (6 species)<br /> }}<br /> |2=''[[Ardea (bird)|Ardea]]'' – herons and egrets (16 species, including cattle egrets)<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> As of August 2024 the IOC lists 75 heron species, divided into 18 genera.&lt;ref name=ioc/&gt;<br /> <br /> * Subfamily [[Tigriornithinae]]<br /> ** Genus ''[[Taphophoyx]]'' ([[fossil]], Late Miocene of Levy County, Florida)<br /> ** Genus ''[[Tigrisoma]]'' – typical tiger herons (three species)<br /> ** Genus ''[[Tigriornis]]'' – white-crested tiger heron<br /> * Subfamily Cochleariinae<br /> ** Genus ''[[Cochlearius]]'' – boat-billed heron<br /> * Subfamily Agamiinae<br /> ** Genus ''[[Agamia]]'' – Agami heron<br /> * Subfamily [[Botaurinae]]<br /> ** Genus ''[[Zebrilus]]'' – zigzag heron<br /> ** Genus ''[[Botaurus]]'' – bitterns (14 species, one recently extinct. Includes species formerly placed in ''Ixobrychus'')<br /> ** Genus ''[[Pikaihao]]'' – Saint Bathan's bittern ([[fossil]], Early Miocene of Otago, New Zealand)<br /> * Subfamily [[Ardeinae]]<br /> ** Genus ''[[Zeltornis]]'' ([[fossil]], Early Miocene of Djebel Zelten, Libya)<br /> ** Genus ''[[Nycticorax]]'' – typical night herons (two living species, four recently extinct; sometimes includes ''Nyctanassa'')<br /> ** Genus ''[[Nyctanassa]]'' – American night herons (one living species, one recently extinct)<br /> ** Genus ''[[Gorsachius]]'' – Asian and African night herons (four species)<br /> ** Genus ''[[Butorides]]'' – green-backed herons (four species; sometimes included in ''Ardea'')<br /> ** Genus ''[[Pilherodius]]'' – capped heron<br /> ** Genus ''[[Zonerodius]]'' – forest bittern<br /> ** Genus ''[[Ardeola]]'' – pond herons (six species)<br /> ** Genus ''[[Bubulcus]]'' – cattle egrets (one or two species, sometimes included in ''Ardea'')<br /> ** Genus ''[[Proardea]]'' ([[fossil]])<br /> ** Genus ''[[Ardea (genus)|Ardea]]'' – typical herons (16 species)<br /> ** Genus ''[[Syrigma]]'' – whistling heron<br /> ** Genus ''[[Egretta]]'' – typical egrets (7–13 species)<br /> ** Genus undetermined<br /> *** Easter Island heron, Ardeidae ''gen. et sp. indet.'' ([[Late Quaternary prehistoric birds|prehistoric]])<br /> <br /> ; Fossil herons of unresolved affiliations:<br /> * ''&quot;Anas&quot; basaltica'' (Late Oligocene of Varnsdorf, Czech Republic)&lt;!-- JSystPaleontol5:1. --&gt;<br /> * ''[[Ardeagradis]]''<br /> * ''[[Proardeola]]'' – possibly same as ''Proardea''<br /> * [[Matuku (bird)|''Matuku'']] (Early Miocene of Otago, New Zealand)<br /> <br /> Other prehistoric and fossil species are included in the respective genus accounts. In addition, ''[[Proherodius]]'' is a disputed fossil which was variously considered a heron or one of the extinct long-legged [[waterfowl]], the [[Presbyornithidae]]. It is only known from a [[sternum]]; a [[tarsometatarsus]] that had been assigned to it actually belongs to the [[paleognath]] ''[[Lithornis]] vulturinus''.<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;<br /> File:White-faced heron in flight.jpg|[[White-faced heron]] (''Egretta novaehollandiae''), demonstrating the retracted neck that is typical of herons in flight.<br /> File:Bird-001-rj.jpg|[[Bare-throated tiger heron]] (''Tigrisoma mexicanum'')<br /> File:Botaurus stellaris (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|[[Great bittern]] (''Botaurus stellaris'')<br /> File:Great Egret (Casmerodius albus)- Non-breeding plumage in Kolkata W2 IMG 4341.jpg|[[Eastern great egret]] (''[[Ardea modesta]]'')<br /> File:The wounded heron.jpg|''The Wounded Heron'' by [[George Frederic Watts]], 1837 ([[Watts Gallery]])<br /> File:Coat of Arms of Priozersk (2020).jpg|[[Grey heron]] pictured in the coat of arms of [[Priozersk]], [[Russia]]<br /> File:IMG 3999-01 el Qanater waterfalla.jpg|[[Squacco heron]] from Egypt<br /> File:Čaplja u Zagrebu.JPG|[[Grey heron]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Grey Heron Bird Facts {{pipe}} Ardea Cinerea | url=https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/grey-heron }}&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Zagreb Zoo|Zagreb Zoological Garden]], Croatia<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == Symbolic meaning in mysticism ==<br /> In Buddhism, a heron symbolizes purity, transformation, and the wisdom of the Buddha. In addition, as a bird that transcends elements – on the earth, in the water, and the air – the heron symbolizes the expansion of awareness and the ubiquity of consciousness.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}<br /> <br /> In some Native American cultures, this bird symbolizes renewal, rejuvenation, and rebirth – an ever-present reminder that we are all a part of a larger cycle of life and death.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|refs=<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;McCracken &amp; Sheldon&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author1=McCracken, Kevin G. |author2=Sheldon, Frederick H.|year=1998|title= Molecular and osteological heron phylogenies: sources of incongruence|journal=[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]|volume=115|issue=1|pages= 127–141|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v115n01/p0127-p0141.pdf|doi=10.2307/4089118|jstor=4089118 |bibcode=1998Auk...115..127M }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=Sheldon1995&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Sheldon, Frederick H. |author2=McCracken, Kevin G. |author3=Stuebing, Keeley D. |year=1995|title= Phylogenetic relationships of the zigzag heron (''Zebrilus undulatus'') and white-crested bittern (''Tigriornis leucolophus'') estimated by DNA-DNA hybridization|journal=[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]|volume=112|issue=3|pages= 672–679|jstor = 4088682|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v112n03/p0672-p0679.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=Sheldon2000&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Sheldon, Frederick H. |author2=Jones, Clare E. |author3=McCracken, Kevin G. |year=2000 |title=Relative Patterns and Rates of Evolution in Heron Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=437–450 |url=http://mercury.bio.uaf.edu/~kevin_mccracken/reprints/mbe-17-437.pdf |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026323 |pmid=10723744 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907220949/http://mercury.bio.uaf.edu/~kevin_mccracken/reprints/mbe-17-437.pdf |archive-date=2006-09-07 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *Hancock, James &amp; [[Sir Hugh Elliott, 3rd Baronet|Elliott, Hugh]] (1978) ''The Herons of the World''; with paintings by Robert Gillmor and Peter Hayman, and drawings by Robert Gillmor. London: London Editions {{ISBN|0-905562-05-4}}; New York: Harper &amp; Row {{ISBN|0-06-011759-1}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Wiktionary|heron}}<br /> * [http://www.heronconservation.org/ HeronConservation] Heron Specialist Group of IUCN<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110415003947/http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/herons-ardeidae Heron videos] on the Internet Bird Collection<br /> <br /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q18789}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Ardeidae|*]]<br /> [[Category:Herons|*]]<br /> [[Category:Extant Paleocene first appearances]]<br /> [[Category:Taxa named by William Elford Leach]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhamaka_(2021_film)&diff=470699 2026-03-02T01:06:40Z

<p>Igornhx: added info</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian film directed by Ram Madhvani}}<br /> {{About|the 2021 film|other uses|Dhamaka (disambiguation){{!}}Dhamaka}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Dhamaka<br /> | image = Dhamaka film poster.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Official release poster<br /> | director = [[Ram Madhvani]]<br /> | producer = {{ubl|[[Ronnie Screwvala]]|Amita Madhvani|Ram Madhvani}}<br /> | writer = {{ubl|Puneet Sharma|Ram Madhvani}}<br /> | story = <br /> | based_on = {{based on|''[[The Terror Live]]''|[[Kim Byung-woo]]}}<br /> | starring = {{ubl|[[Kartik Aaryan]]|[[Mrunal Thakur]]|[[Amruta Subhash]]}}<br /> | cinematography = Manu Anand<br /> | editing = Monisha R. Baldawa&lt;br/&gt;Amit Karia<br /> | music = Vishal Khurana<br /> | studio = {{ubl|[[RSVP Movies]]|Ram Madhvani Films|[[Lotte Entertainment|Lotte Cultureworks]]|[[Lionsgate Studios|Global Gate Entertainment]]|[[Lionsgate Films|Lionsgate]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=1 March 2021 |title=Kartik Aaryan's 'Dhamaka' Lands Netflix Deal |url=https://variety.com/2021/streaming/news/kartik-aaryan-dhamaka-netflix-1234918235/ |access-date=10 March 2021 |website=Variety}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> | distributor = [[Netflix]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 March 2021 |title=Kartik Aaryan starrer Dhamaka to release on Netflix this summer, teaser unveiled |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kartik-aaryan-starrer-dhamaka-release-netflix-summer-teaser-unveiled/ |access-date=2 March 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | released = {{Film date|2021|11|19}}<br /> | runtime = 104 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dhamaka (2021) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/dhamaka-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc01mtm3otq |access-date=19 November 2021 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | budget = &lt;!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--&gt;<br /> | gross = &lt;!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''{{lang|hi|Dhamaka}}''''' ({{translation|Blast}}) is a 2021 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[thriller film]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dhamaka |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/dhamaka-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc01mtm3otq |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; written and directed by [[Ram Madhvani]]. An official remake of the 2013 film ''[[The Terror Live]]'', the film stars [[Kartik Aaryan]] as a [[journalist]] who receives a threat after exclusively interviewing a terrorist, who threatens to blow up the [[Bandra Worli Sea Link]] in [[Mumbai]]. [[Mrunal Thakur]] and [[Amruta Subhash]] co-star in prominent roles.<br /> <br /> The adaptation was first pitched by Sunir Kheterpal of Azure Entertainment along with the producers of the original film. After Kheterpal dropped the project, Screwvala acquired the rights for the adaptation with Madhvani helming the project. An official announcement was made in November 2020, production began in December 2020 in [[Mumbai]], and was completed within ten days. The post-production works began simultaneously and were completed within four months, with pending visual effects and graphics process, which were resumed after the [[COVID-19 lockdowns|COVID-19 lockdown]] due to the second wave of the pandemic, in September 2021. The cinematography is handled by Manu Anand and edited by Monisha Baldawa and Amit Karia. The music and background score is composed by Vishal Khurana.<br /> <br /> Originally scheduled for theatrical release, this decision was dropped by the producers in January 2021, in favour of a direct-to-digital release through the streaming service [[Netflix]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=17 January 2021 |title=Dhamaka makers offer Rs 7 crore extra to Kartik Aaryan for THIS reason; check details here |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/dhamaka-makers-offer-rs-7-crore-to-kartik-aaryan-for-this-reason-check-details-here-10022410 |access-date=17 January 2021 |work=Jagran India}}&lt;/ref&gt; on 19 November 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;rd:bh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 October 2021 |title=Kartik Aaryan starrer Dhamaka to release on November 19 on Netflix |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kartik-aaryan-starrer-dhamaka-release-november-19-netflix/ |access-date=18 October 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was also screened at the [[52nd International Film Festival of India]] after the film's release.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=23 October 2021 |title=In hybrid format, IFFI plans to draw big names and movies |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/in-hybrid-format-iffi-plans-to-draw-big-names-and-movies-7585881/ |access-date=31 October 2021 |work=The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film received mixed reviews from critics, while praising Aaryan's performance and Madhvani's direction, they pointed out the [[Cliché|cliched]] plot and dialogues.<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Arjun Pathak was once a top news anchor, but gets demoted due to his behavior. Pulled from primetime TV news and recently divorced, he is now the jaded and bitter host of a current affairs radio program. One day during his morning show, Arjun receives a peculiar phone call threatening to blow up the [[Bandra–Worli Sea Link|Bandra-Worli Sea Link]], a major bridge visible from Arjun's studio building. He takes it as a prank call but watches in shock as the caller follows through and detonates explosives that cause the bridge to collapse, killing innocent people and trapping others.<br /> <br /> Realising this could be a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to make his comeback as a newscaster, Arjun doesn't call the police. Instead, he sets up a makeshift television studio from his radio station, and negotiates with his former boss, the ratings-obsessed news producer, Ankita Malaskar, to get his position back. He strikes a dangerous deal with the terrorist to exclusively broadcast their phone conversations in [[Real time (media)|real-time]], as the whole nation watches.<br /> <br /> The newsroom erupts in chaos as Arjun, Ankita, the police, other broadcasters and the government all exploit terrorism for their own agenda. The only exception is Soumya, Arjun's ex-wife, a reporter who volunteers to report from the site of the terrorist attack. As the live show progresses, Arjun gradually realises how little control he has over the situation. The terrorist, who claims to be Raghubeer Mhata, a 50-something construction worker who lost three of his co-workers in a senseless industrial accident while fixing the bridge, says the families of the victims weren't compensated and demands a public apology from Minister Jaydev Patil. With several people remaining on the bridge, the terrorist threatens a second explosion. He also reveals to Arjun alone that he put a bomb in the anchor's earphone, and that if Patil doesn't apologise, the bomb will explode in his ear, live on air.<br /> <br /> Patil's deputy, Subhash Mathur, arrives but refuses to apologise. Arjun realises that there is a bomb in Mathur's earpiece as well, and warns him discreetly but the caller observes this through [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] footage and detonates the bomb in Mathur's earpiece, killing him. This leaves Arjun extremely scared but Ankita orders him to keep going. The caller threatens to detonate more explosives at the bridge, which would also kill Arjun's wife Saumya. Arjun requests him to come to the studio where the minister would give him an apology. This angers Ankita, who leaks information of Arjun having accepted a bribe to cover up the news of the construction workers losing their lives while repairing the bridge, which had led to him being demoted. It is also revealed that Arjun had won the &quot;Journalist of the Year&quot; award for a report he'd actually stolen from Saumya, which led to their divorce. All of this is telecast by another news channel. Ankita blackmails Arjun that he can save his career if he acts as per her orders.<br /> <br /> The ATS traces the caller's location to a nearby building but it's a trap, and the caller blows up the building, the impact of which causes the studio to also get nearly destroyed. Arjun is gravely injured and realises that the caller is actually Raghubeer's son Anand, who wants to avenge the death of his father and coworkers, and that he has been calling from his very building. Arjun summons him to the studio, while everything is still being broadcast live. The caller arrives and reveals that he has planted an explosive in the building. He is then sniped down by the ATS, instantly killing him. Arjun finds out that the bridge has collapsed and many people have lost their lives, including Saumya. When Ankita finds out that instead of informing the police, Arjun had decided to exclusively cover this news, she leaks the information. Another news channel telecasts this, adding a false story of Arjun being actively involved in planning the attack, labelling him as an anti-national. Arjun, devastated, sends a voicemail to Saumya, apologising, then detonates the explosive in his building, causing it to collapse and kill him as well.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * [[Kartik Aaryan]] as Arjun Pathak, a [[journalist]], [[radio jockey]], and the host of TRTV Bharosa 24/7&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 December 2020 |title=Kartik Aaryan stars as Arjun Pathak in the first look of Ram Madhvani's Dhamaka |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kartik-aaryan-stars-as-arjun-pathak-in-the-first-look-of-ram-madhvanis-dhamaka/ |access-date=23 December 2020 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bh&quot; /&gt; <br /> * [[Mrunal Thakur]] as Saumya Mehra Pathak, Arjun's ex-wife<br /> * [[Amruta Subhash]] as Ankita Malaskar, Arjun's boss&lt;ref name=&quot;bh&quot; /&gt;<br /> * [[Vikas Kumar]] as Officer Praveen Kamath&lt;ref name=&quot;bh&quot; /&gt; <br /> * [[Vishwajeet Pradhan]] as Subhash Mathur, Minister Jaydev Patil's deputy&lt;ref name=&quot;bh&quot; /&gt; <br /> * Aeklavya Tomer as Asif Alam, Arjun's radio show producer<br /> * Soham Majumdar as Anand Mhata / Raghubeer Mhata (as per claim on call)<br /> * Aishwarya Chaudhary as Mala Singh<br /> * Mahender Singh as Bisht Kumar, Ankita's assistant<br /> * Ritviq Joshi as Raunaq Goyal<br /> * Dilip Vasu as Jay Reddy<br /> * Ashish Ranglani as Ashish Tripuri<br /> * Dhwani Acharya as Ketki Sinha<br /> * [[Anuj Gurwara]] as Manas Sethi, Ankita's fellow anchor<br /> * [[Priya Tandon]] as Kripa Ved<br /> * Samriddhi as Karuna Shah<br /> * Tuhinanshu Chaturvedi as Abhimanyu Murth<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> <br /> === Development ===<br /> A remake of the Korean film ''[[The Terror Live]]'' (2013) was announced by [[Lionsgate Films]] and [[Lionsgate Studios|Global Gate Entertainment]] in collaboration with Sunir Kheterpal's Azure Entertainment in May 2018, along with other international projects.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=7 May 2018 |title=Lionsgate India, Azure, Globalgate To Remake 'Instructions Not Included' &amp; More Under New Partnership |url=https://deadline.com/2018/05/lionsgate-india-azure-globalgate-local-language-remake-deal-instructions-not-included-the-terror-live-cannes-1202383768/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Scroll Staff |date=8 May 2018 |title=Indian remakes of Mexican comedy 'Instructions Not Included', Korea's 'The Terror Live' on the cards |url=https://scroll.in/reel/878284/indian-remakes-of-mexican-comedy-instructions-not-included-koreas-the-terror-live-on-the-cards |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in a turn of developments, Kheterpal opted out of the project and it was later pitched by [[Ronnie Screwvala]] of [[RSVP Movies]], with [[Ram Madhvani]] directing the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=23 July 2021 |title=Kartik Aaryan, Ronnie Screwvala, Hansal Mehta, Harman Baweja Team for 'Captain India' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/kartik-aryan-captain-india-hansal-mehta-ronnie-screwvala-1235025393/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madhvani initially planned to present the feature as a female-centric film, referencing his previous works: ''[[Neerja]]'' (2016) and the [[web series]] [[Aarya (TV series)|''Aarya'']] (2020). He initially wrote the script with [[Taapsee Pannu]] in mind, but could not approach her for the film,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Revealed: Here's how Kartik Aaryan got the lead role in Dhamaka |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/weblite/news/bollywood/revealed-heres-how-kartik-aaryan-got-the-lead-role-in-dhamaka/ |access-date=2021-11-14 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}&lt;/ref&gt; and later [[Kriti Sanon]] was also considered for the project, who also refused the offer without giving a convincing reason.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-22 |title=Kartik Aaryan All Set for Dhamaka; Producer Says Kriti Sanon Left Film Without 'Worthy Explanation' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kartik-aaryan-all-set-for-dhamaka-producer-says-kriti-sanon-left-film-without-worthy-explanation-3202403.html |access-date=2021-11-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He then dropped the idea, changing the narrative to a male-centric project and narrated the script to [[Kartik Aaryan]] accepting his part in the film,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Lalwani |first=Vickey |title=Exclusive! 'Dhamaka': Kriti Sanon's loss is Kartik Aaryan's gain; &quot;Actress left without giving a convincing reason&quot; - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-dhamaka-kriti-sanons-loss-is-kartik-aaryans-gain-actress-left-without-giving-a-convincing-reason/articleshow/79843483.cms |access-date=2021-11-14 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; as it was his first serious role after a number of comical and romantic characters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 October 2020 |title=Kartik Aaryan's next film is a thriller directed by Ram Madhvani? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kartik-aaryan-s-next-film-is-a-thriller-directed-by-ram-madhvani-1734486-2020-10-23 |access-date=22 December 2020 |publisher=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 October 2020 |title=Kartik Aaryan's film with Ram Madhvani is a remake of THIS Korean film; read details inside |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-kartik-aaryans-film-ram-madhvani-remake-korean-film-read-details-inside-571268 |access-date=23 December 2020 |website=Pinkvilla}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film featured Aaryan as the main lead, essaying the role of a news reporter named Arjun Pathak,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=21 December 2020 |title=Presenting Kartik Aaryan's First Look From Dhamaka |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/presenting-kartik-aaryans-first-look-from-dhamaka-2341692 |access-date=23 December 2020 |work=NDTV}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=21 December 2020 |title=Kartik Aaryan shares his look as Arjun Pathak from Dhamaka |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/kartik-aaryan-shares-his-look-as-arjun-pathak-from-dhamaka-672895 |access-date=23 December 2020 |work=India TV News}}&lt;/ref&gt; who runs against time to save the city.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} [[Yami Gautam]] was initially reported to play the character of Arjun's wife,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mankad |first=Himesh |date=7 December 2020 |title=Busy December for Yami Gautam as she juggles Bhoot Police and Dhamaka shoot in Mumbai |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/busy-december-for-yami-gautam-as-she-juggles-bhoot-police-and-dhamaka-shoot-in-mumbai/articleshow/79595738.cms |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; but she opted out of the film citing date clashes and was replaced by [[Mrunal Thakur]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} The film was officially announced on Aaryan's 30th birthday, i.e., 22 November 2020,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=22 November 2020 |title=Kartik Aaryan says Dhamaka hona chahiye on his birthday, announces new film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kartik-aaryan-says-dhamaka-hona-chahiye-on-his-birthday-announces-new-film-1743063-2020-11-22 |access-date=23 December 2020 |work=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; also revealing the film's title as {{lang|hi|Dhamaka}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 November 2020 |title=Kartik Aaryan announces new movie Dhamaka on 30th birthday, shares motion poster |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kartik-aaryan-announces-new-movie-dhamaka-on-30th-birthday-shares-motion-poster/story-YaJy8aSt6fkUpQPwNnmPnI_amp.html |access-date=22 December 2020 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 November 2020 |title=Kartik Aaryan announces his next film, Ram Madhvani-helmed Dhamaka, with first look poster |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kartik-aaryan-announces-his-next-film-ram-madhvani-helmed-dhamaka-with-first-look-poster-9041571.html |access-date=22 December 2020 |website=Firstpost}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Filming ===<br /> {{Quote box<br /> | quote = Ram sir had planned each scene down to the last detail, including where each actor would stand and what the camera angle would be. It saved the unit a lot of time, enabling them to shoot more than five scenes every day. While the shoot went overtime on a few occasions, they would usually call it a day after eight hours of filming.<br /> | source = A source from the production team, about the completion of shooting within 10 days, to [[Press Trust of India|PTI]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=25 December 2020 |title=Kartik Aaryan sets a new record, wraps Dhamaka in just 10 days |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kartik-aaryan-s-dhamaka-completes-filming-after-just-10-days/story-7hCX7Exzy82GgwUeKSKjOL.html |access-date=26 December 2020 |work=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | align = right<br /> | width = 25%<br /> }}<br /> [[Principal photography]] began on 14 December 2020 in [[Mumbai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=14 December 2020 |title=Kartik Aaryan shares picture of his 'worried' mother as he commences Dhamaka shoot |url=https://www.mid-day.com/amp/articles/kartik-aaryan-shares-picture-of-his-worried-mother-as-he-commences-dhamaka-shoot/23140220 |access-date=22 December 2020 |work=Mid Day}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 December 2020 |title=Kartik Aaryan's mom is worried as he leaves for Dhamaka shoot, Varun Dhawan asks him to stay safe |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kartik-aaryan-s-mom-is-worried-as-he-leaves-for-dhamaka-shoot-varun-dhawan-asks-him-to-stay-safe/story-aGAinhBEjNsooKS9ZOXkZO_amp.html |access-date=23 December 2020 |work=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 December 2020 |title=Why is Kartik Aaryan's mom worried? 'Dhamaka' actor spill beans |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/why-is-kartik-aaryan-s-mom-worried-dhamaka-actor-spill-beans-671062 |access-date=22 December 2020 |work=India TV News}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 24 December 2020, it was announced that the makers [[wrap (filming)|wrapped]] the shooting of the film within 10 days.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=25 December 2020 |title=Kartik Aaryan sets a new record, wraps Dhamaka in just 10 days |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kartik-aaryan-sets-new-record-wraps-dhamaka-just-10-days/ |access-date=26 December 2020 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}&lt;/ref&gt; The director Madhvani had designed a detailed storyboard and ensured the team was prepped to avoid prolonged shoot schedules.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; 90% of the shooting was held indoors at a set erected at [[Renaissance Hotels|Renaissance Hotel]] in [[Powai|Powai, Mumbai]], and the hotel was booked by the production unit, composed of more than 300 people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=25 December 2020 |title=Kartik Aaryan wraps up Dhamaka shoot in 10 days |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kartik-aaryan-wraps-up-dhamaka-shoot-in-10-days-1752981-2020-12-25 |access-date=26 December 2020 |work=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adhering to the COVID-19 safety protocols, no outsiders were allowed inside the hotel and the entire unit was asked to stay put during the period, thus creating a bio-bubble of sorts.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Originally, the makers used multiple techniques to shoot the film within a single schedule, and planned to complete within 10 days, while the schedule consisted of 45–50 days.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 September 2021 |title=10 Bollywood Movies Announced and Completed During the Covid Pandemic |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/10-bollywood-movies-announced-and-completed-during-the-covid-pandemic-4181804.html |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The team had used multiple cameras and multiple audio outputs — almost 21 microphones were used in order to capture each nuances. The B-roll (secondary footage) of the film was shot simultaneously along with the first footage of the film.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Work on in full-swing for Kartik Aaryan-starrer Netflix film, Dhamaka |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/work-on-in-full-swing-for-kartik-aaryan-starrer-netflix-film-dhamaka |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The action sequences were shot outdoors. During the final day of the shoot held in outdoors, a rooftop scene featuring a helicopter was erected at green screen in a barren land.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Post-production ===<br /> [[Post-production]] works of the film simultaneously began on 31 December 2020, a week after the shooting wrapped.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Kartik Aaryan completes shooting his next film - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kartik-aaryan-completes-shooting-his-next-film/articleshow/80048809.cms |access-date=25 September 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The makers began dubbing works for the film during March 2021, and was completed within that April, after the lead actor Kartik Aaryan completed dubbing for his portions that month before the 15-day lockdown in [[Mumbai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kanyal |first=Jyoti |date=15 April 2021 |title=Kartik Aaryan completes dubbing for Dhamaka before Mumbai's 15-day janta curfew |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kartik-aaryan-completes-dubbing-for-dhamaka-before-mumbai-s-15-day-janta-curfew-1791167-2021-04-15 |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has been revealed that the post-production process has been completed within four months, except for [[computer graphics]], [[Visual effects|visual]] and [[sound effect]]s process, which took place after the lockdown.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 June 2021 |title=Kartik Aaryan's Dhamaka Likely To Be Released In August |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kartik-aaryans-dhamaka-likely-to-be-released-in-august-3836162.html |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madhvani collaborated with four visual effects studios to progress the work on the visual effects, since the film has heavy VFX-work.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; A scene where a bridge at [[Bandra–Worli Sea Link]] being blown apart, and how several other structures have been affected by the disaster, has been created with visual effects at various studios. Manas Choudhury, the film's sound designer, worked on the [[sound mixing]] of the film during September 2021. Other works such as [[digital intermediate]] and [[color grading]], simultaneously progressed within the same month, so that the team could be ready with the final copy of the film within 15 days.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Dhamaka<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = Vishal Khurana and [[Prateek Kuhad]]<br /> | cover = <br /> | alt = <br /> | released = 12 November 2021&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 November 2021 |title=Dhamaka – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/dhamaka/mCndKq8W8mE_ |access-date=17 November 2021 |publisher=Jiosaavn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | recorded = 2021<br /> | venue = <br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 9:36<br /> | language = Hindi&lt;!--Do not link per WP:OL--&gt;<br /> | label = [[Zee Music Company]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Warner Music India]]<br /> | producer = <br /> | misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio<br /> |{{YouTube|qT-Sf9duVnw|Dhamaka - Full Album}}<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The soundtrack and score for the film are composed by Vishal Khurana, who previously collaborated with [[Ram Madhvani]] in ''[[Neerja]]'' (2016) and the [[streaming television]] series ''[[Aarya (TV series)|Aarya]]'' (2020). The film featured only one song titled &quot;Khoya Paaya&quot; which was sung by [[Amit Trivedi]] and Delraaz Bunshah and written by Puneet Sharma. A promotional video song of the track, shot by [[Ravi Varman]] and directed by [[Bejoy Nambiar]], was released on 31 October 2021, where the film's team attended the sets of ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 15)|Bigg Boss 15]]'' for promotional purposes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2021-10-31 |title=Bigg Boss 15: Dhamaka star Kartik Aaryan promotes his film on Salman Khan's Weekend Ka Vaar : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/bigg-boss-15-dhamaka-star-kartik-aaryan-promotes-film-salman-khans-weekend-ka-vaar/ |access-date=2021-11-14 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-11-01 |title=Dhamaka First Song Khoya Paaya Out: Kartik Aaryan questions why count the moments that have passed |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/dhamaka-first-song-khoya-paaya-out-kartik-aaryan-questions-why-count-moments-have-passed-939509 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114145943/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/dhamaka-first-song-khoya-paaya-out-kartik-aaryan-questions-why-count-moments-have-passed-939509 |archive-date=14 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-14 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 12 November 2021, [[Zee Music Company]] released the full album which also had a female version of this track crooned by [[Jasleen Royal]], spanning the duration of the album to 6 minutes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Dhamaka - Full Album {{!}} Kartik Aaryan &amp; Mrunal Thakur {{!}} Vishal Khurana {{!}} Puneet Sharma |date=12 November 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qT-Sf9duVnw |access-date=2021-11-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The song received positive response from music critics and listeners. Filmfare called the track &quot;one of the best&quot; and &quot;most inspiring compositions of the year which sets the tone for the film&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Khoya Paaya from Dhamaka sets the tone for this new Kartik Aaryan movie |url=https://www.filmfare.com/videos/khoya-paaya-from-dhamaka-sets-the-tone-for-this-new-kartik-aaryan-movie-51509.html |access-date=2021-11-14 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A reviewer from Mid-day stated the song as &quot;music to the ears&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-11-02 |title=Dhamaka song Khoya Paaya: Kartik Aaryan looks intense; song is music to the ears |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/dhamaka-song-khoya-paaya-kartik-aaryan-looks-intense-song-is-music-to-the-ears-23200832 |access-date=2021-11-14 |website=www.mid-day.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hindustan Times stated that &quot;the theme of regret, helplessness, and anxiety matches with the lyrics of the track, thereby being crucial to the film's storyline. It is at the perfect length, conveying deep themes of sorrow and repentance. This song could be streamed on your playlist on loop.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-11-01 |title='Khoya Paaya' review: This 'Dhamaka' song is thought-provoking |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/news/entertainment/khoya-paaya-from-dhamaka-is-touching/story |access-date=2021-11-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 15 November 2021, the makers released the film version of the track &quot;Kasoor&quot; originally performed, written, and sung by singer-songwriter [[Prateek Kuhad]] under licensed [[Warner Music India]], and was picturized on Kartik and Mrunal in the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-11-15 |title=Kartik Aaryan-Mrunal Thakur's 'Kasoor' song from Dhamaka OUT - Watch |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/kartik-aaryan-mrunal-thakurs-kasoor-song-from-dhamaka-out-watch-2411199.html |access-date=2021-11-17 |website=Zee News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; This song was earlier released as an independent single in July 2020, during the [[COVID-19 lockdowns|COVID-19 lockdown]] period.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-07-01 |title=Prateek Kuhad song Kasoor will hit you right in the feels |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/prateek-kuhad-kasoor-music-video-6485216/ |access-date=2021-11-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | total_length = 9:36<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Khoya Paaya<br /> | extra1 = [[Amit Trivedi]], Delraaz Bunshah<br /> | music1 = Vishal Khurana<br /> | lyrics1 = Puneet Sharma<br /> | length1 = 4:00<br /> | title2 = Khoya Paaya<br /> | note2 = Female Version<br /> | extra2 = [[Jasleen Royal]]<br /> | music2 = Vishal Khurana<br /> | lyrics2 = Puneet Sharma<br /> | length2 = 2:19<br /> | title3 = Kasoor<br /> | lyrics3 = [[Prateek Kuhad]]<br /> | extra3 = Prateek Kuhad<br /> | music3 = Prateek Kuhad<br /> | length3 = 3:17<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Release==<br /> {{lang|hi|Dhamaka}} was initially scheduled for theatrical release and the film's lead actor Aaryan had added a new clause in his agreement to producers in December 2020, which prevents his films to forgo theatrical release and premiere on a [[Digital streaming|digital streaming service]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 December 2020 |title=No OTT premiere for Kartik Aaryan's movies; actor adds new clause in his agreement with producers |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/no-ott-premiere-kartik-aaryans-movies-actor-adds-new-clause-agreement-producers/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=10 December 2020 |title=Top stars reject direct-to digital releases |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/top-stars-reject-direct-to-digital-releases-11607579583844.html |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in January 2021, the producers opted for a [[direct-to-digital]] release through the streaming platform [[Netflix]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=17 January 2021 |title=BIG SCOOP: Kartik Aaryan's Dhamaka gears up for a direct-to-digital premiere on Netflix |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/big-scoop-kartik-aaryans-dhamaka-gears-direct-digital-premiere-netflix/ |access-date=17 January 2021 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first teaser of the film was released on 2 March 2021 by [[Netflix|Netflix India]], thus confirming the digital release.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 March 2021 |title=Netflix releases teaser of Kartik Aaryan's Dhamaka; Ram Madhvani's film to release this summer-Entertainment News |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/netflix-releases-teaser-of-kartik-aaryans-dhamaka-ram-madhvanis-film-to-release-this-summer-9365811.html |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=Firstpost}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was considered as one of the 41 Indian contents slated for an exclusive release through the platform,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 March 2021 |title=Netflix announces 41 titles: Fabulous Lives 2, Delhi Crime 2, Madhuri Dixit's Finding Anamika in pipeline |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/netflix-new-slate-2021-kapil-sharma-dhamaka-delhi-crime-2-7212144/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 March 2021 |title=Netflix India 2021 slate announced: From Fabulous Lives season 2 and Kapil Sharma to Abbas-Mustan's next, see full list |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/netflix-india-2021-slate-announced-from-fabulous-lives-season-2-and-kapil-sharma-to-abbas-mustan-s-next-see-full-list-101614760233353.html |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and also happened to be Aaryan's debut on a digital streamer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Grater |first=Tom |date=3 March 2021 |title=Netflix India Unveils Slate Of 40 Films &amp; Series |url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/netflix-india-slate-40-films-series-1234704881/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The rights were sold to the platform at a sum {{Indian Rupee|85–135}} crore (US$12–19 million),{{Efn|According to the sources ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' and ''[[Filmfare]]'', the digital rights of the film were estimated to be ₹85 crore,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 January 2021 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Kartik Aaryan's Dhamaka sold to Netflix for whopping Rs 85 crore? |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-kartik-aaryan-s-dhamaka-sold-netflix-whopping-rs-85-crore-600373 |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kartik Aaryan's Dhamaka sold to an OTT giant for a whopping Rs 85 crores |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/kartik-aaryans-dhamaka-sold-to-an-ott-giant-for-a-whopping-rs-85-crores-46046.html |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; but in April 2021, the deal was reported to be around ₹135 crore.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |title=Netflix buys Dhamaka for Rs 1.35 billion! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/netflix-buys-kartiks-dhamaka-for-rs-135-bn/20210414.htm |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=Rediff |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India com Entertainment |date=14 April 2021 |title=Kartik Aaryan's Dhamaka Sold to Netflix For a Whopping Rs 135 Crore- Know Details |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/kartik-aaryans-dhamaka-sold-to-netflix-for-a-whopping-rs-135-crore-know-details-4583297/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=India News, Breaking News {{!}} India.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} the highest ever for a Hindi film surpassing ''[[Laxmii]]'' (which was sold to [[Disney+ Hotstar]] to ₹110 crore).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=ABP News |date=14 April 2021 |title=Kartik Aaryan's 'Dhamaka' To Release On Netflix; Film Sold For Whooping Rs 135 Crore |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/kartik-aaryan-starrer-dhamaka-sold-to-netflix-for-a-whopping-rs-135-crore-1453037 |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film was scheduled for release on 30 December 2020,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2 March 2021 |title=Kartik Aaryan starrer Dhamaka to release on Netflix this summer, teaser unveiled : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kartik-aaryan-starrer-dhamaka-release-netflix-summer-teaser-unveiled/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; but post-production delays prompted the makers to postpone the release to September.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=8 June 2021 |title=Kartik Aaryan's 'Dhamaka' likely to create a dhamaka in August |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/films/kartik-aaryans-dhamaka-likely-to-create-a-dhamaka-in-august |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=National Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July 2021, the makers announced that the film will be released in October 2021, during the festive season around [[Navaratri|Navratri]] and [[Dusshera]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=30 July 2021 |title=Kartik Aaryan starrer Dhamaka scheduled for release in October 2021 around the festive season of Navratri and Dusshera : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kartik-aaryan-starrer-dhamaka-scheduled-release-october-2021-around-festive-season-navratri-dusshera/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; but it was later revealed that the film would be released on the occasion of [[Diwali]] (5 November 2021).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kartik Aaryan to light up Diwali with his Netflix release 'Dhamaka'? |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/kartik-aaryan-to-light-up-diwali-with-his-netflix-release-dhamaka |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A special teaser was unveiled at the [[Tudum Festival]] by Netflix on 25 September 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 September 2021 |title=Netflix Tudum India Spotlight: Sneak peek into Kartik Aaryan's Dhamaka, SLB's Heeramandi &amp; 8 NEW projects |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/netflix-tudum-india-spotlight-sneak-peek-kartik-aaryans-dhamaka-slbs-heeramandi-8-new-projects-904140 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928092419/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/netflix-tudum-india-spotlight-sneak-peek-kartik-aaryans-dhamaka-slbs-heeramandi-8-new-projects-904140 |archive-date=28 September 2021 |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=25 September 2021 |title=Tudum India Spotlight: From Kartik Aaryan's Dhamaka, Madhuri Dixit's Finding Anamika to Sanjay Leela Bhansali's Heeramandi, Netflix shares first look and promos : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/tudum-india-spotlight-from-kartik-aaryans-dhamaka-madhuri-dixits-finding-anamika-to-sanjay-leela-bhansalis-heeramandi-netflix-shares-first-look-and-promos/ |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 September 2021 |title=Netflix's Tudum event offers glimpses at Aranyak, Dhamaka, Little Things 4, Finding Anamika, more. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/netflixs-tudum-event-offers-glimpses-at-aranyak-dhamaka-little-things-4-finding-anamika-more-watch-101632581826129.html |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film's release date is said to be preponed to late-October 2021, following the government's permission to reopen theatres in [[Maharashtra]] from 22 October 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dhamaka To Finding Anamika: 10 New Films And Shows On Netflix, Everything You Need To Know |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dhamaka-to-finding-anamika-10-new-films-and-shows-on-netflix-everything-you-need-to-know-2554141 |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Meghna |date=25 September 2021 |title=Cinema halls, drama theatres in Maharashtra to reopen from 22 Oct. Read here |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/maharashtra-theatres-auditoriums-to-reopen-from-22-oct-sop-to-be-declared-soon-11632563005173.html |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the makers announced that the film will be released on 19 November 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2021 |title=Dhamaka, Red Notice, Tiger King 2, and More on Netflix India in November |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/features/netflix-india-november-2021-releases-dhamaka-red-notice-meenakshi-sundareshwar-tiger-king-2595739 |access-date=2021-11-11 |website=NDTV Gadgets 360 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-11-03 |title=Streaming in November 2021: Meenakshi Sundareshwar, Dhamaka, Special Ops 1.5 and others |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/streaming-in-november-2021-dhamaka-meenakshi-sundareshwar-special-ops-1-5-and-others-7604128/ |access-date=2021-11-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Netflix further planned to conduct a special screening at the [[52nd International Film Festival of India|52nd edition]] of [[International Film Festival of India]] to be held from 20 to 28 November,&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2021-11-11 |title=The Family Man 2 creators Raj Nidimoru, Krishna DK to conduct masterclass at IFFI Goa; Kartik Aaryan might introduce Dhamaka at the festival : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/family-man-2-creators-raj-nidimoru-krishna-dk-conduct-masterclass-iffi-goa-kartik-aaryan-might-introduce-dhamaka-festival/ |access-date=2021-11-11 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the platform's other film, [[Jane Campion]]-directorial ''[[The Power of the Dog (film)|The Power of the Dog]]'' (2021).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=OTTs to make their debut on International Film Festival of India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/otts-to-make-their-debut-on-international-film-festival-of-india/articleshow/87218713.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2021-11-11 |work=The Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ahead of the release, a special screening was held in [[Mumbai]] on 17 November.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 November 2021 |title=Kartik Aaryan and Mrunal Thakur are all smiles at Dhamaka screening. See pics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/photo/kartik-aaryan-and-mrunal-thakur-are-all-smiles-at-dhamaka-screening-see-pics-1877576-2021-11-17 |access-date=2021-11-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pictures: Amruta Subhash, Kartik Aaryan, Mrunal Thakur at Dhamaka special screening |url=https://www.filmfare.com/photos/pictures-amruta-subhash-kartik-aaryan-mrunal-thakur-at-dhamaka-special-screening-51544.html |access-date=2021-11-17 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> ===Critical response===<br /> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|38|4.8|16|consensus=}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id=dhamaka |type=movie |title=DHAMAKA |access-date=November 20, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Shubhra Gupta]] from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film 1 star out of 5 and wrote, &quot;Even the worst TV channels in real life with their shrieking guests and poisonous debates have more drama than the goings-on in this fictional Bharosa 24/7. Everything that's happening on screen feels contrived and improbable. The whole film feels like a set. And everyone feels like they are acting out set-pieces in this Netflix thriller.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=19 November 2021 |title=Dhamaka review: Kartik Aaryan thriller lacks urgency, terror, tension |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/dhamaka-movie-review-kartik-aaryan-netflix-mrunal-thakur-7630769/ |access-date=November 20, 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Writing for the same publication, Rohan Naahar stated &quot;Equally angry at the corrupt politicians who exploit the common person and the greedy news media that enables them, the film captures the mood of the nation. Packaged as a populist piece of entertainment, it lives up to its attention-grabbing title. The clickbait-and-switch, however, is deftly executed.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-11-21 |title=Dhamaka: Netflix's thrilling Kartik Aaryan-starrer is an attack on all the right people |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dhamaka-netflixs-thrilling-kartik-aaryan-starrer-is-an-attack-on-all-the-right-people-7631125/ |access-date=2021-11-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] from ''[[NDTV]]'' gave the film 2.5 stars (out of 5) rating and said that the film &quot;does throw up a few tense moments and some surprises along the way but, despite what is at stake, is overall a rather tepid affair&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |title=Dhamaka Review: Despite Kartik Aryan's Panache, Takedown Of Indian Journalism Is More A Whimper Than A Bang |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dhamaka-review-despite-kartik-aryans-panache-takedown-of-indian-journalism-is-more-a-whimper-than-a-bang-2-5-stars-2617100 |access-date=November 20, 2021 |website=NDTV |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Renuka Vyavahare of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 stars and stated that the film &quot;may not be explosive enough to change the narrative&quot; but &quot;makes for an engaging hostage thriller&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Vyavahare |first=Renuka |title=DHAMAKA REVIEW : A GRIPPING SOCIAL COMMENTARY ON THE BUSINESS OF NEWS |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/dhamaka/ottmoviereview/81350148.cms |access-date=November 20, 2021 |work=Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Anupama Chopra]] on the website ''[[Film Companion]]'' stated, &quot;''Dhamaka'' isn't a bad film but doesn't match Ram Madhvani's previous works — ''Neerja'' and the series ''Aarya''&quot;. She further called the film as a passable thriller with criticism directed on the scenario and writing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |date=19 November 2021 |title=Dhamaka, On Netflix, Isn't A Bad Film, But Doesn't Match Ram Madhvani's Previous Work |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/streaming/netflix/dhamaka-review-netflix-kartik-aaryan-isnt-a-bad-film-but-doesnt-match-ram-madhvanis-previous-work-amruta-subhash-mrunal-thakur/ |access-date=November 20, 2021 |website=Film Companion |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' said, &quot;The 104-minute film is packed with nervous energy, convincing visual effects and serviceable performances from the cast.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=19 November 2021 |title='Dhamaka' review: Some bombs go off but the big one doesn't |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1010747/dhamaka-review-some-bombs-go-off-but-the-big-one-doesnt |access-date=November 20, 2021 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She further praised Aaryan's performance saying that he &quot;is cleverly cast as the smarmy and jaded journalist who is forced to find the spine that he didn't know he still had. Despite going overboard in the crucial scenes, Aaryan makes the most of a largely unsympathetic character.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Devansh Sharma of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave the film 3.5 stars (out of 5 stars) and wrote, &quot;Director Ram Madhvani masterfully blends the unrehearsed tension that arises from his natural way of filming with a promising premise on paper to create a taut thriller.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Devansh |date=19 November 2021 |title=Dhamaka movie review: A sincere Kartik Aaryan in Ram Madhvani thriller that isn't explosive, but not exploitative either |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dhamaka-movie-review-a-sincere-kartik-aaryan-in-ram-madhvani-thriller-that-isnt-explosive-but-not-exploitative-either-10147021.html |access-date=November 20, 2021 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave 3 out of 5 stars and stated it as an &quot;edge of the seat thriller that boasts of fine performances (particularly Aaryan's)&quot;, but criticised the second half.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 November 2021 |title=Dhamaka Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dhamaka-2/critic-review/dhamaka-2-movie-review/despite-a-slow-second-half-dhamaka-is-an-edge-of-the-seat-thriller-that-boasts-of-fine-performances/ |access-date=November 20, 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Stutee Ghosh from ''[[The Quint]]'' website gave the fim a positive review with a rating of 3 out of 5 stars and said, &quot;The compact runtime and performances of Kartik Aryan makes the film watchable. Ram Madhvani knows when and how to dial up the tension, give us just enough information so we know what's happening and are hungrier for more.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Stutee |date=19 November 2021 |title=Dhamaka Review |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/dhamaka-movie-review-kartik-aaryan-netflix-ram-madhvani-amruta-subhash |access-date=November 20, 2021 |website=The Quint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote &quot;The disturbing thoughts swim in the conscience as one could clearly hear the sound of social implosion in Ram Madhvani's compelling thriller, lined with commentary on media ethics&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=2021-11-21 |title='Dhamaka' movie review: Sound of social implosion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dhamaka-movie-review-sound-of-social-implosion/article37607805.ece |access-date=2021-11-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''[[Sify]]''-based critic Sonia Chopra wrote &quot;''Dhamaka'' explores how class inequality, constantly brushed under the carpet and normalized, is bound to explode in one way or the other.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dhamaka review: Kartik Aaryan delivers an arresting thriller |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/dhamaka-review-kartik-aaryan-delivers-an-arresting-thriller--review-bollywood-vlwensaejbajb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122044928/https://www.sify.com/movies/dhamaka-review-kartik-aaryan-delivers-an-arresting-thriller--review-bollywood-vlwensaejbajb.html |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-22 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sukanya Verma]] of Rediff.com gave 2.5 stars and stated &quot;''Dhamaka'' doesn't always hit the right buttons and Kartik Aaryan is a puny choice for a role of enormous calibre and incessant focus&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=VERMA |first=SUKANYA |title=Dhamaka review |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/dhamaka-review/20211119.htm |access-date=2021-11-22 |website=Rediff |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shilajit Mitra of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote &quot;Dhamaka toys with the idea that news-making is steeped in drama. But the film, as a work of fiction, could have sold this point better by avoiding the manipulations it is seeking to spurn. It never does.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 November 2021 |title='Dhamaka' Review: A thriller undone by excess |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/nov/20/dhamaka-review-a-thriller-undone-by-excess-2385757.html |access-date=2021-11-22 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Zee News|Daily News and Analysis]]''-based editor Mugdha Kapoor Safaya wrote &quot;even though the script and dialogues lack at some points in the film, Ram Madhvani's direction in the restricted space of one newsroom while capturing every heightened emotion during a breaking news scenario through multiple camera setup is fabulous and shows you the marvel of Madhvani's work yet again&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Dhamaka' film review: In Ram Madhvani's film, Kartik Aaryan delivers a 'dhamakedaar' performance |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/movie-reviews/report-dhamaka-movie-review-in-ram-madhvani-s-film-kartik-aaryan-delivers-a-dhamakedaar-performance-2920311 |access-date=2021-11-22 |website=DNA India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Anupama Chopra]] of Film Companion wrote, &quot;Ultimately, the scenario is too outlandish and the writing, too ordinary.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |date=19 November 2021 |title=Dhamaka, On Netflix, Isn't A Bad Film, But Doesn't Match Ram Madhvani's Previous Work |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/streaming/netflix/dhamaka-review-netflix-kartik-aaryan-isnt-a-bad-film-but-doesnt-match-ram-madhvanis-previous-work-amruta-subhash-mrunal-thakur/ |access-date=November 24, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|13510660}}<br /> * {{Rotten Tomatoes | dhamaka }}<br /> * {{Bollywood Hungama movie|dhamaka-2}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2021 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:2021 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2021 direct-to-video films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Vishal Khurana]]<br /> [[Category:Indian remakes of South Korean films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2021 thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]<br /> [[Category:2021 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Netflix original films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films about bomb disposal]]<br /> [[Category:Films about journalists]]<br /> [[Category:Films about mass media in India]]<br /> [[Category:Fictional television stations]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about radio people]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Thayil&diff=509948 2026-03-01T21:36:06Z

<p>Igornhx: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|American guitarist (born 1960)}}<br /> {{BLP sources|date=March 2016}}<br /> {{Use American English|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Use mdy dates|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox musical artist<br /> | background = non_vocal_instrumentalist<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Musician|songwriter}}<br /> | instrument = Guitar<br /> | name = Kim Thayil<br /> | image = Kim Thayil - Fabrik Hamburg 2018 04.jpg<br /> | caption = Thayil performing with [[MC5|MC50]] in 2018<br /> | birth_name = Kim Anand Thayil<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|9|4}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Seattle, Washington]], U.S.<br /> | alias = <br /> | genre = {{hlist|[[Alternative metal]]|[[grunge]]|[[alternative rock]]|[[heavy metal music|heavy metal]]|[[hard rock]]}}<br /> | current_member_of = {{hlist| [[3rd Secret]]|[[MC5|MC50]]}}<br /> | past_member_of = {{hlist| Bozo and the Pinheads|Identity Crisis|[[Soundgarden]]|[[No WTO Combo]]}}<br /> | years_active = 1980–present<br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> '''Kim Anand Thayil'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers |date=December 28, 2023 |title=Flower |url=https://www.ascap.com/repertory#/ace/search/workID/360247510 |website=ASCAP Repertory}}&lt;/ref&gt; (born September 4, 1960)&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;[http://web.stargate.net/soundgarden/misc/kim.shtml Kim Thayil Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010611000049/http://web.stargate.net/soundgarden/misc/kim.shtml |date=June 11, 2001 }} Unofficial SG Homepage.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;spin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 11, 2010 |title=Soundgarden's Kim Thayil on Protests, Quarantine and Teaming Up With Brandi Carlile |url=https://www.spin.com/2020/06/soundgardens-kim-thayil-on-protests-quarantine-and-teaming-up-with-brandi-carlile/ |website=SPIN Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an American musician best known as the [[lead guitar]]ist of the [[Seattle]]-based [[Rock music|rock]] band [[Soundgarden]], which he co-founded with singer [[Chris Cornell]] and bassist [[Hiro Yamamoto]] in 1984. Cornell and Thayil remained as the original members of the band until Cornell's death in 2017, and the band's subsequent split in 2018. Thayil was named the 100th greatest guitarist of all time by ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' in 2010,&lt;ref name=100GG&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-guitarists-of-all-time-19691231|title=100 Greatest Guitarists: David Fricke's Picks|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=December 2, 2010|access-date=May 22, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the 67th greatest guitarist of all time by [[Spin (magazine)|SPIN]] in 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.spin.com/2012/05/greatest-guitarists-all-time/|title=100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time|date=May 3, 2012|website=Spin|access-date=March 6, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thayil has won two [[Grammy Awards]] as a member of Soundgarden.&lt;ref name=&quot;grammy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kim Thayil |url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/kim-thayil/17480 |access-date=September 8, 2020 |website=Grammy.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> He was inducted into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] as a member of Soundgarden in 2025. <br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> ===Childhood and early life===<br /> Born in [[Seattle, Washington]] in 1960, Thayil grew up in the [[Chicago]] suburb of [[Park Forest, Illinois|Park Forest]].&lt;ref name=&quot;spin&quot; /&gt; His [[Malayalis|Malayali]] parents came from the state of [[Kerala, India|Kerala]] in India to Seattle.&lt;ref name=&quot;spin&quot; /&gt; His mother was a music teacher who studied to be a concert pianist at the [[Royal Academy of Music]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-05-18 |title=Hammer of the Gods: Spin's 1994 Soundgarden Cover Story |url=https://www.spin.com/2017/05/soundgarden-1994-cover-story/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=SPIN |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; His father earned a degree in chemical engineering, received employment in Chicago and moved there with his family.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Maverick Philosopher: Saturday Night at the Oldies: I Give Chess Lesson to Father of Kim Thayil |url=https://maverickphilosopher.blog/index.php/2013/11/16/small-world-i-give-chess-lesson-to-father-of-kim-thayil/ |website=maverickphilosopher.blog/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Thayil started writing lyrics at 12 years old.&lt;ref name=&quot;kerrang&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Garner |first=George |date=September 4, 2020 |title=Soundgarden's Kim Thayil: &quot;we Weren't Out To Get Laid, We Weren't Out To Get High, We Just Wanted To Make You F*cking Hurt&quot; |url=https://www.kerrang.com/features/soundgardens-kim-thayil-we-werent-out-to-get-laid-we-werent-out-to-get-high-we-just-wanted-to-make-you-fucking-hurt/ |website=Kerrang!}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1977, he formed his first band in Chicago, Bozo and the Pinheads,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Grunge Is Dead: The Oral History of Seattle Rock Music|last=Prato|first=Greg|publisher=[[ECW Press]]|year=2009|isbn=9781554903474|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTg4whS9ClUC&amp;pg=PT28 |page=28}}&lt;/ref&gt; a [[punk rock]] band.&lt;ref name=&quot;kerrang&quot;/&gt; They did both original songs (written by Thayil and inspired by his [[punk music]] tastes) and cover tunes (mostly [[Sex Pistols]], [[Devo (band)|Devo]], and [[Ramones]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;unofficial-kim&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://web.stargate.net/soundgarden/misc/kim.shtml|title=Unofficial SG Homepage: Kim Thayil|website=web.stargate.net|access-date=February 1, 2016|archive-date=June 11, 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010611000049/http://web.stargate.net/soundgarden/misc/kim.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kerrang&quot;/&gt; Their first gig was at a school talent show for an audience of about 500 people.&lt;ref name=&quot;unofficial-kim&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> He played guitar in a [[post-punk]] band called Identity Crisis in 1980 and released a 7-inch EP called ''Pretty Feet''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|work=[[Discogs]]|url=http://www.discogs.com/Identity-Crisis-Pretty-Feet/release/3271093|title=Identity Crisis – Pretty Feet|date=March 1980 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Thayil met [[Hiro Yamamoto]] at [[Rich East High School]] in Park Forest. He graduated, along with Hiro Yamamoto, from the Active Learning Process School (ALPS) at Rich East High School in 1979, the same school [[Bruce Pavitt]] graduated from two years earlier, in 1977. He and Yamamoto decided to move to [[Olympia, Washington]], to study at [[Evergreen State College|The Evergreen State College]], but they were unable to find jobs and decided to move to Seattle. There, Thayil was a DJ for [[KEXP-FM|KCMU]] and earned a degree in philosophy at the [[University of Washington]]. In Seattle they also met [[Chris Cornell]], a roommate, and the three formed [[Soundgarden]] in 1984.&lt;ref name=&quot;unofficial-kim&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rolling Stone_2018-11-01&quot;&gt;{{Citation | url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/soundgardens-kim-thayil-talks-new-chris-cornell-box-set-749656/| title=Kim Thayil on New Chris Cornell Box: 'The Main Thing Is to Represent His Versatility'| newspaper=Rolling Stone| date=January 11, 2018| access-date=January 14, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Soundgarden (1984–1997)===<br /> Soundgarden became the first of Seattle's grunge bands to sign with a major label ([[A&amp;M Records]]). They went on to release five albums, including three which went [[Music recording sales certification|platinum]] at least once, and won two [[Grammys]].&lt;ref name=&quot;grammy&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Thayil became acclaimed for his guitar work, which was typically characterized by heavy [[riff]]ing, and was cited among other grunge guitarists as an influence and a pioneer of the &quot;[[Grunge|Seattle Sound]].&quot; In 1994, Thayil commented, &quot;I think Soundgarden is a pretty good band and I'm a fine guitarist. I'm not God, but I'm certainly not average. I feel very comfortable with the fact that not many other people can do what I do on guitar. I think my guitar is happy with the way I play it.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Gilbert|first1=Jeff|title=Primecuts: Kim Thayil|url=http://web.stargate.net/soundgarden/articles/gschool_5-94.shtml|website=Unofficial Soundgarden Homepage|access-date=February 15, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Originally one of Soundgarden's main songwriters, Thayil's contributions as a writer eventually dwindled to just one song on ''[[Down on the Upside]]'', &quot;Never the Machine Forever&quot;, although he contributed to details in every song, as did every band member. Thayil explained that &quot;Collaboration was paramount in our early music, especially right at the beginning when it was me on guitar, Hiro on bass and Chris on drums&quot;, but eventually all four members became songwriters of their own, &quot;all writing guitar parts that I had to learn.&quot; This led him to do &quot;Never the Machine Forever&quot; all on his own, as Thayil thought &quot;Well, if I'm going to have a song on this fucking record, I'm going to have to write lyrics.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://exclaim.ca/music/article/soundgarden-ups_downs_of_screaming_life|title=Soundgarden The Ups and Downs of Screaming Life|website=exclaim.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> While a member of Soundgarden, he wrote the following songs for the band:<br /> {{col-start}}{{col-3}}<br /> * &quot;[[Hunted Down]]&quot; (''[[Screaming Life]]'') ''... music''<br /> * &quot;Nothing to Say&quot; (''Screaming Life'') ''... music''<br /> * &quot;Tears To Forget&quot; (''Screaming Life'') ''... music (co-written)''<br /> * &quot;Little Joe&quot; (''Screaming Life'') ''... music''<br /> * &quot;Hand of God&quot; (''Screaming Life'') ''... music''<br /> * &quot;Kingdom of Come&quot; (''[[Fopp (EP)|Fopp]]'') ''... credited to Soundgarden''<br /> * &quot;[[Flower (Soundgarden song)|Flower]]&quot; (''[[Ultramega OK]]'') ''... music''<br /> * &quot;All Your Lies&quot; (''Ultramega OK'') ''... music (co-written)''<br /> * &quot;Circle of Power&quot; (''Ultramega OK'') ''... music''<br /> * &quot;Incessant Mace&quot; (''Ultramega OK'') ''... music''<br /> * &quot;[[Hands All Over (Soundgarden song)|Hands All Over]]&quot; (''[[Louder Than Love]]'') ''... music''<br /> {{col-3}}<br /> * &quot;Get on the Snake&quot; (''Louder Than Love'') ''... music''<br /> * &quot;Heretic&quot; (''[[Loudest Love]]'') ''... music''<br /> * &quot;[[Jesus Christ Pose]]&quot; (''[[Badmotorfinger]]'') ''... music (co-written)''<br /> * &quot;[[Room a Thousand Years Wide]]&quot; (''Badmotorfinger'') ''... lyrics''<br /> * &quot;New Damage&quot; (''Badmotorfinger'') ''... music (co-written)''<br /> * &quot;[[My Wave]]&quot; (''[[Superunknown]]'') ''... music (co-written)''<br /> * &quot;Superunknown&quot; (''Superunknown'') ''... music (co-written)''<br /> * &quot;Limo Wreck&quot; (''Superunknown'') ''... music (co-written)''<br /> * &quot;Kickstand&quot; (''Superunknown'') ''... music''<br /> * &quot;Never the Machine Forever&quot; (''[[Down on the Upside]]'') ''... music and lyrics''<br /> * &quot;Black Rain&quot; (''[[Telephantasm]]'') ''...music (co-written)''<br /> {{col-3}}<br /> * &quot;Non-State Actor&quot; (''[[King Animal]]'') ''...lyrics (co-written)''<br /> * &quot;By Crooked Steps&quot; (''King Animal'') ''...music (co-written)''<br /> * &quot;A Thousand Days Before&quot; (''King Animal'') ''...music''<br /> * &quot;Blood on the Valley Floor&quot; (''King Animal'') ''...music''<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> ===Post-Soundgarden (1997–2010)===<br /> Thayil joined singer [[Johnny Cash]], bassist [[Krist Novoselic]] of [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] and drummer [[Sean Kinney]] of [[Alice in Chains]] for a cover of [[Willie Nelson]]'s &quot;[[Red Headed Stranger|Time of the Preacher]]&quot;, featured on the tribute album ''Twisted Willie'', released in January 1996.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-01-27-ca-29172-story.html |title=ALBUM REVIEWS / POP: 'Twisted Willie' Gives Nelson Grunge Honors Treatment |last=Hochman |first=Steve |date=January 27, 1996 |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=August 1, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Twisted Willie&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/Various-Twisted-Willie/release/1562651 |title=Various – Twisted Willie |website=Discogs |date=January 30, 1996 |access-date=August 1, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After the 1997 breakup of Soundgarden, Thayil went on to contribute guitar to work by [[Pigeonhed]] and [[The Presidents of the United States of America (band)|Presidents of the United States of America]]. More recently, he contributed guitar to the track &quot;Blood Swamp&quot; from the 2006 [[Sunn O)))]]/[[Boris (band)|Boris]] album [[Altar (Sunn O))) and Boris album)|Altar]], for which he also wrote liner notes. Thayil also plays lead guitar on a track called &quot;V.O.G.&quot; by Ascend, which features [[Gentry Densley]] ([[Iceburn]], [[Eagle Twin]]) and [[Greg Anderson (guitarist)|Greg Anderson]] (Sunn O))), Engine Kid, [[Goatsnake]]). Ascend's record, titled ''Ample Fire Within'', was released in 2008 by [[Southern Lord Records]].<br /> <br /> In 1999, Thayil formed a [[punk rock|punk]] band, the [[No WTO Combo]], with [[Jello Biafra]] (formerly of [[Dead Kennedys]]), [[Krist Novoselic]] (formerly of [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]], at the time a member of [[Sweet 75]]), and Gina Mainwal (also of [[Sweet 75]]). The band was formed to celebrate and further [[1999 Seattle WTO protests|the rampant protest activity]] against the [[World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999|WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999]], which was held on November 30, 1999. Originally scheduled to play at [[The Showbox]] on that same evening, police prevented the band from doing so, forcing the show to be rescheduled for the following night. This was Thayil's first live concert since the breakup of Soundgarden. The show was recorded by Mark Cavener and mixed by Soundgarden producer [[Jack Endino]]; it was released as the album ''[[Live from the Battle in Seattle]]'' in May 2000.<br /> <br /> In 2003, ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine named Thayil #100 on the list of the &quot;100 greatest guitarists of all time&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Fricke, David; Edmonds, Ben; Eliscu, Jenny; Kemp, Rob; Kot, Greg; Levy, Joe; Moon, Tom; Puterbaugh, Parke; Randall, Mac; Sheffield, Rob (September 18, 2003) &quot;100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time&quot; ''Rolling Stone'' Issue 931, pp. 46-61. The list was posted to the Internet on August 27, 2003&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=100GG /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2004, Thayil played guitar for [[Probot]], [[Dave Grohl]]'s [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] side-project; he was featured on the songs &quot;Ice Cold Man&quot; and &quot;Sweet Dreams&quot;.<br /> <br /> Thayil was a recurring participant on the ''[[Almost Live!]]'' sketch comedy show, calling things &quot;lame&quot; during &quot;The Lame List&quot; segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spin199304&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |issn=0886-3032 |magazine=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]] |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=30 |title=Live from Seattle, it's...Almost Live! |url={{GBurl|gxsArQZdyBwC|page=30}} |department=News |publication-date=April 1993}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GrungeDiaries&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=The Grunge Diaries: Seattle, 1990–1994 |section-url={{GBurl|9IozEAAAQBAJ|page=49}} |pages=49–50 |section=Saturday, May 5 |first=Dave |last=Thompson |year=2021 |isbn=9781493055692 |oclc=1243906850}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2009, Thayil played with Soundgarden's [[Matt Cameron]] and [[Ben Shepherd]] at a show in Seattle on March 24, 2009, at the [[Crocodile Cafe]] that was headlined by [[Tom Morello]]'s [[The Nightwatchman]]. It was the first time the three had played together in public since the band's 1997 breakup. The three were joined by [[Tad Doyle]] of fellow 1990s Seattle band [[Tad (band)|TAD]], and performed three Soundgarden songs. For the last song (&quot;[[Spoonman]]&quot;) they were joined by [[Tom Morello]] (Morello had played the song before with [[Audioslave]]). Thayil has also played with [[Greg Gilmore]] of [[Mother Love Bone]] and Danny Kelly of Heliotroupe in the group Set &amp; Setting. Their debut performance was October 31, 2009, above the famed [[K Records]] warehouse now known as the Cherry Street Loft (&quot;The Loft on Cherry&quot;) in [[Olympia, Washington]].<br /> <br /> ===Soundgarden reunion (2010–2017)===<br /> [[File:Soundgarden @ McCallum Park (522012).jpg|thumb|Thayil with [[Soundgarden]] in 2012]]<br /> On January 1, 2010, it was announced through Facebook and Twitter posts by Chris Cornell that the official Soundgarden fanclub had been restarted. On April 15, 2010, it was announced that Soundgarden would play its first show since 1997 the following day at the Showbox at the Market in its Seattle hometown. The band played under the name 'Nudedragons', an anagram for Soundgarden.<br /> <br /> On August 5, 2010, the band played their first reunion show under the Soundgarden name at [[The Vic Theatre]] in Chicago. Three days later, they headlined the final night of [[Lollapalooza]] in [[Grant Park (Chicago)|Grant Park]].<br /> <br /> In September 2010, the band released the compilation album ''[[Telephantasm]]''. November 2012 saw the release of ''[[King Animal]]'', their first studio album since 1996.<br /> <br /> In 2012, Thayil voiced a character in [[Metalocalypse (season 4)|Season IV: Church of the Black Klok]]'s &quot;Dethcamp&quot; in the [[Adult Swim]] original series ''[[Metalocalypse]]''.<br /> <br /> On May 18, 2017, Chris Cornell was found dead in his hotel room, cancelling the rest of their tour and the band was disbanded again in 2018, with the exception of their one-off show of Tribute to Chris Cornell in January 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spin police report&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.spin.com/2017/05/chris-cornell-police-report-death-details/ |title=Chris Cornell Police Report Details the Hours Before Singer's Death |first=Taylor |last=Berman |work=Spin |date=May 19, 2017 |access-date=May 21, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RS police report&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/chris-cornell-police-report-details-singers-death-w483238 |title=Chris Cornell: Police Report Details Singer's Final Hours |first=Daniel |last=Kreps |magazine=Rolling Stone|date=May 19, 2017 |access-date=May 21, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Projects outside Soundgarden ===<br /> In March 2018, it was announced that original member of the [[proto punk]] band [[MC5]], [[Wayne Kramer]] would embark on a 35 date tour of North America for their 50th anniversary of the band's debut ''[[Kick Out the Jams]]'', recruiting Thayil to play guitar along with [[Brendan Canty]] of [[Fugazi]], [[Doug Pinnick]] of [[King's X]], and Marcus Durant of [[Zen Guerrilla]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/mc5-plot-kick-out-the-jams-50th-anniversary-tour-w518688|title=MC5's Wayne Kramer Plots 'Kick Out the Jams' 50th Anniversary Tour|magazine=Rolling Stone |date=April 3, 2018 |access-date=May 20, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2020, Thayil played guitar solos on the song &quot;The Firebird&quot; for the jazz fusion band, the [[Barrett Martin|Barret Martin]] Group. In 2021, he played lead guitar and [[Matt Cameron]] played drums for a track, &quot;Only Love Can Save Me Now&quot;, on the new [[The Pretty Reckless]] album. The Pretty Reckless frontwoman [[Taylor Momsen]] said that without Thayil, recording the track would have been impossible, as &quot;Kim is a master – there's no-one else like him.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=February 2021|first=Michael Astley-Brown 12|title=Hear Soundgarden's Kim Thayil tear it up on new The Pretty Reckless track Only Love Can Save Me Now|url=https://www.guitarworld.com/news/hear-soundgardens-kim-thayil-tear-it-up-on-new-the-pretty-reckless-track-only-love-can-save-me-now|access-date=March 11, 2021|website=guitarworld|date=February 12, 2021|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2020, Thayil, [[Krist Novoselic]], Jennifer Johnson, Jillian Raye, Jeff Fielder and Ben Smith performed the song &quot;Drone&quot; at the Seattle Museum of Pop Culture's tribute to [[Alice in Chains]]. In 2021, Thayil appeared on [[Mastodon (band)|Mastodon]]'s double album ''[[Hushed and Grim]]'', playing lead guitar on the track &quot;Had It All&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.metalsucks.net/2021/09/17/soundgardens-kim-thayil-to-appear-on-mastodons-new-album/|title = Soundgarden's Kim Thayil to Appear on Mastodon's New Album|date = September 17, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In 2021, Thayil, along with drummer Matt Cameron, bassist Krist Novoselic, guitarist Bubba Dupree, and vocalists Jennifer Johnson and Jillian Raye, formed the group [[3rd Secret]]. Their self-titled debut album, which they recorded at The Bait Shop in [[Bellevue, Washington|Bellevue]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]] with producer [[Jack Endino]], was released in April 2022. The group also performed at the [[Museum of Pop Culture]] in Seattle.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/3rd-secret-album-kim-thayil-matt-cameron-krist-novoselic-1336127/|first=Kat|last=Bouza|title=New Grunge Supergroup Featuring Members of Soundgarden and Nirvana Drops Debut LP|date=April 11, 2022|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2024, Thayil appeared on [[Bear McCreary]]'s epic rock concept album, graphic novel, and concert experience - ''&quot;The Singularity&quot;''.<br /> <br /> In 2025, Thayil was inducted into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]], as a member of Soundgarden.&lt;ref&gt;https://rockhall.com/inductees/soundgarden/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Thayil recorded a cover version of &quot;The Day I Tried To Live&quot; with King Ultramega to celebrate the induction of Soundgarden into the Rock &amp; Roll Hall of Fame.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://newnoisemagazine.com/news-king-ultramega-release-the-day-i-tried-to-live-featuring-kim-thayil-of-soundgarden/|first=Abir|last=Mahmud|title=King Ultramega Release 'The Day I Tried To Live' Featuring Kim Thayil Of Soundgarden|date=November 12, 2025|magazine=New Noise Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Discography==<br /> '''Soundgarden'''<br /> {{See also|Soundgarden discography}}<br /> <br /> '''No WTO Combo'''<br /> * ''[[Live from the Battle in Seattle]]'' (2000)<br /> <br /> '''Probot'''<br /> * ''[[Probot]]'' (2004)<br /> <br /> '''Sunn O))) and Boris'''<br /> * ''[[Altar (Sunn O))) and Boris album)|Altar]]'' (2006)<br /> <br /> '''3rd Secret'''<br /> * ''[[3rd Secret]]'' (2022)<br /> * ''[[3rd Secret|The 2nd 3rd Secret]]'' (2023)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{cci}}<br /> *{{IMDb name|0857237}}<br /> <br /> {{Soundgarden}}<br /> {{2025 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Thayil, Kim}}<br /> [[Category:1960 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Grunge musicians]]<br /> [[Category:Musicians from Seattle]]<br /> [[Category:Soundgarden members]]<br /> [[Category:American alternative rock guitarists]]<br /> [[Category:Sub Pop artists]]<br /> [[Category:American musicians of Indian descent]]<br /> [[Category:University of Washington College of Arts and Sciences alumni]]<br /> [[Category:American people of Malayali descent]]<br /> [[Category:American lead guitarists]]<br /> [[Category:Alternative metal guitarists]]<br /> [[Category:American heavy metal guitarists]]<br /> [[Category:People from Park Forest, Illinois]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century American guitarists]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century American guitarists]]<br /> [[Category:American male guitarists]]<br /> [[Category:3rd Secret members]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tulsi_%E2%80%93_Hamari_Badi_Sayani&diff=542089 2026-02-28T00:28:42Z

<p>Igornhx: new!</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian Drama Family television series}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = Tulsi-TV serial.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | alt_name = <br /> | genre = [[Drama]]&lt;br&gt;[[Family drama|Family]]<br /> | creator = [[Vipul D. Shah]]<br /> | based_on = &lt;!-- {{Based on|work|author}} --&gt;<br /> | developer = <br /> | writer = <br /> | screenplay = Aakriti Atreja&lt;br&gt;Virat Basoya (dialogue)<br /> | story = <br /> | director = Ismail Umar Khan&lt;br&gt;Kaushik Ghatak&lt;br&gt;Sagar Kagara <br /> | starring = {{bulleted list|Harithi Joshi| [[Aparna Dixit]]|Dishank Arora}}<br /> | open_theme = ''Tulsi''<br /> | theme_music_composer = Sreejone (background music)<br /> | composer = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | num_seasons = 1<br /> | num_episodes = 204&lt;!---as of 22 february 2025---&gt;<br /> | list_episodes = <br /> | executive_producer = <br /> | producer = [[Vipul D. Shah]]&lt;br&gt;Sanjiv Sharma<br /> | cinematography = Pushyank Gowde<br /> | editor = Janak Chauhan<br /> | camera = Multi-camera &lt;!-- Either Single-camera or Multi-camera --&gt;<br /> | runtime = 22-24 minutes<br /> | company = Optimystix Entertainment<br /> | network = [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal TV]]<br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|07|01}}<br /> | last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2025|02|22}}<br /> | related = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Tulsi – Hamari Badi Sayani'''''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-06-19 |title=Aparna Dixit plays mother for first time in 'Tulsi Humari Badi Sayani' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aparna-dixit-plays-mother-for-first-time-in-tulsi-humari-badi-sayani/articleshow/111119501.cms |access-date=2024-07-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Dangal TV unveils new promo of upcoming series 'Tulsi Humari Badi Sayani'|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/dangal-tv-unveils-new-promo-of-upcoming-series-tulsi-humari-badi-sayani|work=Bizasialive|date=10 June 2024 |accessdate =10 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Dangal TV unveils new promo of upcoming series 'Tulsi Humari Badi Sayani'|url=https://www.lycaradio.com/showbiz/tv-shows/dangal-tv-unveils-new-promo-of-upcoming-series-tulsi-humari-badi-sayani/|work=Lycaradio|date=10 June 2024 |accessdate=10 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ({{Translation|Tulsi – Is Our Great Companion}}) is a 2024 Indian drama television series which was aired on [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]] on 1 July 2024 under the banner of Optimystix Entertainment. It replaced the television series ''[[Janani – AI Ki Kahani]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Janani - AI Ki Kahani ends after a two-and-a-half-month run |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/janani-ai-ki-kahani-ends-after-a-two-and-a-half-month-run-producer-abhigyan-jha-says-indian-television-is-generally-behind-in-terms-of-storytelling/articleshow/111380384.cms |access-date=2024-07-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Aparna Dixit on being part of Tulsi Humari Badi Sayani: It's a deep and mature tale about how trauma and destiny intertwine|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/aparna-dixit-being-part-of-tulsi-humari-badi-sayani-it-s-deep-and-mature-tale-about-how?|work=Tellychakkar|accessdate=24 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Aparna Dixit plays mother for first time in 'Tulsi Humari Badi Sayani'|url=https://pune.news/entertainment/aparna-dixit-plays-mother-for-first-time-in-tulsi-humari-badi-sayani-192417/|work=PuneNews|date=19 June 2024 |accessdate=19 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; It stars Harithi Joshi, [[Aparna Dixit]] and Dishank Arora.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Aparna Dixit plays mother for first time in 'Tulsi Humari Badi Sayani'|url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/aparna-dixit-plays-mother-first-time-tulsi-humari-badi-sayani-307894|work=SakshiPost|date=19 June 2024 |accessdate=19 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Aparna Dixit says, &quot;I love listening to romantic hits, especially songs featuring Shah Rukh Khan&quot;!|url=https://www.cinebuster.in/aparna-dixit-says-i-love-listening-to-romantic-hits-especially-songs-featuring-shah-rukh-khan/|work=Cinebuster|date=20 June 2024 |accessdate=21 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Raghuveer and Janki are happily married couple but their happiness is short-lived when they had a daughter born Vrinda but is kidnapped and sold by their own relatives. Vrinda is raised as Tulsi by slum people Bunty, Kajri and Gamla who does robbery for their living. Tulsi doesn't knows but vows to find her parents.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> === Main ===<br /> * Harithi Joshi as Vrinda &quot;Tulsi&quot; Thakur: Raghuveer and Janaki's daughter; Veena and Jeetendra's granddaughter (2024-2025)<br /> * [[Aparna Dixit]] as [[double role]] <br /> ** Janaki Raghuveer Thakur: Raghuveer's wife; Vrinda's mother; Veena and Jeetendra's daughter-in-law (2024-2025)<br /> ** Jaya Mathur: Janaki's lookalike; Utkarsh's wife; Vedant's mother (2024)<br /> * Dishank Arora as [[double role]]<br /> ** Raghuveer &quot;Dheeru&quot; Thakur: Veena and Jeetendra's elder son; Munna's twin brother; Manshi and Vimala's foster-son; Rakesh's foster-brother; Janaki's husband; Vrinda's father (2024–2025)<br /> ** Munna &quot;Veeru&quot; Thakur: Veena and Jeetendra's younger son; Raghuveer's twin brother; Rakesh's half-brother; Vrinda's uncle; Maala's husband; Chameli's step-father; Raja's father (2024–2025) (Dead)<br /> * Manas Shah as Vikram &quot;Vicky&quot; Sarkar: Ratanlal's elder son; Janaki's childhood friend (2025)<br /> <br /> === Recurring ===<br /> * Anjali Gupta as Veena Thakur; Jeetendra's wife; Raghuveer and Munna's mother; Vrinda and Raja's grandmother(2024) <br /> * Unknown as Jeetendra Thakur; Veena's husband; Raghuveer and Munna's father; Vrinda and Raja's grandfather(2024)<br /> * Unknown as beby Raja Thakur; Maala and Raghuveer's son; Vrinda's half-brother (2025)<br /> * Unknown as Manshi Raichand; Vimala's husband; Rakesh's step-father; Jeetendra's best friend (2024) <br /> * Hetal Yadav as Vimala Raichand: Manshi's wife; Raghuveer and Munna's adopted mother; Rakesh's mother; Vrinda's adoptive-grandmother (2024-2025) <br /> * Tushar Kawale as Rakesh Raichand: Vimala's biological son; Raghuveer's foster-younger brother; Urmila's husband; Vrinda's uncle (2024-2025)<br /> * Alka Singh as Urmila Rakesh Raichand: Rakesh's wife; Vrinda's aunt (2024)<br /> * Kiara Chauhan as Chameli / Fake Vrinda Raichand: Maala's daughter; Raja's half-sister; Vrinda's rival (2024)<br /> * [[Monica Khanna]] as Maala Thakur: Chameli and Raja's mother; Tulsi's fake mother; Munna's wife (2024-2025)<br /> * Kunal Sheth as Bunty: Kajri and Gamla's brother; Tulsi's friend(2024-2025)<br /> * Morvin Vakare as Gamla: Bunty and Kajri's brother; Tulsi's best friend (2024-2025)<br /> * Kajal Sharma as Kajri: Bunty and Gamla's sister; Tulsi's best friend (2024-2025)<br /> * Tanu as the Raichand family's maid(2024)<br /> * Shubham Sapre as Lawyer Pramod Desai(2024)<br /> * [[Yash Pandit]] as Utkarsh Mathur: Jaya's husband; Vedant's father(2024)<br /> * Yachit Sharma as Vedant Mathur; Jaya and Utkarsh's son; Tulsi's friend(2024)<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> === Development and casting ===<br /> The series was announced by Optimystix Entertainment in June 2024 and it was confirmed by [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal TV]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=DANGAL TV to present a fresh new absorbing story of deceit, recovery, and unbreakable bonds - Tulsi Humari Badi Sayaani, a Dangal TV original|url=https://www.justshowbiz.net/dangal-tv-to-present-a-fresh-new-absorbing-story-of-deceit-recovery-and-unbreakable-bonds-tulsi-humari-badi-sayaania-dangal-tv-original/|work=justshowbiz.net|date=25 June 2024 |accessdate=25 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; As child actress, Harithi Joshi had signed to play the lead role while [[Aparna Dixit]] and Dishank Arora to play the supporting role for the show&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=And it's released!!! DANGAL TV's &quot;Tulsi Humari Badi Sayaani&quot;|url=https://www.hindektatimes.com/74931/|work=Hindektatimes|accessdate=1 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Release ===<br /> The first promo of its show was released on 10 June 2024 and featured Harithi Joshi, [[Aparna Dixit]] and Dishank Arora.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tulsi Hamari Badi Sayani {{!}} New Show {{!}} Coming Soon {{!}} तुलसी हमारी बड़ी सयानी {{!}} Promo {{!}} Dangal TV | date=10 June 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Toiq2LbHgg0|access-date=2024-06-10 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of programmes broadcast by Dangal TV]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title|tt32985395}}<br /> *[https://www.dangalplay.com/shows/tulsi ''Tulsi - Hamari Badi Sayani''] on ''Dangal Play''<br /> {{Portal bar|India|Television}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama television series]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]<br /> [[Category:Dangal TV original programming]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarangapani_Temple&diff=533090 2026-02-23T12:45:48Z

<p>Igornhx: new</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Vishnu temple in Kumbakonam}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Hindu temple<br /> | name = Sarangapani Temple<br /> | image = Gopuras in Kumbakonam - India.JPG<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | map_type = Tamil Nadu<br /> | map_caption = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|10|57|34|N|79|22|29|E|type:landmark_region:IN-TN|display=inline}}<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | district = [[Thanjavur]]<br /> | location = [[Kumbakonam]]<br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | deity = Sarangapani, as Aravamuthar&lt;br /&gt;([[Vishnu]]) &lt;br /&gt;<br /> Komalavalli Thayar&lt;br /&gt;([[Lakshmi]])<br /> | festivals= <br /> | architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]<br /> | temple_quantity = <br /> | monument_quantity= <br /> | inscriptions = <br /> | year_completed = <br /> | creator = [[Cholas]]<br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> {{Vaishnavism}}<br /> The '''Sarangapani Temple''', <br /> '''Thirukudanthai''', or '''Kumbakonam koyil ''' is a Hindu temple dedicated to [[Vishnu]], located in [[Kumbakonam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. <br /> It is one of the ''[[Divya Desams]]'', the 108 temples of [[Vishnu]] revered in [[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]] by the 12 poet saints, or [[Alvars]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Malai Nadu and Vada Nadu|last= M. S. |first=Ramesh|publisher= Tirumalai-Tirupati Devasthanam}}&lt;/ref&gt; This temple is along [[Kaveri]] and is one of the [[Pancharanga Kshetrams]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Pancharanga Kshetrams&quot;&gt;{{cite web | <br /> title=Pancharanga Kshetrams|work=Indiantemples.com |<br /> url=http://www.indiantemples.com/Tamilnadu/df012.html |access-date= 2007-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The temple is one of the [[Pancha Kshethram]] where the goddess [[Maha Lakshmi|Lakshmi]] was born as ''Bhargavi,'' the daughter of [[Maharishi]] [[Bhrigu]]. The other four temples of the [[Pancha Kshethram]] are Sundararaja Perumal Temple, Salem, [[Oppiliappan temple]], [[Nachiyar Koil]] and [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala]].<br /> <br /> The temple is believed to be of significant antiquity with contributions at different times from [[Medieval Cholas]], [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagara Empire]] and [[Madurai Nayaks]]. The temple is enshrined within a huge granite wall and the complex contains all the shrines and the water bodies of the temple. The ''[[gopuram|rajagopuram]]'' (the main gateway) has eleven tiers and has a height of {{convert|173|ft|m|abbr=on}}. The Potramarai tank, the temple tank, is located opposite to the western entrance of the temple.<br /> <br /> Sarangapani is believed to have appeared for sage Hemarishi. The temple has six daily rituals at various times from 5:30&amp;nbsp;a.m. to 9 p.m., and twelve yearly festivals on its calendar. The temple chariot festival is the most prominent festival of the temple, celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of Chittirai (March–April). The twin temple chariots are the third-largest in Tamil Nadu, the base of each weighing {{convert|300|tonnes|lbs|abbr=on}}, while the total structure, with the wheels, weighing around 500 tonnes (around 1,100,000 lb).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sri Sarangapani Temple |url=https://www.sarangapanitemple.org/Temple%20History.html |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=www.sarangapanitemple.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Desikan |first=Ananyaa |date=2023-05-10 |title=What it takes to move Kumbakonam’s 500-tonne Sarangapani temple car each year |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/what-it-takes-to-move-kumbakonams-500-tonne-sarangapani-temple-car-each-year/article66830279.ece |access-date=2026-02-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Legend==<br /> As per Hindu legend, the ''[[Vaishnava]]'' deity, Sarangapani, an incarnation of the [[Hindu]] god [[Vishnu]], appeared for a sage Hemarishi, who performed penance in the bank of Potramarai tank.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ayyar324&quot;&gt;[[#Ayyar|Ayyar]] 1991, p. 324&lt;/ref&gt; Sage Bhrigu wanted To decide who was the supreme amongst the trimurthis- Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva. Having been to Brahma who ignored him, going to Shiva who did not notice him and finally Lord Narayana. Lord Narayana knew very well he was coming. Once, sage [[Bhrigu]] wanted to meet Vishnu at his residence, the [[Ocean of Milk]]. The sage did not get the attention of Vishnu who notices him but deliberately ignored him. In his anger, he kicked Vishnu on his chest. He begs Lord Narayana for forgiveness and declares Lord Narayana as the supreme lord. Lakshmi, who resides in Vishnu's chest, got angered as Vishnu did not show his anger towards the sage. She left Vaikuntha and reached earth and took the form of [[Padmavathi|Padmavati]]. Vishnu followed her and married her. Padmavati got her memories and was still angry with Vishnu. To avoid her anger, Vishnu resided in the underground chamber in the temple as Pathala Srinivasa. In the meanwhile, the sage Bhrigu sought his apology and requested Lakshmi to be born to him as Komalavalli in his next birth. The sage was born as Hemarishi and performed penance to attain Lakshmi as his daughter.&lt;ref name=Diwakar/&gt; Vishnu was pleased by the penance and he wished the sage to get Lakshmi as his daughter. Lakshmi emerged from the Potramarai tank among thousand lotuses and was thus named Komalavalli (the one who emerged from lotus). Vishnu descended to earth as Aravamudhan in a chariot drawn by horses and elephants from his abode [[Vaikuntam|Vaikuntha]].&lt;ref name=Meena&gt;{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|page=25}}&lt;/ref&gt; He stayed in the nearby [[Someswaran Temple]] to convince Lakshmi to marry him and the couple eventually got married.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Immortalised in stone |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/03/05/stories/2004030501560600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040711110253/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/03/05/stories/2004030501560600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-07-11|last=Gopal|first=Rupa|date=2004-03-05|work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; The name ''Sarangapani'' (&quot;one who has the bow in his hand&quot;) derives from the Sanskrit word ''[[Sharanga (Hindu mythology)|Sharanga]], the'' bow of Vishnu, and ''pani'' meaning hand.&lt;ref name=&quot;temple&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The site of the Sarangapani Temple may have been a Vaishnava settlement as early as the 7th or 8th century. Oral traditions dating to the [[early Chola]] period reference the temple. The earliest epigraphical evidence of the temple dates to the [[Later Chola|late Chola]] period (10th-12th centuries). The temple became significant under the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] and [[Nayaka dynasties|Nayaka]] rulers (15-17th centuries), who expanded its structure; their patronage represented a shift from the Cholas' interest in sponsoring [[Shaivite]] temples in Kumbakonam. The temple was one of the three main Vaishnava temples of Kumbakonam in this period, the others being the newer [[Ramaswamy Temple]] and [[Chakrapani Temple]]. Due to reconstruction in the Chola and Vijayanagara eras, the original shrine is no longer extant.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Champakalakshmi |first=R. |date=1978 |title=Growth of Urban Centres in South India: Kudamukkupalaiyarai, the Twin City of the Colas |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44139350 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=39 |pages=169–172 |jstor=44139350 |issn=2249-1937}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nanda |first=Vivek |date=2012-12-08 |title=Kumbakonam: the ritual topography of a sacred and royal city of South India |url=https://journals.uclpress.co.uk/ai/article/id/313/ |journal=Archaeology International |language= |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=45–47 |doi=10.5334/ai.0314 |doi-access=free |issn=2048-4194}}&lt;/ref&gt; During Nayaka rule in the 17th century, a Vaishnava ''[[matha]] (''monastic institution) became associated with the temple.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The ''Mahasamprokshanam'' also known as [[Kumbhabhishekham|''kumbhabhishekam'']] of the temple was held on 13 July 2015. A large number of devotees took part in the ''Mahasamprokshanam''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Mahasamprokshanam of Sarangapani temple done|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/mahasamprokshanam-of-sarangapani-temple-done/article7419261.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2009-07-15|access-date=2015-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tnhrce.org/hrce_act_1959.html Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act, 1959]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Architecture==<br /> Sarangapani is the largest Vishnu temple in Kumbakonam and has the tallest temple tower in the town. The temple is enshrined within a huge wall and the complex enshrines all the water bodies of the temple except the Potramarai tank. The ''[[gopuram|rajagopuram]]'' (the main gateway) has eleven tiers and has a height of {{convert|173|ft|m|abbr=on}}. There are five other smaller ''gopurams'' in the temple. The ''rajagopuram'' has figures depicting various religious stories. The temple faces east and the Potramarai tank is located outside the western entrance. The central shrine of the temple is in the form of a chariot drawn by horses and elephants, with openings on either side, showing the descent of Sarangapani from heaven in the chariot.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ayyar324&quot;/&gt; Similar architecture of halls (Mandapas) simulating a chariot drawn by elephant or horses is found in [[Mela Kadambur Amirthakadeswarar Temple]], [[Sikharagiriswara Temple, Kudumiyamalai]], [[Nageswaraswamy Temple, Kumbakonam]], [[Vriddhagiriswarar Temple, Vriddhachalam]] and [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Kampahesvara temple at Thirubuvanam|last=H.|first=Sarkar|publisher=Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu|year=1974|location=Madras|page=9|url=https://www.tnarch.gov.in/Library%20BOOk%20PDF/KAMPAHARESVARA%20TEMPLE%20AT%20TRIBHUVANAM.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is a sculptural representation of the sage Hemarishi in the western part of the temple.&lt;ref&gt;[[#Ayyar|Ayyar]] 1991, p. 534&lt;/ref&gt; The central shrine, the sanctum is approached via a 100-pillared hall. The inner sanctum in the form of a chariot is guarded by Dwaraplakas facing the outer entrance. From the outer entrance, there is a perforated window axial to the sanctum.&lt;ref name=Diwakar&gt;{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Macherla|last=Diwakar|location=Chennai|year=2011|edition=1st|pages=137–8|isbn=978-93-83440-34-4|publisher=Techno Book House}}&lt;/ref&gt; The central shrine of the temple houses the image of Sarangapani in ''pallikonda'' posture, with his head resting on his right hand. There are other images of sage Hemarishi, Lakshmi and festival images enshrined within the sanctum. There are two stepped entrances to the sanctum named as ''Utharayana Vaasal'' and ''Dhakshanayana Vaasal'', each open for a six-month period. From 15 January to 15 July, ''Utharayanya Vaasal'' is opened while ''Dhakshanaya Vaasal'' is opened during the other half of the year. The Potramarai tank has a central hall called Hemarishi Mandapam.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;illustrated&quot;/&gt; The temple has two processional chariots carved out of wood stationed outside the ''rajagopuram''.&lt;ref name=&quot;illustrated&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway (Incorporated in England): Including the Tanjore District Board, Pondicherry, Peralam-Karaikkal, Travancore State, Cochin State, Coimbatore District Board, Tinnevelly-Tiruchendur, and the Nilgiri Railways|page=57| year=1926| publisher=South Indian Railway Company| location=Madras|isbn=9788120618893|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzWvq8EYBwUC&amp;q=sarangapani+temple&amp;pg=PP19}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is classified as Karakkoil, a temple fashioned after temple chariots which are taken in procession around the temple during festivals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Alayam - The Hindu temple - An epitome of Hindu Culture|pages=31, 32|publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math|location=Mylapore, Chennai|last=Reddy|first=G.Venkatramana|year=2010|isbn=978-81-7823-542-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; The shrine of Komalavalli Thayar is located in the northern part of the temple in a shrine parallel to the sanctum.&lt;ref name=Ram&gt;{{cite book|title=Hindu Pilgrim centres|last=Harshananda|first=Swami|isbn=978-81-7907-053-6|year=2012|publisher=Ramakrishna Math|location=Bangalore, India|edition=2nd|page=77}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In [[Bharatanatyam]], a South Indian dance form, 108 ''[[Karana (dance)|karanas]]'' form the basic movements. Some of these ''karanas'' are sculpted around the walls of the temple. Similar sculptures are found in the [[Brihadeeswarar Temple]] in [[Thanjavur]] and [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Nataraja Temple]] in [[Chidambaram]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=How karana sculptures in Big Temple were discovered |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/how-karana-sculptures-in-big-temple-were-discovered/article790814.ece|work=The Hindu|last=T.S.|first=Subramanian|date=2010-09-23|access-date=2013-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Religious significance==<br /> [[File:Sarangapani Potramarai.jpg|250px|right|thumb|View of the temple from the Potramarai tank|alt=image of a temple tank with temple tower and complex in the background]]<br /> Sarangapani temple is considered third in the line of Srirangam and Tirupathi temples.&lt;ref name=&quot;temple&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Sthala Varalaru|publisher=Sarangapani Temple Administration|location=Kumbakonam|url=http://srisarangapanitemple.org/sthalavaralaru.htm|access-date=2013-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; The temple is revered in ''[[Divya Prabandham]]'', the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by [[Andal]] in one, [[Periyalvar]] in three, [[Bhoothathalvar|Bhuthath Alvar]] in two, [[Thirumalisai Alvar|Tirumalisai Alvar]] in seven, [[Peialvar]] in two, [[Nammalvar]] in eleven and [[Thirumangai Alvar]] in 25 verses. The temple is classified as a ''[[divyadesam]]'', the 108 Vishnu temples that are revered in the Vaishnava canon. As per a Hindu legend, [[Nathamuni]], who compiled Divya Prabandham by the twelve [[alvars]], found only the first ten verses sung on Aravamudhan. Nammalvar recited the remaining 3990 verses unconsciously while he was in deep meditation and Nathamuni compiled all of them.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#Ayyar|Ayyar]] 1991, p. 327&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The temple is counted as one of the temples built on the banks of [[River Kaveri]].&lt;ref name=Ka&gt;{{cite book|title=River cauvery the most battl(r)ed|last=Ka. Vi.|first=Kannan|page=32|publisher=Notion Press|year=2019|isbn=9781684666041|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CGFDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=thiruvavaduthurai}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pancharanga Kshetrams]] (also called ''Pancharangams'', meaning the &quot;five Rangams or Ranganathas&quot;) is a group of five sacred [[Hindu temples]], dedicated to [[Ranganatha]], a form of the god [[Vishnu]], on the banks of the [[Kaveri|Kaveri River]]. The five Pancharanga Kshetrams in the order of their successive locations, on the banks of the Kaveri River are: The [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple (Srirangapatna)|Srirangapatnam]] called the Adi Ranga, the first temple on the banks of the Kaveri River from the upstream side; the [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple (Srirangam)|Srirangam]] (island in [[Tiruchirappalli]]) in [[Tamil Nadu]] known as Adya Ranga (the last temple), Appalarangam or [[Koviladi]] at Tiurppernagar in Tamil Nadu, [[Parimala Ranganatha Perumal Temple]] or Mayuram at Indalur, [[Mayiladuthurai]] and [[Kazheesirama Vinnagaram|Vatarangam]] at [[Sirkazhi]]. The Sarangapani temple at [[Kumbakonam]] is mentioned in place of Vatarangam in some references.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pancharanga Kshetrams&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kapoor2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Subodh Kapoor|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia: Timi-Vedic Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVQUAQAAIAAJ|access-date=13 December 2012|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-280-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&amp;pg=PA339 |year=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |page=339}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Five Vishnu temples are connected with [[Mahamaham]] festival which happens once in 12 years in Kumbakonam - Sarangapani Temple, [[Chakrapani Temple, Kumbakonam|Chakrapani Temple]], [[Ramaswamy Temple, Kumbakonam|Ramaswamy Temple]], [[Rajagopalaswamy Temple, Kumbakonam|Rajagopalaswamy Temple]], and [[Varahaperumal Temple, Kumbakonam|Varahaperumal Temple]].&lt;ref name=&quot;hrace&quot;&gt;Mahamaham Festival 2004 (in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]), Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Administration Department, Government of Tamil Nadu, 2004&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Worship and festivals==<br /> [[File:Sarangapani chariot1.jpg|200x200px|left|thumb|Temple chariot of the temple]]<br /> The temple follows ''[[Pancharatra]] Agama'' and [[Vadakalai]] tradition. It has remained as a stronghold for the [[Vadakalai]] tradition.&lt;ref name=&quot;temple&quot;/&gt; The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Brahmin]] [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] sect, which is dedicated to Vishnu. The temple rituals are performed six times a day; ''Tiruvanandal'' at 8:00&amp;nbsp;a.m., ''Kala santhi'' at 9:00&amp;nbsp;a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:30&amp;nbsp;p.m., ''Ntiyanusandhanam'' at 6:00&amp;nbsp;p.m., ''Irandamkalam'' at 7:30&amp;nbsp;p.m. and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 9:00&amp;nbsp;p.m.&lt;ref name=&quot;puja&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Puja Timings|publisher=Sarangapani Temple Administration|location=Kumbakonam|url=http://srisarangapanitemple.org/pujatimings.htm|access-date=2013-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Each ritual comprises three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''[[Naivedhya|neivethanam]]'' (food offering) and ''[[aarti|deepa aradanai]]'' (waving of lamps) for both Sarangapani and Thayar. The food offering during the six times are curd rice, ''[[Pongal (dish)|Ven pongal]]'', spiced rice, [[Dosa (food)|dosa]], ''Ven pongal'' and sugar pongal respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;puja&quot;/&gt; The worship is held amidst music with ''[[nadhaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument), religious instructions in the [[Vedas]] (sacred text) read by priests and prostration by worshippers in front of the temple mast. There are weekly, fortnightly and monthly rituals.<br /> <br /> ''[[Akshaya Tritiya]]i'' - 12 Garuda Sevai Chaitra ''[[Brahmotsava|Brahma Utsavam]]'' celebrated during the Tamil month of ''[[Tamil calendar|Chittirai]]'' (April - May), ''Vasantotsavam'' during ''Vaikasi'' (May - June), ''Pavitrotsavam - [[Shayani Ekadashi|Ekadasi]] Jyeshotsavam'' during ''Adi''(July - August), ''Sri Jayanthi - Uriyadi Utsavam'' during ''Avani'' (August - September), ''Navaratri Utsavam - Saraswathi Puja - Vijayadasami'' during ''Purattasi'' (September - October), ''[[Diwali|Deepavali]] - Shraddha of Sri Lakshmi Narayanaswami'' during ''Aippasi'' (October - November), ''Deepa Utsavam - Unjal Utsavam'' during ''Karthigai'' (November - December), ''Pakal Pattu - Ira Pattu Pongal Sankaramana Utsavam'' during ''Margazhi'' (December - January), ''Kanu Utsavam - Amavasya - [[Ratha Saptami]]'' during ''Thai'' (January - February), ''Masi Magaham - Float Festival'' during ''Masi'' (February - March) and ''Brahmmotsavam - Tirukkalyanotsavam'' during ''Panguni'' (March - April) are the festivals celebrated in the temple.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Festivals|publisher=Sarangapani Temple Administration|location=Kumbakonam|url=http://srisarangapanitemple.org/festivals.htm|access-date=2013-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Religious importance==<br /> Five Vishnu temples are connected with [[Mahamaham]] festival which happens once in 12 years in Kumbakonam. They are Sarangapani Temple, [[Chakrapani Temple, Kumbakonam|Chakrapani Temple]], [[Ramaswamy Temple, Kumbakonam|Ramaswamy Temple]], [[Rajagopalaswamy Temple, Kumbakonam|Rajagopalaswamy Temple]] and [[Varahaperumal Temple, Kumbakonam|Varahaperumal Temple]]. This temple, one among them, is situated in the north of Big Street.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrace&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> As per a temple legend, once a staunch [[Brahmin]] devotee of Aravamudhan spent most of his life to the service of the deity. At the end of his life, he felt his loneliness and prayed for his ''[[karma]]'' to be performed. Aravamudhan descended himself to perform the last rites on a [[Deepavali]] day. The ritual is performed annually by the priests and is one of its kind where death rituals are performed in the precincts of a Vishnu temple.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The temple is called Ubaya Pradhana Kshetram as the ''[[Moolavar|mulavar]]'' (presiding deity) and ''[[Utsava murti|utsavar]]'' (festive deity) enjoy the same importance. As per legend, Tirumalisai Alvar was singing praise of Aravamudan and he requested him to raise up from his reclining position. Aramudan started raising to gargantuan proportion forcing Thirumalisai Alvar to request him to recline again. The idol stopped midway and the current posture, ''Uthana Sayi'' was established. It is believed that the presiding deity asked [[Nathamuni]] to compile the four thousand verses of Nalayira Divya Prabandham at this place.&lt;ref name=R&gt;{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|ref=R.|pages=473–4}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Temple chariot==<br /> The twin temple chariots weigh {{convert|300|tonnes|lbs|abbr=on}} each and has been renovated in 2007. The chariots were not drawn for some years during the preceding period. The chariots are next only in size to the ones in [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur|Thygaraja temple]] in [[Thiruvarur]] and [[Srivilliputhur Divya Desam|Andal Temple]] in [[Srivilliputhur]]. The chariots are pulled by hundreds of devotees across the streets around the temple twice a year, once during the ''Brahmotsavam'' during April–May and other during [[Ratha Saptami|Ratha saptami]] in January–February. The festival idols of Sarangapani and Kamalvalli are brought to the ''thermutti'' (chariot station) after elaborate religious rituals.&lt;ref name=&quot;festivals&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Immortalised in stone |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article218206.ece?css=print|work=The Hindu|date=2009-07-02|access-date=2013-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Thirumangai Azhwar|Thirumangai]] Alvar's ''[[Tiruvelukkutrirukkai]]'', a single verse in 46 lines, when seen in numerical order, makes the image of a temple chariot. The painting depicting the verse in the chariot form is seen in the temple. It is believed that the first temple chariot of the temple was instituted by Thirumangai Alvar himself.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Marvels in wood|publisher=The Hindu|work=Friday Review|date=29 March 2019|last=Krishnamachary|first=Suganthy|page=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Sarangapani2.jpg|<br /> File:Sarangapani1.jpg|<br /> File:Sarangapani3.jpg|<br /> File:Sarangapani4.jpg|<br /> File:Sarangapani5.jpg|<br /> File:Sarangapani7.jpg|<br /> File:Sarangapani6.jpg|<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Mahamaham]]<br /> * [[Mahamaham tank, Kumbakonam]]<br /> * [[Hindu temples of Kumbakonam]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |title=South Indian shrines: illustrated |year=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0151-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&amp;q=sarangapani+temple&amp;pg=PA324|ref=Ayyar}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category|Sarangapani Temple}}<br /> * {{cite web |title=Kumbakonam Municipality |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kumbakonam/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201233932/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kumbakonam/ |archive-date=2014-02-01 }}<br /> <br /> {{Hindu temples in Thanjavur District}}<br /> {{Famous Vishnu temples}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Divya Desams]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Kumbakonam]]<br /> [[Category:Temples with Bharatanatyam Karanas]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corps_of_Forty&diff=472068 2026-02-20T23:20:08Z

<p>Igornhx: added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Turkic slave commander corps of the Delhi Sultanate}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox military unit<br /> | unit_name = Corps of Forty<br /> | native_name = ''Turkan-e-Chihilgani''<br /> | start_date = {{circa|1211}}<br /> | disbanded = {{circa|1266}}<br /> | size = 25 to 40<br /> | garrison = Delhi<br /> | notable_commanders = [[Saifuddin Aibak]], [[Tughral Tughan Khan]], [[Tughlaq Tamar Khan]], [[Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Yuzbak]], [[Balban]], [[Bahauddin Tughril]], [[Alauddin Jani]], [[Awar Khan Aibak]], [[Malik Altunia]]<br /> | allegiance = [[Delhi Sultanate]] ([[Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk dynasty]])<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Corps of Forty''' ({{langx|fa|{{Nastaliq|ترکان چهل گانی}}}}), historically known as the '''Shamsi Bandagan''' and also known as the '''Turkan-e-Chihilgani''', was a council of 40 mostly [[Turkic people|Turkic]] slave [[emir]]s who administered the [[Delhi Sultanate]] as per the wishes of the [[List of rulers of the Delhi Sultanate|sultan]]. However, their number was not always 40, as [[Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani]] says the group numbered 25 for some time.<br /> <br /> It was initially formed by [[Shamsuddin Iltutmish]], the third ruler of the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk dynasty]]. After Iltutmish's death, the balance of power shifted and the sultan became a puppet of these emirs. They would enthrone and depose Iltutmish's children and grandchildren, often murdering them when they proved troublesome.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|pp=65–66}} [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Balban]], one of Iltutmish's slaves and a former member of the Corps, broke the power of the emirs and restored the power and stature of the sultan. This destruction of the Corps would prove to be a double-edged sword. Without the Chihilgani around to maintain a Turkic monopoly on power, this left them vulnerable to the [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]] faction, which took power through a series of assassinations, and ultimately overthrew the Turks during the [[Khalji Revolution]]. The Turkan-i-Chihilghani were broken up, and they fled to and settled down in different villages in the region of [[Katehar]], also known as Rohilkhand.{{Sfn|Agarwal|2015}}<br /> <br /> == Members ==<br /> [[File:Qutb Complex Shrine.JPG|alt=A color photograph of a white marble tomb placed on a square platform. Behind the tomb are tall red walls with Persian and Arabic calligraphy inscribed on them|thumb|The Tomb of Iltutmish in the [[Qutb Minar complex]]]]<br /> Historian [[Peter Jackson (historian)|Peter Jackson]] notes that the medieval chronicler [[Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani]] provides biographies of 25 Shamsi Turkish slaves.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=61}} Jackson notes that there was only one Indian among the 25 Shamsi owned by [[Iltutmish]] and listed by Juzjani, namely Hindu Khan, who probably was in charge of all the other Shamsi slaves and held the title of the ''mihtar-i mubārak''. The Turkic Shamsi slaves were drawn from, among others, Rumis (probably [[Greeks]] or [[Slavs]] from [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantium]]) and [[Khitans]] (probably similar to the [[Qara Khitai]]).{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|pp=62–63}} The Rumi slaves were 'Izz al-Din Kabir Khan Ayaz, Badr al-Din Sonqur and Nusrat Khan Badr al-Din Sonqur.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|pp=62–63, n. 14}} The Khitan slaves were [[Saifuddin Aibak|Sayf al-Din Aybeg]], also called ''Yaghantut'' (capturer of elephants); and Sayf al-Din Ikit Khan Aybeg-i Khita'i. The Qara Khitai slaves were [[Tughral Tughan Khan|'Izz al-Din Toghril Toghan Khan]], Ikhtiyar al-Din Aytegin Qaraqush Khan, and Ikhtiyar al-Din Aytegin (the first slave commander to attain the position of ''[[naib]]'').{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=63, n. 15}}<br /> <br /> There were many [[Kipchaks|Kipchak]] slaves among the Shamsi. These include [[Tughlaq Tamar Khan|Qamar al-Din Qiran Temur Khan]]; Taj al-Din Sanjar, also known as ''Qabaqulaq'' (one with the protruding ears); Taj al-Din Sanjar *Kirit Khan; [[Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Yuzbak|Ikhtiyar al-Din Yuzbeg Toghril Khan]]; 'Izz al-Din Balaban, later known as Küshlü Khan; Sayf al-Din Aybeg Shamsi-yi 'Ajami.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=63, n. 16}} Küshlü Khan was purchased during the siege of [[Mandore]] in 1227 (A. H. 624).{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=70}} There were also notable slaves drawn from the group Iltutmish belonged to, the Olberli, who were a subdivision of either the Kipchaks or the [[Qanglï|Qanglïs]]. Historian Sunil Kumar posits that the Olberli were [[Yemek]] Turks.{{Sfn|Kumar|1994|p=35}} The Olberli slaves among the Shamsis were [[Balban|Baha al-Din Balaban]], who later became the sultan; his brother Sayf al-Din Aybeg, later known as Kishli Khan; and their cousin Nusrat al-Din Sanjar, also known as Shir Khan.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=63, n. 17}} Balaban was purchased in 1231/1232 (A. H. 629); his brother Kishli Khan was bought the same year during an embassy sent by Iltutmish to Egypt and [[Baghdad]]. Taj al-Din Sanjar (later titled Arslan Khan), was also purchased during this embassy.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=70}} Arslan Khan was also probably a Karakhitai Turk.{{Sfn|Kumar|1994|p=34}} Other Shamsi slaves whose tribal backgrounds are not known are Taj al-Din Sanjar *Kezlik Khan, Nasir al-Din Aytemur al-Bahai, Saif al-Din Aybeg-i Uchch and Nusrat al-Din Tayisi al-Mu'izzi.{{Sfn|Kumar|1994|p=32}}<br /> <br /> === Feudal performance ===<br /> [[File:Chaurasi Khamba Masjid Column detail (6134444060).jpg|alt=A color photograph of some pillars built with stone and ornamented with various designs|thumb|A pillar of the [[Chaurasi Khamba Mosque]] built by [[Bahauddin Tughril]] in [[Bayana]]]]<br /> The area of [[Bayana]] is said to have prospered due to its administration by [[Bahauddin Tughril]], who first became its holder in 1196 (A. H. 592). The regions granted to Sayf al-Din Aybeg Shamsi-yi 'Ajami, according to Barani, became prosperous. *Kezlik Khan at [[Uch]] is known to have worked for the welfare and security of the peasantry. Barani lauds Balaban for the prosperity he achieves in his fiefs, and Juzjani says he focused a lot on agricultural issues when he arrived in [[Hansi]].{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=98}} Holders of fiefs who were required in Delhi did not usually go to their ''iqta'&lt;nowiki/&gt;''s personally. Balaban, however, had to go to Hansi to supervise the mobilization of troops from the broader [[Sivalik Hills|Sivalik region]], which included Hansi, [[Jind]] and [[Barwala, Hisar|Barwala]].{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=100}} Shir Khan, who had held [[Lahore]], [[Sunam]] and [[Dipalpur]], among other ''iqta'''s, is said to have mobilized an army of thousands of soldiers from his fiefs. Taj al-Din Sanjar-i ''Qabaqulaq'' had raised an army of 8,000 cavalry and infantry at [[Budaun]] in 1242 (A. H. 640).{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=99}}<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> === In Delhi ===<br /> <br /> During the reign of Iltutmish, these [[Emir|''amirs'']] were granted Turkish titles, including the title of [[Khan (title)|''khan'']], a title not held by [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid]] or [[Tajiks|Tajik]] nobles.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=61}} Some Shamsi had previously been slaves of other commanders,{{Efn|These were 'Izz al-Din Kabir Khan Ayaz, purchased from the family of Nasir al-Din Aytemur al-Baha'i; and Nusrat al-Din Taisi, a former slave of Mu'izz al-Din, also known as [[Muhammad of Ghor]].{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=63, n. 18}}|group=lower-alpha}} however, most of them were purchased from slave traders. Traveler [[Ibn Battuta]] has related an account about Iltutmish sending merchants to [[Samarkand]], [[Bukhara]] and [[Termez]] to purchase Turkish slaves for him. Their purchases dates are spread out over a long period of time, starting from the time Iltutmish held the ''[[iqta']]'' (fief) of Baran (now known as [[Bulandshahr]]).{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=63}} In 1231 (A. H. 639), Kabir Khan Ayaz became the first Shamsi whose fiefs were downgraded, when he was transferred from [[Multan]] (an important city) to the small town of [[Palwal]].{{Sfn|Kumar|1994|p=44}} The fief of Multan was then transferred to another Shamsi, Ikhtiyar al-Din Qaraqush Khan Aytegin.{{Sfn|Kumar|1994|p=46}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> The contemporary medieval chronicler [[Ziauddin Barani]], after the death of Iltutmish, had taken notice of how each Shamsi had demanded he be given similar ''iqta'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'', troops, high ranks and honor, as those given to the other Shamsi. Barani had lamented in his work that the lack of experience of Iltutmish's sons, and the power of the Shamsi, had led to the monarchy losing its majesty.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=66}} According to [[Abdul Malik Isami]], Iltutmish's successor [[Ruknuddin Firuz]] ({{Reign|April 1236|November 1236}}) did not pay enough attention to the Shamsi, and instead chose to rely on multiple Tajik bureaucrats.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|pp=66–67}} Juzjani mentions a group of Turks who had left Delhi for [[Awadh]], probably to join one of Firuz Shah's brothers. One of these Turks was the future sultan Balaban, who was imprisoned for some time.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=69}} These bureaucrats were massacred at [[Tarain]] by the Shamsi during the campaign against the rebellious Kabir Khan.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|pp=66–67}} The Turks and Iltutmish's private slaves were the ones who had rebelled at Tarain, and also the ones who had defected from Firuz Shah's camp at Kilokhri and supported [[Razia Sultana]] instead.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|pp=69–70}}[[File:Painting of Razia Sultana of the Delhi Sultanate, from the lacquer-binding cover of a manuscript of Tulsi Das' 'Ramcharitmanas', ca.1830–36.jpg|alt=Color photograph of a miniature painting. The painting depicts a royal woman seated on a chair under a tree being attended upon by two woman, with Perso-Arabic calligraphy in the border margins.|thumb|A painting of [[Razia Sultana]] from a 19th-century edition of the [[Ramcharitmanas]] written by [[Tulsidas]]]]Other than Küshlü Khan, this group included many others who were rewarded with promotions and fiefs. *Altunapa (also known as [[Malik Altunia]]), previously Iltutmish's chief canopy-bearer (''sar-i chatrdar''), received Baran as a grant. Balaban had been a falconer (''khasadar'') at the time of Iltutmish's death, Razia elevated him to the office of lord of the hunt (''amir-i shikar''). Balaban's brother Kishli Khan had worked in the sultan's home, he was then promoted by Razia to the rank of deputy bodyguard commander (''na'ib-i sar-i jandar''). Taj al-Din Sanjar (later titled Arslan Khan) had also been a falconer, Razia promoted him to the rank of cupbearer (''chashnigir'') and granted him the ''iqta'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' of Balaram (now known as [[Ballabhgarh]]).{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=70}} Hindu Khan was granted the ''iqta''' of [[Uch]] by Razia, but he was removed from the position after her death.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=88}}<br /> <br /> Razia Sultana ({{Reign|1236|1240}}) enjoyed the strong support of the Shamsi, however, she soon started building her own group of supporters. After the death of Sayf al-Din Aybeg-i *Tutuq in 1237, the Turkic deputy army commander (''na'ib-i lashgar''), she did not choose a Turk as his successor and instead chose the Ghurid amir Qutb al-Din Hasan b. 'Ali. Razia was deposed after she elevated [[Jamal-ud-Din Yaqut]], her African slave, to the office of stable intendant (''amir-i akhur''). This ruffled the Turkish faction, especially angering the ''amir-hajib'' Ikhtiyar al-Din Aytegin. An attempted uprising in [[Lahore]] in 1239 by Kabir Khan did not succeed. Aytegin and his ally Altunia, the governor of Tabarhind (possibly [[Bathinda]]), triggered a mutiny the following year while Razia was campaigning and killed Yaqut. Razia was imprisoned at Tabarhind where Altunia watched over her.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=67}}<br /> [[Muiz ud din Bahram]] ({{Reign|1240|1242}}) was crowned as the next sultan. During his reign, the Turk ''amirs'' began strengthening their power; the new office of the ''na'ib'' (viceroy) was given to Aytegin. Moreover, the [[Bay'ah]] (oath of allegiance) of the Turks was contingent on the designation of Aytegin as the ''na'ib''. When Aytegin began encroaching on imperial powers, Bahram had him killed in 1240 during the month of [[Muharram]] (July). Another Shamsi, Badr al-Din Sonqur-i Rumi, who was the new ''amir-hajib,'' became influential. He was instrumental in the campaign against Altunia, who had married Razia and marched to Delhi to crown her after the death of Aytegin.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=67}} The next highly influential figure was the new [[Vizier|''wazir'']] (prime minister), Muhadhdhab al-Din, who instigated the sultan against Sonqur after his relations with the latter soured. Sonqur was moving to crown one of Bahram's brothers, and the wazir reported this to Bahram. Sonqur was exiled from the royal court to his ''iqta'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' of [[Budaun]] in August 1241 ([[Safar]], A. H. 639); when he arrived at the royal court three months later without imperial approval, he was executed.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|pp=67–68}} During Bahram's reign, Balaban was promoted from ''amir-i shikar'' to ''amir-i akhur''. Balaban was then pivotal during the siege of [[Delhi]] in 1242 (A. H. 639), and was rewarded with the ''iqta'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' of [[Hansi]].{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=70}} Kabir Khan Ayaz and Qaraqush Khan, by now, had practically declared themselves independent of the sultanate at their ''iqta'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' in Lahore and Sindh.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|pp=88–89}}[[File:Inside the Marble Mehrab at Sultan Ghari.jpg|alt=A color photograph of a marble structure inscribed at many places with Persian or Arabic calligraphy|thumb|The marble [[mihrab]] at [[Sultan Ghari|Sultan Garhi]], where both [[Ruknuddin Firuz]] and [[Muiz ud din Bahram]] are buried]]Bahram himself was deposed in 1242 (A. H. 639) when, influenced by his courtier Fakhr al-Din Mubarak Shah Farrukhi, he was considering the complete discharge of all the Turkish slave commanders. During October 1242 ([[Jumada al-Awwal]], A. H. 640), the Turks stormed and killed Muhadhdhab al-Din, who was trying to consolidate imperial powers with his office and keep the Turks out of governmental affairs.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=68}} Balaban had been supported by Sonqur, who had helped him get his first ''iqta'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' in [[Rewari]]. Therefore, Balaban likely took part in the deposal of Bahram.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|pp=70–71, n. 62}} Jackson thinks the reason the major figures behind this move were not executed was because they had the support of the new sultan, [[Masud Shah]] ({{Reign|1242|1246}}).{{Efn|Taj al-Din Sanjar *Kirit Khan was elevated to the office of the intendant of the imperial elephants (''shihna-yi pil''), and later to the office of the head of the imperial bodyguard (''sar-i jandar''). Badr al-Din Sonqur Sufi-yi Rumi (later Nusrat Khan) was allocated the deceased wazir's fiefs in [[Aligarh|Kol]].{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=68, n. 47}} [[Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Yuzbak|Ikhtiyar al-Din Yuzbeg Tuhgril Khan]] was granted Tabarhind.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=92}}|group=lower-alpha}}{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=68}} Balaban partook in the strike against Muhadhdhab al-Din, and Juzjani implies he was promoted to the rank of ''amir-hajib'' after the ''wazir''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s death in 1244/1245 (A. H. 642). Qaraqush Khan was demoted and sent to his ''iqta''' in [[Bayana]], then probably dismissed to [[Kara-Manikpur]]; Balaban was possibly behind these transfers.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|pp=70–71, n. 62}} Masud Shah had campaigned in Uch, and during this time [[Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Yuzbak]] was transferred from Tabarhind to Lahore; Yuzbak fought with an unnamed noble and challenged imperial power.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=92}} Masud Shah also tried to reduce the power of the Turks, and he possibly relied on African slaves instead.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=68}} Balaban was a major figure in the dethronement of Masud Shah and the elevation of [[Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah, Sultan of Delhi|Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah]] ({{Reign|1246|1266}}). Qaraqush Khan was possibly killed in the aftermath of these events, because he was most probably an opponent of Balaban.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=71}} Balaban got the sultan to grant clemency and an ''iqta'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' in [[Kannauj]] to Yuzbak; however, Yuzbak once again rebelled and his revolt was suppressed only after a campaign by the Ghurid noble Qutbuddin Hassan.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=92}}<br /> <br /> In 1249 (A. H. 647), Balaban married his daughter to the sultan, was appointed the ''na'ib'' and allowed the title of Ulugh Khan. He transferred his rank of the ''amir-hajib'' to his brother Kishli Khan. Many of his supporters were elevated. Among them, the Shamsi Taj al-Din *Teniz Khan, said to be a loyal deputy of Balaban, was made the deputy ''amir-hajib''. One of Balaban's slaves, Ikhtiyar al-Din Aytegin ''mui-yi daraz'' (long-haired), who had previously been the deputy ''amir-i akhur'', was appointed the chief ''amir-i akhur'' after Kishli Khan's promotion. At this point, according to Jackson, opponents of Balaban's faction had emerged within the Shamsi. Balaban and his group started making a coordinated assault on 'Izz al-Din Balaban, also known as Küshlu Khan.{{Efn|'Izz al-Din Balaban had been titled Küshlü Khan in 1242 (A. H. 639). He had received the iqta' of [[Nagaur]] the same year, and was granted [[Multan]] in 1246 (A. H. 643). He received the fief of [[Uch]] contingent on his promised vacation of Nagaur, but he did not honor his word.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=71}}}} Küshlü Khan had lost Multan after it was conquered by Hasan of the [[Qarlughids|Qarlughid]] dynasty. Multan was then occupied by Ulugh Khan's cousin Shir Khan, and Küshlü Khan did not succeed in his attempts to recapture the city. Ulugh Khan and the sultan expelled him from [[Nagaur]], and the city was granted to Kishli Khan. Küshlü Khan then retreated to Uch, but he was imprisoned by Shir Khan and freed only after he had commanded the city's garrison to surrender. Küshlü Khan was then granted Budaun in early 1251 (A. H. 649).{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|pp=71–72}}<br /> [[File:Coin of Naziruddin Mahmud.jpg|alt=A color photograph of the front and back of a silver coin, which has Perso-Arabic writing on it|thumb|A silver ''tanka'' coin issued by [[Mahmud I of Delhi|Mahmud Shah]]]]<br /> Küshlü Khan avenged his mistreatment during 1252-1253 (A. H. 650-651). In the course of a campaign that year, Ulugh Khan was expelled to his ''iqta'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' in Hansi, and then the ''iqta'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' was taken from him and given to the sultan's newborn son. Meanwhile, Ulugh Khan was sent to Nagaur. His role as the ''na'ib'' was transferred to Qutb al-Din Hasan, and all his allies in the imperial government were demoted. Kishli Khan and *Teniz Khan were removed from imperial service, and Shir Khan (who by now held the ''iqta'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' of Uch, Multan and Tabarhind) was deposed by imperial forces and fled to [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] lands. Küshlü Khan and his allies Qutlugh Khan and Imad al-Din Rayhan took these ranks and fiefs for themselves; Rayhan was made the ''wakil-i dar'' and Küshlü Khan was granted the ''iqta''' he had previously held in [[Sindh]].{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=72}} Qutlugh Khan had married the sultan's mother, probably in early 1255.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=72, n. 70}} The faction opposed to Ulugh Khan included Turks like Küshlü Khan, Qutlugh Khan and his son-in-law [[Ijjauddin Balban Iuzbaki|'Izz al-Din Balaban-i Yuzbegi]]. Many Turks also supported Rayhan because of their opposition to Ulugh Khan. However, this group was not just limited to Turks, but it also included other ethnic factions.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=72}} <br /> <br /> The rivals of Ulugh Khan were probably supported by the sultan and his mother; Rayhan was probably the slave of Mahmud Shah himself. Ulugh Khan's faction rose to power after it joined forces with the sultan's rebellious brother, Jalal al-Din Masud. Masud had left his ''iqta'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' in Santur and joined the Mongols. Masud had left India after he had become anxious about the Turkish slave commanders. [[Wassaf]] and [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani]], Persian writers from contemporary [[Ilkhanate]] Iran, had named some of these Turks.{{Efn|These Turks included Shir Khan Sanjar; Aybeg-i Khitai *Ikit Khan; Sayf al-Din Aybeg-i Shamsi 'Ajami, titled by Juzjani as Erkli Dadbeg; [[Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Yuzbak|Ikhtiyar al-Din Yuzbeg Tughril Khan]], who held the iqta' of [[Kannauj]]. They erroneously name Qutlugh Khan as part of the faction which supported Ulugh Khan.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=72, n. 76}}}} Masud came back with a Mongol army, and established a client state in Lahore and northwest [[Punjab]].{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=72}} In 1254 (A. H. 652), Masud moved eastwards from Lahore, along with Ulugh Khan's faction, which included Kishli Khan of Kara; Aybeg-i Khitai of [[Sunam]] and [[Mansurpur]]; and Yuzbak Khan who had been dismissed from his fief in Kannauj. Both the rebels and the imperial forces made indecisive movements, then they arrived at a compromise where Rayhan lost out and was dismissed to his ''iqta'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' in Budaun. Arslan Khan, who had replaced Shir Khan in Tabarhind, was part of the group who had earlier deposed Ulugh Khan and now switched their allegiances to Masud. Ulugh Khan and the sultan arrived at Delhi in January 1255 ([[Dhu al-Hijjah]] A. H. 652).{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|pp=73–74}}[[File:Balban's tomb, Mehrauli.jpg|alt=Color photograph of the ruins of a stone building|thumb|The [[Tomb of Balban]] at the [[Mehrauli Archaeological Park]] in Delhi]]Ulugh Khan quickly reestablished his hegemony in the imperial court. The Ghurid ''na'ib'' was beheaded and his position passed to Ulugh Khan, while his ''iqta'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' of [[Meerut]] was granted to Kishli Khan, who had been appointed as the ''amir-hajib'' again. Qutlugh Khan and his wife were excused from the imperial court, and dismissed to his new ''iqta''' in Awadh. Budaun was taken from Rayhan and granted to *Teniz Khan, who was a supporter of Ulugh Khan's faction. Rayhan was sent to [[Bahraich]] and died there at the hands of Taj al-Din Siwistani in August 1255 ([[Rajab]], A. H. 653).{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=74}} Qutlugh Khan continued to fight in Awadh, and then allied with Küshlü Khan in 1257 (A. H. 655). They tried to instigate a coup at Delhi, which was foiled by the supporters of Ulugh Khan. The two then laid siege to Delhi for some time, but had to lift it after Ulugh Khan and his army arrived. Qutlugh Khan now disappears from records, and Jackson thinks he may have joined the Mongols. Küshlü Khan went back to Sindh; Juzjani says his army had shrunk after soldiers from Uch and Multan defected to Ulugh Khan's army. According to Juzjani's account, Ulugh Khan's rivals were denied any powerful positions during the ten years preceding Ulugh Khan's coronation.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|pp=74–75}}<br /> <br /> Ulugh Khan's long and mostly peaceful career had allowed him to gather resources, including his own personal troops. Ulugh Khan also had his own Turkish slaves, even before he had become the sultan. These included [[Amin Khan Aitigin|Amin Khan Aytegin]] ''Mui-yi Daraz'', and the [[Ispahsalar|''sipahsalar'']] (army commander) Qarachomaq. Ulugh Khan's enthronement is highly likely to have been supported by his old allies like Nusrat Khan Badr al-Din Sonqur and 'Imad al-Mulk, both of them were Shamsi and had supported Ulugh Khan during the brief siege of Delhi in 1257. Barani says Ulugh Khan, wanting to ruin his old Shamsi colleagues, had many of them poisoned.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=77}} <br /> <br /> Ulugh Khan's cousin Shir Khan (who had been granted the ''iqta'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' of [[Lahore]], Sunam and [[Dipalpur]]), did not visit the imperial court during the reign of both Mahmud Shah and Ulugh Khan, afraid of also being poisoned. He was finally poisoned in 1269/1270 (A. H. 668) by Ulugh Khan. The Shamsi who escaped this elimination were excused only because they were favored by the sultan. Barani gives the names of two such Shamsi, Temür Khan and 'Adil Khan. Temür Khan Sonqur-i 'Ajami was the ''malik'' of [[Ghuram]], and he received the ''iqta''' of Sunam and [[Samana, India|Samana]] after the death of Shir Khan. 'Adil Khan was the title of Sayf al-Din Aybeg Shamsi-yi 'Ajami. 'Imad al-Mulk, the maternal grandfather of [[Amir Khusrau]], was also a Shamsi according to Barani.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=77}} Nusrat Khan also continued to hold Bayana in 1271 (A. H. 669).{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=78, n. 100}} However, Ulugh Khan's elimination of the Shamsi was not fully accomplished, as Barani says many sons of the Shamsi were officials during the reign of Ulugh Khan's family. Ulugh Khan has been accused of eliminating Turkish power in India by modern historians. Jackson says his eventual goal was to replace the Shamsi with his own slaves.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=78}} Ulugh Khan may have intentionally supported the growing power of the [[Khalaj people|Khalaj]],{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=80}} who overthrew the Turkic power in the sultanate during the [[Khalji Revolution]].{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=84}}<br /> <br /> === In Awadh ===<br /> Awadh was a region torn by conflict in the 1250s. Qutlugh Khan, dismissed from imperial service and sent to the region in 1255 (A. H. 653), began infringing on the ''iqta'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' of Budaun. Qutlugh Khan won against troops sent by *Teniz Khan, the holder of the ''iqta'''. Arslan Khan, an ally of Ulugh Khan, was then appointed to Awadh in 1256 (A. H. 654) and he successfully resisted Qutlugh Khan's intrusions in Kara. According to Juzjani, Arslan Khan then became mutinous. In 1258 (A. H. 656), when troops from Delhi were being sent to expel the Mongols from Sindh, Arslan Khan and [[Masud Jani|Jalaluddin Masud Jani]] (the son of [[Alauddin Jani]]) did not send their troops. Ulugh Khan moved towards Kara and brought the two ''malik''s into line; Qilich Khan was granted [[Lakhnauti]] and Arslan Khan was sent to Kara, but the fief granted to him was not sufficient for his aspirations according to Jackson.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=90}} Arslan Khan would take Lakhnauti, and he held it till he died.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|pp=92–93}}<br /> <br /> === In Bihar and Bengal ===<br /> [[File:Islamic Sultanates. Bengal. Malik Saif al-Din Aibak. AH 627-631 AD 1230-1233. Lakhnauti mudafat mint. Struck in the names Delhi sultan Shams al-Din Iltutmush and Abbasid caliph al-Mustansir, dated AH 628 (AD 1230-1).jpg|alt=A photograph of the two sides of a coin with a white background. The coins are grey-black in color and have white-colored Perso-Arabic calligraphy on them|thumb|A coin issued by Saifuddin Aibak during his tenure as the governor of Bengal, it mentions both Iltutmish and the Abbasid caliph [[Al-Mustansir I]]]]<br /> Barani had said those who controlled Bengal were unrivalled in their power and resources. As such, Lakhnauti was named ''Bulghakpur'', the city of insurrection. After the death of Iltutmish, the succeeding sultans were thus forced to acknowledge the sovereignty of their governors without receiving any reciprocal benefits.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|pp=90–91}} The two Shamsi Alauddin Jani and [[Saifuddin Aibak]] had been the governors of Bengal in succession, and then another Shamsi, [[Awar Khan Aibak]], had poisoned and usurped the latter. Starting from the year 1233/1234 (A. H. 631), [[Tughral Tughan Khan]] had held the ''iqta'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' of both [[Bihar]] and Lakhnauti. The location of his fiefs allowed him a lot of freedom; therefore, after the death of Iltutmish, he fought against the holder (''muqta'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'') of [[Lakhnaur]] without repercussions from Delhi. Tughan killed the ''muqta''' and took over some of his fiefs. Razia and Bahram did not punish his deeds, and instead sent him a red ''chatr'' and standards. After the elevation of Masud Shah to the throne, he stopped maintaining any fealty to Delhi. In the year 1242 (A. H. 640), he entered the Kara-Manikpur area as part of an expedition to take Awadh, which was later cancelled.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=91}} Taj al-Din Sanjar *Kirit Khan, another Shamsi, died in a city in Bihar after the year 1242 (A. H. 640). Jackson posits that Sanjar died during an attempted reconquest of Bihar by the Delhi forces.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=91}}<br /> <br /> After a war against the Hindu kingdom of [[Jajpur]] in [[Odisha]] in 1244 (A. H. 641) proved ruinous, Tughan requested the sultan to send reinforcements. Masud Shah, in turn, sent ceremonial items to Lakhnauti. According to Jackson, these gifts were sent to make Tughan think his rule was not threatened by the sultan anymore. The sultan sent [[Tughlaq Tamar Khan]] of Awadh along with other generals to Bengal, to respond to Tughan's request. Upon arriving in Lakhnauti, these generals then fought Tughan, and not the Hindus who had already retreated. Forced to accept their conditions, Tughan handed over the region to Tamar Khan and went to Delhi with the other generals. The imperial government, wanting to make the two rivals fight, transferred Awadh from Tamar to Tughan in 1245 (A. H. 643). Tamar Khan's response is not known, however, he held Lakhnauti till March 1247 ([[Shawwal]], A. H. 644) when he and Tughan both died; Mahmud Shah had been enthroned by this time. Jalaluddin Masud Jani, the son of Alauddin Jani, was probably the next governor of Bengal.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=91}} However, Juzjani does not name him, and instead says [[Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Yuzbak|Ikhtiyar al-Din Yuzbeg Toghril Khan]], also known as Yuzbak Khan, was the next governor.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|pp=91–92}}<br /> [[File:Islamic Sultanates. Bengal. Anonymous issue. Unnamed (Lakhnauti) mint. Struck under Tamar Khan Qiran, governor, AH 641-644 (AD 1243-1246).jpg|alt=A photograph of the two sides of a coin with a white background. The coins are grey-black in color and have white-colored Perso-Arabic calligraphy on them|thumb|A coin issued by Tughlaq Tamar Khan while he was the governor of Bengal]]<br /> Starting from the year 1254 (A. H. 652), Yuzbak Khan was the governor of Lakhnauti. After triumphing over the previously undefeated king of Jajpur, Yuzbak Khan began claiming independence from Delhi; he had both coins issued and the ''[[khutbah]]'' read in his own name. He styled himself Sultan Mughith al-Din, but died some years later during a [[Yuzbak Khan's invasion of Kamarupa|calamitous invasion of Assam]]. Yuzbak Khan probably died before February/March 1257 ([[Safar]], A. H. 655). Lakhnauti was again given to Jalaluddin Masud Jani in late 1258 (A. H. 656). However, just some months later, Balaban had the sultan appoint Izzuddin Yuzbegi as the governor. Arslan Khan left Kara and moved on Lakhnauti without the permission of the sultan, all the while telling even his own sons and army that he was going to raid [[Malwa]]. Yuzbegi was taken captive and executed after he returned from a campaign in eastern Bengal.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=92}} Barani says Arslan Khan continued to hold Bengal till his death in 1266 (A. H. 664), after which Balaban's son [[Tatar Khan]] retook the region.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=93}}<br /> <br /> == Analysis ==<br /> Jackson notes that many of the 25 Shamsi rose to notable positions only after Iltutmish's death. He further observes how Turkish slave commanders in the Delhi Sultanate did not have a monopoly on high ranks and offices, a monopoly Turks did have in [[Mamluk Egypt]]. However, Jackson notes how the children of the Turks had avenues for social mobility, a privilege not afforded to the children of the Mamluks in Egypt, who were termed the ''awlād al-nās'' and could not rise to powerful government offices.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=61}} Jackson observes that the succession of Razia Sultana to the throne was possibly a result of the Turkish slave commanders' pagan background. He posits that the Khitan and Qara Khitai, who belonged to the eastern steppes where women had more freedom, may have raised Razia in the manner of their pre-Islamic culture.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=65, n. 31}}<br /> <br /> According to Jackson, Masud Shah being enthroned instead of 'Izz al-Din Balaban suggests the possibility of a multi-racial alliance. Jackson posits that the Turks becoming sultans was not acceptable to the Ghurids, and the other Shamsi slaves did not want to abandon the family of their deceased lord. He argues that a compromise was achieved between the multiple elite factions. As a result, a Ghurid noble became the ''na'ib and'' Qaraqush Khan was appointed the ''amir-hajib''; while Taj al-Din Sanjar-i Qabaqulaq, who had restrained 'Izz al-Din, received the latter's ''iqta''' of Budaun. Jackson further argues that the strife within the sultanate was extended and risky because of internal divisions within the Shamsi. Jackson also posits that the junior slaves were bound together much closely, because they were a markedly different group with their own aims. Jackson notes the high proportion of the junior slaves amongst the group who had deposed Firuz Shah and crowned Razia.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=69}} The growing standing and ambitions of these juniors is likely to have angered both the non-Shamsi and the senior Shamsi. According to Jackson, the history of the Mamluk dynasty after the death of Iltutmish was largely centered around the growth of his junior slaves, and their internal conflicts which risked the survival of the relatively new sultanate.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=70}}<br /> <br /> Historian S. B. P. Nigam argues that the years preceding Balaban's coronation saw rival ethnic factions like Africans and Tajiks being violently removed from power. This led to the Turkish faction's power becoming unopposed; the Turkish groups then fought each other for dominance, albeit in a less violent manner where they achieved relatively peaceful regime changes and compromises. Jackson says this period can be considered peaceful, when compared to its preceding events like the massacre of the Tajiks in 1236. However, interpersonal struggle intensified, with no quarter given to rivals belonging to the same unit. As an example, Küshlü Khan had hoped Shir Khan would spare him because both were members of the same house, but he was not shown any mercy. Jackson says the strife in the 1250s can be considered more threatening than previous conflicts, because these were two similar groups participating in a total civil war. Furthermore, both factions had requested help from the Mongols.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=75}} Mahmud Shah was probably deposed forcefully, and Jackson argues his reign had lasted longer only because he had his own soldiers.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=76}}<br /> <br /> == Historiography ==<br /> Jackson notes that Barani had used the number forty (''chihil'') in his account of the Shamsis, which led the 16th-century chroniclers Nizam al-Din Ahmad Harawi and [[Firishta]] to presume Iltutmish had 40 slaves.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=66}} It is also possible Harawi and Firishta where influenced by the account given by [[Abdul Malik Isami]], where Iltutmish was shown forty slaves and chose to buy all of them except Balaban.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=66, n. 34}} As such, modern historians also talk about a group of forty.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=66}} However, Jackson postulates that the ''Chihilgani'' led a unit of forty slaves each, which is why they were named similarly. Jackson makes note of a similar practice in Mamluk Egypt, where ''amirs'' led groups of forty royal mamluks. Jackson argues that the ''Chihilgani'' were a different body among the Shamsi slaves, and not the term used for all the Shamsi slave commanders. Jackson makes note of Barani naming only three ''amirs'' from the ''Chihilgani'', and notes how they were comparatively junior slaves.{{Sfn|Jackson|2003|p=66}} Historian Sunil Kumar postulates that the larger group of the Sultan's personal slaves was called the ''Shamsi Bandagan'', while the slaves from this group who had been freed were called the ''Chihilgani''. Kumar also notes that Juzjani was not including the biographies of commanders based on whether they were ''Shamsi'' or ''Chihilgani''; instead, Juzjani was writing about the commanders he was personally indebted to.{{Sfn|Kumar|1994|p=49}}<br /> <br /> According to Kumar, historian [[Irfan Habib]] had acknowledged the importance of the ''bandagan'' in the Sultanate's elite, but he had focused much more on the free-born nobility. Kumar also critiques Jackson for making Mamluk Egypt his sole comparable, upon which his analysis depended. Kumar says Jackson's work does not give space for the prevalent culture in North India. Kumar further says Jackson did not analyze the alterations in the ranks of the Shamsi, and their hierarchies.{{Sfn|Kumar|1994|p=27}} Kumar says Habib focuses too much on the sultan, and does not consider the fact that the nobility had agency and freedom.{{Sfn|Kumar|1994|p=29}} Kumar says the Turkish slave commanders should not be thought of as nobles, and says they were trusted by Iltutmish only because they did not belong to the nobility.{{Sfn|Kumar|1994|pp=38–39}} Kumar argues the Shamsi were not Turkic bureaucrats bound by governmental rules, as other historians have claimed. He instead argues they were loyal because they were educated and nurtured while they were young. Kumar also claims the Shamsi were not obligated to periodical promotions; instead, it would seem like they were doing odd jobs for multiple years, but those jobs were always those which allowed proximity to the sultan. Kumar also notes that junior slaves were often given appointments where they had to prove themselves, with most being made [[Shihna]] (superintendent); this was a position of Chinese origin which spread through the Qara Khitai to the Delhi Sultanate and the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuks]].{{Sfn|Kumar|1994|p=47}}<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{Cite news |last=Agarwal |first=Priyangi |date=7 October 2015 |title=Istanbul Opens Its Eyes To Rohilkhand's 11 Lakh Turks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/istanbul-opens-its-eyes-to-rohilkhands-11-lakh-turks-/articleshow/49263392.cms |work=The Times of India}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political And Military History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=9780521543293 |series=Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization}}<br /> * {{Cite journal |last=Koç |first=Bilal |date=31 December 2017 |title=Devletin Nesepten Sebebe Geçişine Direnen Bir Unsur Olarak Çihilgan/Kırklar Meclisi |trans-title=The Cihilgan/Council of Forty As An Element Resisting The Transition Of The State From Lineage To Cause |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/cutad/issue/33341/359755 |journal=Çukurova Üniversitesi Türkoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi |language=tr |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=91-121 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314144031/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/396108 |archive-date=14 March 2020}}<br /> * {{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Sunil |date=February 1994 |title=When Slaves Were Nobles: The Shamsi Bandagan In The Early Delhi Sultanate |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249767771_When_Slaves_were_Nobles_The_Shamsi_Bandagan_in_the_Early_Delhi_Sultanate |journal=Studies in History |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=23-52 |doi=10.1177/025764309401000102}}<br /> * {{Cite journal |last=Yılmaz |first=Nesrin |date=31 December 2022 |title=Gulâm Sistemi İçerisinde Kırklar ve İhtiyâreddîn Yüzbeg Tuğrul Hân |trans-title=The Forty And Ikhtiyaruddin Yuzbeg Toghrul Khan In The Ghulam System |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/irtad/issue/74870/1209554 |journal=İran ve Turan Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi |language=tr |volume=5 |issue=9 |pages=48-74 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624190009/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2792345 |archive-date=24 June 2023}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Delhi Sultanate]]<br /> [[Category:Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)]]<br /> [[Category:Military slavery]]<br /> [[Category:Mamluks]]<br /> [[Category:1200s in Asia]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haveli_Kharagpur&diff=457745 2026-02-19T16:05:01Z

<p>Igornhx: fixed article for accuracy after review</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Haveli Kharagpur<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nicknames = Haveli Kharagpur, Kharagpur<br /> | settlement_type = Town<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Bihar#India3<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|25.12|N|86.55|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Munger district|Munger]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[List of subdivisions of India|Subdivision]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = Haveli Kharagpur<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = [[Nagar parisad|Nagar Parisad]]<br /> | governing_body = Haveli Kharagpur Nagar Panchayat<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 48<br /> | population_total = 26910<br /> | population_as_of = 2001<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Angika]], [[Magahi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = 811213<br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Haveli Kharagpur''' is a town and one of the three subdivisions in [[Munger district]] in the Indian state of Bihar.<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> Haveli Kharagpur is located at {{Coord|25.12|N|86.55|E|}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/34/Kharagpur.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Kharagpur, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has an average elevation of 48&amp;nbsp;metres (157&amp;nbsp;feet).{{cn|date=February 2026}}<br /> <br /> Kharagpur Lake&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kharagpur+Lake/@25.1297224,86.5163963,2445m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m21!1m15!4m14!1m6!1m2!1s0x39f19668656724df:0xb01dc4edbcc81e52!2sRSK+High+School+Haveli+Kharagpur,+Kharagpur+Lake+Road,+Kharagpur,+Bihar+811213,+India!2m2!1d86.5508831!2d25.127492!1m6!1m2!1s0x39f1bb7cf68390df:0x97eee61a26da87b7!2sTarapur,+Bihar,+India!2m2!1d86.6636269!2d25.0952381!3m4!1s0x0:0xbd4a3ea51d4994b0!8m2!3d25.1354556!4d86.5253913|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps}}&lt;/ref&gt; is 3–4&amp;nbsp;km west of the bus stand.<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> {{As of|2001}} India [[census]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kharagpur had a population of 26,910. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. The average literacy rate is 47%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 55%, and female literacy is 39%. In Kharagpur, 18% of the population is under 6 years of age.<br /> <br /> == Notable people ==<br /> {{Unsourced section |date=February 2026}}<br /> The painter [[Nandalal Bose]] was born in Haveli Kharagpur.<br /> <br /> [[Bina Devi]] is an [[organic farming]] advocate.<br /> <br /> [[Upasni Maharaj]], a religious leader, spent a year in Haveli Kharagpur.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Munger district}}<br /> {{Munger Division}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Munger district]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenali&diff=467249 2026-02-17T20:17:17Z

<p>Igornhx: slightly add structure per standard format and cleaned formatting to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{Other uses}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}<br /> &lt;!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details --&gt;<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Tenali<br /> | settlement_type = [[Town]]<br /> | image_skyline = Martyrs'_Memorial,_Tenali.jpg<br /> | image_caption = Ranarang chowk<br /> | etymology = Teravali<br /> | nickname = Andhra Paris<br /> | pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br /> | pushpin_label = &lt;!-- only necessary if &quot;name&quot; or &quot;official_name&quot; are too long --&gt;<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|16.239|N|80.645|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | coordinates_footnotes = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt;tags --&gt;<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Guntur district|Guntur]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Founded --&gt;<br /> | established_date = &lt;!-- requires established_title= --&gt;<br /> | established_title1 = Incorporated (town)<br /> | established_date1 = 1909<br /> | established_title2 = Incorporated (city)<br /> | established_date2 = 2011<br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | parts_type = Wards<br /> | parts = 40<br /> | government_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;council&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=M. N. |first1=Samdani |title=Andhra Pradesh's move to supply Krishna water to Coca-Cola plant irks opposition |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Andhra-Pradeshs-move-to-supply-Krishna-water-to-Coca-Cola-plant-irks-opposition/articleshow/47239899.cms |access-date=25 May 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=12 May 2015 |location=Mangalagiri |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225053056/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Andhra-Pradeshs-move-to-supply-Krishna-water-to-Coca-Cola-plant-irks-opposition/articleshow/47239899.cms |archive-date=25 February 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor-council]]<br /> | governing_body = [[Tenali Municipality]]<br /> | leader_party = <br /> | leader_title = [[Mayor]]<br /> | leader_name = [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]<br /> | leader_title1 = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]<br /> | leader_name1 = Rama Appala Naidu<br /> | leader_title2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]<br /> | leader_name2 = [[Nadendla Manohar]]<br /> | leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]<br /> | leader_name3 = [[Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani ]]<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Municipality Profile |url=https://tenali.cdma.ap.gov.in/en/municipality-profile |website=Tenali Municipality |access-date=13 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | area_total_km2 = 31.56<br /> | area_metro_footnotes = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt;tags --&gt;<br /> | area_metro_km2 = &lt;!-- elevation --&gt;<br /> | elevation_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OOIQn3ZgvTYC&amp;pg=PA4|title=Groundwater for Sustainable Development: Problems, Perspectives and Challenges|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Prosun|last2=Ramanathan|first2=A. L.|last3=Mukherjee|first3=Arun B.|last4=Bundschuh|first4=Jochen|last5=Chandrasekharam|first5=D.|last6=Keshari|first6=A. K.|date=2008-04-09|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-203-89456-9|pages=291}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | elevation_m = 13<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;population&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Population |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=668611 |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=8 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | population_total = {{#property:P1082|from=Q1929712}}<br /> | pop_est_as_of = <br /> | pop_est_footnotes = <br /> | population_est = <br /> | population_rank = [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh|18th (in state)]]<br /> | population_density_km2 = <br /> | population_metro_footnotes = <br /> | population_metro = <br /> | population_blank1_title = Households<br /> | population_blank1 = 67890<br /> | population_demonym = &lt;!-- demonym, e.g. Liverpudlian for someone from Liverpool --&gt;<br /> | population_note = &lt;!-- demographics (section 1) --&gt;<br /> | demographics_type1 = Literacy<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Literates<br /> | demographics1_info1 = 124,618<br /> | demographics1_title2 = Literacy rate<br /> | demographics1_info2 = 87.75%<br /> | demographics_type2 = Languages<br /> | demographics2_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics2_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 5222xx, 522201, 522202, 522307<br /> | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Telephone code]]<br /> | area_code = +91–8644<br /> | registration_plate = AP-39, 40<br /> | website = {{URL|https://tenali.cdma.ap.gov.in/}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | other_name = Andhra Paris<br /> | leader_title4 = EX MLA<br /> | leader_name4 = [[Annabathuni Siva Kumar]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Tenali''' is a city in [[Guntur district]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a [[municipality]], and the headquarters of [[Tenali mandal]] and [[Tenali revenue division]].&lt;ref name=&quot;vgtmuda&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=About Tenali|url=http://www.vgtmuda.gov.in/innerpages/aboutvgtm.aspx|website=VGTM Urban Development Authority|access-date=26 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821063129/http://www.vgtmuda.gov.in/Innerpages/AboutVGTM.aspx|archive-date=21 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The city is renowned for art, culture, drama, and hence, it is called &quot;Andhra Paris&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;canals&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Big Cinema comes to Andhra Paris |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Big-Cinema-comes-to-Andhra-Paris/article15340155.ece |access-date=11 May 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=12 November 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the twelve urban local bodies in [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Declaration of A.P. Capital Region – Amendment: Urban Footprints in APCRDA Region|url=https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/DataModuleFIles/Maps/01~1332ULB%20footprints.jpg |website=Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=10 May 2019|date=19 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the twelfth most populous town in the state, with a population of 199,345 as of 2011. Tenali town is also part of Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority (APCRDA).<br /> <br /> [[Tenali Ramakrishna|Tenali Rama]], one of the jesters and eight poets of the early 16th century [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] ruler [[Krishnadevaraya]], hailed from Tenali.<br /> <br /> == Etymology ==<br /> The word ''Tenali'' is derived from ''Teravali''.&lt;ref name=vgtmuda /&gt; Local lore claims that the word is a misnomer of Tella Naali, meaning White Naali tree. The white colour bark is an uncommon occurrence of Holoptelea integrifolia(Indian Elm), which is found in abundance around the town.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Charles Philip |date=1903 |title=A Telugu-English Dictionary. New ed., thoroughly rev. and brought up to date...2nd ed |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/brown_query.py?page=647 |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Three canals of the Krishna River flow through Tenali City, making it a part of the rice bowl of Andhra Pradesh, resembling Paris, where three canals pass through the city. Hence Tenali is affectionately called &quot;Andhra Paris&quot;. In 2011 the city limits were expanded by many kilometers. The expansion included the villages of [[Angalakuduru]], [[Nandivelugu]], [[Kolakaluru]], [[Pinapadu]] and [[Burripalem]].<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The [[Satavahana dynasty|Andhra–Satavahana dynasty]] ruled the region around the present city from 225 [[Anno domini|B.C.]] to 225 [[A.D.]] The [[relic]]s found in the excavations around Tenali reveal the existence of [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]].&lt;ref name=vgtmuda /&gt; One such example is the inscription in Ramalingeswara temple, dating back to the [[16th century|16th century AD]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=A Manual of the Kishna District, in the Presidency of Madras: Compiled for the Government of Madras|publisher=Lawrence Asylum Press|page=213|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H74RAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=duggirala&amp;pg=PA213|access-date=4 July 2016|year=1883}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> [[File:Pinapadu pond.jpg|thumb|A pond at Pinapadu area of Tenali|left]]<br /> <br /> Tenali is situated at {{coord|16.239|N|80.645|E}}, on the [[River delta|southern deltaic]] region of [[Krishna River]].&lt;ref name=&quot;geo&quot; /&gt; The city is spread over an area of {{Convert|29.56|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot; /&gt; It lies at an average altitude of {{convert|13|m|ft|0|abbr=}} above mean sea level. This city has no National or State Highway passing through it. The East canal, the Nizampatnam canal and the West canal flow through the city, which originates from Krishna River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Project Report on Green Cover Augmentation in Tenali Municipality |url=https://tenali.cdma.ap.gov.in/sites/default/files/action%20plan%20for%20green%20cover%20docx.pdf |website=Tenali Municipality |publisher=[[Commissioner and Director of Municipal Administration, Andhra Pradesh]] |access-date=13 May 2019 |page=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; The region around the city forms a part of ''Western Delta System'' of Krishna river.&lt;ref name=&quot;delta&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/good-rain-in-ap-t-but-no-water-in-krishna-projects/articleshow/59705298.cms|title=Good rain in AP, T but no water in Krishna projects|date=22 July 2017|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-05-28|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722223235/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/good-rain-in-ap-t-but-no-water-in-krishna-projects/articleshow/59705298.cms|archive-date=22 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;paddy&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Jonathan |first1=P. Samuel |title=Dip in paddy price dampens the mood |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/dip-in-paddy-price-dampens-the-mood/article22454129.ece |access-date=29 May 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=17 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035155/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/dip-in-paddy-price-dampens-the-mood/article22454129.ece |archive-date=9 November 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The area is covered by [[Alluvium]] and the main soil varieties are [[Red soil|Red]] and [[Chernozem|Black]].&lt;ref name=&quot;geo&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Climate'''<br /> <br /> Tenali has a [[tropical savanna climate|tropical wet and dry climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Aw''). The average annual temperatures range from a high of {{convert|33.3|C|F}} to a low of {{convert|24.2|C|F}}. May is the hottest and December is the coolest months of the year.&lt;ref name=&quot;climate&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/24222/|title=Climate: Tenali – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table – Climate-Data.org|website=en.climate-data.org|access-date=2016-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; The city receives maximum rainfall due to the onset of [[Monsoon|southwest monsoon]] season from June to October.&lt;ref name=&quot;geo&quot; /&gt; The annual precipitation averages {{convert|1017|mm|in|0}} with the month of August being the highest with {{convert|202|mm|in|0}} and January being the lowest with {{convert|1|mm|in|0|abbr=}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;climate&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> <br /> {{bar box<br /> |title=Religion in Tenali (2011)<br /> |titlebar=#fcd666<br /> |float=left<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|Hinduism|orange|83.76}}<br /> {{bar percent|Islam|green|13.11}}<br /> {{bar percent|Christianity|blue|1.94}}<br /> {{bar percent|Others (incl.unclassified and&lt;br /&gt; religion not stated)|grey|1.19}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Historical population<br /> | source = &lt;ref name=&quot;sanitation_plan&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=City Sanitation Plan |url=https://tenali.cdma.ap.gov.in/sites/default/files/city%20sanitation%20plan%20-%20Tenali.pdf |website=[[Tenali Municipality]] |publisher=[[Commissioner and Director of Municipal Administration, Andhra Pradesh]] |access-date=13 May 2019 |page=12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 1971 | 102937<br /> | 1981 | 119257<br /> | 1991 | 149726<br /> | 2001 | 193756<br /> | 2011 | 222895<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{As of|2011}} [[census of India]], there were {{formatnum:43593}} [[household]]s with a population of {{formatnum:164937}}. It comprises {{formatnum:81427}} males, {{formatnum:83510}} females and {{formatnum:14340}} children (age group of 0–6 years). The average literacy rate stood at 82.75% with {{formatnum:124618}} literates, of which males were 164,467 and females were 160,151. There are a total of {{formatnum:60756}} workers and {{formatnum:6238}} non–workers.&lt;ref name=&quot;population&quot; /&gt; The number of households in 74 slums (37 notified and 7 non–notified) were {{formatnum:18958}} and the total slum population was {{formatnum:75831}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;sanitation_plan&quot; /&gt;{{rp|11,23}}<br /> <br /> === Language and religion ===<br /> <br /> [[Telugu language|Telugu]] is the most spoken language with a total of {{formatnum:142085}} native speakers, followed by {{formatnum:19923}} [[Urdu]] speakers. A significant minority speak [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Town Level |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16_Town.html |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=13 May 2019}} ''Select &quot;Andhra Pradesh&quot; from the download menu. Data for &quot;Tenali (M)&quot; is at row 12690 of the excel file.''&lt;/ref&gt; The religious population constitute {{formatnum:138156}} [[Hindus]] (83.76%), {{formatnum:21619}} [[Muslims]] (13.11%), {{formatnum:3206}} [[Christians]] (1.94%) and {{formatnum:1355}} (0.82%) not stating any religion.&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=13 May 2019}} ''Select &quot;Andhra Pradesh&quot; from the download menu. Data for &quot;Tenali (M)&quot; is at row 2693 of the excel file.''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Government and politics ==<br /> === Civic administration ===<br /> [[File:Tenali Municipality.jpg|thumb|Tenali municipal office|alt=|left]]<br /> <br /> The [[Tenali Municipality]] is the seat of [[Local government in India|local government]] and the Tenali municipal council is the [[Legislature|legislative body]].&lt;ref name=&quot;council&quot; /&gt; It was constituted in 1909 and is classified as a ''special grade municipality''. The jurisdiction of the civic body is spread over an area of {{convert|16.63|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot; /&gt; It has a total of 70 election wards: 27 unreserved and 43 reserved. The wards are reserved 4 for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SCs]], 12 for STs and 24 for [[Backward Class|BCs]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Municipality wards|url=http://www.apsec.gov.in/ELECTIONRESULTS/RESULTS%202014/Andhra%20Elected%20councilors%20List,%202014.pdf|website=Andhra PRadesh – State Election Commission|access-date=27 June 2016|archive-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906174718/http://www.apsec.gov.in/ELECTIONRESULTS/RESULTS%202014/Andhra%20Elected%20councilors%20List,%202014.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Each ward is represented by a ward member and the wards committee is headed by a Chairperson.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Constitution (Seventy-Fourth Amendment) Act, 1992|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend74.htm|website=India Code|publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice, Legislative Department|access-date=28 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The present [[municipal commissioner|Municipal Commissioner]] of the city is Venkata Krishna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=MN |first1=Samdani |title=Enrolment only on paper, Mepma fills staff pockets |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/enrolment-only-on-paper-mepma-fills-staff-pockets/articleshow/69180416.cms |access-date=25 May 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=5 May 2019 |location=Amaravati |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104231908/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/enrolment-only-on-paper-mepma-fills-staff-pockets/articleshow/69180416.cms |archive-date=4 January 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The municipality of the city has received several awards, such as the Green Leaf Award 2015 for Best Decentralised Solid Waste Management&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=India |first1=The Hans |title=TS and AP NGOs sweep Green Leaf awards |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2015-06-08/TS-and-AP-NGOs-sweep-Green-Leaf-awards/155893 |access-date=11 May 2019 |work=thehansindia.com |date=8 June 2015|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511043612/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2015-06-08/TS-and-AP-NGOs-sweep-Green-Leaf-awards/155893 |archive-date=11 May 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''Green City'' of the country for [[Waste sorting|waste segregation]] management.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Green City award for Tenali|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/green-city-award-for-tenali/article2852895.ece|access-date=19 December 2015|work=The Hindu|date=2 February 2012|location=Vijayawada|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406152749/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/green-city-award-for-tenali/article2852895.ece|archive-date=6 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The city is represented by [[Tenali (Assembly constituency)|Tenali Assembly constituency]] in the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=MN |first1=Samdani |title=A three-cornered battle for Tenali |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/a-three-cornered-battle-for-tenali/articleshow/68587258.cms |access-date=25 May 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=27 March 2019 |location=Tenali |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406152951/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/a-three-cornered-battle-for-tenali/articleshow/68587258.cms |archive-date=6 April 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The assembly segment forms a part of [[Guntur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guntur Lok Sabha constituency]], which represents the [[Lok Sabha|lower house]] of [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]].&lt;ref name=&quot;constituencies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|publisher=National Informatics Centre|page=20,30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|access-date=25 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The present MLA from Tenali is Mr. [[Nadendla Manohar]]. Currently, Mr. Nadendla is serving as the Minister of Food and Civil Supplies and Consumer Affairs.<br /> <br /> === Public utilities ===<br /> [[File:Solid waste management park.jpg|thumb|Solid waste management park in the outskirts of Tenali]]<br /> <br /> The municipality oversees civic needs, such as water supply, sewerage, roads, and parks, and is included in the [[Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Vadlapatla |first1=Sribala |title=Amaravati among 31 AP cities selected for Amruth development {{!}} Hyderabad News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Amaravati-among-31-AP-cities-selected-for-Amruth-development/articleshow/48431080.cms |access-date=11 May 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=11 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405164748/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Amaravati-among-31-AP-cities-selected-for-Amruth-development/articleshow/48431080.cms |archive-date=5 April 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The city residents rely on [[Borehole|borewells]], overhead reservoirs, and a filtration plant for daily water needs, which mainly draws water from the [[Krishna River|Krishna river]] of [[Prakasam Barrage]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=New project to quench Tenali's thirst {{!}} Hyderabad News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/New-project-to-quench-Tenalis-thirst/articleshow/14617227.cms |access-date=11 May 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=3 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028214925/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/New-project-to-quench-Tenalis-thirst/articleshow/14617227.cms |archive-date=28 October 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |title=Delay in drinking water project irks residents |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/delay-in-drinking-water-project-irks-residents/article2926851.ece |access-date=11 May 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=24 February 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The city municipality implements two-bin garbage collection, sanitation campaigns like ''Mana Tenali – It's people's creation'' for hygiene of the people,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |title=A litter-free town, the aim of 'Mana Tenali' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/a-litterfree-town-the-aim-of-mana-tenali/article7872064.ece |access-date=11 May 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=13 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406153309/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/a-litterfree-town-the-aim-of-mana-tenali/article7872064.ece |archive-date=6 April 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ban on plastic bags etc.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/may/05/ban-on-plastic-bags-in-tenali-narasaraopet-1972915.html|title=Ban on plastic bags in Tenali, Narasaraopet|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-05-11|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512033715/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/may/05/ban-on-plastic-bags-in-tenali-narasaraopet-1972915.html|archive-date=12 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Economy ==<br /> [[File:Tenali Agricultural Market Yard.jpg|thumb|Kotha Raghuramaiah Agricultural Market Yard, Tenali]]<br /> <br /> Tenali thrives on trade and agriculture.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Dimensions of Growth |url=https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/DETAILED_DRAFTPLAN/Chapter%204%20-%20Dimensions%20of%20Growth.pdf |website=[[APCRDA]] |access-date=29 May 2019 |page=53}}&lt;/ref&gt; Irrigation in the Western Delta, the region in which the city lies, is supported by water from the Krishna river.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Where TDP would rule Andhra Pradesh from |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/where-tdp-would-rule-andhra-pradesh-from/ |access-date=11 May 2019 |work=The Indian Express |date=4 September 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511044258/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/where-tdp-would-rule-andhra-pradesh-from/ |archive-date=11 May 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Rice|Paddy]] is the major crop cultivated, producing on an average of 22–24 bags per [[acre]].&lt;ref name=&quot;paddy&quot; /&gt; Major crops include [[Vigna mungo|black gram]], [[maize]], and [[Sorghum bicolor|jowar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Maize heralds agricultural revolution |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Maize-heralds-agricultural-revolution/article16611727.ece |access-date=11 May 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=8 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629164247/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Maize-heralds-agricultural-revolution/article16611727.ece |archive-date=29 June 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Tenali Agriculture Market Yard is used for trading and exporting agricultural products.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |title=Create awareness on State's welfare schemes, says Speaker |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/create-awareness-on-states-welfare-schemes-says-speaker/article3753097.ece |access-date=11 May 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=11 August 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The city being a part of the capital region, is recognized as one of the future growth centers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Tenali to be Part of Amaravati Development |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2016/jan/05/tenali-to-be-part-of-amaravati-development-864746.html |access-date=11 May 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=5 January 2016|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511044308/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2016/jan/05/Tenali-to-be-Part-of-Amaravati-Development-864746.html |archive-date=11 May 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |title=APCCIF moots separate district for capital area |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/apccif-moots-separate-district-for-capital-area/article8522304.ece |access-date=11 May 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=26 April 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is also a part of the Tenali–Ponnur growth corridor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |title=Need to enforce building rules: VGTM-UDA vice-chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/need-to-enforce-building-rules-vgtmuda-vicechief/article3638675.ece |access-date=11 May 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=14 July 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Culture ==<br /> [[File:Tenali Ramakrishna statue.jpg|thumb|Tenali Ramakrishna statue near Municipal office|alt=|left]]<br /> [[File:Satyanarayana UDA lake park.jpg|thumb|Satyanarayana UDA lake park at Chinnaravuru, Tenali]]<br /> <br /> The city is notable for [[drama]], [[fine art]]s, [[literature]] and [[poetry]]. The iconic Martyr's Memorial at Ranarang Chowk denotes the impact of the city on the [[Indian independence movement|Indian freedom struggle]] during the [[Quit India Movement]].&lt;ref name=&quot;centenary&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Tenali gearing up for centenary celebration|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Tenali-gearing-up-for-centenary-celebration/article15966827.ece|access-date=12 March 2016|work=The Hindu|date=23 January 2010|location=Tenali|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029143645/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Tenali-gearing-up-for-centenary-celebration/article15966827.ece|archive-date=29 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The people of Tenali had responded to [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi's]] call and organised a bandh on 12 August 1942. The British police had opened fire on them, and seven people had been killed on the spot, at Morrispeta which later came to be known as Ranarang Chowk. After Independence, seven pillars had been erected in the memory of the seven martyrs, and a statue of Mother India with a baby in her arms had been installed at Ranarang Chowk.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=ilyas|first=md|date=2017-08-12|title=Tenali people to remember its seven martyrs today|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/120817/tenali-people-to-remember-its-seven-martyrs-today.html|access-date=2020-08-28|website=Deccan Chronicle|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817031936/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/120817/tenali-people-to-remember-its-seven-martyrs-today.html|archive-date=17 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It was the domicile of doyen of several social and revolutionary moments viz. Non Bramin Movement 1920 (Suryadevara raghavaiah Chowdary), Rationalist movement 1940 ([[T. Ramaswamy Choudary|Kaviraju Sri Tripuranen]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;i), Radical Humanist Movement 1950 ([[M. N. Roy|Sri M.N. Roy]]) etc.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mohammad|first=Azgar Ali|date=2014-09-24|title=Azgar Ali Mohammad: THE HISTORY OF TENALI 'THE ANDHRA PARIS' AND ITS ROLE IN FREEDOM AND COMMUNIST MOVEMENTS IN INDIA.|url=http://azgaralimd.blogspot.com/2012/12/the-history-of-tenali-andhra-paris-and.html|access-date=2020-08-28|website=Azgar Ali Mohammad}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Drama and literature ===<br /> The city has been the host for events such as the formation of the 1929 ''Andhra Nataka Kala Parishad'', the [[Kanyasulkam]] play, and cultural fests.&lt;ref name=&quot;centenary&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fest&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Cultural fest all set to unfold on 16 December|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/cultural-fest-all-set-to-unfold-on-december-16/article4162718.ece|access-date=12 March 2016|work=The Hindu|date=4 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227045745/http://www.thehindu.com:80/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/cultural-fest-all-set-to-unfold-on-december-16/article4162718.ece|archive-date=27 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tenali Ramakrishna]], one of the eight poets in the court of [[Krishnadevaraya|Sri Krishna Devaraya]], hails from Tenali.&lt;ref name=&quot;vgtmuda&quot; /&gt; In the area of modern literature are contributors such as [[Chakrapani (filmmaker)|Chakrapani]], [[Chalam (writer)|Gudipati Venkata Chalam]], [[Kodavatiganti Kutumbarao]], [[T. Ramaswamy Choudary|Tripuraneni Ramaswamy]]. Furthermore, Nethi Parameswara Sarma wrote the book ''Nurella Tenali Rangastala Charitra'', which translates to ''100 years of theater in Tenali''.&lt;ref name=&quot;centenary&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fest&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Films ===<br /> Many artists who hail from Tenali and the nearby villages have contributed a major share to the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film industry]], such as [[AVS (actor)|AVS]], [[Govindarajula Subba Rao]] (the first Telugu cinema hero), [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi Venkateswara Rao]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]], [[Kanchanamala]] (the first Telugu cinema heroine), [[Jaggayya|Kongara Jaggayya]], [[Rama Prabha]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]], Siva Parvati and Divya Vani.<br /> <br /> === Cityscape ===<br /> There are various religious worship centers in the city, such as the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tenali|Vaikuntapuram Venkateswara temple]] and the [[Iglesia ni Cristo]] church. The notable [[Satyanarayana UDA Lake Park]] (or Chinaravuru park), named after former municipal chairman Ravi Satyanarayana, is maintained by [[VGTM Urban Development Authority|VGTMUDA]] (now [[Amaravati Metropolitan Region Development Authority|APCRDA]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=A perfect getaway, for children and adults|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/a-perfect-getaway-for-children-and-adults/article13364649.ece|access-date=14 March 2016|date=13 January 2012|location=Tenali|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406154454/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/a-perfect-getaway-for-children-and-adults/article13364649.ece|archive-date=6 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Food===<br /> Jalebi is very famous in Tenali city. It is made with [[jaggery]] instead of the traditional way with sugar. There is no color added to jalebi. Many parcels are sent abroad on a daily basis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-08-02 |title=తేనెలూరే తెనాలి జిలేబీ.. తింటే మైమరచిపోవాల్సిందే! |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/here-full-details-tenali-jalebi-made-jaggery-1384080 |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> == Transport ==<br /> [[File:Tenali bus station.jpg|thumb|left|Tenali bus station]]<br /> [[File:Tenali railway station main entrance.jpg|thumb|right|Tenali railway station main entrance]]<br /> <br /> Tenali has a total road length of {{Convert|410.00|km|abbr=on|}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Details of Roads in each ULB of Andhra Pradesh|url=http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp|website=Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department|access-date=27 June 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801101300/http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp|archive-date=1 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Guntur]], [[Mangalagiri]], [[Burripalem]] and [[Ponnur]] roads are the arterial roads for road connectivity to the city. The road towards Guntur connects with [[State Highway 48 (Andhra Pradesh)|SH 48]] at [[Narakodur]]. The Tenali–Mangalagiri road, the Tenali–Narakodur road, and the Tenali–Chandole road are a part of the core road network of the district, which connects the city with Mangalagiri, Narakodur and [[Chandole]] respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= APRDC |url=http://aprdc.ap.gov.in/UI/Profile.aspx|access-date=9 November 2016|website=Andhra Pradesh Road Development Corporation|publisher=Roads and Buildings Department|archive-date=9 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109221321/http://aprdc.ap.gov.in/UI/Profile.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2008-11-05|title=Traffic restrictions for TDP meet|newspaper=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Traffic-restrictions-for-TDP-meet/article15335665.ece|access-date=2016-05-12|issn=0971-751X|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406154704/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Traffic-restrictions-for-TDP-meet/article15335665.ece|archive-date=6 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bus and rail transport are the major modes of public transport for inter district and inter state commuting.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Metro transport committees for TUDA, VGTUDA|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2009/oct/19/metro-transport-committees-for-tuda-vgtuda-95868.html|access-date=8 May 2016|work=The New Indian Express|date=19 October 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712155402/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2009/oct/19/metro-transport-committees-for-tuda-vgtuda-95868.html|archive-date=12 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The bus transport is provided by Tenali bus station, owned and operated by [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|APSRTC]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Bus Stations in Districts|url=http://www.apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx|website=Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|access-date=8 March 2016|archive-date=22 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322233330/http://apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The station is also equipped with a [[Bus garage|bus depot]] for storage and maintenance of buses.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Depot Name|url=http://www.apsrtc.gov.in/Depots.aspx|website=[[APSRTC]]|access-date=15 March 2016|archive-date=9 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309000939/http://apsrtc.gov.in/depots.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Susarla|first1=Ramesh|title=Ponnur RTC depot on way out?|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/ponnur-rtc-depot-on-way-out/article3073831.ece|access-date=15 March 2016|work=The Hindu|date=11 September 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629143042/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/ponnur-rtc-depot-on-way-out/article3073831.ece|archive-date=29 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; It operates bus services to nearby and intrastate destinations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Bus commute to be more comfortable this summer|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/bus-commute-to-be-more-comfortable-this-summer/article6814529.ece|access-date=10 June 2016|work=The Hindu|date=23 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024085555/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/bus-commute-to-be-more-comfortable-this-summer/article6814529.ece|archive-date=24 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Hindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=New Guntur–Hyderabad bus service inaugurated|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/New-Guntur-Hyderabad-bus-service-inaugurated/article15151965.ece|access-date=21 March 2016|work=The Hindu|date=28 January 2008|location=Guntur|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406155114/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/New-Guntur-Hyderabad-bus-service-inaugurated/article15151965.ece|archive-date=6 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The city's railway line, the Guntur-Tenali railway line, is an important and short route line that connects [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] with [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=27 April 2019 |title=Guntur-Tenali double railway line in Andhra Pradesh commissioned |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/Apr/27/guntur-tenali-double-railway-line-in-andhra-pradesh-commissioned-1969680.html |access-date=27 September 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; As it is a junction railway station, the trains are more frequent to any of the cities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Tenali Zonal Development Plan|url=http://crda.ap.gov.in/apcrdadocs/ZDP/TENALI%20PROPOSED%20LANDUSE%20MAP_29-08-06-Model.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419003732/http://crda.ap.gov.in/apcrdadocs/ZDP/TENALI%20PROPOSED%20LANDUSE%20MAP_29-08-06-Model.pdf|archive-date=19 April 2016|access-date=8 May 2016|website=Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{stnlnk|Tenali Junction}} provides rail connectivity to the city and is classified as an A–category station{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} in the [[Vijayawada railway division]] of [[South Central Railway zone]]. It is an important junction station on the line between the [[Howrah–Chennai main line|Howrah–Chennai]] and the [[New Delhi–Chennai main line|New Delhi–Chennai sections]], which also connects the [[Tenali–Repalle branch line]] and the [[Guntur–Tenali section]].&lt;ref name=&quot;division&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Divisional info |url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1448370249434-Division%20Profile.pdf|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=10 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128163230/http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1448370249434-Division%20Profile.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> == Education ==<br /> [[File:Kendriya Vidyalaya, Tenali.jpg|thumb|Kendriya Vidyalaya school]]<br /> <br /> The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided, and private schools, under the ''School Education Department'' of the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=School Education Department|url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=12 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319051231/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations-2/school-education/|website=ap.gov.in|access-date=7 November 2016|archive-date=13 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413205259/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations-2/school-education/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; As per the school information report for the academic year 2015–16, there are a total of 71 schools, comprising 26 private schools, 44 municipal schools, and 1 other type of school.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=School Information Report|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls#|website=Commissionerate of School Education|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=8 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108154343/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls|archive-date=8 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The total number of students enrolled in primary, upper primary and high schools of the city is 11,544.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Student Information Report|url=http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do?mode=getVillageReportsList&amp;mandalCode=281732&amp;mandalName=TENALI|website=Commissionerate of School Education|publisher=Child info 2015–16, District School Education – Andhra Pradesh|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-date=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108154727/http://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/districtStudentReport.do?mode=getVillageReportsList&amp;mandalCode=281732&amp;mandalName=TENALI|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sri Vivekananda Central School, Adarsh Public School,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Adarsh Public School, Tenali, Guntur district|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-youngworld/montessori-public-school-tenali-guntur-district/article2268623.ece|access-date=10 June 2016|work=The Hindu|date=23 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610104326/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-youngworld/montessori-public-school-tenali-guntur-district/article2268623.ece|archive-date=10 June 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dr.K.K.R Gowtham&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Dr.K.K.R Gowtham near bustand tenali|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-youngworld/Sharon-Talent-School-at-Ramalingeswarapet-in-Tenali/article15698750.ece|access-date=10 June 2016|work=The Hindu|date=5 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610104641/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/be-like-the-frog-that-made-it-to-the-treetop/article6964046.ece|archive-date=10 June 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; St. John's Public School,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Sujatha Varma|first1=P|title=Be like the frog that made it to the treetop|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/be-like-the-frog-that-made-it-to-the-treetop/article6964046.ece|access-date=1 April 2016|work=The Hindu|date=6 March 2015|location=Vijayawada|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201045747/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/be-like-the-frog-that-made-it-to-the-treetop/article6964046.ece|archive-date=1 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kendriya Vidyalaya at Tenali: MP|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/kendriya-vidyalaya-at-tenali-mp/article6554331.ece|access-date=1 April 2016|work=The Hindu|date=1 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406155204/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/kendriya-vidyalaya-at-tenali-mp/article6554331.ece|archive-date=6 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Westberry School&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=School introduces CBSE's Plus One|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/school-introduces-cbses-plus-one/article8334413.ece|access-date=1 April 2016|work=The Hindu|date=10 March 2016|location=Guntur|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406155254/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/school-introduces-cbses-plus-one/article8334413.ece|archive-date=6 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; are some of the [[Education in India|public]] and private schools under [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] and [[Andhra Pradesh Board of Secondary Education|state boards]]. Yalavarthy Veda Pathashala, one of the oldest [[Shakha|vedic schools]] founded in 1894, is located in Gandhi Nagar area of the city.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Vedapatasalas in Andhra Pradesh |url=http://vedicheritage.gov.in/Vedapatasalas_Andhra_Pradesh.pdf |website=Vedic Heritage |publisher=Government of India |access-date=11 May 2019 |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There are 20 private aided junior colleges, such as the Taluk Junior college, the JMJ college for Women, the VSR and NVR college, and the Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Memorial Junior college. Additionally, fourteen unaided junior colleges provide [[undergraduate education]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=List of colleges in Guntur district|url=http://bieap.gov.in/pdf/guntur.pdf|website=Board of Intermediate Education|access-date=28 September 2016|pages=8–9|archive-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021151643/http://bieap.gov.in/pdf/guntur.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The JMJ college for women and the VSR and NVR college are the two autonomous colleges under [[Acharya Nagarjuna University]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Autonomous colleges of Acharya Nagarjuna University|url=http://www.nagarjunauniversity.ac.in/affiliated/affcollnaac.pdf|publisher=Nagarjuna University|access-date=5 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are colleges for different fields of study, such as nursing,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=List of College of Nursing in A.P.|url=http://hmis.ap.nic.in/APNMC/colleges_of_nursing.html|website=hmis.ap.nic.in|access-date=5 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Government Industrial Training Institute, and other institutes for vocational courses.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=List of colleges offering vocational courses in Guntur district|url=http://www.sakshieducation.com/(S(bjoccknv3uzg34nkfz3ecnjk))/colleges/VC/guntur-vocational%20colleges.pdf|website=Sakshi Education|access-date=5 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Government ITI|url=http://sakshieducation.com/Colleges/ITIColleges/GUNTUR%20ITI.pdf|website=Sakshi Education|access-date=5 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> == Sports ==<br /> <br /> The city has an indoor sports complex for [[Badminton]], [[Tennis]] and [[Volleyball]] at the Chenchupet area.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Staff Reporter|title=Speaker opens indoor stadium|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/speaker-opens-indoor-stadium/article5525267.ece|access-date=5 October 2016|work=The Hindu|date=1 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006035454/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/speaker-opens-indoor-stadium/article5525267.ece|archive-date=6 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sports personalities from the city include National Senior Chess Silver Medalist International Master [https://crgca.in/ CRG Krishna],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-12-20 |title=Aravindh Chithambaram is the Indian National Champion 2018 - ChessBase India |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Aravindh-National-Champion-2018 |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=www.chessbase.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; National Challengers Championship winner and chess master S. Ravi Teja&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=TS boy AP girl clinch national chess honours|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Sports/2016-07-31/TS-boy-AP-girl-clinch-national-chess-honours/245676|access-date=5 October 2016|work=The Hans India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930100413/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Sports/2016-07-31/TS-boy-AP-girl-clinch-national-chess-honours/245676|archive-date=30 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; and weightlifter Sai Revathi Ghattamaneni, a gold medalist at Senior Nationals in the 63-kg category.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Jonathan|first1=P. Samuel|title=Defying odds, Revathi scales new heights|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/defying-odds-revathi-scales-new-heights/article6309185.ece|access-date=5 October 2016|work=The Hindu|date=13 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notable people==<br /> *[[Tenali Rama]], poet and key figure of the Court of [[Krishnadevaraya]] of [[Vijayanagara Empire]]<br /> *[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], known as Mahanati and one of the greatest Indian female actors of all time<br /> *[[Yelavarthy Nayudamma|Yalavarthy Nayudamma]], popular [[Scientist]] who died in the Kanishka airplane bombing<br /> *[[Nadendla Bhaskara Rao]], [[Politician]] and former Chief Minister of combined Andhra Pradesh<br /> *[[Nadendla Manohar]], [[Politician]], s/o Nadendla Bhaskara Rao and former speaker of Andhra Pradesh assembly<br /> *[[J. C. M. Sastry]], [[Nephrology|nephrologist]]<br /> *[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], popular actor and winner of Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award<br /> *[[Sobhita Dhulipala]], actress and winner of Femina Miss India Earth 2013<br /> *[[Sarada (actress)|Sarada]], winner of 4 Indian national awards for best actress<br /> *[[Chakrapani (filmmaker)|Chakrapani]], founder of [[Chandamama]] and famous film producer<br /> <br /> Other notable actors in film industry include [[Jaggayya]], <br /> * [[Rajyalakshmi]], <br /> * [[Kanchanamala]],<br /> * [[Ashwin Babu]],<br /> * [[Ohmkar]], <br /> * [[Maharshi Raghava]],<br /> * [[Punarnavi Bhupalam]], <br /> * [[Govindarajula Subba Rao]], <br /> * [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]],<br /> * [[Priyadarshini Ram]], <br /> * [[Prabha (actress)|Prabha]] among others.<br /> Eminent academics and poets such as<br /> <br /> *[https://chandgudi.com Chand Gudi], Roboticist and Entrepreneur (coined [[Fog robotics]])<br /> *[[T. Ramaswamy Choudary|Tripuraneni Ramaswamy]]<br /> * [[Chalam (writer)|Chalam]]<br /> * [[Kodavatiganti Kutumbarao|Kodavatiganti Kutumba Rao]]<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> * [[List of municipalities in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> * [[List of villages in Guntur district]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Municipalities of Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> {{Guntur district}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Tenali| ]]<br /> [[Category:Cities in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Mandal headquarters in Guntur district]]<br /> [[Category:Cities in Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santosh_Trophy&diff=474209 2026-02-08T10:37:17Z

<p>Igornhx: </p> <hr /> <div>{{about|the men's competition|the women's competition|Rajmata Jijabai Trophy}}<br /> {{Short description|Association football tournament in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}<br /> {{infobox football tournament<br /> | name = Santosh Trophy<br /> | image = National Football Championship.svg<br /> | organiser = [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] <br /> | founded = {{Start date and age|1941}}<br /> | region = India<br /> | number of teams = {{ubl|Group stage: 36|Final round: 12}}<br /> | related comps = [[Football at the National Games of India|National Games]]<br /> | confed cup = [[Asian Champion Club Tournament]] (1967–71)<br /> | current champions = {{nowrap|[[Services football team|Services]] (8th title)}}<br /> | most successful team = {{nowrap|[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]] (33 titles)}}<br /> | broadcasters = {{URL|https://ssen.co/|SSEN}} ([[online streaming]]) &lt;br/&gt; SportsKPI &lt;br/&gt; SportsCast India &lt;br/&gt; [[Prasar Bharati]] Sports &lt;br/&gt; ([[YouTube]])<br /> | website = {{URL|https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc|Senior NFC}}<br /> | current = [[2025–26 Santosh Trophy|2025–26]] <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Senior Men's National Football Championship for Santosh Trophy''',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hero Senior NFC|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc|access-date=2021-12-05|website=the-aiff.com|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205090635/https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-nfc|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; or simply the '''Santosh Trophy''', is an inter-state national [[association football|football]] competition contested by the [[List of Indian state football associations|state associations]] and government institutions under the [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF), the sport's governing body in [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first=Novy|last=Kapadia|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/memorable-moments-in-the-santosh-trophy-2|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=[[Sportskeeda]]|date=27 May 2012|access-date=7 March 2021|title=Memorable moments in the Santosh Trophy|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412140304/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/memorable-moments-in-the-santosh-trophy-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before the launch of the first national club league, the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]] in 1996, the Santosh Trophy was considered the top domestic tournament in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Anand|first1=Vijay|title=The history of Santosh Trophy|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/the-history-of-santosh-trophy|access-date=18 December 2016|work=SportsKeeda|date=16 March 2014|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221072134/http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/the-history-of-santosh-trophy|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many players who have represented [[India national football team|India]] internationally, played in the Santosh Trophy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rise and Fall&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The rise and fall of the Santosh Trophy|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-santosh-trophy/|access-date=18 December 2016|work=The Indian Express|date=12 March 2014|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220224751/http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-santosh-trophy/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The tournament is held every year with eligible teams divided into zones, play in the qualifying round and can progress into the tournament proper.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=70th Santosh Trophy|url=http://thif-live.com/santosh-trophy-2015-16/|access-date=18 December 2016|work=The Indian Football Live|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220154129/http://thif-live.com/santosh-trophy-2015-16/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The tournament was started in [[1941–42 Santosh Trophy|1941]] by the [[Indian Football Association]] (IFA), which was the then ''[[de facto]]'' governing body of [[football in India]]. It was named after the former president of the IFA, Sir [[Manmatha Nath Roy Chowdhury]], the [[Maharaja]] of [[Santosh, Bangladesh|Santosh]] who had died aged 61 in 1939.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Majumdar, Boria |first=Bandyopadhyay, Kausik |date=1 February 2006 |title=Goalless: The Story of a Unique Footballing Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i55oAAAACAAJ |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin India]] |isbn=9780670058747 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408140616/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Goalless_the_Story_of_a_Unique_Footballi.html?id=i55oAAAACAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y |archive-date=8 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nrE-AAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=QkwMAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6023%2C180366 Maharaja of Santosh dead] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224173614/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nrE-AAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=QkwMAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6023,180366 |date=24 December 2022 }}, Indian Express, 1 April 1939, p. 15&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The IFA later donated the Santosh Trophy to the AIFF, soon after its formation as the sport's official governing body in India, and since then AIFF has been organising the tournament. The trophy for the runner-up, Kamala Gupta Trophy, was also donated by the then president of IFA, Dr. S.K. Gupta, and it was named in honour of his wife.&lt;ref name=&quot;IF.de&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Santosh Trophy|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/santosh.html|website=IndianFootball.de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313090934/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/santosh.html|archive-date=13 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The third-place trophy, Sampangi Cup, was donated by the [[Karnataka State Football Association]] (then Mysore Football Association) and was named so in the memory of a renowned footballer, Sampangi, who was from [[Mysore district|Mysore]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IF.de&quot;/&gt; Until 2018, the tournament was organised as an individual competition, but since 2021, the AIFF rebranded it as the men's senior tier of National Football Championship for the regional teams of various age groups. In September 2022, it was announced that the tournament will be organized on zonal basis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 September 2022 |title=Six foreigners recommended for matchday squads as I-League returns on 29 Oct |url=https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/six-foreign-players-recommended-for-matchday-squads-as-i-league-returns-on-oct-29-198670 |access-date=27 September 2022 |website=news9live.com |first=Sayan |last=Mukherjee|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008175503/https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/six-foreign-players-recommended-for-matchday-squads-as-i-league-returns-on-oct-29-198670 |archive-date=8 October 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> [[File:SantoshTrophy Logo.jpg|thumb|Santosh Trophy logo used until 2021]]<br /> The Santosh Trophy was started after the former presidents of the Indian Football Association, Manmatha Nath Roy Chowdhary of Santosh, and Satish Chandra Chowdhury, donated the trophy to the All India Football Federation.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first=Somnath|last=Sengupta|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/legends-of-indian-football-the-pioneers/|title=Legends of Indian Football : The Pioneers|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|date=24 April 2012|access-date=20 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026053626/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/legends-of-indian-football-the-pioneers/|archive-date=26 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the time of the first tournament, India lacked a proper championship for football teams. The other major nationwide football competitions at the time were the [[Durand Cup]], [[Rovers Cup]] and [[IFA Shield]].&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot;/&gt; In 1990, in an attempt to bring through more younger players, the AIFF made the Santosh Trophy into an under-23 competition. This move only lasted for three seasons before the tournament was reverted to a senior competition.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> During his time as the head coach of [[India national football team|India]], [[Bob Houghton]] called for the tournament to be discontinued and said that it was a waste of time and talent.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot;/&gt; He was more aggressive against the tournament after striker [[Sunil Chhetri]] injured himself in the 2009 Santosh Trophy and had to miss the [[Nehru Cup]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rise and Fall&quot;/&gt; As a result, national team players were not allowed to participate in the tournament, which was also eventually reverted.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot;/&gt; In 2013 the AIFF decided that players from the top-tier clubs would be barred from participating in the Santosh Trophy, but numerous members of reserve, academy and youth sides of the [[I-League]] and the [[Indian Super League]] participate in the tournament for game-time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=AIFF mulling over Santosh Trophy's future|url=http://www.news18.com/footballnext/news/aiff-mulling-over-santosh-trophys-future-639494.html|access-date=18 December 2016|work=News 18|date=17 September 2013|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220182421/http://www.news18.com/footballnext/news/aiff-mulling-over-santosh-trophys-future-639494.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The tournament is still regarded as a suitable platform for young players from the [[I-League 2]], [[I-League 3]], or [[Indian State Leagues|State leagues]] to attract major clubs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Raghunandan |first1=Vaibhav |title=Santosh Trophy: Where Indian Football's History and Its Future Reside |url=https://www.newsclick.in/santosh-trophy-where-indian-footballs-history-and-its-future-reside |website=NewsClick |date=24 April 2019 |access-date=31 March 2022 |archive-date=15 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615155915/https://www.newsclick.in/santosh-trophy-where-indian-footballs-history-and-its-future-reside |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/balai-dey-the-man-who-connects-india-pakistan-and-the-hero-santosh-trophy|title=Balai Dey: The man who connects India, Pakistan and the Hero Santosh Trophy|date=24 February 2023|access-date=24 February 2023|location=New Delhi|first=Sruti|last=Chakraborty|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=All India Football Federation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224114350/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/balai-dey-the-man-who-connects-india-pakistan-and-the-hero-santosh-trophy|archive-date=24 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Current teams==<br /> The following teams participate in the tournament as states, union territories and institutions.<br /> {{div col|colwidth=25em}}<br /> * [[Andaman and Nicobar football team|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]<br /> * [[Andhra Pradesh football team|Andhra Pradesh]] (Andhra)<br /> * [[Arunachal Pradesh football team|Arunachal Pradesh]]<br /> * [[Assam football team|Assam]]<br /> * [[Bihar football team|Bihar]]<br /> * [[Chandigarh football team|Chandigarh]]<br /> * [[Chhattisgarh football team|Chhattisgarh]]<br /> * [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu football team|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]<br /> * [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]<br /> * [[Goa football team|Goa]]<br /> * [[Gujarat football team|Gujarat]]<br /> * [[Haryana football team|Haryana]]<br /> * [[Himachal Pradesh football team|Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> * [[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> * [[Jharkhand football team|Jharkhand]]<br /> * [[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]] (Mysore)<br /> * [[Kerala football team|Kerala]] (Travancore-Cochin)<br /> * [[Ladakh football team|Ladakh]]<br /> * [[Lakshadweep football team|Lakshadweep]]<br /> * [[Madhya Pradesh football team|Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> * [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]] (Bombay)<br /> * [[Manipur football team|Manipur]]<br /> * [[Meghalaya football team|Meghalaya]]<br /> * [[Mizoram football team|Mizoram]]<br /> * [[Nagaland football team|Nagaland]]<br /> * [[Odisha football team|Odisha]] (Orissa)<br /> * [[Pondicherry football team|Pondicherry]]<br /> * [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]<br /> * [[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]] (Rajputana)<br /> * [[Railways football team|Railways]]<br /> * [[Services football team|Services]]<br /> * [[Sikkim football team|Sikkim]]<br /> * [[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]] (Madras)<br /> * [[Telangana football team|Telangana]]<br /> * [[Tripura football team|Tripura]]<br /> * [[Uttar Pradesh football team|Uttar Pradesh]] (United Provinces)<br /> * [[Uttarakhand football team|Uttarakhand]]<br /> * [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]] (Bengal)<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ===Defunct teams===<br /> * [[North-West India Football Association|North-West India]] (1941/42–1945/46)<br /> * [[Dacca football team|Dacca]] (1944/45–1945/46)<br /> * [[Hyderabad football team|Hyderabad]] (1944/45–1958/59)<br /> * Daman and Diu (until 2022/23)<br /> * Dadra and Nagar Haveli (until 2022/23)<br /> <br /> ==Results==<br /> The following is the list of winners and runners-up from every edition of the Santosh Trophy&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Santosh Trophy Winners|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiasantoshhist.html|publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|access-date=28 November 2013|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918131806/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiasantoshhist.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Season<br /> ! Host city<br /> !style=&quot;background:gold&quot;|Winner <br /> ! Score <br /> !style=&quot;background:silver&quot;|{{nobr|Runner-up}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1941–42 Santosh Trophy|1941–42]] ||align=left|[[Calcutta]] || '''[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]''' || 5–1 || [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1944–45 Santosh Trophy|1944–45]] ||align=left|[[Delhi]] || '''[[Delhi football team|Delhi]]''' || 2–0 || [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1945–46 Santosh Trophy|1945–46]] ||align=left|[[Mumbai|Bombay]] || '''[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]''' || 2–0 || [[Bombay football team|Bombay]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1946–47 ||align=left|[[Bangalore]] || '''[[Mysore football team|Mysore]]''' || 0–0, 2–1 || [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1947–48 ||align=left|[[Calcutta]] || '''[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]''' || 0–0, 1–0 || [[Bombay football team|Bombay]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1949–50 ||align=left|[[Calcutta]] || '''[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]''' || 5–0 || [[Hyderabad football team|Hyderabad]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1950–51 Santosh Trophy|1950–51]] ||align=left|[[Calcutta]] || '''[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]''' || 1–0 || [[Hyderabad football team|Hyderabad]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1951–52 ||align=left|[[Mumbai|Bombay]] || '''[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]''' || 1–0 || [[Bombay football team|Bombay]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1952–53 ||align=left|[[Bangalore]] || '''[[Mysore football team|Mysore]]''' || 1–0 || [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1953–54 Santosh Trophy|1953–54]] ||align=left|[[Calcutta]] || '''[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]''' || 0–0, 3–1 || [[Mysore football team|Mysore]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1954–55 ||align=left|[[Chennai|Madras]] || '''[[Bombay football team|Bombay]]''' || 2–1 || [[Services football team|Services]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1955–56 ||align=left|[[Ernakulam]] || '''[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]''' || 1–0 || [[Mysore football team|Mysore]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1956–57 Santosh Trophy|1956–57]] ||align=left|[[Trivandrum]] || '''[[Hyderabad football team|Hyderabad]]''' || 1–1, 4–1 || [[Bombay football team|Bombay]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1957–58 ||align=left|[[Hyderabad]] || '''[[Hyderabad football team|Hyderabad]]''' || 3–1 || [[Maharashtra football team|Bombay]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1958–59 Santosh Trophy|1958–59]] ||align=left|[[Chennai|Madras]] || '''[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]''' || 1–0 || [[Services football team|Services]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1959–60 Santosh Trophy|1959–60]] ||align=left|[[Nagaon|Nowgong]] || '''[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]''' || 3–1 || [[Bombay football team|Bombay]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1960–61 ||align=left|[[Kozhikode]] || '''[[Services football team|Services]]''' || 0–0, 1–0 || [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1961–62 Santosh Trophy|1961–62]] ||align=left|[[Mumbai|Bombay]] || '''[[Railways football team|Railways]]''' || 3–0 || [[Bombay football team|Bombay]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1962–63 ||align=left|[[Bangalore]] || '''[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]''' || 2–0 || [[Mysore football team|Mysore]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1963–64 ||align=left|[[Chennai|Madras]] || '''[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]''' || 1–0 || [[Andhra Pradesh football team|Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1964–65 ||align=left|[[Guwahati]] || '''[[Railways football team|Railways]]''' || 2–1 || [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1965–66 ||align=left|[[Kollam]] || '''[[Andhra Pradesh football team|Andhra Pradesh]]''' || 1–1, 1–0 || [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1966–67 ||align=left|[[Hyderabad]] || '''[[Railways football team|Railways]]''' || 0–0, 2–0 || [[Services football team|Services]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1967–68 ||align=left|[[Cuttack]] || '''[[Mysore football team|Mysore]]''' || 1–0 || [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1968–69 Santosh Trophy|1968–69]] ||align=left|[[Bangalore]] || '''[[Mysore football team|Mysore]]''' || 0–0, 1–0 || [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1969–70 Santosh Trophy|1969–70]] ||align=left|[[Nagaon|Nowgong]] || '''[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]''' || 6–1 || [[Services football team|Services]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1970–71 ||align=left|[[Jalandhar]] || '''[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]''' || 1–1, 3–1 || [[Mysore football team|Mysore]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1971–72 ||align=left|[[Chennai|Madras]] || '''[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]''' || 4–1 || [[Railways football team|Railways]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1972–73 ||align=left|[[Goa]] || '''[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]''' || 4–1 || [[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1973–74 Santosh Trophy|1973–74]] ||align=left|[[Ernakulam]] || '''[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]''' || 3–2 || [[Railways football team|Railways]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1974–75 Santosh Trophy|1974–75]] ||align=left|[[Jalandhar]] || '''[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]''' || 6–0 || [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1975–76 ||align=left|[[Kozhikode]] || '''[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]''' || 0–0, 3–1 || [[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1976–77 ||align=left|[[Patna]] || '''[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]''' || 1–0 || [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1977–78 ||align=left|[[Calcutta]] || '''[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]''' || 1–1, 3–1 || [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1978–79 ||align=left|[[Srinagar]] || '''[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]''' || 1–0 || [[Goa football team|Goa]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1979–80 ||align=left|[[Coimbatore]] || '''[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]''' || 1–0 || [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1980–81 ||align=left|[[Cuttack]] || '''[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]''' || 0–0, 2–0 || [[Railways football team|Railways]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1981–82 Santosh Trophy|1981–82]] ||align=left|[[Thrissur]] || '''[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]''' || 2–0 || [[Railways football team|Railways]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1982–83 ||align=left|[[Calcutta]] ||colspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]''' and '''[[Goa football team|Goa]]''' (joint winners) – 0–0, 0–0<br /> |-<br /> | [[1983–84 Santosh Trophy|1983–84]] ||align=left|[[Chennai|Madras]] || '''[[Goa football team|Goa]]''' || 1–0 || [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984–85 Santosh Trophy|1984–85]] ||align=left|[[Kanpur]] || '''[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]''' || 3–0 || [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985–86 Santosh Trophy|1985–86]] ||align=left|[[Jabalpur]] || '''[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]''' || 0–0 {{pso|4–1}} || [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1986–87 Santosh Trophy|1986–87]] ||align=left|[[Calcutta]] || '''[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]''' || 2–0 || [[Railways football team|Railways]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1987–88 Santosh Trophy|1987–88]] ||align=left|[[Kollam]] || '''[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]''' || 0–0 {{pso|5–4}} || [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1988–89 Santosh Trophy|1988–89]] ||align=left|[[Guwahati]] || '''[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]''' || 1–1 {{pso|4–3}} || [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989–90 Santosh Trophy|1989–90]] ||align=left|[[Margao]] || '''[[Goa football team|Goa]]''' || 2–0 || [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989–90 Santosh Trophy|1990–91]] ||align=left|[[Palakkad]] || '''[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]''' || 1–0 || [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991–92 Santosh Trophy|1991–92]] ||align=left|[[Coimbatore]] || '''[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]''' || 3–0 || [[Goa football team|Goa]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1992–93 Santosh Trophy|1992–93]] ||align=left|[[Kochi]] || '''[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]''' || 2–0 || [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1993–94 Santosh Trophy|1993–94]] ||align=left|[[Cuttack]] || '''[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]''' || 2–2 {{pso|5–3}} || [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1994–95 ||align=left|[[Chennai]] || '''[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]''' || 2–1 ([[Sudden death (sport)#Association football|a.s.d.e.t.]]) || [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1995–96 ||align=left|[[Margao]] || '''[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]''' || 1–0 || [[Goa football team|Goa]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996–97 Santosh Trophy|1996–97]] ||align=left|[[Jabalpur]] || '''[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]''' || 1–0 ([[Sudden death (sport)#Association football|a.s.d.e.t.]]) || [[Goa football team|Goa]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1997–98 Santosh Trophy|1997–98]] ||align=left|[[Guwahati]] || '''[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]''' || 1–0 || [[Goa football team|Goa]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1998–99 Santosh Trophy|1998–99]] ||align=left|[[Chennai]] || '''[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]''' || 5–0 || [[Goa football team|Goa]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999–2000 Santosh Trophy|1999–00]] ||align=left|[[Thrissur]] || '''[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]''' || 3–2 || [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001–02 Santosh Trophy|2001–02]] ||align=left|[[Mumbai]] || '''[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]''' || 3–2 ([[Sudden death (sport)#Association football|a.s.d.e.t.]]) || [[Goa football team|Goa]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2002–03 Santosh Trophy|2002–03]] ||align=left|[[Imphal]] || '''[[Manipur football team|Manipur]]''' || 2–1 ([[Sudden death (sport)#Association football|a.s.d.e.t.]]) || [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004–05 Santosh Trophy|2004–05]] ||align=left|[[Delhi]] || '''[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]''' || 3–2 || [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2005–06 Santosh Trophy|2005–06]] ||align=left|[[Kochi]] || '''[[Goa football team|Goa]]''' || 3–1 {{aet}} || [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006–07 Santosh Trophy|2006–07]] ||align=left|[[Gurgaon]] || '''[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]''' || 0–0 {{aet}} {{pso|5–3}} || [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2007–08 Santosh Trophy|2007–08]] ||align=left|[[Srinagar]] || '''[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]''' || 1–0 || [[Services football team|Services]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2008–09 Santosh Trophy|2008–09]] ||align=left|[[Chennai]] || '''[[Goa football team|Goa]]''' || 0–0 {{aet}} {{pso|4–2}} || [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2009–10 Santosh Trophy|2009–10]] ||align=left|[[Kolkata]] || '''[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]''' || 2–1 || [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2010–11 Santosh Trophy|2010–11]] ||align=left|[[Guwahati]]|| '''[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]''' || 2–1 || [[Manipur football team|Manipur]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011–12 Santosh Trophy|2011–12]] ||align=left|[[Odisha]] || '''[[Services football team|Services]]''' || 3–2 || [[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2012–13 Santosh Trophy|2012–13]] ||align=left|[[Kochi]] || '''[[Services football team|Services]]''' || 0–0 {{aet}} {{pso|4–3}} || [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2013–14 Santosh Trophy|2013–14]] ||align=left|[[Siliguri]] || '''[[Mizoram football team|Mizoram]]''' || 3–0 || [[Railways football team|Railways]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2014–15 Santosh Trophy|2014–15]] ||align=left|[[Ludhiana]] || '''[[Services football team|Services]]''' || 0–0 {{pso|5–4}} || [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2015–16 Santosh Trophy|2015–16]] ||align=left|[[Nagpur]] || '''[[Services football team|Services]]''' || 2–1 || [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016–17 Santosh Trophy|2016–17]] ||align=left|[[Goa]] || '''[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]''' || 1–0 || [[Goa football team|Goa]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2017–18 Santosh Trophy|2017–18]] ||align=left|[[Kolkata]] || '''[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]''' || 2–2 {{pso|4–2}} || [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2018–19 Santosh Trophy|2018–19]] ||align=left|[[Ludhiana]] || '''[[Services football team|Services]]''' || 1–0 || [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021–22 Santosh Trophy|2021–22]] ||align=left|[[Manjeri]] || '''[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]''' || 1–1 {{pso|5–4}} || [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2022–23 Santosh Trophy|2022–23]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|KSA}} [[Riyadh]] || '''[[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]''' || 3–2 || [[Meghalaya football team|Meghalaya]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2023–24 Santosh Trophy|2023–24]] ||align=left|[[Yupia]] || '''[[Services football team|Services]]''' || 1–0 || [[Goa football team|Goa]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2024–25 Santosh Trophy|2024–25]] ||align=left|[[Hyderabad]] || '''[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]''' || 1–0 || [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2025–26 Santosh Trophy|2025–26]] ||align=left|[[Dhakuakhana]] || '''[[Services football team|Services]]''' || 1–0 {{aet}}|| [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Performance by teams==<br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Team !! Wins !! {{nts|Runners-up}} !! {{nowrap|Last win}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal / Bengal]] || 33 || 14 || {{nowrap|2024–25}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]] || 8 || 8 || 2007–08<br /> |-<br /> | [[Services football team|Services]] || 8 || 5 || 2025–26<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kerala football team|Kerala]] || 7 || 10 || 2021–22<br /> |-<br /> | [[Goa football team|Goa]] || 5 || 9 || 2008–09<br /> |-<br /> | [[Karnataka football team|Karnataka / Mysore]] || 5 || 5 || 2022–23<br /> |-<br /> | [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra / Bombay]] || 4 || 12 || 1999–00<br /> |-<br /> | [[Railways football team|Railways]] || 3 || 6 || 1966–67<br /> |-<br /> | [[Hyderabad football team|Hyderabad]]|| 2 || 2 || 1957–58<br /> |-<br /> | [[Andhra Pradesh football team|Andhra Pradesh / Andhra]] || 1 || 1 || 1965–66<br /> |-<br /> | [[Delhi football team|Delhi]] || 1 || 1 || 1944–45<br /> |-<br /> | [[Manipur football team|Manipur]] || 1 || 1 || 2002–03<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mizoram football team|Mizoram]] || 1 || 0 || 2013–14<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu / Madras]] || 0 || 2 || –<br /> |-<br /> |[[Meghalaya football team|Meghalaya]] || 0 || 1 || –<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Performance in Asian competitions ==<br /> <br /> === [[AFC Champions League|Asian Champion Club Tournament]] ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;&quot; |Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;&quot; |Team<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;&quot; |Progress<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;&quot; |Score<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;&quot; |Opponents<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#1C39BC; color:white; text-align:center;&quot; |Venue(s)<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Asian Champion Club Tournament|1967]]<br /> |[[Railways football team|Railways]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgreen;&quot; |&lt;s&gt;Semi-finals&lt;/s&gt;<br /> |W/O<br /> |{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C.|Hapoel Tel Aviv]]<br /> |''Withdrew''<br /> |-<br /> |[[1969 Asian Champion Club Tournament|1969]]<br /> |[[Karnataka football team|Mysore]]<br /> | style=&quot;background:lightgreen;&quot; |Fourth Place<br /> |0–2<br /> |{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Toyo Kogyo]]<br /> |at [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1970 Asian Champion Club Tournament|1970]]<br /> |[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]<br /> |3rd in Group Stage<br /> |N/A<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C.|Hapoel Tel Aviv]], {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[PSMS Medan]], {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Insee Police United F.C.|Royal Thai Police]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1971 Asian Champion Club Tournament|1971]]<br /> |[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]<br /> |4th in Group Stage<br /> |N/A<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Bangkok Bank F.C.|Bangkok Bank]], {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C.|Maccabi Tel Aviv]], {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Aliyat Al-Shorta SC|Aliyat Al-Shorta]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Sport in India]]<br /> *[[History of Indian football]]<br /> *[[Indian football league system]]<br /> *[[Institutional League]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *{{Cite web |title=India's football past gasping for survival |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/india-s-football-past-gasping-for-survival/story-8cGyA03MIB3ay2LCflkcWJ.html |date=25 March 2018|work=[[Hindustan Times]] |last=Sarkar |first=Dhiman |location=Kolkata |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106201153/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/india-s-football-past-gasping-for-survival/story-8cGyA03MIB3ay2LCflkcWJ.html }}<br /> *[https://bodopedia.com/football/santosh-trophy-2023-24-schedule/ Santosh Trophy 2023-23 Schedule]<br /> <br /> {{Santosh Trophy}}<br /> {{Football in India}}<br /> {{Sports leagues of India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Santosh Trophy| ]]<br /> [[Category:Football cup competitions in India]]<br /> [[Category:All India Football Federation competitions]]<br /> [[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1941]]<br /> [[Category:1941 establishments in India]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kannad&diff=453938 2026-02-03T03:07:35Z

<p>Igornhx: corrected formatting and updated info</p> <hr /> <div>{{refimprove|date=October 2025}}<br /> {{About|the municipality in Maharashtra state, India|the language|Kannada}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Kannad<br /> | settlement_type =<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Maharashtra<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|20.27|N|75.13|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar (Aurangabad) District, Maharashtra| Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar (Aurangabad) ]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type =<br /> | governing_body =<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 633<br /> | population_total =<br /> | population_as_of =<br /> | population_footnotes =<br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Language<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> Req = &lt;!-- [[431103]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = 431103<br /> | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MH]]<br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | website = {{URL|https://aurangabad.gov.in/public-utility/kannada-municipal-council/|Official}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br /> | official_name = <br /> }}<br /> '''Kannad''' is a Taluka and a [[Municipal Council]] city in [[Aurangabad District, Maharashtra| Aurangabad (CS Nagar) District]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Aurangabad district, Maharashtra]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Aurangabad-geo-stub}}</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amarjeet_Singh_Bedi&diff=461866 2026-01-31T06:40:49Z

<p>Igornhx: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Army general}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox military person<br /> | honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant General]]<br /> | name = Amarjeet Singh Bedi<br /> | honorific_suffix = [[PVSM]], [[UYSM]], [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | image = Amarjeet Singh Bedi IDS.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = &lt;!-- {{birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{birth date|YYYY|MM|DD}} if dead --&gt;<br /> | death_date = &lt;!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} death date first, then birth date --&gt;<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | placeofburial = <br /> | placeofburial_label = <br /> | placeofburial_coordinates = &lt;!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --&gt;<br /> | nickname = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | allegiance = {{IND}}<br /> | branch = {{army|India}}<br /> | serviceyears = 13 June 1981 – 30 April 2020<br /> | rank = [[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|22px]] Lieutenant General<br /> | servicenumber = IC-39465W<br /> | unit = Garhwal Rifles<br /> | commands = [[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]]&lt;br&gt;3 Division&lt;br&gt;3 Infantry Brigade<br /> | battles = <br /> | battles_label = <br /> | awards = [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]&lt;br&gt;[[File:Uttam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]] &lt;br&gt; [[File:Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Yudh Seva Medal]]&lt;br&gt;[[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br /> | spouse = <br /> | relations = <br /> | laterwork = <br /> | signature = <br /> | website = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | memorials = <br /> | signature_size = <br /> | signature_alt = <br /> | module = <br /> }}[[Lieutenant general|Lieutenant General]] '''Amarjeet Singh Bedi''' [[PVSM]] [[UYSM]], [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] is a former Commander of the [[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]] of the [[Indian Army]] and assumed office on 25 November 2016. He assumed the post from Lt General [[Devraj Anbu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/lt-gen-amarjeet-singh-bedi-takes-over-as-goc-gajraj-corps-652964-2016-11-25|title=Lt Gen Amarjeet Singh Bedi takes over as GOC, Gajraj Corps|access-date=2017-12-06|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112175956/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/lt-gen-amarjeet-singh-bedi-takes-over-as-goc-gajraj-corps/1/819699.html|archive-date=2017-01-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/lt-gen-amarjeet-singh-bedi-takes-over-as-goc-gajraj-corps-116112500642_1.html|title=Lt Gen Amarjeet Singh Bedi takes over as GOC, Gajraj Corps|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2016-11-25|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2017-12-06|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207013836/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/lt-gen-amarjeet-singh-bedi-takes-over-as-goc-gajraj-corps-116112500642_1.html|archivedate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/New-GOC-of-Gajraj-Corps/articleshow/55632048.cms|title=New GOC of Gajraj Corps - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-12-06|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207140035/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/New-GOC-of-Gajraj-Corps/articleshow/55632048.cms|archivedate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://arunachal24.in/corps-commander-lt-gen-as-bedi-meets-chief-minister-pema-khandu/|title=Corps Commander Lt Gen AS Bedi meets Chief Minister Pema Khandu|date=2016-12-12|work=Arunachal24.in|access-date=2017-12-06|language=en-US|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207021241/http://arunachal24.in/corps-commander-lt-gen-as-bedi-meets-chief-minister-pema-khandu/|archivedate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/4-Corps-chief-calls-on-Arunachal-Chief-Minister/article16799415.ece|title=4 Corps chief calls on Arunachal Chief Minister|date=2016-12-13|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-12-06|agency=PTI |language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228204052/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/4-Corps-chief-calls-on-Arunachal-Chief-Minister/article16799415.ece|archivedate=2017-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Bedi has attended the Senior Command Course at [[Army War College, Mhow|Army War College]], [[Mhow]]; Defence Service Staff College course at [[Defence Services Staff College]], Wellington; Higher Command Course from [[National Defence University (China)|National Defence University]], Beijing and National Defence Course at [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]], Delhi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2016/11/26/lt-gen-as-bedi-new-goc-in-c-of-4-corps/|title=Lt Gen AS Bedi new GOC-in-C of 4 Corps|work=The Shillong Times|access-date=2017-12-06|language=en-US|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207015310/http://www.theshillongtimes.com/2016/11/26/lt-gen-as-bedi-new-goc-in-c-of-4-corps/|archivedate=2017-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Bedi was commissioned into [[The Garhwal Rifles]] on 13 June 1981. He has held various important Command, Staff and Instructor appointments during his career. He has commanded 'The Formidable Fifth' Brigade, oldest infantry brigade of the Indian Army, in [[Arunachal Pradesh]]; 3rd Infantry Division (Trishul Division) in Leh and General Officer Commanding (GOC), Bengal Area. He has held various staff appointments including Colonel General Staff (China) at HQ [[Army Training Command]] and Major General General staff at HQ [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> During his career, he has been awarded the [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] (2012), the [[Yudh Seva Medal]] (2015) and the [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]] (2018) [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] (2020)for his service.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114924|title=Ashok Chakra Awarded to NK Neeraj Kumar Singh of 13 Rajputana Rifles (Posthumous) 374 Republic Day Gallantry and Other Defence Decorations Announced|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2017-12-06|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204231824/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114924|archivedate=2017-12-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=390 Republic Day Gallantry and Other Defence Decorations Announced|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1517875}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Honours and decorations ==<br /> {| style=&quot;margin:1em auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br /> ||[[File:Uttam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Yudh_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Samanya Seva medal.svg|width=106}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Operation_Vijay_medal.svg|width=106}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Operation Parakram medal.svg|width=106}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND High Altitude Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Videsh Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}}<br /> |-<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}<br /> |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=UN UNAVEM Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:1em auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br /> |[[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]<br /> |[[Yudh Seva Medal]]<br /> |[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Samanya Seva Medal]]<br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Special Service Medal]]<br /> |[[Awards and Decorations of the Indian Armed Forces|Operation Vijay Medal]]<br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Operation Parakram Medal]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sainya Seva Medal]]<br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|High Altitude Service Medal]]<br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Videsh Seva Medal]]<br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]<br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]<br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]<br /> |[[MONUA]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}{{s-start}}<br /> {{s-mil}}<br /> {{succession box<br /> | title = [[General Officer Commanding]] [[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]]<br /> | years = 25 November 2016 – 29 December 2017<br /> | before = [[Devraj Anbu]]<br /> | after = Gurpal Singh Sangha<br /> }}{{Succession box<br /> | title = General Officer Commanding, Bengal Area<br /> | years = <br /> | before = <br /> | after = <br /> }}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bedi, Amarjeet Singh}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian generals]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Yudh Seva Medal]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Army officers]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:National Defence College, India alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br /> [[Category:Army War College, Mhow alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_Tourism_Development_Corporation&diff=468953 2026-01-30T05:15:48Z

<p>Igornhx: cleanup</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian public-sector company}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = India Tourism Development Corporation Ltd. <br /> | logo = Logo of the Indian Tourism Development Corporation.svg<br /> | type = [[Public company|Public]]<br /> | traded_as = {{BSE|532189}} &lt;br/&gt;{{NSE|ITDC}}<br /> | key_people = [[Sambit Patra]] ([[Chairman]]) &lt;br&gt;[[Mugdha Sinha]] ([[Managing Director]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://itdc.co.in/news_post/itdc-welcomes-smt-mugdha-sinha-ias-as-new-managing-director/ |title= Sambit Patra is new ITDC Chairperson, Mugdha Sinha Managing Director |publisher=ITDC |date=2025-04-29 |access-date=2025-04-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | industry = <br /> | products = [[Ashok Group]] Hotels, Duty Free, Travel Solutions, Advertising Solutions, Engineering Consultancy, Education and Training, Event Management, Art Gallery<br /> | revenue = <br /> | net_income = <br /> | assets = <br /> | equity = 75 crores<br /> | num_employees = <br /> | homepage = {{URL|https://itdc.co.in/}}<br /> | foundation = 1 October 1966 <br /> | owner = [[Government of India]] (87.03%)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The Ashok monetisation likely in three parts |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/the-ashok-monetisation-likely-in-three-parts/2924938/ |access-date=9 February 2023 |work=Financial Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | location = [[New Delhi]], India <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''India Tourism Development Corporation''' ('''ITDC''') is a [[hospitality]], retail and education company owned by the [[Government of India]], under the administration of the [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism]]. Established in 1966, it currently owns over 4 properties under the [[Ashok Group]] of Hotels brand, across India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=ITDC to bring 35 hotels under 'Ashok' brand by next year end |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/ITDC-to-bring-35-hotels-under-lsquoAshokrsquo-brand-by-next-year-end/article16877219.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 August 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> One of the hotels the government developed was the [[Akbar Bhawan|Akbar Hotel]] in [[Chanakyapuri]], which was built from 1965 to 1969.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19850930-mea-to-house-its-new-offices-in-itdc-prestigious-akbar-hotel-801986-2014-01-10 | title=MEA to house its new offices in ITDC's prestigious Akbar Hotel | date=10 January 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It remained a hotel until the mid-1980's when it was converted into office space.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19850930-mea-to-house-its-new-offices-in-itdc-prestigious-akbar-hotel-801986-2014-01-10 | title=MEA to house its new offices in ITDC's prestigious Akbar Hotel | date=10 January 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; There were plans in 2007 to convert it back into a hotel in time for the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/govt-to-redevelop-akbar-bhawan/articleshow/2529866.cms | title=Govt to redevelop Akbar Bhawan | newspaper=The Economic Times | last1=Jha | first1=Mayur Shekhar }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == List of properties ==<br /> Properties that are operated by the ITDC in 2022 were:<br /> <br /> * [[Ashok Hotel]]<br /> * Hotel Samrat&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://itdc.co.in/hotels/hotel-samrat/ | title=Hotel Samrat in Delhi near Connaught Place – ITDC Hotels - the Ashok Group of Hotels }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * Kalinga Ashok&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://itdc.co.in/hotels/kalinga-ashok/ | title=Best hotel in Bhubaneswar &amp;#124; Kalinga Ashok - ITDC Hotels - the Ashok Group of Hotels }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Pondicherry Ashok&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://itdc.co.in/hotels/pondicherry-ashok/ | title=Best Hotel in Pondicherry&amp;#124; Pondicherry Ashok- ITDC Hotels - the Ashok Group of Hotels }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2011 ITDC owned hotels were:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=74796 | title=ITDC Hotels }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Hotel Patliputra Ashok, Patna, Bihar<br /> * The Ashok, New Delhi, Delhi<br /> * Samrat Hotel, New Delhi, Delhi<br /> * Janpath Hotel, New Delhi, Delhi<br /> * Hotel Jammu Ashok, Jammu, J&amp;K<br /> * [[Lalitha Mahal]] Palace Hotel, Mysore, Karnataka<br /> * Hotel Kalinga Ashok, [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]<br /> * Hotel Jaipur Ashok, Jaipur, Rajasthan<br /> <br /> ITDC managed hotel:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=74796 | title=ITDC Hotels }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * Hotel Bharatpur Ashok, Bharatpur, Rajasthan<br /> <br /> ITDC Joint Venture hotels:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=74796 | title=ITDC Hotels }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * Hotel Lake View Ashok, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh<br /> * Hotel Brahmaputra Ashok, Guwahati, Assam<br /> * Hotel Ranchi Ashok, Ranchi, Jharkhand<br /> * Hotel Pondicherry Ashok, Pondicherry, Pondicherry<br /> * Hotel Donyi Polo Ashok, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh<br /> * Hotel Nilachal Ashok, [[Puri]], Odisha&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/behind-the-con-how-three-men-sold-a-govt-hotel-in-puri-101635531233672.html | title=Behind the con: How three men 'sold' a govt hotel in Puri | date=29 October 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category-inline}}<br /> * [https://tourism.gov.in/about-us/india-tourism-development-corporation-itdc ITDC] at [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism]]<br /> <br /> {{Tourism in India}}<br /> {{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Ministry of Tourism (India)]]<br /> [[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]<br /> [[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Transport companies established in 1966]]<br /> [[Category:Hospitality companies of India]]<br /> [[Category:1966 establishments in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]<br /> [[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanchan_Kanya_Express&diff=471634 2026-01-27T01:24:41Z

<p>Igornhx: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Train in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{italic title}}<br /> {{Infobox rail service<br /> | name = Kanchan Kanya Express<br /> | image= কাঞ্চনকন্যা_এক্সপ্রেস.jpg<br /> | caption = Train board of Kanchan Kanya Express in ICF era.<br /> | type = [[Express train|Express]]<br /> | locale = [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]] &amp; [[Bihar]]<br /> | first = April 14, 2000<br /> | last =<br /> | operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railways]]<br /> | start = {{stnlnk|Sealdah}} (SDAH)<br /> | end = {{stnlnk|Alipurduar}} (APDJ)<br /> | distance = {{convert|753|km|0|abbr=on}}<br /> | journeytime =<br /> | frequency = Daily<br /> | class =<br /> | seating = Yes<br /> | sleeping = Yes<br /> | autorack =<br /> | catering = On-board catering, &lt;br/&gt; E-catering<br /> | observation = Large windows <br /> | entertainment =<br /> | baggage = Available<br /> | otherfacilities =<br /> | stock = [[LHB coach]]<br /> | gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}<br /> | el =<br /> | trainnumber = 13149 / 13150<br /> | speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum.<br /> | map = <br /> | map_state =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The 13149 / 13150 '''Kanchan Kanya Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to the [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railways]]. It runs between {{stnlnk|Sealdah}}, in the city of [[Kolkata]], and {{stnlnk|Alipurduar Junction}} via [[Barddhaman]], [[Rampurhat]], [[Malda Town]], [[Siliguri Junction railway station|Siliguri]] and [[New Mal Junction railway station|New Mal Jn]].<br /> <br /> ==Coach composition ==<br /> The train runs with 21 [[LHB coach|Linke-Hoffman Busch coaches]], consisting of General (GEN), Sleeper (SL), Third AC Economy (3E) ,{{efn|These coaches use the &quot;M&quot; prefix.}} Third AC (3A), Second AC (2A) and First AC (1A) classes. It has two dedicated rakes. The primary maintenance is executed at {{rws|Sealdah}}.<br /> <br /> {{Indian Railways coach composition legend}}<br /> <br /> '''Coach position of 13149 (ex. Sealdah)'''<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:yellow;&quot; |Loco<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:orange;&quot; |1<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:orange;&quot; |2<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:orange;&quot; |3<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:orange;&quot; |4<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:orange;&quot; |5<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:orange;&quot; |6<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:orange;&quot; |7<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:orange;&quot; |8<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot; |9<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot; |10<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot; |11<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot; |12<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot; |13<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot; |14<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue&quot; |15<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot; |16<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot; |17<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot; |18<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:orange;&quot; |19<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:orange;&quot; |20<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:yellow;&quot; |21<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|25x25px]]<br /> |SLR <br /> |GEN<br /> |GEN<br /> |S1<br /> |S2<br /> |S3<br /> |S4<br /> |S5<br /> |M1<br /> |M2<br /> |M3<br /> |B1<br /> |B2<br /> |B3<br /> |H1<br /> |A1<br /> |A2<br /> |A3<br /> |GEN<br /> |GEN<br /> |EOG<br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''Coach position of 13150 (ex. Alipurduar Junction)'''<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:yellow;&quot; |Loco<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:orange;&quot; |1<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:orange;&quot; |2<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:orange;&quot; |3<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:orange;&quot; |4<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:orange;&quot; |5<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:orange;&quot; |6<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:orange;&quot; |7<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:orange;&quot; |8<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot; |9<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot; |10<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot; |11<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot; |12<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot; |13<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot; |14<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue&quot; |15<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot; |16<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot; |17<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:lightskyblue;&quot; |18<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:orange;&quot; |19<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:orange;&quot; |20<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:yellow;&quot; |21<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|25x25px]]<br /> |SLR<br /> |GEN<br /> |GEN<br /> |S1<br /> |S2<br /> |S3<br /> |S4<br /> |S5<br /> |M1<br /> |M2<br /> |M3<br /> |B1<br /> |B2<br /> |B3<br /> |H1<br /> |A1<br /> |A2<br /> |A3<br /> |GEN<br /> |GEN<br /> |EOG<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Note that the train reverses its direction at {{stnlnk|Siliguri Junction}}. So the coach positions of all stations after Siliguri will be the exact opposite of what is given here. Passengers are advised to check the coach position indicator at the station before boarding. Also, the SLR coach of this train is reserved for ladies.<br /> <br /> ==Service==<br /> * The 13149 Kanchan Kanya Express leaves {{rws|Sealdah}} at 20:35 hrs everyday and reaches {{rws|Alipurduar Junction}} the next day at 12:35 hrs. It takes 16 hours to reach its desitination with an average speed of {{cvt|47|km/h|mph}}.<br /> * The 13150 Kanchan Kanya Express leaves {{rws|Alipurduar Junction}} at 15:15 hrs everyday and reaches {{rws|Sealdah}} the next day at 08:20 hrs. This return journey is completed in 17 hours 5 minutes with an average speed of {{cvt|44|km/h|mph}}.<br /> * During its journey, this train runs through the picturesque [[Doars|Dooars]] region of [[West Bengal]] between [[Siliguri Junction railway station|Siliguri Junction]] and {{rws|Alipurduar Junction}}.<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> <br /> [[File:13150 Kanchan Kanya Express - AC 2 tier.jpg|thumb|Kanchan Kanya Express ICF AC 2 tier]]<br /> [[File:13150 Kanchan Kanya Express - AC 3 tier.jpg|thumb|Kanchan Kanya Express ICF AC 3 tier]]<br /> [[File:Kanchan Kanya Express Sleeper Class Coach.jpg|thumb|Kanchan Kanya Express ICF Sleeper class coach]]<br /> [[File:13150 Kanchan Kanya Express - Second Class coach.jpg|thumb|Kanchan Kanya Express ICF Second class coach]]<br /> [[File:Sleeper_class_coach_of_Kanchan_Kanya_Express.jpg|thumb|LHB sleeper class coach of Kanchan Kanya Express]]<br /> [[File:3AC_Economy_coach_of_Kanchan_Kanya_Express.jpg|thumb|Third AC Economy coach of Kanchan Kanya Express.]]<br /> [[File:Kanchan_Kanya_Express_train_board.jpg|thumb|Small train board of Kanchan Kanya Express]]<br /> <br /> == Route and halts ==<br /> The stoppages are:-<br /> <br /> # '''{{rws|Sealdah}}''' <br /> # {{rws|Bidhannagar Road}}<br /> # {{rws|Dakshineswar}}<br /> # {{rws|Kamarkundu}}<br /> # '''{{stnlnk|Barddhaman Junction}}'''<br /> # {{rws|Bolpur Shantiniketan}}<br /> # {{rws|Ahmadpur Junction}}<br /> # {{stnlnk|Sainthia Junction}}<br /> # '''{{stnlnk|Rampurhat Junction}}'''<br /> # {{stnlnk|Pakur}}<br /> # {{stnlnk|New Farakka Junction}}<br /> # '''{{stnlnk|Malda Town}}'''<br /> # {{stnlnk|Bhaluka Road}}<br /> # {{rws|Harischandrapur}}<br /> # {{rws|Barsoi Junction}}<br /> # {{rws|Dalkhola}}<br /> # {{stnlnk|Kishanganj}}<br /> # {{rws|Aluabari Road Junction}}<br /> # {{rws|Thakurganj}}<br /> # [[Galgalia]]<br /> # {{rws|Naxalbari}}<br /> # {{rws|Bagdogra}}<br /> # '''{{stnlnk|Siliguri Junction}}''' {{efn|The train reverses direction here}}<br /> # {{stnlnk|New Mal Junction}} <br /> # {{stnlnk|Banarhat}}<br /> # {{stnlnk|Dalgaon}}<br /> # {{stnlnk|Binnaguri}}<br /> # {{stnlnk|Madarihat}}<br /> # {{stnlnk|Hasimara}}<br /> # {{stnlnk|Hamiltonganj}}<br /> # '''{{stnlnk|Alipurduar Junction}}'''.<br /> <br /> ==Traction==<br /> <br /> As the route is fully electrified, it is hauled by a {{rws|Sealdah}} based [[WAP 7]] electric locomotive from end to end.<br /> <br /> ==Incidents==<br /> On 5 June 2021 a minor fire broke out in air-conditioned coach of Sealdah-Alipurdiars up Kanchan Kanya Express near [[Siliguri Junction]]. It was later examined and extinguished by officials and the train continued its journey towards [[New Mal Junction railway station|New Malbazar]] and [[Dooars]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/fire-breaks-out-in-air-conditioned-coach-of-kanchankanya-express-near-bagdogra-station/cid/1817846|title=Fire breaks out in air-conditioned coach of Kanchankanya Express near Bagdogra station}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Other trains on the Kolkata–New Jalpaiguri sector==<br /> * 22301/02 [[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri Vande Bharat Express]]<br /> * 12041/42 [[New Jalpaiguri–Howrah Shatabdi Express]]<br /> * 12377/78 [[Padatik Express]]<br /> * 12343/44 [[Darjeeling Mail]]<br /> * 15959/60 [[Kamrup Express]]<br /> * 13175/76 [[Sealdah–Silchar Kanchanjunga Express]]<br /> * 12345/46 [[Saraighat Express]]<br /> * 15722/23 [[Paharia Express]]<br /> * 12517/18 [[Kolkata–Guwahati Garib Rath Express]]<br /> * 12501/02 [[Kolkata - Agartala Garib Rath Express]]<br /> * 13115/16 [[Sealdah - Jalpaiguri Road Humsafar Express]]<br /> * 13141/42 [[Teesta Torsha Express]]<br /> * 13147/58 [[Uttar Banga Express]]<br /> * 12503/04 [[Bangalore Cantonment–Agartala Humsafar Express]]<br /> * 13181/82 [[Kolkata–Silghat Town Kaziranga Express]]<br /> * 22511/12 [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Kamakhya Karmabhoomi Express]]<br /> * 15644/45 [[Puri–Kamakhya Weekly Express (via Howrah)]]<br /> * 12364/65 [[Kolkata–Haldibari Intercity Express]]<br /> * 12509/10 [[Guwahati–Bengaluru Cantt. Superfast Express]]<br /> * 12507/08 [[Thiruvananthapuram–Silchar Superfast Express]]<br /> * 12514/15 [[Guwahati–Secunderabad Express]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> *{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vmGv3ppi9t4|title=Unique capture: Kanchan Kanya Express carries the link of Gour Express – YouTube|publisher=youtube.com|accessdate=2014-04-30}}<br /> *{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/50628848@N07/8166856125/?rb=1|title=Kanchan Kanya Express &amp;#124; Flickr – Photo Sharing!|publisher=flickr.com|accessdate=2014-04-30|date=2012-07-25}}<br /> *{{cite web|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20110212/1687491.html|title=Kanchan Kanya Exp to run between S'ldah and NJP from tomorrow|publisher=news.webindia123.com|accessdate=2014-04-30|archive-date=2 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502005409/http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20110212/1687491.html|url-status=dead}}<br /> *{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Railway-police-officer-suspended/articleshow/1600710.cms?referral=PM|title=Railway police officer suspended – The Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=15 September 2001 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|accessdate=2014-04-30}}<br /> *{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130516/jsp/siliguri/story_16903810.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502003816/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130516/jsp/siliguri/story_16903810.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 May 2014|title=12-hr strike in Dooars after Tigga's death|publisher=telegraphindia.com|accessdate=2014-04-30}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |accessdate=2014-04-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125225205/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archivedate=25 November 2013 }}<br /> *{{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in|title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System|publisher=irctc.co.in|accessdate=2014-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303131207/http://www.irctc.co.in/|archive-date=3 March 2007|url-status=dead}}<br /> *{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=&amp;#91;IRFCA&amp;#93; Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=IRFCA|accessdate=2014-04-05}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kanchan Kanya Express}}<br /> [[Category:Transport in Alipurduar]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Railway services introduced in 2000]]<br /> [[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]<br /> [[Category:Express trains in India]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Alipurduar railway division]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Bangladeshi_football_league_top_goal_scorers&diff=477578 2026-01-19T17:10:18Z

<p>Igornhx: started new stub needs work</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}<br /> The following is a '''list of top scorers in the [[Bangladeshi football league system|top-tier football league]] of Bangladesh'''.<br /> <br /> ==Scorers==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Season<br /> ! Player<br /> ! Club<br /> ! Goals<br /> ! Source<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[1973 Dhaka First Division Football League|1973]]<br /> |{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Kazi Salahuddin]]<br /> |[[Dhaka Abahani]]<br /> |align=center|24<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref name=&quot;KS&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://opinion.bdnews24.com/bangla/archives/65571 |script-title=bn:স্বাধীনতার ৫০ বছর: প্রথম পেশাদার ফুটবলার সালাউদ্দিন |language=bn |date=4 March 2021 |work=bdnews24.com |type=Opinion |access-date=28 October 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308153659/https://opinion.bdnews24.com/bangla/archives/65571 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[1974 Dhaka First Division Football League|1974]]<br /> |{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Golam Shahid Neelu]]<br /> |[[Dilkusha SC]]<br /> |align=center|16<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakapost.com/sports/football/37771 |script-title=bn:সালাউদ্দিন-চুন্নুর 'আতুরঘড়' দিলকুশার নতুন চ্যালেঞ্জ |work=Dhaka Post |access-date=18 December 2022 |archive-date=18 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218074901/https://www.dhakapost.com/sports/football/37771 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[1975 Dhaka First Division Football League|1975]]<br /> |{{flagicon|BAN}} [[AKM Nowsheruzzaman]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;|[[Mohammedan SC (Dhaka)|Mohammedan SC]]<br /> |align=center|21<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/feature/khalar-ghor/2016/06/10/368016 |script-title=bn:আমার চেয়ে ভাল স্কোরার কেউ ছিল না |language=bn |date=9 June 2016 |work=Kaler Kantho |access-date=15 December 2022 |archive-date=15 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215121017/https://www.kalerkantho.com/feature/khalar-ghor/2016/06/10/368016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center rowspan=2|[[1976 Dhaka First Division Football League|1976]]<br /> |{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Hafizuddin Ahmed]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;|[[Mohammedan SC (Dhaka)|Mohammedan SC]]<br /> |align=center rowspan=2|13<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref name=&quot;Hafiz&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/feature/khalar-ghor/2016/06/17/370725 |script-title=bn:শুধু ফুটবল খেললে আমার ধারেকাছে কেউ থাকত না |language=bn |date=16 June 2016 |work=Kaler Kantho |access-date=28 October 2022 |archive-date=28 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028171921/https://www.kalerkantho.com/feature/khalar-ghor/2016/06/17/370725 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Mohammad Abdul Halim]]<br /> |[[PWD Sports Club|PWD SC]]<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref name=&quot;Hafiz&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[1977 Dhaka First Division Football League|1977]]<br /> |{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Kazi Salahuddin]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;|[[Dhaka Abahani]]<br /> |align=center|14<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref name=&quot;KS&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[1978 Dhaka First Division Football League|1978]]<br /> |{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Enayetur Rahman Khan]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;|[[Mohammedan SC (Dhaka)|Mohammedan SC]]<br /> |align=center|13<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref name=&quot;Enayetur&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/football/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF |language=bn |script-title=bn:বলতে পারেন আমি সালাউদ্দিনকে ঈর্ষা করেছি |first=Masud |last=Alam |work=Prothom Alo |access-date=28 October 2022 |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830184239/https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/football/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[1979 Dhaka First Division Football League|1979]]<br /> |{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Kazi Salahuddin]]<br /> |[[Dhaka Abahani]]<br /> |align=center|14<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref name=&quot;KS&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[1980 Dhaka First Division Football League|1980]]<br /> |{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Kazi Salahuddin]]<br /> |[[Dhaka Abahani]]<br /> |align=center|15<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref name=&quot;KS&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[1981 Dhaka First Division Football League|1981]]<br /> |{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Mohammed Mohsin (footballer, born 1963)|Mohammed Mohsin]]<br /> |[[Brothers Union]]<br /> |align=center|20<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.dailyjanakantha.com/sports/news/194706 |date=1 June 2016 |language=bn |script-title=bn:ব্রাদার্সে শুরু ব্রাদার্সেই শেষ |work=Daily Janakantha}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[1982 Dhaka First Division Football League|1982]]<br /> |{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Abdus Salam Murshedy]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;|[[Mohammedan SC (Dhaka)|Mohammedan SC]]<br /> |align=center|27<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/khalar-ghor/2015/05/15/221975|script-title=bn:আমার অর্থ অর্জন সম্মান সব কিছুর মূলে ফুটবল|work=Kaler Kantho|access-date=2018-08-28|language=bn|archive-date=29 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229081731/https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/khalar-ghor/2015/05/15/221975|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[1983 Dhaka First Division Football League|1983]]<br /> |{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Arif Abdul Khalek]]<br /> |[[Brothers Union]]<br /> |align=center|14<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=150992927684678&amp;set=pcb.150994334351204 |script-title=bn:লীগ শিরোপা আবার আবাহনীর ঘরে |via=Facebook |publisher=[[Krirajagat]] |access-date=27 January 2023 |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127185346/https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=150992927684678&amp;set=pcb.150994334351204 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[1984 Dhaka First Division Football League|1984]]<br /> |{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Sheikh Mohammad Aslam]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;|[[Dhaka Abahani]]<br /> |align=center|17<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref name=&quot;Aslam&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://khulnagazette.com/%e0%a6%ab%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%9f%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%86%e0%a6%b8%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%ae%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%86%e0%a6%b8%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%ae-%e0%a6%b9%e0%a7%9f/ |script-title=bn:ফুটবলার আসলামের আসলাম হয়ে ওঠার গল্প |date=20 September 2020 |access-date=5 February 2023 |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828133922/https://khulnagazette.com/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%9F/ |website=khulnagazette.com |publisher=খুলনা গেজেট |language=bn |location=Khulna, Bangladesh |first=Dulal |last=Mahmud}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[1985 Dhaka First Division Football League|1985]]<br /> |{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Sheikh Mohammad Aslam]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;|[[Dhaka Abahani]]<br /> |align=center|18<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref name=&quot;Aslam&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[1986 Dhaka First Division Football League|1986]]<br /> |{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Sheikh Mohammad Aslam]]<br /> |[[Dhaka Abahani]]<br /> |align=center|20<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref name=&quot;Aslam&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[1987 Dhaka First Division Football League|1987]]<br /> |{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Sheikh Mohammad Aslam]]<br /> |[[Dhaka Abahani]]<br /> |align=center|14<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref name=&quot;Aslam&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[1988–89 Dhaka First Division Football League|1988–89]]<br /> |{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Bijan Taheri]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;|[[Mohammedan SC (Dhaka)|Mohammedan SC]]<br /> |align=center|24<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/football/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A7%AD-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE |language=bn |script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশের ফুটবলে সেরা ৭ বিদেশি তারকা |work=Prothom Alo |access-date=7 June 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404203007/https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/football/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A7%AD-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[1989–90 Dhaka First Division Football League|1989–90]]<br /> |{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Sheikh Mohammad Aslam]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;|[[Dhaka Abahani]]<br /> |align=center|11<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref name=&quot;Aslam&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[1991–92 Dhaka First Division Football League|1991–92]]<br /> |{{flagicon|UZB}} [[Azamat Abduraimov]]<br /> |[[Mohammedan SC (Dhaka)|Mohammedan SC]]<br /> |align=center|17<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%89-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF |language=bn |script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশে যা করেছি আমার পরে কেউ তা করতে পারেনি |first=Rashedul |last=Islam |work=Prothom Alo |access-date=28 October 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019154139/https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%89-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[1993 Dhaka Premier Division League|1993]]<br /> |{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Oleg Zhivotnikov]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;|[[Mohammedan SC (Dhaka)|Mohammedan SC]]<br /> |align=center|13<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/bang93.html|title=Bangladesh 1993|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=8 February 2025|archive-date=8 February 2025|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250208184454/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/bang93.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[1994 Dhaka Premier Division League|1994]]<br /> |{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Andrey Kazakov]]<br /> |[[Mohammedan SC (Dhaka)|Mohammedan SC]]<br /> |align=center|11<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/bang94.html|title=Bangladesh 1994|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=8 February 2025|archive-date=8 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208172233/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/bang94.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[1995 Dhaka Premier Division League|1995]]<br /> |{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Imtiaz Ahmed Nakib]]<br /> |[[Muktijoddha Sangsad KC]]<br /> |align=center|12<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/bang95.html|title=Bangladesh 1995|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=20 December 2022|archive-date=27 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127024224/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/bang95.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[1996 Dhaka Premier Division League|1996]]<br /> |{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Imtiaz Ahmed Nakib]]<br /> |[[Muktijoddha Sangsad KC]]<br /> |align=center|13<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/bang96.html|title=Bangladesh 1996|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=20 December 2022|archive-date=7 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207043124/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/bang96.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[1997–98 Dhaka Premier Division League|1997–98]]<br /> |{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Imtiaz Ahmed Nakib]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;|[[Muktijoddha Sangsad KC]]<br /> |align=center|13<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/bang98.html|title=Bangladesh 1997/98|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=7 February 2025|archive-date=7 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207102428/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/bang98.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[1999 Dhaka Premier Division League|1999]]<br /> |{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Imtiaz Ahmed Nakib]]<br /> |[[Muktijoddha Sangsad KC]]<br /> |align=center|12<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |script-title=bn:জাতীয় দলে অবিচার করা হয়েছে আমার প্রতি |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/feature/khalar-ghor/2016/02/19/326467|access-date=2021-04-21 |work=Kaler Kantho|language=bn|archive-date=23 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251123142757/https://www.kalerkantho.com/feature/khalar-ghor/2016/02/19/326467|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[2000 Dhaka Premier Division League|2000]]<br /> |{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Kennedy (footballer)|Kennedy]]<br /> |[[Dhaka Abahani]]<br /> |align=center|17<br /> |align=center|<br /> |-<br /> |align=center rowspan=2|[[2001 Dhaka Premier Division League|2001]]<br /> |{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Emeka Ochilifu]]<br /> |[[Muktijoddha Sangsad KC]]<br /> |align=center rowspan=2|10<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/bang01.html|title=Bangladesh 2001/02|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=12 December 2023|archive-date=12 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212123049/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/bang01.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Rezaul Karim Liton]]<br /> |[[Arambagh KS]]<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/bang01.html|title=Bangladesh 2001/02|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=12 December 2023|archive-date=12 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212123049/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/bang01.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[2002 Dhaka Premier Division League|2002]]<br /> |{{flagicon|NGR}} [[Colly Ezeh|Colly Barnes]]<br /> |[[Dhaka Abahani]]<br /> |align=center|12<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/bang02.html|title=Bangladesh 2002|website=RSSSF|access-date=12 December 2023|archive-date=12 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212123153/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/bang02.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[2003–04 Dhaka Premier Division League|2003–04]]<br /> |{{flagicon|CMR}} [[Etigo]]<br /> |[[Mohammedan SC (Dhaka)|Mohammedan SC]]<br /> |align=center|16<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/03/13/d40313040132.htm |title=Brothers become big |work=The Daily Star |date=13 March 2004 |archive-date=30 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930125912/https://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/03/13/d40313040132.htm |url-status=live |access-date=11 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[2005 Dhaka Premier Division League|2005]]<br /> |{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Victor Edwards]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;|[[Brothers Union]]<br /> |align=center|11<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=With or without Kottan Mukti finish 4th|url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/09/06/d50906040637.htm|access-date=2023-12-12|work=archive.thedailystar.net|archive-date=12 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212121852/https://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/09/06/d50906040637.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[2007 B.League|2007]]<br /> |{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Junior Obagbemiro|Elijah Obagbemiro Junior]]<br /> |[[Brothers Union]]<br /> |align=center|16<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.dailynayadiganta.com/sports/381382/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F |script-title=bn:পেশাদার লিগে বিদেশীদেরই দাপট |work=Daily Naya Diganta |language=bn |access-date=25 August 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808160558/http://www.dailynayadiganta.com/sports/381382/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[2008–09 B.League|2008–09]]<br /> |{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Alamu Bukola Olalekan]]<br /> |[[Mohammedan SC (Dhaka)|Mohammedan SC]]<br /> |align=center|18<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-77061|title=B. League players can't transfer for Super Cup|work=The Daily Star|language=en|date=23 February 2009|access-date=23 November 2025|archive-date=23 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251123152643/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-77061|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[2009–10 Bangladesh League|2009–10]]<br /> |{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Enamul Haque (footballer)|Enamul Haque]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;|[[Dhaka Abahani]]<br /> |align=center|21<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://archive.bff.com.bd/index.php?option=com_bearleague&amp;view=ltable&amp;sid=1&amp;Itemid=143 |title=Top Scorers |website=Bangladesh Football Federation |access-date=23 November 2025 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184213/http://www.bff.com.bd/bff/index.php?option=com_bearleague&amp;task=team&amp;tid=1&amp;sid=1&amp;Itemid=143 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[2010 Bangladesh League|2010]]<br /> |{{flagicon|SSD}} [[James Moga]]<br /> |[[Muktijoddha Sangsad KC]]<br /> |align=center|19<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/sports/mukitijoddha-finish-runners-upin-bangladesh-league |title=Mukitijoddha finish runners-upin Bangladesh League|date=26 June 2011|website=The Financial Express|access-date=23 November 2015 |archive-date=23 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251123152006/https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/sports/mukitijoddha-finish-runners-upin-bangladesh-league|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[2011–12 Bangladesh Premier League (football)|2011–12]]<br /> |{{flagicon|GIN}} [[Ismael Bangoura (footballer, born 1985)|Ismael Bangoura]]<br /> |[[Team BJMC]]<br /> |align=center|17<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/football/3353/foreign-footballers-in-bangladesh-from-shaker|title=Foreign Footballers in Bangladesh: From Shaker, Hejazi to Norde, Awudu|location=Dhaka|date=August 17, 2016|website=Dhaka Tribune|access-date=February 20, 2022|archive-date=February 26, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226122508/https://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/football/3353/foreign-footballers-in-bangladesh-from-shaker|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[2012–13 Bangladesh Premier League (football)|2012–13]]<br /> |{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Osei Morrison]]<br /> |[[Mohammedan SC (Dhaka)|Mohammedan SC]]<br /> |align=center|12<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/article/637/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97 |script-title=bn:পাতানো ম্যাচের কলঙ্কমুক্ত লিগ |work=Prothom Alo |date=2 February 2014 |language=bn |access-date=15 August 2019 |archive-date=15 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815042507/https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/article/637/%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%258B-%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%259A%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25B0-%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%2599%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A7%2581%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A4-%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%2597 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[2013–14 Bangladesh Premier League (football)|2013–14]]<br /> |{{flagicon|HTI}} [[Wedson Anselme]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;|[[Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club|Sheikh Jamal DC]]<br /> |align=center|26<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/football/wedson-join-saif-sc-1445122|title=Wedson to join Saif SC|work=Daily Sun|language=en|date=8 August 2017|access-date=23 November 2025|archive-date=23 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251123154120/https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/football/wedson-join-saif-sc-1445122|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[2014–15 Bangladesh Premier League (football)|2014–15]]<br /> |{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Emeka Darlington]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;|[[Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club|Sheikh Jamal DC]]<br /> |align=center|19<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/article/610420/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F |script-title=bn:উত্তাপ ছড়াল শেষবেলায় |work=Prothom Alo |date=23 August 2015 |language=bn |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-date=7 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807051007/https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/article/610420/%25E0%25A6%2589%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25AA-%25E0%25A6%259B%25E0%25A6%25A1%25E0%25A6%25BC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B2-%25E0%25A6%25B6%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25B7%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A7%259F |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[2015–16 Bangladesh Premier League (football)|2015–16]]<br /> |{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Sunday Chizoba]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;|[[Dhaka Abahani]]<br /> |align=center|19<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/5657/articlelist/323/Cartoon|title=Abahani regain title with a game in hand|work=New Age|language=en|date=20 December 2016|access-date=23 November 2025|archive-date=23 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251123154515/https://www.newagebd.net/article/5657/articlelist/323/Cartoon|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center rowspan=2|[[2017–18 Bangladesh Premier League (football)|2017–18]]<br /> |{{flagicon|GAM}} [[Solomon King Kanform]] <br /> |[[Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club|Sheikh Jamal DC]]<br /> |align=center rowspan=2|15<br /> |align=center rowspan=2|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagonews24.com/sports/football/403645|title=কলঙ্ক নিয়েই শেষ হলো প্রিমিয়ার ফুটবল লিগ|trans-title=The Premier League ended in disgrace|language=bn|date=January 13, 2018|access-date=November 26, 2025|website=Jago News24|archive-date=November 26, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251126123541/https://www.jagonews24.com/sports/football/403645|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Raphael Odovin Onwrebe]]<br /> |[[Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club|Sheikh Jamal DC]]<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[2018–19 Bangladesh Premier League (football)|2018–19]]<br /> |{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Raphael Odovin Onwrebe]]<br /> |[[Sheikh Russel KC]]<br /> |align=center|22<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://bff.com.bd/news/bashundhara-kings-emerge-new-champions|title=Bashundhara Kings emerge new champions|work=[[Bangladesh Football Federation]]|language=en|date=16 February 2020|access-date=23 November 2025|archive-date=23 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251123154731/https://bff.com.bd/news/bashundhara-kings-emerge-new-champions|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[2019–20 Bangladesh Premier League (football)|2019–20]]<br /> |align=center colspan=4|''League abanadoned''<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[2021 Bangladesh Premier League (football)|2020–21]]<br /> |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Robinho (footballer, born July 1995)|Robson Robinho]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;|[[Bashundhara Kings]]<br /> |align=center|21<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/632215|title=Robson signs new two-year Kings contract|work=Daily Sun|language=en|date=17 July 2022|access-date=23 November 2025|archive-date=23 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251123153049/https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/632215|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[2022 Bangladesh Premier League (football)|2021–22]]<br /> |{{flagicon|MLI}} [[Souleymane Diabate]]<br /> |[[Mohammedan SC (Dhaka)|Mohammedan SC]]<br /> |align=center|21<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/football/news/mohammedan-part-ways-souleymane-diabate-3936861|title=Mohammedan part ways with Souleymane Diabate|work=The Daily Star|language=en|date=10 July 2025|access-date=23 November 2025|archive-date=23 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251123153707/https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/football/news/mohammedan-part-ways-souleymane-diabate-3936861|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[2022–23 Bangladesh Premier League (football)|2022–23]]<br /> |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Dorielton|Dorielton Gomes]]<br /> |style=&quot;background:Gold;&quot;|[[Bashundhara Kings]]<br /> |align=center|20<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/206659/kings-end-campaign-with-abahani-win|title=Kings end campaign with Abahani win|work=New Age|language=en|date=14 July 2023|access-date=23 November 2025|archive-date=23 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251123160047/https://www.newagebd.net/article/206659/kings-end-campaign-with-abahani-win|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[2023–24 Bangladesh Premier League (football)|2023–24]]<br /> |{{flagicon|VCT}} [[Cornelius Stewart]]<br /> |[[Abahani Limited Dhaka]]<br /> |align=center|19<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/football/news/mohammedan-beat-abahani-finish-second-three-competitions-3622146|title=Mohammedan beat Abahani to finish second in three competitions|work=The Daily Star|language=en|date=29 May 2025|access-date=23 November 2025|archive-date=23 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251123160443/https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/football/news/mohammedan-beat-abahani-finish-second-three-competitions-3622146|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=center|[[2024–25 Bangladesh Premier League (football)|2024–25]]<br /> |{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Samuel Boateng]]<br /> |[[Rahmatganj MFS]]<br /> |align=center|21<br /> |align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.jugantor.com/tp-sports/959468|script-title=bn:আবাহনীই রানার্সআপ|work=Jugantor|language=bn|date=29 May 2025|access-date=28 May 2025|archive-date=29 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529182635/https://www.jugantor.com/tp-sports/959468|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Bangladesh Football League top scorers}}<br /> {{Dhaka League Top scorers}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lists of association football league top scorers (by season)|Bangladesh]]<br /> [[Category:Bangladesh football-related lists|Top Scorers]]<br /> [[Category:Association football player non-biographical articles]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ajit_Narayanan&diff=475964 2026-01-16T14:02:36Z

<p>Igornhx: basic refined references for accuracy and improved wording</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Inventor of FreeSpeech and Avaz born in 1981}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Ajit Narayanan<br /> | image =<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|08|21}}<br /> | birth_place = India<br /> | occupation = Inventor<br /> | known_for = FreeSpeech, Avaz app, MIT TR35 awardee<br /> | website = {{url|avazapp.com/}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ajit Narayanan''' (born August 21, 1981) is the inventor of [[FreeSpeech]], a [[Picture Exchange Communication System|picture language]] with a deep grammatical structure.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xic5lm2Bg-Y|title=FreeSpeech|accessdate=11 Feb 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; He's also the inventor of [[Avaz app|Avaz]], [[India]]'s first [[Augmentative and Alternative Communication]] (AAC) app for children with disabilities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20100426-speech-weaver-742650-2010-04-15 |title=Speech weaver : Cover Story |last=Shah |first=Natascha |date=April 16, 2010 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=15 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is a [[Innovators Under 35|TR35]] awardee (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;mit tr35&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.technologyreview.in/tr35/profile.aspx?trid=990 |title=TR35: Ajit Narayanan, 29 |year=2011 |work=Technology Review |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |accessdate=15 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111112658/http://www.technologyreview.in/tr35/profile.aspx?trid=990 |archivedate=11 January 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and an awardee of the [[National Award for the Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities|National Award for Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.growthinstitute.in/emagazine/feb11/innovations.html |title=Avaz, Invention Labs |last=Sehgal |first=Sunaina |date=February 2011 |work=[[Inc. India]] |accessdate=15 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813052048/http://www.growthinstitute.in/emagazine/feb11/innovations.html |archivedate=13 August 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; by the President of India (2010). He is currently employed by [[Google]], as a part of the [[accessibility]] team.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.blog.google/products/android/accessibility-updates-help-tech-work-everyone/ |title=Accessibility updates that help tech work for everyone |date=21 May 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> <br /> Ajit grew up in Chennai, India, and showed an early aptitude for language and mathematics. He went on to study [[electrical engineering]] at the [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]] (IIT Madras). During his graduation, he received the Motorola Prize for his academic and extra-curricular activities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=Student Awards | url=http://www.iitm.ac.in/studentawards | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514155212/http://www.iitm.ac.in/studentawards | access-date=2025-05-10 | archive-date=2009-05-14 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; During his time at IIT Madras, he was a part of the Institute quiz team, notably captaining the team that won the [[University Challenge]] in 2003,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2003/08/10/stories/2003081006880200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203095712/http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2003/08/10/stories/2003081006880200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-02-03 |title=Quiz kings |first=Sudish |last=Kamath |date=2003-08-10 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and editing the IIT Madras campus magazine, The Fourth Estate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Fourth Estate, Nov 2002 |url=http://t5e.iitm.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Nov-02.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023072053/http://t5e.iitm.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Nov-02.pdf |archivedate=2014-10-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ajit subsequently moved to the United States, working for several years at [[American Megatrends]].<br /> <br /> == FreeSpeech ==<br /> <br /> In February 2013, Ajit gave a TED talk&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Narayanan|first=Ajit|title=A word game to communicate in any language|date=10 March 2014 |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/ajit_narayanan_a_word_game_to_communicate_in_any_language|language=en|access-date=2020-09-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; on a new linguistic structure called FreeSpeech, and an [[algorithm]] called the FreeSpeech engine. FreeSpeech was created in response to a need felt among children with complex communication needs to communicate in multiple languages. FreeSpeech is a semantic map of [[Picture communication symbols|pictures that represent words]]. These words are linked together in pairs of question/answer relationships and have pictorial markers for tense, numbers, etc. applied on top of them. The structure's stated aim was to capture 'meaning' rather than 'surface form' of language and then use a set of algorithms (the FreeSpeech engine) to generate grammatical English out of it.<br /> <br /> FreeSpeech is language-independent, meaning it uses pictures of objects, actions, and even abstract ideas like the past tense, instead of English words like &quot;I&quot; or &quot;eat&quot;. Some shown on the TED talk include a bowl of soup, a person talking, and a small clock with an arrow pointing backwards to signify the past tense of a verb.<br /> <br /> FreeSpeech was tested widely among children with special needs such as [[autism]] and language impairments to teach them grammar. It is also used by children in the [[deaf]] community to learn literacy—a task complicated by the unique grammatical structure of [[American Sign Language]], which is very different from English.<br /> <br /> Beyond applications in disability, the Indian government was in talks to license this program to use in some of its schools to teach English, through the [[Aakash (tablet)|Aakash tablet]] project.<br /> <br /> == Avaz ==<br /> {{Main|Avaz app}}<br /> <br /> In 2010, Ajit invented [[Avaz app|Avaz]]. Avaz is an [[alternative and augmentative communication]] (AAC) device. It works by [[Speech-generating device|generating speech from limited muscle movements]] like that from the head or hand, and is used by people with speech disorders, such as [[cerebral palsy]], [[autism]], [[intellectual disability]], and [[aphasia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ibnlive.gives voice&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Chennai: IIT engineer gives cerebral palsy patients a voice |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/iit-engineer-gives-cerebral-palsy-patients-a-voice/192211-62-130.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016013336/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/iit-engineer-gives-cerebral-palsy-patients-a-voice/192211-62-130.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 October 2011 |publisher=Ibnlive |accessdate=20 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Avaz was widely used in India as a communication device and was subsequently converted into an app for the iPad and Android devices. For his invention of Avaz, Ajit received the National Award for Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities &lt;ref name=&quot;gov award&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=List of Recipients of National Award for Persons with Disabilities, 2010|url=http://www.disabilityaffairs.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/sipda/Awardess%202010.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; in 2010, from the President of India.<br /> <br /> == MIT TR35 ==<br /> <br /> In 2011, Ajit was named the MIT TR35 &quot;Innovator of the Year&quot; for India. His citation for the award mentioned his work on low-cost speech generating devices:&lt;ref name=&quot;mit tr35&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|There are an estimated 10 million people in India who suffer from speech impediments. They may not have speech but they have a lot to say. And they can benefit from Narayanan's device. Avaz is a communication device for people with speech disorders such as cerebral palsy, autism, mental retardation, and aphasia. It works by converting limited muscle movements, such as head or finger movements, into speech. His invention broadly falls under the category of Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) technologies. Though speech generating devices are effective, most AAC devices aren't within the reach of the speech-impaired persons in the developing world and they mostly generate speech in English. This is another deterrent which has prevented these devices from becoming as popular in the developing world. Narayanan's innovation lies in bringing down the cost of the device to one-tenth of the price of similar devices, making it affordable to a wide swath of the Indian disabled population, and making it available in Indian languages.}}<br /> <br /> In 2012, Ajit was named to the global MIT TR35 list, alongside [[Groupon]] founder [[Andrew Mason]] and [[Microsoft Photosynth]] inventor [[Noah Snavely]]:<br /> <br /> {{blockquote| Narayanan's Invention Labs, based in Chennai, designed Avaz to be not only cheap but also capable of supporting multiple languages. &quot;The average young person in India speaks and uses three different languages every day,&quot; Narayanan points out. By working directly with Asian hardware manufacturers, he has been able to bring the cost of an Avaz down to around $800, compared with $5,000 to $10,000 for a single-language device in the United States.}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Cite web | title=Not Found}}<br /> * {{TED speaker}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Narayanan, Ajit}}<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian inventors]]<br /> [[Category:1981 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian inventors]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pethmakhama&diff=525298 2026-01-13T03:53:59Z

<p>Igornhx: creating first info nd citations</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Pethmakhama<br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | image_skyline = Aasatani Aaliya Shahi Hamdan Pethmakhama.jpg<br /> | image_alt = Aastan i Aaliyah Shahi Hamdan Pethamkhama<br /> | image_caption = Aastan i Aaliyah [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani]] Pethamkhama<br /> | image_flag = <br /> | image_map = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = Pethmakhama map<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Budgam district|Budgam]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|34.07|74.5947|region:IN_type:village|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br /> | coor_pinpoint = <br /> | coordinates_footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/12/Makahom.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Makahom, India|work=fallingrain.com|access-date=2015-10-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]<br /> | subdivision_name = [[India]]<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Budgam district|Budgam]]<br /> | leader_title = Sarpanch<br /> | leader_name = Shakeela Bano<br /> | leader_title1 = Numberdar<br /> | leader_name1 = Ab Rashid Dar<br /> | leader_title2 = Village Guard<br /> | leader_name2 = Ghulam Rasool Ganai<br /> | subdivision_type3 = <br /> | subdivision_name3 = <br /> | established_title = <br /> | established_date = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 1740<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2011.co.in&quot; /&gt;<br /> | population_total = 4646<br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_note = <br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLang&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=30 May 2021 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | timezone1_DST = <br /> | utc_offset1_DST = <br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 193401&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://postalcodesdb.com/postal_code_193401_Peth%20Makhama_India.html|title=193401 Peth Makhama India डाक कोड|author=PostCodesDB|work=postalcodesdb.com|access-date=2015-10-16|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021438/http://www.postalcodesdb.com/postal_code_193401_Peth%20Makhama_India.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | area_code = +91-1954 BSNL Landline<br /> | iso_code = <br /> | website = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Pethmakhama''' is a village in [[Budgam district]], in the [[India]]n administrative [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It falls under the administrative division of [[tehsil]] [[Magam]]. It is famous for the shrine of [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani]] who stayed at various places in and around Kashmir and one example is Pethmakhama where he prayed for around two months.&lt;ref name=&quot;mykashmirvalley.wordpress.com&quot;&gt;https://mykashmirvalley.wordpress.com/history-of-kashmir/ {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; The stone on which he prayed there, has the marks of praying on it miraculously and is preserved at [[Aasar-i-Shareef Pethmakhama]].&lt;ref name=&quot;mykashmirvalley.wordpress.com&quot;/&gt; The shrine also hosts beard hair as one of the holy [[Relics of Muhammad]] which is displayed to the devotees every year on the auspicious occasion of Mehraj ul Alam&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theins.in/2019/04/04/mehraj-ul-alam-celebrated-with-religious-fervour-gaiety/amp/|title = AMP Home}}&lt;/ref&gt; and other festivals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/meraj-ul-alam-celebrated-with-religious-fervour/|title=Meraj-ul-Alam celebrated with religious fervour|date=26 April 2017|website=Greater Kashmir}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pethmakhama is irrigated throughout the year by [[Sukhnag River|River Sukhnag]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Statistical Assessment of Water Quality Parameters for Pollution Source Identification in Sukhnag Stream: An Inflow Stream of Lake Wular (Ramsar Site), Kashmir Himalaya|first1=Salim Aijaz|last1=Bhat|first2=Gowhar|last2=Meraj|first3=Sayar|last3=Yaseen|first4=Ashok K.|last4=Pandit|date=20 January 2014|journal=Journal of Ecosystems|volume=2014|pages=1–18|doi=10.1155/2014/898054|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tenderdetail.com/Indian-Tenders/TenderNotice/23039948/CC25737CC101F4933986FCAA5F26A7F7|title=Dredging Channelization Of Sukhnag Nallah At Peth Tender Notice 23039948 IAFCD Jammu And Kashmir|website=www.tenderdetail.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; which is a tributary of [[Jhelum River]] and various springs&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268485384|title=Statistical Assessment of Water Quality Parameters for Pollution Source Identification in Sukhnag Stream: An Inflow Stream of Lake Wular (Ramsar Site), Kashmir Himalaya|website=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the village.<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> According to the 2011 Census of India, 621 families reside in Pethmakhama, comprising a total population of 4,646; 21.42% of the population (995 people) are children aged 0–6. The average sex ratio is 959, higher than Jammu and Kashmir State's average of 889. There are 910 women for every 1000 men.&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011.co.in&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/451-peth-mekehama-jammu-and-kashmir.html|title=Peth Mekehama Village Population – Beerwah – Badgam, Jammu and Kashmir|work=census2011.co.in|access-date=2015-10-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2011, the village literacy rate was 57.66%, compared to the 67.16% overall for Jammu and Kashmir. Male literacy stood at 65.64% while female literacy was 49.44%. According to the constitution of India and the Panchyati Raj Act., Pethmakhama village is administrated by Sarpanch (Head of Village), an elected representative of the village.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0102_PART_B_DCHB_BADGAM.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 : Jammu &amp; Kashmir |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=2015-10-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{bar box<br /> |title=Demographics|titlebar=#Fca116<br /> |left1= <br /> |right1=Percent<br /> |float=right<br /> |bars= <br /> {{bar percent|[[Male]] ♂|green|51.05}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Female]] ♀|red|48.94}}<br /> |caption=Male and female population<br /> }}<br /> {{bar box<br /> |title=Religions|titlebar=#Fcd116<br /> |left1=Religion<br /> |right1=Percent<br /> |float=right<br /> |bars= <br /> {{bar percent|[[Suni Islam|Suni Muslims]]|green|100}}<br /> {{bar percent|Others|white|0}}<br /> |caption=Distribution of population on religion.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Location ==<br /> [[File:Sukhnag River PETH Makhama.jpg|alt=|thumb|River Sukhnag Pethmakhama in June 2020]]<br /> Pethmakhama is situated on the bank of the [[Sukhnag River|river Sukhnag]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://koausa.org/geography/chapter1.5.html|title=Geography of Jammu and Kashmir State|work=koausa.org|access-date=2015-10-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; about {{cvt|23|km}} to the north of the district headquarters, [[Budgam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;soki.in&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://soki.in/pethmakhama-narbal-badgam/|title=Pethmakhama- Narbal|work=soki.in|access-date=2015-10-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; The adjacent villages of Pethmakhama are [[Badran, India|Badran]], [[Magam]], [[Aripanthan]], [[Rathsoon|Rathson]], Bonmakhama, and [[Kanihama]].<br /> <br /> == Schools ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Sukhnag Educational Institute Morning Assembly 2020.jpg|thumb|Students of Sukhnag Educational Institute Morning assembly in April 2020]]<br /> <br /> * Government High School for Boys, Pethmakhama<br /> * Government Middle School for Girls, Pethmakhama&lt;ref name=&quot;edukistan.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://schools.edukistan.com/govt-schools-in-jammu_&amp;_kashmir-badgam-peth_makhama.html|title=List of govt Schools in peth makhama badgam jammu &amp; kashmir – Edukistan|work=edukistan.com|access-date=2015-10-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Sukhnag Educational Institute, Pethmakhama<br /> * Ps Dangerpora Pethmakhama Upgr School, Pethmakhama&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icbse.com/schools/ps-dangerpora-pethmakhama-upgr/01041603406 Link text], additional text.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Transport ==<br /> <br /> === Roads ===<br /> Pethmakhama is connected to [[Srinagar]] via [[Magam]] and is connected via Sanoor Kalipora to [[Budgam district]] headquarters. [[Beerwah, Jammu and Kashmir|Beerwah]] 14&amp;nbsp;km away is connected to Pethmakhama via [[Aripanthan]] also via [[Rathsoon]]. It is also connected to [[Khag, Jammu and Kashmir|Tehsil Khag]] via [[Aripanthan]], {{cvt|16|km}} away. The road connecting Pethmakhama with Magam was paved but remains with some potholes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://164.100.72.25/netnrega/state_html/emuster_wage_rep1.aspx?lflag=eng&amp;type=20&amp;panchayat_name=Peth+Makahama&amp;panchayat_code=1404002016&amp;state_name=JAMMU+AND+KASHMIR&amp;state_code=14&amp;district_name=BADGAM&amp;district_code=1404&amp;block_code=1404016&amp;block_name=RATHSUN&amp;fin_year = 2014-2015 |format=PDF |title=Report on Delayed Muster Roll for Financial Year: 2014–2015 |publisher=164.100.72.25 |access-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031737/http://164.100.72.25/netnrega/state_html/emuster_wage_rep1.aspx?lflag=eng&amp;type=20&amp;panchayat_name=Peth+Makahama&amp;panchayat_code=1404002016&amp;state_name=JAMMU+AND+KASHMIR&amp;state_code=14&amp;district_name=BADGAM&amp;district_code=1404&amp;block_code=1404016&amp;block_name=RATHSUN&amp;fin_year |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Rails ===<br /> The nearest railway stations are [[Mazhom railway station]] and [[Budgam railway station]].<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Budgam district]]<br /> [[Category:Kashmir]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ainmanes&diff=485006 2025-11-08T20:42:22Z

<p>Igornhx: put up basic entry w/ refs.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br /> [[File:Kodagu in Karnataka (India).svg|right|thumb|200px|Kodagu: home of the Kodavas shown above in the map of Karnataka, India (in orange)]]<br /> An ainmane is the ancestral house of a clan with roots in [[Kodagu]].<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> The word ainmane comes from the term ''ayyangada mane'' - house of the elders.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sentinel&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Somaya |first1=Brinda |last2=Mascarenhas |first2=Poonam Verma |title=Silent Sentinels: Traditional Architecture of Coorg |date=2005 |publisher=Hecar Foundation |isbn=978-81-7525-679-8 |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fuPVAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=ayyangada+mane |access-date=1 February 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Palame&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Chinnappa |title=Pattole Palame |date=2003 |publisher=Rupa |page=88}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Culture==<br /> The people of [[Coorg]] settled in family groups called okka. It is a joint patrilineal clan with males of common ancestry who share an okka name. Presently there are more than 1000 okka names and families in Kodagu. Traditionally all the members of an okka lived in a large ancestral ainmane house. In the past, ainemane houses formed the focal meeting points in the rural landscape. This cluster of homes and property form the nucleus of village called Uur. The emergence of townships, as such, has been a relatively recent phenomenon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Eastern Anthropologist: Volume 30 |publisher=Ethnographic and Folk Culture Society |pages=4, 6, 9 |edition=1977}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title='Ainmane testimony of Kodava culture' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/ainmane-testimony-of-kodava-culture-930869.html |access-date=1 February 2023 |work=Deccan Herald |date=24 December 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title='Ainmane', heritage house of Kodagu, gets a facelift |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/ainmane-heritage-house-of-kodagu-gets-a-facelift-958162.html |access-date=1 February 2023 |work=Deccan Herald |date=4 March 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The founder of each clan (Okka), the Guru Karana, is worshipped by the members of that particular clan. On their ancestral clan lands they have holy shrine ('''Kaimada'''), which is the shrine of the clan's first ancestor (Guru Karana), where they offer prayers and obeisance. A number of weapons, made of wood or metal, are kept in the Kaimadas. The shrine is usually made of clay or wood or covered with sheet metal, and housed within a roofed structure built near the entrance to the ainmane. Sometimes it is simply located on a platform under a sap-exuding tree near the entrance of ainemane.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Bangalore District |date=1993 |publisher=Director of Print, Stationery and Publications at the Government Press |pages=163, 195, 215 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCELAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=kaimada |access-date=1 February 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Some clans conduct a karana kola, a dance of the ancestral spirit during which a Malayalee migrant dresses in elaborate colourful clothing and dances in a trance and acts as an oracle. During this ceremony he is symbolically possessed by the karana, the original founder of the particular clan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Mögling |first1=Herrmann |title=Coorg Memoirs: An Account of Coorg and of the Coorg Mission |date=1855 |publisher=Printed at the Wesleyan Mission Press |page=63 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5ABAAAAQAAJ&amp;dq=kaimada&amp;pg=PA63 |access-date=1 February 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In every home a lamp called '''Nellakki Deepa''' is lit in honour of the Guru Karana. The lamp in the central hall is lit by the embers of the kitchen hearth every day. Fire of the kitchen hearth is especially sacred.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gazetteer&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Bangalore District |date=1993 |publisher=Director of Print, Stationery and Publications at the Government Press |pages=183, 184, 195 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCELAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=nellakki |access-date=1 February 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Somaya |first1=Brinda |last2=Mascarenhas |first2=Poonam Verma |title=Silent Sentinels: Traditional Architecture of Coorg |date=2005 |publisher=Hecar Foundation |isbn=978-81-7525-679-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fuPVAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=nellakki |access-date=1 February 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On the day of '''Huttari''' (the rice harvest festival celebrated in around November–December), the whole family assembles in their ain mane (the common family house), which is decorated with flowers and green mango and banana leaves.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moegling&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Mögling |first1=Herrmann |title=Coorg Memoirs: An Account of Coorg and of the Coorg Mission |date=1855 |publisher=Printed at the Wesleyan Mission Press |page=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5ABAAAAQAAJ&amp;dq=huttari+festival&amp;pg=PA45 |access-date=1 February 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==The Ainmanes Project==<br /> [[File:Nalaknad_(6).jpg|thumb|[[Nalknad Palace|Nalnad Palace]] built in the style of an Ainmane]]{{coord|12|14|34.8|N|75|42|5.8|E|region:IN|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Boverianda Nanjamma and Chinnappa]] had undertaken a project to collect information regarding each and every Ainmane found in Kodagu, irrespective of the community or caste of the clan members residing in them. They visited many of them in the period between April 2003 and May 2008. They also collected oral legends and traditional information from the occupants of each of these functional Ainmanes. Along with this they also researched about the concerned clans from previously published written material, wherever possible. The information thus collected are now available on the Ainmanes website. They have also provided a glossary for the [[Kodava language|Kodava thakk]] words used in the site.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ainmanes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ainmanes.com/|title=Ainmanes|publisher=Chinshai technologies|accessdate=1 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2014, Niyogi books has published their work titled 'Ainmanes of Kodagu'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Seeking to preserve Kodagu's ainmanes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/seeking-to-preserve-kodagus-ainmanes/article6345295.ece |access-date=1 February 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=23 August 2014 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Kodava people]]<br /> [[Category:Kodagu district]]<br /> [[Category:Architecture in India]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Airlangga&diff=476202 2025-11-05T16:27:18Z

<p>Igornhx: cleanup details and added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{for|the passenger train| Airlangga (train)}}<br /> {{infobox royalty<br /> | birth_date = c. 1002<br /> | image = Airlangga.jpg<br /> | caption = The deified statue of King Airlangga depicted as [[Vishnu]] mounting [[Garuda]], found in Belahan, collection of [[Trowulan Museum]], [[East Java]].<br /> | succession = King of Kahuripan<br /> | reign = ? – 1042<br /> | birth_place = [[Kingdom of Bali]]<br /> | death_place = [[Kingdom of Kahuripan]]<br /> | death_date = {{death year and age|1049|1002}}<br /> | royal house = [[Ishana dynasty|Ishana]]<br /> | regnal name = Rakai Halu Sri Lokeswara Dharmawangsa Airlangga Anantawikramattonggadewa<br /> | father = [[Udayana Warmadewa]]<br /> | mother = [[Mahendradatta]]<br /> | spouse = <br /> | issue = * Samarawijaya, King of Daha (capital of [[Kediri Kingdom]])<br /> * Mapanji Garasakan, King of [[Kahuripan|Janggala]]<br /> | religion = [[Vaishnavism]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Airlangga''' (also spelled '''Erlangga'''), regnal name '''Rakai Halu Sri Lokeswara Dharmawangsa Airlangga Anantawikramottunggadewa''' (born 1002&lt;ref&gt;Nigel Bullough and Peter Carey (2016) &quot;The Kolkata (Calcutta) Stone&quot;, IIAS Newsletter, '''74''', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[John N. Miksic]] and Geok Yian Goh (2016) ''Ancient Southeast Asia''. Routledge, p. 417&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Bali]], [[Indonesia]]&amp;nbsp;– died 1049 in [[Java]]), was the only [[king]] of the Kingdom of [[Kahuripan]].<br /> <br /> The Kingdom was built from the territory of the [[Mataram Kingdom|Kingdom of Mataram]] after Mataram was sacked by King Wurawari of Lwaram. He gradually gained support, won back the kingdom once ruled by his uncle, and went on to become one of Java's most notable kings.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url =http://www.lonelyplanet.com/indonesia/bali/history<br /> |title =History of Bali<br /> |author =<br /> |date =<br /> |publisher =Lonely Planet<br /> |accessdate =26 March 2013<br /> |archive-date =11 May 2019<br /> |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190511082247/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/indonesia/bali/history<br /> |url-status =dead<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Airlangga'' means &quot;jumping water&quot;, thus his name means &quot;he who crossed the water&quot;, described his life story; born in the court of [[Bali]] and during his youth crossed the [[Bali Strait]] to stay in Java and later ruled the kingdom in East Java. He belongs to both [[Ishana dynasty|Ishana]] and [[Warmadewa Dynasty|Warmadewa]] lineages.<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Airlangga was born from a dynastic marriage between [[Ishana dynasty|Ishana]] of Java and [[Warmadewa Dynasty|Warmadewa]] of [[Bali]]. His mother, queen [[Mahendradatta]], was a princess of the [[Ishana dynasty]], the sister of King [[Dharmawangsa]] of [[Mataram Kingdom|Mataram]], while his father, King [[Udayana Warmadewa]] of Bali, was a king of the Balinese [[Warmadewa Dynasty]].&lt;ref name=indianized&gt;{{Cite book<br /> | last = Cœdès<br /> | first = George<br /> | authorlink = Georges Coedès<br /> | title = The Indianized states of Southeast Asia<br /> | publisher = University of Hawaii Press<br /> | year = 1968<br /> | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC<br /> | isbn =9780824803681 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|129–130}} Bali in the 11th century probably was an ally or vassal of Java, the marriage of Airlangga's parents was probably meant as a political means to seal Bali as part of Mataram's realm. Airlangga has two younger brothers, [[Marakata Pangkaja|Marakata]] (who later became king of Bali after the death of their father) and Anak Wungçu (who ascended to Balinese throne after the death of Marakata). Later, in various inscriptions created by Airlangga, he claimed to be the descendant of [[Mpu Sindok]] of the Ishana dynasty.<br /> <br /> However, there is speculation suggesting that Airlangga was not the biological son of King Udayana, Mahendradatta probably conceived Airlangga from her previous union to an unknown man, and after her separation (either because of death or divorce) Mahendradatta was betrothed to the Balinese king, thus she took the baby Airlangga to Bali. Historical sources seem to be silenced on Mahendradatta's suspected earlier marriage, that it might be a scandal or not even taken place. This suspicion was because although Airlangga was the eldest son of Mahendradatta, he was not chosen as the crown prince of Bali, his younger brother Marakata and later Anak Wungçu rose to the Balinese throne instead. Moreover, Mahendradatta sent Airlangga back to Java during his teenage years. Mahendradatta was known to be promoting the cult of [[Durga]] in Bali, and later associated with the Balinese legend of the evil witch [[Rangda]], which translates to &quot;widow&quot;.<br /> <br /> Airlangga was born and grew up in Bali, groomed by his mother, queen Mahendradatta, to be a proper future ruler. In his teenage years, his mother sent him back to her parents' home in Java to be educated further in Watugaluh court, Mataram, East Java, under the patronage of his uncle, King [[Dharmawangsa]]. Airlangga was betrothed to his cousin, one of Dharmawangsa's daughters, thus arranged marriage was in place. At that time, Mataram had become a powerful kingdom, allied or probably subjugated Bali, and had established a colony in [[West Kalimantan]]. Dharmawangsa aspired to ascend Mataram as a regional power by challenging [[Srivijaya|the Srivijaya]] Empire's domination. In 990 he launched a naval invasion against Srivijaya and unsuccessfully tried to capture Palembang. Srivijaya resiliently succeeds in repelling Javanese Mataram invaders.<br /> <br /> The [[Calcutta Stone]] inscription (dated from 1041 CE), describes a terrible calamity that befell the East Javanese kingdom of Ishana dynasty in the early years of the 11th century. In 1006, a rebellion incited by a vassal king Wurawari from Lwaram destroyed the capital of Watugaluh. The reigning king, Dharmawangsa, successor to Sri Makutawangsawardhana, was murdered along with his entire family and many of his subjects. Only the young Airlangga, who was aged about 16 at the time, managed to escape unharmed.&lt;ref name=&quot;East Java.com&quot;&gt;[http://www.eastjava.com/books/majapahit/html/airlangga.html Mojopahihat kings : Airlangga]. ''EastJava.com''.&lt;/ref&gt; According to tradition the calamity, dubbed as ''Pralaya'' (destruction) of Mataram, took place during Airlangga's wedding ceremony in Dharmawangsa palace.<br /> <br /> Today historians strongly suggest that the invasion was a [[Srivijaya]]n retaliation against Mataram for the attacks upon the empire. After the failed Dharmawangsa's naval campaign against Palembang back in 990, Sri Culamanivarmadeva the Maharaja of Srivijaya saw Javanese Mataram as a dangerous threat, thus arranged a stratagem to destroy Mataram by inciting a revolt. King Wurawari of Lwaram was probably an ally of Srivijaya in Java and also the vassal of Mataram. With Srivijaya's assistance, Wurawari managed to sack and burn Watugaluh Palace during Mataram's most unexpected time; the Airlangga's royal wedding. Airlangga, accompanied by his guard Narottama, escaped westward into the jungle and retreated as a hermit in Vanagiri (today [[Wonogiri]], Central Java).<br /> <br /> ==Struggle and establishment of Kahuripan Kingdom==<br /> In 1019, after several years in self-imposed exile in a Mount [[Wonogiri|Vanagiri]] hermitage, Airlangga rallied support from officials and regents that are loyal to the former Ishana dynasty and began to unite the areas that had formerly been ruled by the Mataram kingdom, which had disintegrated after Dharmawangsa's death. He consolidated his authority, established a new kingdom, and made peace with Srivijaya. The new kingdom was called the Kingdom of Kahuripan, the location of his capital,&lt;ref name=indianized/&gt;{{rp|145–147}} and stretched from [[Pasuruan]] in the east to [[Madiun]] in the west. In 1025, Airlangga increased the power and influence of Kahuripan as the Srivijaya Empire began to decline. Airlangga was known for his religious tolerance and was a patron of both the Hindu and Buddhist religions.<br /> <br /> In 1035 Airlangga constructed a Buddhist monastery named Srivijayasrama dedicated to his queen consort Dharmaprasadottungadewi. The monastery bearing the name of Srivijaya suggests that his queen consort was probably a Srivijayan princess, a close relative, probably the daughter, of the Srivijayan king Sangramavijayattungavarman. She had taken refuge in East Java after her father was taken prisoner and her kingdom was raided through series of Indian [[Chola]] raids. The king seems to be sympathetic to the poor fate of the Srivijayan princess, having lost her family and her kingdom, and probably genuinely fell in love and devoted to her, thus promoting her as ''prameswari'' (the [[queen consort]]). Airlangga went further, naming his daughter from queen Dharmaprasadottungadewi as heiress, the future [[queen regnant]] of Kahuripan. The decline of Srivijaya due to the Chola invasion gave Airlangga opportunity to consolidate his kingdom without foreign interference. Later, he extended his kingdom to [[Central Java]] and [[Bali]]. The north coast of Java, particularly [[Surabaya]] and [[Tuban]], for the first time became important centres of trade.<br /> <br /> Although there are few surviving archaeological remains dating from his time, Airlangga is known to have been a keen patron of the arts, notably literature. In 1035, the court poet Mpu Kanwa composed the ''[[Kakawin]] [[Arjunawiwaha]]'', which was adapted from the [[Mahabharata]] epic. This text told the story of [[Arjuna]], an incarnation of [[Indra]], but was also an allegory for Airlangga's own life. The tale of Airlangga's life was illustrated in the [[Belahan]] [[Temple]] on the flanks of Mount Penanggungan, where he was portrayed in stone as Vishnu on Garuda.&lt;ref name=&quot;East Java.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1037 the capital was moved from Watan Mas to Kahuripan, the king also reported to bestow titles for his loyal followers, such as Narottama promoted as Rakryan Kanuruhan (prime minister) and Niti as Rakryan Kuningan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sejarah&quot;&gt;{{cite book<br /> |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=YlBsbH0AX6gC&amp;q=Wringin+Sapta+dam&amp;pg=PA22<br /> |title =Sejarah: Untuk kelas 2 SMA<br /> |author =M. Habib Mustopo<br /> |date =2007<br /> |page =22<br /> |language =Indonesian<br /> |publisher =Yudhistira<br /> |isbn =9789796767076<br /> |accessdate =25 March 2013<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; According to [[Kelagen inscription|the Kelagen inscription]] (dated 1037 CE), Airlangga also took a keen interest in agriculture development. He embarked on a grand irrigation project by constructing the Wringin Sapta dam (located in today's Jombang Regency). By building a dam on the Brantas River, he provided irrigation to surrounding paddy fields and maintained a hydraulic system in the area.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sejarah&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Abdication and death==<br /> [[File:041 Fountain Figures, Candi Belahan (25543837107).jpg|thumb|right|The fountain of Belahan temple, Mount Penanggungan.]]<br /> Towards the end of his life, Airlangga was faced with the problem of succession. His heiress, the crown princess Sangramawijaya, decided to become a [[Bhikkuni]] Buddhist hermit rather than succeed Airlangga as [[queen regnant]]. Sangramawijaya is the daughter of the queen consort Dharmaprasadottunggadewi. The story of a crown princess who renounced the throne to become a hermit is linked with the popular legend of [[Dewi Kilisuci]] who resides in the Selomangleng Cave beneath Mount Klothok, 5 kilometers to the west of the city of [[Kediri (city)|Kediri]]. Because the crown princess Sangramawijaya had renounced the throne, two of her younger half-brothers were next in line of succession. Both are equally rightful as the heirs and both contesting the throne.<br /> <br /> In 1045, Airlangga divided Kahuripan into two kingdoms which were inherited by his two sons; [[Janggala]] and [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kediri]]. Airlangga himself abdicated the throne in 1045 and returned to the hermit life by assuming a new name as '''Resi Aji Paduka Mpungku Sang Pinaka Catraning Bhuwana''', bestowed by Mpu Bharada, a famous hermit. The reasons behind the partition of a kingdom that Airlangga himself painstakingly united during his younger years remain a puzzle for historians. Some suggested that it was meant to avoid civil war since both of Airlangga's sons were equally rightful to the throne. A local legend, mixed with fantastic fiction, mentioned the partition of the kingdom. It was said that Mpu Bharada was the one who conducted the partition; with his extraordinary skill, he flew and poured water from a jar that the water traces magically transformed into a river marking the boundary of the two new kingdoms. Accidentally he stuck on a kamal ([[tamarind]]) tree, feeling upset he cursed the kamal tree to be forever short, thus becoming the name of the village where this event took place; ''kamal pandak'' (&quot;the short tamarind tree&quot;).<br /> <br /> Airlangga died in 1049, and his ashes were probably scattered in Belahan tirtha (sacred bathing pool), on the eastern slopes of [[Mount Penanggungan]], wherein one of the waterspout statues he was portrayed as Vishnu riding Garuda,&lt;ref name=indianized/&gt;{{rp|146}} flanked by statues of two goddesses; [[Dewi Sri|Shri]] and [[Lakshmi]] portrayed the two queen consorts of Airlangga.<br /> <br /> After the death of Airlangga, a civil war broke out between Janggala and Kediri (aka Panjalu) that continued until 1052. In that year King Mapanji Alanjung Ahyes of Panjalu succeed in conquering Janggala. However, in 1059 another king named Samarotsaha ascended the throne of Janggala, he was the son-in-law of Airlangga.<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{succession box|<br /> before=[[Marakata Pangkaja]]|<br /> title=[[List of monarchs of Bali|Balinese Monarchs]]|<br /> years=|<br /> after=[[Anak Wungsu]]<br /> }}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Airlangga}}<br /> [[Category:1000s births]]<br /> [[Category:1049 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:History of Java]]<br /> [[Category:Indonesian Hindu monarchs]]<br /> [[Category:Kahuripan]]<br /> [[Category:11th-century Indonesian people]]<br /> [[Category:Sons of kings]]<br /> [[Category:Sons of queens regnant]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palnati_Yuddham_(1947_film)&diff=452738 2025-10-23T16:09:50Z

<p>Igornhx: add section for accuracy and fixed typos for consistency</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Palnati Yuddham<br /> | image = Palnati Yuddham 1947.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | writer = [[Samudrala Sr.|Samudrala Sr]] {{small|(dialogues)}}<br /> | story = [[Vempati Sadasivabrahmam]]<br /> | producer = Koganti Venkata Subba Rao<br /> | director = [[L. V. Prasad]]&lt;br&gt;[[Gudavalli Ramabrahmam]]<br /> | starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Govindarajula Subba Rao]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Kannamba]]&lt;br /&gt;[[S. Varalakshmi]]<br /> | music = [[Gali Penchala Narasimha Rao]]<br /> | cinematography = Jiten Bannerjee<br /> | editing = Maanikyam<br /> | studio = Sri Sarada Productions<br /> | distributor = Prasad Productions<br /> | released = {{film date|df=yes|1947|9|24}}<br /> | runtime = 129 mins<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | budget = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Palnati Yuddham''''' is a 1947 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[historical drama|historical]] [[war film]] jointly directed by [[L. V. Prasad]] and [[Gudavalli Ramabrahmam]]. Based on the [[Battle of Palnadu]], the film stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Govindarajula Subba Rao]] and [[P. Kannamba|Kannamba]], with music composed by [[Galipenchala Narasimha Rao]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Narasimham|first=M. L.|date=2012-06-09|title=Palnati Yuddham (1947)|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/palnati-yuddham-1947/article3509512.ece|access-date=2020-08-25|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is produced by Koganti Venkata Subba Rao under the Sri Sarada Productions banner.<br /> <br /> The film was remade once again in Telugu with the [[Palnati Yuddham (1966 film)|same title]] in 1966, starring [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and [[Bhanumathi Ramakrishna]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=అలనాటి పలనాటి చరిత్రకు అసమాన దర్పణం!|trans-title=A mirror to the Palnadu's history|url=https://www.sitara.net/animuthyalu/palnati-yuddham/8694|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-25|website=సితార|language=te}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> During the 12th-century era [[Palnadu]], the terrain was ruled by Aluguraju's elder son, Nalagamaraju, and his sibling Narasimharaju was the prince. They were molded &amp; shielded by their chief minister, Brahmanaidu, the fear-defying scholar whose word is an ordinance therein. Progressive mind Brahmanaidu authorizes lower strata into the temples, which irks upper castes and turns into communal riots—moreover, signing Kannama Dasu as chief commander raises mutiny in the army too. So, Narasimha Raju moves for the aid of Nayakuralu Nagamma, a most witted &amp; sly woman. She stepped into politics during Aluguraju's time, jockeying for leadership against Brahmanaidu, and the two became rivals. Nagamma is currently artfully puppets Nalagamaraju, instilling Brahmanaidu as an outwit, which makes him resign. Listening to it, Nalagamaraju's step-brother Malidevadulu confronts the King, seeking his share since he adores Brahmanaidu beyond the god. Despite the refusal of Nagamma, Nalagamaraju endorses Macharla to him, who proceeds with his Brahmanaidu &amp; maternal uncle Kommaraju. Additionally, Nalagamaraju's son-in-law, Alaraju, takes his path of being true-blue, leaving behind his wife, Peerindevi, until it gets better. <br /> <br /> Years roll by, and under the tutelage of Brahmanaidu, Macharla glitters, which irks Nagamma. Accordingly, she moves a pawn by inventing Malidevadulu to a rooster fight, ''Kodi Pandalu,'' on the eve of Sankranti. At this, Nagamma ruses with a stipulation that the exile of a loser for seven years and perfidiously triumphs. During that plight, Brahmanaidu aids as a backbone by acquiring vital for adobe. After seven years, Brahmanaidu sends Alaraju as a mediator when Nagamma magnifies Narasimharaju's urge to cabals. So, he scapegoats Aluguraju by poisoning, and Peerindevi is sacrificed by ''Sathi'' when Balachandra, the gallant son of Brahmanaidu, swears her to decapitate Narasimharaju. Once, while he was playing a game of balls, it hurt a woman, Annamma, who awakened him and furiously moved to the battle. Amid this, he spends time with his wife, Manchala, at the outset of their marital life, and Balachandra is engrossed in her beauty. Yet, Manchala arouses his valor and bravely conveys him to the field. The war begins at ''Karampuudi,'' which accelerates massive destruction at the mark of death. Balachandra dies heroically, accomplishing his pledge. Ultimately, Brahmanaidu sets out on a war field, which lets anybody withstand, and Nagamma encounters him but remorsefully bows her head down. At last, Brahmanaidu entrusts the kingdom to Nalagamaraju, proclaims Nagamma to reinstate the kingdom for her sins, and heads to penance. Finally, the movie ends with the proclamation: ''Wars, grudges, revenge, factions, are for destruction only Peace is the Supreme Deity.''<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> *[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Balachandrudu<br /> *[[Govindarajula Subba Rao]] as Brahmanaidu<br /> *[[P. Kannamba|Kannamba]] as [[Nayakuralu Nagamma]]<br /> *[[S. Varalakshmi]] as Maguva Manchala <br /> *Teegala Venkateswarlu as Nalagama Raju<br /> *[[Mudigonda Lingamurthy]] as Narasinga Raju <br /> *D. S. Sadasiva Rao as Malideva Raju <br /> *V. Koteswara Rao as Kannamadasu <br /> *Gidugu Venkata Seetapati Rao as Kommaraju <br /> *Koneru Kutumba Rao as Alaraju <br /> *[[Vangara Venkata Subbayya|Vangara]] as Subbanna <br /> *A. Annapoorna as Renukamba<br /> *G. Visweswaramma as Iytamba<br /> *J. Gangaratnam as Anmamba<br /> *B. Narimani as Koyapilla<br /> *T. Rajabala as Dancer<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> ==Crew==<br /> *'''Art''': Nagoor, S. R. Valu<br /> *'''Choreography''': Vempati<br /> *'''Dialogues - Lyrics''': [[Samudrala Sr.]] <br /> *'''Playback''': Ghantasala, Sundaramma, Prayaga, Akkineni, Kannamba, S. Varalakshmi<br /> *'''Music''': [[Gali Penchala Narasimha Rao]]<br /> *'''Story''': [[Vempati Sadasivabrahmam]]<br /> *'''Editing''': Maanikyam<br /> *'''Cinematography''': Jiten Bannerjee <br /> *'''Producer''': Koganti Venkata Subba Rao <br /> *'''Screenplay - Director''': [[Gudavalli Ramabrahmam]], [[L. V. Prasad]]<br /> *'''Banner''': Sri Sarada Productions<br /> *'''Release Date''': 24 September 1947<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Palnati Yuddham<br /> | type = film<br /> | artist = [[Galipenchala Narasimha Rao]]<br /> | cover = <br /> | alt = <br /> | released = 1947<br /> | recorded = <br /> | venue = <br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = Soundtrack<br /> | length = <br /> | label = <br /> | producer = [[Galipenchala Narasimha Rao]]<br /> | prev_title = <br /> | prev_year = <br /> | next_title = <br /> | next_year = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> Music was composed by [[Galipenchala Narasimha Rao]]. Lyrics were written by [[Samudrala Sr.|Samudrala Sr]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ghantasalagalamrutamu.blogspot.in/2009/06/1947.html|title = పల్నాటి యుద్ధం - 1947|date = 5 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !S. No.!!Song title !!Singers !!length<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |Chandamama <br /> |S. Varalakshmi<br /> |2:12<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |Chutamurarayya <br /> |Ghantasala, Akkineni, Sundaramma <br /> |3:36<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |Ee Kuhu Raatri <br /> |Akkineni, S. Varalakshmi<br /> |5:55<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |Evaravaya Deva<br /> |Kannamba<br /> |2:10<br /> |- <br /> |5 <br /> |Jhanajhana Kalantaka <br /> |Kannamba <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |Kamala Manohara <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |Maala Kuduga Maare<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> |Meta Daavani Macharla<br /> |Ghantasala, Akkineni, Sundaramma, Prayaga <br /> |4:22<br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |Nedu Nijamura Nee Repu<br /> |Sundaramma<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> |Oho Bharata Yuvati<br /> |Susarla<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |11<br /> |Oho Charusheela <br /> |Akkineni, S. Varalakshmi<br /> |2:37<br /> |-<br /> |12<br /> |Raa Kadali Raa<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |13<br /> |Teeripoyena Maata <br /> |Ghantasala <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |14<br /> |Tera Teeyagarada Deva<br /> |Ghantasala, Kannamba<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |15<br /> |Tana Pantamu Naatona<br /> |Kannamba<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |16<br /> |Vachunate Raju Naa Raju Mana Raju<br /> |S. Varalakshmi<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Production== <br /> *The shooting of the movie started in 1945 when after 10% of the shoot was completed, director Gudavalli Ramabrahmam expired with illness. Then L. V. Prasad took up the megaphone and completed it with Katuri Jaganmohan as his associate. At the beginning of the movie, Gudavalli's death and funeral scenes were shown.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> *Gudavalli Ramabrahmam and lyricist Samudrala were colleagues at the magazine ''Prajamithra'', they had worked together the first time in this film. <br /> *The movie was the first historical movie in Telugu and it is the debut film for S. Varalakshmi as a singer.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb title|tt0255457}}<br /> {{L. V. Prasad}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1947 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in the 12th century]]<br /> [[Category:Indian war films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:History of India on film]]<br /> [[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by L. V. Prasad]]<br /> [[Category:1940s Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1947 war films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Gali Penchala Narasimha Rao]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titli_(2020_TV_series)&diff=541586 2025-10-19T21:02:49Z

<p>Igornhx: Created a redirect</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT[[Star_Jalsha#Drama_series]]<br /> {{R with history}}</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanjeev_Maria&diff=532767 2025-09-24T06:45:20Z

<p>Igornhx: stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian footballer (born 1980)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox football biography<br /> | name = Sanjeev Maria<br /> | image = <br /> | image_size =<br /> | caption = <br /> | fullname = Sanjeev Kumar Maria<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|9|2|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], India<br /> | height = &lt;!--{{height|m=0.00}}--&gt;<br /> | currentclub = <br /> | clubnumber = <br /> | position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]]<br /> | youthyears1 = <br /> | youthclubs1 = <br /> | years1 = 2002–2003<br /> | clubs1 = AG Haryana Audit<br /> | caps1 = <br /> | goals1 = <br /> | years2 = 2003–2004<br /> | clubs2 = [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]<br /> | caps2 = <br /> | goals2 = <br /> | years3 = 2004–2005<br /> | clubs3 = [[Fransa-Pax FC|Fransa-Pax]]<br /> | caps3 = <br /> | goals3 = <br /> | years4 = 2005–2009<br /> | clubs4 = [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]<br /> | caps4 = <br /> | goals4 = <br /> | years5 = 2009–2010<br /> | clubs5 = [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]<br /> | caps5 = <br /> | goals5 = <br /> | years6 = 2010–2012<br /> | clubs6 = [[Peerless SC|Peerless]]<br /> | caps6 = <br /> | goals6 = <br /> | nationalyears1 = 2006<br /> | nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]] <br /> | nationalcaps1 = 5<br /> | nationalgoals1 = 0<br /> | club-update = <br /> | ntupdate = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sanjeev Kumar Maria''' (born 2 September 1980) was a former Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] who played as a [[defender (association football)|defender]]. He played in both the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]] and [[I-League]] for [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]], [[Fransa-Pax FC|Fransa-Pax]], and [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]. He also represented [[India national football team|India]] internationally in 2006 on five occasions.<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Born in [[Chandigarh]], Maria started his career with local side AG Haryana Audit before moving to [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]] in the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=AIFF's first list of transfers|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2003/06/03/stories/2003060304672000.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221135815/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2003/06/03/stories/2003060304672000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 December 2016|accessdate=12 December 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 June 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; He made a defensive error in an NFL match against [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]] on 28 December 2003 which allowed the match to end 2–2.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Haywards hold Bagan|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031229/sports.htm#12|accessdate=13 December 2016|work=Tribune India|date=28 December 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the season ended, Maria signed with [[Fransa-Pax FC|Fransa-Pax]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Transfers 2004|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2004.html|accessdate=13 December 2016|work=IndianFootball.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; He stayed with the Goan side for a season before returning to Mohun Bagan and staying with the side for four seasons. While with the Kolkata club, Maria also represented [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]] in the [[Santosh Trophy]]. He was part of the West Bengal side which were defeated in the final of the [[Santosh Trophy]] by [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]] on 25 October 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=61st Santosh Trophy|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/santosh/news/2006news.html|accessdate=13 December 2016|work=IndianFootball.de|date=25 October 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Before the [[2009–10 I-League|2009–10]] season, it was announced that Maria had signed with [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Indian Football Photographs — Mohammedan Sporting Club|date=1 August 2009|url=http://india-soccer.blogspot.com/2009_08_01_archive.html|access-date=13 December 2016|work=India-Soccer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712101844/http://india-soccer.blogspot.com/2009/08/|archive-date=12 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; He stayed with the Goan side for a season before ending his career with Peerless in the [[Calcutta Football League]].<br /> <br /> ==International==<br /> Maria represented [[India national football team|India]] internationally five times in 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Maria, Sanjeev Kumar|url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/13190/Sanjeev_Kumar_Maria.html|website=National-Football-Teams}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career statistics==<br /> ===International===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=3 | [[India national football team|India national team]]&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> !Year!!Apps!!Goals<br /> |-<br /> |2006||5||0<br /> |-<br /> !Total||5||0<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Maria, Sanjeev}}<br /> [[Category:1980 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian men's footballers]]<br /> [[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant players]]<br /> [[Category:Fransa-Pax FC players]]<br /> [[Category:Salgaocar FC players]]<br /> [[Category:Men's association football defenders]]<br /> [[Category:Footballers from Chandigarh]]<br /> [[Category:I-League players]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]<br /> [[Category:India men's international footballers]]<br /> [[Category:Peerless SC players]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahuguna&diff=489132 2025-09-14T11:46:21Z

<p>Igornhx: put up initial article initial version.</p> <hr /> <div>{{notability|date=June 2011}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> '''Bahuguna''' is a [[Garhwali people|Garhwali]] [[Gangari Brahmin]] sub-group found in the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sati |first1=Vishwambhar Prasad |title=Natural and Cultural Diversity in the Himalaya |date=9 August 2023 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-031-39363-1 |page=68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vFrQEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA68 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Anthwal]]<br /> * [[Uniyal]]<br /> * [[Naudiyal]]<br /> * [[Naithani]]<br /> * [[Sarola Brahmin]]<br /> <br /> ==References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> [[Category:Garhwali-language surnames]]<br /> [[Category:Himalayan peoples]]<br /> [[Category:Social groups of Uttarakhand]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-ethno-stub}}</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chingavanam&diff=446925 2025-08-20T18:50:32Z

<p>Igornhx: minor update</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}{{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Chingavanam<br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = suburb<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Kerala<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India<br /> | coordinates = <br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = Municipality<br /> | governing_body = [[Kottayam]] municipality<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = 686531<br /> | registration_plate = KL- 05<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Chingavanam''' is a suburb of [[Kottayam]] city between [[Kottayam]] and [[Changanassery]] in Kottayam district of Kerala state, India.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Before the 11th century, Chingavanam was one of the 28 Karas of Nattakom&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Edamaruk|first=Joseph|title=India Gazetteer and Bhoomisasthra Nighandu|publisher=Diamond Publishers|year=|isbn=|location=Kottayam|pages=953}}&lt;/ref&gt; area which was under the ruling of Munjunaadu Dynasty.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Nampoothiri|first=Prof N E Kesavan|title=Thekkumkoor Charithravum Puravrithavum|publisher=NBS (National Book Stall)|year=2014|isbn=9789385725647|location=Kottayam|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1103AD, Ilayaraja Vimbileeswaran of Thekkumkur Dynasty conquered Munjunad and Nattakom area became under Thekkumkur ruling.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Menon|first=P Shungoonny|title=A HISTORY OF TRAVANCORE|publisher=|year=1878|isbn=978-8170200406|location=|pages=130–131}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Location==<br /> Chingavanam is part of the [[Kottayam Municipality]], [[Kottayam]] District, between Kottayam and Changanacherry about 9&amp;nbsp;km from each.<br /> <br /> == Notable people ==<br /> * Pallom Madhavan, [[Kathakali|Kadhakali]] musician&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Madhavan|first=Pallom|date=|title=Kadhakali Award 2011|work=|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/State-Kathakali-awards-announced/article13426281.ece|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * V. I. Suku, principal of Thrippunithura [[RLV College of Music and Fine Arts]]<br /> <br /> ==References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{Kottayam district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Kottayam district]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Munawar_Pass&diff=465658 2025-08-16T22:00:13Z

<p>Igornhx: expanded references for consistency for accuracy</p> <hr /> <div><br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Notability|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{More citations|date=August 2025}}<br /> [[File:Pir Panjal 2478293509 8000ae5902 o.jpg|thumb|Munawar Pass]]<br /> '''Munawar Pass''' is a {{convert|3600|m|ft}} high mountain pass located in [[Pir Panjal Range]] in Indian Kashmir. It lies in the north of Pir ki Gali and overlooks the town of Rajouri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tourist Link&quot;&gt;{{cite news |work=Tourist Link |url=http://www.touristlink.com/india/pir-panjal-range/overview.html |title=Pir Panjal Range |date=21 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Munawar Pass witnessed some of the heaviest fighting during [[Operation Gibraltar]] in [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|1965]] and was held by a Pakistani guerrilla force under Major [[Malik Munawar Khan Awan|Munawar Awan]], who had also captured Indian Army Garrison at Rajouri.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndoVacations&quot;&gt;{{cite news |work=IndoVacations|url=http://www.indovacations.net/english/Pir-Panjal.htm |title=Pir Panjal Range |date=3 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Munawar and his actions became a folk tale in the area and the pass was named after him by locals, a name it retains to date. He assembled the locals, armed them and established pickets all along the Mehndar-Rajouri area, because of his intense activity with his [[Ghaznavi Force]], a head money worth 1 lakhs by Local Indian Administration was placed on him; however, he managed to escape the Indians and withdrew back into Pakistan with his force at the start of 1965 Indo–Pak war.&lt;ref name=&quot;Young Bites&quot;&gt;{{cite news |work=Young Bites|url=http://www.youngbites.com/newsdet.aspx?q=74789 |title=Jammu and Kashmir Travel Guide |date=24 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Pir Panjal Range]]<br /> *[[Malik Munawar Khan Awan]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Mountain passes of Jammu and Kashmir]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Man_from_Chinnamasta&diff=469253 2025-08-15T15:31:27Z

<p>Igornhx: updated page</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2005 novel by Indira Goswami}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Refimprove|date=October 2009}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox book | &lt;!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels or Wikipedia:WikiProject_Books --&gt;<br /> | name = ''The Man From Chinnamasta''<br /> | title_orig = ''Chinnamastar Manuhtu''<br /> | translator = Prashanta Goswami<br /> | image = The Man from Chinnamasta.jpg<br /> | caption = First English edition cover, painting by [[Tyeb Mehta]]<br /> | author = [[Indira Goswami]]<br /> | cover_artist =<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | language = [[English language|English]]<br /> | series =<br /> | genre = [[Assamese Literature]]<br /> | publisher = [[Katha Books]]<br /> | release_date =<br /> | media_type = Print ([[Paperback]]<br /> | pages = 200<br /> | isbn = 81-89020-38-2<br /> | congress= MLCS 2006/01346 (P) PK1569.G578<br /> | oclc=<br /> | preceded_by =<br /> | followed_by =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''The Man from Chinnamasta''''' is a novel published in 2005 and written by [[Indira Goswami]], who was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/Authorselect.asp?Author=Indira+Goswami India Club]&lt;/ref&gt; in 1983, the [[Jnanpith Award]]&lt;ref&gt;{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20010908041741/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1817/18170790.htm Frontline Vol 18 Issue 17]}}&lt;/ref&gt; in 2001 and the [[Prince Claus Awards]] in 2008.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.princeclausfund.org/nl/what_we_do/awards/PrinceClasuAwardIndiraGoswami.shtml Prince Claus Foundation Citation]&lt;/ref&gt; Set in pre-independence British Assam, it was written with a specific political vision : to exhort her readers to protest against the practice of [[Animal sacrifice in Hinduism|animal sacrifice]] in the ancient [[Kamakhya Temple]] in [[Assam]]. Once published, it took Assam by storm&lt;ref&gt;[https://kathamedia.blogspot.com/2006/11/man-from-chinnamasta-comes-to-chennai.html Katha in the News]&lt;/ref&gt; because of its [[subversive]] nature. The [[Brahmin]]s especially took offence for her frank demand to remove an ancient practice in the most important [[Shakti temple]] of the world.<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> The novel follows the relationship of Dorothy Brown, a British woman in Assam, and her relationship with a [[tantra|tantric]] of the [[Kamakhya Temple]] in Assam. Ratnadhar and Bidhibala's -the child widow's- story runs parallel to this narrative. Ratnadhar organizes a signature campaign against the practice and faces many troubles in the process.<br /> <br /> ==Significance==<br /> The novel is also a scholarly account of Indira Goswami's quest and hard work. The Man from Chinnamasta, the tantric who is the protagonist, constantly discusses the ancient Sanskrit scriptures and substantiates his demand to stop animal sacrifice. He demonstrates the various alternatives that ''[[Debi Bhagavat]]'', ''[[Yogini Tantra]]'' and ''[[Kalika Purana]]'' furnish to animal sacrifice.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Assamese literature]]<br /> *''[[Pages Stained With Blood]]''<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100513023216/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2007/04/01/stories/2007040100120300.htm Struggle for change (review)]<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Man from Chinnamasta}}<br /> [[Category:Assamese literature]]<br /> [[Category:2005 Indian novels]]<br /> [[Category:Novels set in Assam]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raghunathpur_I&diff=449961 2025-07-26T21:04:37Z

<p>Igornhx: Refined content and updated sections</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox settlement<br /> |official_name = Raghunathpur I<br /> |other_name = <br /> |nickname = <br /> |settlement_type = Community development block<br /> |motto = <br /> |image_skyline = <br /> |imagesize = <br /> |image_caption = <br /> |image_flag = <br /> |flag_size = <br /> |image_seal = <br /> |seal_size = <br /> |image_map = File:Raghunathpur-I in Purulia (West Bengal).svg<br /> |mapsize = <br /> |map_caption = Location in West Bengal<br /> |pushpin_map = <br /> |pushpin_label_position = right<br /> |pushpin_mapsize = <br /> |pushpin_map_caption = <br /> |subdivision_type = Country<br /> |subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> |subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]] <br /> |subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br /> |subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]<br /> |subdivision_name2 = [[Purulia district|Purulia]]<br /> |subdivision_type3 = Parliamentary constituency<br /> |subdivision_name3 = [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]<br /> |subdivision_type4 = Assembly constituency<br /> |subdivision_name4 = [[Raghunathpur, Purulia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raghunathpur]]<br /> |leader_title = <br /> |leader_name = <br /> |established_title = <br /> |established_date = <br /> |area_magnitude = <br /> |unit_pref = Metric <br /> |area_footnotes = <br /> |area_total_km2 = 201.82<br /> |area_land_km2 = <br /> |population_as_of = 2011<br /> |population_footnotes = <br /> |population_note = <br /> |population_total = 117,760<br /> |population_density_km2 = auto<br /> |timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] <br /> |utc_offset = +5.30<br /> |coordinates = {{coord|23|32|20|N|86|40|41|E|display=inline}}<br /> |elevation_footnotes = <br /> |elevation_m = 176<br /> |elevation_ft = <br /> |postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> |postal_code = 723133 (Raghunathpur) <br /> |area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code<br /> |area_code = 03251<br /> |registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-55, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-56<br /> |blank_name = Literacy Rate<br /> |blank_info = 67.36 per cent<br /> |website = http://purulia.gov.in/ <br /> |footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Raghunathpur I''' is a [[Community development blocks in India|community development block (CD block)]] that forms an administrative division in the [[Raghunathpur subdivision]] of the [[Purulia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> ===Background===<br /> The ''Jaina Bhagavati-Sutra'' of the 5th century AD mentions that Purulia was one of the sixteen [[mahajanapadas]] and was a part of the kingdom known as Vajra-bhumi in ancient times. In 1833, the Manbhum district was carved out of the [[Jungle Mahals]] district, with headquarters at Manbazar. In 1838, the headquarters was transferred to [[Purulia]]. After independence, when Manbhum district was a part of [[Bihar]], efforts were made to impose Hindi on the Bengali-speaking majority of the district and it led to the [[Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)]]. In 1956, the Manbhum district was partitioned between Bihar and West Bengal under the States Reorganization Act and the Bihar and West Bengal (Transfer of Territories) Act 1956.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://purulia.gov.in/district_profile/dist_profile.html | title = Historical background | access-date = 2008-03-02 | publisher = Purulia District |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080103032840/http://purulia.gov.in/district_profile/dist_profile.html &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; |archive-date = 2008-01-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.purulia.nic.in/distAdmin/departments/dico/bhasa_andolon.html| title = Historical Event: Bhasa Andolan|work= Department of Information and Cultural Affairs| publisher = Purulia.nic.in |access-date = 4 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> [[File:Purulia Tehsil Map.svg|thumb|450px|left|'''CD blocks in Purulia district''']]<br /> Raghunathpur is located at {{coord|23.539|N|86.678|E|format=dms|}}.<br /> <br /> The Raghunathpur I CD block is located in the central part of the district. The Damodar Dwaraka upland is an extension of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. The area is undulating with hillocks of hard rocks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Puruliya |work = pages 11,12 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 6 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Raghunathpur I CD block is bounded by the [[Raghunathpur II]] and [[Neturia (community development block)|Neturia]] CD blocks on the north, the [[Santuri (community development block)|Santuri]] CD block on the east, the [[Kashipur (community development block)|Kashipur]] CD block on the south and the [[Para (community development block)|Para]] CD block on the west.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://purulia.gov.in/distAdmin/blocks/blocks.html |title = Purulia district |work = Blocks in Purulia district | publisher= Purulia district administration | access-date = 14 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Raghunathpur I CD Block has an area of 201.82&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. It has one [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], seven [[gram panchayat]]s, 89 gram sansads (village councils), 106 [[mouza]]s, 90 inhabited villages and one census town. [[Raghunathpur, Purulia#Police stations|Raghunathpur]] police station serves this block.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purulia |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 12 January 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Raghunathpur, Purulia|Raghunathpur]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Puruliya | work= Map of District Puruliya with CD block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 2 December 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Gram panchayat]]s of the Raghunathpur I block/[[panchayat samiti]] are: Arrah, Barugram, Bero, Chorpahari, Khajura, Nutandih and Sanka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Purulia - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 28 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> ===Population===<br /> According to the [[2011 Census of India]], the Raghunathpur I CD block had a total population of 117,760, of which 96,488 were rural ad 21,272 were urban. There were 60,897 (52%) males and 56,863 (48%) females. There were 14,723 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 41,649 (35.37%) and the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 12,599 (10.70%).&lt;ref name=census2011&gt;{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 12 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to the 2001 census, the Raghunathpur I CD block had a total population of 103,620, out of which 53,416 were males and 50,204 were females. the Raghunathpur I CD block registered a population growth of 12.12 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the Purulia district was 13.96 per cent.&lt;ref name=census&gt;{{cite web | url = http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_14.htm | title = Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Puruliya District | access-date = 12 September 2016 | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205850/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_14.htm|archive-date= 28 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 17 July 2016 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Census town]]s in Raghunathpur I CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Arra, Purulia|Arra]] (21,272).&lt;ref name=census2011/&gt;<br /> <br /> Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in the Raghunathpur I CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Shanka (4,233) and Paschim Bero (5,699).&lt;ref name=census2011/&gt;<br /> <br /> Other villages in the Raghunathpur I CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Purbbo Bero (2,956), Khajura (1,871) and Chorpahari (1,103).&lt;ref name=census2011/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Literacy===<br /> According to the 2011 census the total number of literate persons in the Raghunathpur I CD block was 69,408 (67.36% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 42,030 (78.73% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 27,378 (55.14%) of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 23.60%.&lt;ref name=census2011/&gt;<br /> <br /> See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]<br /> <br /> {{Literacy in CD Blocks of Purulia district|collapsible=y}}<br /> <br /> ===Language and religion===<br /> <br /> {{bar box<br /> |title=Religion in Raghunathpur I CD block (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;religion&quot;/&gt;<br /> |titlebar=#FCD116 <br /> |left1=<br /> |float=left<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|85.80}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|10.00}}<br /> {{bar percent|Other &lt;small&gt;(tribal religion)&lt;/small&gt;|maroon|3.17}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.56}}<br /> {{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.47}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> In the 2011 census, Hindus numbered 101,047 and formed 85.80% of the population in the Raghunathpur I CD block. Muslims numbered 11,776 and formed 10.00% of the population. Christians numbered 656 and formed 0.56% of the population. Others numbered 4,281 and formed 3.64% of the population.&lt;ref name=&quot;religion&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Others include Addi Bassi, Marang Boro, Santal, Saranath, Sari Dharma, Sarna, Alchchi, Bidin, Sant, Saevdharm, Seran, Saran, Sarin, Kheria,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14A.html |title = ST-14 A Details Of Religions Shown Under 'Other Religions And Persuasions' In Main Table | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 28 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; and other religious communities. In 2001, Hindus were 86.97%, Muslims 8.90%, Christians 0.57% and tribal religions 3.20% of the population respectively.&lt;ref name=censusreligion2001&gt;{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21481/download/24613/PC01_C01_19.xls|title = Table C01 Population by Religious Community: West Bengal |publisher = [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |date=2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Pie chart<br /> |caption = Languages of Raghunathpur I CD block (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;languages&quot;/&gt;<br /> |label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 84.73 |color1 = orchid<br /> |label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 8.01 |color2 = darkturquoise<br /> |label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 6.16 |color3 = orange<br /> |label4 = Others |value4 = 1.10 |color4 = grey<br /> }}<br /> <br /> At the time of the 2011 census, 84.73% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 8.01% [[Santali language|Santali]] and 6.16% [[Hindi]] as their first language.&lt;ref name=&quot;languages&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Rural poverty==<br /> According to the Rural Household Survey in 2005, 32.85% of total number of families were [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] families in Purulia district.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| title = West Bengal Summary| work = Rural Household Survey 2005| publisher = Department of Panchayat &amp; Rural Development, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 11 January 2020| archive-date = 13 January 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200113235534/http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to a World Bank report, as of 2012, 31-38% of the population in Purulia, Murshidabad and Uttar Dinajpur districts were below poverty level, the highest among the districts of West Bengal, which had an average 20% of the population below poverty line.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/315791504252302097/pdf/119344-BRI-P157572-West-Bengal-Poverty.pdf| title = West Bengal: Poverty, Growth and Inequality| publisher = World Bank Group|access-date = 11 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> ===Livelihood===<br /> {{Pie chart<br /> |caption= '''Livelihood&lt;br/&gt;in Raghunathpur I CD block'''<br /> |value1 = 13.98<br /> |label1 = Cultivators<br /> |value2 = 29.64<br /> |label2 = Agricultural labourers<br /> |value3 = 3.55<br /> |label3 = Household industries<br /> |value4 = 52.83<br /> |label4 = Other Workers}}<br /> <br /> In the Raghunathpur I CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 5,606 and formed 13.98%, agricultural labourers numbered 11,881 and formed 29.64%, household industry workers numbered 1,422 and formed 3.55% and other workers numbered 21,178 and formed 52.83%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Puruliya, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 12 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Total workers numbered 40,087 and formed 34.04% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 77,673 and formed 65.96% of the population.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Puruliya, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 12 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Puruliya, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 23 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 12 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Infrastructure===<br /> There are 79 inhabited villages in the Raghunathpur I CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', Puruliya, 2011, 100% villages have power supply. 76 villages (96.20%) have drinking water supply. 12 villages (15.19%) have post offices. 69 villages (87.34%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 27 villages (34.18%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 23 villages (29.11%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 2 villages (2.53%) have agricultural credit societies and 5 villages (6.33%) have banks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Puruliya, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 79, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 13 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Industries===<br /> The [[Raghunathpur Thermal Power Station]] of the [[Damodar Valley Corporation]] has a capacity of 1,200 MW (2x600). Both the units have gone into commercial operations in March 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.dvc.gov.in/dvcwebsite_new1/generating-units/ | title = Generating Units | publisher = DVC | access-date = 20 September 2016 | archive-date = 8 December 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208101108/http://www.dvc.gov.in/dvcwebsite_new1/generating-units/ | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Land was sold in the Raghunathpur industrial park to the [[Jai Balaji group]], Adhunik Corporation, Shyam Steel and other companies. The land had been acquired between 2007 and 2010. However, none of the projects have matured, till September 2016, because of a slump in the steel industry.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160907/jsp/bengal/story_106764.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160907155334/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160907/jsp/bengal/story_106764.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = September 7, 2016 |title = Land return cry in Purulia, sale plan in Singur - Farmers seek industry plots |work = Pranesh Sarkar and Biswanath Roy | publisher= The Telegraph, 7 September 2016 | access-date = 20 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Agriculture===<br /> In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture in the Raghunathpur I CD block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 6.62%, patta (document) holders 13.16%, small farmers (possessing land between one and two hectares) 3.53%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 32.94% and agricultural labourers 43.74%.&lt;ref name=handbook2014&gt;{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purulia | work = Tables 8.2, 17.2, 18.2, 18.1, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 12 January 2020 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in the Raghunathpur I CD block was 9,075.24 hectares, out of which 7,749.54 hectares by tank water, 47.00 hectares by river lift irrigation, 243.20 hectares by open dug wells and 1,035.50 hectares by other means.&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2013–14, the Raghunathpur I CD block produced 3,158 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 1,540 hectares. It also produced wheat, maskalai and mustard.&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Banking===<br /> In 2013–14, the Raghunathpur I CD block had offices of eight commercial banks and five [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Backward Regions Grant Fund===<br /> The Purulia district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 12 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 12 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Transport==<br /> {{Adra–Asansol line|collapse=y}}<br /> [[File:View_of_the_joychandipahar_railways_station.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Joychandi Pahar station. The new building, inaugurated in 2013, is modelled on the [[Cooch Behar Palace]].]]<br /> <br /> In 201314, the Raghunathpur I CD block had 8 originating/terminating bus routes.&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[State Highway 8 (West Bengal)|State Highway 8]] running from Santaldih (in the Purulia district) to Majhdia (in the Nadia district) and [[State Highway 5 (West Bengal)|State Highway 5]] running from Rupnarayanpur (in the Paschim Bardhaman district) to Junput (in the Purba Medinipur district) cross at Raghunathpur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 21 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Asansol-Tatanagar-Kharagpur line|Asansol-Adra line]] of the South Eastern Railway passes through this block and there is a station at [[Joychandi Pahar railway station|Joychandi Pahar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/oldtrain/3380 |title = Asansol-Kharagpur Passenger 58018 | publisher= indiarailinfo | access-date = 21 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> In 2013–14, the Raghunathpur I CD block had 105 primary schools with 7,971 students, 19 middle schools with 1,319 students, five high schools with 2,642 students and six higher secondary schools with 6,592 students. Raghunathpur I CD Block had one professional/technical institute with 96 students and 226 institutions with 8,129 students for special and non-formal education. Raghunathpur (municipal town, outside the CD Block) had one general college with 3,140 students.&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> See also – [[Education in India]]<br /> <br /> According to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], in Raghunathpur I CD block, amongst the 79 inhabited villages, seven villages did not have a school, 23 villages had two or more primary schools, 21 villages had at least one primary and one middle school and 12 villages had at least one middle and one secondary school.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Puruliya, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 976-77, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 18 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Healthcare==<br /> In 2014, the Raghunathpur I CD block had one block primary health centre and two primary health centres, with total 31 beds and 3 doctors. 1,913 patients were treated indoor and 152,413 patients were treated outdoor in the health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] in the Raghunathpur I CD block at Babudergram (PO Sanko) (with six beds) and Biltora (PO Gadibera) (with four beds).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health &amp; Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 18 January 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|3}}<br /> <br /> {{Municipalities of West Bengal}}<br /> {{Purulia topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Community development blocks in Purulia district]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences_and_Dr._RML_Hospital&diff=476748 2025-07-21T02:49:08Z

<p>Igornhx: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Medical college in New Delhi, India}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=June 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox university<br /> | name = Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital<br /> | other_names = <br /> Willingdon Hospital (1932–1954)&lt;br/&gt;[[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital]] (since 1954)<br /> | image_name = Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences &amp; Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital Logo.png<br /> | image_size = 200px<br /> | motto = ''seva karuna nishtha kaushal''<br /> | established = {{start date and age|2009}} (as Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, New Delhi)&lt;br/&gt;{{start date and age|2019|8|16}} (as [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences]])<br /> | type = [[Public hospital|Public]] [[medical school]] under [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], [[Government of India]]<br /> | dean = Dr. Arti Maria<br /> | founder =<br /> | budget = {{INRConvert|1458.26|c}} &lt;small&gt;(2025–26)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 Feb 2025 |title=DEMAND NO. 51, Demands for Grants, 2025-2026, MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sbe51.pdf |access-date=1 Feb 2025 |website=IndiaBudget.gov.in |pages=5 |publication-place=[[New Delhi]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> | affiliations = [[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]], [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]<br /> | director = Dr. Ashok Kumar <br /> | faculty = <br /> | students = <br /> | undergrad = 500 <br /> | postgrad = <br /> | doctoral = <br /> | city = [[New Delhi]]<br /> | state = [[Delhi]]<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | campus = [[urban area|Urban]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|28.625|77.199|display=title,inline}}<br /> | website = {{URL|https://rmlh.nic.in/}}<br /> | logo = <br /> | logo_size = 200px<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital''', formerly '''Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), New Delhi''' is a [[medical school|medical training]] and [[research institute]] located in [[New Delhi]], [[India]]. It is attached with [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital]]. The institute is affiliated to [[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]]. As a post-graduate medical and research institute, it was founded in 2009. In 2019, It started [[MBBS]] course with 100 seats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Post-graduate-institute-at-RML-becomes-a-reality/Article1-383663.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409160125/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Post-graduate-institute-at-RML-becomes-a-reality/Article1-383663.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 April 2012|title=Post-graduate institute at RML becomes a reality - Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> The inauguration of the college was done by the [[Minister of Health and Family Welfare]], [[Dr. Harsh Vardhan]] on 16 August 2019, on the 1st death anniversary of former Prime Minister and Bharat Ratna Shree [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]. The first batch of MBBS students joined the college in August 2019.<br /> <br /> The Institute has senior faculties transferred from [[Vardhman Mahavir Medical College|VMMC &amp; Safdarjung Hospital]] for non-clinical subjects followed by other teaching faculty from Dr. RML Hospital. The current infrastructure will be enhanced further with a dedicated building for academics of undergraduates, 23-storey hostel building for post graduates, resident doctors and undergraduate students.<br /> <br /> ==Affiliations==<br /> <br /> The institute is affiliated to [[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]] and is funded by [[Government of India]].<br /> <br /> ==Infrastructure==<br /> <br /> The college runs in the PGIMER, New Delhi building attached to the Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital campus. It has state-of-the-art lecture theatres, dissection hall, physiology, biochemistry, microbiology labs and a state-of-the-art library.<br /> <br /> ==Annual Fest==<br /> <br /> ABVIMS and Dr. RML Hospital hosts an annual fest called '''REVELS'''. In REVELS 2023, singer [[Darshan Raval]] was invited. In this three-days fest, there was a total footfall of 15,000. Considering Delhi's medical colleges, it was the second-largest fest but the most organised one.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research]], [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]]<br /> * [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]], [[Bengaluru]]<br /> * [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]], [[Chandigarh]]<br /> * [[Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Lucknow]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Medical colleges in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Colleges of the Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]]<br /> [[Category:Memorials to Ram Manohar Lohia]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Delhi-university-stub}}</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunil_Kumar_Mohanty&diff=538340 2025-06-10T09:34:26Z

<p>Igornhx: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | office = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | constituency = [[Puri Assembly constituency|Puri]]<br /> | term_start = 4 June 2024<br /> | term_end = <br /> | profession = Politician<br /> | predecessor = [[Jayanta Kumar Sarangi]]<br /> | party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Sunil Kumar Mohanty''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Puri Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Puri Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/puri-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917569.html |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Puri, Odisha Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJD's Sunil Kumar Mohanty with 74709 defeats BJP's Jayanta Kumar Sarangi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/puri-odisha-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548490-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]<br /> * [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mohanty, Sunil Kumar}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]<br /> [[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arpookara_Gram_Panchayat&diff=487546 2025-04-26T20:27:33Z

<p>Igornhx: Created a redirect</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Arpookara]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from merge}}<br /> }}</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neermathalam&diff=521535 2025-02-10T04:44:16Z

<p>Igornhx: made the pg more to come</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian television series}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = <br /> | image_upright = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | alt_name = <br /> | genre = [[Horror fiction|Supernatural horror]]<br /> | creator = <br /> | based_on = <br /> | inspired_by = <br /> | developer = <br /> | writer = S Janardhanan<br /> | screenplay = <br /> | story = <br /> | director = S Janardhanan<br /> | creative_director = <br /> | starring = [[Rebecca Santhosh]]<br /> | voices = <br /> | narrated = <br /> | theme_music_composer = <br /> | open_theme = <br /> | end_theme = <br /> | composer = Sanjith George<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Malayalam<br /> | num_seasons = 1<br /> | num_episodes = 51<br /> | list_episodes = <br /> | executive_producer = <br /> | producer = <br /> | location = <br /> | cinematography = Alex U. Thomas<br /> | animator = <br /> | editor = Pradeep Bhagavath<br /> | camera = <br /> | runtime = <br /> | company = Bhoomichithra<br /> | budget = <br /> | network = [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]<br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|05|01}}<br /> | last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2017|07|07}}<br /> | related = ''[[Chempattu]]''<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Neermathalam''''' is a [[Malayalam]]-language [[Horror fiction|horror]] television series directed by S Janardhanan. The show premiered on 1 May 2017 on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]].&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/neermathalam-a-new-serial-on-asianet/articleshow/58380058.cms|title=Neermathalam a new serial on Asianet|first=Arya|last=UR|work=The Times of India|date=26 April 2017|access-date=7 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; It stars [[Rebecca Santhosh]] in the title role.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/rebecca-santhosh-completes-10-years-in-tv-industry-a-special-fan-edit-leaves-her-overwhelmed/articleshow/83167136.cms|title=Rebecca Santhosh completes 10 years in TV industry; a special fan edit leaves her overwhelmed|work=The Times of India|date=2 June 2021|access-date=7 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rebecca&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=I am not as matured as my character Kavya in real life|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/i-am-not-as-matured-as-my-character-kavya-in-real-life/articleshow/63255900.cms|first=Arya|last=UR|work=The Times of India|date=12 March 2018|access-date=7 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; It aired on Asianet and on-demand through [[Disney+ Hotstar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/neermathalam/13869|title=Neermathalam|publisher=Disney+ Hotstar|access-date=7 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Synopsis==<br /> The story revolves around a ghost, Gouri (Rebecca), who committed suicide inside the bungalow called Chandrakantham as some people tried to molest during a superstitious ritual.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rebecca&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * [[Rebecca Santhosh]] as Gouri&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/chembarathi-serial-fame-stebin-jacob-shares-his-memory-about-his-first-serial-neermathalam/articleshow/75503381.cms|title=ആ വട്ടപൊട്ടിട്ടിരിക്കുന്ന സുന്ദരിയെ കണ്ട് അമ്പരന്ന് ആരാധകർ;പുതിയ വിശേഷം പങ്കിട്ട് സ്റ്റെബിൻ!|first=Lekshmi|last=Nair|work=Samayam|publisher=The Times of India|language=ml|date=3 May 2020|access-date=7 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Amala Gireesan as Ima&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/pearle-maaney-to-anjali-ameer-here-are-the-top-10-most-desirable-women-of-malayalam-tv/etphotostory/67885727.cms|title=Pearle Maaney To Anjali Ameer: Here Are The Top 10 Most Desirable Women Of Malayalam TV|work=The Times of India|date=7 February 2019|access-date=7 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Stebin Jacob as Anand&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/youngsters-love-malayalam-serials-today-stebin-jacob/articleshow/70642828.cms|title=Youngsters love Malayalam serials today : Stebin Jacob|first=Arya|last=UR|work=The Times of India|date=12 August 2019|access-date=7 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Manju Subhash as Rajeshwari <br /> *Kiran Iyer as Dicruz<br /> <br /> ==Awards and nominations==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Award<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Category<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot;| Nominee(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| Result<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2017 <br /> | [[Asianet Television Awards]]<br /> | [[Asianet Television Awards#Best New Face|Best New Face (Female)]]<br /> | [[Rebecca Santhosh]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy#Kerala State Television Awards|Kerala State Television Awards]]<br /> | [[Kerala State Television Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] <br /> | Amala Gireesan<br /> | {{Won}}<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kerala-state-television-awards-2017-announced/articleshow/63899251.cms|title=Kerala State Television Awards 2017 announced|first=Arya|last=UR|work=The Times of India|date=25 April 2018|access-date=7 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/neermathalam/13869 Official website] {{in lang|en}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]<br /> [[Category:Asianet (TV channel) original programming]]<br /> [[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:2017 Indian television series endings]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phanigiri&diff=525336 2025-02-04T12:59:30Z

<p>Igornhx: creating the article from scratch</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Buddhist site in Telangana, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}<br /> {{refimprove|date=July 2016}}<br /> [[File:Inscribed stone in Brahmi script.jpg|thumb|A [[Brahmi]] stone inscription from Phanigiri]]<br /> '''Phanigiri''' is a Buddhist site&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Phanigiri on Buddhist tourist circuit: Report|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/TS-to-put-Phanigiri-on-Buddhist-tourist-circuit/article17383918.ece|access-date=2017-02-28|website=The Hindu|date=28 February 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Nanisetti|first=Serish|date=2019-04-30|title=Rare stucco statue put on show|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/rare-stucco-statue-put-on-show-at-museum/article26985559.ece|access-date=2021-03-07|issn=0971-751X|quote=Nearly 1,700 years after a life size stucco Bodhisattva was created by craftsmen at Phanigiri at the peak of Ikshavaku dynasty rule, [...] it is one of the rare life-size figures in stucco to be unearthed in India. “[...] We were surprised during excavation as one piece after another was flipped over around 3 p.m. on April 26 at Phanigiri,”}}&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Suryapet district]], [[Telangana]]. It dates to the 1st Century BCE - 4th century CE period.<br /> <br /> The site is a major discovery in the history of the early India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arasi_0004-3958_2008_num_63_1_1664 | doi=10.3406/arasi.2008.1664 | title=New discoveries from South India: The life of the Buddha at Phanigiri, Andhra Pradesh | year=2008 | last1=Skilling | first1=Peter | journal=Arts Asiatiques | volume=63 | pages=96–118 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is closely related to the stupa complexes at [[Amaravati Stupa|Amaravati]] and [[Nagarjunakonda]].<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> Phanigiri is a village in Suryapet district, Telangana. It is situated about 40&amp;nbsp;km from Suryapet city. The place consists of a Buddhist complex which is adorned with a massive [[stupa]] along with two apsidal halls with stupas in it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Buddhist site left to ruin in Phanigiri: Report|url=https://telanganatoday.com/buddhist-site-left-ruin-phanigiri|access-date=2017-11-12|website=Telanganatoday}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Two large footprints in the complex are believed to belong to [[Gautama Buddha]]. The place also houses three [[vihara|viharas]] which were once served as the dwelling for the Buddhist monks. Previously the name of the village is Dharmachakrapuram but later it is changed to Phanigir. The name is derived from two words which represent the shape of the hill (''phani''=snake, ''giri''=hill).<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120310124143/http://museums.ap.nic.in/phanigiri.htm Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Andhra Pradesh]<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Telangana}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 1st century BC]]<br /> [[Category:Buddhist temples in India]]<br /> [[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Telangana]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pasupateeswarar_Temple,_Karur&diff=524687 2025-02-02T03:40:48Z

<p>Igornhx: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox temple<br /> | name = Pasupateeswarar Temple<br /> | image = Karuvur (18).jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | map_type = India Tamil Nadu<br /> | map_caption = Pasupateeswarar Temple, [[Karur]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|10.9606|N|78.0785|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | other_names = <br /> | proper_name = <br /> | country = {{flag|India}}<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | district = [[Karur district]]<br /> | location = [[Karur]]<br /> | elevation_m = 175<br /> | deity = Pasupatheeswarar ([[Shiva]])<br /> | primary_deity_Godess = <br /> | utsava_deity_God = <br /> | utsava_deity_Godess= <br /> | Direction_posture = <br /> | Pushakarani = <br /> | Vimanam = <br /> | Poets = <br /> | Prathyaksham = <br /> | festivals = Maha Shivaratri <br /> | architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]<br /> | temple_quantity = One<br /> | monument_quantity= <br /> | inscriptions = <br /> | year_completed = <br /> | creator = <br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Pasupateeswarar temple, Karur''' is located in [[Karur]] and is one of the seven Sivastalams. This city was called karuvoor during the time of [[Sambandar]]'s visit to this temple. From the inscriptions so far deciphered, it is clear that the temple existed during the reign of the king [[Rajendra Chola]] (1012-54 CE) since he gifted land to this temple. For the Kongu Cholas and Kongu Pandyas, the temple was a favourite and, it the drew undivided attention of the Vijayanagar rulers too.<br /> <br /> ==Legend==<br /> Legend says that [[Kamadhenu]], the mythological cow, meditated upon Siva to receive his blessings and the name Aanilai. [[Brahma]] is said to have worshipped the presiding deity here. Thus the ''Sthala Theertham'' is called the ''Brahma Theertham''. Since Kamadhenu, the cow (locally call ''Pasu'') worshipped the presiding deity, Shiva came to be known as Pasupatheeswarar.&lt;ref name=Ka/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Architecture==<br /> This Shivasthalam is situated {{Convert|127|km|mi|disp=flip}} by road from [[Coimbatore]]. There is also a railway station at Karur on the [[Erode]]–[[Tiruchy]] section of the [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]], and it is about 70&amp;nbsp;km from Erode and 75&amp;nbsp;km from Tiruchy. The temple at Karuvoor is built on a {{convert|2.65|acre|m2}} site. The front Gopuram is {{convert|120|ft|m}} in height. The presiding deity in the main shrine (Moolvar) is a [[swayambu]] [[lingam]]. He is called ''Pasupateeswarar'' or ''Aanilaiappar''. There are two images of Ambal here, Sundaravalli and Alankaravalli. The shrine of female deity Sundaravalli is facing south. Images of mythological characters are found on the tower. There are 2 corridors inside the temple. The 100 pillar mandapam is a prominent portion of the temple.<br /> [[File:Karur Pasupateeswarar temple.jpg|thumb|center|790px|&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;&quot;&gt;Karur Pasupateeswarar temple &lt;/div&gt;]]<br /> <br /> ==Religious importance==<br /> It is one of the shrines of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalams]]. [[Sundarar]] and [[Sambandar]] composed ''[[Thevaram]] Pathigam'' in this temple. The temple is counted as one of the temples located in the southern bank of river [[Amaravati River|Amaravati]], a tributary of [[Cauvery River|Cauvery]].&lt;ref name=Ka&gt;{{cite book|title=River cauvery the most battl(r)ed|last=Ka. Vi.|first=Kannan|page=28|publisher=Notion Press|year=2019|isbn=9781684666041|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CGFDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=thiruvavaduthurai}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Festivals==<br /> The sun's rays falls on the lingam 3 days in a year during the [[Tamil month]] of Panguni (mid March to mid April). The annual Brahmotsavam is celebrated in the same month. Other festivals include the Eripaththa Nayanar utsavam, Navaratri in September, and Arudra Darisanam in January 22-01-2021 To 24-01-2021 3 days.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commonscat|Pasupateeswarar Temple, Karur}}<br /> * http://www.thevaaram.org/thirumurai_1/koil_view.php?koil_idField=79<br /> * http://www.templenet.com/Tamilnadu/s076.html<br /> * http://www.shivatemples.com/knaadu/kn3.php<br /> <br /> {{HinduMythology}}<br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Karur district]]<br /> [[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]<br /> [[Category:Karur]]<br /> [[Category:Shiva temples in Karur district]]</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arasavalli_Sun_Temple&diff=487277 2025-01-21T10:34:06Z

<p>Igornhx: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Surya temple in Andhra Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=May 2019}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Hindu temple<br /> | name = Arasavalli Sun Temple<br /> | image = Arasavilli Sri Suryanarayanamurty Temple of Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh (3).jpg<br /> | alt =<br /> | caption = Arasavilli Sri Suryanarayanamurty Temple<br /> | map_type = India Andhra Pradesh<br /> | map_type_alt =<br /> | map_caption = Location of Arasavalli in Andhra Pradesh<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|18.287929|N|83.913635|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]<br /> | location = [[Arasavalli]]<br /> | elevation_m =<br /> | deity = [[Surya]]<br /> | primary_deity_Godess =<br /> | festivals = [[Ratha Saptami]], [[Maha Shivaratri]]<br /> | architecture = [[Kalinga architecture]]<br /> | temple_quantity =<br /> | monument_quantity=<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | inscriptions =<br /> | year_completed = 7th century CE<br /> | creator = Devendra Varma<br /> | website =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Arasavalli Sri Surya Narayana Swamy Devalayam''' is a temple for [[Surya|Lord Surya]], the [[solar deity]], at [[Arasavalli]] in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in Arasavalli Village 1&amp;nbsp;km east of [[Srikakulam]]. It is believed that the temple was built in 7th century CE by King Devendra Varma, a great ruler of [[Eastern Ganga Dynasty]] of [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]].&lt;ref name=&quot;avt1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.arasavallisungod.org/abouttemple.html|title=Historical Importance of the Temple|accessdate=2017-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; The present structure is largely a result of 18th-century renovations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Suryanarayana Temple at Arasavalli|url=http://www.templenet.com/Andhra/arasavalli.html|access-date=2020-10-18|website=www.templenet.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Hindu&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kasturi|first=Prema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HwMAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=Srikurmam|title=South India Heritage: An Introduction|date=2007|publisher=East West Books (Madras)|isbn=978-81-88661-64-0|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The temple was built in Rekha deula style of [[Kalinga Architecture]] like Puri Jagannath temple of [[Odisha]]. This temple is considered one of the oldest sun temples in India.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} The temple is one of the two major (remaining out of three, as the third temple was destroyed by Sikandar Shah Miri) temples who worship Lord Surya in India. The other two are the Konark Sun Temple, Odisha and Martand Sun Temple, Jammu and Kashmir (union territory).<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> According to Padmapuranam, Sage Kasyapa installed the Idol of Surya at Arasavalli for the welfare of mankind. The Surya is of Kasyapasa Gotra. He is also termed a planetary King.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://srikakulam.ap.gov.in/tourist-place/arasavilli/ | title=Arasavilli &amp;#124; District Srikakulam, Government of Andhra Pradesh &amp;#124; India }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The walls are inscribed saying the creator of the temple was the ruler Devendra Varma, stating it was built in the time period known to them as the 7th century. The walls also state the temple was fixed and changed to help with some of the sun temple's major flaws during the 18th and 19th century. Many of these changes were donated by the Dusi family.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} The temple fell into disrepair over the centuries and was reconstructed in 1778 CE by Elamanchili Pullaji Panthulu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Over the years the Sun temple was a landmark for many of the festivals celebrated in the town. Including festival [[Ratha Saptami|Rathasaptami]].<br /> <br /> == Design ==<br /> [[File:Pushkarini(Temple Pond) at Arasavilli.jpg|thumb|left|Indra Pushkarini ([[Temple tank]]) at Arasavilli]]<br /> The temple is recognized as an architectural achievement. It employed the skills of Vishwakarma Brahmins or Maharanas of [[Odisha]]. The early morning sun falls on the feet of the deity twice a year (Uttaraynam - March 9-11 and Dakshinayam - October 1–3), even when the 5 entrance gates are closed.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Hindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Sun rays touch Arasavalli deity |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Sun-rays-touch-Arasavalli-deity/article14944473.ece |date=10 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Konark Sun Temple]]<br /> {{Portal|India}}<br /> {{Commons category|Arasavalli Sun Temple}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Hindu Temples in Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> {{Sun temples}}{{Navagraha}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:7th-century Hindu temples]]<br /> [[Category:Surya temples]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Srikakulam district]]<br /> [[Category:Uttarandhra]]<br /> <br /> {{hindu-temple-stub}}</div>

Igornhx https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._Ramachandran&diff=454457 2024-12-08T19:49:04Z

<p>Igornhx: minor update article and added references after review</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{distinguish|M. G. Ramachandran|M. D. R. Ramachandran}}<br /> {{for|Kerala Politician|Mullappally Ramachandran}}<br /> {{use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}<br /> {{use Indian English|date=May 2017}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = M. Ramachandran<br /> | office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA)<br /> | constituency = [[Orathanad (State Assembly Constituency)|Orathanadu]]<br /> | birth_place =<br /> | residence =<br /> | party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''M. Ramachandran''' is an Indian politician belong to [[Pinnaiyur West]] near Orathanadu who was served as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) for [[Orathanad (State Assembly Constituency)|Orathanadu constituency]] in the [[Fifteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu|15th Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]].<br /> <br /> Ramachandran was elected from the Orathanadu constituency in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2016 state assembly elections]] as a candidate of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) party.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/tamil-nadu/assembly-constituencies/orathanadu.html |title=Orathanadu (Tamil Nadu) Election Results 2016 |publisher=Infobase |accessdate=2017-05-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; In winning the seat, he defeated the incumbent MLA and Minister for Housing and Agriculture, [[R. Vaithilingam]], in what was described as a giant-killing outcome.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=The Hindu |title=DMK and AIADMK edge out others in Thanjavur district |date=20 May 2016 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dmk-and-aiadmk-edge-out-others-in-thanjavur-district/article8623133.ece |accessdate=2017-05-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vaithilingam had won the seat, which was largely dependent on agriculture, in the previous three elections,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=Deccan Chronicle |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/070516/r-vaithilingam-banks-on-development-schemes-easy-access-to-people.html |title=R Vaithilingam banks on development schemes, easy access to people |first=N. |last=Ravikumar |date=7 May 2016 |access-date=2017-05-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; while Ramachandran was a late entry as a candidate in the election, being nominated by the DMK as a replacement for the party's original choice of [[S. S. Rajkumar]] in April of election year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=The Hindu |title= DMK changes Orathanad candidate |date=17 April 2016 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/dmk-changes-orathanad-candidate/article8484767.ece |accessdate=2017-05-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rajkumar, a brother of [[S. S. Palanimanickam]], had decided that [[Thanjavur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thanjavur]] was the only constituency for which he was prepared to stand.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=The Hindu |title=Descendants shine in party of rising sun |first=B. |last=Kolappan |date=21 April 2016 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/descendants-shine-in-party-of-rising-sun/article8501998.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421015034/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/descendants-shine-in-party-of-rising-sun/article8501998.ece |archivedate=2016-04-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ramachandran was previously elected to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from the [[Thiruvonam (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvonam constituency]] in the [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1989]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=8 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 |accessdate=2017-05-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1996 elections]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=9 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 |accessdate=2017-05-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; He lost the contest for the seat in [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1991]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=309 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1991 |accessdate=2017-05-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2001]]. In [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2006]], the DMK were involved in an electoral pact which meant that he was not allowed to stand as a candidate. The party's decision to stand aside in favour of a candidate from the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] was met with protests from local supporters of Ramachandran.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/cadres-upset-over-choice-of-dmk-candidate/article3141997.ece |title=Cadres upset over choice of DMK candidate |date=3 April 2006 |accessdate=2017-05-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ramachandran, M}}<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1996–2001]]<br /> [[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{DMK-politician-stub}}</div>

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