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Darjeeling Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-07T09:43:32Z

IgnacioGrishin: Done...

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Darjeeling {{Small|WB-4}}
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| established = 1957-present
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Raju Bista, Member of Parliament (Lok Sabha) from Darjeeling, West Bengal meeting with the President of India, Smt. Droupadi Murmu at Rashtrapati Bhavan (cropped).jpg
| mp = [[Raju Bista]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| assembly_cons = [[Kalimpong Assembly constituency|Kalimpong]] [[Darjeeling Assembly constituency|Darjeeling]] [[Kurseong Assembly constituency|Kurseong]] [[Matigara-Naxalbari Assembly constituency|Matigara-Naxalbari]] [[Siliguri Assembly constituency|Siliguri]] [[Phansidewa Assembly constituency|Phansidewa]] [[Chopra Assembly constituency|Chopra]]
| electors = 1,437,126
}}

'''Darjeeling Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 543 [[Lok Sabha|parliamentary]] constituencies in [[India]]. The constituency centres on [[Darjeeling]] in [[West Bengal]]. While five assembly segments are in [[Darjeeling district]], one assembly segment is in [[Kalimpong district]] and one assembly segment is in [[Uttar Dinajpur district]].

==Assembly segments==
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|250px|right|'''Parliamentary constituencies in West Bengal''' - 1. Cooch Behar, 2. Alipurduars, 3. Jalpaiguri, 4. '''Darjeeling''', 5. Raiganj, 6. Balurghat, 7. Maldaha Uttar, 8. Maldaha Dakshin, 9. Jangipur, 10. Baharampur, 11. Murshidabad, 12. Krishnanagar, 13. Ranaghat, 14. Bangaon, 15. Barrackpore, 16. Dum Dum, 17. Barasat, 18. Basirhat, 19. Jaynagar, 20. Mathurapur, 21. Diamond Harbour, 22. Jadavpur, 23. Kolkata Dakshin, 24. Kolkata Uttar, 25. Howrah, 26. Uluberia, 27. Serampore, 28. Hoghly, 29. Arambagh, 30. Tamluk, 31, Kanthi, 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankura, 37. Bishnupur, 38. Bardhaman Purba, 39. Bardhaman Durgapur, 40. Asansol, 41. Bolpur, 42. Birbhum]]

As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in West Bengal, parliamentary constituency no. 4 Darjeeling is composed of the following segments from 2009:<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 27 May 2009 | work = Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher =Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|22
|[[Kalimpong Assembly constituency|Kalimpong]]
|[[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]]
|[[Bharat Chettri|Bharat Chhetri]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|23
|[[Darjeeling Assembly constituency|Darjeeling]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Darjeeling District|Darjeeling]]
|[[Noman Rai]]
|-
|24
|[[Kurseong Assembly constituency|Kurseong]]
|[[Sonam Lama (politician)|Sonam Lama]]
|-
|25
|[[Matigara-Naxalbari Assembly constituency|Matigara-Naxalbari]] (SC)
|[[Anandamoy Barman]]
|-
|26
|[[Siliguri Assembly constituency|Siliguri]]
|[[Shankar Ghosh (politician)|Shankar Ghosh]]
|-
|27
|[[Phansidewa Assembly constituency|Phansidewa]] (ST)
|[[Durga Murmu]]
|-
|28
|[[Chopra Assembly constituency|Chopra]]
|[[Uttar Dinajpur]]
|[[Hamidul Rahman]]
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year!!Name<ref name="Darjeeling Lok Sabha Election Result - Parliamentary Constituency">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=Darjeeling Lok Sabha Election Result - Parliamentary Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/darjeeling-lok-sabha |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705054044/https://resultuniversity.com/election/darjeeling-lok-sabha |archivedate=5 July 2025 |accessdate=5 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Result University}}</ref><ref name="Darjeeling (West Bengal) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 -Darjeeling Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP's till 2019">{{cite news |date=2024 |title=Darjeeling (West Bengal) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 -Darjeeling Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP's till 2019 |url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/parliamentary-constituencies/darjeeling.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705054204/https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/parliamentary-constituencies/darjeeling.html |archivedate=5 July 2025 |accessdate=5 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Elections}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Theodore Manaen]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Maitreyee Bose|Maitreyee Basu]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Ratanlal Brahmin]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Krishna Bahadur Chhetri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ananda Pathak]]
| rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| rowspan=2| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |Indrajit Khullar
|{{Full party name with color|Gorkha National Liberation Front}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Ratna Bahadur Rai]]
| rowspan=3 style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| rowspan=3| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Ananda Pathak]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[S. P. Lepcha]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Dawa Narbula]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Jaswant Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[S. S. Ahluwalia]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|rowspan=2|[[Raju Bista]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===General election 2024 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Darjeeling<ref name="Darjeeling Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Darjeeling Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/darjeeling |accessdate=5 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705043930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/darjeeling |archivedate=5 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Darjeeling">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Darjeeling |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S254.htm |accessdate=5 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705043939/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S254.htm |archivedate=5 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> }}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Raju Bista]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 6,79,331
|percentage = 51.18
|change = {{down}}8.01
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gopal Lama
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 500,806
|percentage = 37.73
|change = {{up}}11.17
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Munish Tamang]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 83,374
|percentage = 6.28
|change = {{up}}1.14
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bandana Rai
|party = Independent
|votes = 13,674
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Bishnu Prasad Sharma]]
|party = Independent
|votes = 7,447
|percentage = 0.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bhupendra Lepcha
|party = Independent
|votes = 6,395
|percentage = 0.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Atasi Biswas
|party = Kisan Mazdoor Sangharsh Party
|votes = 4,641
|percentage = 0.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pradhan Mardi
|party = Ambedkarite Party of India
|votes = 2,747
|percentage = 0.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Khushi Ranjan Mandal
|party = Amra Bangali
|votes = 2,337
|percentage = 0.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kalicharan Barman
|party = Independent
|votes = 2,079
|percentage = 0.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Qamrul Haque
|party = North Bengal People’s Party
|votes = 1,853
|percentage = 0.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Budharu Roy
|party = Kamatapur People’s Party (United)
|votes = 1,762
|percentage = 0.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shahriar Alam
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = 1,614
|percentage = 0.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Subodh Pakhrin
|party = Gorkha Rashtriya Congress
|votes = 1,331
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 18,021
|percentage = 1.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,78,525
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =74.76
|change ={{decrease}}4.04
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Darjeeling]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Raju Bista]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 7,50,067
|percentage = 59.19
|change = +16.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Amar Singh Rai]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = 3,36,624
|percentage = 26.56
|change = -1.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sankar Malakar|Shankar Malakar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 65,186
|percentage = 5.14
|change = -2.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Saman Pathak]]
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 50,524
|percentage = 3.99
|change = -10.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajesh Singh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 15,973
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nirode Chandra Adhikary
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 10,719
|percentage = 0.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Harka Bahadur Chhetri
|party = Jana Andolan Party
|votes = 6,495
|percentage = 0.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Digbijay Mandal
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 4,117
|percentage = 0.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Reseeka Chettri
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 3,359
|percentage = 0.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bharat Dong
|party = Gorkha Rashtriya Congress
|votes = 2,952
|percentage = 0.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sudip Mandal
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 2,259
|percentage = 0.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ajay Dahal
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,199
|percentage = 0.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Christopher Gahatraj
|party = Indian Democratic Republican Front
|votes = 1,678
|percentage = 0.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Dipak Kumar Roy
|party = [[Kamtapur People's Party]] (United)
|votes = 1,539
|percentage = 0.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sunil Pandit
|party = Rashtriya Janasachetan Party
|votes = 1,505
|percentage = 0.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Tanmay Dutta
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = 1,449
|percentage = 0.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 10,625
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 4,13,443
|percentage = 32.63
|change = +15.37
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 12,69,666
|percentage = 78.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Darjeeling<ref name=DarjLokSabha/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[S. S. Ahluwalia]]|votes=4,88,257|percentage=42.73|change=-8.77}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Bhaichung Bhutia]]|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=2,91,018|percentage=25.47|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Saman Pathak]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=1,67,186|percentage=14.63|change=-10.66}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sujay Ghatak|party=Indian National Congress|votes=90,076|percentage=7.88|change=-11.55}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above|None of the Above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=18,045|percentage=1.58|change=---}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,97,239|percentage=17.26|change=-8.95}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,42,009|percentage=80.20|change=+0.70}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = -8.77
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: [[Darjeeling]]<ref name=DarjLokSabha/>
}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Jaswant Singh]]
|votes = 4,97,649
|percentage = 51.50
|change = +38.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Jibesh Sarkar
|votes = 2,44,360
|percentage = 25.29
|change = -7.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Dawa Narbula]]
|votes = 1,87,809
|percentage = 19.43
|change = -25.27
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Ram Ganesh Baraik
|votes = 13,236
|percentage = 1.37
|change = +1.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Haridas Thakur
|votes = 5,083
|percentage = 0.53
|change = -0.68
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Nitu Jai
|votes = 4,786
|percentage = 0.50
|change = +0.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Abhijit Majumdar
|votes = 3,818
|percentage = 0.40
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Amra Bangalee
|candidate = Niranjan Saha
|votes = 3,717
|percentage = 0.38
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Arun Kumar Agarwal
|votes = 3,227
|percentage = 0.33
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian People's Forward Bloc
|candidate = Baidyanath Roy
|votes = 2,686
|percentage = 0.28
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,53,289
|percentage = 26.21
|change = +14.79
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 9,66,371
|percentage = 79.50
|change = +8.39
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Darjeeling]]<ref name=DarjLokSabha/>
}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Dawa Narbula]]
|votes = 3,96,973
|percentage = 44.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Moni Thapa
|votes = 2,95,557
|percentage = 33.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dr. G.S. Yonzone
|votes = 1,13,972
|percentage = 12.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Sanjay Thakuri
|votes = 20,988
|percentage = 2.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Mohan Chhetri
|votes = 14,857
|percentage = 1.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Raju Bhatta
|votes = 11,112
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bimal Dutta
|votes = 10,758
|percentage = 1.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Amra Bangalee
|candidate = Kishalay Kanti Sharma
|votes = 8,695
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Lalit Barman
|votes = 8,690
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Tika Pradhan
|votes = 6481
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,01,416
|percentage = 11.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 8,88,083
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1957-2014===
Most of the contests were multi-cornered. However, only winners and runners-up are mentioned below:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Year<ref name="DarjLokSabha">{{cite web |title=Election Results - Full Statistical Reports |url=https://eci.gov.in/statistical-report/statistical-reports/ |access-date=19 April 2019 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Voter Turnout
! colspan="3" |Winner
! colspan="3" |Runners up
|-
!Votes
!%age
!Candidate
!%age
!Party
!Candidate
!%age
!Party
|-
|1957
|769,330
|41.67
|Theodore Manaen
|43.27
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Ratan Lal Brahman
|35.63
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|1962
|197,796
|46.97
|Theodore Manaen
|35.03
|Indian National Congress
|Ratan Lal Brahman
|30.57
|Communist Party of India
|-
|1967
|258,528
|58.39
|M. Basu
|39.27
|Independent
|Theodore Manaen
|38.54
|Indian National Congress
|-
|1971
|268.931
|53.54
|Ratan Lal Brahman
|33.19
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|G.S. Gurung
|28.36
|IGL
|-
|1977
|2,72,140
|43.35
|Krishna Bahadur Chhetri
|41.81
|INC(I)
|Ratan Lal Brahman
|34.75
|CPI(M)
|-
|1980
|419.40
|56.66
|Ananda Pathak
|45.75
|CPI(M)
|Krishna Bahadur Chhetri
|41.27
|INC(I)
|-
|1984
|5,61,740
|68.13
|Ananda Pathak
|41.96
|CPI(M)
|Dawa Narbula
|41.71
|INC
|-
|1989
|7,88,360
|74.26
|Inderjeet
|56.49
|GNLF
|Ananda Pathak
|37.65
|CPI(M)
|-
|1991
|7,62,890
|69.59
|Inderjeet
|48.07
|INC
|Ananda Pathak
|41.04
|CPI (M)
|-
|1996
|8,43,300
|69.52
|R.B. Rai
|45.91
|CPI(M)
| Krishna Bahadur Chhetri
|36.00
|INC
|-
|1998
|6,41,280
|51.78
|Ananda Pathak
|44.75
|CPI(M)
|Prasanta Nandy
|25.21
|INC
|-
|1999
|5,90,020
|46.21
|S.P. Lepcha
|44.24
|CPI (M)
|[[N.B. Khatiwada|Nar Bahadur Khatiwara]]
|24.96
|INC
|-
|2004
|8,88,320
|71.11
|[[Dawa Narbula]]
|44.70
|INC
|Moni Thapa
|33.28
|CPI(M)
|-
|2009
|9,66,371
|79.51
|[[Jaswant Singh]]
|51.50
|[[BJP]]
|Jibesh Sarkar
|25.29
|CPI(M)
|-
|2014
|11,42,009
|80.20
|[[S.S. Ahluwalia]]
|42.75
|BJP
|[[Bhaichung Bhutia]]
|25.48
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]]
|-
|2019
|12,67,270
|78.71
|[[Raju Bista]]
|59.19
|BJP
|Amar Singh Rai
|26.56
|TMC
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Darjeeling district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord|27.039|N|88.264|E|display=title|format=dms|}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{Darjeeling}}
{{West Bengal elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Darjeeling Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Politics of Darjeeling district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Gorkhaland]]

Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-05T02:49:10Z

IgnacioGrishin: Creating Initial Stub Initial Version - done

{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Ramanathapuram {{Small|TN-65}}
| map_image = Ramanathapuram lok sabha constituency.png
|map_caption = Area of Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha Constituency
|mp = [[K. Navas Kani]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024]]
|established = 1952
|reservation = None
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|electors = 1,557,910
|preceded_by = [[A. Anwhar Raajhaa]]
|assembly_cons = * [[Arantangi Assembly constituency|Aranthangi]]
* [[Tiruchuli Assembly constituency|Tiruchuli]]
* [[Paramakudi Assembly constituency|Paramakudi]]
* [[Tiruvadanai Assembly constituency|Tiruvadanai]]
* [[Ramanathapuram Assembly constituency|Ramanathapuram]]
* [[Mudukulathur Assembly constituency|Mudhukulathur]]
}}
'''Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha constituency''' ({{langx|ta|இராமநாதபுரம் மக்களவைத் தொகுதி}}) is one of the 39 [[Lok Sabha]] ([[Parliament of India|parliamentary]]) constituencies in [[Tamil Nadu]], a [[Federated state|state]] in southern [[India]].<ref name="Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha Constituency">{{cite news |title=Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha Constituency |url=https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/ramanathapuram-lok-sabha-constituency-2192613.html |access-date=18 October 2022 |work= |date=2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018151609/https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/ramanathapuram-lok-sabha-constituency-2192613.html |archive-date=18 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The constituency is roughly coterminous with the eponymous district.

==Assembly segments==
===After 2008===
Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite news |date=4 March 2009 |title=A tough task for candidates contesting from Ramanathapuram constituency |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/04/stories/2009030450760200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107090740/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/04/stories/2009030450760200.htm |archive-date=7 November 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="100px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|183.
|[[Arantangi Assembly constituency|Aranthangi]]
|None
|[[Pudukottai District|Pudukottai]]
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|{{party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League|rowspan=6}}
|-
|208.
|[[Tiruchuli Assembly constituency|Tiruchuli]]
|None
|[[Virudhunagar District|Virudhunagar]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
|209.
|[[Paramakudi Assembly constituency|Paramakudi]]
|SC
| rowspan="4" |[[Ramanathapuram District|Ramanathapuram]]
|-
|210.
|[[Tiruvadanai Assembly constituency|Tiruvadanai]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|-
|211.
| [[Ramanathapuram Assembly constituency|Ramanathapuram]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
|212.
|[[Mudukulathur Assembly constituency|Mudukulathur]]
|None
|}

=== Before 2008===
Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha constituency was composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-13
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185928/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date = 2006-05-04
}}</ref>
#[[Manamadurai Assembly constituency|Manamadurai (SC)]] (moved to Sivaganga)
#[[Paramakudi Assembly constituency|Paramakudi (SC)]]
#[[Ramanathapuram Assembly constituency|Ramanathapuram]]
#[[Kadaladi Assembly constituency|Kadaladi]] (defunct)
#[[Mudukulathur Assembly constituency|Mudukulathur]]
#[[Aruppukottai Assembly constituency|Aruppukottai]] (moved to Virudhunagar)

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|1951
|V. Vr. N. Ar. Nagappa Chettiar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|1957
|[[P. Subbiah Ambalam]]
|-
|1962
|N. Arunachalam
|-
|1967
|[[S. M. Muhammed Sheriff]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|1971
|[[P.K. Mookiah Thevar]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
|1977
|P. Anbalagan
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|1980
|M. S. K. Sathiyendran
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|1984
|rowspan=3|[[V. Rajeshwaran]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|1989
|-
|1991
|-
|1996
|S. P. Udayappan
|{{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|-
|1998
|[[V. Sathiamoorthy]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1999
|[[K. Malaisamy]]
|-
|2004
|[[M. S. K. Bhavani Rajenthiran]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2009
|[[J. K. Rithesh]]
|-
|2014
|[[A. Anwhar Raajhaa]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|2019
|rowspan="2" | [[Kani K. Navas]]<ref>{{cite web|title=General elections to the 17th Lok Sabha, 2019 - List of members elected|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10277-general-election-to-the-17th-lok-sabha-2019-list-of-members-elected/|page=27|format=PDF|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=25 May 2019|access-date=2 June 2019|location=New Delhi}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League |rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2024
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|45.92}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|44.29}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|40.81}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|38.03}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2004|2004]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.72}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1999|1999]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.15}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1998|1998]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.83}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|53.02}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|59.25}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|63.57}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.09}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.66}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|67.62}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1971|1971]]|{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}|58.16}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|47.23}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.14}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|37.61}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1951|1951]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|56.36}}
}}

===General Elections 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Indian general election]]: Ramanathapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kani K. Navas]]|party=Indian Union Muslim League|votes=509,664|percentage=45.92|change={{increase}}1.63}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[O. Paneerselvam]]|party=Independent|votes=342,882|percentage=30.89|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=P. Jeyperumal|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=99,780|percentage=8.99|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jeyapal Chandraprabha|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=97,672|percentage=8.80|change={{increase}}4.43}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=6,295|percentage=0.57|change={{decrease}}0.15}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=N. Sivanandam|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=2,018|percentage=0.18}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=166,785 |percentage=15.03 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,109,853|percentage=68.19|change={{decrease}}0.21}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian Union Muslim League|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Ramanathapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kani K. Navas]] |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=469,943 |percentage=44.29 |change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nainar Nagendran]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=342,821 |percentage=32.31 |change=+15.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. D. N. Anandh |party=Independent politician |votes=141,806 |percentage=13.36 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Bhuvaneswari |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=46,385 |percentage=4.37 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijaya Baskar |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=14,925 |percentage=1.41 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=7,595 |percentage=0.72 |change=0.08 }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=127,122 |percentage=11.98 |change=-0.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,061,124 |percentage=68.40 |change= -0.29 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,559,740 |change =7.13 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian Union Muslim League |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Indian general election]]: Ramanathapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. Anwhar Raajhaa]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,05,945 |percentage=40.81 |change=11.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Mohamed Jaleel |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,86,621 |percentage=28.81 |change=-9.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Kuppu Ramu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,71,082 |percentage=17.20 |change=0.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=62,160 |percentage=6.25 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. I. Noor Jiyavudeen |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=12,541 |percentage=1.26 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. T. Uma Mageswari |party=Communist Party of India |votes=12,312 |percentage=1.24 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. T. Arasakumar |party=Desiya Forward Bloc |votes=10,945 |percentage=1.10 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=6,279 |percentage=0.63 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,19,324 |percentage=12.00 |change=2.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,94,769 |percentage=68.77 |change= -0.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,55,988 |change =28.46 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]]: Ramanathapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[J. K. Rithesh]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,94,945 |percentage=38.03 |change=-11.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Sathiamoorthy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,25,030 |percentage=29.02 |change=-4.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,28,322 |percentage=16.55 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Singai. S. Jinnah |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=49,571 |percentage=6.39 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Priscilla Pandian |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=39,086 |percentage=5.04 |change=4.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Saleemulla Khan |party=Manithaneya Makkal Katchi |votes=21,439 |percentage=2.76 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. I. Jahangeer |party=Independent politician |votes=5,870 |percentage=0.76 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=69,915 |percentage=9.02 |change=-7.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,75,461 |percentage=68.63 |change= 9.66 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,33,391 |change =-1.25 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -11.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Indian general election]]: Ramanathapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. S. K. Bhavani Rajenthiran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,35,287 |percentage=49.72 |change=8.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Murugesan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,25,337 |percentage=33.41 |change=-8.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Kannappan]] |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=79,507 |percentage=11.79 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Veeraya |party=Independent politician |votes=6,858 |percentage=1.02 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Allapichai |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,223 |percentage=0.77 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Mohideen Abdul Kader |party=Independent politician |votes=3,314 |percentage=0.49 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,09,950 |percentage=16.30 |change=15.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,74,387 |percentage=58.83 |change= 1.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,47,726 |change =2.92 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 7.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Indian general election]]: Ramanathapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Malaisamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,65,253 |percentage=42.15 |change=-1.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. S. K. Bhavani Rajenthiran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,58,607 |percentage=41.09 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. K. Nazeera Parvin |party=Puthiya Tamilagam |votes=96,334 |percentage=15.31 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. O. Ramaswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=5,494 |percentage=0.87 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Kalanjiam |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=2,707 |percentage=0.43 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,646 |percentage=1.06 |change=-3.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,29,308 |percentage=57.49 |change= -6.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,15,127 |change =3.40 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Indian general election]]: Ramanathapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. Sathiamoorthy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,58,978 |percentage=43.83 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. P. Udayappan |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=2,34,886 |percentage=39.76 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. K. Nazeera Parvin |party=Puthiya Tamilagam |votes=53,542 |percentage=9.06 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. Rajeshwaran]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,942 |percentage=4.22 |change=-17.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Karthikeyan |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=17,569 |percentage=2.97 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,092 |percentage=4.08 |change=-27.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,90,822 |percentage=56.87 |change= -6.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,78,503 |change =3.25 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -9.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Indian general election]]: Ramanathapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. P. Udayappan |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=3,31,249 |percentage=53.02 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. Rajeshwaran]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,35,945 |percentage=21.76 |change=-37.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Baluchamy |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,622 |percentage=9.86 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Sundararajan |party=Independent politician |votes=21,980 |percentage=3.52 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Kalanjiam |party=Independent politician |votes=21,307 |percentage=3.41 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. P. Nagarajan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,709 |percentage=2.67 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Chellachami |party=Anaithinthiya Thamizhaga Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=12,113 |percentage=1.94 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Gopal Nilayambadi |party=Independent politician |votes=11,926 |percentage=1.91 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Vacha Mohaideen |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=3,768 |percentage=0.60 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,95,304 |percentage=31.26 |change=2.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,24,712 |percentage=63.65 |change= 4.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,44,597 |change =1.42 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -6.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Indian general election]]: Ramanathapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. Rajeshwaran]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,48,415 |percentage=59.25 |change=-4.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kadher Batcha]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,76,889 |percentage=30.08 |change=-4.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. A. Abdul Razak |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=49,442 |percentage=8.41 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Rajendran |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=3,140 |percentage=0.53 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Nagaimugan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,662 |percentage=0.45 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,71,526 |percentage=29.17 |change=0.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,88,029 |percentage=59.59 |change= -1.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,29,957 |change =-0.49 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -4.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Indian general election]]: Ramanathapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. Rajeshwaran]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,98,145 |percentage=63.57 |change=12.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Suba Thangavelan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,18,601 |percentage=34.90 |change=2.42 }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,79,544 |percentage=28.67 |change=10.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,26,280 |percentage=61.27 |change= -8.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,35,028 |change =27.71 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 12.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Indian general election]]: Ramanathapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. Rajeshwaran]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,74,922 |percentage=51.09 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. S. K. Sathyendran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,74,778 |percentage=32.48 |change=-24.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Karuppiah |party=Independent politician |votes=57,078 |percentage=10.61 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. V. Thangavelan |party=Independent politician |votes=16,617 |percentage=3.09 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. A. Muthuram |party=Independent politician |votes=5,288 |percentage=0.98 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Raman |party=Independent politician |votes=3,856 |percentage=0.72 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. N. Asokan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,951 |percentage=0.55 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. K. Zainuddin |party=Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes=2,592 |percentage=0.48 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,00,144 |percentage=18.61 |change=1.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,38,082 |percentage=70.16 |change= 3.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,10,454 |change =10.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Indian general election]]: Ramanathapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. S. K. Sathyendran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,75,049 |percentage=56.66 |change=28.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Anbalagan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,90,916 |percentage=39.33 |change=-28.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Balaraman |party=Independent politician |votes=8,300 |percentage=1.71 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalyandas Matadipathi |party=Independent politician |votes=4,108 |percentage=0.85 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. A. Appan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,913 |percentage=0.81 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=84,133 |percentage=17.33 |change=-22.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,85,422 |percentage=67.11 |change= 2.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,36,600 |change =6.15 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.96 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Indian general election]]: Ramanathapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Anbalagan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,97,612 |percentage=67.62 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. S. K. Sathyendran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,22,482 |percentage=27.83 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Velu |party=Independent politician |votes=17,915 |percentage=4.07 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ayerai C. Abdul Kader |party=Independent politician |votes=2,095 |percentage=0.48 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,75,130 |percentage=39.79 |change=20.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,40,104 |percentage=64.72 |change= -0.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,93,920 |change =21.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Forward Bloc |swing= 9.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Indian general election]]: Ramanathapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. K. Mookiah Thevar]] |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=2,08,431 |percentage=58.16 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Balakrishnan |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=1,39,276 |percentage=38.87 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Durairaj Thevar Sadhu |party=Independent politician |votes=10,641 |percentage=2.97 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=69,155 |percentage=19.30 |change=10.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,58,348 |percentage=65.17 |change= -9.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,70,111 |change =8.19 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Forward Bloc |loser=Independent politician |swing= 10.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Indian general election]]: Ramanathapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Sheriff |party=Independent politician |votes=1,80,392 |percentage=47.23 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Balakrishnan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,48,367 |percentage=38.84 |change=-2.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. L. S. Thevar |party=Independent politician |votes=39,031 |percentage=10.22 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lakshmana Subba Rajulu |party=Independent politician |votes=10,710 |percentage=2.80 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. S. Karuppasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=3,477 |percentage=0.91 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=32,025 |percentage=8.38 |change=-0.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,81,977 |percentage=75.05 |change= 4.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,26,959 |change =1.86 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 6.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Indian general election]]: Ramanathapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Arunachalam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,45,396 |percentage=41.14 |change=3.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Salivateeswaran |party=Swatantra Party |votes=1,14,513 |percentage=32.40 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mangalasamy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=75,089 |percentage=21.24 |change=5.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raman Chetty |party=Independent politician |votes=10,376 |percentage=2.94 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Ramakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=8,079 |percentage=2.29 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=30,883 |percentage=8.74 |change=-7.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,53,453 |percentage=70.28 |change= 19.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,17,361 |change =10.35 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 3.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Indian general election]]: Ramanathapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Subbiah Ambalam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=89,701 |percentage=37.61 |change=-18.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Ramakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=50,668 |percentage=21.24 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Chellathurai |party=Independent politician |votes=40,464 |percentage=16.97 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. H. Nathan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=38,122 |percentage=15.98 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. L. Nagasundaram |party=Independent politician |votes=19,547 |percentage=8.20 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Singarayan |party=Independent politician |votes=0 |percentage=0.00 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=39,033 |percentage=16.37 |change=-17.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,38,502 |percentage=50.87 |change= -2.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,68,851 |change =30.28 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -18.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1951===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1951–52 Indian general election]]: Ramanathapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Vr. N. Ar. Nagappa Chettiar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,09,110 |percentage=56.36 |change=56.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=T. Sundaram|party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party|votes=44,118|percentage=22.79|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sathiah|party=Independent politician|votes=28,478|percentage=14.71|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Muthu|party=Independent|votes=11,883|percentage=6.14%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pasumpon Muthuramalinga Thevar]] |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=11,883 |percentage=6.14% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=64,992 |percentage=33.57 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,93,589|percentage=53.79|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,59,891 |change =0.00 }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Ramanathapuram]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081218010942/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp Election Commission of India]
*https://tamil.thehindu.com/tamilnadu/article26644778.ece
*https://www.kamadenu.in/news/Tamilnadu/22614-.html
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/tamilnadu/ramanathapuram/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Ramanathapuram lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Ramanathapuram district]]

Yogesh Shukla

2026-04-29T19:55:50Z

IgnacioGrishin: new basic data w/ refs

{{Short description|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Yogesh Shukla
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1960|1|1}}
| birth_place = [[Kanpur]], Uttar Pradesh
| constituency = [[Bakshi Kaa Talab Assembly constituency|Bakshi Kaa Talab]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = March 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Avinash Trivedi]]
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Yogesh Shukla''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Bakshi Kaa Talab Assembly constituency]] of the [[Lucknow district]].<ref name="UPLA">{{Cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18169/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=26 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hindi.news18.com/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/yogesh-shukla-bakshi-kaa-talab-candidate-s24a169c02/ |title=योगेश शुक्ला Vidhan Sabha Chunav Results 2022 Live |language=hi |publisher=[[News18]] |access-date=26 June 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=2737 |website=myneta.info |access-date=26 June 2024 |title=Yogesh Shukla(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BAKSHI KAA TALAB(LUCKNOW)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-25 |title=Man found dead at BJP MLA Yogesh Shukla's official residence in Lucknow |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/man-found-dead-bjp-mla-yogesh-shuklas-official-residence-lucknow-8954986/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==

Yogesh Shukla was born on 1 January 1960 in [[Kanpur]], Uttar Pradesh, to a [[Hindu]] family of Durga Shankar Shukla.<ref name="UPLA"/> He married Suman Shukla, and they had three children.<ref name="UPLA"/>

== See also ==

* [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Bakshi Kaa Talab Assembly constituency]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Yogesh}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Kanpur]]
[[Category:Indian political people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Mohammed Mubeen

2026-04-23T06:27:49Z

IgnacioGrishin: Stub...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohammed Mubeen
| office = Member of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Bahadurpura Assembly constituency|Bahadurpura]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| party = [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
| preceded = [[Mohammad Moazam Khan|Moazam Khan]]
| office1 = 12th [[Mayor of Hyderabad]]
| term_start1 = 1995
| term_end1 = 1999
| preceded1 = [[Mir Zulfeqar Ali]]
| succeeded1 = [[Mir Zulfeqar Ali]]
| image =
| father = [[Mohammed Fareeduddin]]
}}
'''Mohammed Mubeen''' (born 2 February 1968){{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]] state. He is an MLA from [[Bahadurpura Assembly constituency]] in [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad district]]. He represents [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] party and won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bahadurpura assembly election results 2023: Bahadurpura Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/telangana/bahadurpura-assembly-result-29069 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammed Mubeen, AIMIM Candidate from Bahadurpura Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/telangana/mohammed-mubeen-assembly-candidate-s29aed2008a069e2023c002/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Mubeen is from [[Bahadurpura Assembly constituency|Bahadurpura]], Hyderabad. He is born to [[Mohammed Fareeduddin|Mohammed Fareed Uddin]]. He completed his schooling in 1986 at Zilla Parishad High School, [[Mominpet]], [[Ranga Reddy district]]. He dropped out after passing Class 12.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammed Mubeen(All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen):Constituency- BAHADURPURA(HYDERABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=1442 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mubeen is an AIMIM party worker from 1989.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2024-07-02 |title=The unexpected call |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/the-unexpected-call-888671 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> He started his political life winning as a corporator and became a four time corporator. He first won from [[Aghapura]] in 2002. He was then elected from Ramnaspura in 2009 and 2015. In 2020, he became Shastripuram corporator.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-10 |title=AIMIM drops Bahadurpura MLA Moazam Khan, nominates Shastripuram corporator Mubeen |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/aimim-drops-bahadurpura-mla-moazam-khan-nominates-shastripuram-corporator-mubeen/article67518184.ece |access-date=2024-07-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/261123/bahadurpura-winner-will-be-a-first-time-mla.html | title=Bahadurpura winner will be a first-time MLA | first=Victor | last=Rao | newspaper=Deccan Chronicle | date=26 November 2023 | accessdate=22 July 2024}}</ref> Then he got an unexpected call from the party president, and the party nominated him for Bahadurpura seat in place of sitting MLA [[Mohammad Moazam Khan]]. He became an MLA for the first time winning the [[Bahadurpura Assembly constituency|Bhadurpura Assembly constituency]] representing [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]] in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 89,451 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Mir Inayath Ali Baqri of [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] by a huge margin of 67,025 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bahadurpura Constituency Election Results 2023: Bahadurpura Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/bahadurpura |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-12-03 |title=Bahadurpura Election Result 2023 Live: Aimim Candidate Mohammed Mubeen Wins From Bahadurpura |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/bahadurpura-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-trs-bjp-congress-aimim-telangana-assembly-election-results-news-1647285 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mubeen, Mohammed}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen politicians]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad, India]]

Pravinkumar Gordhanji Mali

2026-04-23T06:13:04Z

IgnacioGrishin: Creating The Bio Initial Version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pravin Gordhanji Mali
| office = Member of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Deesa Assembly constituency|Deesa]]
| predecessor = Shashikant Mahobatram Pandya
| term_start = 2022
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
| image = Pravin_Mali.jpg
| office1 = [[Minister of State]], [[Government of Gujarat]]
| term_start1 = 17 October 2025
}}
'''Pravin Gordhanji Mali''' is an Indian politician and Minister of State, Forests and Environment, Climate Change, Transport, Government of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Council of Ministers, Government of Gujarat |url=https://gad.gujarat.gov.in/personnel/council-of-ministers-new.htm}}</ref> He is a [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|member of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] since 2022, representing [[Deesa Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Deesa Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Pravinkumar Gordhanji Mali of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/deesa-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6562057.html |website=News18 |access-date=9 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gujarati |first1=TV9 |title=Gujarat Elections 2022 ડીસા Assembly Election 2022: ડીસા Vidhan Sabha Election 2022 Latest News |url=https://tv9gujarati.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/constituencies/deesa-election-result-06013 |website=TV9 Gujarati |access-date=9 December 2022 |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Live |first1=A. B. P. |title=Deesa Election Result 2022live: Bjp के Pravinkumar Gordhanji Mali की हुई जीत, Inc के Sanjaykumar Govabhai Rabari रहें दूसरे नंबर पर |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/deesa-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news-2276708/amp |website=www.abplive.com |access-date=8 December 2022 |language=hi |date=8 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="Who are the 19 new ministers in Gujarat cabinet? Know here2">{{cite news |date=21 October 2025 |title=Who are the 19 new ministers in Gujarat cabinet? Know here |url=https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/who-are-the-19-new-ministers-in-gujarat-cabinet-know-here |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021020536/https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/who-are-the-19-new-ministers-in-gujarat-cabinet-know-here |archivedate=21 October 2025 |accessdate=21 October 2025 |work=english..com |publisher=Gujarat Samachar |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gujarat Cabinet reshuffle: 3 women ministers, but none given Cabinet rank">{{cite news |date=17 October 2025 |title=Gujarat Cabinet reshuffle: 3 women ministers, but none given Cabinet rank |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-cabinet-reshuffle-3-women-ministers-but-none-given-cabinet-rank-10313006/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021021332/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-cabinet-reshuffle-3-women-ministers-but-none-given-cabinet-rank-10313006/ |archive-date=21 October 2025 |access-date=21 October 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mali, Pravin Gordhanji}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Banaskantha district]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]

{{India-politician-stub}}

Marthoma Metropolitans

2026-04-21T23:39:43Z

IgnacioGrishin: Post

{{citation style|date=March 2024}}
[[File:Theodosious of Malankara.jpg|thumb|Current Malankara Syrian Metropolitan and Mar Thoma XXII, Theodosius Mar Thoma.]]
'''Mar Thoma Metropolitan''' is the title which is given to the Supreme Head of the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church. The Malankara Church was split into different factions over the years. However the Supreme Head of the [[Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church]] uses the title of Mar Thoma Metropolitan upholding the autonomous character of the [[Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church]]. The current Mar Thoma Metropolitan of The Holy Apostolic Throne of St Thomas is Dr [[Theodosius Mar Thoma]]

This is the '''list of original Malankara Metropolitans.'''

1653 after Coonan cross oath. Marthoma I had survived a number of assassination attempts. He died on 25 April 1670 and was interred in Angamaly St Mary's Syrian Church.
# [[Mar Thoma II]] – (1670–1686) Consecrated by Marthoma I and Mar [[Gregorios Abdal Jaleel]]. Died on 14 April 1686 and was interred at St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Niranam.
# [[Mar Thoma III]] – (1686–1688) Consecrated by Mar Ivanios Hirudyathulla (from Antioch), died on 21 April 1688. Laid to rest at St.Thomas Orthodox Church, Kadampanad.
# [[Mar Thoma IV]] – (1688–1728). Consecrated by Mar Ivanios Hirudyathulla. Died on 24 March 1728 and was interred at Kandanad Martha Mariam Orthodox Church.
# [[Mar Thoma V]] – (1728–1765) – Consecrated by Marthoma IV. Died on 8 May 1765 and laid to rest at St. Marys Orthodox Church, Niranam
# [[Mar Thoma VI]] – (1765–1808) Consecrated by Marthoma V. Died on 8 April 1808 and laid to rest at St. Mary's Ortar Coorilos as a metropolitan by a bishop from Antioch. This was the beginning of Malabar Independent Syrian Church. hodox Cathedral puthenkavu. In June 1770, he accepted re consecration from Antiochian bishops in order to avoid a split in the Church and the title Dionysius was accepted. Marthoma VI did not approve the appointment of Kattumangattu Abraham MHe was forced to conduct a service according to Chaldean Catholic rites but escaped during a rebellion in Travancore under Velu Thampi. Rev.Dr. Claudius Buchanan visited and made arrangement for the translation of the Bible into Malayalam. Marthoma presented him the Peshitto Bible written in the old Syriac. This manuscript is kept in the public library of the University of Cambridge.
# [[Mar Thoma VII]] – (1808–1809) Consecrated by Marthoma VI in 1796. During his time on 1 December 1808, a sum of 3000 Star Pagoda (in 2002 one Star Pagoda coin had a market value of £475) was given as loan in perpetuity to the British resident [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|Colonel]] Macaulay. This is known as Vattipanam. Marthoma died on 4 July 1809 and was interred at St. Peter's & St. Paul's Orthodox Church, Kolencherry.
# [[Mar Thoma VIII]] – (1809–1816) Consecrated on 2 July 1809 by Marthoma VII. During his time Kottayam Suryani Seminary was opened and modern education began in Kerala. Marthoma died on 26 January 1816 and was interred at St. Mary's Cathedral, Puthencavu, Chengannur.
# [[Mar Thoma IX]] – (1816). Consecrated by Mar Thoma VIII without the consent of the people. So he retired to St.George Church, and spent the rest of his days in prayer and fasting.
# [[Mar Dionysius II]] (Mar Thoma X) – (1816)
# [[Mar Dionysius III]] (Mar Thoma XI) – (1817–1825)
# [[Mar Dionysius IV]] (Mar Thoma XII) – (1825–1852)
# [[Mathews Mar Athanasius]] (Mar Thoma XIII) – (1852–1877)
# [[Thomas Mar Athanasius]] (Mar Thoma XIV) – (1877–1889)

== Mar Thoma Metropolitans ==
# [[Thomas Mar Athanasius]] (Mar Thoma XIV) – (1889–1893)
# [[Titus I Mar Thoma|Titus I Mar Thoma XV]] – (1894–1909)
# [[Titus II Mar Thoma|Titus II Mar Thoma XVI]] – (1909–1944)
# [[Abraham Mar Thoma|Abraham Mar Thoma XVII]] – (1944–1949)
# [[Juhanon Mar Thoma|Juhanon Mar Thoma XVIII]] – (1949–1976)
# [[Alexander Mar Thoma|Alexander Mar Thoma XIX]] – (1977–1999)
# [[Philipose Mar Chrysostom Mar Thoma|Philipose Mar Chrysostom Mar Thoma XX]] (Mar Thoma XX) – (1999–2007)
#[[Joseph Mar Thoma|Joseph Mar Thoma XXI]] – (2007–2020)
#[[Theodosius Mar Thoma|Theodosius Mar Thoma XXII]] – (2020-)

==References==
<references />
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://marthoma.in/|title=Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church – Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/910947965|title=Christianity in India and a brief history of the Mar Thoma Syrian Church|last=Juhanon Thoma, Metropolitan of Mar Thoma Syrian Church, 1893–1976, author.|year=2012 |isbn=978-81-7821-512-9|oclc=910947965}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://marthoma.in/bishop_positions/late-bishops/|title=Late Lamented Metropolitans and Bishops – Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Mar-Thoma-Syrian-Church-Malankara|title=Malankara Catholic Church on Mar Thoma Church|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|last1=Fenwick |first1=John R. K. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=K. T. Joy, The Mar Thoma Church: A Study of its Growth and Contribution (published by the author; Kottayam, 1986).|last=|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church, Part 1, Part 2|last=|first=|publisher=N.M Mathew|year=|isbn=|location=Kottayam|pages=}}</ref>

[[Category:Lists of Protestant bishops and archbishops]]
[[Category:Metropolitans of the Mar Thoma Syrian Church]]
{{improve categories|date=March 2024}}

2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election

2026-04-21T10:19:14Z

IgnacioGrishin:

{{Short description|Indian state election}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| flag_year = 2002
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = no
| party_colour =
| previous_election =
| previous_year =
| next_election = 2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 2007
| seats_for_election = 70 seats in the [[Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 36
| election_date = {{Start date|df=yes|2002|02|14}}
| turnout = '''54.34%'''
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| alliance1 =
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Shri Narayan Dutt Tiwari.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=10}}
| leader1 = [[Narayan Datt Tiwari]]
| leader_since1 = 2002
| leaders_seat1 = [[Ramnagar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Ramnagar]] (''[[List of by-elections to the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly#2002–07|by-election]]'')
| last_election1 =
| seats_before1 =
| seats_needed1 =
| seats1 = '''36'''
| seats_after1 =
| seat_change1 =
| popular_vote1 = '''7,69,991'''
| percentage1 = '''26.91%'''
| swing1 =

| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance2 =
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Bhagatsinghkoshyari.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
| leader_since2 = 2001
| leaders_seat2 = [[Kapkot (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kapkot]]
| last_election2 =
| seats_before2 =
| seats_needed2 =
| seats2 = 19
| seats_after2 =
| seat_change2 =
| popular_vote2 = 7,28,134
| percentage2 = 25.45%
| swing2 =

| party3 = Bahujan Samaj Party
| alliance3 =
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Narayan-Pal.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=10}}
| image3_size = 100px
| leader3 = [[Narayan Pal]]
| leader_since3 = 2002
| leaders_seat3 = [[Sitarganj (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Sitarganj]]
| last_election3 =
| seats_before3 =
| seats_needed3 =
| seats3 = 7
| seats_after3 =
| seat_change3 =
| popular_vote3 = 3,12,842
| percentage3 = 10.93%
| swing3 =

| map_image = Uttarakhand in India.png
| map_size = 200px
| map_caption = [[Uttaranchal]]
| title = [[List of Chief Ministers of Uttaranchal|Chief Minister]]
| post title =
| before_election = [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
| after_election = [[Narayan Datt Tiwari]]
| before_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| after_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| result =
}}

The '''2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election''' were the [[1st Uttarakhand Assembly|1st Vidhan Sabha]] ([[State Legislative Assembly (India)|Legislative Assembly]]) elections of the state of [[Uttaranchal]] in [[India]], when the [[Indian National Congress]] emerged as the largest party and won a majority with 36 seats in the 70-seat legislature in the election. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] became the official opposition, holding 19 seats.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Elections Uttaranchal|url=https://m.rediff.com/election/utanch_hdln.htm|access-date=2021-07-08|website=Rediff}}</ref>

== Interim Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly (2000-2002) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" |Party
! Symbol
!Seats
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:Bharatiya Janata Party (icon).svg|50px]]
|23
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|[[File:Samajwadi Party.png|50px]]
|3
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|[[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|50px]]
|2
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|50px]]
|2
|}

== Parties and alliances ==

==={{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]]}}===

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Contesting Seats
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[N. D. Tiwari]]
| 70
|-
|}

==={{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Contesting Seats
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
|69
|}

===Others===
{| class="wikitable" width="60%"
!colspan="2"|Party
! flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Contesting Seats
|-
| {{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| [[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|50x50px|centre]]
| [[Mayawati]]
| 68
|-
| {{party color cell|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}
| [[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]]
| [[File:UKD-flag.gif|50px]]
| [[File:Chair (Indian Election Symbol).svg|50px]]
| [[Kashi Singh Airy]]
| 62
|-
|{{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|[[File:NCP-flag.svg|85px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Clock.png|50px]]
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|26
|}

==Results==

{{bar box
|title=2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election result (vote percentage)
|float = center
|caption=
|width=600px
|barwidth=600px
|bars=
{{bar percent|INC|#00BFFF|26.91}}
{{bar percent|BJP|#FF9933|25.45}}
{{bar percent|BSP|#0000FF|10.93}}
{{bar percent|SP|#FF0000|6.27}}
{{bar percent|UKD|#336666|5.49}}
{{bar percent|NCP|#00B2B2|1.50}}
{{bar percent|Others|silver|23.45}}
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
!colspan=8|[[File:India Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly 2002.svg]]
|-
! align="center" | Rank
! align="center" | Party
! align="center" | Seats Contested
! align="center" | Seats Won
! align="center" | % Votes
! align="center" | % Votes in Seats Contested
! align="center" | Leader in the House
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
|1||align="left"|[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)||70||36||26.91%||26.91%||[[Narayan Datt Tiwari]]
|-
|2||align="left"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)||69||19||25.45%||25.81%||[[Matbar Singh Kandari]]
|-
|3||align="left"|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)||68||07||10.93%||11.20%||[[Narayan Pal]]
|-
|4||align="left"|[[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]] (UKD)||62||04||5.49%||6.36%||[[Kashi Singh Airy]]
|-
|5||align="left"|[[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)||26||01||1.50%||4.02%||[[Balvir Singh Negi]]
|-
|6||align="left"|[[Independent politician|Independents]]||–||03||16.30%||16.63%||N/A
|-
| ||align="centre"|'''Total''' ||–||'''70'''||–||–||
|}

==List of elected Assembly members==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#E9E9E9;"
!S. No.
!Constituency
!Elected Member
!Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Purola (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Purola]] (SC) || [[Mal Chand]] || bgcolor=#FF9933 | BJP
|-
| 2 || [[Gangotri (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Gangotri]] || [[Vijaypal Singh Sajwan]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 3 || [[Yamunotri (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Yamunotri]] || [[Pritam Singh Panwar]] || style="background: #336666; color: white" | UKD
|-
| 4 || [[Pratapnagar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Pratapnagar]] || [[Phul Singh Bisht]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 5 || [[Tehri (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Tehri]] || [[Kishore Upadhyaya]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 6 || [[Ghansali (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Ghansali]] || [[Balvir Singh Negi]] || bgcolor=#00B2B2 | NCP
|-
| 7 || [[Devprayag (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Devprayag]] || [[Mantri Prasad Naithani]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 8 || [[Narendranagar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Narendranagar]] || [[Subodh Uniyal]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 9 || [[Dhanaulti (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dhanaulti]] (SC) || [[Kaul Das]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 10 || [[Chakrata (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Chakrata]] (ST) || [[Pritam Singh (Uttarakhand politician)|Pritam Singh]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 11 || [[Vikasnagar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Vikasnagar]] || [[Nav Prabhat]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 12 || [[Sahaspur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Sahaspur]] (SC) || [[Sadhu Ram (politician)|Sadhu Ram]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 13 || [[Lakshman Chowk (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Lakshman Chowk]] || [[Dinesh Agrawal]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 14 || [[Dehradun (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dehradun]] || [[Harbans Kapoor]] || bgcolor=#FF9933 | BJP
|-
| 15 || [[Rajpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Rajpur]] || [[Hira Singh Bisht]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 16 || [[Mussoorie (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Mussoorie]] || [[Jot Singh Gunsola]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 17 || [[Rishikesh (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Rishikesh]] || [[Shoorveer Singh Sajwan]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 18 || [[Doiwala (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Doiwala]] || [[Trivendra Singh Rawat]] || bgcolor=#FF9933 | BJP
|-
| 19 || [[Bhagwanpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Bhagwanpur]] (SC) || [[Chandra Shekhar (Uttarakhand politician)|Chandra Shekhar]]|| bgcolor=#FF9933 | BJP
|-
| 20 || [[Roorkee (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Roorkee]] || [[Suresh Chand Jain]] || bgcolor=#FF9933 | BJP
|-
| 21 || [[Iqbalpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Iqbalpur]] || [[Yashveer Singh (Uttarakhand politician)|Yashveer Singh]] || style="background: #0000FF; color: white" | BSP
|-
| 22 || [[Manglaur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Manglaur]] || [[Muhammad Nizamuddin]] || style="background: #0000FF; color: white" | BSP
|-
| 23 || [[Landhaura (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Landhaura]] (SC) || [[Hari Das]] || style="background: #0000FF; color: white" | BSP
|-
| 24 || [[Laksar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Laksar]] || [[Pranav Singh|Pranav Singh 'Champion']]|| bgcolor=#DDDDDD | Independent
|-
| 25 || [[Bahadarabad (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Bahadarabad]] || [[Muhammad Shahzad (politician)|Muhammad Shahzad]]|| style="background: #0000FF; color: white" | BSP
|-
| 26 || [[Haridwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Haridwar]] || [[Madan Kaushik]] || bgcolor=#FF9933 | BJP
|-
| 27 || [[Laldhang (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Laldhang]] || [[Taslim Ahmad]] || style="background: #0000FF; color: white" | BSP
|-
| 28 || [[Yamkeshwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Yamkeshwar]] || [[Vijaya Barthwal]] || bgcolor=#FF9933 | BJP
|-
| 29 || [[Kotdwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kotdwar]] || [[Surendra Singh Negi]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 30 || [[Dhumakot (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dhumakot]] || Lt. Gen. [[Tejpal Singh Rawat]] (Retd.) || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 31 || [[Bironkhal (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Bironkhal]] || [[Amrita Rawat]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 32 || [[Lansdowne (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Lansdowne]] || Dr. [[Harak Singh Rawat]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 33 || [[Pauri (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Pauri]] || [[Narendra Singh Bhandari]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 34 || [[Srinagar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Sringar]] (SC) || [[Sundar Lal Mandrawal]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 35 || [[Thalisain (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Thalisain]] || [[Ganesh Godiyal]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 36 || [[Rudraprayag (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Rudraprayag]] || [[Matbar Singh Kandari]] || bgcolor=#FF9933 | BJP
|-
| 37 || [[Kedarnath (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kedarnath]] || [[Asha Nautiyal]] || bgcolor=#FF9933 | BJP
|-
| 38 || [[Badrinath (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Badrinath]] || Dr. [[Anusuya Prasad Maikhuri]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 39 || [[Nandaprayag (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Nandaprayag]] || [[Mahendra Bhatt]] || bgcolor=#FF9933 | BJP
|-
| 40 || [[Karnaprayag (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Karnaprayag]] || [[Anil Nautiyal]] || bgcolor=#FF9933 | BJP
|-
| 41 || [[Pindar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Pindar]] (SC) || [[Govind Lal]] || bgcolor=#FF9933 | BJP
|-
| 42 || [[Kapkot (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kapkot]] || [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]] || bgcolor=#FF9933 | BJP
|-
| 43 || [[Kanda (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kanda]] || [[Ummed Singh Majila]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 44 || [[Bageshwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Bageshwar]] (SC) || [[Ram Prasad Tamta]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 45 || [[Dwarahat (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dwarahat]] || [[Bipin Chandra Tripathi]] || style="background: #336666; color: white" | UKD
|-
| 46 || [[Bhikiyasain (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Bhikiyasain]] || Dr. [[Pratap Singh Bisht]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 47 || [[Salt (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Salt]] || [[Ranjit Singh Rawat]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 48 || [[Ranikhet (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Ranikhet]] || [[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]] || bgcolor=#FF9933 | BJP
|-
| 49 || [[Someshwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Someshwar]] (SC) || [[Pradeep Tamta]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 50 || [[Almora (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Almora]] || [[Kailash Sharma]] || bgcolor=#FF9933 | BJP
|-
| 51 || [[Jageshwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Jageshwar]] || [[Govind Singh Kunjwal]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 52 || [[Mukteshwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Mukteshwar]] (SC) || [[Yashpal Arya]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 53 || [[Dhari (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dhari]] || [[Harish Chandra Durgapal]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 54 || [[Haldwani (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Haldwani]] || Dr. [[Indira Hridayesh]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 55 || [[Nainital (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Nainital]] || Dr. [[Narayan Singh Jantwal]] || style="background: #336666; color: white" | UKD
|-
| 56 || [[Ramnagar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Ramnagar]] || [[Yogambar Singh Rawat]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 57 || [[Jaspur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Jaspur]] || Dr. [[Shailendra Mohan Singhal]] || bgcolor=#DDDDDD | Independent
|-
| 58 || [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand Assembly constituency|Kashipur]] || [[Harbhajan Singh Cheema]] || bgcolor=#FF9933 | BJP
|-
| 59 || [[Bajpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Bajpur]] || [[Arvind Pandey]] || bgcolor=#FF9933 | BJP
|-
| 60 || [[Pantnagar–Gadarpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Pantnagar–Gadarpur]] || [[Premanand Mahajan]] || style="background: #0000FF; color: white" | BSP
|-
| 61 || [[Rudrapur–Kichha (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Rudrapur–Kichha]] || [[Tilak Raj Behar]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 62 || [[Sitarganj (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Sitarganj]] (SC) || [[Narayan Pal]] || style="background: #0000FF; color: white" | BSP
|-
| 63 || [[Khatima (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Khatima]] (ST) || [[Gopal Singh Rana]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 64 || [[Champawat (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Champawat]] || [[Hemesh Kharkwal]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 65 || [[Lohaghat (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Lohaghat]] || [[Mahendra Singh Mahra]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 66 || [[Pithoragarh (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Pithoragarh]] || [[Prakash Pant]] || bgcolor=#FF9933 | BJP
|-
| 67 || [[Gangolihat (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Gangolihat]] (SC) || [[Narayan Ram Arya]] || bgcolor=#00BFFF | INC
|-
| 68 || [[Didihat (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Didihat]] || [[Bishan Singh Chuphal]] || bgcolor=#FF9933 | BJP
|-
| 69 || [[Kanalichhina (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kanalichhina]] || [[Kashi Singh Airy]] || style="background: #336666; color: white" | UKD
|-
| 70 || [[Dharchula (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dharchula]] (ST) || [[Gagan Singh Rajwar]] || bgcolor=#DDDDDD | Independent
|}
<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=प्रथम विधान सभा: विधान सभा|url=http://ukvidhansabha.uk.gov.in/pages/display/118-first-vidhan-sabha|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421194601/http://ukvidhansabha.uk.gov.in/pages/display/118-first-vidhan-sabha|archive-date=2014-04-21|access-date=2021-07-08|website=ukvidhansabha.uk.gov.in|language=hindi}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[1st Uttarakhand Assembly]]
*[[Tiwari ministry (Uttarakhand)|Tiwari ministry]]
*[[Elections in Uttarakhand]]
*[[Politics of Uttarakhand]]
*[[2002 elections in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/AC2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf Result]
*[https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3cbf8710b43df3f2c1553e649403426df/uploads/2025/05/20250513373557352.pdf Elections results]

{{Uttarakhand elections}}

[[Category:2002 State Assembly elections in India|Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Uttarakhand|2002]]
[[Category:2000s in Uttarakhand]]

Phulki (TV series)

2026-04-20T03:58:41Z

IgnacioGrishin: Creating The Info Needs Work - done

{{Short description|Indian Bengali television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Phulkizeebangla.jpeg
| creator = Samrat Ghosh
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Sports]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| writer = '''Dialogues''' Saswati Ghosh
| screenplay = Saswati Ghosh
| story = Souvik Chakraborty
| director = {{ubl|Rajendra Prasad Das}}
| creative_director = Srijit Ray
| presenter =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Abhishek Bose]]|Divyani Mondal}}
| theme_music_composer =
| endtheme =
| open_theme = ''Niye Jibon Dolar Dulki, Jwole Bhalobasar Phulki…'' by Suvam Moitra
| composer = Suvam Moitra
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 901
| executive_producer = {{ubl|Sauvik Kundu|Sreya Guha|Shubhangi Ghosh (Zee Bangla)}}
| producer = [[Zee Bangla]]
| company = Zee Bangla In-house Production
| location = Bharat Lakshmi Studio, [[Kolkata]]
| cinematography = Santu Datta
| editor = Jishu Nath Biplab Mondal
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| network = [[Zee Bangla]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|6|12|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|12|7|df=y}}
| related =
}}

'''''Phulki''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Romance film|romantic]] [[sports drama]] television series that premiered on 12 June 2023 on [[Zee Bangla]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-28 |title=New TV show 'Phulki' to narrate the story of a boxer |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/new-tv-show-phulki-to-narrate-the-story-of-a-boxer/articleshow/99058906.cms |access-date=2023-06-13 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613081934/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/new-tv-show-phulki-to-narrate-the-story-of-a-boxer/articleshow/99058906.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-08 |title=অন্যরকম চরিত্রে কৌশাম্বী, অভিষেক জুটি বাঁধছেন নতুন নায়িকার সঙ্গে |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/phulki-new-bengali-serial-fulki-is-coming-on-zee-bangla-watch-the-story-with-photos-know-in-details-984061 |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=ABP Ananda |language=bn |archive-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613092837/https://bengali.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/phulki-new-bengali-serial-fulki-is-coming-on-zee-bangla-watch-the-story-with-photos-know-in-details-984061 |url-status=live }}</ref> The show is produced by [[Zee Bangla]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The new Zee Bangla show Phulki is about the transformative power of love |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/the-new-zee-bangla-show-phulki-is-about-the-transformative-power-of-love/cid/1943291 |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=The Telegraph India}}</ref> It stars Divyani Mondal and [[Abhishek Bose]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-27 |title=মিঠাই-ভক্তদের চিন্তা কমছে না! প্রকাশ্যে 'ফুলকি'র লুক! নায়ক-নায়িকার ছবি দেখুন |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/zee-bangla-s-new-serial-phulki-s-new-look-is-out-now-somraj-maity-is-in-lead-actor-who-is-lead-actress-31679892434261.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327055952/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/zee-bangla-s-new-serial-phulki-s-new-look-is-out-now-somraj-maity-is-in-lead-actor-who-is-lead-actress-31679892434261.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 March 2023 |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-08 |title=এবার বক্সারের চরিত্রে ছোটপর্দায়, নতুন নায়িকার সঙ্গে জুটি বাঁধছেন অভিষেক |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/bengali-serial-actor-abhishek-basu-will-got-paired-with-a-new-actress-in-a-new-serial-named-phulki-know-in-details-984014 |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=ABP Ananda |language=bn}}</ref>

==Plot ==
Phulki is a passionate love story. Phulki, a bright and mentally strong underprivileged girl, while the male protagonist, Rohit, an ex-boxer who is trying to cope with his past trauma of disgrace and the burden of being responsible for his brother’s death.

While Rohit is trapped in the past, phulki deals with life’s problems positively and wants to move ahead. They meet and get married. Phulki slowly and steadily brings in a positive vibe in Rohit's life and the family and shows a new way of living to the Rohit. But she gets disheartened to learn that Rohit still loves his ex-wife, Shalini. On the other hand, Rohit tries to find a new way of living by realising his dream of being a champion boxer through Phulki and at the same time can’t forget his past with Shalini. While dealing with his past and present simultaneously, Rohit realises what is best for him. Phulki found her genetic mother and she was the inheritor of Rajmahal state.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=The new Zee Bangla show Phulki is about the transformative power of love |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/entertainment/the-new-zee-bangla-show-phulki-is-about-the-transformative-power-of-love/cid/1943291 |access-date=2023-06-08 |language=en-IN |archive-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408234436/https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/entertainment/the-new-zee-bangla-show-phulki-is-about-the-transformative-power-of-love/cid/1943291 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Divyani Mondal]] as Phulki Dasgupta (née Das, Formerly Roy Chowdhury): A vivacious girl; An international boxer and elected minister; Former employee in Roy Chowdhury's superstore; Rohit's widow; Aruna's ex daughter-in-law, Aranya's wife, Phuljhuri's mother.
* [[Abhishek Bose]] as
** Priyojeet Roy Chowdhury: Aruna's husband, Rohit and Dhanu's father. (Dead)
** Rohit Roy Chowdhury: An ex-boxer; a successful business man and owner of a superstore; Boxing Coach of Anushilani (Boxing Academy); Priyojeet and Aruna's son; Phulki's husband, Phuljhuri's father. (Dead)
** Aranya Dasgupta aka ADG: A singer and chef, Rohit's lookalike, Phulki's well wisher and second husband.

=== Recurring ===
* [[Ankita Majhi]] as Aruna Roy Chowdhury: Headmistress of Nababganj High School; Pallab's ex-student; Rohit and Dhanu's mother
* [[Sohan Bandyopadhyay]] as Pallab Roy Chowdhury aka Mastermashai: A professor and a political personality; Haimanti's husband; Totha and Labanya's father
* Mishka Halim as Haimanti Roy Chowdhury: Pallab's wife; Totha and Labanya's mother
* [[Avery Singha Roy]] as Kaberi Roy Chowdhury: Sayantan's wife; Tamal and Piyal's mother
* [[Sanjay Basu]] as Sayantan Roy Chowdhury aka Shanu: Rohit's younger paternal uncle; Tamal and Piyal's father
* [[Arpita Mondal]] as Labanya Sanyal aka Labu (née Roy Chowdhury): Haimanti and Pallab's daughter; MLA in Nababganj; Leader of Janata Unnayan Party.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-01 |title=Arpita Mondal to essay a meaty role in 'Phulki' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/arpita-mondal-to-essay-a-meaty-role-in-phulki/articleshow/100669870.cms |access-date=2023-06-13 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613082102/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/arpita-mondal-to-essay-a-meaty-role-in-phulki/articleshow/100669870.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Kaushambi Chakraborty]] as Paromita Sengupta (Formerly Roy Chowdhury) aka Paro: Haimanti and Pallab's ex-daughter-in-law<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-08 |title=অন্যরকম চরিত্রে কৌশাম্বী, অভিষেক জুটি বাঁধছেন নতুন নায়িকার সঙ্গে |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/phulki-new-bengali-serial-fulki-is-coming-on-zee-bangla-watch-the-story-with-photos-know-in-details-984061 |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=[[ABP Ananda]] |language=bn}}</ref> (Dead)
* [[Ayendri Lavnia Roy]] as Ishita Paul (Formerly Roy Chowdhury): Tamal's ex wife
* [[Sudip Sarkar (actor)|Sudip Sarkar]] as Rudraroop Sanyal aka Rudra/Rajababu (Main Antagonist): A corrupt politician; Son of Biru Badshah aka Birupaksha Sanyal. (Dead)
* Ridhish Chowdhury as Tamal Roy Chowdhury: Sayantan and Kaberi's elder son; Jhinuk husband
* [[Mishmee Das]] as Jhinuk Roy Chowdhury (née Das) aka Madhabilata (Fake identity): Sabita and Satyen's biological daughter; Tamal love interest turned to be second wife
* Debmalya Gupta as Piyal Roy Chowdhury: Youngest Son of Roy Chowdhury family; Sayantan and Kaberi's younger son
* Ujjayini Chattopadhyay / [[Piyali Sasmal]] as Dhanshiri Roy Chowdhury aka Dhanu: A lawyer; Aruna's daughter
* Srijita Dona Chakraborty as Piyel Roy Chowdhury: Piyal's friend and love-interest turned wife.
* [[Fahim Mirza]] as Angshuman Sengupta aka Angshu: A Police officer - Second officer of Nababganj Police Station; Paromita's college friend and second husband; Ricky's one-sided love interest but he loves Paromita from their college days.
* [[Banani Dey]] as Rankini Sanyal aka Ricky: Daughter of Biru Badshah aka Birupaksha Sanyal; Rudra's younger sister; Angshuman's obsessive lover.
* [[Sharly Modak]] as Shalini Mitra: A boxer; Rohit's ex-wife turned rival; Phulki's rival; Rudra's crime partner.
* Gulshanara Khatun as Sabita Das: Satyen's wife; Phulki's adoptive mother; Jhinuk's biological mother.
* Indraneel Chakraborty as Satyen Das: Sabita's husband; Phulki's adoptive father; Jhinuk's biological father.
* Arup Roy as Bhombol: Phulki's neighbour.
* [[Rajib Banerjee (actor)|Rajib Banerjee]] as Maharaja Pratap Narayan Chowdhury: Boro Raja from Rajmahal estate; Mandira's husband; Phulki's biological father; Rohit's father-in-law.
* [[Moyna Mukherji]] as Rani Mandira Chowdhury: Boro Rani from Rajmahal estate; Pratap's wife; Phulki's biological mother; Rohit's mother-in-law.
* [[Saoli Chattopadhyay]] as Rani Ashabari Chowdhury: Chhoto Rani from Rajmahal estate; Elected MLA in Rajmahal estate; Dhurjati's wife; Aditya and Indra's mother; Dhanu's mother-in-law; Phulki's paternal aunt.
* [[Manoj Ojha]] as Maharaja Dhurjati Narayan Chowdhury: Chhoto Raja from Rajmahal estate; Ashabari's husband; Aditya and Indra's father; Dhanu's father-in-law; Phulki's paternal uncle.
* [[Sounak Ray]] as Rajkumar [[Aditya Narayan]] Chowdhury: Boro Rajkumar from Rajmahal estate; Dhurjati and Ashabari's elder son; Phulki's cousin; Dhanu's husband.
* [[Arunava Dey]] as Rajkumar Indra Narayan Chowdhury: Chhoto Rajkumar from Rajmahal estate; Dhurjati and Ashabari's younger son; Phulki's cousin.
* [[Raju Majumder]] as Nantu: Phulki's neighbour, he had a crush on Phulki.
* Aditi Ghosh as Sneha: A callgirl, who works for Rudra.
* Deepak Halder as Bibhuti Baba: A fake saint.
* Kaustuv Sengupta as Mr Banerjee: A Lawyer; Dhanu's senior.
* Bhavana Banerjee as Jiya Banerjee: An ambitious boxer, who could do anything to win; Phulki's rival to friend.
* Sulagna Chakraborty as Basanti Murmu: A boxer; Phulki's friend & supporter.
* [[Suchandrima]] as Madhubanti Chowdhury: Chief Editor of Naba Prabhat Media House.
* Sharanya Dey as Chhandak Majumder: Ishita's college friend; Joyeeta's husband.
* Purbasha Debnath as Late Joyeeta Majumdar (née Dutta): Ishita's college friend; Chhandak's wife.
* [[Joy Badlani]] as Senior Inspector Atul Pandey: From [[Delhi Crime]] Branch, who came to West Bengal to investigate the case of Rajababu.
* Akashdeep Akash as Rahul Dey aka Borobabu: A corrupt police officer who's working for Rudrarup Sanyal; Angshuman's senior.
* Manish Chakraborty
* Arghya Basu
* Unknown as political leader & Rudra's aide; Payel's father.
* Rupam Sarkar as Mihir.
* Raja Chatterjee as Doctor Kaka: A Well-Wisher and a Family Physician of Roy Chowdhury family.
* Oeandrila Banerjee as Kamalika Basu: Owner of a PR agency; She helped Phulki to save Rohit from false allegations.
* Judhajit Banerjee as Dr. Satyabrata Dutta: Rudra's crime partner; Shalini's doctor.
* [[Anindyo Sarkar]] as Tarak Sengupta: A Retired Police Officer; Angshuman's father; Paromita's father-in-law.
* Mallika Sinha Roy as Pratibha Sengupta: Angshuman's mother; Paromita's mother-in-law.
* Achin Kumar Moitro as Thakur Baba: Rudra's another rival.
* Subikash Paul as Mrinmoy: Rudrarup Sanyal's political worker.
* Sneha Chatterjee as Agnimita Guhaneogi: A Dancer; Workshopper in correctional home; Aruna's ex-student.
* Paromita Mukherjee as Tagar: A notorious criminal; Rudra sent her to Jail to kill Ishita.
* Nilanjan Datta as Dr. Subramaniam Phulki’s Eye Surgeon.
* Susmita Chakraborty as Malati Sarkar: From Kuli Bosti; Malati steals her mother-in-law's necklace and blames it on their house-help Lachhmi aka disguised Haimanti.
* Konkona Halder as IPS Swagata Roy: Officer-In-Charge in Rajmahal Estate.
* Shilpa Mondal as Shilpa Roy: Phulki's closed one; Former employee of nutritionist at Games Village; She gets a job at Roy Chowdhury's Superstore after her termination from Games Village; Sanatan & Bharati's daughter.
* [[Somjita Bhattacharya]] as Sarbani Roy: The one who witnessed the dark conspiracy of Ashabari & Rajmahal; Shilpa's mother; Sanatan's widow.
* Satyam Chowdhury as Sanatan Roy: Shilpa's father; Bharati's husband; A servant in Rajmahal; He left newborn Phulki as Ashabari told him. Then, he was consumed by regret. And decided to expose Ashabari's conspiracy to his Highness "Boro Raja Babu". But before he could, Ashabari killed him.
* [[Rana Mukherjee (actor)|Rana Mukherjee]] as Ashabari's aide.
* [[Arghya Mukherjee]] as Sitaram Choubey: A Truck-dealer; Ashabari's crime partner in Boro Rajababu's murder; Later murdered due to Ashabari's conspiracy.
* [[Rana Mitra]] as Rathilal Chakraborty : Ashabhari's lawyer.
* Sujoy Sinha as Judge Ashu Babu
* [[Tanushree Goswami]] as Sunanda Samajpoti: Opposition party leader
* [[Ashim Roy Chowdhury]] as Akhilesh Dey : Minister, Opposition Party Leader
* Mrinmoy Das
* Gautam Mukherjee
* Joy Bhattacharya as Chamanlal Bajoriya
* Arijeet Ganguly
* Partha Mitra
* Unknown as Minister Akhilesh Dey's mother
* [[Alivia Sarkar]] as Sheena Lohia; Rohit's one sided obsessive lover.
* Saumya Sengupta as Sheena's father.
* Rumi Mukherjee
* Sankar Sanku Chakrabarty
* [[Soma Banerjee]] as Damayanti Kar aka Daizy Bai
* Ashmita Chakraborty as Ahona Biswas
* Soumi Paul
* [[Anamika Chakraborty]] as Ritu Roy: A international spy.

===Guest appearance on "Janmashtami" special episode===
* Pallavi Sharma as Alokparna Dutta from [[Neem Phooler Madhu]].
* Uday Pratap Singh as Chayan Dutta from [[Neem Phooler Madhu]].
* Soumi Chakraborty as Ruchira Mitra aka Ruchi from [[Neem Phooler Madhu]].
* Shaili Bhattacharya as Barsha Dutta from [[Neem Phooler Madhu]].

===Guest appearance on "Durga Puja" special episode===
* Neil Chatterjee as himself.
* Ashmita Chakraborty as herself.

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:Pink; width:20%;"| Language
! style="background:Pink; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:Pink; width:16%;"| Original release
! style="background:Pink; width:13%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:Pink; width:12%;"| Last aired
! style="background:Pink; width:14%;"| Notes
! style="background:Pink; width:10%;"| Ref.
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''Phulki'' ফুলকি
| 12 June 2023
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| 7 December 2025
| Original
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-28 |title=New TV show 'Phulki' to narrate the story of a boxer |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/new-tv-show-phulki-to-narrate-the-story-of-a-boxer/articleshow/99058906.cms |access-date=2023-06-13 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613081934/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/new-tv-show-phulki-to-narrate-the-story-of-a-boxer/articleshow/99058906.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Jayam'' జయం
| 14 July 2025
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| Ongoing
| Remake
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jayam Serial: ఇదేందయ్యా ఇది.. హీరోయిన్ గుద్దితే గోడ పగిలిపోయింది.. కొత్త సీరియల్ ప్రోమో |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/news/prema-entha-maduram-sriram-venkat-new-serial-jayam-promo-cast-crew-full-details-here/articleshow/121390874.cms }}</ref>
|}

==Reception==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! colspan="2" | [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] Viewership
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! [[Target Rating Point|TRP]]
! Rank
|-
|Week 24
|2023
|7.2
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP List: 'জগদ্ধাত্রী'-কে টেক্কা দিয়ে শুরুতেই বাজিমাত 'ফুলকি'-র! বেঙ্গল টপার কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-bengali-trp-2023-week-24-barc-weekly-rating-chart-of-bangla-serial-anurager-chhowa-phulki-jagaddhatri-in-top-three-trp-top-10-serials-bengal-topper-serial-soc-602452-2023-06-22 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 25
|2023
|7.4
|2
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=TRP List: ফের দারুণ রেজাল্ট 'ফুলকি'-র! 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া', 'জগদ্ধাত্রী'-র স্কোর কত? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-25-barc-weekly-rating-chart-of-bangla-serial-anurager-chhowa-phulki-jagaddhatri-in-top-three-trp-top-10-serials-list-soc-606220-2023-06-29 |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 26
|2023
|7.9
|2
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-06 |title=TRP: চার নম্বরে উঠে এল হরগৌরী পাইস হোটেল! টিআরপি টপার অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া না ফুলকি? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-25-horogouri-pice-hotel-is-in-number-4-position-anurager-chhowa-is-bengal-topper-and-phulki-is-second-31688623986109.html |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162117/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-25-horogouri-pice-hotel-is-in-number-4-position-anurager-chhowa-is-bengal-topper-and-phulki-is-second-31688623986109.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|Week 27
|2023
|7.7
|3
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=TRP List: বিরাট রদবদল রেটিং চার্টে! প্রথম দশে কোন কোন মেগা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-27-barc-bangla-serial-weekly-rating-chart-of-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-in-top-three-trp-see-top-10-serials-this-week-soc-613883-2023-07-13 |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=13 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713105728/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-27-barc-bangla-serial-weekly-rating-chart-of-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-in-top-three-trp-see-top-10-serials-this-week-soc-613883-2023-07-13 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 28
|2023
|7.3
|3
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=TRP List: প্রকাশ্যে বাংলার মেগার টিআরপি, সেরার সেরা কোন ধারাবাহিক? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-28-barc-bangla-serial-weekly-rating-chart-of-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-in-top-three-trp-see-top-10-bengali-mega-serials-list-soc-617765-2023-07-20 |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 29
|2023
|8.2
|3
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-27 |title=TRP: বড় চমক! অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া-র ঘাড়ে নিশ্বাস জগদ্ধাত্রীর, টিআরপি টপার কি ফুলকি? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-bengali-serial-week-29-jagaddhatris-number-increase-anurager-chhowa-still-topper-phulki-grab-third-position-31690438102858.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727072416/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-bengali-serial-week-29-jagaddhatris-number-increase-anurager-chhowa-still-topper-phulki-grab-third-position-31690438102858.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|Week 30
|2023
|8.5
|3
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=TRP List: চমক 'সন্ধ্যাতারা'-র! নম্বর বেড়ে কোন স্থানে 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া', 'জগদ্ধাত্রী'? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-30-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-in-top-three-trp-sandhyatara-scores-well-top-10-serials-list-soc-625972-2023-08-03 |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803181045/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-30-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-in-top-three-trp-sandhyatara-scores-well-top-10-serials-list-soc-625972-2023-08-03 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 31
|2023
|8.1
|3
|<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=TRP List: প্রথম দশে আলোচিত নতুন মেগা 'কার কাছে কই মনের কথা', বাকিদের স্কোর কেমন? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-31-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-kar-kache-koi-moner-kotha-controversial-serial-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-in-top-three-trp-top-10-serials-list-soc-629503-2023-08-10 |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810101347/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-31-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-kar-kache-koi-moner-kotha-controversial-serial-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-in-top-three-trp-top-10-serials-list-soc-629503-2023-08-10 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 32
|2023
|8.4
|2
|<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=TRP List: আবারও চমক 'কার কাছে কই মনের কথা', শীর্ষ স্থান হারাল 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া' |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-32-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-loses-top-position-kar-kache-koi-moner-kotha-scores-well-top-10-bengali-serials-list-soc-636389-2023-08-18 |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=19 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819070756/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-32-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-loses-top-position-kar-kache-koi-moner-kotha-scores-well-top-10-bengali-serials-list-soc-636389-2023-08-18 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 33
|2023
|7.6
|3
|<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=TRP List Bangla Serial: ফের টপার 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া'! 'ফুলকি', 'জগদ্ধাত্রী'-দের স্কোর কত? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-33-bangla-serial-barc-trp-latest-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-in-top-three-trp-top-10-serials-list-soc-639546-2023-08-24 |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=25 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825132703/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-33-bangla-serial-barc-trp-latest-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-in-top-three-trp-top-10-serials-list-soc-639546-2023-08-24 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 34
|2023
|7.9
|3
|<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=TRP List Bangla Serial: পুরনোদের টেক্কা দিচ্ছে নতুনরা, কোন মেগার স্কোর কেমন? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-34-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-new-serials-phulki-sandhyatara-kar-kache-koi-moner-kotha-giving-tough-competition-to-old-serials-top-10-serials-list-soc-670511-2023-08-31 |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=31 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831103729/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-34-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-new-serials-phulki-sandhyatara-kar-kache-koi-moner-kotha-giving-tough-competition-to-old-serials-top-10-serials-list-soc-670511-2023-08-31 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 35
|2023
|7.5
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP List Bangla Serial: শুরুতেই বাজিমাত ওমের মেগার! সেরার সেরা কোন ধারাবাহিক? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-35-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-love-aajkal-biye-sandhyatara-kar-kache-ki-moner-kotha-score-well-in-top-three-trp-top-10-serials-list-soc-674291-2023-09-07 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907124046/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-35-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-love-aajkal-biye-sandhyatara-kar-kache-ki-moner-kotha-score-well-in-top-three-trp-top-10-serials-list-soc-674291-2023-09-07 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 36
|2023
|8.3
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP List Bangla Serial: সেরা তিনে নেই 'জগদ্ধাত্রী', চমক নতুন মেগাদের! বেঙ্গল টপার কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-36-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-phulki-neem-phuler-modhu-in-top-three-jagaddhatri-loses-position-trp-top-10-serials-list-soc-678022-2023-09-14 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928134244/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-36-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-phulki-neem-phuler-modhu-in-top-three-jagaddhatri-loses-position-trp-top-10-serials-list-soc-678022-2023-09-14 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 37
|2023
|7.8
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP List Bangla Serial: ফের চমক 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া, 'জগদ্ধাত্রী' -র! সেরা দশে কোন কোন মেগা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-37-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-in-top-three-trp-top-10-best-serials-list-soc-682602-2023-09-22 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 38
|2023
|7.9
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP List Bangla Serial: হাড্ডাহাড্ডি লড়াই বাংলা মেগাতে, টিআরপি-তে সেরা দশে কারা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-38-barc-bangla-serial-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-best-three-serials-in-trp-top-10-serials-list-soc-685744-2023-09-28 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 39
|2023
|8.0
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP List Bangla Serial: দারুণ চমক 'সন্ধ্যাতারা', 'জল থই থই ভালোবাসা'-র! প্রথম দশে কারা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-39-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-sandhyatara-in-top-three-new-serial-scores-well-top-10-serials-list-soc-690155-2023-10-06 |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 40
|2023
|7.8
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP List Bangla Serial: রেটিং চার্টে রাজত্ব নতুনদের, প্রথম দশে জোর টক্কর ১৫ মেগা |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-40-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-neem-phuler-madhu-in-top-three-15-serials-in-trp-10-serials-list-soc-693400-2023-10-12 |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012182405/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-40-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-jagaddhatri-phulki-neem-phuler-madhu-in-top-three-15-serials-in-trp-10-serials-list-soc-693400-2023-10-12 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 41
|2023
|7.6
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP -Bangla Serial: বাংলা টেলিভিশনে চলছে জোরদার লড়াই। এদিকে চলছে ক্রিকেট বিশ্বকাপ, ফলে গত সপ্তাহের মতো এবারও কিছুটা কমেছে সব মেগার নম্বর। |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-bangla-serial-week-41-barc-latest-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-bengal-toper-jagaddhatri-score-decreases-manali-dey-aparajita-adhya-serial-good-score-top-10-serials-list-soc-697275-2023-10-19 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205221019/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-bangla-serial-week-41-barc-latest-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-bengal-toper-jagaddhatri-score-decreases-manali-dey-aparajita-adhya-serial-good-score-top-10-serials-list-soc-697275-2023-10-19 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 42
|2023
|6.9
|4
||<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP -Bangla Serial: পুজোর চার দিন সিরিয়াল পাড়ায় শুটিং বন্ধ ছিল। কিন্তু শুটিং বন্ধ থাকলেও সিরিয়ালের সম্প্রচার বন্ধ হয়নি। কারণ, আগে থেকে শুটিং সেরে রেখেছিলেন বাংলা সিরিয়ালের অভিনেতা- অভিনেত্রীরা। তাই এক দিন দেরিতে হলেও হাজির হয়েছে 'টিআরপি' তালিকা। নম্বর অনেকটা করেই কমেছে। |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-42-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-low-rating-for-world-cup-match-durga-puja-top-10-bengali-mega-serials-list-soc-701346-2023-10-27 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-date=14 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214110259/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-42-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-low-rating-for-world-cup-match-durga-puja-top-10-bengali-mega-serials-list-soc-701346-2023-10-27 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 43
|2023
|6.4
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: তৃতীয় স্থানে 'ফুলকি', পেয়েছে ৬.৪ |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-bangla-serial-week-43-barc-latest-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-poor-rating-jagaddhatri-neem-phuler-modhu-phulki-in-top-three-top-10-serials-list-soc-704560-2023-11-02 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |access-date=25 April 2024 |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102182701/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-bangla-serial-week-43-barc-latest-weekly-rating-chart-anurager-chhowa-poor-rating-jagaddhatri-neem-phuler-modhu-phulki-in-top-three-top-10-serials-list-soc-704560-2023-11-02 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 44
|2023
|7.6
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: বিরাট রদবদল রেটিং চার্টে |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-44-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-kar-kache-koi-moner-kotha-bengal-topper-huge-changes-in-rating-chart-top-10-serials-list-soc-708497-2023-11-09 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |access-date=25 April 2024 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216091038/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-44-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-kar-kache-koi-moner-kotha-bengal-topper-huge-changes-in-rating-chart-top-10-serials-list-soc-708497-2023-11-09 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 45
|2023
|7.8
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-45-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-kar-kache-koi-moner-kotha-neem-phuler-modhu-bengal-topper-top-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-712546-2023-11-17 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |title=TRP List Bangla Serial: টপার শিমুল, পর্ণা! 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া', 'জগদ্ধাত্রী'-দের রেটিং কত? |access-date=25 April 2024 |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102182702/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-45-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-kar-kache-koi-moner-kotha-neem-phuler-modhu-bengal-topper-top-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-712546-2023-11-17 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 46
|2023
|7.0
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: বিরাট রদবদল রেটিং চার্টে! বেঙ্গল টপার কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-46-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-jagaddhatri-neem-phuler-modhu-phulki-kar-kache-koi-moner-kotha-in-top-three-top-10-serials-list-soc-715599-2023-11-23 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |access-date=25 April 2024 |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102182702/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-46-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-jagaddhatri-neem-phuler-modhu-phulki-kar-kache-koi-moner-kotha-in-top-three-top-10-serials-list-soc-715599-2023-11-23 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 47
|2023
|7.6
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: দ্বিতীয় স্থানে উঠে এসেছে 'ফুলকি', পেয়েছে ৭.৬ |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-47-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-jagaddhatri-neem-phuler-modhu-bengal-topper-geeta-llb-score-well-top-10-serials-list-soc-718844-2023-11-30 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |access-date=25 April 2024 |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229222408/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-47-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-jagaddhatri-neem-phuler-modhu-bengal-topper-geeta-llb-score-well-top-10-serials-list-soc-718844-2023-11-30 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 48
|2023
|8.0
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: বিরাট রদবদল রেটিং চার্টে |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-48-barc-weekly-rating-chart-bangla-serial-jagaddhatri-phulki-neem-phuler-modhu-in-top-three-top-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-722587-2023-12-07 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 49
|2023
|8.5
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-14 |title=TRP: প্রথম স্থানে রয়েছে 'ফুলকি'। শুরুর সময় থেকেই প্রথম পাঁচে জায়গা করে নিয়েছিল এই সিরিয়াল। দ্বিতীয় কিংবা তৃতীয়তে বার বারই দেখা গিয়েছে ফুলকি এবং রোহিতের গল্প। তবে এ বার 'জগদ্ধাত্রী' এবং 'অনুরাগের ছোঁয়া'-কে টপকে গিয়ে প্রথম স্থানে জায়গা করে নিল ফুলকি। এ সপ্তাহে তারা পেয়েছে ৮.৫। |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/which-serial-leads-the-trp-competition-in-the-week-of-8th-december-to-13th-december-2023-dgtl/cid/1481454 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn |access-date=25 April 2024 |archive-date=25 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425124433/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/which-serial-leads-the-trp-competition-in-the-week-of-8th-december-to-13th-december-2023-dgtl/cid/1481454 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-14 |title=জগদ্ধাত্রীকে ল্যাং মেরে সেরা জি বাংলার এই মেগা! TRP লিস্টে খেল দেখালো গীতা LL.B |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-49-phulki-beats-jagadhatri-claims-topper-position-geeta-ll-b-at-no-3-31702534336237.html |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215034313/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-49-phulki-beats-jagadhatri-claims-topper-position-geeta-ll-b-at-no-3-31702534336237.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|Week 50
|2023
|7.9
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP -Bangla Serial: শীর্ষ স্থান হারাল 'ফুলকি'! প্রথম তিনে কোন মেগা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-50-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-jagaddhatri-neem-phuler-modhu-phulki-in-top-three-trp-best-10-bangla-mega-serials-list-soc-729831-2023-12-21 |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229222409/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2023-week-50-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-jagaddhatri-neem-phuler-modhu-phulki-in-top-three-trp-best-10-bangla-mega-serials-list-soc-729831-2023-12-21 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 51
|2023
|8.5
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: শুরুতেই হাড্ডাহাড্ডি লড়াই! বছরের প্রথম বেঙ্গল টপার কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-1-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-jagaddhatri-neem-phuler-modhu-phulki-in-top-three-2024-first-trp-list-top-10-serials-soc-740968-2024-01-05 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |access-date=25 April 2024 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227100001/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-1-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-jagaddhatri-neem-phuler-modhu-phulki-in-top-three-2024-first-trp-list-top-10-serials-soc-740968-2024-01-05 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 52
|2023
|8.6
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: শুরুতেই হাড্ডাহাড্ডি লড়াই! বছরের প্রথম বেঙ্গল টপার কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-1-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-jagaddhatri-neem-phuler-modhu-phulki-in-top-three-2024-first-trp-list-top-10-serials-soc-740968-2024-01-05 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 1
|2024
|8.7
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP -Bangla Serial: এবার সেরা দশে জায়গা করেছে ১৫ মেগা! বেঙ্গল টপার কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-2-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-jagaddhatri-neem-phuler-modhu-phulki-in-top-three-15-mega-serials-in-trp-top-10-serials-list-soc-745489-2024-01-11 |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112153138/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-2-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-jagaddhatri-neem-phuler-modhu-phulki-in-top-three-15-mega-serials-in-trp-top-10-serials-list-soc-745489-2024-01-11 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 2
|2024
|8.2
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP -Bangla Serial: সেরা দশে বড় চমক! বেঙ্গল টপার কোন ধারাবাহিক? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-3-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-jagaddhatri-phulki-geeta-llb-in-top-three-trp-top-10-bangla-mega-serials-list-soc-788195-2024-01-18 |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=19 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119143221/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-3-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-jagaddhatri-phulki-geeta-llb-in-top-three-trp-top-10-bangla-mega-serials-list-soc-788195-2024-01-18 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 3
|2024
|8.4
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP -Bangla Serial: এবারও টপার 'জগদ্ধাত্রী'! সেরা তিনে ফুলকি, পর্ণা না গীতা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-4-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-jagaddhatri-phulki-geeta-llb-in-top-three-top-10-bangla-mega-serials-list-soc-793574-2024-01-25 |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=27 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227100003/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-4-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-jagaddhatri-phulki-geeta-llb-in-top-three-top-10-bangla-mega-serials-list-soc-793574-2024-01-25 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 4
|2024
|8.1
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP -Bangla Serial: হাড্ডাহাড্ডি লড়াই জগদ্ধাত্রী- গীতার মধ্যে! সেরা দশে কোন কোন মেগা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-bangla-serial-2024-week-5-barc-latest-weekly-rating-chart-tough-competition-between-jagadhhatri-geeta-llb-top-10-bengali-mega-serials-list-soc-798639-2024-02-01 |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 5
|2024
|8.3
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP -Bangla Serial: বড় টক্কর 'জগদ্ধাত্রী','ফুলকি'-র! এবার বেঙ্গল টপার কোন সিরিয়াল? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-6-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-tough-competition-between-jagaddhatri-phulki-top-10-serials-list-soc-867078-2024-02-08 |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208111504/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-6-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-tough-competition-between-jagaddhatri-phulki-top-10-serials-list-soc-867078-2024-02-08 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 6
|2024
|8.7
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP -Bangla Serial: জোরদার ফাইট ৩ মেগাতে! টিআরপি-তে সেরার সেরা কোন সিরিয়াল? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-7-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-jagaddhatri-phulki-neem-phuler-modhu-in-top-three-trp-tough-fight-3-serials-top-10-bengali-serial-list-soc-887281-2024-02-15 |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217080959/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-7-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-jagaddhatri-phulki-neem-phuler-modhu-in-top-three-trp-tough-fight-3-serials-top-10-bengali-serial-list-soc-887281-2024-02-15 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 7
|2024
|8.1
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP -Bangla Serial: বড় রদবদল রেটিং চার্টে! সেরা দশে কোন কোন মেগা |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-8-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-jagaddhatri-neem-phuler-madhu-phulki-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-893095-2024-02-22 |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222085856/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-8-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-jagaddhatri-neem-phuler-madhu-phulki-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-893095-2024-02-22 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 8
|2024
|8.5
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP -Bangla Serial: সেরা দশ মেগা কোন গুলি? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-9-barc-bangla-serial-trp-weekly-rating-chart-jagaddhatri-neem-phuler-madhu-phulki-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-902448-2024-02-29 |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313155222/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-9-barc-bangla-serial-trp-weekly-rating-chart-jagaddhatri-neem-phuler-madhu-phulki-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-902448-2024-02-29 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 9
|2024
|8.3
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP -Bangla Serial: তৃতীয় স্থানে ফুলকি! |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-10-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-neem-phuler-madhu-bengal-topper-jagaddhatri-phulki-in-top-three-best-top-10-bangla-mega-serials-list-soc-922099-2024-03-07? |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313155223/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-10-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-neem-phuler-madhu-bengal-topper-jagaddhatri-phulki-in-top-three-best-top-10-bangla-mega-serials-list-soc-922099-2024-03-07 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 10
|2024
|8.0
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP -Bangla Serial: রেটিং চার্টে কত নম্বরে 'ফুলকি'? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-11-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-neem-phuler-madhu-bengal-topper-new-serial-badhua-scores-well-best-10-bangla-mega-serials-list-soc-931491-2024-03-14 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=20 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320170656/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-11-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-neem-phuler-madhu-bengal-topper-new-serial-badhua-scores-well-best-10-bangla-mega-serials-list-soc-931491-2024-03-14 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 11
|2024
|8.0
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP -Bangla Serial: ভোটের দামামা বাজতেই নম্বর পড়ল রেটিং চার্টে, বেঙ্গল টপার 'ফুলকি'! বাকিরা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-12-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-phulki-bengal-topper-neem-phuler-madhu-jagaddhatri-in-top-three-rating-drops-for-election-2024-best-bangla-serials-list-soc-937493-2024-03-21 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322071602/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-12-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-phulki-bengal-topper-neem-phuler-madhu-jagaddhatri-in-top-three-rating-drops-for-election-2024-best-bangla-serials-list-soc-937493-2024-03-21 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 12
|2024
|8.4
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: IPL-র মরসুমে 'ফুলকি'-কে টেক্কা দিতে পারল কেউ? জানুন সেরা দশে কোন মেগা |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-13-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-phulki-jagaddhatri-neem-phuler-madhu-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-in-ipl-season-soc-946047-2024-04-01 |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404082517/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-13-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-phulki-jagaddhatri-neem-phuler-madhu-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-in-ipl-season-soc-946047-2024-04-01 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 13
|2024
|7.6
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: আইপিএলের গেরো, হটে গেল ফুলকি! টপার এল জি থেকে, তবে জগদ্ধাত্রী নয়, চারে জলসা |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-of-week-13-because-of-ipl-rating-of-bengali-serial-decline-neem-phuler-madhu-is-topper-jalsha-in-4th-31712213920102.html |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |date=4 April 2024 |language=bn |archive-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404082654/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-of-week-13-because-of-ipl-rating-of-bengali-serial-decline-neem-phuler-madhu-is-topper-jalsha-in-4th-31712213920102.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: IPL affects the ratings of Bangla serials as Phulki slips from the top position |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ipl-affects-the-ratings-of-bangla-serials-as-phulki-slips-from-the-top-position/ba6c12e338749? |website=www.ottplay.com |language=bn |access-date=5 April 2024 |archive-date=5 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405235120/https://www.ottplay.com/news/ipl-affects-the-ratings-of-bangla-serials-as-phulki-slips-from-the-top-position/ba6c12e338749 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 14
|2024
|7.6
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP -Bangla Serial: নম্বর কমেছে সব মেগার! এবার টপার কে, পর্ণা -ফুলকি না জগদ্ধাত্রী? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-15-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-phulki-in-top-three-neem-phuler-madhu-jagaddhatri-best-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-978506-2024-04-12 |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=17 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417080037/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-15-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-phulki-in-top-three-neem-phuler-madhu-jagaddhatri-best-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-978506-2024-04-12 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 15
|2024
|7.6
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP -Bangla Serial: এসে গেছে বাংলা সিরিয়ালের রেটিং চার্ট! এবার বেঙ্গল টপার কোন মেগা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-16-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-neem-phuler-madhu-phulki-jagaddhatri-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-television-khobor-soc-983057-2024-04-18 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=19 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419024341/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-16-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-neem-phuler-madhu-phulki-jagaddhatri-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-television-khobor-soc-983057-2024-04-18 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 16
|2024
|7.7
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: বেঙ্গল টপার দুই মেগা, এবার বড় চমক টিআরপি তালিকায় |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-17-barc-bangla-serial-weekly-rating-chart-neem-phuler-madhu-phulki-bengal-topper-jagaddhatri-best-10-bangla-serials-list-ratings-soc-990773-2024-04-25 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 17
|2024
|7.0
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-03 |title=সিংহাসন হাতছাড়া! কার কাছে হার 'নিম ফুলের মধু'-র? কে হল এই সপ্তাহের 'বেঙ্গল টপার |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/bengali-serial-trp-list-mega-serial-phulki-beats-neem-phuler-madhu-and-get-number-1-position-see-full-list-rds-1639895.html |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=News18 বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=3 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503125354/https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/bengali-serial-trp-list-mega-serial-phulki-beats-neem-phuler-madhu-and-get-number-1-position-see-full-list-rds-1639895.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 18
|2024
|6.6
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-09 |title=TRP: বিরাট অঘটন! জগদ্ধাত্রীকে হটিয়ে দিল কথা, বেঙ্গল টপার নিম ফুলের মধু না ফুলকি? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-18-jagaddhatri-losses-slot-to-kottha-phulki-neem-phool-er-madhu-joint-bengal-topper-31715235957749.html |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn |archive-date=9 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509095205/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-18-jagaddhatri-losses-slot-to-kottha-phulki-neem-phool-er-madhu-joint-bengal-topper-31715235957749.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|Week 19
|2024
|5.9
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: বিরাট চমক রেটিং চার্টে, বেঙ্গল টপার 'কথা'! হুরমুড়িয়ে নম্বর কমছে সব মেগার |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-20-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-bengal-topper-kotha-all-serial-score-decreases-big-changes-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-1007714-2024-05-16 |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517020131/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-20-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-bengal-topper-kotha-all-serial-score-decreases-big-changes-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-1007714-2024-05-16 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 20
|2024
|6.5
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: প্রথম তিনে ফের রদবদল রেটিং চার্টে! সেরা দশে কোন কোন বাংলা ধারাবাহিক? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-21-barc-bangla-serial-latest-neem-phuler-madhu-phulki-kotha-in-top-three-weekly-rating-chart-best-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-1012673-2024-05-23 |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528160334/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-21-barc-bangla-serial-latest-neem-phuler-madhu-phulki-kotha-in-top-three-weekly-rating-chart-best-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-1012673-2024-05-23 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 21
|2024
|6.8
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: এবার‌ও দ্বিতীয় স্থানে 'ফুলকি'! প্রাপ্তি 6.8 |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-22-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-neem-phuler-phulki-kotha-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-1017653-2024-05-30 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=6 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606054226/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-22-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-neem-phuler-phulki-kotha-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-1017653-2024-05-30 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 22
|2024
|6.8
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: ফের বেঙ্গল টপার 'ফুলকি'! প্রথম দশে কোন কোন রেটিং চার্টে ধারাবাহিক?
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-23-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-phulki-bengal-topper-best-bengali-serials-list-rating-chart-top10-bangla-mega-serial-soc-1022777-2024-06-06 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 23
|2024
|7.0
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: মুখে চওড়া হাসি, একচুলও জমি ছাড়তে নারাজ! ফের 'সেরার সেরা'-র মুকুট ছিনিয়ে নিল জনপ্রিয় এই ধারাবাহিক!
|url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/bengali-serial-trp-list-mega-serial-phulki-again-holds-number-1-position-see-full-list-rds-1705418.html?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR3oFlCYmuhqawiG48xO36hRk5-zzOHV-vJUe6Ckfh8tyMxaAvmZYgf8qJc_aem_ZmFrZWR1bW15MTZieXRlcw |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=News18 বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 24
|2024
|6.7
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-21 |title=TRP: সর্বনাশ গীতার! বাউন্সব্য়াক অনুরাগের ছোঁয়ার, সেরার আসন ধরে রাখতে পারল ফুলকি? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-week-16-phulki-remains-bengal-topper-followed-by-neem-phool-er-madhu-geeta-llb-out-of-top-5-31718951260346.html |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn |archive-date=21 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621080214/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-week-16-phulki-remains-bengal-topper-followed-by-neem-phool-er-madhu-geeta-llb-out-of-top-5-31718951260346.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|Week 25
|2024
|7.0
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: বড় রদবদল রেটিং চার্টে! বেঙ্গল টপার 'ফুলকি', 'নিম ফুলের মধু' না অন্য মেগা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-26-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-phulki-neem-phuler-madhu-kon-gopone-mon-bheseche-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-1037383-2024-06-27 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=27 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627113355/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-26-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-phulki-neem-phuler-madhu-kon-gopone-mon-bheseche-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-1037383-2024-06-27 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 26
|2024
|7.5
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: রেটিং চার্টে কে এগিয়ে- ফুলকি, পর্ণা না শ্যামলী? চমক দিল এই নতুন মেগা |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-27-barc-bangla-serial-weekly-rating-chart-neem-phuler-madhu-phulki-kon-gopone-mon-bheseche-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-mega-serials-list-television-khobor-soc-1042336-2024-07-04 |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=4 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704134114/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-27-barc-bangla-serial-weekly-rating-chart-neem-phuler-madhu-phulki-kon-gopone-mon-bheseche-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-mega-serials-list-television-khobor-soc-1042336-2024-07-04 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 27
|2024
|7.6
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-11 |title=TRP: কামাল করল জগদ্ধাত্রী, নিম ফুলের মধুকে হটিয়ে ফুলকি টপার, পিছিয়ে নেই কথাও |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-25-phulki-is-new-bengal-topper-neem-phuler-madhu-is-number-2-and-jagadhatri-in-third-position-31720681191944.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711074059/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-25-phulki-is-new-bengal-topper-neem-phuler-madhu-is-number-2-and-jagadhatri-in-third-position-31720681191944.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 July 2024 |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 28
|2024
|7.2
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: পর্ণাকে টেক্কা দিয়ে এগিয়ে গেল ফুলকি! শ্যামলীর সঙ্গে জোরদার ফাইট এই নতুন মেগার |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-29-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-phulki-neem-phuler-madhu-kon-gopone-mon-bheseche-in-top-three-subho-bibaho-scoring-well-top-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-1051894-2024-07-18 |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=18 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718132713/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-29-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-phulki-neem-phuler-madhu-kon-gopone-mon-bheseche-in-top-three-subho-bibaho-scoring-well-top-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-1051894-2024-07-18 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 29
|2024
|7.1
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: নতুনদের রমরমায় পিছিয়ে পুরনো মেগা? প্রথম দশে ১৪ ধারাবাহিক, টপার কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-30-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-phulki-neem-phuler-madhu-subho-bibaho-kotha-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-entertainment-news-soc-1056639-2024-07-25 |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=25 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725144551/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-30-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-phulki-neem-phuler-madhu-subho-bibaho-kotha-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-entertainment-news-soc-1056639-2024-07-25 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 30
|2024
|6.5
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: হাড্ডাহাড্ডি লড়াই নতুন- পুরনো মেগার মধ্যে, প্রথম দশে জায়গা পেল কারা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-31-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-neem-phuler-madhu-kotha-uraan-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-entertainment-khobor-soc-1062087-2024-08-01 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=1 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801232307/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-31-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-neem-phuler-madhu-kotha-uraan-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-entertainment-khobor-soc-1062087-2024-08-01 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 31
|2024
|6.8
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: টানটান লড়াই মেগা সিরিয়ালের মধ্যে, টিআরপি-তে প্রথম দশে কারা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-bangla-serial-week-32-barc-latest-weekly-rating-chart-geeta-llb-neem-phuler-madhu-phulki-kotha-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-1067303-2024-08-08 |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=9 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809210654/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-bangla-serial-week-32-barc-latest-weekly-rating-chart-geeta-llb-neem-phuler-madhu-phulki-kotha-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-1067303-2024-08-08 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 32
|2024
|7.0
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: বড় চমক টিআরপি-তে! পর্ণা- শ্যামলী- ফুলকিদের মধ্যে হাড্ডাহাড্ডি লড়াই |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-33-barc-bangla-serial-new-weekly-rating-chart-neem-phuler-madhu-kon-gopone-mon-bheseche-phulki-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-1072999-2024-08-16 |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=23 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823052928/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-33-barc-bangla-serial-new-weekly-rating-chart-neem-phuler-madhu-kon-gopone-mon-bheseche-phulki-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-1072999-2024-08-16 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 33
|2024
|7.5
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: বেঙ্গল টপার হয়ে ফিরল 'ফুলকি'! বাকি কোন মেগা কেমন স্কোর করল? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-34-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-phulki-bengal-topper-kotha-neem-phuler-madhu-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-1076772-2024-08-22 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=23 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823052928/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-34-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-phulki-bengal-topper-kotha-neem-phuler-madhu-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-1076772-2024-08-22 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: চলতি সপ্তাহে বাজিমাত 'ফুলকি'-র |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/phulki-top-serial-zee-bangla-kotha-and-neem-phuler-madhu-got-second-and-third-position-entertainments-news-bengali-serial-1090940 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn |access-date=26 September 2024 |archive-date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926123748/https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/phulki-top-serial-zee-bangla-kotha-and-neem-phuler-madhu-got-second-and-third-position-entertainments-news-bengali-serial-1090940 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 34
|2024
|6.6
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: কোন মেগা কেমন স্কোর করল?
|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-35-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-kotha-bengal-topper-phulki-geeta-llb-neem-phuler-madhu-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-1081642-2024-08-29 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 35
|2024
|7.1
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: কোন মেগা কেমন স্কোর করল? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-36-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-geeta-llb-kotha-phulki-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-mega-serials-ratings-soc-1086658-2024-09-05 |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |archive-date=11 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911004830/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-36-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-geeta-llb-kotha-phulki-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-mega-serials-ratings-soc-1086658-2024-09-05 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 36
|2024
|7.1
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: আরজি করের প্রভাব সিরিয়ালে, কমেছে নম্বর, কোথায় দাঁড়িয়ে পর্ণা-ফুলকি-কথারা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/story/trp-list-2024-week-37-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-kotha-phulki-geeta-llb-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-mega-serials-ratings-sum-1091327-2024-09-12 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |access-date=16 September 2024 |archive-date=16 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916203843/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/story/trp-list-2024-week-37-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-kotha-phulki-geeta-llb-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-mega-serials-ratings-sum-1091327-2024-09-12 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 37
|2024
|7.1
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: কড়া টক্কর গীতা- ফুলকি-পর্ণাদের, এক ধাক্কায় অনেকটা নামল 'কথা'! রেটিং চার্টে টপার কোন মেগা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-38-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-geeta-llb-phulki-neem-phuler-madhu-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-ratings-soc-1095168-2024-09-19 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |access-date=19 September 2024 |archive-date=19 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919124013/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-38-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-geeta-llb-phulki-neem-phuler-madhu-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-ratings-soc-1095168-2024-09-19 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 38
|2024
|7.3
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: ফের টপার 'ফুলকি'! গীতা- কথা- পর্ণারা কেমন স্কোর করল রেটিং চার্টে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-39-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-phulki-geeta-llb-neem-phuler-madhu-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-ratings-soc-1098342-2024-09-26 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |access-date=26 September 2024 |archive-date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926124527/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-39-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-phulki-geeta-llb-neem-phuler-madhu-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-ratings-soc-1098342-2024-09-26 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 39
|2024
|7.2
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: চমক দিয়ে বেঙ্গল টপার 'কথা'! গীতা- ফুলকি- পর্ণাদের স্কোর কত রেটিং চার্টে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-40-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-bengali-topper-kotha-geeta-llb-phulki-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-1101929-2024-10-04 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |access-date=4 October 2024 |archive-date=4 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004111623/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-40-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-bengali-topper-kotha-geeta-llb-phulki-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-1101929-2024-10-04 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 40
|2024
|7.1
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: চমক দিয়ে বেঙ্গল টপার ২ মেগা! সেরা পাঁচে ৮ ধারাবাহিক, উৎসবের সময় কারা সেরা দশে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-41-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-kotha-phulki-geeta-llb-jagadhhatri-neem-phuler-modhu-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-festive-time-soc-1104665-2024-10-10 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |access-date=10 October 2024 |archive-date=25 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225140603/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-41-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-kotha-phulki-geeta-llb-jagadhhatri-neem-phuler-modhu-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-festive-time-soc-1104665-2024-10-10 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 41
|2024
|6.6
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: উৎসবের মরসুমে নম্বর কমেও বেঙ্গল টপার ২ ধারাবাহিক! সেরা দশে কোন কোন মেগা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-42-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-rating-decreased-festive-time-kotha-phulki-neem-phuler-madhu-phulki-in-top-three-top-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-1107601-2024-10-17 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 42
|2024
|7.2
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: নম্বর বাড়ল টপারদের! রেটিং চার্টে সেরা দশে কোন কোন বাংলা মেগা? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-43-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-phulki-kotha-geeta-llb-neem-phuler-madhu-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-1110429-2024-10-24 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP Ratings: ধারা বজায় রেখেই শীর্ষে 'ফুলকি'! টিআরপি তালিকায় চমক দিল আর কোন ধারাবাহিক? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/serial-phulki-leads-the-trp-list-between-17th-october-and-23rd-october-dgtl/cid/1555287 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 43
|2024
|7.7
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: দীপাবলির সপ্তাহেও শীর্ষে 'ফুলকি'! |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-tv-serial-phulki-and-neem-phuler-modhu-lead-the-trp-list-on-diwali-week-dgtl/cid/1557953 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 44
|2024
|7.2
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: বরাবরের মতোই টিআরপি তালিকায় প্রথম স্থান দখল করলো 'ফুলকি'! |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/story/28263/this_week_trp_list_revealed_phulki_is_the_new_bengal_topper_ent |website=Aajkaal.in |language=bn |access-date=7 November 2024 |archive-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208030442/https://www.aajkaal.in/story/28263/this_week_trp_list_revealed_phulki_is_the_new_bengal_topper_ent |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP Ratings: 'Phulki' scores a hattrick claiming the top spot on the rating chart |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/phulki-scores-a-hattrick-claiming-the-top-spot-on-the-rating-chart/articleshow/115055484.cms |website=Times of India |language=en |access-date=14 November 2024 |archive-date=12 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112150744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/phulki-scores-a-hattrick-claiming-the-top-spot-on-the-rating-chart/articleshow/115055484.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 45
|2024
|7.7
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: একগুচ্ছ মেগার স্লট বদল হতেই, বিরাট রদবদল রেটিং চার্টে! বেঙ্গল টপার কে? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-46-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-phulki-jagaddhatri-geeta-llb-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-bengali-television-slot-changing-effects-soc-1120655-2024-11-14 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP Ratings: একটানা তিন সপ্তাহ শীর্ষে 'ফুলকি', টিআরপি তালিকায় প্রথম পাঁচে আর কারা জায়গা করে নিল? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/phulki-tops-trp-ratings-of-bengali-serials-from-7th-to-13th-november-2024-dgtl/cid/1560357 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn |access-date=14 November 2024 |archive-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226150030/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/phulki-tops-trp-ratings-of-bengali-serials-from-7th-to-13th-november-2024-dgtl/cid/1560357 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 46
|2024
|7.1
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: এই সপ্তাহেও কোনও হেরফের হল না। শীর্ষ স্থানে আবার 'ফুলকি'। সঙ্গে রইল কারা? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/phulki-and-jagaddhatri-on-the-top-of-the-trp-list-from-14th-november-to-20th-november-dgtl/cid/1561941 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn |access-date=21 November 2024 |archive-date=22 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122133619/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/phulki-and-jagaddhatri-on-the-top-of-the-trp-list-from-14th-november-to-20th-november-dgtl/cid/1561941 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 47
|2024
|7.3
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: রেটিং চার্টের দখল জারি! প্রথম স্থানে 'ফুলকি', তালিকায় নতুন কোন ধারাবাহিক? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/new-mega-parineeta-is-sixth-in-trp-chart-of-television-dgtl/cid/1563583 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 48
|2024
|6.9
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: মিত্তির বাড়ি আসতেই অঘটন! আর টপার রইল না ফুলকি, আদৃতের মেগা কত নম্বরে? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-47-new-bengal-topper-is-kattha-phulki-is-in-number-4-adrit-roys-mittir-bari-didnt-perform-well-31733380041361.html |website=Hindustan Times Bangla |language=bn |access-date=5 December 2024 |archive-date=7 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207222623/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-week-47-new-bengal-topper-is-kattha-phulki-is-in-number-4-adrit-roys-mittir-bari-didnt-perform-well/amp-31733380041361.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|Week 49
|2024
|7.0
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: সেরা পাঁচে ১০ মেগা! নতুনদের মাঝে জায়গা পেল কোন কোন পুরনো ধারাবাহিক? |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-48-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-kotha-geeta-llb-parineeta-phulki-udaan-jagaddhatri-anandi-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-1136501-2024-12-12 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn |access-date=12 December 2024 |archive-date=12 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212093845/https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/story/trp-list-2024-week-48-barc-bangla-serial-latest-weekly-rating-chart-kotha-geeta-llb-parineeta-phulki-udaan-jagaddhatri-anandi-in-top-three-best-10-bangla-serials-list-soc-1136501-2024-12-12 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 50
|2024
|7.4
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: প্রথম স্থানে যুগলবন্দি, কোন কোন ধারাবাহিক পেল একই নম্বর! |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-mega-katha-and-phulki-are-jointly-first-in-rating-chart-dgtl/cid/1568536 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn |access-date=19 December 2024 |archive-date=19 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219152348/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-mega-katha-and-phulki-are-jointly-first-in-rating-chart-dgtl/cid/1568536 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 51
|2024
|7.9
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: মাঝে সপ্তাহ তিনেক একটু পিছু হটেছিল ধারাবাহিক 'ফুলকি'। গত সপ্তাহ থেকে আবারও সে যথাস্থানে। চলতি সপ্তাহেও তার বদল ঘটেনি। অভিষেক বসু-দিব্যাণী মণ্ডল জুটি প্রথম স্থান দখলে রেখেছে। |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-mega-serial-phulki-and-geeta-llb-are-jointly-first-in-rating-chart-dgtl/cid/1570367 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn |access-date=27 December 2024 |archive-date=29 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229001741/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-mega-serial-phulki-and-geeta-llb-are-jointly-first-in-rating-chart-dgtl/cid/1570367 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 52
|2024
|8.1
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: দ্বিতীয় স্থানে রয়েছে জ়ি বাংলার ধারাবাহিক 'ফুলকি'। প্রাপ্ত নম্বর ৮.১। |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/geeta-llb-holds-the-top-position-in-the-trp-list-from-26th-dec-to-2nd-jan-dgtl/cid/1571998 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 53
|2024
|7.7
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: 'গীতা'র আইনি প্যাঁচে ফের ধরাশায়ী 'ফুলকি'! |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-mega-serial-geeta-llb-again-stood-first-in-tv-rating-chart-dgtl/cid/1573410 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 1
|2025
|7.7
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: রেটিং চার্টে তুলকালাম, 'গীতা', 'ফুলকি' কুপোকাত উদয়ের 'পরিণীতা'র কাছে! |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/uday-pratap-singh-starr-bengali-mega-serial-parineeta-is-bengal-topper-in-rating-chart-dgtl/cid/1575330 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn |access-date=17 January 2025 |archive-date=18 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118025322/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/uday-pratap-singh-starr-bengali-mega-serial-parineeta-is-bengal-topper-in-rating-chart-dgtl/cid/1575330 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 2
|2025
|8.0
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: অন্যদিকে ফুলকি ধারাবাহিকটিও তার জায়গা ধরে রেখেছে দুই নম্বর স্থানে। |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-of-third-week-parineeta-serial-is-the-topper-followed-by-phulki-and-jagaddhatri-31737616952663.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217052208/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/trp-list-of-third-week-parineeta-serial-is-the-topper-followed-by-phulki-and-jagaddhatri-31737616952663.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 February 2025 |website=Hindustan Times Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 3
|2025
|7.8
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: ফের শীর্ষ স্থানে থেকে নজির 'পরিণীতা'র! টিআরপি তালিকার প্রথম পাঁচে আর কী চমক? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-serial-parineeta-holds-the-top-position-in-the-trp-list-on-30th-january-dgtl/cid/1578246 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn |access-date=30 January 2025 |archive-date=31 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250131175626/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-serial-parineeta-holds-the-top-position-in-the-trp-list-on-30th-january-dgtl/cid/1578246 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 4
|2025
|7.2
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: ফের 'বাংলা সেরা'র খেতাব জিতল 'পরিণীতা', বেহাল দশা 'ফুলকি'র! |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/this-week-trp-list-revealed-parineeta-is-the-bengal-topper-this-week-ent-112143 |website=Aajkaal.in |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 5
|2025
|7.5
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: মাস জুড়ে 'পরিণীতা'র দাপট, বাকি ধারাবাহিকের অবস্থা কেমন, প্রথম পাঁচে জায়গা পেল কারা? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-serial-parineeta-secure-top-position-second-week-of-february-dgtl/cid/1581595 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 6
|2025
|7.5
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: তালিকার দ্বিতীয় স্থানে রয়েছে 'ফুলকি'। একটা সময়ে এই ধারাবাহিকও টানা অনেক দিন তালিকার শীর্ষে ছিল। |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-serial-parineeta-still-holds-the-top-position-in-trp-rating-chart-in-the-third-week-of-february-dgtl/cid/1583190 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn |access-date=24 February 2025 |archive-date=21 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221105256/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-serial-parineeta-still-holds-the-top-position-in-trp-rating-chart-in-the-third-week-of-february-dgtl/cid/1583190 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Week 7
|2025
|7.3
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: দ্বিতীয় স্থান থেকে নেমে এই সপ্তাহে তৃতীয় স্থানে জায়গা করে নিল 'ফুলকি'। এই সপ্তাহে অভিষেক ও দিব্যাণী অভিনীত এই ধারাবাহিকের প্রাপ্ত নম্বর ৭.৩। |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-serial-parineeta-holds-the-top-position-in-the-last-week-of-february-dgtl/cid/1584849 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 8
|2025
|6.6
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: বদল হয়নি তৃতীয় স্থানেও, সেখানে রয়েছে ধারাবাহিক 'ফুলকি'। এই সপ্তাহে খলনায়ককে প্রায় হাতেনাতে ধরেছে ফুলকি। দর্শকের আগ্রহও তাই ছিল তুঙ্গে। ধারাবাহিকের প্রাপ্ত নম্বর ৬.৬। |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-serial-parineeta-holds-the-top-position-in-the-trp-list-of-the-first-week-of-march-dgtl/cid/1586464 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 9
|2025
|6.4
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: টলানো গেল কি 'পরিণীতা'-র আসন! টিআরপি তালিকায় প্রথম পাঁচে কে কোথায় দাঁড়িয়ে? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-serial-parineeta-holds-the-top-position-in-third-week-trp-list-of-march-2025-dgtl/cid/1588153 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 10
|2025
|6.1
|6
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: প্রথম পাঁচ থেকে ছিটকে গেল 'ফুলকি', 'গীতা এলএলবি'! টিআরপি তালিকায় চমকে দিল কে? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-serial-parineeta-still-holds-the-top-position-in-the-trp-rating-chart-dgtl/cid/1589655 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 11
|2025
|6.6
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: গত সপ্তাহে পিছিয়ে গিয়েছিল 'ফুলকি'। এমনকি প্রথম পাঁচটি ধারাবাহিকের মধ্যেও জায়গা করে নিতে পারেনি। কিন্তু এই সপ্তাহে ৬.৬ নম্বর নিয়ে ফের টিআরপি তালিকার তৃতীয় স্থানে উঠে এসেছে এই ধারাবাহিক। |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-serial-parineeta-holds-the-top-position-in-the-trp-list-in-the-last-week-of-march-dgtl/cid/1591390 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 12
|2025
|6.8
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: গত কয়েক সপ্তাহে কিছুটা পিছিয়ে গিয়েছিল 'ফুলকি'। কিন্তু এই সপ্তাহে ফের নিজের জায়গা ফিরে পেয়েছে অভিষেক ও দিব্যাণীর এই ধারাবাহিক। ৬.৮ নম্বর নিয়ে এই ধারাবাহিক দ্বিতীয় স্থানে। |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/new-bengali-serials-parashuram-and-chirodini-tumi-je-amar-take-place-in-top-in-trp-list-dgtl/cid/1593246 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 13
|2025
|6.9
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: ৬.৯ নম্বর পেয়ে ধারাবাহিকার টিআরপি তালিকায় রয়েছে 'ফুলকি'। |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/amp/entertainment/bengali-serial-parineeta-still-holds-the-top-position-in-the-trp-list-in-the-first-week-of-april-dgtl/cid/1594620 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 14
|2025
|7.0
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: ধারাবাহিকের টিআরপি তালিকায় বড় বদল, শীর্ষে 'ফুলকি', 'জগদ্ধাত্রী'! কোথায় 'পরিণীতা'? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/phulki-and-jagaddhatri-hold-the-top-position-in-the-trp-list-dgtl/cid/1596267 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 15
|2025
|6.9
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: ধারাবাহিকের টিআরপি-তে ফের ঘুরল মোড়! প্রথম পাঁচ থেকে বাদ পড়ল কারা, শীর্ষেই বা কে? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/jagaddhatri-holds-the-top-position-in-the-trp-rating-chart-in-the-last-week-of-april-dgtl/cid/1597889 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 16
|2025
|6.5
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: আইপিএল-কে গুনে গুনে দশ গোল! রেটিং চার্টে প্রথম স্থান দখল করল কোন বাংলা ধারাবাহিক? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/mega-serial-parineeta-stands-first-in-the-rating-chart-during-ipl-season-dgtl/cid/1599704 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 17
|2025
|6.1
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: দ্বিতীয় স্থানে রয়েছে 'ফুলকি'। |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-serial-jagaddhatri-holds-the-top-position-in-trp-rating-chart-dgtl/cid/1601018 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 18
|2025
|6.3
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: প্রতি সপ্তাহের বৃহস্পতিবার টিআরপি তালিকার অপেক্ষায় থাকেন টেলিপাড়ার সবাই। চলতি সপ্তাহে প্রথম পাঁচে জায়গা করে নিল কোন কোন ধারাবাহিক? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/for-the-first-time-trina-saha-and-indrajit-bose-serial-parashuram-aajker-nayok-holds-first-position-in-trp-dgtl/cid/1603840 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 19
|2025
|6.0
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: ৬ নম্বর নিয়ে চতুর্থ স্থানে 'ফুলকি'। বিয়ে সেরে সদ্য শুটিংয়ে ফিরেছেন অভিনেতা অভিষেক বসু। পর্দার খলনায়িকাই এখন তাঁর জীবনের নায়িকা। তাই পর্দায় তাঁদের রসায়ন নিয়ে আগ্রহ তৈরি হয়েছে। |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/parasuram-ajker-nayok-holds-the-top-position-in-trp-list-this-week-dgtl/cid/1605438 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 20
|2025
|5.9
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: এই সপ্তাহে তৃতীয় স্থানেও রয়েছে দু'টি গল্প। এক দিকে তো ফুলকির যুদ্ধ চলছেই। তবে রোহিত-ফুলকির রোম্যান্স অনেকটাই দর্শকের নজর কেড়েছে। এই সপ্তাহে তৃতীয় স্থানে রয়েছে 'পরিণীতা' ধারাবাহিকটি। দুই কাহিনিরই প্রাপ্ত নম্বর ৫.৯। |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/which-serial-leads-the-trp-competition-in-this-week-dgtl/cid/1607567 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 21
|2025
|6.5
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRP: চতুর্থ স্থানে নিজেদের জায়গা করে নিয়েছে 'ফুলকি'। তারা পেয়েছে ৬.৫। |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/which-serial-leads-the-trp-competition-in-this-week-dgtl/cid/1609543 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|Week 22
|2025
|6.4
|2
|-
|Week 23
|2025
|6.7
|1
|-
|Week 24
|2025
|7.0
|2
|-
|Week 25
|2025
|7.3
|2
|-
|Week 26
|2025
|7.2
|3
|-
|Week 27
|2025
|7.1
|2
|-
|Week 28
|2025
|6.9
|2
|-
|Week 29
|2025
|6.9
|2
|-
|Week 30
|2025
|6.4
|5
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Zee Bangla}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:Zee Bangla original programming]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]

Sagalee Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:41:55Z

IgnacioGrishin: new a post added tags

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Arunachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sagalee
| state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 15
| district = [[Papum Pare district|Papum Pare]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal West]]
| established = 1990
| map_image = Sagalee Assembly constituency map.svg
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Ratu Techi]]
| incumbent_image =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party ]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 14,625
}}
'''Sagalee''' is one of the 60 [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoarunachal-ACs>{{cite web |url=http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html |title=GIS Maps of State, Districts & ACs|website=ceoarunachal.nic.in |accessdate= 27 June 2020 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627145610/http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html}}</ref>

It is part of [[Papum Pare district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Name<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sagalee Election and Results 2019, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/arunachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/sagalee.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Taba Haniya
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|rowspan="6" | [[Nabam Tuki]]<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 - Arunachal Pradesh - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= 24 January 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Ratu Techi]]{{Efn|Elected unopposed}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}
{{noteslist}}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sagalee<ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Sagalee">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Sagalee |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0215.htm |accessdate=20 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520103751/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0215.htm |archivedate=20 May 2025}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |last1=India TV News |last2= |first2= |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024: Complete list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603080244/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Ratu Techi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,625 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,625 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.71 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sagalee}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nabam Tuki]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,886 |percentage=44.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tarh Hari |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=3,565 |percentage=32.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dominic Tadar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,385 |percentage=21.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=56 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,321 |percentage=12.13% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,892 |percentage=85.43% |change= {{increase}}85.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,750 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sagalee<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Nabam Tuki]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,613 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,613 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.06 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sagalee<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nabam Tuki]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,646 |percentage=69.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sri Tad Tana |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,954 |percentage=30.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,692 |percentage=38.46% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,600 |percentage=79.97% |change= {{increase}}79.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,005 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.03 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sagalee<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Nabam Tuki]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,812 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,812 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.73 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sagalee<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nabam Tuki]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,699 |percentage=79.53% |change={{increase}}16.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nabam Nikia |party=Arunachal Congress |votes=1,467 |percentage=20.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,232 |percentage=59.06% |change= {{increase}}30.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,166 |percentage=79.31% |change= {{decrease}}3.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,184 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.03 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sagalee<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nabam Tuki]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,579 |percentage=62.73% |change={{increase}}14.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Taba Haniya |party=Independent politician |votes=2,472 |percentage=33.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nabam Tana Hina |party=Independent politician |votes=249 |percentage=3.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,107 |percentage=28.86% |change= {{increase}}24.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,300 |percentage=81.94% |change= {{increase}}1.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,001 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.56 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Dal |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sagalee<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Taba Haniya |party=Janata Dal |votes=3,210 |percentage=51.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nabam Tuki]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,967 |percentage=48.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=243 |percentage=3.93% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,177 |percentage=81.09% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,722 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Janata Dal |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Papum Pare district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|27.25|93.49|display=title}}

[[Category:Papum Pare district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Mesha Sankranti

2026-04-12T14:11:30Z

IgnacioGrishin: New...

{{Short description|Solar New Year in the Hindu calendar}}
{{see also|Indian New Year's days|South and Southeast Asian solar New Year|Chaitra Navrati}}{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Mesha Sankranti
| type = Hindu
| image = Aries zodiac sign, Jantar Mantar, Jaipur, India.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Mesha zodiac sign in Jaipur, India
| official_name =
| nickname = Mesha Sankranti
| observedby =
| litcolor =
| longtype =
| significance =
| begins =
| ends =
| date = First day of meṣa [[Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar#sauramasa|masa]] (13 Apr on leap years; 14th Apr on all other years)
| duration = 1 day
| frequency = Annual
| celebrations =
| observances =

}}

'''Mesha Sankranti''' (also called '''Mesha Sankramana''' or '''Hindu Solar New Year''') refers to the first day of the solar cycle year, that is the solar New Year in the Hindu [[Lunisolar calendar|luni-solar calendar]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Robert Sewell|author2=Śaṅkara Bālakr̥shṇa Dīkshita|author3=Robert Schram|title=Indian Calendar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbAZAAAAYAAJ|year=1996|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass Publishers]] |isbn=978-81-208-1207-9|pages=31–32}}</ref> The [[Hindu calendar]] also has a lunar new year, which is religiously more significant. The solar cycle year is significant in [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] calendars.<ref name=sewell31/>

The day represents specific solar movement according to ancient Sanskrit texts.<ref name=sewell31>{{cite book|author1=Robert Sewell|author2=Śaṅkara Bālakr̥shṇa Dīkshita|author3=Robert Schram|title=Indian Calendar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbAZAAAAYAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-1207-9|pages=29–35}}</ref> Mesha Sankranti is one of the twelve [[Sankranti]] in the Indian calendar. The concept is also found in Indian astrology texts wherein it refers to the day of transition of the Sun into the [[Aries (astrology)|Aries]] zodiac sign.<ref>{{cite book|author=K V Singh|title=Hindu Rites and Rituals: Origins and Meanings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzoHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT33|year=2015|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-93-85890-04-8|page=33}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Glossary of Native, Foreign, and Anglicized Words Commonly Used in Ceylon in Official Correspondence and Other Documents |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aG4LYJqJFKQC&pg=PA66 |year=1996|publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]]|isbn=978-81-206-1202-0|pages=66–67}}</ref>

The day is important in solar and lunisolar calendars followed on the subcontinent. Mesha Sankranti falls on 13 April usually, sometimes 14 April. This day is the basis for major Hindu, Sikh and Buddhist festivals, of which [[Pohela Boishakh]], [[Vaisakhi]], and [[Vesak]] are the best known.<ref name="Gupta2006p998">{{cite book|author1=K.R. Gupta|author2=Amita Gupta|title=Concise Encyclopaedia of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dNOT9iYxcMC&pg=PA998 |year=2006|publisher=Atlantic Publishers|isbn=978-81-269-0639-0|page=998}}</ref><ref name="Roy2005p479">{{cite book|author=Christian Roy|title=Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKqOUfqt4cIC&pg=PA479|year=2005|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-1-57607-089-5|pages=479–480}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Mark Juergensmeyer|author2=Wade Clark Roof|title=Encyclopedia of Global Religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA530 |year=2011|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|isbn=978-1-4522-6656-5|page=530}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The phrase ''Mesha Sankranti'' consists of two Sanskrit words. ''Sankranti'' literally means "going from one place to another, transference, course change, entry into" particularly in the context of sun or planets, while ''Mesha'' means sheep or [[Aries constellation]].<ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?beginning=0+&tinput=+Sankranti&trans=Translate Sankranti], Sanskrit English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany</ref> The term Mesha Sankranti connotes a specific day based on [[Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar|time keeping practices developed in the ancient Sanskrit texts]] of the [[Vedanga]] field of study called [[Jyotisha]] and later texts such as the ''Surya Siddhanta''.<ref name=sewell31/>

==Observance==
{{See also|Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar}}
Many regional calendars have two elements: lunar and solar. The lunar element is based on the movement of the moon and counts each month from either new moon to new moon, full moon to full moon, or the day after the full moon to the next full moon.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=hvMq7KvwLf8C&dq=lunar+months+chaitra&pg=PA172 Frank Parise (2002) The Book of Calendars]</ref> The lunar element forms the basis of religious calendars and begin the year in Chaitra.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=vV1s4T8y8J8C&dq=lunar+months+chaitra&pg=PA2 L.D.S. Pillai (1996) Panchang and Horoscope]</ref> Many regions begin the local new year with the commencement of the lunar calendar: [[Gudi Padwa]] in [[Maharashtra]] and [[Goa]]; [[Cheti Chand]] for the [[Sindhi Hindus]];<ref>Mark-Anthony Falzon (2004) Cosmopolitan Connections: The Sindhi Diaspora, 1860-2000 [https://books.google.com/books?id=ljbS-I5Y8WMC&dq=cheti+chand&pg=PA62]</ref> and [[Navreh]] for the [[Kashmiri Hindus]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=zsoC6GWr47QC&dq=lunar+new+year+kashmir+navreh&pg=PA55 Explore Kashmiri Pandits]</ref> In [[Gujarat]], the regional year commences with the lunar month of Kartika after [[Diwali]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=PGXgssv08PgC&dq=rajasthan+++new+year+lunar+calendar&pg=PA44 S. Balachandra Rao. Indian Astronomy: An Introduction]</ref>

The solar element of lunisolar calendars begin the year on [[Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar#rashi|Mesha Sankranti]]. This day is observed by people across India, even in regions which begin the new year using the lunar calendar. However, some regions also begin the regional new year on Mesha Sankranti.

==See also==
* [[Songkran]], the term used to refer to the Buddhist calendar-based New Year festivals of April
* [[South and Southeast Asian New Year]], observations based on ''mesha sankranti''
* [[Zodiac]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{New Year by Calendar}}
[[Category:New Year celebrations]]
[[Category:Festivals in India]]
[[Category:Hindu astrology]]
[[Category:Hindu astronomy]]
[[Category:April observances]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]

Dwijraj Mishra

2026-04-09T20:21:09Z

IgnacioGrishin: Info

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=November 2022}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2020}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
'''Dwijdeo Mishra''' was a king of the [[Mishra dynasty]], the last royal rulers of the [[Ayodhya]].<ref name="FE20040822">{{cite news | url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/plaint-of-ayodhya/113041/ | title=Plaint Of Ayodhya | newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] ([[The Indian Express]]) | date=22 August 2004}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Dwijdeo}}
[[Category:People from Ayodhya district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Ngagyur Nyingma Nunnery Institute

2026-04-03T03:19:16Z

IgnacioGrishin: Creating A Article Initial Version - done

{{Short description|Buddhist institution in Bylakuppe, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Ngagyur Nyingma Nunnery Institute
|image_name = Ngagyur Nyingma Nunnery.jpg
|image_size =
|caption = Ngagyur Nyingma Nunnery Institute
|latin_name =
|motto =
|tagline =
|established = 1995, Founder: [[Penor Rinpoche]]
|type = Buddhist Institute
|endowment =
|staff =
|faculty =
|president = Karma Kuchen<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.palyul.org/eng_biotulku_karmakuchen.htm |title=Palyul Teachers: Karma Kuchen Rinpoche |access-date=26 October 2016 |archive-date=26 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026130334/http://www.palyul.org/eng_biotulku_karmakuchen.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|principal = Khenpo Pasang Tenzin
|chancellor =
|vice_chancellor =
|dean =
|head_label =
|head =
|students = 227 (In 2017)
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|doctoral =
|profess =
|city = [[Ngagyur Nyingma Nunnery]], [[Bylakuppe]]
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|country = India
|campus =
|nickname =
|affiliations =
|website = {{URL|palyul.org}}
|address =
|publictransit =
|telephone =
|coor =
|logo =
}}
The '''Ngagyur Nyingma Nunnery Institute''' ({{bo|t=སྔ་འགྱུར་མཐོ་སློབ་མཚོ་རྒྱལ་བཤད་སྒྲུབ་ཐོས་བསམ་དགའ་བའི་ཚལ།}}) was founded by [[Penor Rinpoche]] in 1995. [[bhikkhuni|Buddhist nuns]] there study a nine-year course on sutra and tantra along with poetry, grammar, composition and so on, a syllabus virtually identical to that of [[Ngagyur Nyingma Institute]]. In 2002, the institute began sending teachers to teach in other nunneries including to [[India]], [[Bhutan]], and [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Golden Temple|edition=5th|year=2013| isbn=978-938306807-4|publisher=Ngagyur Rigzod Editorial Committee}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Ngagyur Tsogyal Shedrub Dargye Ling Nunnery| isbn=978-938306808-1|publisher=Tsogyal Editorial Committee|year=2013}}</ref>

==Related institutions==
* Ngagyur Nyingma Nunnery Jr. High School
* [[Ngagyur Nyingma Institute]] (NNI)

== List of former principals ==
{{Unsourced section|date=September 2025}}
* Khenpo Gawang (2024-2025)
* Khenpo Tshultrim Tandar (2023-2024)
* Khenpo Ngawang Samten (2022-2023)
* Khenpo Sonam Norbu (2021-2022)
* Khenpo Kunzang Dechen (2020-2021)
* Khenpo Sonam Dorji (2019-2020)
* Khenpo Tsewang Norbu (2018-2019)
* Khenpo Tashi Namgyal (2017-2018)
* Khenpo Pasang Tshering (2016-2017)
* Khenpo Yeshe Dorje (2015-2016)
* Khenpo Tadrin Sridthub (2014-2015)
* Khenpo Tsewang Sonam (2013-2014)
* Khenpo Tshering Dorje (2012-2013)
* Khenpo Jigme Kelzang (2011-2012)
* Khenpo Jamyang Tshering (2010-2011)
* Khenpo Tashi Tshering (2009-2010)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.namdroling.net Namdroling Website]
* [http://www.palyul.org/eng_centers_tsogyal.htm Tsogyal Shedrub Dargyeling Nunnery]
* [http://www.palyul.org/index.htm Palyul Ling International ]

{{Authority control}}
{{Coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Buddhist schools in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mysore district]]
[[Category:Buddhist temples in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Nyingma monasteries and temples]]
[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mysore district]]
[[Category:Buddhist temples in India]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and temples in India]]

Mandave Khurd

2026-04-02T15:16:10Z

IgnacioGrishin: New...

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mandave Khurd
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19|19|19|N|74|20|21|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ahmadnagar district|Ahmadnagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 022488
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MH.E2.80.94Maharashtra|MH]]-16,17
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ahmednagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ahmednagar]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Parner]]
| website = {{URL|maharashtra.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MH]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mandave Khurd''' or '''Mandave Kh''' is a village in [[Parner taluka]] in [[Ahmednagar district]] of state of [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref>[http://www.gloriousindia.com/unleashed/place.php?id=4099 Villages in Parner taluka-Glorious India]</ref>

==Religion==
The majority of the population in the village is [[Hindu-Maratha]].

==Economy==
The majority of the population has 100% farming as their primary occupation.

==See also==
* [[Mandave]] – a village in Ratnagiri district, Maharashtra state in Western India
* [[Parner taluka]]
* [[Villages in Parner taluka]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Parner tehsil topics}}

[[Category:Villages in Parner taluka]]
[[Category:Villages in Ahmednagar district]]

P. K. Biju

2026-03-26T04:55:05Z

IgnacioGrishin: brief enhanced section to improve readability and cleaned formatting after review

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P.K. Biju
| honorific_suffix =
| image = P.K. Biju.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1974|4|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Manjoor (village)|Kottayam]], [[Kerala]]
| residence = [[Kottayam]]
| death_date =
| alma_mater = Kuriakose Elias College, Mannanam
| office = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member]] of [[Indian Parliament]] for [[Alathur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alathur]]
| constituency =
| term_start = 16 May 2009
| term_end = 23 May 2019
| predecessor = New Seat [[S. Ajayakumar]] as Member from [[Ottapalam Lok Sabha Constituency|Ottapalam]]
| successor = [[Ramya Haridas]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|24px]]
| spouse = Viji Vijayan
| children =
| website = http://www.pkbijump.in/
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biography/4563?from=members
}}

'''Parayamparanbil Kuttappan Biju''' (born 3 April 1974) is an Indian politician. He is a former member of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] in the 15th and 16th Lok Sabha of India, and represented [[Alathur (Lok Sabha constituency)]] till May 2019.<ref>{{cite web | title = Profile of Members| work = Government of India| url = http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4563| accessdate = 1 March 2012 }}</ref> He lost in the general elections to the 17th Lok Sabha.

== Political career ==
P. K. Biju was the former All India President of [[Students' Federation of India]] and President Kerala State Committee. He was the President of Kottayam SFI District committee in Kerala.

He is currently the Kerala state secretariat committee member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|P.K. Biju}}

{{16th LS members from Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Biju, P. K.}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kottayam]]
[[Category:Students' Federation of India All India presidents]]

Ravi Kumar Punia

2026-03-25T11:32:03Z

IgnacioGrishin: Creating The Bio Nd Citations - done

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 1993)}}
{{About|Indian footballer|other uses|Ravi Kumar (disambiguation){{!}}Ravi Kumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Ravi Punia
| image = Portrait of Ravi Kumar Punia took on phone.jpg
| caption = Punia in November 2022
| fullname = Ravi Kumar Punia
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|February|07|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Charkhi Dadri]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| height = 1.86 m
| position = [[Centre-back]]
| currentclub = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| clubnumber = 36
| years1 = 2016–2017
| clubs1 = [[Bharat FC|Bharat]]
| caps1 = 8
| goals1 = 1
| years2 = 2017–2018
| clubs2 = Xavier's United FC
| caps2 = 9
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2018–2019
| clubs3 = Mewar FC
| caps3 = 1
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2019–2020
| clubs4 = Vijay FC
| caps4 = 25
| goals4 = 9
| years5 = 2021–2022
| clubs5 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| caps5 = 8
| goals5 = 0
| years6 = 2022–2024
| clubs6 = Jaipur United FC
| caps6 = 5
| goals6 = 2
| years7 = 2024–2025
| clubs7 = ASL FC
| caps7 = 1
| goals7 = 0
| manageryears1 = 2021–2022
| managerclubs1 = [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu women's football team|Dadra and Nagar Haveli (W)]]
| manageryears2 = 2021–2022
| managerclubs2 = [[HOPS FC|HOPS (W)]]
| manageryears3 = 2022–2023
| managerclubs3 = [[Haryana women's football team|Haryana (W)]]
| manageryears4 = 2022–2023
| managerclubs4 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]] (assistant)
| manageryears5 = 2023–2024
| managerclubs5 = [[HOPS FC|HOPS]] (assistant)
| manageryears6 = 2024–2025
| managerclubs6 = [[Haryana women's football team|Haryana (W)]]
| manageryears7 = 2024–2025
| managerclubs7 = [[Uttar Pradesh women's football team|Uttar Pradesh (W)]]
| manageryears8 = 2026–
| managerclubs8 = [[HOPS FC|HOPS]]
}}

'''Ravi Kumar Punia'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Featured : Haryanavi Defender Ravi Kumar Punia Qualified for I-League by Winning the Qualifiers with Rajasthan United.|url=https://www.futbolindia.in/2021/10/Ravi-kumar-punia.html|access-date=2021-12-21|website=Futbol India|language=en|archive-date=26 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126160147/https://www.futbolindia.in/2021/10/Ravi-kumar-punia.html|date=24 October 2021|first=Brian|last=Luiz}}</ref> (born 7 February 1993) also known as '''Ravi Punia''', is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] and India professional [[association football| coach]]. He plays as a [[centre-back (association football)|centre-back]] in the [[I-League]] and [[Santosh Trophy]]. He last played for [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]] in the [[I-League]] and [[Haryana football team|Haryana]] in the [[Santosh Trophy]].{{efn|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Soni|first=Navneet|title=Being the first club from the state, Rajasthan United aims to leave a mark in I-League|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2021/being-the-first-club-from-the-state-rajasthan-united-aims-to-leave-a-mark-in-i-league/|website=Football Counter|date=11 December 2021|access-date=21 December 2021|language=en|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221115844/https://www.footballcounter.com/2021/being-the-first-club-from-the-state-rajasthan-united-aims-to-leave-a-mark-in-i-league/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dealt with career-ending injury, Ravi Punia rediscovers love for football as coach|url=https://khelnow.com/football/2024-02-hops-fc-ravi-punia-interview|website=Khel Now|date=February 2024|access-date=20 February 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Awareness of injuries has increased: ISL player-turned-coach Ravi Kumar Punia on injury-plagued career and HOPS FC stint in women's football|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-awareness-injuries-increased-isl-player-turned-coach-ravi-kumar-punia-injury-plagued-career-hops-fc-stint-women-s-football|website=Sportskeeda|date=24 May 2025|access-date=26 May 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Gladys Amfobea gives HOPS FC a New-Year gift|url=https://i-league.org/gladys-amfobea-gives-hops-fc-a-new-year-gift/|website=I-League|access-date=4 January 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IWL 2023–24: HOPS FC get back to winning ways with victory over East Bengal|url=https://khelnow.com/football/2024-01-indian-football-iwl-east-bengal-vs-hops-fc-report|website=Khel Now|access-date=20 February 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IWL: HOPS FC defeat East Bengal|url=https://thebridge.in/football/iwl-hops-fc-defeat-east-bengal-45429|website=The Bridge|date=4 January 2024 |access-date=20 February 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Women's Football: Haryana pip Bengal; to meet Manipur in final|url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/2024/05/14/womens-football-haryana-pip-bengal-to-meet-manipur-in-final/|website=Nagaland Post|date=14 May 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Haryana pip Bengal on penalties, to meet Manipur in final of Sr Women's NFC for Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/haryana-pip-bengal-on-penalties-to-meet-manipur-in-final-of-sr-womens-nfc-for-rajmata-jijabai-trophy20240514163224/|website=ANI|date=14 May 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Red-hot Manipur remain atop Group B; Odisha and Haryana bag first wins in Senior Women's NFC for Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/red-hot-manipur-remain-atop-group-b-odisha-and-haryana-bag-first-wins-in-senior-womens-nfc-for-rajmata-jijabai-trophy|website=AIFF|date=24 May 2025|access-date=26 May 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reflections on the Indian Women's League: Improvements Galore, but how do we build up on this?|url=https://www.mbft.in/2024/03/Indian-Womens-League-23-24-Review.html|website=MBFT.IN|date=25 March 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=28th Senior Women's National Football Championship: Bala dazzles as Manipur overwhelm Sikkim 9–2|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2024/5/5/KOLKATA-May-4Manipur-put-nine-past-Sikkim-while-Odisha-and-Haryana-earned-their-first-wins-as-Group-B-spra.html|website=The Sangai Express|date=5 May 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=गुरुग्राम : हरियाणा फुटबॉल एसोसिएशन द्वारा आगामी होने वाली जूनियर राष्ट्रीय फुटबॉल प्रतियोगिता|url=https://indianow24.com/?p=54661|website=Indianow24|date=2 July 2024|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Detailed squads of all I-League teams for the 2021–22 season|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-all-teams-squads|website=Khel Now|access-date=30 March 2023|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225142903/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2021-22-all-teams-squads}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=राजस्‍थान यूनाइटेड फुटबाल क्लब के कप्तान अभिषेक ने कहा, अभ्यास के लिए भोपाल सबसे बेहतर स्थान|url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-rajasthan-united-football-club-captain-abhishek-said-bhopal-is-the-best-place-to-practice-7320726|website=Nai Dunia|date=25 February 2022 |access-date=30 March 2023|language=hi|archive-date=30 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330070719/https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-rajasthan-united-football-club-captain-abhishek-said-bhopal-is-the-best-place-to-practice-7320726}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Selvaraj|first=Jonathan|title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli wins U‑17 women nationals with players from Haryana, Delhi|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-u17-women-national-champions-players-from-haryana-delhi/article38508756.ece|website=Sportstar|date=4 July 2022|access-date=30 March 2023|language=en|archive-date=30 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330065408/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-u17-women-national-champions-players-from-haryana-delhi/article38508756.ece}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Raj|first=Pritish|title=Questions arise as Dadra & Nagar Haveli lift U‑17 women's football nationals with no local player|url=https://thebridge.in/football/dadra-nagar-haveli-players-missing-from-underdog-teams-football-nationals-win-32991|website=The Bridge|date=5 July 2022|access-date=30 March 2023|language=en|archive-date=30 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330065419/https://thebridge.in/football/dadra-nagar-haveli-players-missing-from-underdog-teams-football-nationals-win-32991}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Uttar Pradesh Boys Under‑20 Football Team Leaves for National Championship in Narayanpur, Chhattisgarh|url=https://tajcitynews.com/uttar-pradesh-boys-under-20-football-team-narayanpur-leaves-chhattisgarh/|website=Taj City News|date=8 May 2025 |access-date=16 May 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Uttar Pradesh Team Defeated Punjab by One Goal in National Football Competition|url=https://tajcitynews.com/uttar-pradesh-team-defeated-punjab-by-one-goal-in-national-football-competition/|website=Taj City News|date=11 May 2025 |access-date=16 May 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Swami Vivekananda Under‑20 National Football: Uttar Pradesh Registered a Second Win by 4–2 Against Ladakh|url=https://tajcitynews.com/in-swami-vivekananda-under-20-national-football-uttar-pradesh-registered-a-second-win-by-4-2-to-ladakh/|website=Taj City News|date=13 May 2025 |access-date=16 May 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=नेशनल फुटबाल प्रतियोगिता में उत्तर प्रदेश की टीम की मणिपुर के हाथों पराजय|url=https://tajcitynews.com/uttar-pradesh-team-defeated-manipur-in-national-football-competition/|website=Taj City News|date=15 May 2025 |access-date=16 May 2025|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=नेशनल फुटबाल टूर्नामेंट में भाग लेकर यूपी की टीम ताजनगरी के लिये रवाना हुई|url=https://tajcitynews.com/up-team-left-for-tajanagari-by-participating-in-national-football-tournament/|website=Taj City News|access-date=16 May 2025|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=After historic Asian Cup qualification, football coach Ravi Punia backs India women to seal FIFA WC berth |url=https://ianslive.in/after-historic-asian-cup-qualification-football-coach-ravi-punia-backs-india-women-to-seal-fifa-wc-berth--20250708155442 |publisher=IANS Live |date=2025-07-08 |access-date=2025-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Foreign coaches don't connect with the players, head coach of national team should be Indian: Ravi Kumar Punia |url=https://ianslive.in/foreign-coaches-dont-connect-with-the-players-head-coach-of-national-team-should-be-indian-ravi-kumar-punia--20250708171306 |publisher=IANS Live |date=2025-07-08 |access-date=2025-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Girls of Uttar Pradesh become national football champions, defeated Kerala 2-1|url=https://tajcitynews.com/girls-of-uttar-pradesh-become-national-football-champions-defeated-kerala-2-1/|website=Taj City News|date=3 September 2025 |access-date=3 September 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=तेलंगाना को 4-1 से हरा यूपी की बालिकाएं नेशनल सब-जूनियर फुटबाल के फाइनल में|url=https://tajcitynews.com/telangana-beat-4-1-up-girls-in-national-sub-junior-football-final/|website=Taj City News|date=23 August 2025 |access-date=3 September 2025|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Head Coach Ravi Punia secures medals across all National Women's Football categories|url=https://bilkulonline.com/2025/09/03/head-coach-ravi-punia-secures-medals-across-all-national-womens-football-categories/|website=Bilkul Online|date=3 September 2025|access-date=3 September 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ravi Punia won slew of medals as women's football coach|url=https://navbharatlive.com/sports/ravi-punia-won-slew-medals-as-womens-football-coach-1341488.html|website=Navbharat Live|date=3 September 2025|access-date=3 September 2025|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=रवि कुमार पूनिया ने रचा इतिहास, भारतीय महिला फुटबॉल की सभी राष्ट्रीय कैटेगरी में बतौर कोच जीते पदक|url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/news/sports/more-sports/ravi-kumar-punia-creates-history-as-head-coach-wins-medals-in-all-national-categories-of-indian-wome-1377927.html|website=OneIndia Hindi|publisher=OneIndia|date=3 September 2025|access-date=3 September 2025|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Head Coach Ravi Punia secures medals across all National Women's Football categories|url=https://www.indiatribune.com/head-coach-ravi-punia-secures-medals-across-all-national-womens-football-categories|website=India Tribune|date=3 September 2025|access-date=3 September 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=हेड कोच रवि पूनिया ने भारतीय महिला फुटबॉल की सभी कैटेगरी में जीते पदक|url=https://www.newsnationtv.com/hindi-head-coach-ravi-punia-secures-medals-across-all-national-womens-football-categories--20250903181647-20250903184449|website=News Nation|date=3 September 2025|access-date=3 September 2025|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Head Coach Ravi Punia secures medals across all National Women's Football categories|url=https://ommcomnews.com/india-news/head-coach-ravi-punia-secures-medals-across-all-national-womens-football-categories|website=Ommcom News|date=3 September 2025|access-date=3 September 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ravi Punia won a slew of medals as women's football coach|url=https://jantaserishta.com/sports/ravi-punia-won-a-slew-of-medals-as-womens-football-coach--4247419|website=Janta Serishta|date=3 September 2025|access-date=3 September 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=हेड कोच रवि पूनिया ने भारतीय महिला फुटबॉल की सभी राष्ट्रीय कैटेगरी में जीते पदक|url=https://www.ianshindi.in/hindi-wire-detail/hindi-head-coach-ravi-punia-secures-medals-across-all-national-womens-football-categories--20250903181647-20250903184449|website=IANS Hindi|publisher=IANS|date=3 September 2025|access-date=3 September 2025|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Head Coach Ravi Punia secures medals across all National Women's Football categories|url=https://pune.news/sports/head-coach-ravi-punia-secures-medals-across-all-national-womens-football-categories-373102|website=Pune News|date=3 September 2025|access-date=3 September 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Head Coach Ravi Punia secures medals across all National Women's Football categories|url=https://www.bhaskarhindi.com/other/head-coach-ravi-punia-secures-medals-across-all-national-womens-football-categories-photo-credit-aiff-1181923|website=Bhaskar Hindi|publisher=Dainik Bhaskar|date=3 September 2025|access-date=3 September 2025|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Head Coach Ravi Punia secures medals across all National Women's Football categories|url=https://www.cityairnews.com/content/head-coach-ravi-punia-secures-medals-across-all-national-womens-football-categories|website=City Air News|date=3 September 2025|access-date=3 September 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Head Coach Ravi Punia secures medals across all National Women's Football categories|url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/head-coach-ravi-punia-secures-medals-across-all-national-women-s-football-categories-448080|website=Sakshi Post|date=3 September 2025|access-date=3 September 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Head Coach Ravi Punia secures medals across all National Women's Football categories|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/sports/head-coach-ravi-punia-secures-medals-across-all-national-womens-football-categories-845492|website=DT Next|date=3 September 2025|access-date=3 September 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ravi Kumar Punia creates historic coaching achievement in Indian women's football|url=https://www.mykhel.com/football/ravi-kumar-punia-historic-coaching-achievement-indian-womens-football-011-381751.html|website=MyKhel|publisher=OneIndia|date=3 September 2025|access-date=3 September 2025|language=en}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|title=Punia's historic coaching journey in women's football|url=https://www.nationpress.com/sports/punias-historic-coaching-journey-in-womens-football|website=Nation Press|date=3 September 2025|access-date=3 September 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Head Coach Ravi Punia secures medals across all National Women's Football categories|url=https://indianews.com.au/head-coach-ravi-punia-secures-medals-across-all-national-womens-football-categories|website=India News Australia|publisher=India News|date=3 September 2025|access-date=3 September 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Head Coach Ravi Punia secures medals across all National Women's Football categories|url=https://www.thehawk.in/news/sports/head-coach-ravi-punia-secures-medals-across-all-national-womens-football-categories|website=The Hawk|date=3 September 2025|access-date=3 September 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Head Coach Ravi Punia secures medals across all National Women's Football categories|url=https://www.cricketnmore.com/sports-news/head-coach-ravi-punia-secures-medals-across-all-national-womens-football-categories-27961|website=Cricketnmore|date=3 September 2025|access-date=3 September 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Head Coach Ravi Punia secures medals across all National Women's Football categories|url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/other-sports/head-coach-ravi-punia-secures-medals-across-all-national-womens-football-categories|website=Lokmat Times|date=3 September 2025|access-date=3 September 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name=IANS>{{Cite web|title=Head Coach Ravi Punia secures medals across all National Women's Football categories|url=https://www.ians.in/english-wire-detail/head-coach-ravi-punia-secures-medals-across-all-national-womens-football-categories--20250903181647|website=IANS English|publisher=IANS|date=3 September 2025|access-date=3 September 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=रवि पुनिया का जादू, महिला फुटबॉल टीमों ने जीते सब- जूनियर से सीनियर तक पदक|url=https://www.sudamanews.com/sports-news/ravi-punias-magic-womens-football-teams-won-medals-from-sub-junior-to-senior|website=Sudama News|access-date=3 September 2025|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh girls beat Assam 3–0 in the Semi -final of Junior National Football Championship |url=https://tajcitynews.com/uttar-pradesh-girls-beat-assam-3-0-in-the-final-of-national-junior-football-championship/ |website=TajCityNews |publisher=TajCityNews |date=8 December 2025 |access-date=12 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Uttar Pradesh beats Tripura in Junior National Women Football Tournament |url=https://tajcitynews.com/tripura-beats-uttar-pradesh-in-semi-finals-in-national-junior-women-football-tournament/ |website=TajCityNews |publisher=TajCityNews |date=6 December 2025 |access-date=12 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh crushes Tripura 6-1 in Junior National Women’s Football Tournament |url=https://tajcitynews.com/uttar-pradesh-crushes-tripura-6-1-in-national-junior-womens-football-tournament/ |website=TajCityNews |publisher=TajCityNews |date=3 December 2025 |access-date=12 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}

==Early and personal life==
Born in [[Charkhi Dadri]], [[Haryana]], Punia went to [[Army Public School, Hisar|Army Public School]] in Hisar, where he began playing football by representing the school team.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Sharhan|last=Shafi|date=31 October 2021|title=The Story of Ravi Kumar Punia, defender from Haryana playing for Rajasthan United FC|location=Srinagar|url=https://www.kashmircrown.com/the-story-of-ravi-kumar-punia-defender-from-haryana-playing-for-rajasthan-united-fc/|access-date=21 December 2021|website=Kashmir Crown|publisher=The Kashmir Crown|language=en-US|archive-date=26 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126160143/https://www.kashmircrown.com/the-story-of-ravi-kumar-punia-defender-from-haryana-playing-for-rajasthan-united-fc/}}</ref>

After his performances with Army Public School, he was selected to play for the district team of [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], and later represented the [[Haryana football team|Haryana state team]]. While gaining experience playing in numerous states across India such as Haryana, Punjab, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Goa, West Bengal, and Maharashtra.<ref name="Journey">{{Cite web|title=The Story of Ravi Kumar Punia, defender from Haryana playing for Rajasthan United FC|website=Halfway Football|publisher=The Halfway Football|url=https://halfwayfootball.com/the-story-of-ravi-kumar-punia-defender-rajasthan-united-fc/|access-date=2021-12-21|language=en-US|archive-date=26 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126161645/https://halfwayfootball.com/the-story-of-ravi-kumar-punia-defender-rajasthan-united-fc/|date=22 October 2021|first=Joel|last=Stan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=India – R. Punia – Profile with news, career statistics and history – Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/ravi-kumar-punia/810607/|access-date=2022-01-27|website=Soccerway|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127160347/https://int.soccerway.com/players/ravi-kumar-punia/810607/}}</ref>

Punia is married to Sweta and the couple has a daughter named Myra.<ref name="Journey"/> He is currently employed by the [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour and Employment]], [[Government of India]].<ref name="Journey"/>

==Playing statistics==
''As of May 2025.''

<div align="center">

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Season !! Team !! League !! Apps !! Goals
|-
| 2016–2017 || [[Bharat FC|Bharat]] || [[I-League]] || 8 || 1
|-
| 2017–2018 || Xavier's United FC || [[Gujarat SFA Club Championship]] || 9 || 0
|-
| 2018–2019 || Mewar FC || [[R-League A Division]] || 1 || 0
|-
| 2019–2020 || Vijay FC || Jaipur League || 25 || 9
|-
| 2021–2022 || [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]] || [[I-League]] || 8 || 0
|-
| 2022–2024 || Jaipur United FC || [[R-League A Division]] || 5 || 2
|-
| 2024–2025 || ASL FC || [[R-League A Division]] || 1 || 0
|-
! colspan="3" | Total || '''57''' || '''12'''
|}

</div>

== Managerial statistics ==
''As of Dec 2025.''

<div align="center">

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Managerial record by team and tenure – State Teams
! Team !! From !! To !! Games !! Wins !! Draws !! Losses !! Win %
|-
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli women's football team|Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] || 2021 || 2022 || 13 || 10 || 1 || 2 || 76.92%
|-
| [[Haryana women's football team|Haryana]] || 2022 || 2024 || 43 || 34 || 3 || 6 || 79.07%
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh women's football team|Uttar Pradesh]] || 2024 || present || 18 || 15 || 1 || 2 || 83.33%
|-
! Total !! !! !! 74 !! 59 !! 5 !! 10 !! 79.73%
|}

</div>

<div align="center">

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Managerial record by team and tenure – Club Teams
! Club !! From !! To !! Games !! Wins !! Draws !! Losses !! Win %
|-
| [[Rajasthan United FC]] || 2020 || 2022 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 33.33%
|-
| [[HOPS FC|HOPS]] || 2022 || 2024 || 22 || 9 || 4 || 9 || 40.91%
|-
! Total !! !! !! 25 !! 10 !! 5 !! 10 !! 40.00%
|}

</div>

== Club career ==

=== [[Bharat FC]] ===
Punia began his senior football career with [[Bharat FC]], a [[Pune]]-based club that competed in the [[I-League]]. After progressing through the [[Pailan Arrows]] youth setup, he made his professional debut with Bharat FC in the I-League.

=== Xavier's United FC ===
In 2017, Punia joined Xavier's United, a Gujarat-based club. He spent two seasons with the team, competing in the [[Gujarat State Football Association|Gujarat SFA Club Championship]] and establishing himself as a consistent performer at the state level.

=== Vijay FC ===
After recovering from a knee injury, Punia signed with Vijay FC, a local club in [[Jaipur]]. He played in the Jaipur League and was appointed captain during his stint.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dealt with career-ending injury, Ravi Punia rediscovers love for football as coach |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2024-02-hops-fc-ravi-punia-interview |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=Khel Now |language=en}}</ref>

=== Mewar FC ===
In the 2020–21 season, Punia made a single appearance for Mewar FC in the [[R-League A Division]], representing the Rajasthan-based side.

=== [[Rajasthan United FC]] ===
Punia was one of the founding players of [[Rajasthan United FC]], a club based in [[Jaipur]]. He represented the team in the [[R-League A Division]], where they finished as runners-up in the 2021 edition held at Poornima University under a bio-secure format. The club later won the [[I-League 2|I-League Qualifiers]] in 2021 and secured promotion to the [[I-League]] for the 2021–22 season.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Soni|first=Navneet|date=11 December 2021|title=Being the first club from the state, Rajasthan United aims to leave a mark in I League|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2021/being-the-first-club-from-the-state-rajasthan-united-aims-to-leave-a-mark-in-i-league/|access-date=21 December 2021|website=Football Counter|language=en|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221115844/https://www.footballcounter.com/2021/being-the-first-club-from-the-state-rajasthan-united-aims-to-leave-a-mark-in-i-league/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Jaipur United FC ===
In the 2022–23 season, Punia joined the newly formed Jaipur United FC. He was part of the club’s inaugural squad and helped the team achieve a runner-up finish in the R-League A Division.

=== ASL FC ===
In 2023, Punia signed with ASL FC, a Jaipur-based club. While continuing his coaching duties, he remained an active player during the 2023–24 and 2024–25 seasons, regularly featuring in the [[R-League A Division]].

== Honours ==
===Player===

'''[[University of Rajasthan]] '''
* [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU All India Inter University Football Championship]]: 2016
'''[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]'''
* [[I-League 2|I-League Qualifiers]]: 2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=I-League Qualifiers 2021: Rajasthan United crowned champions {{!}} Goal.com India |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-qualifiers-2021-rajasthan-united-crowned-champions/1t9n2qopxvljb1oiuflvxtfcc1 |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=www.goal.com |language=en-IN |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330065412/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-qualifiers-2021-rajasthan-united-crowned-champions/1t9n2qopxvljb1oiuflvxtfcc1 }}</ref>

===Manager===
'''[[Haryana women's football team|Haryana]]'''
*[[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]] runner-up: [[2023–24 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2023–24]]
*[[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]] Third place ( Broze medal ): [[2024–25 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2024–25]]

'''[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu women's football team|Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]'''
* [[Junior Girl's National Football Championship]]: 2022<ref>{{Cite web |last=Selvaraj |first=Jonathan |date=2022-07-04 |title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli wins U-17 women nationals with players from Haryana, Delhi |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-u17-women-national-champions-players-from-haryana-delhi/article38508756.ece |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330065408/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-u17-women-national-champions-players-from-haryana-delhi/article38508756.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Pritish |date=2022-07-05 |title=Questions arise as Dadra & Nagar Haveli lift U-17 women's football nationals with no local player |url=https://thebridge.in/football/dadra-nagar-haveli-players-missing-from-underdog-teams-football-nationals-win-32991 |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=thebridge.in |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330065419/https://thebridge.in/football/dadra-nagar-haveli-players-missing-from-underdog-teams-football-nationals-win-32991 |url-status=live }}</ref>

'''[[Uttar Pradesh women's football team|Uttar Pradesh]]'''
* [[Sub–Junior Girl's National Football Championship]] Tier 2: 2025
*[[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]] Third place ( Broze medal ): [[2025–26 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2025–26]]
*[[Dr. Talimeren Ao Trophy]] Runners-up (Tier 2): 2025–26

== References ==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|India|Biography|Association football}}

* [https://www.espn.in/football/player/_/id/336747/ravi-punia Ravi Punia] at ESPN
* {{Sofascore|ravi-punia/1169932}}
* [https://soccer.everythingforfootball.com/player/ravi-punia/ Ravi Punia] at Everything for Football
* [https://www.eurosport.com/football/ravi-punia_prs612927/person.shtml Ravi Punia] at Eurosport
* {{BeSoccer|ravi-punia-3223681}}
* [https://www.mackolik.com/index.php/futbolcu/r-punia/9731990n02zj304rgd312ohsk Ravi Punia] at Mackolik
* [https://www.soccerstats247.com/players/ravi-kumar-punia-810607/ Ravi Kumar Punia] at Soccer Stats 247
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/coaches/profile/2018FEB3317 Ravi Punia] at All India Football Federation (AIFF)
* [https://www.tntsports.co.uk/football/ravi-punia_prs612927/person.shtml Ravi Punia] at TNT Sports
* [https://int.soccerway.com/players/ravi-kumar-punia/810607/ Ravi Kumar Punia] at Soccerway
* [https://tribuna.com/en/persons/ravi-kumar-punia/ Ravi Kumar Punia] at Tribuna.com
* [https://x.com/ravipunia_7 Ravi Punia (@ravipunia_7)] on X (formerly Twitter)
* [https://www.instagram.com/ravikumarpunia7 Ravi Kumar Punia (@ravikumarpunia7)] on Instagram

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punia, Ravi Kumar}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:I-League 2 players]]
[[Category:Footballers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Footballers from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan United FC players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Jaipur]]
[[Category:Indian Arrows players]]
[[Category:Indian football coaches]]
[[Category:Indian women's football managers]]

Kolkata Derby

2026-03-25T07:38:43Z

IgnacioGrishin:

{{Short description|Association football derby in India}}
{{pp-protected|reason=Persistent [[WP:Disruptive editing|disruptive editing]]|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox sports rivalry
| name = Kolkata Derby
| other names = ''Boro Match'' (Big Match)
| image = Kolkata Derby.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = The [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]] on a matchday of Kolkata Derby in 2020
| city or region = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| first contested = * [[Mohun Bagan]] '''0–0''' [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] in ('''[[Cooch Behar Cup]]''') on 8 August 1921 (unofficial)<ref>{{cite web|title=First meeting|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/the-kolkata-derby-they-met-as-early-as-in-1921/article17221788.ece|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|date=April 2016 |access-date=10 August 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806170805/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/the-kolkata-derby-they-met-as-early-as-in-1921/article17221788.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> 
* [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] '''1–0''' [[Mohun Bagan]] in ('''[[Calcutta Football League]]''') on 28 May 1925 (official)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/a-trip-down-memory-lane|title=A trip down memory lane|website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>
| teams involved = * [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
* [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| mostrecent = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] '''0–0 ''' [[Mohun Bagan SG|Mohun Bagan]] in '''([[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|Super Cup]])''' on 31 October 2025<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Match Details {{!}} I-League |url=https://i-league.org/match-details/ |access-date=2025-08-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>
| nextmeeting =
| total = {{nowrap|'''Total'''}}: 407<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-afc.com/en/more/domestic_leagues.html/news/central-south-asia-wrap-mohun-bagan-super-giant-shine-in-kolkata-derby|title=Central & South Asia Wrap: Mohun Bagan Super Giant shine in Kolkata Derby|website=the-AFC}}</ref> {{nowrap|'''Competitive'''}}: 380<ref name=Matches>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Amitabha Das|title=ISL 2020-21, Kolkata Derby: Stats add intrigue to East Bengal vs Mohun Bagan rivalry|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-2020-21-news-kolkata-derby-east-bengal-vs-mohun-bagan-eb-vs-mb-statistics-history-rivalry-wins-losses-draws/article33183552.ece|access-date=2021-11-27|website=Sportstar|date=27 November 2020|language=en|archive-date=27 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127163159/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-2020-21-news-kolkata-derby-east-bengal-vs-mohun-bagan-eb-vs-mb-statistics-history-rivalry-wins-losses-draws/article33183552.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
| most wins = East Bengal (144)
| series = * {{small|Total}}: '''East Bengal''': '''144''' '''Mohun Bagan''': 134 '''Drawn''': 129 
* {{small|Competitive}}: '''East Bengal''': '''138''' '''Mohun Bagan''': 123 '''Drawn''': 119
| top scorer = [[Bhaichung Bhutia]] (19)
| largestvictory = {{nowrap|East Bengal}} '''5–0''' {{nowrap|Mohun Bagan}} 30 September 1975 ({{nowrap|'''[[IFA Shield|IFA Shield Final]]'''}})<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/kolkata-derbys-most-notable-encounter-east-bengal-5-0-mohun-bagan/|title=Kolkata Derby's Most Notable Encounter – East Bengal 5-0 Mohun Bagan|date=30 September 2021 |access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref>
| largestscoring = {{nowrap|Mohun Bagan}} '''5–3''' {{nowrap|East Bengal}} 25 October 2009 ({{nowrap|'''[[I-League]]'''}})<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/chidi-shines-in-mohun-bagans-historic-win/articleshow/5160899.cms|title=Chidi shines in Mohun Bagan's historic win|newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 October 2009 |access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref>
| longeststreak = Mohun Bagan ('''8''') ''(2019–2023)''
| broadcasters = [[Sports18]] ([[Indian Super League]])
| stadiums = * [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]] 
* [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]
* [[East Bengal Ground]]
* [[Kanchenjunga Stadium]]
* [[Eden Gardens]]
| map_location = India Kolkata
 | map_label1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| map_mark1 = Red pog.svg
| coordinates1 = {{coord|22|33|35|N|88|20|36.3|E|display=inline}}
| map_label1_position = right
 | map_label2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| map_mark2 = Green pog.svg
| coordinates2 = {{coord|22|33|43.4|N|88|20|23.0|E|display=inline}}
| map_label2_position = left
| map_label3 = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan|VYBK]]
| map_mark3 = blue pog.svg
| coordinates3 = {{coord|22|34|08.3|N|88|24|32.4|E|display=inline}}
| map_label3_position = top
| map_caption = Location of the two teams in [[Kolkata]], as well as [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]], the shared home ground of the two clubs.
}}

The '''Kolkata Derby''' (locally known as "Boro Match" i.e. "Big Match") is the [[association football|football]] match in [[Kolkata]], between [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] and [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/ja/article/in-search-of-indias-football-culture-with-mumbai-fcs-yellow-brigade-3/|title=クリケットの街から眺めるインドサッカー界の未来|trans-title=The future of Indian football seen from the city of cricket|language=ja|website=vice.com|publisher=Vice Japan|first=Kit|last=Caless|date=19 February 2017|access-date=28 February 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128164820/https://www.vice.com/ja/article/ywqwyj/in-search-of-indias-football-culture-with-mumbai-fcs-yellow-brigade|archive-date=28 January 2022}}</ref> The rivalry between these two teams dates back to over a century, and the matches witnessed large audience attendance and rivalry between patrons. It is considered to be the biggest Asian footballing rivalry. The first match was played on 8 August 1921 in [[Cooch Behar Cup]]. The Kolkata Derby is considered to be greatest derby in [[Association football in Asia|Asian Football]] and also one of the [[List of sports rivalries|biggest derbies]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Adnan Bhat|title=The Kolkata derby: Asia's fiercest footballing rivalry|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/kolkata-derby-asia-fiercest-footballing-rivalry-180424202807467.html|access-date=2020-09-17|website=www.aljazeera.com|archive-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826125159/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/kolkata-derby-asia-fiercest-footballing-rivalry-180424202807467.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The two clubs meet at least three times a year, twice in the [[Indian Super League]] and once in the [[Calcutta Football League]]. Often these two clubs met in other competitions like the [[Durand Cup]], [[IFA Shield]], or [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]].

Both clubs have large and dedicated fan bases around the world, and represent a specific class of [[Bengalis|Bengali people]], Mohun Bagan represents people existing in the [[West Bengal|western part]] of [[Bengal]] (known as ''[[Ghoti people|Ghotis]]''), while East Bengal is primarily supported by people hailing from the eastern part of pre-independence [[Bengal]] (known as ''[[Bangal|Bangals]]'') currently known as Bangladesh. Culturally, this derby is very similar to the [[Scottish Professional Football League]]'s [[Old Firm]] derby, since a majority of the Mohun Bagan supporters represent the 'nativist' population (similar to [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]]) and a majority of the East Bengal fans represent the 'immigrant' population coming from Bangladesh(similar to [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/kolkata-derby-100-years-of-passion-perseverance-and-emotion/article33880520.ece|title=100 years of Kolkata derby|date=19 February 2021 |access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=4 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504142826/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/kolkata-derby-100-years-of-passion-perseverance-and-emotion/article33880520.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/how-kolkata-derby-came-into-being-and-what-it-means-to-the-inhabitants-of-the-city|title=Kolkata derby history|date=27 November 2020 |access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=4 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504144330/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/how-kolkata-derby-came-into-being-and-what-it-means-to-the-inhabitants-of-the-city|url-status=live}}</ref> The celebrations of a derby win is traditionally marked with dishes prepared from either ''[[ilish]]'' or [[Macrobrachium rosenbergii|''golda chingri'']], depending on which team wins.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sen |first1=Shomini |title=East Bengal vs Mohun Bagan: The War Between Hilsa and Prawns |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/east-bengal-vs-mohun-bagan-the-war-between-hilsa-and-prawns-1290199.html |website=News18 |date=7 September 2016 |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327161151/https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/east-bengal-vs-mohun-bagan-the-war-between-hilsa-and-prawns-1290199.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The East Bengal supporters celebrate their win with ''ilish'' courses, being associated to the eastern region of Bengal (now [[Bangladesh]]), where as the Mohun Bagan fans celebrate with courses of ''golda chingri''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nag |first1=Utathya |title=Mohun Bagan vs East Bengal rivalry: Divided by cultures, united by passion |url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/mohun-bagan-vs-east-bengal-kolkata-derby-indian-football-history-origin |website=Olympics |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327155600/https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/mohun-bagan-vs-east-bengal-kolkata-derby-indian-football-history-origin |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://arthniti.wixsite.com/arthniti/post/old-firm-in-calcutta|title=Old Firm in Calcutta|date=18 October 2019 |access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thepaperclip.in/calcutta-derby-eden-disaster/|title=16th August: The day of eternal shame in Indian football|date=14 August 2021 |access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref>

==Origins==
{{further|Football in Kolkata}}

Mohun Bagan is one of the oldest existing club of India having been established in 1889 in the city, then known under its anglicized name, Calcutta and till date one of the two most successful clubs in India, the other being East Bengal. The significant British influence in what was, until 1911, the nation's capital, ensured the game flourished, drawing players from other regions, and it is against this backdrop in which today's rivalry took root.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/mohun-bagan-blaze-of-glory/|title=Mohun Bagan: Blaze of Glory|date=7 June 2015 |access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref>

In 1920, the Jora Bagan club took field against Mohun Bagan who chose play without their star halfback Sailesh Bose, much to the chagrin of club vice-president Suresh Chandra Chaudhuri.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sobbanglay.com/sob/kolkata-derby/ | title=কলকাতা ডার্বি | date=September 2018 | publisher=sobbanglay.com | access-date=7 July 2019 | archive-date=19 November 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119132712/https://sobbanglay.com/sob/kolkata-derby/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Such was the industrialist's displeasure, he decided to form a new club and East Bengal was born. As Chaudhuri and his co-founders hailed from eastern part of Bengal, essentially now modern-day Bangladesh, the club became an identity for the people who migrated from that region during the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal]]. This resulted in the clubs being backed by two different socioeconomic groups, although this has largely changed over period of time. The first ever clash happened on '''8 August 1921''' in Cooch Behar Cup semifinal which ended in a goalless draw. Mohun Bagan would win the following replayed match on '''10 August 1921''' by defeating East Bengal '''3–0''', courtesy to the goals from Rabi Ganguly, Poltu Dasgupta and Abhilash Ghosh. But the first official meeting is considered to be the CFL match-up held on '''28 May 1925''' at the Calcutta Football Ground (now [[Mohun Bagan Ground]]) where East Bengal won '''1–0''' with the help of a solitary goal from Nepal Chakraborty.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/mohun-bagan-vs-east-bengal-kolkata-derby-indian-football-history-origin|title=Mohun Bagan vs East Bengal rivalry beyond the football pitch|access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/46591260|title=Kolkata derby: Inside the East Bengal v Mohun Bagan rivalry|work=BBC Sport |date=17 December 2018 |access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/the-kolkata-derby-they-met-as-early-as-in-1921/article17221788.ece|title=The Kolkata Derby: They met as early as in 1921!|date=April 2016 |access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/story/_/id/39444443/kolkata-derby-mohun-bagan-east-bengal-100-years-dividing-people-bringing-together|title=The Kolkata Derby: 100 years and more, dividing people but also bringing them together|date=3 February 2024 |access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref>

Due to a lack of proper maintenance and restoration of data, after many pieces of research, the overall matches including competitive, walkovers and friendly matches data have been retrieved as far as possible. Though the data is just an approximation, as of 11 January 2025, it is believed that the tally of overall meetings stands at 401 matches up till now, where East Bengal have been triumphant 137 times while Mohun Bagan 135 times, which also includes walkover wins.

== Colours ==
===Traditional===
{| border-"0" style="margin:1em auto"
|{{Football kit box
| pattern_la=
| pattern_ra=
| pattern_b= _collar_buttons
| leftarm= 104010
| body= 8B0917
| rightarm= 104010
| shorts= 000000
| socks= 104010
|title=The earliest kit worn by the Mohun Bagan
}}
|{|
|{{Football kit box
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_Home_Trad
|pattern_so = _goldtop
|leftarm = ED1C24
|body = FFDF00
|rightarm = FFC90E
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FF0000
|title=The earliest kit worn by the East Bengal
}}
|}

===Current===
{| border-"0" style="margin:1em auto"
|{{Football kit box
| pattern_la = _mbsg2023h
| pattern_b = _mbsg2023h
| pattern_ra = _mbsg2024h
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so = _mbsg2023h
| leftarm =
| body =
| rightarm =
| shorts = 7A1024
| socks =
|title = Mohun Bagan
}}
|
|{{Football kit box
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _ebfc2425h
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so = _goldtop
| leftarm = FFC90E
| body = FC2B48
| rightarm = FFC90E
| shorts = 000000
| socks = FC2B48
|title = East Bengal
}}
|}

== History ==
[[File:First_official_Kolkata_Derby_news_report.jpg|alt=|200px|thumb|''News report, by [[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]], of first official Kolkata Derby, that took place on 28 May 1925.'']]
[[File:11 August 1921 Kolkata Derby news report.jpg|200px|thumb|left|''News report, by The Statesman, of second Kolkata Derby, that took place on 10 August 1921, which was the replayed semi-final of Cooch Behar Cup after it went into a goalless draw the first time.'']]

The first match between the sides was played on '''8 August 1921''' in the Coochbehar Cup, and the semifinal match ended in a 0–0 draw. Mohun Bagan won the replayed semifinal '''3–0''' on '''10 August 1921''' which was the first-ever win in this historic derby.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportsadda.com/football/features/kolkata-derby-history-east-bengal-vs-mohun-bagan-indian-super-league#:~:text=Mohun%20Bagan%20vs%20East%20Bengal:%20Head%2Dto%2Dhead%20record,be%20eternal%20rivals%202%2D1.|title=First Ever Win In The Kolkata Derby|date=30 January 2022 |access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref> Rabi Ganguly scored the first-ever derby goal in that match, and the other two goals were scored by Poltu Dasgupta and Abhilash Ghosh.

The first official match between the sides was played on '''28 May 1925''' in [[Calcutta Football League|CFL]], where East Bengal beat Mohun Bagan '''1–0''' with the help of a solitary goal from Nepal Chakraborty.

Mohun Bagan holds the record of scoring the fastest goal in a derby ''(24 July 1976, a '''17-second''' goal from '''Md Akbar''' of Mohun Bagan)''. They have the record of winning two consecutive derbies on two successive days ''(7 and 8 August 1935)'' and had the unique distinction of losing only one derby in '''7''' years ''('''1933 to 1939''')''.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 December 2023 |title=Golden Phase Of Mohun Bagan (1933-1939) |url=https://www.kreedon.com/mohun-bagan-super-giant/ |access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref> ''During this phase, they won '''29''' trophies. Out of 23 derbies they won '''12''', drew 10 and lost only 1 against their arch-rivals. It was a golden period in the history of the club''.

A few notable victories include the Darbhanga Shield match on 5 September 1934, when Mohun Bagan won '''4–1''' ''([[Amiya Deb]] scored all four goals)''. Another memorable instance where they scored four goals against was in Raja Memorial Shield final played on '''6 August 1937''' at the common ground of both the clubs ([[Eden Gardens|Eden Gardens Stadium]]), where Mohun Bagan beat East Bengal '''4–0''' and Asit Ganguly scored three goals in that match.

The 1960s proved a golden period for Mohun Bagan and it concluded in perfect fashion for the Mariners. Having already won the league, Mohun Bagan then did the double, defeating their rivals on their own ground in the IFA Shield final. The '''3–1''' victory credited to the then revolutionary 4–2–4 formation employed by innovative coach [[Amal Dutta]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/history/726-2/|title=History – 1960 – 1969|access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/1960s-mohun-bagan-chuni-goswami-trophies-indian-football/1utzzq9j0icvgze2iw9ple0p1|title=1960 -1965: When Chuni Goswami & co propelled Mohun Bagan to the zenith of success|access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref>

The wheel eventually turned, and the 1970s was East Bengal's decade.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-down-the-memory-lane-east-bengal-golden-era-1970/sm5c7t807v011wmkp5wjj6zvs|title=Indian Football: Down the memory lane - East Bengal's 'Golden era' of 1970s|access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref> The Red and Gold Brigade remained undefeated in the Derbies for 1932 days.{{efn|[[East Bengal FC]] lost to Mohun Bagan, first time since their 3–1 defeat in the [[IFA Shield]] Final on 20 September 1969, after '''1932 days''', on 5 January 1975, in the [[Durand Cup]] Semi Final at the [[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[Delhi]] by 1–0.}} In fact, they lost only one derby (that too outside Kolkata) in six years (1970 to 1975) which culminated in a '''5–0''' IFA Shield win over their great rivals. The Red and Golds won with a record 5–0 scoreline and, with it, a record of five consecutive Shield victories. Such was the ignominy surrounding the heavy defeat that several Mohun Bagan players spent the night holed up on a boat in the [[Ganges]] trying to escape the wrath of shell-shocked supporters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/football/mohun-bagan-atk-merger-isl-fans-verdict-ileague-2020|title=Mohun Bagan's ATK Merger – What Do the Fans Think?|date=2020-01-21|website=The Quint|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=22 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122163830/https://www.thequint.com/sports/football/mohun-bagan-atk-merger-isl-fans-verdict-ileague-2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Umakanto Palodhi, an ardent Mohun Bagan fan, committed suicide. He wrote in his suicide note that in his next life he will born as a Mohun Bagan footballer and will take revenge of that 0–5 defeat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/flavours-of-kolkata/the-real-meaning-of-the-kolkata-derby/|title=The real meaning of the Kolkata Derby|date=2017-02-13|website=Economic Times Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-12|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211113134/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/flavours-of-kolkata/the-real-meaning-of-the-kolkata-derby/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 16 August 1980, 16 football fans died due to stampede and riot inside the [[Eden Gardens]] stadium, Kolkata on the occasion of a Kolkata Derby match in the Calcutta Football League.<ref name="goal.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2016/08/16/26560182/revisiting-16th-august-1980-the-darkest-day-in-the-history|title=Revisiting 16th August, 1980: The darkest day in the history of Indian Football as 16 died in Eden Gardens Debacle - Goal.com|website=Goal.com|accessdate=2 April 2019|archive-date=1 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201155047/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2016/08/16/26560182/revisiting-16th-august-1980-the-darkest-day-in-the-history|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.kolkata24x7.com/blackest-day-calcutta-maidan.html/|title=The Blackest Day Of Calcutta Maidan Through My Eyes|first=Rana|last=Das|date=16 August 2016|website=English.kolkata24x7.com|accessdate=2 April 2019|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402195005/https://english.kolkata24x7.com/blackest-day-calcutta-maidan.html/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is now remembered as [[Football Lover's Day]].

The most memorable derby on many accounts took place in 1997 at the [[East Bengal 4–1 Mohun Bagan|semi-final of the Federation Cup]], when a remarkable crowd of '''1,31,781'''<ref>{{cite web|author=K Bhaskaran|title=Counting chickens before the eggs are laid|url=http://m.rediff.com/sports/jul/23b.htm|work=rediff.com|accessdate=20 June 2021|date=23 July 1997|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624221922/http://m.rediff.com/sports/jul/23b.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> – a record attendance for any sport in India – filled a heaving [[Salt Lake Stadium]]. India's most recognizable footballer, [[Baichung Bhutia]], took centre stage, scoring a hat-trick as East Bengal triumphed '''4–1'''.<ref name="ie1">{{cite web|last1=Bose|first1=Saibal|title=Bhutia's barrage batters Bagan|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/bhutias-barrage-batters-bagan|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=5 February 2017|date=14 July 1997|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831032543/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/bhutias-barrage-batters-bagan|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 25 October 2009, Mohun Bagan beat East Bengal '''5–3''' with [[Chidi Edeh]] scoring a hat-trick for Bagan ''(4 goals)'' in an [[I-League]] encounter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/sports/other-sports/article/mohun-bagan-beat-east-bengal-5-3-61472|title=Mohun Bagan beat East Bengal 5-3|date=26 October 2009 |access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

On 6 September 2015, another memorable derby took place when East Bengal FC equaled the record for the highest margin of victory in a Calcutta Football League Derby as they triumphed 4–0 against Mohun Bagan. South Korean forward [[Do Dong-hyun]] scored a free-kick brace while [[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]] and [[Rahul Bheke]] scored the other two as the Red and Gold brigade matched their own record which they set back on 23 May 1936, when they defeated the Green and Maroons by the similar 4–0 scoreline with goals from Laxminarayan, K. Prasad, Murgesh and Majid.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hassan |first=Mohammed |date=2015-12-24 |title=Do Dong-hyun: Birth of a new Hero in Calcutta Football League 2015 |url=http://www.indianfootballnetwork.com/blog/2015/12/24/do-dong-hyun-birth-of-a-new-hero-in-calcutta-football-league-2015/ |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=Indian Football Blog |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Shoubhik|last=Mukhopadhyay|url=https://i-league.org/east-bengal-calcutta-football-league-a-sublime-romantic-saga/|title=East Bengal & Calcutta Football League: A Sublime Romantic Saga - Hero I-League|date=10 September 2015|access-date=25 September 2019|website=i-league.org|publisher=[[I-League]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925033144/https://i-league.org/east-bengal-calcutta-football-league-a-sublime-romantic-saga/|archive-date=25 September 2019}}</ref>

On 29 January 2022, in an ISL derby Mohun Bagan beat East Bengal '''3–1''' scores with a hat-trick from [[Kiyan Nassiri]], son of former East Bengal player [[Jamshid Nassiri]], and became the youngest player to score a hat-trick in the derby.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/sports/mohun-bagan-star-kiyan-nassiri-giri-recalls-hat-trick-heroics-in-kolkata-derby-18925821.htm|title=Mohun Bagan Star Kiyan Nassiri Giri recalls hat-trick heroics in Kolkata Derby|date=30 January 2024 |access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref> East Bengal lost six consecutive derbies since 2019.

On 25 February 2023, Mohun Bagan made the record of winning back to back '''eight consecutive derbies'''— one in the [[Durand Cup]], one in the [[I-League]] and six in the [[Indian Super League|ISL]] ''(From 19 January 2020)''.

=== First official derby ===
{{Football box
| date = 28 May 1925
| event = [[Calcutta Football League]]
| location = Calcutta
| penalties2 =
| penalties1 =
| penaltyscore =
| score2 = 0
| score1 = 1
| round =
| referee = C. R. Clayton
| time = 12:00 IST (UTC+05:30)
| attendance =
| stadium = Calcutta Ground ''(now [[Mohun Bagan Ground]])''
| goals2 =
| goals1 = Nepal Chakravarty {{goal}}
| team2 = Mohun Bagan
| report = https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/First_official_Kolkata_Derby_news_report.jpg
| score = 1-0
| team1 = East Bengal
| aet =
}}
{| width="100%"
| width="40%" valign="top" |
{| cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 90%"
| colspan="2" |{{football squad on pitch|align=center
| GK_nat = IND | GK = Purna
| RCB_nat = IND | RCB = Prafulla
| LCB_nat = IND | LCB = Santosh
| LDM_nat = IND | LDM = Bijay
| CM_nat = IND | CM = Haran
| RDM_nat = IND | RDM = Nani
| RW_nat = IND | RW = Surya
| LW_nat = IND | LW = Hemanga
| RCF_nat = IND | RCF = Mana
| CF_nat = IND | CF = Nepal
| LCF_nat = IND | LCF = Mona
}}
|-
! width="25" |
|-
|GK
|{{flagicon|IND}} Purna Das
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} Prafulla Chatterjee
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} Santosh Ganguly
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} Bijay Hari Sen
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} Haran Saha
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} Nani Gosai
|-
|ST
|{{flagicon|IND}} Surya Chakravarty
|-
|ST
|{{flagicon|IND}} Hemanga Bose
|-
|ST
|{{flagicon|IND}} Mona Dutta
|-
|ST
|{{flagicon|IND}} Nepal Chakravarty
|-
|ST
|{{flagicon|IND}} Mana Mallick
|-
!Captain
!Mona Dutta
|}
| valign="top" |
| width="50%" valign="top" |
{| align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 90%"
| colspan="2" |{{football squad on pitch|align=Center
| GK_nat = IND | GK = Nripen
| RCB_nat = IND | RCB = Gostho
| LCB_nat = IND | LCB = R.Das
| LDM_nat = IND | LDM = Tarak
| CM_nat = IND | CM = Balai
| RDM_nat = IND | RDM = Sudhangshu
| RW_nat = IND | RW = M. Ghosh
| LW_nat = IND | LW = Rabi
| RCF_nat = IND | RCF = Poltu
| CF_nat = IND | CF = Umapati
| LCF_nat = IND | LCF = Khetra
}}
|-
! width="25" |
|-
|GK
|{{flagicon|IND}} Nripen Bhaduri
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gostha Pal]]
|-
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} R.Das
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} Tarak Sur
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} Balai Chatterjee
|-
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sudhangshu Bose
|-
|ST
|{{flagicon|IND}} M. Ghosh
|-
|ST
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rabi Ganguly
|-
|ST
|{{flagicon|IND}} Poltu Das Gupta
|-
|ST
|{{flagicon|IND}} Umapati Kumar
|-
|ST
|{{flagicon|IND}} Khetra Bose
|-
!Captain
![[Gostha Pal]]
|}
|}

== Statistics ==

=== Trophy counts ===
'''Major and Minor Honours (International, National and State)'''

This following table includes only those titles recognised and organised by the [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]], [[ASEAN Football Federation|AFF]], [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]], [[Indian Football Association|IFA]] and other associations:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://themohunbaganac.com/trophy-room-2/ |title=TROPHY ROOM - Mohun Bagan Athletic Club |work=Mohun Bagan Athletic Club |access-date=18 September 2019 |archive-date=10 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610125221/https://themohunbaganac.com/trophy-room-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/trophy-room.php |title=Trophy Room of Quess East Bengal FC | Official Website |access-date=13 November 2019 |archive-date=9 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609144419/https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/trophy-room.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
!Type
!Associaltion
!Competition
![[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
![[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''International'''
|[[ASEAN Football Federation|AFF]]
|[[2003 ASEAN Club Championship|ASEAN Club Championship]]
|0
|'''1'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-04 |title=Remembering East Bengal's 2003 ASEAN Championship win |url=https://www.espn.in/football/india/story/2986201/remembering-east-bengals-2003-asean-championship-win |access-date=2025-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804105617/https://www.espn.in/football/india/story/2986201/remembering-east-bengals-2003-asean-championship-win |archive-date=4 August 2020 }}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!0
!1
!<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-13 |title=Mohun Bagan - All trophies list |url=https://marinersbasecamp.com/mohun-bagan-trophy-cabinet/ |access-date=2025-02-23 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=East Bengal: All trophies won in history |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-east-bengal-all-trophies-won-in-history-202406 |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |'''National'''
|[[All India Football Federation|AIFF]]
|[[National Football League (India)|''NFL'']]/[[I-League]]/[[Indian Super League|ISL Winner's Shield]]
|'''7'''
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - List of National Champions |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiachamp.html |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=www.rsssf.org}}</ref>
|-
|[[All India Football Federation|AIFF]]
|[[Indian Super League playoffs|ISL Cup]]
|'''2'''
|0
|<ref>{{Cite web |author= Naveen Peter |date=4 May 2024 |title=ISL winners: From ATK to Mohun Bagan Super Giant, a look at the Roll of Honour - full list|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/isl-winners-champions-list-indian-super-league-final |work=olympics.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[All India Football Federation|AIFF]]
|[[Federation Cup (India)|''Federation Cup'']]/[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
|'''14'''
|9
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - List of Federation Cup Winners |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiacuphist.html |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=www.rsssf.org}}</ref>
|-
|[[All India Football Federation|AIFF]]
|[[Durand Cup]]
|'''17'''
|16
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - List of Durand Cup Finals |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiadurandcuphist.html |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=www.rsssf.org}}</ref>
|-
|[[All India Football Federation|AIFF]]
|[[Indian Super Cup (1997–2011)|''Indian Super Cup'']]
|2
|'''3'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - List of Super Cup Finals |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiasupcuphist.html |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=www.rsssf.org}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!42
!31
!<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''Domestic'''
'''(Major)'''
|[[Western India Football Association|WIFA]]
|''[[Rovers Cup]]''
|'''14'''
|10
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-24 |title=India - List of Rovers Cup Finals |url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiaroverscuphist.html |access-date=2025-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924164532/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiaroverscuphist.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Indian Football Association|IFA]]
|[[IFA Shield]]
|23
|'''29'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - List of IFA Shield Finals |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-ifahist.html |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=www.rsssf.org}}</ref>
|-
|[[Indian Football Association|IFA]]
|[[Calcutta Football League]]
|30
|'''41'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-02 |title=India - List of Calcutta/Kolkata League Champions |url=http://rsssf.com/tablesi/indiacalchamp.html |access-date=2025-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802035706/http://rsssf.com/tablesi/indiacalchamp.html |archive-date=2 August 2020 }}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!67
!80
!<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
| rowspan="15" |'''Domestic'''
'''(Minor)'''
|[[Sikkim Football Association|SFA]]
|[[Sikkim Gold Cup]]
|'''10'''
|0
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-20 |title=Sikkim CM hails sportsmanship at Governor's Gold Cup as Chennaiyin FC clinches victory |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/sikkim/story/sikkim-cm-hails-sportsmanship-at-governors-gold-cup-as-chennaiyin-fc-clinches-victory-1124252-2024-11-20 |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|DGHSA
|[[Darjeeling Gold Cup]]
|3
|'''5'''
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=kishanharijan|date=2021-09-26|title=The Legacy of Sports in the Darjeeling hills|url=https://darjeelingheritage.com/the-legacy-of-sports-in-the-darjeeling-hills/|access-date=2022-01-01|website=darjeelingheritage|language=en-US|archive-date=1 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101140426/https://darjeelingheritage.com/the-legacy-of-sports-in-the-darjeeling-hills/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Football Delhi|DSA]]
|[[DCM Trophy]]
|1
|'''7'''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=India – D.C.M. Trophy|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiadcm.html|access-date=4 December 2021|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=13 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013052139/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiadcm.html}}</ref>
|-
|[[Indian Football Association|IFA]]
|[[Trades Cup]]
|'''11'''
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - List of Trades Cup Winners |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-tradescup.html |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=www.rsssf.org}}</ref>
|-
|[[Indian Football Association|IFA]]
|''[[Cooch Behar Cup]]''
|'''18'''
|5
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|GSA
|[[Bordoloi Trophy]]
|'''7'''
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - List of Bordoloi Trophy Winners |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiabordoloicuphist.html |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=www.rsssf.org}}</ref>
|-
|[[Indian Football Association|IFA]]
|[[All Airlines Gold Cup]]
|'''8'''
|7
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[Indian Football Association|IFA]]
|Lakshmibilas Cup
|'''7'''
|3
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[Indian Football Association|IFA]]
|Raja Memorial Shield
|'''5'''
|1
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[Indian Football Association|IFA]]
|Lady Hardinge Shield
|'''6'''
|1
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[Indian Football Association|IFA]]
|Gladstone Cup
|'''4'''
|1
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[Indian Football Association|IFA]]
|Griffith Shield
|'''4'''
|2
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[Indian Football Association|IFA]]
|[[McDowell's Cup]]
|1
|'''3'''
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[Indian Football Association|IFA]]
|William Younger Cup
|'''3'''
|2
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!88
!46
!<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
! colspan="3" |Cumulative Total
!197
!158
!<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|}

=== Kolkata Derby matches ===
{{further|List of Kolkata Derby matches}}
{{#section-h:List of Kolkata Derby matches|Overall Record of Kolkata Derby}}

==== Recent match results ====
{{More|List of Kolkata Derby matches}}

The records of the meetings between the sides since 2009 have been listed below.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Date
!Home team
!Result
!Away team
!Stadium
!Competition
|-
|3 May 2026||Mohun Bagan|| TBD ||East Bengal||Vivekananda Yuva Bharati Krirangan||ISL<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/sports/football/east-bengal-vs-mohun-bagan-match-will-be-played-in-lionel-messi-kolkata-tour/|title=মেসির সামনেই ডার্বি! কলকাতায় এসে ইস্ট-মোহন দ্বৈরথ দেখবেন আর্জেন্টাইন মহাতারকা}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://t2online.in/goodlife/sports/tiger-shroff--dani-alves--john-abraham---deco-to-feature-at-messi-s-g-o-a-t-tour-kolkata-event-this-december/2001573|title=Tiger Shroff, Dani Alves, John Abraham & Deco to feature at Messi's G.O.A.T Tour Kolkata event this December|website=t2online.in}}</ref>
|-
|31 October 2025||Mohun Bagan|| 0–0 ||East Bengal||Fatorda Stadium||Super Cup
|-
|18 October 2025||East Bengal|| 1–1; 4–5 {{pen.}} ||'''Mohun Bagan'''||Vivekananda Yuva Bharati Krirangan||IFA Shield
|-
|17 August 2025||'''East Bengal'''|| 2–1 ||Mohun Bagan||Vivekananda Yuva Bharati Krirangan||Durand Cup
|-
|26 July 2025||'''East Bengal'''|| 3–2 ||Mohun Bagan||[[Kalyani Stadium]]||CFL
|-
|11 January 2025||'''Mohun Bagan'''|| 1–0 ||East Bengal||Vivekananda Yuva Bharati Krirangan||ISL
|-
|19 October 2024||East Bengal|| 0–2 ||'''Mohun Bagan'''||Vivekananda Yuva Bharati Krirangan||ISL
|-
|2 September 2024||'''Mohun Bagan'''|| 1–1; 3–2 {{pen}} ||East Bengal||[[K. D. Singh Babu Stadium, Lucknow|K. D. Singh Babu Stadium]]||Exhibition match
|-
|18 August 2024||Mohun Bagan|| –{{efn|The match was cancelled due to security reasons.<ref name=EBMBSGCancel2024>{{cite web|first=Neeladri|last=Bhattacharya|date=17 August 2024|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/durand-cup-2024-kolkata-derby-cancelled-mohun-bagan-vs-east-bengal-points-shared-security-situation-protests/article68535926.ece|title=Kolkata derby between Mohun Bagan and East Bengal abandoned; Jamshedpur among potential venues for rest of city's Durand Cup 2024 matches|work=Sportstar|accessdate=17 August 2024}}</ref>}} ||East Bengal||Vivekananda Yuva Bharati Krirangan||Durand Cup
|-
|13 July 2024||Mohun Bagan|| 1–2 ||'''East Bengal'''||Vivekananda Yuva Bharati Krirangan||CFL
|-
|10 March 2024||East Bengal|| 1–3 ||'''Mohun Bagan'''||Vivekananda Yuva Bharati Krirangan||ISL
|-
|3 February 2024||Mohun Bagan|| 2–2 ||East Bengal||Vivekananda Yuva Bharati Krirangan||ISL
|-
|19 January 2024||Mohun Bagan||1–3||'''East Bengal'''||[[Kalinga Stadium]]||Super Cup
|-
|30 November 2023||'''East Bengal'''||3–0{{efn|Match was turned into a walkover win for East Bengal after Bagan decided not to field a team, and hence East Bengal was awarded 3 goals and walkover victory.<ref name=EBMBSGWalkover2023>{{cite web|first=Amitabha|last=Das Shamra|date=30 November 2023|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/east-bengal-walkover-calcutta-league-derby-mohun-bagan-fails-to-show-up/article67590311.ece|title=East Bengal gets walkover in Calcutta League derby after Mohun Bagan fails to show up|work=Sportstar|accessdate=30 November 2023}}</ref><ref name=MBSGPointDeduction>{{cite web|date=28 December 2023|url=https://xtratimebangla.in/ifa-announces-mohammedan-sporting-as-cfl-2023-champions-as-east-bengal-gets-3-points-in-postponed-derby/|title=কলকাতা লিগের বাতিল ডার্বিতে জয়ী ঘোষিত ইস্টবেঙ্গল, পয়েন্ট কাটল মোহনবাগানের|trans-title=East Bengal, declared the winner of the canceled Kolkata League derby, Mohun Bagan deducted points|language=bn|work=Xtra Time Bangla|accessdate=28 December 2023}}</ref>}}||Mohun Bagan||[[Bankimanjali Stadium]]||CFL
|-
|3 September 2023||East Bengal||0–1||'''Mohun Bagan'''||Vivekananda Yuva Bharati Krirangan||Durand Cup
|-
|12 August 2023||Mohun Bagan||0–1||'''East Bengal'''||Vivekananda Yuva Bharati Krirangan||Durand Cup
|-
|25 February 2023||East Bengal||0–2||'''Mohun Bagan'''||Vivekananda Yuva Bharati Krirangan||ISL
|-
|29 October 2022||'''Mohun Bagan'''||2–0||East Bengal||Vivekananda Yuva Bharati Krirangan||ISL
|-
|28 August 2022||East Bengal||0–1||'''Mohun Bagan'''||Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan||Durand Cup
|-
|29 January 2022||'''Mohun Bagan'''||3–1||East Bengal||Fatorda Stadium||ISL
|-
|27 November 2021||East Bengal||0–3||'''Mohun Bagan'''||Tilak Maidan||ISL
|-
|19 February 2021||'''Mohun Bagan'''||3–1||East Bengal||[[Fatorda Stadium]]||ISL
|-
|27 November 2020||East Bengal||0–2||'''Mohun Bagan'''||[[Tilak Maidan]]||ISL
|-
|15 March 2020||East Bengal||–{{efn|Match was cancelled due to the spread of [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] in India.|name=|group=}}||Mohun Bagan||Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan||I-League
|-
|19 January 2020||'''Mohun Bagan'''||2–1||East Bengal||Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan||I-League
|-
|1 September 2019||Mohun Bagan||0–0||East Bengal||Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan||CFL
|-
|27 January 2019||Mohun Bagan||0–2||'''East Bengal'''||Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan||I-League
|-
|16 December 2018||'''East Bengal'''||3–2||Mohun Bagan||Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan||I-League
|-
|2 September 2018||East Bengal||2–2||Mohun Bagan||Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan||CFL
|-
|21 January 2018||East Bengal||0–2||'''Mohun Bagan'''||Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan||I-League
|-
|3 December 2017||'''Mohun Bagan'''||1–0||East Bengal||Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan||I-League
|-
|24 September 2017||East Bengal||2–2||Mohun Bagan||Kanchenjunga Stadium||CFL
|-
|14 May 2017||'''Mohun Bagan'''||2–0||East Bengal||[[Barabati Stadium]]||Federation Cup
|-
|9 April 2017||'''Mohun Bagan'''||2–1||East Bengal||Kanchenjunga Stadium||I-League
|-
|12 February 2017||East Bengal||0–0||Mohun Bagan||Kanchenjunga Stadium||I-League
|-
|7 September 2016||'''East Bengal'''||3–0{{efn|Match was turned into a walkover win for East Bengal after Bagan decided not to field a team for this game as they claimed their team should've got some time to practice on the pitch which they weren't allowed to, and hence East Bengal was awarded 3 goals and walkover victory.|name=|group=}}||Mohun Bagan||[[Kalyani Stadium]]||CFL
|-
|-
|2 April 2016||'''East Bengal'''||2–1||Mohun Bagan||Kanchenjunga Stadium||I-League
|-
|23 January 2016||Mohun Bagan||1–1||East Bengal||[[Kanchenjunga Stadium]]||I-League
|-
|6 September 2015||'''East Bengal'''||4–0||Mohun Bagan||Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan||CFL
|-
|28 March 2015||'''Mohun Bagan'''||1–0||East Bengal||Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan||I-League
|-
|17 February 2015||East Bengal||1–1||Mohun Bagan||Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan||I-League
|-
|31 August 2014||'''East Bengal'''||3–1||Mohun Bagan||Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan||CFL
|-
|1 March 2014||East Bengal||1–1||Mohun Bagan||Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan||I-League
|-
|11 January 2014||East Bengal FC|East Bengal||0–1||'''Mohun Bagan'''||[[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]||CFL
|-
|24 November 2013||'''East Bengal'''||1–0||Mohun Bagan||Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan||I-League
|-
|23 May 2013||'''East Bengal'''||3–2||Mohun Bagan||Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan||CFL
|-
|17 March 2013||'''East Bengal'''||1–1; 4–2 {{pen}}||Mohun Bagan||Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan||IFA Shield
|-
|9 February 2013||Mohun Bagan||0–0||East Bengal||Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan||I-League
|-
|9 December 2012||'''East Bengal'''||3–0{{efn|Match was turned into a walkover win for East Bengal after Bagan decided to forfeit the match at half time.|name=|group=}}||Mohun Bagan||Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan||I-League
|-
|4 February 2012||East Bengal||1–1||Mohun Bagan||Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan||I-League
|-
|7 January 2012||'''Mohun Bagan'''||2–0||East Bengal||Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan||CFL
|-
|20 November 2011||'''Mohun Bagan'''||1–0||East Bengal||Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan||I-League
|-
|9 April 2011||'''East Bengal'''||2–1||Mohun Bagan||Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan||I-League
|-
|6 February 2011||Mohun Bagan||1–1||East Bengal||Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan||I-League
|-
|26 November 2010||Mohun Bagan||0–2||'''East Bengal'''||Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan||CFL
|-
|14 November 2010||Mohun Bagan||3–3; 2–3 {{pen}}||'''East Bengal'''||Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan||MDS Platinum Jubilee Cup
|-
|2 October 2010||'''East Bengal'''||1–0||Mohun Bagan||[[Barabati Stadium]]||Federation Cup
|-
|16 May 2010||'''Mohun Bagan'''||2–1||East Bengal||Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan||I-League
|-
|24 April 2010||Mohun Bagan||0–0||East Bengal||Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan||CFL
|-
|31 December 2009||'''East Bengal'''||2–0||Mohun Bagan||[[Nehru Stadium, Guwahati|Nehru Stadium]]||Federation Cup
|-
|25 October 2009||'''Mohun Bagan'''||5–3||East Bengal||Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan||I-League
|-
|22 February 2009||'''East Bengal'''||3–0||Mohun Bagan||Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan||I-League
|-
{{Fb cs footer|u=2 September 2024|s=[https://us.soccerway.com/teams/comparison/?competition_ids%5B%5D=150&team_ids%5B%5D=3352&competition_ids%5B%5D=150&team_ids%5B%5D=3346 soccerway.com]|date=October 2020}}
{{reflist|group=note}}
*Since 2009, 53 matches have been played between the teams (including exhibition matches) where:

# Mohun Bagan won: 21 ({{small|including exhibition match from 2024.}})
# East Bengal won: 20 ({{small|including walkovers from 2016 and 2023 CFL and 2012 I-League.}})
# 12 matches ended as draws.

*Highest scorer in a single match — [[Chidi Edeh]] (Mohun Bagan), scored 4 goals in 2009.

=== Head-to-head ranking in National Football League/I-League/Indian Super League ===

'''[[1996–97 National Football League (India)|1996–97]] to [[2025–26 in Indian football|2025–26]]'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:100%"
! rowspan="2" |{{abbr|R|Rank}}/{{abbr|S|Season}}
| colspan="11" |[[National Football League (India)|'''National Football League''']]
| colspan="13" |'''[[I-League]]'''
| colspan="6" |'''[[Indian Super League]]'''
|-
!'''[[1996–97 National Football League (India)|1]]'''{{efn|[[Mohun Bagan]] did not qualify in the first season, but was given entry in the next season by then [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] president [[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi|Priya Ranjan Dashmunshi]].}}
!'''[[1997–98 National Football League (India)|2]]'''{{efn|Only Championship Stage matches taken into account.}}
!'''[[1998–99 National Football League (India)|3]]'''{{efn|Only Championship Stage matches taken into account.}}
!'''[[1999–2000 National Football League (India)|4]]'''
!'''[[2000–01 National Football League (India)|5]]'''
!'''[[2001–02 National Football League (India)|6]]'''
!'''[[2002–03 National Football League (India)|7]]'''
!'''[[2003–04 National Football League (India)|8]]'''
!'''[[2004–05 National Football League (India)|9]]'''
!'''[[2005–06 National Football League (India)|10]]'''
!'''[[2006–07 National Football League (India)|11]]'''
!'''[[2007–08 I-League|12]]'''
!'''[[2008–09 I-League|13]]'''
!'''[[2009–10 I-League|14]]'''
!'''[[2010–11 I-League|15]]'''
!'''[[2011–12 I-League|16]]'''
!'''[[2012–13 I-League|17]]'''
!'''[[2013–14 I-League|18]]'''
!'''[[2014–15 I-League|19]]'''
!'''[[2015–16 I-League|20]]'''
!'''[[2016–17 I-League|21]]'''
!'''[[2017–18 I-League|22]]'''
!'''[[2018–19 I-League|23]]'''
!'''[[2019–20 I-League|24]]'''
!'''[[2020–21 Indian Super League|25]]'''
!'''[[2021–22 Indian Super League|26]]'''
!'''[[2022–23 Indian Super League|27]]'''
!'''[[2023–24 Indian Super League|28]]'''
!'''[[2024–25 Indian Super League|29]]'''
|-
!1
|
| style="background-color:#208511;color:#800000;" |'''1'''
|
| style="background-color:#208511;color:#800000;" |'''1'''
| style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#FFE500;" |'''1'''
| style="background-color:#208511;color:#800000;" |'''1'''
| style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#FFE500;" |'''1'''
| style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#FFE500;" |'''1'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background-color:#208511;color:#800000;" |'''[[2014–15 Mohun Bagan FC season|1]]'''
|
|
|
|
| style="background-color:#208511;color:#800000;" |'''[[2019–20 Mohun Bagan FC season|1]]'''
|
|
|
| style="background-color:#208511;color:#800000;" |'''[[2023–24 Mohun Bagan Super Giant season|1]]'''
|style="background-color:#208511;color:#800000;" |'''[[2024–25 Mohun Bagan Super Giant season|1]]'''
|-
!2
|
| style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#FFE500;" |'''2'''
| style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#FFE500;" |'''2'''
|
| style="background-color:#208511;color:#800000;" |'''2'''
|
|
|
|
| style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#FFE500;" |'''[[2005–06 East Bengal FC season|2]]'''
|
|
| style="background-color:#208511;color:#800000;" |'''[[2008–09 Mohun Bagan FC season|2]]'''
|
| style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#FFE500;" |'''[[2010–11 East Bengal FC season|2]]'''
| style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#FFE500;" |'''[[2011–12 East Bengal FC season|2]]'''
|
| style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#FFE500;" |'''[[2013–14 East Bengal FC season|2]]'''
|
| style="background-color:#208511;color:#800000;" |'''[[2015–16 Mohun Bagan FC season|2]]'''
| style="background-color:#208511;color:#800000;" |'''[[2016–17 Mohun Bagan FC season|2]]'''
|
| style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#FFE500;" |'''[[2018–19 East Bengal FC season|2]]'''
| style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#FFE500;" |'''[[2019-20 East Bengal FC season|2]]'''
| style="background-color:#208511;color:#800000;" |'''[[2020–21 ATK Mohun Bagan FC season|2]]'''
|
|
|
|
|-
!3
|style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#FFE500;" |'''3'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#FFE500;" |'''3'''
| style="background-color:#208511;color:#800000;" |'''3'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#FFE500;" |'''[[2012–13 East Bengal FC season|3]]'''
|
|
| style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#FFE500;" |'''[[2015–16 East Bengal FC season|3]]'''
| style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#FFE500;" |'''[[2016–17 East Bengal FC season|3]]'''
| style="background-color:#208511;color:#800000;" |'''[[2017–18 Mohun Bagan FC season|3]]'''
|
|
|
|style="background-color:#208511;color:#800000;" |'''[[2021–22 ATK Mohun Bagan FC season|3]]'''
|style="background-color:#208511;color:#800000;" |[[2022–23 ATK Mohun Bagan FC season|3]]
|
|
|-
!4
|
|
| style="background-color:#208511;color:#800000;" |'''4'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background-color:#208511;color:#800000;" |'''4'''
|
|
|
| style="background-color:#208511;color:#800000;" |'''[[2011–12 Mohun Bagan season|4]]'''
|
|
| style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#FFE500;" |'''[[2014–15 East Bengal FC season|4]]'''
|
|
| style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#FFE500;" |'''[[2017–18 East Bengal FC season|4]]'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!5
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#FFE500;" |'''5'''
|
|
|
|
| style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#FFE500;" |'''[[2006–07 East Bengal FC season|5]]'''
|
|
| style="background-color:#208511;color:#800000;" |'''[[2009-10 Mohun Bagan FC season|5]]'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background-color:#208511;color:#800000;" |'''[[2018–19 Mohun Bagan FC season|5]]'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!6
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#FFE500;" |'''[[2007–08 East Bengal FC season|6]]'''
| style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#FFE500;" |'''[[2008–09 East Bengal FC season|6]]'''
|
| style="background-color:#208511;color:#800000;" |'''[[2010-11 Mohun Bagan FC season|6]]'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!7
|
|
| rowspan="8" style="background:#c0c0c0" |
| style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#FFE500;" |'''7'''
|
|
| style="background-color:#208511;color:#800000;" |'''7'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!8
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background-color:#208511;color:#800000;" |'''8'''
|
| style="background-color:#208511;color:#800000;" |'''8'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background-color:#208511;color:#800000;" |'''[[2013–14 Mohun Bagan FC season|8]]'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!9
| rowspan="6" style="background:#c0c0c0" |
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background-color:#208511;color:#800000;" |'''9'''
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#FFE500;" |'''[[2009–10 East Bengal FC season|9]]'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#FFE500;" |'''[[2020–21 SC East Bengal season|9]]'''
|
|style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#FFE500;" |'''[[2022–23 East Bengal FC season|9]]'''
|style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#FFE500;" |'''[[2023–24 East Bengal FC season|9]]'''
|style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#FFE500;" |'''[[2024–25 East Bengal FC season|9]]'''
|-
!10
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background-color:#208511;color:#800000;" |'''[[2012–13 Mohun Bagan FC season|10]]'''
|
|
| rowspan="5" style="background:#c0c0c0" |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!11
| rowspan="4" style="background:#c0c0c0" |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" style="background:#c0c0c0" |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| rowspan="4" style="background:#c0c0c0" |
| colspan="4" rowspan="4" style="background:#c0c0c0" |
|
|style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#FFE500;" |'''[[2021–22 SC East Bengal season|11]]'''
|
|
|
|-
!12
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" style="background:#c0c0c0" |
|
|
|-
!13
| colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="background:#c0c0c0" |
| rowspan="2" style="background:#c0c0c0" |
|
|
|
|
|
| rowspan="2" style="background:#c0c0c0" |
|
|-
!14
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#c0c0c0" |
| style="background:#c0c0c0" |
|-
{{Fb cs footer|u=23 February 2025|s=[https://us.soccerway.com/teams/comparison/?competition_ids%5B%5D=150&team_ids%5B%5D=3352&competition_ids%5B%5D=150&team_ids%5B%5D=3346 soccerway.com]|date=October 2020}}
'''Note:''' Red & Gold refers to [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]], while Green & Maroon refers to [[Mohun Bagan]].

==See also==
*[[Aizawl Derby]]
*[[Imphal Derby]]
*[[South Indian derby|South Indian Derby]]
*[[List of association football club rivalries in Asia and Oceania]]
*[[List of association football rivalries]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite web |title=The Introduction of Football in Colonial Calcutta- Part 1 |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2015/the-introduction-of-football-in-colonial-calcutta/ |date=25 March 2015 |first=Ankan |last=Banerjee |access-date=25 March 2015 |website=footballcounter.com |publisher=Football Counter |location=Kolkata |archive-date=23 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123195412/http://www.footballcounter.com/2015/the-introduction-of-football-in-colonial-calcutta/ }}
*{{cite web|title=Football — the passion play in Kolkata|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/football--the-passion-play-in-kolkata/211371-55.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111155154/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/football--the-passion-play-in-kolkata/211371-55.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2012|website=ibnlive.in|publisher=IBN Live|date=13 December 2011|access-date=11 August 2014}}
*{{cite web|url=https://tv9bangla.com/sports/football/exclusive-interview-of-legendary-indian-footballer-shyam-thapa-au65-599473.html|language=bn|trans-title= 'Leaved East Bengal to Mohun Bagan to play against Pele', Shyam Thapa elated at Bagan Ratna honor|title='পেলের বিরুদ্ধে খেলার জন্যই ইস্টবেঙ্গল ছেড়ে মোহনবাগানে গিয়েছিলাম', বাগান রত্ন সম্মানে আপ্লুত শ্যাম থাপা|first=Dipankar|last=Ghoshal|website=tv9bangla.com|publisher=TV9 Bangla Digital|location=Kolkata|date=7 July 2022|access-date=21 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513073846/https://tv9bangla.com/sports/football/exclusive-interview-of-legendary-indian-footballer-shyam-thapa-au65-599473.html|archive-date=13 May 2023}}
*{{cite web|url=https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/chronology|title=Chronology of Important Sports Events — West Bengal|website=wbsportsandyouth.gov.in|publisher=Government of West Bengal – Department of youth services and sports|date=2017|access-date=25 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013092944/https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/chronology|archive-date=13 October 2022|location=Kolkata}}

{{Football in Kolkata}}
{{Indian Super League}}
{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant}}
{{East Bengal FC}}

[[Category:Sport in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Football rivalries in India]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant]]
[[Category:East Bengal FC]]

Bindu Panicker

2026-03-17T18:17:46Z

IgnacioGrishin: general refined references based on references and updated info to improve readability

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| name = Bindu Panicker
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1992 – present
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]]
| parents =
| spouse = {{Unbulleted_list|{{Marriage|Biju V Nair|1997|2003|reason=death}}{{Marriage|[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]|2009}}}}
| children = 1
}}

'''Bindu Panicker''' is an Indian actress who has more than 200 films to her credit.<ref>[http://malayalam.webdunia.com/entertainment/film/profile/0804/02/1080402038_1.htm Retrieved 26 November 2013.]</ref> Having played both comedy and character roles in Malayalam cinema, she was critically acclaimed for her performance in [[Soothradharan]] (2001).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/lf/2002/03/03/stories/2002030301750200.htm |title=A hot, star-studded show |last=Naha |first=Abdul Latheef |date=3 March 2002 |work=The Hindu |access-date=26 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606103908/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/lf/2002/03/03/stories/2002030301750200.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> She has been a member of the [[Association of Malayalam Movie Artists]] executive committee.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/26/stories/2006062608990400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222022219/http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/26/stories/2006062608990400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 December 2007 |title=AMMA office-bearers assume charge |date=26 June 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 January 2010}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She was married to Biju. V. Nair from 1997 to 2003 and they have a daughter Kalyani. In 2009, she married actor [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]].

==Awards and nominations==
{{BLP sources section|date= December 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Award !! Year !! Category !! Film !! Result
|-
|[[Asianet Film Awards]] || rowspan="2" |2001||Second Best Actress||''[[Soothradharan]]''||{{won}}
|-
|[[Asianet Film Awards]]|| rowspan="3" |Best Supporting Actress||''[[Narendra Makan Jayakanthan Vaka]]''||{{won}}
|-
|[[Vanitha Film Awards]]|| rowspan="3" |2014||''[[Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kerala9.com/news-category/news/movie-news/ttk-prestige-vanitha-film-awards-shobhana-prithviraj-win-best-actor-actress-awards |title=TTK Prestige-Vanitha Film Awards: Shobhana, Prithviraj win best actor, actress awards |date=20 January 2013 |access-date=7 January 2014 |archive-date=7 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307082405/http://kerala9.com/news-category/news/movie-news/ttk-prestige-vanitha-film-awards-shobhana-prithviraj-win-best-actor-actress-awards |url-status=dead}}</ref>''||{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Awards South]]||''[[Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum]]''||{{nom}}
|-
|Rowspan=2|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]||Best Actress in a Supporting Role- Malayalam||''[[Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum]]''||{{nom}}
|-
|2023||[[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Actress in a Supporting Role- Malayalam]] ||[[Rorschach (film)|Rorshack]]||{{Won}}
|}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1992 || ''[[Kamaladalam]]'' || Madhavanunni's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Valayam (film)|Valayam]]'' || Vanaja ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 1993 || ''[[Kalippattam]]'' || Venu's sister ||
|-
| ''[[Sopanam (film)|Sopanam]]'' || Manoharan's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Kadankatha Pole]]'' || Sarala ||
|-
| ''[[Kabooliwala]]'' || Kanakamma ||
|-
| ''[[Samooham]]'' || Gopika ||
|-
| ''[[Vatsalyam]]'' || Nalini ||
|-
| ''[[Injakkadan Mathai & Sons]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aakashadooth]]'' || Marikungu ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1994 || ''[[Nandini Oppol]]'' || Indu ||
|-
| ''[[The City (1994 film)|The City]]'' || Sumathi ||
|-
| ''[[Sagaram Sakshi]]'' || Malathy ||
|-
| ''[[Sammohanam (1994 film)|Sammohanam]]'' || Jaanu ||
|-
| ''Puthran'' || Susanna ||
|-
| ''[[Parinayam (1994 film)|Parinayam]]'' || Cheriya Athemaru ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 1995 || ''[[The King (1995 film)|The King]]'' || Mrs. Jayakrishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Achan Kombathu Amma Varampathu]]'' || Shyamala ||
|-
| ''[[Special Squad (film)|Special Squad]]'' || Sabiya ||
|-
| ''[[Ormakalundayirikkanam]]'' || Mariyamma ||
|-
| ''[[Mangalam Veettil Manaseswari Gupta]]'' || Vasumathi ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Abhibhashakante Case Diary]]'' || Sindhu ||
|-
| ''Thovalapookkal'' || Gomathy Susheelan ||
|-
| ''[[Saadaram]]'' || Rama ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 1996 || ''[[Adukkala Rahasyam Angaadi Paattu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sallapam]]'' || Padmini ||
|-
| ''Naalaam Kettile Nalla Thambimaar'' || Sainu ||
|-
| ''Harbour'' || Karthyayani ||
|-
| ''Aakaashathekkoru Kilivaathil'' || Geetha ||
|-
| ''Ishtamanu Nooruvattom'' || Kamalam ||
|-
| ''[[Thooval Kottaram]]'' || Rama ||
|-
| ''April 19'' || Jayan's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Ee Puzhayum Kadannu]]'' || Malathy ||
|-
| rowspan=14 | 1997 || ''[[Oru Sankeerthanam Pole]]'' || Mathayachan's wife ||
|-
| ''Sibiram'' || Alice ||
|-
| ''[[Poonilamazha]]'' || Bharathi ||
|-
| ''[[Mannadiar Penninu Chenkotta Checkan]]'' || Thilothama ||
|-
| ''[[The Car (1997 film)|The Car]]'' || Usha ||
|-
| ''[[The Good Boys]]'' || Rajeswari ||
|-
| ''[[Superman (1997 film)|Superman]]'' || Swarnalatha ||
|-
| ''Ishtadanam'' || Uma ||
|-
| ''[[Arjunan Pillayum Anchu Makkalum]]'' || Jayalakshmi ||
|-
| ''[[Katha Nayakan (1997 film)|Katha Nayakan]]'' || Meenakshi ||
|-
| ''[[Kaliyattam]]'' || Cheeramma || The Story Based on [[Othello|Shakespeare's Othello]]
|-
| ''[[Asuravamsam]]'' || Vijayalakshmi ||
|-
| ''[[Sammanam (1997 film)|Sammanam]]'' || Devi's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Love Today (1997 film)|Love Today]]'' || Krishnaveni || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1998 || ''[[Kusruthi Kuruppu]]'' || Noorjahan ||
|-
| ''Malabaril Ninnoru Mani Maran'' || Vasundhara ||
|-
| ''[[Sreekrishnapurathe Nakshathrathilakkam]]'' || Indu ||
|-
| ''[[Mayilpeelikkavu]]'' || Yashodhara Devi ||
|-
| ''[[Vismayam (1998 film)|Vismayam]]'' || Chinnakurup's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Unnudan]]'' || Gowri's mother || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1999 || ''Swarnanilavu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pranaya Nilavu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Charlie Chaplin (1999 film)|Charlie Chaplin]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Njangal Santhushtaranu]]'' || Saudamini ||
|-
| ''[[Niram]]'' || Maya ||
|-
| ''[[Vanaprastham]]'' || Bhageerathi || [[National Award for Best Film|National Award Winning Film(1999)]]
|-
| ''[[Tokyo Nagarathile Viseshangal]]'' || Chandramathi ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 2000 || ''The Warrant'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Arayannangalude Veedu]]'' || Sunanda ||
|-
| ''[[Joker (2000 film)|Joker]]'' || Susheela ||
|-
| ''[[Sahayathrikakku Snehapoorvam]]'' || Girija ||
|-
| ''Anamuttathe Angalamar'' || Sujatha ||
|-
| ''[[Swayamvara Panthal]]'' || Vasanthy Vijayan ||
|-
| ''[[Snehapoorvam Anna]]'' || Fousi Aunty ||
|-
| ''[[Mark Antony (2000 film)|Mark Antony]]'' || Nimmy's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Varnakkazhchakal]]'' || Saumini ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 2001 || ''Chethaaram'' || ||
|-
| ''Mazhameghapravukal'' || Mrs. Anandan ||
|-
| ''Aandolanam'' || Janaky ||
|-
| ''[[Sharja To Sharja]]'' || Sethu's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Narendran Makan Jayakanthan Vaka]]'' || Saudamini || Winner:-[[Asianet Film Awards|Asianet Film Award For Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| ''[[Nariman (film)|Nariman]]'' || M.L.A ||
|-
| ''[[Naranathu Thampuran]]'' || Prabha ||
|-
| ''[[Dhosth (2001 Malayalam film)|Dhosth]]'' || Kuttappan's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Bharthavudyogam]]'' || Mohini ||
|-
| ''[[Soothradharan]]'' || Devumma || Winner:-[[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress|Kerala State Film Award For Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| rowspan=11 | 2002 || ''Shambho Mahadeva'' || ||
|-
| ''Sundari'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Krishna Pakshakkilikal]]'' || Sandhya ||
|-
| ''[[Oomappenninu Uriyadappayyan]]'' || Thresiamma ||
|-
| ''[[Phantom (2002 film)|Phantom]]'' || Mariya ||
|-
| ''[[Bamboo Boys]]'' || Hridayakumari ||
|-
| ''[[Samurai (2002 film)|Samurai]]'' || Deiva's mother || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film
|-
| ''[[Kunjikoonan (2002 film)|Kunjikoonan]]'' || Umma ||
|-
| ''Desam'' || Nalini ||
|-
| ''Kanalkireedam'' || Rose ||
|-
| ''[[Chathurangam (2002 film)|Chathurangam]]'' || Annie ||
|-
| rowspan=11 | 2003 || ''[[Kalari Vikraman]]'' || || Unreleased
|-
| ''[[Mr. Brahmachari]]'' || Nirmala ||
|-
| ''[[Vasanthamalika]]'' || Aanandavalli ||
|-
| ''[[Thilakkam]]'' || Vanaja ||
|-
| ''[[Gramaphone (film)|Gramaphone]]'' || Sachidhanathan's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Swapnam Kondu Thulabharam]]'' || Hostel Matrom ||
|-
| ''[[Vellithira (2003 film)|Vellithira]]'' || Bhavani ||
|-
| ''[[Sadanandante Samayam]]'' || Sadanandan's sister ||
|-
| ''[[C.I.D. Moosa]]'' || Ramani ||
|-
| ''[[Pattalam (2003 film)|Pattalam]]'' || Sulochana ||
|-
| ''[[Pattanathil Sundaran]]'' || Radhamani's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=11 | 2004 || ''[[Jana (film)|Jana]]'' || Jana's sister || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film
|-
| ''[[Sasneham Sumithra]]'' || Meenakshi ||
|-
| ''[[Kanninum Kannadikkum]]'' || Soudamini ||
|-
| ''[[Vellinakshatram (2004 film)|Vellinakshatram]]'' || Bhagyalakshmi ||
|-
| ''[[Chathikkatha Chanthu]]'' || Renuka || Cameo
|-
| ''[[Mayilattam (film)|Mayilattam]]'' || Bindu ||
|-
| ''[[Agninakshathram (2004 film)|Agninakshathram]]'' || Sathi ||
|-
| ''[[Vettam]]'' || K.T. Mathews's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Natturajavu]]'' || Thankamma ||
|-
| ''Bunglavil Outha'' || Thresia ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhavasheshan]]'' || Gopi's sister ||
|-
| rowspan=11 | 2005 || ''[[Immini Nalloral]]'' || Vishalam ||
|-
| ''[[Iruvattam Manavaatti]]'' || Chandramathi ||
|-
| ''[[Ponmudipuzhayorathu]]'' || Bharathi ||
|-
| ''[[Athbhutha Dweepu]]'' || Anasooya ||
|-
| ''[[Maanikyan]]'' || Gauri ||
|-
| ''[[Udayon]]'' || Ichamma ||
|-
| ''[[Naran (film)|Naran]]'' || Narayani Amma ||
|-
| ''[[Nerariyan CBI]]'' || Elizabeth ||
|-
| ''[[Boy Friend (2005 film)|Boyfriend]]'' || Mary Pius ||
|-
| ''[[Arputha Theevu]]'' || Anasooya || Tamil film
|-
| ''[[Bus Conductor (2005 film)|Bus Conductor]]'' || Kunjakka's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 2006 || ''Arunam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Drishtantham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Mukhamariyaathe'' ||Savithri ||
|-
| ''[[Kilukkam Kilukilukkam]]'' || Nun ||
|-
| ''[[Lion (Malayalam film)|Lion]]'' || Devaki ||
|-
| ''[[Rasathanthram]]'' || Sobhana ||
|-
| ''[[Aanachandam]]'' || Krishnaprasad's sister ||
|-
| ''[[Pathaaka]]'' || Mollykutty ||
|-
| ''[[Baba Kalyani (film)|Baba Kalyani]]'' || Mayor || Cameo
|-
| rowspan=13 | 2007 || ''Janmam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kichamani MBA]]'' || Thresia ||
|-
| ''[[Khaki (2007 film)|Khaki]]'' || Bhanumathi ||
|-
| ''[[Aakasham]]'' || Bharathi ||
|-
| ''[[Rakshakan]]'' || Dr. Arundati Narendran ||
|-
| ''[[Speed Track (film)|Speed Track]]'' || M. Treesa ||
|-
| ''[[Mayavi (2007 film)|Mayavi]]'' || Thottapulli's Surendra's wife ||
|-
| ''Subhadram'' || Subhadra's Mother ||
|-
| ''[[Nadiya Kollappetta Rathri]]'' || Rajamma ||
|-
| ''[[Eakantham]]'' || Chandrika ||
|-
| ''[[Chocolate (2007 film)|Chocolate]]'' || Mariya ||
|-
| ''[[Nasrani (film)|Nasrani]]'' || M. C. Paul's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Kangaroo (2007 film)|Kangaroo]]'' || Annakutty ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 2008 || ''Thavalam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Novel (film)|Novel]]'' || Sethunath's sister ||
|-
| ''[[Calcutta News (film)|Calcutta News]]'' || Leela ||
|-
| ''[[Roudram]]'' || Sainaba ||
|-
| ''[[Positive (2008 film)|Positive]]'' || Raju's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Kerala Police (film)|Kerala Police]]'' || Sathyan's mother ||
|-
| ''Jubilee'' || Jancy ||
|-
| ''[[Sound of Boot]]'' || Mathaji ||
|-
| ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty 20]]'' || Geetha ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 2009 || ''[[Chattambinadu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Meghatheertham'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kerala Cafe]]'' || KK's wife || Segment:"Happy Journey" Voice only
|-
| ''[[Makante Achan]]'' || Sandanavalli ||
|-
| ''Patham Adhyayam'' || Dileep's mother ||
|-
| ''Pramukhan'' || Kannan's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Kappal Muthalaali]]'' || Suseela ||
|-
| ''[[Ee Pattanathil Bhootham]]'' || Soozi ||
|-
| ''Sanmanasullavan Appukuttan'' || Santha ||
|-
| ''[[Seetha Kalyanam (2009 film)|Seetha Kalyanam]]'' || Madurammal ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 2010 || ''[[Senior Mandrake]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pulliman (2010 film)|Pulliman]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thanthonni]]'' || Kochukunju's aunt ||
|-
| ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]'' || Rukmini ||
|-
| ''[[Thoovalkattu]]'' || Hajiyar's Wife ||
|-
| ''[[Fiddle (film)|Fiddle]]'' || Sugandhi ||
|-
| ''[[Nallavan (2010 film)|Nallavan]]'' || Murukan's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Aatmakatha]]'' || Saramma ||
|-
| ''Androru Naal'' || Subhadra's mother || Tamil film
|-
| rowspan=10 | 2011 || ''[[Nadakame Ulakam]]'' || Milma Girija ||
|-
| ''101 Ruppika'' || Nandhini's mother ||
|-
| ''Aazhakadal'' || Thressiamma ||
|-
| ''[[Living Together (2011 film)|Living Together]]'' || Vasanthi ||
|-
| ''[[Manikyakkallu]]'' || Rakhi ||
|-
| ''[[Teja Bhai & Family]]'' || Lathika ||
|-
| ''[[Doctor Love (film)|Dr. Love]]'' || Ajithakumari ||
|-
| ''[[Sevenes]]'' || Shyam's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Innanu Aa Kalyanam]]'' || Suseela ||
|-
| ''Kanakazchakal'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2012 || ''Yadhartyam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Orkut Oru Ormakoot]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kunjaliyan]]'' || Syamala ||
|-
| ''[[Manjadikuru]]'' || Ammu Valliamma ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2013 || ''Meow Meow Karimboocha'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aattakatha (2013 film)|Aattakatha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Players'' || Aji's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Kadal Kadannu Oru Maathukutty]]'' || Herself || Cameo
|-
| ''[[Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum]]'' || Kainakri Revamma ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2014 || ''[[Parayan Baaki Vechathu]]'' || Susheela Panicker ||
|-
| ''My Dear Mummy'' || Prof. Rosakutty ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2015 || ''[[Ammakkoru Tharattu]]'' || Rathi ||
|-
| ''[[Mili (2015 film)|Mili]]'' || Ramani ||
|-
| ''Open Your Mind'' || Rahul's mother || [[Short film]]
|-
| ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2015 film)|Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' || Akbar's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2016 || ''[[Oru Murai Vanthu Parthaya (film)|Oru Murai Vanthu Parthaya]]'' || Susheelamma ||
|-
| ''[[Marubhoomiyile Aana]]'' || Jewellery owner's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Kavi Uddheshichathu..?]]'' || Jimmy's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2017 || ''[[Chakkaramaavin Kombathu]]'' || Alimammuka's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol]]'' || Girija ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2018 || ''Kaithola Chathan'' || Prakashan's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Aanakkallan]]'' || Kochuthresia ||
|-
| ''[[Thattumpurath Achuthan]]'' || Girija ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2019 || ''[[Margamkali (film)|Margamkali]]'' || Urmila's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Kodathi Samaksham Balan Vakeel]]'' || Balan's mother, Vishalam ||
|-
| ''[[Moonam Pralayam]]'' || KPAC Sarasamma ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2022 || ''[[Super Sharanya]]'' || Deepu's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Varayan]]'' || Thresia ||
|-
| ''[[Rorschach (film)|Rorschach]]'' || Seetha ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2023|| ''[[Madhura Manohara Moham]]'' || Ushamma ||
|-
| ''Anakku Enthinte Keda'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/trivandrum/anakku-enthinte-keda/ET00365394?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1|title=Anakku Enthinte Keda (2023) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in Trivandrum|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2024 || ''[[Marivillin Gopurangal]]'' ||Sherin's mother||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-27 |title=Indrajith And Sarjano Khalid's Marivillin Gopurangal Set to Hit Theaters On This Date |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/indrajith-and-sarjano-khalids-marivillin-gopurangal-set-to-hit-theaters-on-this-date-8868920.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Turbo (2024 film)|Turbo]]'' ||Rosakutty ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-13 |title='Turbo' trailer: Mammootty takes on Raj B Shetty in a high-octane action feast |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/turbo-trailer-mammootty-takes-on-raj-b-shetty-in-a-high-octane-action-feast/article68170364.ece |access-date=2024-05-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hello Mummy]]'' || Kanchamma / Professor ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2024-11-21 |title=Hello Mummy Movie Review: Sharaf's slapstick humour alone can't save this spiritless horror comedy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2024/Nov/21/hello-mummy-movie-review-sharafs-slapstick-humour-alone-cant-save-this-spiritless-horror-comedy |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Jameelante Poovan Kozhi'' || Jameela||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-06 |title='Jameelante Poovan Kozhi' actor Nitin Thomas says his passion for films has paid off|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jameelante-poovan-kozhi-actor-nitin-thomas-says-his-passion-for-films-has-paid-off/article68953913.ece |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2025 || ''[[Prince and Family]]'' ||Jancy Chakkalakkal||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-04-07 |title=Dileep's 150th film Prince and Family gets new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/07/dileeps-150th-film-prince-and-family-gets-new-release-date |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Thug'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web | title=Thug: CR 143/24 Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/thug-cr-143/24/movieshow/121646094.cms | access-date=2025-08-25 | website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || {{Pending film| [[Bethlehem Kudumba Unit]]}} || {{TableTBA}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-02 |title=Bethlehem Kudumba Unit: Girish AD's next with Nivin Pauly and Mamitha Baiju begins |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Jan/02/bethlehem-kudumba-unit-girish-ads-next-with-nivin-pauly-and-mamitha-baiju-begins |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Television==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= December 2022}}
*1995: Moharavam ([[Doordarshan]])
*2005: Sahadharmini ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* Ellam Mayajalam ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
*Santhanagopalam ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
*Snehathinte Mullukal ([[Doordarshan]])
*Ayyadi Maname ([[Kairali TV]])
*Snehasammanam
*Manalnagaram
*Naalukettu
*Vamsham
*Roses in December
*[[Thatteem Mutteem]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1429243}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panicker, Bindu}}
[[Category:Actresses from Kochi]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]

Valentine's Day

2026-03-16T14:34:06Z

IgnacioGrishin: expanded content

{{short description|Holiday observed on February 14}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect|St. Valentine's Day|the album by Bing Crosby|St. Valentine's Day (album){{!}}''St. Valentine's Day'' (album)|the TV episode|St. Valentine's Day (30 Rock){{!}}St. Valentine's Day (''30 Rock'')}}
{{Redirect|Happy Valentine's Day}}
{{pp-move}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Valentine's Day
| nickname = Saint Valentine's Day or the Feast of Saint Valentine
| image = Antique_Valentine_1909_01.jpg
| caption = A Valentine's card, {{circa|1909}}
| observedby = * People in many countries
* [[Anglican Communion]] (see [[List of Anglican Church calendars|calendar]])
*[[Lutheranism|Lutheran Churches]] (see [[Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)|calendar]])
* [[Catholic Church]] (see [[General Roman Calendar of 1960|calendar]])<ref group="notes">St. Valentine's February 14 feast day was removed by the [[Catholic Church]] from the [[General Roman Calendar]] in 1969 due to historical uncertainty about the saint (It was replaced with the feast day of Saints [[Cyril and Methodius]]). However, Saint Valentine's feast day remains celebrated on February 14 in some local liturgical calendars and by [[traditionalist Catholics]] who use the pre-[[Vatican II]] General Roman Calendar. The [[Roman Martyrology]] also remembers him on February 14.</ref>
| duration = 1 day
| frequency = Annual
| scheduling =
| date = *February 14 ''(fixed by [[Western Christianity]])''
* July 6 ''(fixed by the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]])''
* July 30 ''(fixed by the Eastern Orthodox Church)''
| observances = Sending greeting cards and gifts, dating, church services, novenas
| type = Christian
| longtype = Christian, romantic, cultural, commercial observance
| significance = Feast day of [[Saint Valentine]]; the celebration of love and affection
| relatedto =
}}
{{Love sidebar|related}}

[[File:Ergersheim NDAltbronn 46.JPG|thumb|[[Saint Valentine]]]]

'''Valentine's Day''', also called '''Saint Valentine's Day''' or the '''Feast of Saint Valentine''',<ref>''Chambers 21st Century Dictionary'', Revised ed., Allied Publishers, 2005, {{ISBN|9780550142108}}.</ref> is celebrated annually on February 14.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Valentine's Day: Definition, History, & Traditions|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Valentines-Day|access-date=February 14, 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=February 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214045422/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Valentines-Day|url-status=live}}</ref> It originated as a Christian [[feast day]] honoring a [[Christian martyrs|martyr]] named [[Saint Valentine|Valentine]], and through later [[folk traditions]] it has also become a significant cultural, religious and commercial celebration of [[Romance (love)|romance]], [[Promise|commitment]], and [[love]] in many regions of the world.<ref name="Kithcart2013">{{cite web |last1=Kithcart |first1=David |title=St. Valentine, the Real Story |url=https://www1.cbn.com/st-valentine-real-story |publisher=[[Christian Broadcasting Network]] |access-date=February 14, 2021 |language=en |date=September 25, 2013 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215071408/https://www1.cbn.com/st-valentine-real-story |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Murphy2022">{{cite web |last1=Murphy |first1=Stephen |title=Love-seekers flock to St Valentine's resting place in Dublin for blessings |url=https://news.sky.com/story/love-seekers-flock-to-st-valentines-resting-place-in-dublin-for-blessings-12542134 |publisher=[[Sky News]] |access-date=March 7, 2023 |language=en |date=February 14, 2022 |archive-date=March 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324140950/https://news.sky.com/story/love-seekers-flock-to-st-valentines-resting-place-in-dublin-for-blessings-12542134 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morse |first=Katherine A. |last2=Neuberg |first2=Steven L. |date=2004 |title=How do holidays influence relationship processes and outcomes? Examining the instigating and catalytic effects of Valentine's Day |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2004.00095.x |journal=Personal Relationships |language=en |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=509–527 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-6811.2004.00095.x |issn=1350-4126|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

There are a number of [[martyrdom]] stories associated with various Saint Valentines connected to [[February 14]],<ref>Ansgar, 1986, ''Chaucer and the Cult of Saint valentine'', pp. 46–58.</ref> including an account of the imprisonment of Saint [[Valentine of Rome]] for ministering to Christians [[Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire|persecuted under the Roman Empire]] in the third century.<ref name="Cooper2013">{{cite book|last=Cooper|first=J.C.|title=Dictionary of Christianity|date=October 23, 2013|publisher=Routledge|language=en |isbn=9781134265466|page=278}}</ref><ref name=ChryssidesWilkins2014/> According to an early tradition, Saint Valentine restored sight to the blind daughter of his jailer.<ref name="Ball1993">{{cite book|last=Ball|first=Ann|title=A Litany of Saints|date=January 1, 1992|publisher=[[Our Sunday Visitor|OSV]]|language=en|isbn=9780879734602}}</ref> Numerous later additions to the legend have better related it to the theme of love: tradition maintains that Saint Valentine performed weddings for Christian soldiers who were forbidden to marry by the Roman emperor;<ref name="ChryssidesWilkins2014">{{cite book |last1=Chryssides |first1=George D. |last2=Wilkins |first2=Margaret Z. |title=Christians in the Twenty-First Century |date=2014 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-54557-6 |language=en |quote=The association between Valentine and lovers derives from a legend associated with Valentine of Rome. Emperor Claudius II wanted to recruit soldiers for the Roman army, and prohibited young men from marrying, in case homesickness for wives, homes and families should impair their military prowess. He also opposed the Christian faith, encouraging its persecution. Valentine, a physician priest, offered help to Christians whose lives were in peril and, although celibate himself, performed secret marriage rites for young men and women, defying the emperor's decree. He was discovered and imprisoned.}}</ref> an 18th-century embellishment to the legend claims he wrote the jailer's daughter a letter signed "Your Valentine" as a farewell before his execution.<ref name="Guiley2001">{{cite book|last=Guiley|first=Rosemary|title=The Encyclopedia of Saints|year=2001|publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]]|language=en |isbn=9781438130262|page=341}}</ref>

The 8th-century [[Gelasian Sacramentary]] recorded the celebration of the Feast of Saint Valentine on February 14.<ref name="Schuster1927">{{cite book |last1=Schuster |first1=Ildefonso |title=The Sacramentary: (Liber Sacramentorum) : Historical & Liturgical Notes on the Roman Missal |date=1927 |publisher=Burns, Oates & Washbourne Ltd. |page=429 |language=English |quote=VALENTINE, PRIEST AND MARTYR Station at the Cemetery of Valentine on the Via Flaminia. The festival of this martyr, who suffered during the persecution under the Emperor Claudius II, is to be found in the Gelasian Sacramentary. His sepulchral basilica on the Via Flaminia, built by Pope Julius I (341–52), and restored by Honorius I, was the first to greet the pilgrims as they approached the Eternal City, eagerly desirous of visiting the sepulchres of the ancient heroes of the Faith.}}</ref><ref name="Polcar1894">{{cite web |last1=Polcar |first1=P. |title=Gelasian Sacramentary 2.8–12 |url=http://csla.history.ox.ac.uk/record.php?recid=E06541 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1894 |quote=XVI Kal. Mart. in natali Valentini, Vitalis, et Feliculae. '14 February on the feast of Valentinus, Vitalis, and Felicula.' [*Valentinus, bishop of Terni (Interamna) and martyr of Rome, S00434; *Vitalis and Felicula, martyrs of Spoleto, *S01917] ''Three Prayers listed'' |work=The Cult of Saints in Late Antiquity from its origins to circa AD 700, across the entire Christian world |access-date=February 18, 2022 |archive-date=February 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218203738/http://csla.history.ox.ac.uk/record.php?recid=E06541 |url-status=live }}</ref> The day became associated with romantic love in the 14th and 15th centuries, when notions of [[courtly love]] flourished, apparently by association with the "[[sexual selection in birds|lovebirds]]" of early spring. In 18th-century [[England]], it grew into an occasion for couples to express their love for each other by presenting flowers, offering confectionery, and sending [[greeting cards]] (known as "valentines"). Valentine's Day symbols that are used today include the [[heart-shaped]] outline, doves, and the figure of the winged [[Cupid]]. In the 19th century, handmade cards gave way to mass-produced greetings.<ref name="Leigh Eric Schmidt 1993 pp. 209–245">Leigh Eric Schmidt, "The Fashioning of a Modern Holiday: St. Valentine's Day, 1840–1870" ''Winterthur Portfolio'' '''28'''.4 (Winter 1993), pp. 209–245.</ref> In Italy, [[Saint Valentine's Key|Saint Valentine's key]]s are given to lovers "as a romantic symbol and an invitation to unlock the giver's heart", as well as to children to ward off [[epilepsy]] (called Saint Valentine's Malady).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/amulets/index.php/keys-amulet2/index.html|title=St Valentine Key, Italy|year=2012|work=[[Pitt Rivers Museum]]|publisher=University of Oxford|access-date=June 20, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719150116/http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/amulets/index.php/keys-amulet2/index.html|archive-date=July 19, 2014}}</ref>

The Feast of Saint Valentine is a day of commemoration in the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran Church]], being listed in the [[Calendar of saints (Lutheran)|calendar of saints]], as well as in the [[Anglican Communion]].<ref name="Pfatteicher2008">{{cite book|last=Pfatteicher|first=Philip H.|title=New Book of Festivals and Commemorations: A Proposed Common Calendar of Saints|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W82FOCZ4hmwC&pg=PA86|access-date=October 27, 2012|date=August 1, 2008|publisher=Fortress Press|isbn=9780800621285|page=86|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101181958/http://books.google.com/books?id=W82FOCZ4hmwC&pg=PA86|archive-date=January 1, 2014}}</ref><ref name=Anglican>{{cite web|url=http://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-worship/worship/texts/the-calendar/holydays.aspx|title=Holy Days|year=2012|publisher=Church of England (Anglican Communion)|access-date=February 21, 2026|quote=February 14 Valentine, Martyr at Rome, c.269|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103055240/http://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-worship/worship/texts/the-calendar/holydays.aspx|archive-date=November 3, 2012}}</ref> Many parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church celebrate Saint Valentine's Day on July 6 in honor of Roman presbyter Saint Valentine, and on July 30 in honor of [[Hieromartyr]] Valentine, the Bishop of Interamna (modern [[Terni]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.goarch.org/blog/-/blogs/the-historical-and-orthodox-saint-valentine|title=The Historical and Orthodox Saint Valentine|last=Kyrou|first=Alexandros K.|date=February 14, 2015|publisher=Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|language=en|access-date=February 12, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814121950/https://blogs.goarch.org/blog/-/blogs/the-historical-and-orthodox-saint-valentine|archive-date=August 14, 2016}}</ref>

== Saint Valentine ==
{{main|Saint Valentine}}

===History===
[[File:St-valentine 110921-01.jpg|thumb|Shrine of St. Valentine in [[Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church]] in Dublin, Ireland]]

Numerous early Christian martyrs were named [[Saint Valentine|Valentine]].<ref>Henry Ansgar Kelly, in ''Chaucer and the Cult of Saint Valentine'' (Leiden: Brill) 1986, accounts for these and further local Saints Valentine (Ch. 6 "The Genoese Saint Valentine and the observances of May") in arguing that Chaucer had an established tradition in mind, and (pp. 79 ff.) linking the Valentine in question to Valentine, first bishop of Genoa, the only Saint Valentine honoured with a feast in springtime, the season indicated by Chaucer. Valentine of Genoa was treated by [[Jacobus de Voragine|Jacobus of Verazze]] in his ''Chronicle of Genoa'' (Kelly p. 85).</ref> The Valentines honored on February 14 are Valentine of Rome (''Valentinus presb. m. Romae'') and Valentine of Terni (''Valentinus ep. Interamnensis m. Romae'').<ref>''Oxford Dictionary of Saints'', ''s.v.'' "Valentine": "The [[Acta Sanctorum|Acts]] of both are unreliable, and the Bollandists assert that these two Valentines were in fact one and the same."</ref> Valentine of [[Rome]] was a priest in Rome who was martyred in 269 and was buried on the [[Via Flaminia]]. The relics of Saint Valentine were kept in the [[Catacombs of San Valentino|Church and Catacombs of San Valentino]] in Rome, which "remained an important pilgrim site throughout the Middle Ages until the relics of Saint Valentine were transferred to the church of [[Santa Prassede]] during the pontificate of [[Pope Nicholas IV|Nicholas IV]] [1288–1292]".<ref name="Matilda Webb 2001">Matilda Webb, The Churches and Catacombs of Early Christian Rome, 2001, Sussex Academic Press.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.novareinna.com/festive/saintval.html |publisher=novareinna.com |title=Saint Valentine's Day: Legend of the Saint |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205081733/http://www.novareinna.com/festive/saintval.html |archive-date=February 5, 2016 }}</ref> The flower-crowned skull of Saint Valentine is exhibited in the Basilica of [[Santa Maria in Cosmedin]], Rome. Other relics are found at [[Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church]] in Dublin, Ireland.<ref>{{cite book|last=Meera|first=Lester|title=Sacred Travels|year=2011|publisher=Adams Media|isbn=978-1440525469|url=https://archive.org/details/sacredtravels2750000lest}}</ref>

Valentine of Terni became bishop of [[Interamna Nahars|Interamna]] (now [[Terni]], in central Italy) and is said to have been martyred during the persecution under Emperor [[Aurelian]] in 273. He is buried on the Via Flaminia, but in a different location from Valentine of Rome. His relics are at the Basilica of Saint Valentine in Terni (''Basilica di San Valentino''). Professor Jack B. Oruch of the University of Kansas notes that "abstracts of the acts of the two saints were in nearly every church and monastery of Europe."<ref name="Chapman">Alison Chapman. Patrons and Patron Saints in Early Modern English Literature. Routledge. pg. 122.</ref> A relic claimed to be Saint Valentine of Terni's head was preserved in the abbey of [[New Minster, Winchester]], and venerated.<ref name="ansgar"/>

The ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' speaks of a third saint named Valentine who was mentioned in early [[martyrology|martyrologies]] under the date of February 14. He was martyred in Africa with several companions, but nothing more is known about him.<ref>{{cite web |title=Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Valentine |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15254a.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220035/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15254a.htm |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |publisher=newadvent.org}}</ref>

February 14 is celebrated as Saint Valentine's Day in various [[Christian denomination]]s; it has, for example, the rank of "commemoration" in the [[Calendar of saints (Church of England)|calendar of saints]] in the [[Anglican Communion]].<ref name="Anglican"/> The [[feast day]] of Saint Valentine is given in the [[Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)|calendar of saints]] of the [[Lutheran Church]].<ref name="Pfatteicher2008"/> In [[Mysterii Paschalis|the 1969 revision]] of the [[Roman Catholic Calendar of Saints]], the feast day of Saint Valentine on February 14 was relegated from the [[General Roman Calendar]] to particular (local or even national) calendars for the following reason: "Though the memorial of Saint Valentine is ancient, it is left to particular calendars, since, apart from his name, nothing is known of Saint Valentine except that he was buried on the Via Flaminia on February 14."<ref>''Calendarium Romanum ex Decreto Sacrosancti Œcumenici Concilii Vaticani II Instauratum Auctoritate Pauli PP. VI Promulgatum'' (Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, MCMLXIX), p. 117.</ref> Therefore, as he remains within the [[Roman Martyrology]], he may be recognised optionally during mass outside of [[Christmastide]] and [[Eastertide]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Catholic Church |title=General Instruction of the Roman Missal |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20030317_ordinamento-messale_en.html |website=Vatican.va |publisher=Catholic Church |access-date=February 21, 2026 |location=Para 355 |archive-date=January 30, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130231626/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20030317_ordinamento-messale_en.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The feast day is still celebrated in [[Balzan]] ([[Malta]]), where relics of the saint are claimed to be found, and also throughout the world by [[Traditionalist Catholics]] who follow the older, pre-[[Second Vatican Council]] calendar (see [[General Roman Calendar of 1960]]).

In the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], Saint Valentine is recognized on [[July 6 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)|July 6]], on which [[Saint Valentine]], the Roman presbyter, is honoured; in addition, the Eastern Orthodox Church observes the feast of Hieromartyr Valentine, Bishop of Interamna, on [[July 30 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)|July 30]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pravmir.com/st-valentines-day-legend-and-reality/|title=St. Valentine|work=pravmir.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116185820/http://www.pravmir.com/st-valentines-day-legend-and-reality/|archive-date=January 16, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stmarina.org/valentine.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525101359/http://www.stmarina.org/valentine.html|url-status=dead|title=Coptic Orthodox Church – From Where Valentine's Day Comes From|archivedate=May 25, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.happy-valentines-day-2014.com/2014/01/valentines-day-history-myths.html |title= Happy Valentine's Day History And Myths Behind It |url-status= usurped |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151017022328/http://www.happy-valentines-day-2014.com/2014/01/valentines-day-history-myths.html |archive-date= October 17, 2015 |df= mdy-all }}</ref>

=== Legends ===
[[File:St-valentine-baptizing-st-lucilla-jacopo-bassano.jpg|thumb|left|''St Valentine baptizing St Lucilla'', [[Jacopo Bassano]]]]

J.C. Cooper, in ''The Dictionary of Christianity'', writes that Saint Valentine was "a priest of Rome who was imprisoned for succouring persecuted Christians."<ref name="JC Cooper 2013">J.C. Cooper, ''Dictionary of Christianity'', 2013, Routledge.</ref> Contemporary records of Saint Valentine were most probably destroyed during this [[Diocletianic Persecution]] in the early 4th century.<ref name="oruch"/> In the 5th or 6th century, a work called ''Passio Marii et Marthae'' published a story of martyrdom for Saint Valentine of Rome, perhaps by borrowing tortures that happened to other saints, as was usual in the literature of that period.<ref name="oruch"/><ref name="ansgar49"/>

The same events are found in ''[[Bede|Bede's Martyrology]]'', which was compiled in the 8th century.<ref name="oruch"/><ref name="ansgar49">Ansgar, 1986, pp. 49–50</ref> It states that Saint Valentine was persecuted as a Christian and interrogated by [[Roman Emperor]] [[Claudius Gothicus|Claudius II]] in person. Claudius was impressed by Valentine and had a discussion with him, attempting to get him to convert to Roman [[paganism]] in order to save his life. Valentine refused and tried to convert Claudius to Christianity instead. Because of this, he was executed. Before his execution, he is reported to have performed a miracle by healing Julia, the blind daughter of his jailer Asterius. The jailer's daughter and his forty-six member [[household]], family members and servants, came to believe in [[Jesus]] and were [[baptized]].<ref name="Brewer1894">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blUXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA384|title=A Dictionary of Miracles: Imitative, Realistic, and Dogmatic|last=Brewer|first=Ebenezer Cobham|publisher=[[J. B. Lippincott & Co.]]|year=1894|page=384|language=en|quote=St. Valentine, laying his hand upon her eyes, said in prayer, "O Thou who art the true Light, give light to this Thy servant." Instantly sight was restored to the blind child. Asterius and his wife, falling at the feet of Valentine, prayed that they might be admitted into the Christian fellowship; whereupon St. Valentine commanded them to break their idols, to fast for three days, to forgive their enemies, and to be baptized. Asterius and his wife did all the saint told them to do, and Valentine baptized them and all their household, to the number of forty-six in all. —''Les Petits Bollandistes'', vol. ii. pp. 510, 511.}}</ref><ref name="oruch"/>

A later ''Passio'' repeated the legend, adding that [[Pope Julius I]] built a church over his sepulchre (it is a confusion with a 4th-century tribune called Valentino, who donated land to build a church at a time when Julius was a Pope).<ref name="ansgar49"/> The legend was picked up as fact by later martyrologies, starting with [[Bede]]'s martyrology in the 8th century.<ref name="ansgar49"/> It was repeated in the 13th century, in ''[[Golden Legend|The Golden Legend]]''.<ref>[http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/golden169.htm ''Legenda Aurea'', "Saint Valentine"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904010018/http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/golden169.htm |date=September 4, 2013 }}, catholic-forum.com.</ref>

There is an additional embellishment to ''The Golden Legend'', which according to Henry Ansgar Kelly, was added in the 18th century and widely repeated.<ref name="your valentine">Ansgar, 1986, p. 59. It originated in the 1797 edition of ''Kemmish's Annual'', according to Frank Staff, ''The Valentine and Its Origins'' (London, 1969), p. 122. Ansgar was unable to corroborate this.</ref> On the evening before Valentine was to be [[executed]], he is supposed to have written the first "valentine" card himself, addressed to the daughter of his jailer Asterius, who was no longer blind, signing as "Your Valentine."<ref name="your valentine"/> The expression "From your Valentine" was later adopted by modern Valentine letters.<ref name="Ruth Lee 1952">Ruth Webb Lee, ''A History of Valentines'', 1952, Studio Publications in association with Crowell.</ref> This legend has been published by both [[American Greetings]] and [[The History Channel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/st-valentine-beheaded|title=St. Valentine beheaded – Feb 14, 278|date=February 14, 2012|publisher=[[History (U.S. TV channel)|History]]|access-date=April 9, 2015|quote=When Valentine's actions were discovered, Claudius ordered that he be put to death. Valentine was arrested and dragged before the Prefect of Rome, who condemned him to be beaten to death with clubs and to have his head cut off. The sentence was carried out on February 14, on or about the year 270. Legend also has it that while in jail, St. Valentine left a farewell note for the jailer's daughter, who had become his friend, and signed it "From Your Valentine."|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316200003/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/st-valentine-beheaded|archive-date=March 16, 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Valentineanddisciples.jpg|thumb|[[Saint Valentine|Saint Valentine of Terni]] and his disciples]]
[[John Foxe]], a 16th-century English historian, and the [[Order of Carmelites]] state that Saint Valentine was buried in the [[Santa Prassede|Church of Saint Praxedes]] in Rome, located near the cemetery of [[Saint Hippolytus]]. This order says that according to legend, "Julia herself planted a pink-blossomed almond tree near his grave. Today, the almond tree remains a symbol of abiding love and friendship."<ref>John Foxe. Voices of the Martyrs. Bridge Logos Foundation. pg. 62.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.carmelites.ie/ireland/whitefriar%20st/valentine.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126100202/http://www.carmelites.ie/ireland/whitefriar%20st/valentine.htm|url-status=dead|title=Shrine of St Valentine, Whitefriar Street Church|archivedate=January 26, 2013}}</ref>

Another embellishment suggests that Saint Valentine performed clandestine [[Christian views on marriage|Christian weddings]] for soldiers who were forbidden to marry.<ref name="David Harkness 1961">David James Harkness, Legends and Lore: Southerns Indians Flowers Holidays, vol. XL, No. 2, April 1961, University of Tennessee Newsletter (bimonthly), p. 15.</ref> The Roman Emperor Claudius II supposedly forbade this in order to grow his army, believing that married men did not make for good soldiers.<ref name="David Harkness 1961"/><ref name="Max Christensen 1997">Max L. Christensen, ''Heroes and Saints: More Stories of People Who Made a Difference'', 1997, Westminster John Knox Press. Chapter "The First Valentine", p. 25 {{ISBN|066425702X}}</ref> However, George Monger writes that this marriage ban was never issued and that Claudius II told his soldiers to take two or three women for themselves after his victory over the [[Goths]].<ref name="Monger2013">{{cite book|author=George Monger|title=Marriage Customs of the World: An Encyclopedia of Dating Customs and Wedding Traditions, Expanded Second Edition [2 Volumes]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=avDXAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA665|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-664-5|pages=665–671|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914170136/https://books.google.com/books?id=avDXAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA665|archive-date=September 14, 2015}}</ref>

According to legend, in order "to remind these men of their vows and God's love, Saint Valentine is said to have cut hearts from parchment", giving them to these soldiers and [[Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire|persecuted Christians]], a possible origin of the widespread use of hearts on Saint Valentine's Day.<ref name="Frank Staff 1969">Frank Staff, ''The Valentine & Its Origins'', 1969, Frederick A. Praeger.</ref>

Saint Valentine supposedly wore a purple [[amethyst]] ring, customarily worn on the hands of Christian [[bishop]]s with an image of [[Cupid]] engraved in it, a recognizable symbol associated with love that was legal under the Roman Empire;<ref name="Max Christensen 1997"/><ref name="AMNH 1958">''The Illustrated Library of the Natural Sciences'', Volume 1, 1958, Simon and Schuster. p. 85 "The amethyst is the birthstone for February, and Saint Valentine is supposed to have worn an amethyst engraved with a figure of Cupid"</ref> Roman soldiers would recognize the ring and ask him to perform marriage for them.<ref name="Max Christensen 1997"/> Probably due to the association with Saint Valentine, amethyst has become the [[birthstone]] of February, which is thought to attract love.<ref name="Hesse2007">{{cite book|author=Rayner W. Hesse|title=Jewelrymaking Through History: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIWEi5Hg93gC&pg=PA21|date=January 1, 2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33507-5|pages=21|quote=It appears as the birthstone from February probably due to its association with Saint Valentine; therefore, amethyst has often been worn to attract love.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915012025/https://books.google.com/books?id=DIWEi5Hg93gC&pg=PA21|archive-date=September 15, 2015}}</ref>

==Folk traditions==
While the European folk traditions connected with Saint Valentine and Saint Valentine's Day have become marginalized by modern customs connecting the day with [[romantic love]], there are still some connections with the advent of [[Spring (season)|spring]].

While the custom of sending cards, flowers, chocolates and other gifts originated in the UK, Valentine's Day still remains connected with various regional customs in England. In [[Norfolk]], a character called "Jack" Valentine knocks on the rear door of houses, leaving sweets and presents for children. Although he was leaving treats, many children were scared of this mystical person.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.information-britain.co.uk/customdetail.php?id=45|title=British Folk Customs, Jack Valentine, Norfolk|work=information-britain.co.uk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113208/http://www.information-britain.co.uk/customdetail.php?id=45|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitnorwich.co.uk/valentines-romantic-norfolk.aspx |title=Valentines Day Past and Present in the Norwich area and Norfolk |access-date=February 3, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628122719/http://www.visitnorwich.co.uk/valentines-romantic-norfolk.aspx |archive-date=June 28, 2009 }}</ref>

In [[Slovenia]], Saint Valentine or [[Zdravko]] was one of the saints of spring, the saint of good health and the patron of [[beekeepers]] and [[Pilgrimage|pilgrims]].<ref name="GG2008-02-15">{{cite news |url=http://www.gorenjskiglas.si/novice/gg_plus/index.php?action=clanek&id=17462 |title=Sv. Valentin, prvi spomladin |language=sl |trans-title=St Valentin, the First Spring Saint |newspaper=Gorenjski glas |date=February 15, 2008 |first=Pavla |last=Kliner |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118054048/http://www.gorenjskiglas.si/novice/gg_plus/index.php?action=clanek&id=17462 |archive-date=January 18, 2013 }}</ref>
A proverb says that "Saint Valentine brings the keys of roots". Plants and flowers start to grow on this day. It has been celebrated as the day when the first work in the vineyards and in the fields commences. It is also said that birds propose to each other or marry on that day. Another proverb says {{lang|sl|"Valentin – prvi spomladin"}} ('Valentine – the first spring saint'), as in some places (especially [[White Carniola]]), Saint Valentine marks the beginning of spring.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://dnevnik.si/novice/prosti_cas/1042422995 |title=Vreme kot nalašč za izlete |language=sl |trans-title=Weather As on Purpose for Trips |date=February 9, 2011 |newspaper=Dnevnik.si |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092540/http://dnevnik.si/novice/prosti_cas/1042422995 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 }}</ref> Valentine's Day has only recently been celebrated as the day of love. The day of love was traditionally March 12, [[Saint Gregory]]'s day, or February 22, [[Vincent of Saragossa|Saint Vincent's Day]]. The patron of love was [[Anthony of Padua|Saint Anthony]], whose day has been celebrated on June 13.<ref name="GG2008-02-15" />

== Connection with romantic love ==

=== Possible ancient origins ===

The "Feast" ({{langx|la|in natali}}, {{lit|on the birthday}}) of Saint Valentine originated in Christendom and has been marked by the Western Church of Christendom in honour of one of the [[Christian martyr]]s named Valentine, as recorded in the 8th-century [[Gelasian Sacramentary]].<ref name="Chapman"/><ref name="Polcar1894"/> In [[Ancient Rome]], [[Lupercalia]] was observed February 13–15 on behalf of [[Pan (god)|Pan]] and [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]], [[Paganism|pagan]] gods of love, marriage and fertility. It was a rite connected to purification and health, and had only slight connection to fertility (as a part of health) and none to love. The celebration of Saint Valentine is not known to have had any romantic connotations until [[Chaucer]]'s poetry about "Valentine's Day" in the 14th century, some seven hundred years after celebration of Lupercalia is believed to have ceased.<ref name="oruch"/>

Lupercalia was a festival local to the city of Rome. The more general Festival of [[Juno Februa]], meaning "Juno the purifier" or "the chaste Juno", was celebrated on February 13–14. Although the Pope [[Gelasius I]] (492–496) article in the Catholic Encyclopedia says that he abolished Lupercalia, theologian and Methodist minister [[Bruce Forbes]] wrote that "no evidence" has been demonstrated to link Saint Valentine's Day and the rites of the ancient Roman purification festival of [[Lupercalia]], despite claims by many authors to the contrary.<ref group="notes">For example, one source claims incorrectly that "Pope Gelasius I muddled things in the 5th century by combining St. Valentine's Day with Lupercalia to expel the pagan rituals." Seipel, Arnie, [https://www.npr.org/2011/02/14/133693152/the-dark-origins-of-valentines-day ''The Dark Origins Of Valentine's Day''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427232033/http://www.npr.org/2011/02/14/133693152/the-dark-origins-of-valentines-day |date=April 27, 2016 }}, National Public Radio, February 13, 2011</ref><ref name="ansgar"/><ref>{{Cite book |author=Michael Matthew Kaylor |author-link=Michael Matthew Kaylor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Wa7SIsAQgAC&q=saint+valentine%27s+day+lupercalia&pg=PA235 |title=Secreted Desires: The Major Uranians: Hopkins, Pater and Wilde |publisher=[[Masaryk University]] Press |year=2006 |isbn=80-210-4126-9 |edition=electronic |page=footnote 2 in page 235}}</ref><ref name="BDForbes2015"/>

Some researchers have theorized that Gelasius I replaced Lupercalia with the celebration of the [[Candlemas|Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary]] and claim a connection to the 14th century's connotations of romantic love, but there is no historical indication that he ever intended such a thing.<ref group="notes">Ansgar, 1976, pp. 60–61. The replacement of Lupercalia with Saint Valentine's celebration was suggested by researchers Kellog and Cox. Ansgar says "It is hardly credible, then, that Pope Gelasius could have introduced the feast of the Purification to counteract the Lupercalia, and in fact the historical records of his pontificate give no hint of such an action."</ref><ref name="BDForbes2015">{{cite book|last=Forbes|first=Bruce David|title=America's Favorite Holidays: Candid Histories|date=October 27, 2015|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|language=en|isbn=9780520284722|page=54|quote=There is no indication in suppressing the Lupercalia, Gelasius put anything else in its place. Much later, in the 1500s, a Cardinal Baronius speculated that Gelasius converted the Lupercalia into the Feast of the Purification of the Virgin (or Candlemas), changing one purification ceremony into another, and many noted authors have repeated this claim. Recent scholarship has refuted Baronius's assertion...there is no evidence that Gelasius advocated a celebration of Valentine's Day as a replacement for the Lupercalia. ... The letter by Gelasius to Andromachus criticizing the Lupercalia contains no reference to Valentine, or Valentine's Day, or any replacement observance.}}</ref><ref name="oruch lupercalia">Jack B. Oruch, "St. Valentine, Chaucer, and Spring in February" ''Speculum'' '''56'''.3 (July 1981:534–565)</ref> Also, the dates do not fit because at the time of Gelasius I, the feast was only celebrated in Jerusalem, and it was on February 14 only because Jerusalem placed the Nativity of Jesus (Christmas) on January 6.<ref group="notes">Ansgar, 1976, pp. 60–61. This feast is celebrated 40 days after the Nativity. In Jerusalem the Nativity was celebrated on January 6, and this feast in February 14. But, in the West and even in Eastern places such as Antioch and Alexandria, Nativity was celebrated on December 25, and this Purification was not celebrated. When this feast was introduced to Rome, it was directly placed in February 2. Around that time, Jerusalem adopted the Nativity date of December 25 and moved the Purification to February 2.</ref> Although it was called "Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary", it also dealt with the presentation of Jesus at the temple.<ref name="auto">Ansgar, 1976, pp. 60–61.</ref> Jerusalem's Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary on February 14 became the [[Presentation of Jesus at the Temple]] on February 2 as it was introduced to Rome and other places in the sixth century, after Gelasius I's time.<ref name="auto"/>

While sometimes repeated uncritically by modern sources that men or boys drew names of women or girls from a jar to couple for the duration of Lupercalia, there is no ancient evidence for any kind of lottery or sortition scheme pairing couples for sex. The first descriptions of this fictitious lottery appeared in the 15th century in relation to Valentine's Day, with a connection to the Lupercalia first asserted in 18th century antiquarian works, such as those by [[Alban Butler]] (''[[The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints]]'', 1756–1759) and [[Francis Douce]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oruch |first=Jack B. |date=1981 |title=St. Valentine, Chaucer, and Spring in February |jstor=2847741 |journal=Speculum |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=534–565 |doi=10.2307/2847741 |issn=0038-7134 |quote=The idea that Valentine's Day customs perpetuated those of the Roman Lupercalia has been accepted uncritically and repeated, in various forms, up to the present. Most of those who offer this now traditional explanation cite no sources... Butler's ideas were prompted, in all probability, by a confused knowledge [or ...] wishful or pious fantasy. }}</ref> These modern sources claimed that the fictional Lupercalia was the source of the practice of sending valentines.

The practice of sending valentines originated in the Middle Ages, with no link to Lupercalia, with boys drawing the names of girls at random. This custom was combated by priests, for example by [[Frances de Sales]] around 1600, apparently by replacing it with a religious custom of girls drawing the names of apostles from the [[altar]]. However, this religious custom is recorded as early as the 13th century in the life of Saint [[Elizabeth of Hungary]], so it could have a different origin.<ref name="ansgar">Ansgar, 1986, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_bqdZbKPztMC&dq=saint+valentine%27s+lupercalia+year&pg=PA60 58–63] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001215758/https://books.google.com/books?id=_bqdZbKPztMC&pg=PA60&dq=saint%20valentine%27s%20lupercalia%20year&hl=en&sa=X&ei=uXI4T8CgLITX0QWB4OiSAg&ved=0CDYQ6AEwATgK |date=October 1, 2016 }}</ref>

{{anchor|Chaucer's love}}

=== Chaucer's ''Parliament of Fowls''===
[[File:Chaucer Hoccleve.png|right|thumb|[[Geoffrey Chaucer]] by [[Thomas Hoccleve]] (1412)]]

The first recorded association of Saint Valentine's Day with romantic love is believed to be in the ''[[Parlement of Foules|Parliament of Fowls]]'' (1382) by [[Geoffrey Chaucer]], a [[dream vision]] portraying a parliament for birds to choose their mates.<ref name="oruch">Oruch, Jack B., "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2847741 St. Valentine, Chaucer, and Spring in February] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621050226/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2847741 |date=June 21, 2016 }}", ''Speculum'', '''56''' (1981): 534–65. Oruch's survey of the literature finds no association between Valentine and romance prior to Chaucer. He concludes that Chaucer is likely to be "the original mythmaker in this instance." [http://colfa.utsa.edu/chaucer/ec23.html Colfa.utsa.edu] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416132301/http://colfa.utsa.edu/chaucer/ec23.html |date=April 16, 2016 }}</ref> Honouring the first anniversary of the engagement of fifteen-year-old King [[Richard II of England]] to fifteen-year-old [[Anne of Bohemia]],<ref name="ansgar2001">{{cite web |url= http://spotlight.ucla.edu/faculty/henry-kelly_valentine/ |title= Henry Ansgar Kelly, Valentine's Day |author= Meg Sullivan |date= February 1, 2001 |work= UCLA Spotlight |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170403001553/http://spotlight.ucla.edu/faculty/henry-kelly_valentine/ |archive-date= April 3, 2017 |df= mdy-all }}</ref> Chaucer wrote (in [[Middle English]]):

<blockquote>"{{lang|enm|For this was on seynt Valentynes day Whan every foul cometh there to chese his make Of every kynde that men thynke may And that so huge a noyse gan they make That erthe, and eyr, and tre, and every lake So ful was, that unethe was there space For me to stonde, so ful was al the place.|italic=no}}"<ref>''The Complete Works of Chaucer'', ed. F.N. Robinson, Oxford University Press, London, p. 366, lines 309-315.</ref><ref>''The Riverside Chaucer'', ed. Larry D. Benson, Oxford University Press, 1987, p. 389, lines 309-315.</ref></blockquote>

In modern English:
<blockquote>"For this was on Saint Valentine's Day When every fowl comes there to choose his match Of every kind that men may think of And that so huge a noise they began to make That earth and air and tree and every lake Was so full, that not easily was there space For me to stand—so full was all the place."</blockquote>

Readers have uncritically assumed that Chaucer was referring to February 14 as Saint Valentine's Day. [[Henry A. Kelly|Henry Ansgar Kelly]] has observed that Chaucer might have had in mind the feast day of St. Valentine of [[Genoa]], an early [[bishop of Genoa]] who died around AD 307; it was probably celebrated on May 3.<ref name="ansgar2001"/><ref>Kelly, Henry Ansgar, ''Chaucer and the Cult of Saint Valentine'' (Brill Academic Publishers, 1997), {{ISBN|90-04-07849-5}}. Chapter 6 The Genoese St. Valentine, p. 80–83.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.iol.co.za/general/newsview.php?art_id=qw981696180625B241&click_id=1890&set_id=1 |title=Take heart, Valentine's every other week |newspaper=Independent Online |quote=Kelly gives the saint's day of the Genoese Valentine as May 3 and also claims that Richard's engagement was announced on this day. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205160538/http://www.iol.co.za/general/newsview.php?art_id=qw981696180625B241&click_id=1890&set_id=1 |archive-date=February 5, 2009 |date=February 9, 2001 |access-date=February 14, 2012}}</ref> A treaty providing for Richard II and Anne's marriage, the subject of the poem, was signed on May 2, 1381.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://public.wsu.edu/~delahoyd/chaucer/PF.html |title=Chaucer: The Parliament of Fowls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121120252/http://public.wsu.edu/~delahoyd/chaucer/PF.html |archive-date=January 21, 2017 }}, wsu.edu</ref>

Jack B. Oruch notes that [[March equinox|the date on which spring begins]] has changed since Chaucer's time because of the [[axial precession|precession of the equinoxes]] and the introduction of the more accurate [[Gregorian calendar]] only in 1582. On the [[Julian calendar]] in use in Chaucer's time, February 14 would have fallen on the date now called February 23, a time when some birds have started mating and nesting in England.<ref name="oruch"/>

Chaucer's ''Parliament of Fowls'' refers to a supposedly established tradition, but there is no record of such a tradition before Chaucer. The speculative derivation of sentimental customs from the distant past began with 18th-century [[Antiquary|antiquaries]], notably [[Alban Butler]], the author of ''Butler's Lives of Saints'', and have been perpetuated even by respectable modern scholars. Most notably, "the idea that Valentine's Day customs perpetuated those of the Roman [[Lupercalia]] has been accepted uncritically and repeated, in various forms, up to the present".<ref name="ansgar"/><ref name="oruch 539">Oruch 1981:539.</ref>

Three other authors who made poems about [[birds mating]] on St. Valentine's Day around the same years: [[Otton de Grandson]] from Savoy, [[John Gower]] from England, and a knight called Pardo from Valencia. Chaucer most probably predated all of them; but due to the difficulty of dating medieval works, it is not yet known which of the four may have influenced the others.<ref>Ansgar, 1986, Chapter 5, Grandson, Pardo and Gower, pp. 64–76</ref>

=== Court of love ===
The earliest description of February 14 as an annual celebration of love appears in the ''Charter of the Court of Love''. The charter, allegedly issued by [[Charles VI of France]] at [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] in 1400, describes lavish festivities to be attended by several members of the royal court, including a feast, amorous song and poetry competitions, [[jousting]] and dancing.<ref name="ansgar court"/> Amid these festivities, the attending ladies would hear and rule on disputes from lovers.<ref name="goodrich">Goodrich, Peter (1996) ''Law in the Courts of Love''</ref> No other record of the court exists, and none of those named in the charter were present at Mantes except Charles's queen, [[Isabeau of Bavaria]], who may well have imagined it all while waiting out a plague.<ref name="ansgar court">Ansgar, 1986, Chapter 8, The Hibermantino of the Mating Season, pp. 131–138</ref>

===Valentine poetry===
The earliest surviving valentine is a 15th-century [[Rondeau (poetry)|rondeau]] written by [[Charles I, Duke of Orléans|Charles, Duke of Orléans]] to his wife, which commences.
{{blockquote|"{{lang|frm|Je suis desja d'amour tanné 
Ma tres doulce Valentinée...|italics=no}}"|Charles d'Orléans|Rondeau VI, lines 1–2<ref>''[[:wikisource:Translation:A Farewell to Love]]'' in [[wikisource]]</ref>}} At the time, the duke was being held in the [[Tower of London]] following his capture at the [[Battle of Agincourt]], 1415.<ref>[http://www.history.com/topics/valentines-day History Channel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022134903/http://www.history.com/topics/valentines-day |date=October 22, 2016 }}, historychannel.com.</ref>

The earliest surviving valentines in English appear to be those in the ''[[Paston Letters]]'', written in 1477 by [[Margery Brews]] to her future husband John Paston "my right well-beloved Valentine".<ref>Davis, Norman. ''The Paston Letters: A Selection in Modern Spelling''. Oxford University Press, 1983 pp. 233–5.</ref>

Saint Valentine's Day is mentioned ruefully by Ophelia in [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Hamlet]]'' (1600–1601):
{{blockquote|"To-morrow is Saint Valentine's day, All in the morning betime, And I a maid at your window, To be your Valentine. Then up he rose, and donn'd his clothes, And dupp'd the chamber-door; Let in the maid, that out a maid Never departed more."|William Shakespeare|''Hamlet'', Act IV, Scene 5}}

[[File:John Donne BBC News.jpg|thumb|Noted poet [[John Donne]], {{c.}} 1595]]
[[John Donne]] used the legend of the marriage of the birds as the starting point for his [[epithalamion]] celebrating the marriage of [[Elizabeth of Bohemia|Elizabeth]], daughter of [[James I of England]], and [[Frederick V, Elector Palatine]], on Valentine's Day:

{{blockquote|"Hayle Bishop Valentine whose day this is 
All the Ayre is thy Diocese 
And all the chirping Queristers 
And other birds ar thy parishioners 
Thou marryest every yeare 
The Lyrick Lark, and the graue whispering Doue, 
The Sparrow that neglects his life for loue, 
The houshold bird with the redd stomacher 
Thou makst the Blackbird speede as soone, 
As doth the Goldfinch, or the Halcyon 
The Husband Cock lookes out and soone is spedd 
And meets his wife, which brings her feather-bed. 
This day more cheerfully than ever shine 
This day which might inflame thy selfe old Valentine."|John Donne|''Epithalamion Vpon Frederick Count Palatine and the Lady Elizabeth marryed on St. Valentines day''}}

The verse "[[Roses Are Red|Roses are red]]" echoes conventions traceable as far back as [[Edmund Spenser]]'s epic ''[[The Faerie Queene]]'' (1590):

<blockquote>"She bath'd with roses red, and violets blew, 
And all the sweetest {{sic|flowres}}, that in the forrest grew."<ref>Spenser, ''The Faery Queene'' iii, Canto 6, Stanza 6: [http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/eng/fq/fq32.htm on-line text] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061514/http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/eng/fq/fq32.htm |date=March 4, 2016 }}</ref></blockquote>

The modern cliché Valentine's Day poem can be found in ''[[Gammer Gurton's Garland]]'' (1784), a collection of English nursery rhymes published in London by [[Joseph Johnson (publisher)|Joseph Johnson]]:

<blockquote>"The rose is red, the violet's blue, 
The honey's sweet, and so are you. 
Thou art my love and I am thine; 
I drew thee to my Valentine: 
The lot was cast and then I drew, 
And Fortune said it shou'd be you."<ref>''Gammer Gurton's Garland'' (London, 1784) in I. Opie and P. Opie, ''The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes'' (Oxford University Press, 1951, 2nd ed., 1997), p. 375.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=XtAqAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22I+drew+thee+to+my+Valentine%22&pg=PA14 ''Gammer Gurton's Garland''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324141821/https://books.google.com/books?id=XtAqAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22I+drew+thee+to+my+Valentine%22&pg=PA14 |date=March 24, 2023 }}, original 1810 version. Also [https://archive.org/stream/gammergurtonsgar00ritsiala/gammergurtonsgar00ritsiala_djvu.txt 1810 version reprinted in 1866] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410212732/https://archive.org/stream/gammergurtonsgar00ritsiala/gammergurtonsgar00ritsiala_djvu.txt |date=April 10, 2016 }} that uses more modern grammar like "should" instead of "shou'd".</ref></blockquote>

=== Modern times ===
[[File:Card; valentine card - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|left|An English Victorian era Valentine card located in the [[Museum of London]]]]
In 1797, a British publisher issued ''The Young Man's Valentine Writer'', which contained scores of suggested sentimental [[Verse (poetry)|verses]] for the young lover unable to compose his own. Printers had already begun producing a limited number of cards with verses and sketches, called "mechanical valentines". Paper Valentines became so popular in England in the early 19th century that they were assembled in factories. Fancy Valentines were made with real lace and ribbons, with paper lace introduced in the mid-19th century.<ref>{{cite web |author=Vivian Krug Hotchkiss|url=http://www.emotionscards.com/museum/vals.html |title=Emotionscards.com |publisher=Emotionscards.com |date=February 14, 1910 |access-date=August 6, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807022738/http://www.emotionscards.com/museum/vals.html |archive-date=August 7, 2011 }}</ref> In 1835, 60,000 Valentine cards were sent by post in the United Kingdom, despite postage being expensive.<ref>[http://www.mmu.ac.uk/news/news-items/1218/ "Valentine cards reveal Britain's relationship history"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415135805/http://www.mmu.ac.uk/news/news-items/1218/ |date=April 15, 2016 }}, Manchester Metropolitan University, Retrieved February 8, 2014</ref>

A [[Penny Post#United Kingdom|reduction in postal rates]] following [[Rowland Hill (postal reformer)|Sir Rowland Hill]]'s postal reforms with the 1840 invention of the postage stamp ([[Penny Black]]) saw the number of Valentines posted increase, with 400,000 sent just one year after its introduction, and ushered in the less personal but easier practice of mailing Valentines.<ref name="Vincent">{{cite book|last1=Vincent|first1=David|title=Literacy and Popular Culture: England 1750–1914|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=44, 45}}</ref> That made it possible for the first time to exchange cards anonymously, which is taken as the reason for the sudden appearance of racy verse in an era otherwise prudishly [[Victorian era|Victorian]].<ref>Charles Panati (1987). Extraordinary origins of everyday things. p.57. Perennial Library, 1987</ref> Production increased, "Cupid's Manufactory" as [[Charles Dickens]] termed it, with over 3,000 women employed in manufacturing.<ref name="Vincent"/> The [[Laura Seddon Greeting Card Collection]] at [[Manchester Metropolitan University]] gathers 450 Valentine's Day cards dating from early 19th century Britain, printed by the major publishers of the day.<ref>{{cite web| title = MMU Special Collections – Victorian Ephemera| publisher = [[Manchester Metropolitan University]]| url = http://www.specialcollections.mmu.ac.uk/victoria.php| access-date = November 8, 2013| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131109164103/http://www.specialcollections.mmu.ac.uk/victoria.php| archive-date = November 9, 2013| df = mdy-all}}</ref> The collection appears in Seddon's book ''Victorian Valentines'' (1996).<ref>{{cite book| title = Victorian Valentines: A Guide to the Laura Seddon Collection of Valentine Cards in Manchester Metropolitan University Library| publisher = [[Manchester Metropolitan University]]| year = 1996| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5swmAAAACAAJ&q=Victorian+Valentines+seddon| author = Laura Seddon| access-date = November 8, 2013| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140103002756/http://books.google.com/books?id=5swmAAAACAAJ&dq=Victorian+Valentines+seddon&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2OJ8UuGqEqLR7AbPt4CgBw&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA| archive-date = January 3, 2014| df = mdy-all| isbn = 9780901276544}}</ref>

[[File:Red Roses (6862116332).jpg|thumb|upright|Flowers, such as red roses (pictured), are often sent on Valentine's Day.]]
In the United States, the first mass-produced Valentines of embossed paper lace were produced and sold shortly after 1847 by [[Esther Howland]] (1828–1904) of [[Worcester, Massachusetts]].<ref name="american" /><ref name=devereux /> Her father operated a large book and stationery store, but Howland took her inspiration from an English Valentine she had received from a business associate of her father.<ref>''Hobbies, Volume 52, Issues 7–12'' p.18. Lightner Pub. Co., 1947</ref><ref name=TRE/> Intrigued with the idea of making similar Valentines, Howland began her business by importing paper lace and floral decorations from England.<ref name=TRE>{{cite web |author=Vivian Krug Hotchkiss |url=http://www.emotionscards.com/museum/estherhowland.htm |title=Esther Howland |publisher=Emotionscards.com |access-date=August 6, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722235315/http://www.emotionscards.com/museum/estherhowland.htm |archive-date=July 22, 2011 }}</ref><ref>Dean, Dorothy (1990) ''On the Collectible Trail'' p.90. Discovery Publications, 1990</ref>

A writer in ''Graham's American Monthly'' observed in 1849, "Saint Valentine's Day ... is becoming, nay it has become, a national holyday."<ref>Quoted in Schmidt 1993:209.</ref> The English practice of sending Valentine's cards was established enough to feature as a plot device in [[Elizabeth Gaskell]]'s ''[[Mr. Harrison's Confessions]]'' (1851): "I burst in with my explanations: 'The valentine I know nothing about.' 'It is in your handwriting', said he coldly."<ref>Gaskell, Elizabeth ''Cranford and Selected Short Stories'' p. 258. Wordsworth Editions, 2006.</ref> Since 2001, the Greeting Card Association has been giving an annual "Esther Howland Award for a Greeting Card Visionary".<ref name=devereux>{{Cite book |title= Love & Romance Facts, Figures & Fun |author= Eve Devereux |edition= illustrated |publisher= AAPPL Artists & Photographers Press |year= 2006 |isbn= 1-904332-33-1 |page= 28 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MCAC8mnwEIEC }}</ref>

Since the 19th century, handmade cards have given way to mass-produced [[greeting cards]].<ref name="Leigh Eric Schmidt 1993 pp. 209–245"/> In the UK, just under half of the population spend money on their Valentines, and around £1.9 billion was spent in 2015 on cards, flowers, chocolates, and other gifts.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Valentine's Day spending set to top £1.9bn in United Kingdom
|url=http://www.brc.org.uk/details04.asp?id=1091&kCat=&kData=1
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204235054/http://www.brc.org.uk/details04.asp?id=1091&kCat=&kData=1
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=February 4, 2008
|publisher=[[British Retail Consortium]]
}}</ref> The mid-19th century Valentine's Day trade was a harbinger of further commercialized holidays in the U.S. to follow.<ref name="Leigh Eric Schmidt 1991 pp 890–98">Leigh Eric Schmidt, "The Commercialization of the calendar: American holidays and the culture of consumption, 1870–1930" ''Journal of American History'' '''78'''.3 (December 1991) pp 890–98.</ref>

[[File:Elmer Valentine boxed chocolates.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A gift box of chocolates, which is a common gift for Valentine's Day]]
In 1868, the British chocolate company [[Cadbury]] created Fancy Boxes – a decorated box of chocolates – in the shape of a heart for Valentine's Day.<ref name="Chocolates">{{cite book|last=Mintz|first=Sidney|title=The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=157}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Guinness World Records 2017 |date=September 8, 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hxAyDQAAQBAJ&q=cadbury+chocolate+boxes+1868&pg=PA90 |publisher=Guinness World Records |page=90 |isbn=9781910561348 |quote=[[Richard Cadbury]], eldest son of John Cadbury who founded the now iconic brand, was the first chocolate-maker to commercialize the association between confectionery and romance, producing a heart-shaped box of chocolates for Valentine's Day in 1868 |access-date=September 20, 2021 |archive-date=March 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324141123/https://books.google.com/books?id=hxAyDQAAQBAJ&q=cadbury+chocolate+boxes+1868&pg=PA90 |url-status=live }}</ref> Boxes of filled chocolates quickly became associated with the holiday.<ref name="Chocolates"/> In the second half of the 20th century, the practice of exchanging cards was extended to all manner of gifts, such as giving [[jewelry]].

The U.S. Greeting Card Association estimates that approximately 190 million valentines are sent each year in the US. Half of those valentines are given to family members other than husband or wife, usually to children. When the valentine-exchange cards made in school activities are included the figure goes up to 1 billion, and teachers become the people receiving the most valentines.<ref name="american">{{cite web |url= http://www.greetingcard.org/userfiles/file/2010%20Valentines%20Day.pdf |title= Americans Valentine's Day |year= 2010 |access-date= February 16, 2010 |publisher= U.S. Greeting Card Association |archive-date= February 4, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230204150611/http://www.greetingcard.org/userfiles/file/2010%20Valentines%20Day.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref>

The increase in use of the Internet around the turn of the millennium is creating new traditions. Every year, millions of people use digital means of creating and sending Valentine's Day greeting messages such as [[e-cards]], love coupons and printable greeting cards. Valentine's Day is considered by some to be a [[Hallmark holiday]] due to its commercialization.<ref name="wp">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/on-valentines-day-do-we-still-need-hallmark/2012/02/08/gIQAsaKP4Q_story.html |title=On Valentine's Day, do we still need Hallmark? |last=Lenz |first=Kristin |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=February 10, 2012 |access-date=February 14, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217220055/http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/on-valentines-day-do-we-still-need-hallmark/2012/02/08/gIQAsaKP4Q_story.html |archive-date=February 17, 2012 }}</ref>

In 2016, the [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales|Catholic Bishops of England and Wales]] established a [[novena]] prayer "to support single people seeking a spouse ahead of St Valentine's Day."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2016/02/12/bishops-release-novena-for-single-catholics-ahead-of-st-valentines-day/|title=Bishops release novena for single Catholics ahead of St Valentine's Day|last=Teahan|first=Madeleine|date=February 12, 2016|newspaper=[[The Catholic Herald]]|language=en|access-date=February 12, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213092804/http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2016/02/12/bishops-release-novena-for-single-catholics-ahead-of-st-valentines-day/|archive-date=February 13, 2016}}</ref>

== Celebration and status worldwide ==
[[File:CWAC Valentine's Day 1944 (4112917253).jpg|thumb|right|A [[Canadian Women's Army Corps]] member and a man in the [[Canadian Air Force]] chalk hearts on a tree on Valentine's Day 1944.]]
Valentine's Day customs—sending greeting cards (known as "valentines"), offering confectionery and presenting flowers—developed in early modern England and spread throughout the [[English-speaking world]] in the 19th century. In the later 20th and early 21st centuries, these customs spread to other countries, like those of [[Halloween]], and aspects of [[Christmas]] (such as [[Santa Claus]]).

Valentine's Day is celebrated in many [[East Asia]]n countries, with [[Singapore]]ans, [[China|Chinese]], and [[South Korea]]ns spending the most money on Valentine's gifts.<ref name="showbizandstyle.inquirer.net">Domingo, Ronnel. [http://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/breakingnews/breakingnews/view/20080214-118905/Among-Asians-Filipinos-dig-Valentines-Day-the-most Among Asians, Filipinos dig Valentine's Day the most] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026170759/http://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/breakingnews/breakingnews/view/20080214-118905/Among-Asians-Filipinos-dig-Valentines-Day-the-most |date=October 26, 2015 }}. ''[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]'', February 14, 2008. Retrieved February 21, 2008.</ref>

===Americas===

====Latin America====
In most [[Latin America]]n countries—for example, [[Costa Rica]],<ref>{{Cite journal|title=El cine transpiraamores y desamores |author=Alexander Sanchez C. |date=February 12, 2010 |journal=[[La Nación (San José)|La Nación]] |url=http://www.nacion.com/viva/2010/febrero/12/tiempolibre2234449.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215190625/http://www.nacion.com/viva/2010/febrero/12/tiempolibre2234449.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 15, 2010 |publisher=[[La Nación (San José)]] |access-date=February 14, 2012 }}</ref> Mexico,<ref>{{cite web |title= Realizará GDF cuarta feria por Día del Amor y la Amistad |work= [[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]] |author= Notimex |url= http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/658084.html |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140202112427/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/658084.html |archive-date= February 2, 2014 |df= mdy-all }}</ref> and the [[United States|U.S.]] [[Territories of the United States|territory]] of [[Puerto Rico]]—Saint Valentine's Day is known as {{lang|es|Día de los Enamorados}} ('Lovers' Day')<ref>[http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/translate/spanish-english/enamorado#enamorado_2 enamorado] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822182336/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/translate/spanish-english/enamorado#enamorado_2 |date=August 22, 2016 }}, Oxford Dictionaies. Retrieved: February 14, 2015.</ref> or as {{lang|es|Día del Amor y la Amistad}} ('Love and Friendship Day'). It is also common to see people perform "acts of appreciation" for their friends.<ref name="Levine2012">{{cite book|last=Levine|first=Deborah A.|title=Love Miscellany: Everything You Always Wanted to Know about the Many Ways We Celebrate Romance and Passion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=62bv413irSMC&pg=PA17|access-date=February 13, 2018|year=2012|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing Inc.|isbn=9781616083861|pages=17–18}}</ref>

In [[Guatemala]] it is known as {{lang|es|Día del Cariño}} ('Affection Day').<ref>{{cite web |title=Para quererte |date=February 10, 2010 |work=El Periódico de Guatemala |url=http://www.elperiodico.com.gt/es/20100210/opinion/137067/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214222504/http://www.elperiodico.com.gt/es/20100210/opinion/137067/ |archive-date=February 14, 2015}}</ref> Some countries, in particular the [[Dominican Republic]] and [[El Salvador]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.popsugar.com/latina/photo-gallery/39956920/image/39956925/Organize-Game-Amigo-Secreto |title=Organize a Game of Amigo Secreto |last=Benton |first=Emilia |date=February 13, 2018 |website=Popsugar Latina |language=en-US |access-date=February 14, 2018 |archive-date=February 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214073518/https://www.popsugar.com/latina/photo-gallery/39956920/image/39956925/Organize-Game-Amigo-Secreto |url-status=live }}</ref> have a tradition called {{lang|es|Amigo secreto}} ('secret friend'), which is a game similar to the Christmas tradition of [[Secret Santa]].<ref name="Levine2012"/>

====Brazil====
{{main|Dia dos Namorados}}

In [[Brazil]], the {{lang|pt-BR|[[Dia dos Namorados]]}} ('Lovers' Day', or 'Boyfriends/Girlfriends Day') is celebrated on June 12, probably because that is the day before [[Anthony of Padua|Saint Anthony]]'s day—a saint recognized for blessing young couples with happy and prosperous marriages—when traditionally many single women perform popular rituals called {{lang|pt-BR|simpatias}} in order to find a good husband or boyfriend.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boldsky.com/insync/pulse/2007/brazilian-couple.html|title=Dia Dos Namorados – A Day For The Enamoured|access-date=February 13, 2024|date=January 31, 2007|work=Bold Sky|publisher=[[Oneindia.in]]}}</ref> Couples exchange gifts, chocolates, cards, and flower bouquets. The February 14 Valentine's Day is not celebrated at all because it is usually too close to [[Brazilian Carnival]], which can fall anywhere from early February to early March and lasts almost a week.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900628,00.html The Psychology of Carnaval] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824100723/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C900628%2C00.html|date=August 24, 2013}}, ''[[TIME Magazine]]'', February 14, 1969</ref>

====Colombia====
[[Colombia]] celebrates {{lang|es|Día del amor y la amistad}} ('Love and Friendship Day') on the third Saturday in September instead.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.santillana.com.co/www/articulos/padres/dia-del-amor-y-la-amistad |title=Día del Amor y la Amistad |website=Santillana |access-date=February 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214073424/http://www.santillana.com.co/www/articulos/padres/dia-del-amor-y-la-amistad |archive-date=February 14, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> {{lang|es|Amigo Secreto}} is also popular there.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://colombiareports.com/colombia-celebrates-day-of-love-and-friendship/ |title=Colombia hypes up for love and friendship |date=September 16, 2009 |website=Colombia Reports |language=en-US |access-date=February 14, 2018 |archive-date=February 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214142057/https://colombiareports.com/colombia-celebrates-day-of-love-and-friendship/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====United States====
[[File:Necco-Candy-SweetHearts.jpg|thumb|right|[[Conversation hearts]], candies with messages on them, are strongly associated with Valentine's Day in the United States.]]
[[File:Valentine dance, school (2898490693).jpg|thumb|right|Valentine's Day school dance, Richmond, Virginia 1956]]
On the United States mainland, about 190 million Valentine's Day cards are sent each year, not including the hundreds of millions of cards school children exchange.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/02/100210-valentines-day-gifts-cards-history-facts/|title=Valentine's Day Facts: Gifts, History, and Love Science|author=John Roach|work=National Geographic|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054516/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/02/100210-valentines-day-gifts-cards-history-facts/|archive-date=March 4, 2016|date=February 12, 2010}}</ref>

Valentine's Day is a major source of economic activity, with total [[Cost|expenditure]] topping $18.2 billion in 2017, or over $136 per person.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Lifestyle/valentines-day-numbers-money-spent-flowers-candy-cards/story?id=45480956 |title=Valentine's Day by the numbers |last1=Andreano |first1=Caterina |last2=Shapiro |first2=Emily |date=February 14, 2017 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |access-date=February 13, 2018 |language=en |archive-date=February 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214142013/http://abcnews.go.com/Lifestyle/valentines-day-numbers-money-spent-flowers-candy-cards/story?id=45480956 |url-status=live }}</ref> This was an increase from $108 per person in 2010.<ref name="plu.edu">{{cite web|url=http://mastmedia.plu.edu/2014/02/13/valentines-day-spending-is-global/|title=Valentine's Day spending is global|work=Mast Media|date=February 13, 2014 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214830/http://mastmedia.plu.edu/2014/02/13/valentines-day-spending-is-global/|archive-date=March 3, 2016}}</ref> Purchases include jewellery, flowers, chocolates, candy, and greeting cards.<ref name=":1" /> Roses, especially red roses, are the most popular flower.<ref name=":1" /> In the US, roses are generally imported via refrigerated airplanes from Colombia and Ecuador.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Ross |first=Selena |date=2025-02-12 |title=How Can My Valentine's Flowers Show the Earth Love, Too? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/12/climate/valentine-bouquets-airplane-emissions.html |access-date=2025-02-15 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The most popular locally grown and seasonally compatible flowers are early spring [[tulips]].<ref name=":2" />

In 2019, a survey by the [[National Retail Federation]] found that over the previous decade, the percentage of people who celebrate Valentine's Day had declined steadily. From their survey results, they found three primary reasons: over-commercialization of the holiday, not having a spouse or significant other to celebrate it with, and not being interested in celebrating it.<ref>{{cite web | website=Fox13 | title=Companies allow people to opt-out of Valentine's Day emails | last=Stoddard | first=Catherine | date=January 28, 2022 | url=https://www.q13fox.com/news/companies-allow-people-to-opt-out-of-valentines-day-emails | access-date=January 28, 2022 | archive-date=January 30, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130004527/https://www.q13fox.com/news/companies-allow-people-to-opt-out-of-valentines-day-emails | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Asia===

==== Afghanistan ====
In pre-[[Taliban]] years, Koch-e-Gul-Faroushi ('Flower Street') in downtown [[Kabul]] used to be adorned with innovative flower arrangements, to attract the Valentine's Day-celebrating youth.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Noori|first=Hikmat|date=February 14, 2022|title=Separated on Valentine's Day: the Afghan lovers with only bittersweet memories|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/2022/02/14/separated-on-valentines-day-the-afghan-lovers-with-only-bittersweet-memories/|access-date=February 14, 2022|website=The National|language=en|archive-date=February 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214121831/https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/2022/02/14/separated-on-valentines-day-the-afghan-lovers-with-only-bittersweet-memories/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the Afghan [[tradition]], love is often expressed through [[poetry]]. A new generation of budding poets such as Ramin Mazhar and Mahtab Sahel express themselves through poetry, using Valentine's Day as a theme to voice concerns about the erosion of freedoms. In their political commentary, they defy fear by saying "I kiss you amid the Taliban".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/14/world/asia/afghanistan-taliban-freedom-relationships.html|title=A Valentine in Uncertain Times: 'I Kiss You Amid the Taliban'|last1=Mashal|first1=Mujib|date=February 14, 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 4, 2020|last2=Faizi|first2=Fatima|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=February 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204115311/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/14/world/asia/afghanistan-taliban-freedom-relationships.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Taliban crack down against Valentine's Day in Kabul - La Prensa Latina Media|date=February 14, 2022|url=https://www.laprensalatina.com/taliban-crack-down-against-valentines-day-in-kabul/|access-date=February 14, 2022|language=en-US|archive-date=February 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214182408/https://www.laprensalatina.com/taliban-crack-down-against-valentines-day-in-kabul/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Bangladesh ====
{{Main|Valentine's Day in Bangladesh}}

Valentine's Day was first celebrated in Bangladesh by [[Shafik Rehman]], a journalist and editor of the newspaper ''[[Jaijaidin]]'', in 1993. He was acquainted with [[Western culture]] from studying in [[London]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtvonline.com/others/33951/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE|title=ভালোবাসা দিবস নিয়ে ইতিহাসে যত কথা|website=RTV Online|access-date=August 29, 2021|archive-date=August 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829145130/https://www.rtvonline.com/others/33951/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE|url-status=live}}</ref> He highlighted Valentine's Day to the Bangladeshi people through ''Jaijaidin''. Rehman is called the "father of Valentine's Day in Bangladesh".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.ittefaq.com.bd/index.php?ref=MjBfMDJfMTRfMTRfM181Ml8xXzEwODYzNg==|title=কবে থেকে ভালোবাসা দিবসের শুরু :: দৈনিক ইত্তেফাক|website=archive.ittefaq.com.bd|language=Bengali|access-date=February 14, 2020|archive-date=August 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829143437/https://archive.ittefaq.com.bd/index.php?ref=MjBfMDJfMTRfMTRfM181Ml8xXzEwODYzNg==|url-status=live}}</ref> On this day, people in various types of relationship, including lovers, friends, husbands and wives, mothers and children, students and teachers, express their love for each other with flowers, chocolates, cards and other gifts. On this day, various parks and recreation centers of the country are full of people of love.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kholakagojbd.com/national/46185|title=ভালোবাসা দিবস আজ|website=Khola Kagoj BD|language=en|access-date=February 14, 2020|archive-date=August 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829145013/http://www.kholakagojbd.com/national/46185|url-status=live}}</ref> No public holiday, however, is declared on this day in Bangladesh.

Some in Bangladesh feel that celebrating this day is not acceptable from a cultural and [[Islam]]ic point of view.<ref name="spriha">{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Spriha |date=February 4, 2017 |title=These countries have banned Valentine's Day |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/02/14/these-countries-have-banned-valentines-day.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226144711/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/02/14/these-countries-have-banned-valentines-day.html |archive-date=February 26, 2021 |access-date=February 25, 2021 |agency=CNBC}}</ref> Before the celebration of Valentine's Day, February 14 was celebrated as the anti-authoritarian day in Bangladesh. However, that day has been disregarded by people to celebrate Valentine's Day.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news-47235070|title=ভ্যালেন্টাইন্স ডে: অনুভূতি প্রকাশের বাহানা মাত্র?|date=February 14, 2019|work=BBC News বাংলা|access-date=February 14, 2020|language=bn|archive-date=August 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829143432/https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news-47235070|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.dailyinqilab.com/article/64089/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AA-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8-|title=১৪ ফেব্রুয়ারি : ভালবাসা নয় অশ্লীলতার আগ্রাসন দিবস|website=DailyInqilabOnline|language=en|access-date=February 14, 2020|archive-date=August 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829143439/https://m.dailyinqilab.com/article/64089/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AA-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8-|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagonews24.com/national/news/212941|title='ভালোবাসায়' চাপা পড়েছে স্বৈরাচার প্রতিরোধ দিবস|website=jagonews24.com|language=en-US|access-date=February 14, 2020|archive-date=August 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829145014/https://www.jagonews24.com/national/news/212941|url-status=live}}</ref>

====China====
{{see also|The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl}}
In Chinese, Valentine's Day is called "lovers' festival" ({{zh|s=情人节|t=情人節}}; [[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin]]: ''Qīng Rén Jié''; [[Hokkien]]: ''Chêng Lîn Chiat''; [[Cantonese language|Cantonese]]: ''Chìhng Yàhn Jit''; [[Shanghainese language|Shanghainese]] ''Xin Yin Jiq''). The "Chinese Valentine's Day" is the [[Qixi Festival]] (meaning "The Night of Sevens"; {{zh|c=七夕|p=Qi Xi}}), celebrated on the seventh day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar. According to the legend, the [[Altair|Cowherd star]] and the [[Vega|Weaver Maid star]] are normally separated by the [[Milky Way]] (silvery river) but are allowed to meet by crossing it on the seventh day of the seventh month of the [[Chinese calendar]].<ref>{{cite book| last=Schomp| first=Virginia| title=The ancient Chinese| date=2009| publisher=Marshall Cavendish Benchmark| location=New York| isbn=978-0-7614-4216-5| page=70}}</ref>

In recent years, celebrating [[White Day]] has also become fashionable among some young people.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.china.org.cn/archive/2007-03/13/content_1202804.htm | title=White Day Triggers Consumption Enthusiasm | work=china.org.cn | publisher=China Internet Information Center | access-date=March 13, 2014 | archive-date=December 6, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206092055/http://www.china.org.cn/archive/2007-03/13/content_1202804.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>

====India====
{{Main|Valentine's Day in India}}

In ancient India, there was a tradition of adoring [[Kamadeva]], the lord of love – exemplified by the erotic carvings in the [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments]] and by the writing of the ''[[Kamasutra]]''.<ref name="rana">{{cite web |title=India's fascination with Valentine's Day |author=Rana, Vijay |work=[[BBC]] |date=February 14, 2002 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1820440.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202102700/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1820440.stm |archive-date=December 2, 2014}}</ref> This tradition was lost around the [[Medieval India|Middle Ages]], when Kamadeva was no longer celebrated, and public displays of sexual affection became frowned upon.<ref name="rana"/> This repression of public affections began to loosen in the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/11/the-politics-of-pda-in-india-kiss-protest/382877/ |title=The Politics of PDA in India |last=Basu |first=Tanya |date=November 18, 2014 |work=The Atlantic |access-date=February 13, 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=February 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214073445/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/11/the-politics-of-pda-in-india-kiss-protest/382877/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Valentine's Day celebrations did not catch on in India until around 1992. It was spread due to the programs in commercial TV channels, such as [[MTV]], dedicated radio programs, and love letter competitions, in addition to an economical liberalization that allowed the explosion of the valentine card industry.<ref name="rana" /><ref name="derne"/> The celebration has caused a sharp change on how people have been displaying their affection in public since the Middle Ages.<ref name="rana"/>

On a 2018 online survey, it was found that 68% of the respondents did not wish to celebrate Valentine's Day.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why most Indians do not find Valentine's Day special|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/2018/feb/13/why-most-indians-do-not-find-valentines-day-special-1772745.html|access-date=February 14, 2021|website=The New Indian Express|date=February 13, 2018 |archive-date=September 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926115649/https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/2018/feb/13/why-most-indians-do-not-find-valentines-day-special-1772745.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It can be also observed that different religious groups, including Hindu,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Subscribe|title=Beware of Valentine's Day – A cultural conversion of Hindus !|url=https://www.hindujagruti.org/hindu-issues/western-influence/valentine-day|access-date=February 14, 2021|website=Hindu Janajagruti Samiti|language=en-US|archive-date=February 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214023304/https://www.hindujagruti.org/hindu-issues/western-influence/valentine-day|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 12, 2017|title=Islamic body urges youths not to celebrate V-Day in country's interest|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/islamic-body-urges-youths-not-to-celebrate-v-day-in-country-s-interest/story-QtvrtgXKPXboa5SmqGn5xI.html|access-date=February 14, 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=February 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226214519/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/islamic-body-urges-youths-not-to-celebrate-v-day-in-country-s-interest/story-QtvrtgXKPXboa5SmqGn5xI.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and Christian people of India do not support Valentine's Day.

In modern times, Hindu and Islamic<ref name="monger"/> traditionalists have considered the holiday to be cultural contamination from the West, a result of globalization in India.<ref name="rana"/><ref name="derne"/> [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] and the [[Sangh Parivar]] have asked their followers to shun the holiday and the "public admission of love" because of them being "alien to Indian culture".<ref name="sandbrook">{{Cite book |title= Civilizing globalization: a survival guide |series= SUNY series in radical social and political theory |editor= Richard Sandbrook |author= Anil Mathew Varughese |chapter= Globalization versus cultural authenticity? Valentine's Day and Hindu values |edition= illustrated |publisher= [[SUNY Press]] |year= 2003 |page= 53 |isbn= 978-0-7914-5667-5 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XSZD-bpo3S8C |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150915000124/https://books.google.com/books?id=XSZD-bpo3S8C |archive-date= September 15, 2015 |df= mdy-all }}</ref> Although these protests are organized by political elites, the protesters themselves are middle-class Hindu men who fear that the globalization will destroy the traditions in their society: [[arranged marriage]]s, [[Hindu joint family|Hindu joint families]], [[Housewife#In India and Pakistan|full-time mothers]], etc.<ref name="derne">{{Cite book |title= Gender and globalization in Asia and the Pacific: method, practice, theory |editor1= Kathy E. Ferguson |editor2= Monique Mironesco |chapter= 7. Globalizing gender culture. Transnational cultural flows and the intensification of male dominance in India |author= Steve Derné |publisher= [[University of Hawaii Press]] |pages= 127–129 |year= 2008 |isbn= 978-0-8248-3241-4 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=60o6NLFlbhoC |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150913214911/https://books.google.com/books?id=60o6NLFlbhoC |archive-date= September 13, 2015 |df= mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="monger">{{cite book |title= Marriage customs of the world: from henna to honeymoons |author= George Monger |edition= illustrated |publisher= [[ABC-CLIO]] |year= 2004 |isbn= 978-1-57607-987-4 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=o8JlWxBYs40C |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151021194854/https://books.google.com/books?id=o8JlWxBYs40C |archive-date= October 21, 2015 |df= mdy-all }}</ref> Despite these obstacles, Valentine's Day is becoming increasingly popular in India.<ref name="bbcanger">{{cite web|title=Hindu and Muslim anger at Valentine's |date=February 11, 2003 |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2749667.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305185633/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2749667.stm |archive-date=March 5, 2016}}</ref>

Valentine's Day has been strongly criticized from a [[postcolonial]] perspective by intellectuals from the Indian left. The holiday is regarded as a front for "Western imperialism", "[[neocolonialism]]", and "the exploitation of working classes through [[commercialism]] by [[multinational corporation]]s".<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Sharma|first1= Satya|year= 1996|title= The cultural costs of a globalized economy for India |journal= Dialectical Anthropology |volume=21 |issue= 3–4|pages= 299–316 |doi= 10.1007/BF00245771|s2cid= 144173442 |issn = 0304-4092 }}</ref> It is claimed that as a result of Valentine's Day, the [[working class]]es and [[Rural poverty|rural poor]] become more disconnected socially, politically, and geographically from the hegemonic [[capitalist]] power structure. They also criticize mainstream media attacks on Indians opposed to Valentine's Day as a form of [[demonization]] that is designed and derived to further the Valentine's Day agenda.<ref>{{cite book |last= Mankekar|first= Purnima|year= 1999|title= Screening, Culture, Viewing Politics: An Ethnography of Television, Womanhood Nation in Postcolonial India |publisher= Duke University Press|isbn= 0-8223-2390-7}}</ref><ref>As quoted in 'India Today: Pot Pourri Generation' September 15 issue, 2005</ref>
Right wing [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalists]] are also hostile. In February 2012, [[Subash Chouhan]] of the [[Bajrang Dal]] warned couples: "They cannot kiss or hug in public places. Our activists will beat them up".<ref>{{cite journal
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-14/bhubaneswar/31058660_1_couples-malls-bajrang-dal
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514091821/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-14/bhubaneswar/31058660_1_couples-malls-bajrang-dal
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=May 14, 2012
|journal=[[The Times of India]]
|title=Valentine's Day: Fear stalks couples on day of love
|date=February 14, 2012
|access-date=April 21, 2012}}</ref>
He said "We are not against love, but we criticize vulgar exhibition of love at public places".<ref>{{cite journal
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-15/bhubaneswar/31062703_1_bajrang-dal-couples-dal-workers
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514104326/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-15/bhubaneswar/31062703_1_bajrang-dal-couples-dal-workers
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=May 14, 2012
|journal=[[The Times of India]]
|title=Bajrang Dal threat keeps couples at bay on V-Day
|date=February 15, 2012
|access-date=April 21, 2012}}</ref>

According to ''[[The Hindu]]'' in February 2023, the [[Animal Welfare Board of India]] appealed to Indians to celebrate February 14 as "Cow Hug Day" for "emotional richness" and to increase "individual and collective happiness." The newspaper referenced the [[Cattle in religion and mythology#Sacred status of cow|sacredness of cows]] as being equivalent to one's mother in Indian culture, and further rued: ".. [[Vedic period|Vedic traditions]] are almost on the verge of extinction due to the progress of [[Western culture]] over time. The dazzle of Western civilization has made our physical culture and heritage almost forgotten".<ref>{{Cite news |publisher=The Hindu Bureau |date=February 8, 2023 |title=Animal Welfare Board wants to mark February 14 as Cow Hug Day |language=en-IN |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/celebrate-cow-hug-day-on-february-14-animal-welfare-board-of-india/article66485661.ece |access-date=February 12, 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210232243/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/celebrate-cow-hug-day-on-february-14-animal-welfare-board-of-india/article66485661.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to Rhea Mogul of CNN, a 2017 photo series Indian women sporting cow masks by activist Sujatro Ghosh portrays a society in which cows are more valued than women. Mogul says authorities had advanced the idea to rebrand Valentine's Day as "Cow Hug Day". Mogul says, "But the move seems to have failed and later retracted after it prompted a rush of internet memes, cartoons and jokes by TV hosts about the importance of consent." Media outlets like NDTV mocked the government's plan by underlining the importance of the consent of cows before hugging them. Mogul says critics say [[Cattle in religion and mythology|cow-worship]] has been politically manipulated by cow vigilante motivated by conservative [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'s majoritarian politics to harass minorities with allegations of disrespect of cows or [[Cattle slaughter in India|cow slaughter]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mogul |first=Rhea |date=February 12, 2023 |title=India tried to rebrand Valentine's Day as 'Cow Hug Day.' Here's how it backfired |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/11/india/india-valentines-day-cow-hug-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=February 12, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212145623/https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/11/india/india-valentines-day-cow-hug-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Iran====
{{Main|Valentine's Day in Iran}}

[[File:Persian_Valentine's_Day_Karaji_(50957801252)_-_Edited.jpg|thumb|Part of a celebration of Valentine's Day in [[Tehran]]]]
The history of Valentine's Day in [[Iran]] dates back to the [[Qajar Iran|Qajar era]] of the latter half of the 19th century. [[Naser al-Din Shah Qajar]] did not take his wife with him during his trip to Europe and he sent her a greeting card from distance on Valentine's Day. This greeting card is available in Iranian museums.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2020 |title=Who brought Valentine to Iran? |url=https://www.imna.ir/news/409141/ولنتاین-را-چه-کسی-به-ایران-آورد |website=Imna News |language=Fa |access-date=August 9, 2022 |archive-date=August 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809113123/https://www.imna.ir/news/409141/ولنتاین-را-چه-کسی-به-ایران-آورد |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since the mid-2000s, Valentine's Day has become increasingly popular in Iran, especially among young people. However, it has also been the subject of heavy criticism from Iranian conservatives, who see it as part of the spread of "decadent" Western culture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iran shops banned from selling Valentine gifts |url=https://www.iranfocus.com/en/iran-general/22507-iran-shops-banned-from-selling-valentine-gifts/ |website=Iran Focus |publisher=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date=January 2, 2011 |access-date=September 17, 2021 |archive-date=September 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916155956/https://www.iranfocus.com/en/iran-general/22507-iran-shops-banned-from-selling-valentine-gifts/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2011, authorities have attempted to discourage celebrations and impose restrictions on the sale and production of Valentine's Day-related goods, although the holiday remains popular as of 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iranians celebrate Valentine's Day, despite its being banned |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/iranians-celebrate-valentines-day-despite-its-being-banned/ |website=[[The Seattle Times]] |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |date=February 14, 2018 |access-date=September 17, 2021 |archive-date=September 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916194702/https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/iranians-celebrate-valentines-day-despite-its-being-banned/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, there have been efforts to revive the ancient Persian festival of [[Sepandārmazgān]], which takes place around the same time, to replace Valentine's Day. However, as of 2016, this has also been largely unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://fararu.com/fa/news/262279/راه-درست-برخورد-با-ولنتاین |title=راه درست برخورد با ولنتاین |access-date=February 19, 2020 |agency=fararunews |date=February 19, 2017 |language=fa |archive-date=February 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216170742/https://fararu.com/fa/news/262279/راه-درست-برخورد-با-ولنتاین |url-status=live }}</ref>
Since 2009, certain practices pertaining to Valentine's Day (such as giving flowers, cards, or other gifts suggestive of Valentine's Day) are banned in [[Iran]].<ref>{{cite news |title=چاپ تزئینات ولنتاین در ایران ممنوع شد |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/2011/01/110103_l21_valentine_banned.shtml |accessdate=February 19, 2020 |agency=BBC news |language=Persian |archive-date=February 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228071714/http://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/2011/01/110103_l21_valentine_banned.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran's [[Islamic Republic of Iran Law Enforcement Force|Law Enforcement Force]] prosecutes distributors of goods with symbols associated with Valentine's Day.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://fararu.com/fa/news/262279/راه-درست-برخورد-با-ولنتاین |title=راه درست برخورد با ولنتاین |accessdate=February 19, 2020 |agency=fararunews |date=February 19, 2017 |language=Persian |archive-date=February 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216170742/https://fararu.com/fa/news/262279/راه-درست-برخورد-با-ولنتاین |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, the Prosecutor's Office of [[Qom, Iran]], stated that it would prosecute those who disseminate and provide anti-cultural symbols like those of Valentine's Day.<ref>{{cite news |title=دادستانی قم به جشن عشاق ورود کرد |url=https://www.yjc.ir/fa/news/7663939/دادستانی-قم-به-جشن-عشاق-ورود-کرد |access-date=February 13, 2021 |agency=Yong Journalists Club |publisher=Yong Journalists Club |date=February 13, 2021 |archive-date=April 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415191053/https://www.yjc.ir/fa/news/7663939/دادستانی-قم-به-جشن-عشاق-ورود-کرد |url-status=live }}</ref> Although Valentine's Day is not accepted or approved by any [[institution]] in Iran and has no official status, it is highly accepted among a large part of the population.<ref>{{cite news |title=ولنتاین غیررسمی‌ترین جشنی که با خواب مسئولان رسمی شد |url=https://www.tabnak.ir/fa/news/666978/ولنتاین-غیر-رسمی%E2%80%8Cترین-جشنی-که-با-خواب-مسئولان-رسمی-شد-ویدیو |accessdate=February 19, 2020 |agency=TABNAK professional news site |language=Persian |archive-date=February 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216170626/https://www.tabnak.ir/fa/news/666978/ولنتاین-غیر-رسمی%E2%80%8Cترین-جشنی-که-با-خواب-مسئولان-رسمی-شد-ویدیو |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the reasons for Valentine's Day acceptance since the 2000s by the general population is the change in relations between the sexes, and because sexual relationships are no longer strictly limited to be within marriage.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.isna.ir/news/98111511137/ولنتاین-تهاجم-یا-کمبود-فرهنگی |title=ولنتاین تهاجم یا تهدید فرهنگی |newspaper=ایسنا |date=February 4, 2020 |accessdate=February 19, 2020 |archive-date=February 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222095550/https://www.isna.ir/news/98111511137/ولنتاین-تهاجم-یا-کمبود-فرهنگی |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Israel====
In [[Israel]], the Jewish tradition of [[Tu B'Av]] has been revived and transformed into the Jewish equivalent of Valentine's Day. It is celebrated on the 15th day of the month of [[Av (month)|Av]] (usually in late August). In ancient times girls would wear white dresses and dance in the vineyards, where the boys would be waiting for them ([[Mishna]] Taanith, end of Chapter 4). Today, Tu B'Av is celebrated as a second holiday of love by secular people (along with Valentine's Day), and it shares many of the customs associated with Saint Valentine's Day in Western societies. In modern Israeli culture Tu B'Av is a popular day to proclaim love, propose marriage, and give gifts like cards or flowers.<ref>{{cite news |title= Evolution of Tu Be'av into Jewish Valentine's Day |date= February 8, 2012 |work= [[The Jerusalem Post]] |author= Binyamin Kagedan |url= https://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishFeatures/Article.aspx?id=279840 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130310234015/http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishFeatures/Article.aspx?id=279840 |archive-date= March 10, 2013 |df= mdy-all }}</ref>

====Japan====
In Japan, [[Morozoff Ltd.]] introduced the holiday for the first time in 1936, when it ran an advertisement aimed at foreigners. Later, in 1953, it began promoting the giving of heart-shaped chocolates; other Japanese confectionery companies followed suit thereafter. In 1958, the [[Isetan]] [[Department stores in Japan|department store]] ran a "Valentine sale". Further campaigns during the 1960s popularized the custom.<ref name=japantimes>{{cite news |last=Gordenker |first=Alice |title=White Day |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2006/03/21/news/white-day/ |work=[[The Japan Times]] |date=March 21, 2006 |access-date=June 30, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106054215/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2006/03/21/news/white-day/ |archive-date=January 6, 2014}}</ref><ref name="rupp">{{Cite book |title= Gift-giving in Japan: cash, connections, cosmologies |author= Katherine Rupp |edition= illustrated |publisher= [[Stanford University Press]] |year= 2003 |isbn= 0-8047-4704-0 |pages= 149–151 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KHkyUp-EH2MC&q=japan+valentine%27s+day&pg=PA145 |access-date= November 4, 2020 |archive-date= March 24, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230324141209/https://books.google.com/books?id=KHkyUp-EH2MC&q=japan+valentine%27s+day&pg=PA145 |url-status= live }}</ref>

[[File:Valentine's chocolates in Japan 2.jpg|thumb|Valentine's chocolates in Japan]]
The custom that only women give chocolates to men may have originated from the translation error of a chocolate-company executive during the initial campaigns.<ref name="jasgp">{{Cite web |title=Valentine's Day in Japan |author=Chris Yeager |date=February 13, 2009 |publisher=[[Japan America Society of Greater Philadelphia]] (JASGP) |url= http://jasgp.org/content/view/636/179/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725083844/http://jasgp.org/content/view/636/179/ |archive-date=July 25, 2011 }}</ref> In particular, [[Office lady|office ladies]] give chocolate to their co-workers. Unlike western countries, gifts such as greeting cards,<ref name="jasgp"/> candies, [[flower]]s, or [[dating|dinner dates]]<ref name="yoshimura"/> are uncommon, and most of the gifts-related activity is about giving the right amount of chocolate to each person.<ref name="jasgp"/> Japanese chocolate companies make half their annual sales during this time of the year.<ref name="jasgp"/>

Many women feel obliged to give chocolates to all male co-workers, except when the day falls on a Sunday, a holiday. This is known as {{nihongo3||義理チョコ|[[giri choco|giri-choko]]}}, from {{transliteration|ja|[[Giri (Japanese)|giri]]}} ('obligation') and {{transliteration|ja|choko}}, ('chocolate'), with unpopular co-workers receiving only {{nihongo|"ultra-obligatory"|超義理チョコ|chō-giri choko}} cheap chocolate. This contrasts with {{nihongo3|lit. "true feeling chocolate"|本命チョコ|[[honmei choco|honmei-choko]]}}, chocolate given to a loved one. Friends, especially girls, may exchange chocolate referred to as {{nihongo3|from {{transliteration|ja|'tomo'}} meaning "friend"|友チョコ|tomo-choko}}.<ref>{{cite book | title = [[Office Ladies and Salaried Men: Power, Gender, and Work in Japanese Companies]] | author = Yuko Ogasawara | edition = illustrated | editor = [[University of California Press]] | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-520-21044-1 | pages = [https://books.google.com/books?id=9_yjfAZo4jIC&q=japan+chocolate+saint+valentin&pg=PA98 98]–113, 142–154, 156, 163 | url = | publisher = [[University of California Press]]| location = Berkeley }}</ref>

In the 1980s, the Japanese National Confectionery Industry Association launched a successful campaign to make March 14 a "reply day", on which men are expected to return the favour to those who gave them chocolates on Valentine's Day, calling it [[White Day]] for the color of the chocolates being offered. A previous failed attempt to popularize this celebration had been done by a [[marshmallow]] manufacturer who wanted men to return marshmallows to women.<ref name="japantimes"/><ref name="rupp"/>

In Japan, the romantic "date night" associated with Valentine's Day is celebrated on [[Christmas Eve]].<ref>{{cite web |date= February 14, 2007 |author= Ron Huza |title= Lost in translation: The cultural divide over Valentine's Day |work= [[The Gazette (Montreal)|The Gazette]] |url= http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/editorial/story.html?id=2ae6a44a-2f29-45a3-a257-2a13b3d3149d |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084251/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/editorial/story.html?id=2ae6a44a-2f29-45a3-a257-2a13b3d3149d |archive-date= March 4, 2016 |df= mdy-all }}</ref>

==== Malaysia ====
Islamic officials in [[West Malaysia]] warned Muslims against celebrating Valentine's Day, linking it with vice activities. Deputy Prime Minister [[Muhyiddin Yassin]] said the celebration of romantic love was "not suitable" for Muslims. Wan Mohamad Sheikh Abdul Aziz, head of the Malaysian Islamic Development Department ([[JAKIM#Official religion|Jakim]]), which oversees the country's Islamic policies said that a [[fatwa]] (ruling) issued by the country's top clerics in 2005 noted that the day "is associated with elements of Christianity," and "we just cannot get involved with other religions' worshipping [[ritual]]s." Jakim officials planned to carry out a nationwide campaign called "Awas Jerat Valentine's Day" ("Mind the Valentine's Day Trap"), aimed at preventing Muslims from celebrating the day on February 14, 2011. Activities included conducting raids in hotels to stop young couples from having unlawful sex and distributing leaflets to Muslim university students warning them against the day.<ref>{{cite news |title=Malaysian Muslims warned against Valentine's Day |work=[[The Straits Times]] |date=February 13, 2011 |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/SEAsia/Story/STIStory_634485.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429094726/http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/SEAsia/Story/STIStory_634485.html |archive-date=April 29, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Malaysia Warns Muslims of Valentine's Day Trap |work=BBC News |date=February 13, 2011 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12443104 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104223300/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12443104 |archive-date=January 4, 2016}}</ref>

On Valentine's Day 2011, West Malaysian religious authorities arrested more than 100 Muslim couples concerning the celebration ban. Some of them would be charged in the Shariah Court for defying the department's ban against the celebration of Valentine's Day.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/malaysia-arrests-100-muslim-couples-for-celebrating-lovers-day/422743 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219111614/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/malaysia-arrests-100-muslim-couples-for-celebrating-lovers-day/422743 |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 19, 2011 |title=Malaysia Arrests 100 Muslim Couples for Celebrating Lovers' Day |newspaper=The Jakarta Globe |access-date=August 6, 2011 }}</ref>

In [[East Malaysia]], the celebrations are much more tolerated among young Muslim couples, although some Islamic officials and Muslim activists from the West side have told younger generations to refrain from such celebration by organising da'wah and tried to spread their ban into the East.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sabah.org.my/mns/allPDF/TAZKIRAH%2029%20090106%20Valentine%20Day.pdf|title=[Tazkirah] Kemungkaran 'Valentine Day'|language=ms|work=Sabah State Mosque Da'wah|publisher=Sabah.org.my|access-date=February 10, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080920/http://www.sabah.org.my/mns/allPDF/TAZKIRAH%2029%20090106%20Valentine%20Day.pdf|archive-date=February 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read.cfm?NewsID=1474|title=Too much power surrendered to Imams and Muftis|newspaper=Daily Express|date=January 18, 2015|access-date=February 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210041124/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read.cfm?NewsID=1474|archive-date=February 10, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> In both the states of [[Sabah]] and [[Sarawak]], the celebration is usually common with flowers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/02/12/romantic-valentines-day-roses/|title=Romantic Valentine's Day roses|author=PU Chien|newspaper=The Borneo Post|date=February 12, 2012|access-date=February 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210035944/http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/02/12/romantic-valentines-day-roses/|archive-date=February 10, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=106783|title=Valentine's Day on weekday brings more sales: Florists|newspaper=Daily Express|date=February 14, 2016|access-date=February 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210040420/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=106783|archive-date=February 10, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/02/14/banknote-flowers-a-popular-valentines-gift-in-sibu/|title=Banknote flowers a popular Valentine's gift in Sibu|newspaper=The Borneo Post|date=February 14, 2016|access-date=February 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210040756/http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/02/14/banknote-flowers-a-popular-valentines-gift-in-sibu/|archive-date=February 10, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Pakistan ====
{{Main|Valentine's Day in Pakistan}}

The concept of Valentine's Day was introduced into Pakistan during the late 1990s with special TV and radio programs. The [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]] political party has called for the banning of Valentine's Day celebration.<ref name="bbcanger"/> Despite this, the celebration is becoming popular among urban youth and the florists expect to sell a great number of flowers, especially red roses. The case is the same with card publishers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Flower sellers await Valentine's Day |newspaper=[[The Nation (Pakistani newspaper)|The Nation]] |date=February 8, 2010 |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/08-Feb-2010/flower-sellers-await-valentines-day |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427063605/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Regional/Islamabad/08-Feb-2010/Flower-sellers-await-Valentines-Day |archive-date=April 27, 2011 }}</ref>

In 2016, the local governing body of [[Peshwar]] officially banned the celebration of Valentine's Day in the city. The ban was also implemented in other cities such as [[Kohat]] by the local governments.<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/pakistan-valentines-day-celebrations-banned-peshawar-1543705 "Pakistan: Valentine's Day celebrations banned in Peshawar"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008063036/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/pakistan-valentines-day-celebrations-banned-peshawar-1543705 |date=October 8, 2016 }} February 13, 2016</ref>

In 2017, the [[Islamabad High Court]] banned Valentine's Day celebrations in public places in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/130958-Islamabad-High-Court-bans-Valentines-day-celebrations-in-public-places|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213120222/https://www.geo.tv/latest/130958-Islamabad-High-Court-bans-Valentines-day-celebrations-in-public-places|url-status=dead|title=Islamabad High Court bans Valentine's day celebrations in public places|archivedate=February 13, 2017|website=www.geo.tv}}</ref> More than 80% of [[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] readers polled on its website agreed with this decision.<ref name="spriha" />

In 2018, because of a petition by a citizen, Abdul Waheed, the [[Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority]] advised broadcasters and newspapers against airing any Valentine's Day celebrations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dawn.com|first=Sanaullah Khan|date=February 7, 2018|title=Don't promote Valentine's Day, Pemra reminds broadcasters|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1387920|access-date=January 15, 2022|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=January 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115003958/https://www.dawn.com/news/1387920|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=February 8, 2018|title=Love is in the air, but not on airwaves as Pakistan bans Valentine's Day|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-valentines-day-pakistan-idUSKBN1FS1XP|access-date=January 15, 2022|archive-date=January 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115003958/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-valentines-day-pakistan-idUSKBN1FS1XP|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Philippines====
In the [[Philippines]], Valentine's Day is called {{lang|fil|Araw ng mga Puso}} in much the same manner as in the West. It is usually marked by a steep increase in the price of flowers, particularly red roses.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://beta.philstar.com/nation/2015/02/13/1423310/flower-prices-double-ahead-valentines-day |title=Flower prices double ahead of Valentine's Day |date=February 13, 2015 |work=Philippine Star |access-date=February 13, 2018 |archive-date=January 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118061607/http://beta.philstar.com/nation/2015/02/13/1423310/flower-prices-double-ahead-valentines-day |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is the most popular day for weddings,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://newsfeed.time.com/2012/02/13/valentines-day-traditions-around-the-world/slide/phillipines/ |title=Valentine's Day Traditions Around the World |last=Springer |first=Kate |date=February 13, 2012 |magazine=Time |access-date=February 13, 2018 |language=en-US |issn=0040-781X |archive-date=February 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221110519/http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/02/13/valentines-day-traditions-around-the-world/slide/phillipines/ |url-status=live }}</ref> with some localities offering mass ceremonies for no charge.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.guampdn.com/story/news/local/bayanihan/2017/02/18/hundreds-wed-each-year-valentines-day-philippines/97540694/ |title=Hundreds wed each year on Valentine's Day in Philippines |date=February 18, 2017 |work=Pacific Daily News |access-date=February 13, 2018 |language=en |archive-date=March 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324141018/https://www.guampdn.com/news/local/hundreds-wed-each-year-on-valentines-day-in-philippines/article_3542dcc2-815f-539c-9345-264469ea0c17.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Saudi Arabia====
In [[Saudi Arabia]], in 2002 and 2008, [[Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)|religious police]] banned the sale of all Valentine's Day items, telling shop workers to remove any red items, because the day is considered a Christian holiday.<ref name="bbc 2002">{{cite news |title=Cooling the ardour of Valentine's Day |work=BBC News |date=February 3, 2002 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1818642.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306053659/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1818642.stm |archive-date=March 6, 2016}}</ref><ref name="bbc saudi"/> This ban has created a [[black market]] for [[rose]]s and [[wrapping paper]].<ref name="bbc saudi">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7239005.stm |title=Saudis clamp down on valentines |work=BBC News |date=February 11, 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112212609/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7239005.stm |archive-date=January 12, 2016}}</ref><ref name="LA Times 2010">{{cite news |title= Saudi officials put the squeeze on Valentine's Day |author= Lutz, Meris |date= February 13, 2010 |newspaper= [[LA Times]] |url= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-feb-13-la-fg-saudi-valentine13-2010feb13-story.html |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160306125412/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/feb/13/world/la-fg-saudi-valentine13-2010feb13 |archive-date= March 6, 2016 |df= mdy-all }}</ref> In 2012, the religious police arrested more than 140 Muslims for celebrating the holiday, and confiscated all red roses from flower shops.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Religious police swoop on Valentine's Day lovers |date= February 15, 2012 |author= BBC |work= ABC News |url= http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-02-15/saudi-heart-breakers/3830624 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160205131410/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-02-15/saudi-heart-breakers/3830624 |archive-date= February 5, 2016 |df= mdy-all }}</ref> Muslims are not allowed to celebrate the holiday, and non-Muslims can celebrate only behind closed doors.<ref name="saudi 2013">{{Cite web |title= Police, Hai'a deny special Valentine's Day crackdowns |author1= Fatima Muhammad |author2= Mariam Nihal |name-list-style= amp |date= February 14, 2013 |work= [[Saudi Gazette]] |url= http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=20130214153122 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924121823/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=20130214153122 |archive-date= September 24, 2015 |df= mdy-all }}</ref>

"Saudi cleric Sheikh Muhammad Al-'Arifi said on Valentine's Day Eve that celebrating this holiday constitutes [[bid'a]] – a forbidden innovation and deviation from religious law and custom – and mimicry of the West."<ref>Raialyoum.com, February 13, 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/7994.htm#_edn2 "Saudis Sentenced To Prison, Flogging For Celebrating Valentine's Day."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104223259/http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/7994.htm#_edn2 |date=January 4, 2016 }} MEMRI.org. May 20, 2014.</ref>

However, in 2017 and 2018, after a [[fatwa]] was widely circulated, the religious police did not prevent Muslims from celebrating the day.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1246766/saudi-arabia |title=Un-forbidden love: Saudis enjoy second 'religious police-free' Valentine's Day |access-date=November 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207104420/http://www.arabnews.com/node/1246766/saudi-arabia |archive-date=February 7, 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2018, Sheikh Ahmed Qasim Al-Ghamdi, a Saudi cleric and former president of the [[Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)|Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice]], said that Valentine's Day is not haram and is compatible with Islamic values.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 15, 2018|title=Valentine is not 'haram', says ex-Saudi religious police boss|url=https://arab.news/5t39k|access-date=January 15, 2022|website=Arab News|language=en|archive-date=March 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324140945/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1247011/saudi-arabia|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=AFP|date=February 15, 2018|title=Saudi cleric endorses Valentine's Day as 'positive event'|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1389589|access-date=January 15, 2022|website=Dawn.com|language=en|archive-date=January 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115003959/https://www.dawn.com/news/1389589|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Singapore====
According to findings, [[Singapore]]ans are among the biggest spenders on Valentine's Day, with 60% of Singaporeans indicating that they would spend between $100 and $500 during the season leading up to the holiday.<ref name="showbizandstyle.inquirer.net"/>

====South Korea====
In [[South Korea]], women give chocolate to men on February 14, and men give non-chocolate candy to women on March 14 ([[White Day]]). On April 14 (Black Day), those who did not receive anything on February or March 14 go to a Chinese-Korean restaurant to eat black noodles ({{korean|짜장면||[[jajangmyeon]]|labels=no}}) and lament their "single life".<ref name=yoshimura /> Koreans also celebrate [[Pepero Day]] on November 11, when young couples give each other pepero cookies. The date "11/11" is intended to resemble the long shape of the cookie. The 14th of every month marks a love-related day in Korea, although most of them are obscure. From January to December, the sequence of these days is Candle Day, Valentine's Day, White Day, [[Black Day (South Korea)|Black Day]], Rose Day, Kiss Day, Silver Day, Green Day, Music Day, Wine Day, Movie Day, and Hug Day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centredaily.com/479/story/1118881.html |title=Korea rivals U.S. in romantic holidays |access-date=February 15, 2009 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217041952/http://www.centredaily.com/479/story/1118881.html |archive-date=February 17, 2009 }}, ''Centre Daily Times'', February 14, 2009.</ref> Korean women give a much higher amount of chocolate than Japanese women.<ref name=yoshimura>{{cite journal |title= No matter where you're from, Valentine's Day still means the same |author= Risa Yoshimura |volume= 78 |issue= 18 |date= February 14, 2006 |journal= [[The Pacer]] |url= http://pacer.utm.edu/2926.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060427124136/http://pacer.utm.edu/2926.htm |archive-date= April 27, 2006 }}</ref>

====Taiwan====
[[Image:TAIPEI 101 in Valentine's Day.JPG|thumb|[[Taipei 101]] in Valentine's Day 2006]]
In [[Republic of China|Taiwan]], traditional [[Qixi Festival]], Valentine's Day and White Day are all celebrated. However, the situation is the reverse of Japan's. Men give gifts to women on Valentine's Day, and women return them on [[White Day]].<ref name=yoshimura />

===Europe===

====Estonia and Finland====
In Finland, Valentine's Day is called {{lang|fi|ystävänpäivä}} ('Friend's Day'). As the name indicates, this day is more about remembering friends, not significant others. In Estonia, Valentine's Day was originally called {{lang|et|valentinipäev}} and later also {{lang|et|sõbrapäev}} ('Friend's Day') as a [[calque]] of the Finnish term.<ref name="s6brap2ev">{{cite web|url=http://www.folklore.ee/Berta/tahtpaev-valentinipaev.php|title=BERTA – Eesti rahvakalendri tähtpäevade andmebaas|work=folklore.ee|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219074035/http://www.folklore.ee/Berta/tahtpaev-valentinipaev.php|archive-date=February 19, 2016}}</ref>

====France====
In France, a traditionally [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] country, Valentine's Day is known simply as "[[Saint Valentine|Saint Valentin]]", and is celebrated in much the same way as other Western countries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://travelfranceonline.com/valentines-day-saint-valentin-tradition/|title=Traditions in france for valentine's day celebration|date=January 23, 2015|newspaper=Culture x Tourism|language=en-US|access-date=January 25, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202020308/https://travelfranceonline.com/valentines-day-saint-valentin-tradition/|archive-date=February 2, 2017}}</ref> The relics of Saint Valentin de Terni, the patron of the St Valentine's Day, are in the Catholic church of Saint-Jean-Baptiste and Saint-Jean-l’Evangéliste, located in the southern France town of [[Roquemaure, Gard]]. The celebrations of {{lang|fr|"Fête des Amoureux"}} takes place every two years on the Sunday closest to February 14. The village gets dressed in its 19th-century costume and put on the program with over 800 people.

====Greece====
Saint Valentine's Day, or {{lang|el|Ημέρα του Αγίου Βαλεντίνου}} in Greek tradition, was not associated with romantic love. In the Eastern Orthodox church there is another saint who protects people who are in love, [[Hyacinth of Caesarea]] (feast day July 3); but this was not widely known until the late 1990s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cretegazette.com/2009-02/agios-yakinthos.php |title=Agios Yakinthos |date=February 1, 2009 |work=Crete Gazette |access-date=February 13, 2018 |archive-date=February 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214073555/https://www.cretegazette.com/2009-02/agios-yakinthos.php |url-status=live }}</ref> In contemporary Greece, Valentine's Day is generally celebrated as in the common western tradition.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.grreporter.info/en/young_greeks_celebrate_valentines_day_home/6100 |title=Young Greeks celebrate Valentine's Day at home |date=February 14, 2012 |work=GR Reporter |access-date=February 13, 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=February 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214073614/http://www.grreporter.info/en/young_greeks_celebrate_valentines_day_home/6100 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Ireland====
[[Image:Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church.JPG|thumb|Many Christians make a [[Christian pilgrimage|pilgrimage]] to [[Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church]] in Dublin on Saint Valentine's Day to implore the [[Intercession of saints|intercession]] of Saint Valentine in their [[Christian prayer|prayers]], with the hope of finding true love<ref name="IrishCentral2017"/>]]
On Saint Valentine's Day in Ireland, many individuals who seek true love make a [[Christian pilgrimage]] to the Shrine of St. Valentine in [[Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church]] in Dublin, which is said to house relics of Saint Valentine of Rome; they [[Christian prayer|pray]] at the shrine in hope of finding romance.<ref name="IrishCentral2017">{{cite web|url=http://www.irishcentral.com/travel/love-seekers-show-up-at-st-valentines-resting-place-in-dublin-116076619-237369251|title=Love-seekers show up at St. Valentine's resting place in Dublin|date=February 10, 2017|publisher=IrishCentral|access-date=February 14, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214183306/http://www.irishcentral.com/travel/love-seekers-show-up-at-st-valentines-resting-place-in-dublin-116076619-237369251|archive-date=February 14, 2017}}</ref> There lies a book in which foreigners and locals have written their prayer requests for love.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/7212675/Irish-priests-keep-a-candle-for-Saint-Valentine.html|title=Irish priests keep a candle for Saint Valentine|last=Hecker|first=Jurgen|date=February 11, 2010|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|language=en|access-date=February 6, 2018|quote=A book in the church is filled with countless wishes addressed to the patron saint of lovers, while a steady stream of locals and visitors alike pray here for help in their amorous quests. "God has someone in mind for me, and I obviously haven't met him yet. So I just hope that Saint Valentine will assist me, that I will find him," said one female visitor. Another added: "We just prayed to find the right one, and I believe I will be led to him when the time is right."|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207011336/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/7212675/Irish-priests-keep-a-candle-for-Saint-Valentine.html|archive-date=February 7, 2018}}</ref>

==== Poland ====
Saint Valentine's Day was introduced to Poland together with the cult of Saint Valentine via [[Bavaria]] and [[Tyrol]].<ref name="Chelmo">{{Cite web|title=Patron zakochanych – Chełmno – miasto zakochanych|url=https://chelmno.pl/pl/category/miasto-zakochanych/patron-zakochanych/|access-date=February 14, 2021|language=pl-PL|archive-date=February 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214234240/https://chelmno.pl/pl/category/miasto-zakochanych/patron-zakochanych/|url-status=live}}</ref> However, it rose in popularity in the 1990s.<ref name="Chelmo" /> The only public celebration in Poland is held annually from 2002 in [[Chełmno]]<ref name="Chelmo" /> under the name {{lang|pl|"Walentynki Chełmińskie"}} (Chełmno Valentine's). Because Chełmno's parish church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary has been holding the [[relic]] of Saint Valentine since the Middle Ages, local cult of the saint has been combined with the Anglo-Saxon tradition.<ref name="Chelmo" />

====Portugal====
In Portugal, the holiday is known as {{lang|pt|"Dia dos Namorados"}} (Lovers' Day / Day of the Enamoured). As elsewhere, couples exchange gifts, but in some regions, women give a {{lang|pt|lenço de namorados}} ("lovers' handkerchief"), which is usually embroidered with love motifs.<ref name="Poelzl2009">{{cite book|last=Poelzl|first=Volker|title=CultureShock! Portugal: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cRqJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|access-date=February 14, 2018|year=2009|publisher=Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd|isbn=9789814435628|page=174}}</ref>

====Romania====
In recent years, Romania has also started celebrating Valentine's Day. This has drawn backlash from several groups, institutions,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cultura.ro/Documents.aspx?ID=190 |title=Valentine's Day versus Dragobete |access-date=February 14, 2007 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627093822/http://www.cultura.ro/Documents.aspx?ID=190 |archive-date=June 27, 2010 }}, cultura.ro {{in lang|ro}}</ref> and nationalist organizations like [[Noua Dreaptă]], who condemn Valentine's Day for being superficial, commercialist, and imported Western [[kitsch]]. In order to counter the perceived denaturation of national culture, [[Dragobete]], a spring festival celebrated in parts of Southern Romania, has been rekindled after having been ignored during the Communist years as the traditional Romanian holiday for lovers. The holiday is named after a character from Romanian folklore who was supposed to be the son of [[Baba Dochia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rolandia.eu/dragobete-celebrating-love-romanian-style/|title=Dragobete 's Day – Celebrating love in the Romanian style|website=Romania Tours|language=en-US|access-date=March 2, 2016|archive-date=March 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307021851/http://www.rolandia.eu/dragobete-celebrating-love-romanian-style/|url-status=live}}</ref> Its date used to vary depending on the geographical area, however nowadays it is commonly observed on February 24.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.elenacuza.ro/site/finlanda/dragobeteeng.htm |title=dragobeteeng |last=Cuza |first=Elena |access-date=February 13, 2018 |archive-date=February 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217043014/http://www.elenacuza.ro/site/finlanda/dragobeteeng.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Scandinavia====
In [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], February 14 is known as {{lang|no|Valentinsdag}}, and is celebrated in much the same manner as in the United Kingdom.<ref name="Skandiblog">{{Cite web |url=http://skandihome.com/skandiblog/inspiration/valentines-day-the-scandinavian-way/ |title=Valentine's Day the Scandinavian way |last=Ripa |first=Ellen |date=February 6, 2017 |website=Skandiblog |language=en-US |publisher=Skandihome |access-date=February 13, 2018 |archive-date=February 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214073458/http://skandihome.com/skandiblog/inspiration/valentines-day-the-scandinavian-way/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Sweden]] it is called {{lang|sv|Alla hjärtans dag}} ("All Hearts' Day") but is not widely celebrated. A 2016 survey revealed that fewer than 50% of men and women were planning to buy presents for their partners.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/650924/survey-on-valentine-s-day-celebration-traditions-in-sweden-by-gender/ |title=Sweden: Valentine's Day celebration traditions by gender 2016 |website=Statista |language=en |access-date=February 13, 2018 |archive-date=February 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214202710/https://www.statista.com/statistics/650924/survey-on-valentine-s-day-celebration-traditions-in-sweden-by-gender/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The holiday has only been observed since the 1960s.<ref name="Skandiblog"/>

====Spain====
The holiday was first introduced in Spain through a 1948 advertisement campaign by the department store chain [[Galerías Preciados]],<ref name="abc_es" /> and had become widespread by the 1970s.<ref name="abc_es">{{Cite web|date=February 13, 2014|title=Y San Valentín llegó a España de mano de Galerías Preciados|url=https://www.abc.es/historia/20140214/abci-valentin-llego-espana-201401281300.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214101116/https://www.abc.es/historia/20140214/abci-valentin-llego-espana-201401281300.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 14, 2021|access-date=February 14, 2022|website=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|language=es}}</ref>

Known as "San Valentín", the holiday is celebrated the same way as in the rest of the West. However, in [[Catalonia]], the celebration is overshadowed by the highly popular [[Saint George's Day in Catalonia|Saint George's Day]] (Catalan: ''Diada de Sant Jordi''), a [[Catalans|Catalan]] tradition established in the late Middle Ages which already serves to the same romantic purpose of Valentine's Day.<ref name="Amades-1952">{{Cite book |last=Amades |first=Joan |title=Costumari Català. El curs de l'any |publisher=Salvat Edicions |year=1952 |edition=2nd |location=Barcelona |pages=285–307 |language=Catalan}}</ref>

====United Kingdom====
[[File:1920s Dancers Royal Palace Hotel - The Shining.jpg|thumb|right|Valentine's dance and ballroom dancing competition at the [[Royal Garden Hotel|Royal Palace Hotel]] in Kensington, London, Valentine's Day 1921]]
In the UK, just under half of the population spends money on their valentines. Around £1.3 billion is spent yearly on cards, flowers, chocolates, and other gifts, with an estimated 25 million cards sent.<ref>{{cite news |title=Last Valentine's Day I was in a relationship. This year I'm single – and I know I'll enjoy it |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/last-valentines-day-i-was-in-a-relationship-this-year-im-single-and-i-know-ill-enjoy-it-a-hell-of-a-a6867026.html |access-date=June 4, 2020 |newspaper=The Independent |archive-date=June 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604182945/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/last-valentines-day-i-was-in-a-relationship-this-year-im-single-and-i-know-ill-enjoy-it-a-hell-of-a-a6867026.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In Wales, some people celebrate [[Dydd Santes Dwynwen]] (Saint Dwynwen's Day) on January 25 instead of (or as well as) Valentine's Day. The day commemorates [[Dwynwen|St Dwynwen]], the Welsh patron saint of love.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/st-dwynwen-day-welsh-valentine-8505890|title=7 things you probably didn't know about St Dwynwen's Day|work=Wales Online|date=January 25, 2018|access-date=February 13, 2018|archive-date=February 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213195259/https://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/st-dwynwen-day-welsh-valentine-8505890|url-status=live}}</ref> The Welsh name for Saint Valentine is Sant Ffolant.

In a 2016 poll conducted by [[Channel 4]] for Valentine's Day, [[Jane Austen]]'s line, "My heart is, and always will be, yours", from her novel ''[[Sense and Sensibility]]'' as said by Edward Ferrars ([[Hugh Grant]]) to Elinor Dashwood ([[Emma Thompson]]) in the acclaimed [[Sense and Sensibility (1995 film)|1995 film adaptation]], was voted the most romantic line from literature, film, and TV by thousands of women.<ref>{{cite news |title=Valentine's Day 2016: Jane Austen tops poll to find most romantic line from literature, film and TV |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/valentines-day-2016-jane-austen-tops-poll-to-find-most-romantic-line-from-literature-film-and-tv-a6863091.html |access-date=June 4, 2020 |newspaper=The Independent |archive-date=June 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604192543/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/valentines-day-2016-jane-austen-tops-poll-to-find-most-romantic-line-from-literature-film-and-tv-a6863091.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Restrictions on Valentine's Day in some countries==
Valentine's Day has also faced restrictions or official discouragement in several other countries. In [[Indonesia]] and [[Uzbekistan]], authorities in some regions have discouraged or limited celebrations due to concerns about Western cultural influence and religious values. In [[Brunei]], officials have warned Muslims against celebrating the holiday, though non-Muslims may observe it privately. In [[Qatar]], [[Kuwait]] and [[Oman]], celebrations are generally low-key or private because of cultural and religious sensitivities. In [[Somalia]], the holiday has been opposed or banned in some areas by religious authorities who consider it contrary to Islamic teachings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.travelawaits.com/2728754/countries-where-it-is-forbidden-to-celebrate-valentines-day/ |title=6 Countries Where It Is Forbidden To Celebrate Valentine’s Day |publisher=The Travel Awaits |date=6 February 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://guardian.ng/life/nine-countries-where-valentines-day-is-banned-or-restricted/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Nine countries where Valentine’s Day is banned or restricted |date=14 February 2026 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Christianity|Holidays}}
* [[Galentine's Day (observance)|Galentine's Day]]
* [[Palentine's Day]]
* [[World Kiss Day]]
* [[Dia dos Namorados]]
* [[Sailor's valentine]]
* [[Saint Valentine's Day Massacre]]
* [[Singles Awareness Day]]
* [[Steak and Blowjob Day]]
* [[Valentine's Day (2010 film)|''Valentine's Day'' (2010 film)]]
* [[V-Day (movement)|V-Day]], the global movement to end violence against women and girls.
* [[Women's Memorial March]], held on Valentine's Day in Vancouver, British Columbia.
* [[Cake and Cunnilingus Day]]
* [[National Boyfriend Day]]


==Notes==
{{reflist|group=notes}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin}}
*{{citation |chapter= The Valentines of February |title= Chaucer and the cult of Saint Valentine |volume= 5 |series= Davis medieval texts and studies |last= Ansgar Kelly |first= Henry |publisher= Brill |year= 1986 |isbn= 978-90-04-07849-9 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_bqdZbKPztMC }}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=Valentine's Day Traditions in Boston |author=Anthony M. Sammarco |date=January 24, 2022 |publisher=America Through Time |isbn=978-1635001075}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
* {{Wikisource-inline|Portal:Valentine's Day}}


{{Public holidays in Algeria}}
{{Mexico Holidays}}
{{US Holidays}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Valentine's Day| ]]
[[Category:International observances]]
[[Category:February observances]]
[[Category:Days celebrating love]]
[[Category:Saints' days|Valentine]]

St Joseph's College, Prayagraj

2026-03-14T18:38:58Z

IgnacioGrishin: new a article w/ refs

{{Primary sources|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Saint Joseph's College, Prayagraj
| image =
| image_size = 180
| caption =
| motto ={{langx|la|Semper Sursum}}
| motto_translation = Always Aim High
| established =
| type = [[Private school|Private]]
| principal = Reverend Father Walter D'Silva
| city = {{center|2 Tashkent Marg, 
[[Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh]], India}}
| houses = {{color box|gold}} St. Francis {{color box|red}} St. George {{color box|green}} St. Patrick {{color box|blue}} St. Andrews
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]]
| colours = {{color box|lightblue}} light blue {{color box|blue}} navy blue {{color box|green}} green
| enrollment = Over 10000
| affiliation = The [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] Examinations (ICSE) and The [[Indian School Certificate]] Examinations (ISC)
| alumni = Ex. Josephites
| campus = Convent
| sister_school = St. Joseph's College Annexe (Junior), St.Joseph's Girls' College
| coordinates = {{coord|25.4559|81.8452|type:edu_region:IN-UP|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.sjcallahabad.org}}
}}
'''St. Joseph's College,''' abbreviated to '''SJC''', established in 1884, is a prominent [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|CISCE]]-affiliated elite school in [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India,<ref>[https://www.cisce.org/locate-search.aspx?country=2&state=36&dist=6&city=Allahabad&location=&schooltype=&cve=&isc=&icse=&schoolclassi=&school=St.%20Joseph%27s%20College&search=search CISCE Website]</ref> with high rankings both in the state and in India.<ref>[https://www.educationworld.in/ew-india-school-rankings-2020-21/?school=Boys%20Day%20School Boys Day School rankings]</ref>

It is affiliated with the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations.<ref>[https://www.sjcallahabad.org/School_history.aspx History of St Joseph's College, Allahabad]</ref> With over 1000 students collectively enrolled within its main, annexes, and girls' wing campuses, the college is one of the largest schools of Prayagraj in terms of enrolment.<ref>[http://www.dioceseofallahabad.org/St_joseph_college.aspx# St. Joseph's College, Allahabad]</ref> The college's motto is {{Lang|la|Semper Sursum}} {{En dash}} Always Aim High.<ref>College Anthem</ref>

Reverend Father Walter D'Saliva is the current principal of the college.<ref>[https://www.sjcallahabad.org/menu/photogallery/DisplayPhotosFull.aspx?id=Pc5eQKU9lVc=&ids=uS4rxaICWgs= SJC Welcomes its new Principal]</ref> Students of the institution are known as Josephites.

==Josephest==
The biggest cultural event of the college is Josephest,<ref>[http://www.activeindiatv.com/editorials/13888-after-bhss-alfresco-it-is-sjcs-josephest-why-cant-hindi-medium-schools-revive-old-glory- Cultural Festival of SJC, Allahabad]</ref> which is held annually at the end of October and sometimes at the start of November. A number of schools from the city as well as from other cities in the state participate. A multitude of events are organized during the two-day festival that range from literary, art and craft, music and dance competitions to skits, quizzes and computer programming competitions.

Major events are held in the main auditorium, which has a seating capacity of over 12000
people. Minor events are either organised in the Hogan Hall, the reading room or the respective designated areas such as the computer laboratory, gymnasium, or art room. The events are judged by distinguished jury members invited from various institutions and organisations in Prayagraj.

==Notable alumni==
The college has the distinction of having given many top ranked elite, highest serving officials in the country, ranging from numerous Chief Justices and Judges, civil servants, doctors, scientists, politicians, businessmen and bureaucrats, amongst other professionals.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Atiq Ahmed Murder Case; Asad Ahmed Prayagraj School (Ground Report) {{!}} Prayagraj News {{!}} सेंट जोसेफ स्कूल, जहां अतीक के 5 बेटे पढ़े: बिना बुलाए पहुंचा था माफिया, चीफ गेस्ट बना; फोटो छपी तब प्रिंसिपल को पता चला - Prayagraj (Allahabad) News | url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/prayagraj/news/the-mafia-reached-the-school-without-being-invited-distributed-the-prize-as-the-chief-guest-the-principal-came-to-know-when-the-photo-was-published-in-the-newspaper-131182530.html | access-date=2025-02-01 | website=www.bhaskar.com}}</ref>


*[[Amit Agrawal]] – professor
*[[Syed Ahmad Ali]] – army officer, former [[Pro-vice-chancellor|pro-vice chancellor]] of [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
*[[Prashant Bhushan]] – lawyer, activist
*[[Norman Anil Kumar Browne]] – former [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of Air Staff]], [[Indian Air Force]]
*[[Parvez Dewan]] - former Indian administrator, author and librettist
*[[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] – director, actor, [[screenwriter]], [[film producer]]
*[[Yogendra Dimri]] - General Officer Commanding - in Chief, [[Central Command (India)|Central Command, Indian Army]]
*[[Rahul Kanwal]] – [[journalist]]
*[[V. N. Khare]] – former [[Chief Justice of India]]
*[[Madan Lokur]] – former [[judge]] at the [[Supreme Court of India]]
*[[Raghunandan Swarup Pathak]] – former [[Chief Justice of India]]
*[[Mriganka Sur]] – [[neuroscientist]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Joseph's College, Prayagraj}}
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Schools in Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1884]]
[[Category:1884 establishments in India]]

Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai

2026-03-10T06:44:58Z

IgnacioGrishin: adding basic stub initial version

{{Short description|Pashtun nationalist and political leader (1907–1973)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=February 2012}}
{{Cleanup|date=April 2011}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai عبدالصمد اڅکزی
| image = Abdul Samad Achakzai.png
| caption =
| birth_name = Abdul Samad
| birth_date = 7 July 1907
| birth_place = Inayat Ullah Karez, [[Gulistan, Balochistan]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1973|12|2|1907|7|7}}
| death_place = [[Quetta, Pakistan]]
| body_discovered = Quetta, Pakistan
| death_cause = Assassination
| resting_place = Inayat Ullah Karez, Gulistan, Pakistan
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| citizenship = [[British Raj|British India]] (1907–1947) [[Pakistan]] (1947–1973)
| other_names = Khan Shaheed
| known_for = Political activism
| education =
| alma_mater =
| employer =
| occupation = Politician
| years_active =
| networth =
| height =
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Mahmood Khan Achakzai]]
| party = [[Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party]]
| opponents = British Raj
| boards =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children = Wali Ehad, daughter, and sons Ahmed Khan Achakzai, [[Muhammad Khan Achakzai]], [[Mahmood Khan Achakzai]], [[Hamid Khan Achakzai]]
| parents = Nur Mohammad Khan
| relations =
| callsign =
| awards =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai''' (7 July 1907 – 2 December 1973) ({{langx|ps|عبدالصمد خان اڅکزی}}), commonly known as '''Khan Shaheed''' ({{lang|ps|خان شهيد}}) (This title or name was given by the great Baba-e-Afghan Abdul Rahim Khan Mandokhail) was a [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] nationalist and political leader from the then British Indian province of [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Baluchistan]].<ref name="dawn">{{cite news |title=Achakzai's mysterious killing |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/773230/achakzais-mysterious-killing |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=22 December 2012 }}</ref> He founded the [[Anjuman-i-Watan Baluchistan]], which was allied with the [[Indian National Congress]].

== Early life ==

Achakzai wrote that he was born on 7 July, in the village of Innayatullah Karez.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Khan |first1=Talimand |title=Crusader from the frontier |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/crusader-from-the-frontier/ |website=The Friday Times |date=1 January 2016}}</ref> He lost his father early in life. He and his brother, Abdul Salam Khan, were raised by the matriarch Dilbara. Achakzai received his early education at home and was well-versed in the classical Pashto, Arabic, and Persian texts. He joined the local middle school and proved an outstanding student, earning a scholarship.<ref name="Khan 2014">{{cite web |title=Larger than life |url=http://tns.thenews.com.pk/khan-abdul-samad-khan-larger-than-life/#.W_q4fzhKjIV |website=The News on Sunday |date=30 November 2014 |access-date=25 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630165937/http://tns.thenews.com.pk/khan-abdul-samad-khan-larger-than-life/#.W_q4fzhKjIV |archive-date=30 June 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Career ==

Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai was imprisoned in May 1930 for the first time. He was previously warned by the rulers for his lectures to the villagers at the mosque.

In his political struggle he founded [[Anjuman-i-Watan]] on 30 May 1938 (Khan Shaheed though remained in alliance against British colonial rule in India, but never merged his led Anjuman-i-Watan in the Indian National Congress), which [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]].<ref name="QasmiRobb2017">{{cite book |last1=Qasmi |first1=Ali Usman |last2=Robb |first2=Megan Eaton |title=Muslims against the Muslim League: Critiques of the Idea of Pakistan |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108621236 |pages=2–3 |language=English}}</ref>

In 1954, after the creation of Pakistan, he founded "Wror Pashtun" movement, later merged with the Pakistan's largest progressive alliance that became National Awami Party (NAP), as he was believer of the Pashtun unified geographical unit in Pakistan. He parted ways with the latter after merging the Pashtun lands into Balochistan province that violated the NAP manifesto to form national units of Pashtun, Baloch, Sindhi, Siraiki, Bengali and Punjabis.<ref name="Khan 2014" />

"He spent the last four years of his life (1969–1973), the longest spell in his political life out of prison, struggling for universal franchise, one-man one-vote in Balochistan and the tribal areas where only members of official Jirga were entitled to vote". Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai believed in equity, was staunch advocate of women rights, and challenged taboos for women voter registration for the general election in 1970.

He was member of the Balochistan Provincial Assembly at the time of his assassination in December 1973. After Samad Khan's demise, his son Engineer [[Mahmood Khan Achakzai]] was elected the chairman of the party.<ref name="Talbot 1998">{{cite book|last=Talbot|first= Ian |title=Pakistan, A Modern History |publisher= Palgrave Macmillan |year= 1998 |page=377 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBs0HdpKuaQC&pg=PA377 |isbn=9780312216061}}</ref>

== Literary life ==

Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai reformed the Bayazid Roshan Pashto script by excluding the Arabic alphabets that his fellow Pashtuns could not pronounce, and was the advocate to have a script of Pashto the way it is pronounced.

Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai had command over the Arabic, Persian, English, Urdu, Balochi and Sindhi languages but loved his mother tongue Pashto the most and believed in its core importance in the nationalist struggle. He translated several books to Pashto, including, Tarjuman-ul-Quran of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Gulistan-i-Saadi of Sheikh Saadi and Future of Freedom of Dotson Carto, 'Seerat-ul-Nabi of Shabli Numani. Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai succeeded in publishing the first ever newspaper in the province history "Istiqlal" from Quetta in 1938 after his 7 years hard struggle to get the Indian Press Act extended to the region.

== Assassination ==
On the night of 2 December 1973, during the [[1970s operation in Balochistan|governor's rule]] imposed by [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto|Bhutto]] in Baluchistan, Achakzai was assassinated in a [[grenade]] attack on his home. The identity of his assassins has never been discovered.<ref name = "dawn" />

==Memoirs==

Abdul Samad Khan began writing his memoirs in jail, covering the period of his birth in 1907 to serving sentence at district jail, Lahore in 1952. Originally written in Pashto, the memoirs entitled, 'Zama Zhwand aw Zhwandoon' (The Way I Lived) unfurls to the birth of Khan Abdul Samad Khan quickly taking the reader to the patrilineal labyrinth of his ancestry. He introduces his great-grandfather, Inayatullah Khan, son of Bostan Khan and finally Barkhurdar Khan the founding patriarch of his family.

He writes: "Our ancestors since the time of Barkhurdar Khan remained connected to the national Afghan court and government and were apparently educated and well versed in the ways of courts and governance.... It is being related that Burkhurdar Khan was a contemporary of Ahmed Shah Baba (Durrani) the founder of present day Afghanistan." "More than his style of writing, Samad Khan's unreserved thoughts on religion, jargas, drug addiction, pedophilia and other afflictions violating his beloved Pukthun and Pukhtun society force the reader to hasten to the next page".

"In the year 1928 I got married. To get married was a thing to be done so did I. The truth however is that for many years I did not understand the profound and lasting value and meaning of marriage," writes Khan Abdul Samad Khan. "His memoirs are replete with similarly unexpected personal revelations, not ascribed usually to a Pukhtun".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Way I Lived |url=http://khanshaheedrc.org/ |website=Khan Shaheed Research Centre}}</ref>

Zama Zhwand aw Zhwandoon' (The way I lived) was transliterated into English by Samad Khan's son, Mohammad Khan Achakzai, who also served as governor of Balochistan from 2013 to 2018. It took Mohammad Khan Achakzai more than seven years to translate his father's opus written in haute Pashto into English. Later, the original Pashto edition was also translated into Ukrainian by high ranking diplomats, Mr Vasili Ivashko and Dr Ghulam Sarwar. Both of the versions, English and Ukrainian, will be out of press by the end of November.

== References ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Pashtun nationalism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Achakzai, Abdul Samad Khan}}
[[Category:Pashtun people]]
[[Category:Pashtun nationalists]]
[[Category:Indian nationalists]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:People from Quetta]]
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:Balochistan MPAs 1972–1976]]
[[Category:Achakzai family|Abdul Samad Khan]]
[[Category:Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party politicians]]

Urs Samyuktha Paksha

2026-03-09T14:23:31Z

IgnacioGrishin: small changes

{{short description|Political party in Karnataka, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
'''Urs Samyuktha Paksha''' (Urs United Party), [[political party]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]]. USP was founded by businessman Hari L. Khoday on 16 January 2004. The goal of USP is to work for the rights of the Backward Castes. USP considers that it upholds the legacy of the former Chief Minister of [[Karnataka]], [[Devaraj Urs]]. In the [[Lok Sabha]] elections 2004 USP launched three candidates.

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041012003558/http://www.eci.gov.in/GE2004/pollupd/parties/USYPcontest.htm Election Result 2004]

[[Category:Political parties in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2004]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Karnataka]]

Sasoni Merbil

2026-03-09T09:54:46Z

IgnacioGrishin:

{{Short description|Wetland and eco-tourism site in Assam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}

{{Infobox body of water
| name = Sasoni Merbil
| image = Sasoni Merbeel 03.jpg
| caption = Wetland landscape of Sasoni Merbil
| location = Near [[Naharkatiya]], [[Dibrugarh district]], [[Assam]], India
| coordinates =
| type = Wetland, [[Oxbow lake]]
| inflow = [[Burhi Dihing]] River basin
| basin_countries = India
}}

'''Sasoni Merbil''' (also spelled '''Sasoni Merbeel''') is a wetland ecosystem and eco-tourism destination located near [[Naharkatiya]] in the [[Dibrugarh district]] of [[Assam]], India. Often referred to as the '''“Island of Silence”''', the site is known for its tranquil natural environment and rich biodiversity. The wetland covers roughly 1,550 bighas and forms part of the broader floodplain ecosystem of the Burhi Dihing River.<ref>{{cite news |title=Island of Silence: Sasoni Merbeel – a rich biodiversity hotspot in Assam |url=https://www.nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/sasoni-merbeel-biodiversity-assam.html |work=Northeast Now |date=17 November 2021 |access-date=9 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sasoni Merbeel the ‘Island of Silence’ is a rich biodiversity hotspot in Assam |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/sasoni-merbeel-island-of-silence/ |work=Northeast Live |date=19 November 2021 |access-date=9 March 2026}}</ref>

The area has gained attention as a community-driven conservation initiative that combines environmental protection with sustainable tourism and local livelihood generation.<ref>{{cite news |title=From ULFA rebel with a gun to warrior among the greens |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2018/Apr/01/from-ulfa-rebel-with-a-gun-to-warrior-among-the-greens-1795334.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=1 April 2018 |access-date=9 March 2026}}</ref>

==Geography==
Sasoni Merbil is situated in Upper Assam near Naharkatiya, approximately 16 km from the town and within the floodplain region influenced by the [[Burhi Dihing]] River.<ref>{{cite news |title=Narottam, a Nocte saint |url=https://www.arunachaltimes.in/archives/may12%2016.html |work=The Arunachal Times |date=15 May 2012 |access-date=9 March 2026}}</ref>

The wetland is believed to have formed as an [[Oxbow lake]] due to changes in the river’s course. The area includes a large water body surrounded by forest patches and grassland habitats, creating a diverse ecological landscape. The wetland complex also contains a central island and nearby marshlands that support aquatic and terrestrial species.<ref>{{cite news |title=Foundation of Jalkonwar statue laid at Merbil |url=https://assamtribune.com/foundation-of-jalkonwar-statue-laid-at-merbil |work=The Assam Tribune |date=29 December 2010 |access-date=9 March 2026}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The origin of the name ''Merbil'' is associated with local folklore and religious traditions connected with the nearby ''Bareghar Satra'' in [[Dibrugarh district]]. The satra, locally known as ''Gosaiveti'', is situated on an island-like landmass surrounded by the waters of the wetland. According to local tradition, the term '''“Mer Beel”''' refers to a large water body that encircles a patch of land resembling an island. The wetland lies a few kilometres from the Burhi Dihing River and surrounds the Bareghar Satra, giving rise to the name ''Merbil''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sasoni Merbil Eco Tourism Park Assam |url=https://assaminfo.com/tourist-places/sasoni-merbil-eco-tourism-park-assam |website=Assam Info |access-date=9 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The legend of Merbeel |url=https://newatertalk.in/blog/the-legend-of-merbeel |website=NE Water Talk |date=27 March 2023 |access-date=9 March 2026}}</ref>

Local legends also associate the wetland with the mythical water deity ''Jalkonwar'' (also known as ''Kalika''), believed to reside in the waters of Merbil. Folk narratives connected with the Bareghar Satra describe how a sudden surge of water once surrounded the satra and nearby settlements, forming the large wetland that exists today.

==Legend of Jalkonwar==
[[File:The statue of Jalkonwar, the water deity, and Dwiti, the daughter of Ram Dev Gosain, on a boat at the Sasoni Merbil Eco-Tourism Project 02.jpg|thumb|The statue of Jalkonwar, the water deity, and Dwiti, the daughter of Ram Dev Gosain, on a boat at the Sasoni Merbil Eco-Tourism Project]]
Local folklore associated with Sasoni Merbil recounts a legend about the water prince ''Jalkonwar'' and a young girl named ''Dwiti''. Statues representing Jalkonwar and Dwiti on a boat-shaped altar are installed in the Merbil area, commemorating the story.

According to the legend, a devastating flood once submerged large parts of the present-day Merbil region, including several villages around the Bareghar Satra. Daily life in the flood-affected settlements came to a standstill as water surrounded the area and residents were confined to their homes.

At that time, the satra was headed by ''Shri Ramdev Gosai'', the ''satradhikar'' (head priest) of Bareghar Satra. One day while he was reciting verses from a ''kirtan puthi'', his young daughter Dwiti repeatedly interrupted him by trying to climb onto his lap. Annoyed by the disturbance, he asked his wife to take the child away. When the interruptions continued, the satradhikar reportedly exclaimed in anger that he would throw the girl into the floodwaters. According to another version of the story, his wife jokingly promised that Dwiti would one day be married to the water prince Jalkonwar.

Years later, when Dwiti had grown older, villagers reportedly witnessed an unusual event near Merbil Bhumuk. Water was said to have begun emerging from underground and quickly spread across the surrounding villages, while the Bareghar Satra remained unaffected. That night, Ramdev Gosai is said to have had a dream in which Jalkonwar appeared and reminded him of the earlier promise, declaring his intention to marry Dwiti.

The following night, according to the legend, the water prince again appeared in the satradhikar’s dream and warned that the rising waters would engulf the entire region unless the marriage took place. Faced with the threat of widespread flooding, the satradhikar agreed to the proposal in order to protect the surrounding communities.

At midnight, Dwiti was dressed in bridal attire and brought to the courtyard of the satra. As auspicious chants were recited, she was symbolically offered to the waters, after which she was believed to have disappeared. Soon afterward, the floodwaters receded and the surrounding lands gradually re-emerged.

Local tradition holds that the event left behind sandy pathways and settlements such as Merbil Bhumuk and Balirabat in the area. The legend continues to form an important part of the cultural heritage associated with Sasoni Merbil and Bareghar Satra.<ref name="newater">{{cite web | url = https://newatertalk.in/blog/the-legend-of-merbeel | title = The legend of Merbeel | last = Chetia | first =Girin | date =27 March 2023 | website =newatertalk.in | publisher = NE WATER Talk | access-date = 9 March 2026}}</ref>

==Biodiversity==
Sasoni Merbil is considered a significant biodiversity hotspot in Upper Assam. The wetland supports a wide variety of flora and fauna, including migratory birds, aquatic species, reptiles, and butterflies.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wildlife experts bat for Sasoni Merbil as eco-tourism hotspot |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/wildlife-experts-bat-for-sasoni-merbil-as-eco-tourism-hotspot.html |work=Northeast Now |date=27 August 2025 |access-date=9 March 2026}}</ref> Birdwatchers frequently visit the site during winter when migratory bird species arrive in large numbers. The ecosystem also contains fish, freshwater turtles, snakes, orchids, and other wetland vegetation typical of the Brahmaputra valley.

Sasoni Merbil is a significant ecological hotspot characterized by its rich avian and botanical diversity. The wetland serves as a vital habitat for over 200 species of birds, including migratory waterfowl such as the [[mallard]], [[gadwall]], and [[ferruginous duck]], as well as rare residents like the [[white-winged wood duck]] and [[lesser adjutant]]. The surrounding ecosystem supports a variety of mammals, including leopards, [[rhesus macaque|monkeys]], and foxes, alongside various reptiles and indigenous fish species. The flora is equally diverse, comprising more than '''250 plant species''' that include wild [[orchids]], medicinal herbs, and the unique [[Aromatic rice|Komal Saul]] (magic rice) endemic to the region.

==Eco-tourism development==
The wetland has been gradually developed into an eco-tourism project through local community initiatives and support from public institutions. The project aims to promote conservation of the wetland while providing employment opportunities to nearby villages.<ref>{{cite news |title=Discovering Sasoni |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/discovering-sasoni/ |work=The Indian Express |date=3 October 2010 |access-date=9 March 2026}}</ref>

Infrastructure created for eco-tourism includes boating facilities, nature trails, cottages, and bird-watching areas. Corporate social responsibility initiatives by companies such as [[Oil India Limited]] have also contributed to the development of infrastructure including solar power facilities and boating equipment.<ref>{{cite news |title=OIL CMD inaugurates 40 KW solar power plant |url=https://assamtribune.com/oil-cmd-inaugurates-40-kw-solar-power-plant |work=The Assam Tribune |date=17 December 2010 |access-date=9 March 2026}}</ref>

[[File:Entrance of Sasoni Merbil Eco-Tourism Project 01.jpg|thumb|Entrance of Sasoni Merbil Eco-Tourism Project]]

==Conservation and challenges==
Environmentalists and wildlife experts have emphasized the need for stronger conservation measures to protect the fragile wetland ecosystem from pollution, habitat loss, and unregulated tourism. Conservation efforts focus on maintaining ecological balance while allowing controlled tourism activities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wildlife experts bat for Sasoni Merbil as eco-tourism hotspot |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/wildlife-experts-bat-for-sasoni-merbil-as-eco-tourism-hotspot.html |work=Northeast Now |date=27 August 2025 |access-date=9 March 2026}}</ref>

Local community participation has played a crucial role in protecting the wetland and promoting sustainable management of natural resources.

==Tourism==
Sasoni Merbil has increasingly become a destination for eco-tourism in Upper Assam. Popular activities include:

* Bird watching
* Boating in the wetland
* Nature walks and jungle trekking
* Cultural interaction with local communities

The winter months are considered the best time to visit, when migratory birds arrive and the climate is suitable for outdoor activities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sasoni Merbeel the ‘Island of Silence’ is a rich biodiversity hotspot in Assam |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/sasoni-merbeel-island-of-silence/ |work=Northeast Live |date=19 November 2021 |access-date=9 March 2026}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of wetlands of Assam]]
* [[Tourism in Assam]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Wetlands of Assam]]
[[Category:Lakes of Assam]]
[[Category:Geography of Assam]]
[[Category:Tourism in Assam]]
[[Category:Oxbow lakes of India]]
[[Category:Assamese folklore]]

Abar Bibaho Obhijaan

2026-03-07T06:53:21Z

IgnacioGrishin: adding first data and citations

{{short description|Indian Bengali film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Abar Bibaho Obhijaan
| native_name =
| image = Abar Bibaho Obhijaan poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = Soumik Haldar
| producer = [[Shrikant Mohta]] Mahendra Soni
| writer = [[Rudranil Ghosh]] Somnath Mondal
| starring = [[Ankush Hazra]] [[Nusraat Faria]] [[Anirban Bhattacharya]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/anirban-bhattacharya-on-abar-bibaho-obhijaan/cid/1939767|title=Anirban Bhattacharya on Abar Bibaho Obhijaan|website=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}</ref>
| music = Jeet Gannguli
| editing = Subho Pramanik
| studio = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|05|25}}
| runtime = 119 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Abar Bibaho Obhijaan''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Bengali-language]] [[Comedy film|comedy]] [[Drama Film|drama film]] directed by Soumik Haldar and produced by [[Shrikant Mohta]] and Mahendra Soni. The film stars [[Ankush Hazra]], [[Nusraat Faria]], [[Anirban Bhattacharya]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]], [[Priyanka Sarkar]] and [[Sohini Sarkar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/abar-bibaho-obhijaan/movie-review/100534756.cms?from=mdr|title=Abar Bibaho Obhijaan Movie Review : A comedy of errors|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/watch/abar-bibaho-obhijaan-trailer-packs-cast-and-comedy/cid/1931641|title=‘Abar Bibaho Obhijaan’ trailer promises a punchy comedy|website=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/abar-bibaho-obhijaan-anirban-bhattacharyya-priyanka-sarkar-rudranil-ghosh-sohini-sarkar-jeet-ganguly-attened-abar-bibabo-obhijaan-premier-know-in-details-980955|title=Abar Bibaho Obhijaan: বড়পর্দায় 'আবার বিবাহ অভিযান', সিনেমার প্রিমিয়ারে চাঁদের হাট|date=27 May 2023|website=bengali.abplive.com}}</ref>

This film was released under the banner of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] on 25 May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/abar-bibaho-obhijaan-soumik-haldars-sequel-delivers-more-laughs-than-the-original/cid/1940525|title=Abar Bibaho Obhijaan: Soumik Haldar's sequel delivers more laughs than the original|website=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{plot|date=August 2023}} 
Following the events of [[Bibaho Obhijaan| the previous film]] that took place in 2019, now in 2023, Rajat and Anupam return to their former lives, but not as they expected. Anupam is not only back to the cooking duties of his wife, Rai, but is also participating in Rai's political movements and protests. Meanwhile Rajat has become overly religious and a devotee of Lord Krishna, creating troubles for his boss and his colleagues.

One day on receiving an anonymous call from a stranger, both of them reach an unknown location, the person who called them is none other than Ganesh Maity a.k.a. Bullet Singh. Bullet tells Anupam and Rajat that his late father has left a property worth 100 crores and he wants to give them a 50% share of the property. To claim the property, they must reach [[Bangkok]] within three days or they'll lose it. On hearing this, Rajat and Anupam get ready to leave for Bangkok by lying to their respective wives that they have received the money from an insurance policy. All of them reach Thailand where they are welcomed by Michael, the manager of the property. Next morning, they all wake up to find their bags missing. They are presented before Bolihari, a dangerous gangster and a Mafia boss and his daughter, Matahari.

Bolihari explains that Bullet doesn't own 100 crores. He owes him 100 crores instead for the debt Bullet's cellmate, Zico, failed to pay.

The news of Anupam, Rajat and Bullet's presence in Bangkok reaches the police headquarters in Kolkata, where all the respective wives have gathered to ask for help. The commissioner calls Zico who reveals that he had fooled Bullet in order to get rid of him. Feeling scared for their husband's lives, Maya, Rai and Malati decide to travel to Bangkok to rescue them with assistance from Indian Police. Rajat, Bullet and Anupam are now on verge of being executed as they have failed to pay off the debt. They're just about to be executed when Rajat screams "Hare Krishna" forcing Bolihari to stop and let them free, asking who said they reveal it's Rajat, it turned out both Bolihari and his daughter are devotees of Lord Krishna, now Bolihari has left a condition i.e. if any three of them marry his daughter all their loans will be waived, Anupam and Bullet then plan that Rajat will marry Matihari.

Rajat is dismayed as he is already married to Maya and can't break her heart. But Anupam had already made plans, and much to Rajat's dismay the marriage is happening on same day, as the marriage preparations are ongoing all the three wives reach the marriage venue accompanied by [[Royal Thai Police]] to nab Bolihari. As the three enter they are welcomed by the guests who praise Maya as she is wearing saree, fearing that it might expose them, they change into western outfits, Rajat feels disgust as he is gets married, but he is following Anupam's instruction, as the vermilion ceremony comes Rajat immediately collapses and dies much to Matahari's dismay, but suddenly Anupam notices Michael smiling on Rajat's death: Rajat is feigning his death per Anupam's plan. As everyone leaves, Rajat catches Michael as he heard him speaking in Bengali, Michael's true colours gets revealed, his actual name is Madhusudan Dutta. Madhusudan reveals following the ongoing scams in Kolkata as he was part of them, he fled from Kolkata and settled in Bangkok and feigned Russian Brazilian ancestry and worked for Bolihari and his gang, it turned out that Madhusudhan liked Matahari but cannot tell his true identity as he is an Indian as it turned out that many Indian men have cheated her for money and at last was Zico. Rajat immediately wakes up and reveals that they all want to return to their wives in India. Suddenly Matahari arrives and cries, all three wives come altogether accompanied by Bullet himself all of them then revealed them as [[weepers]] from India. After learning Rajat is alive, they plan to shift him to coffin and then escape via the [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Airport]] to India. Unfortunately Rajat's cover is blown, angering Bolihari but suddenly he and his gang are arrested by the police. Seeing the opportunity Rajat, Anupam and Bullet escape to a nearby dock from there they will flee to Airport followed by Matahari, Madhusudhan and their wives as they all three arrive, the boat leaves the docks, but they are surrounded by Matahari pointing a gun at Rajat for cheating him, but their wives arrive and save them. Madhusudhan also arrives and then expresses his love to Matahari who then accepts him and they share a kiss. The men respond by troubling in home and the wives respond with "lets break the balls".

==Cast==
* [[Ankush Hazra]] as Anupam
* [[Nusraat Faria]] as Rai
* [[Anirban Bhattacharya]] as Ganesh Maity/Gansha/Bullet Singh
* [[Rudranil Ghosh]] as Rajat
* [[Sohini Sarkar]] as Maya
* [[Priyanka Sarkar]] as Malati
* [[Sourav Das (actor)|Sourav Das]] as Michael, aka Madhusudan Dutta

==Music==
The music of the film was composed by [[Jeet Gannguli]].

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Shob e Maya
| lyrics1 = Prasen
| extra1 = Aditya Dev
| length1 = 2:50
| title2 = Mon Bajare
| lyrics2 = Prasen
| extra2 = [[Nakash Aziz]]
| length2 = 2:23
| title3 = Abar Bibaho Obhijaan Title Track
| lyrics3 = [[Anirban Bhattacharya]]
| extra3 = [[Anirban Bhattacharya]], Debraj Bhattacharya
| length3 = 2:30
| total_length = 7:43
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt26680886}}

{{Shree Venkatesh Films}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Shree Venkatesh Films]]

MRF Racing

2026-03-05T21:44:51Z

IgnacioGrishin:

{{Short description|Indian racing team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
'''MRF Racing''' is an Indian racing team that competes in car racing and rallies.

==History==
===Open-wheel racing===
[[MRF Challenge]] is an open-wheel formula racing series organized by MRF. The [[2014–15 MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship season|latest season]] consisted of races organized at [[Irungattukottai Race Track|Madras Motor Racing Track, Chennai]], [[Bahrain International Circuit]], [[Losail International Circuit|Losail International Circuit, Doha]] and [[Buddh International Circuit|Buddh International Circuit, Noida]]. [[Freddie Hunt]], son of {{F1|1976}} [[Formula One]] champion [[James Hunt]], [[Mathias Lauda]], son of {{F1|1975}}, {{F1|1977}} and {{F1|1984}} Formula One champion [[Niki Lauda]] and [[Mick Schumacher]], son of seven time Formula 1 champion [[Michael Schumacher]] competed in the series.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/114968|title=The sons of James Hunt and Niki Lauda to race in MRF series|last=Simmons|first=Marcus|date=15 July 2014|work=[[Autosport]]|publisher=[[Haymarket Media Group|Haymarket Publications]]|access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> MRF has sponsored Indian racing drivers including [[Narain Karthikeyan]], [[Karun Chandok]], [[Ashwin Sundar]], [[N. Leelakrishnan]] and [[Raj Bharath (racing driver)|Raj Bharath]].{{fact|date=August 2022}}

===Rallying===
MRF have also been a long-running sponsor of MRF rally team participating in [[Asia-Pacific Rally Championship]] and [[Indian National Rally Championship]]. Associating with Czech car manufacturer [[Škoda Auto|Škoda]], MRF Skoda is the three time reigning champion in [[Asia-Pacific Rally Championship]] with [[Chris Atkinson]] winning in [[2012 Asia-Pacific Rally Championship season|2012]], [[Gaurav Gill]] in [[2013 Asia-Pacific Rally Championship season|2013]] and [[Jan Kopecký]] in [[2014 Asia-Pacific Rally Championship season|2014]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rally.com.au/world-news/kopecky-wins-aprc-for-team-mrf |title=Kopecky wins WRC for MRF |publisher=rally.com |access-date=15 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129084902/http://www.rally.com.au/world-news/kopecky-wins-aprc-for-team-mrf |archivedate=29 November 2014 }}</ref> MRF also participates in [[Raid De Himalaya]], the world's highest rally.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.northindiatimes.com/news/122/ARTICLE/1902/2009-09-02.html|title=Raid de Himalaya 2009 from October 5, 2009|access-date=15 August 2014|date=2 September 2009|work=North India Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101040049/http://northindiatimes.com/news/122/ARTICLE/1902/2009-09-02.html|archive-date=1 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Indian National Rally Championship Overall winners (2022) [[Karna Kadur]] and [[Nikhil Pai]] also drive in the MRF colours.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Track |first=Auto |date=2022-12-07 |title=Karna Kadur, Nikhil Pai clinch maiden Karnataka-1000 Rally title |url=https://www.autotrack.ind.in/post/karna-kadur-nikhil-pai-clinch-maiden-karnataka-1000-rally-title |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Auto Track |language=en}}</ref>

====European Rally Championship====

Since 2020, Team MRF Tyres has contested the [[European Rally Championship]]. In [[2020 European Rally Championship|2020]], they fielded two cars – a [[BRC Racing Team|BRC]]-run [[Hyundai i20 R5]] for Hyundai’s factory driver [[Craig Breen]] and a [[Toni Gardemeister|TGS]]-run [[Škoda Fabia Rally2 evo]] for [[Emil Lindholm]]. Breen eventually finished the championship in 7th and Lindholm in 15th, with MRF finishing 4th in the Teams championship.

In [[2021 European Rally Championship|2021]] MRF entered a [[VW Polo GTI R5]] for Simone Campedelli instead of WRC-2 bound Lindholm, while also continuing to field the BRC-run Hyundai. Craig Breen continued to drive, but left the team after three events. Different Hyundai-associated drivers would compete in the car for the remainder of the year, including [[Jari Huttunen]], [[Dani Sordo]] and [[Nil Solans]]. MRF eventually finished the season in 5th.

In [[2022 European Rally Championship|2022]], MRF expanded to enter a trio of Škodas for Campedelli, Norbert Herczig and 2021 runner-up Efrén Llarena. Javier Pardo Siota and Mārtiņš Sesks joined later in the season. Llarena scored his first ERC victory on Rallye Azores, with Sesks taking a dominant victory by winning every stage at his home Rally Liepāja. Llarena eventually won the championship, with Pardo in 2nd, Campedelli in 5th, Herczig in 9th and Sesks in 12th. MRF also won the Teams championship, leading [[Toksport WRT]] by 90 points.

In [[2023 European Rally Championship|2023]], MRF entered two teams – Team MRF Tyres and MRF Tyres Dealer Team. They retained Llarena, Campedelli and Sesks, who were joined by [[Mads Østberg]] in a TRT-run [[Citroën C3 Rally2]] and Andrea Mabellini in a Škoda. [[Pontus Tidemand]], Jon Armstrong and Dennis Radström also appeared in a GN Motorsport-run [[Ford Fiesta Rally2]], while Pardo drove a [[Hyundai i20 N Rally2]] at Rally Islas Canarias. The team took two victories – in Poland Liepāja, courtesy of Mārtiņš Sesks, who eventually finished the season as runner-up. Østberg classified 3rd, with Llarena in 4th. The teams finished in 1st and 3rd, respectively.

In [[2024 European Rally Championship|2024]], MRF downgraded to three cars for Llarena, Mabellini and Sesks, who switched the Škoda for a [[Toyota GR Yaris Rally2]]. The season proved to be challenging, with both Llarena and Sesks leaving mid-season. Amaury Molle and [[Simone Tempestini]] were later signed as their replacements. Mabellini took 2nd in [[2024 Rali Ceredigion|Ceredigion]] and later won [[2024 Rally Silesia]], which allowed him to finish 4th in the overall standings. MRF eventually finished the championship in 2nd.

Tempestini is set to remain with MRF in 2025 behind the wheel of a Keane Motorsport-run Škoda, with James Williams and former Citroën factory driver [[Stéphane Lefebvre]] joining on selected events, both driving a [[Hyundai i20 N Rally2]].

===Others===
MRF promotes a national motocross championship, a form of all-terrain two wheeler racing held on enclosed off-road circuits annually across several cities. MRF sponsors major [[karting]] championships in India. MRF is the first Indian [[tyre company]] to develop [[FIA]] approved karting tyres.<ref name="MRF Racing">{{cite web |title=MRF Sports |url=http://www.mrftyres.com/mrf-sports}}</ref>

==Results==
===ERC results===
{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
! Year
! Entrant
! Car
! Driver
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! Drivers
! Points
! Teams
! Points
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[2020 European Rally Championship|2020]]
! rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|IND}} Team MRF Tyres
! [[Hyundai i20 R5]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|IRL}} '''[[Craig Breen]]'''
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2020 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]] 4
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2020 Rally Liepāja|LAT]] 4
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[2020 Rally Fafe Montelongo|POR]] 16
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2020 Rally Hungary|HUN]] Ret
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2020 Rally Islas Canarias|ESP]] 11
|
|
|
! 7th
! 49
! rowspan="2" | 4th
! rowspan="2" | 107
|-
! [[Škoda Fabia Rally2 evo|Škoda Fabia R5 evo]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|FIN}} '''[[Emil Lindholm]]'''
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2020 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]] 9
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2020 Rally Liepāja|LAT]] 5
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2020 Rally Fafe Montelongo|POR]] Ret
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[2020 Rally Hungary|HUN]] 19
| [[2020 Rally Islas Canarias|ESP]]
|
|
|
! 15th
! 27
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[2021 European Rally Championship|2021]]
! rowspan="7" | {{flagicon|IND}} Team MRF Tyres
! [[Hyundai i20 R5]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|IRL}} '''[[Craig Breen]]'''
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[2021 Rally Poland|POL]] 42
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | [[2021 Rally Liepāja|LAT]] 2
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2021 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]] 9
| [[2021 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]]
| [[2021 Azores Rallye|POR1]]
| [[2021 Rally Serras de Fafe e Felgueiras|POR2]]
| [[2021 Rally Hungary|HUN]]
| [[2021 Rally Islas Canarias|ESP]]
! 10th
! 43
! rowspan="7" | 5th
! rowspan="7" | 153
|-
! [[Volkswagen Polo GTI R5]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Simone Campedelli]]'''
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2021 Rally Poland|POL]] Ret
| [[2021 Rally Liepāja|LAT]]
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[2021 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]] 17
| [[2021 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]]
| [[2021 Azores Rallye|POR1]]
|
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 11th
! rowspan="2" | 41
|-
! [[Škoda Fabia Rally2 evo]]
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[2021 Rally Serras de Fafe e Felgueiras|POR2]] 24
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2021 Rally Hungary|HUN]] 5
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2021 Rally Islas Canarias|ESP]] 4
|-
! [[Hyundai i20 R5]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|FIN}} '''[[Jari Huttunen]]'''
| [[2021 Rally Poland|POL]]
| [[2021 Rally Liepāja|LAT]]
| [[2021 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]]
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2021 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]] Ret
| [[2021 Azores Rallye|POR1]]
| [[2021 Rally Serras de Fafe e Felgueiras|POR2]]
| [[2021 Rally Hungary|HUN]]
| [[2021 Rally Islas Canarias|ESP]]
! NC
! 0
|-
! [[Hyundai i20 R5]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Dani Sordo]]'''
| [[2021 Rally Poland|POL]]
| [[2021 Rally Liepāja|LAT]]
| [[2021 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]]
| [[2021 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]]
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | [[2021 Azores Rallye|POR1]] 2
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2021 Rally Serras de Fafe e Felgueiras|POR2]] 12
| [[2021 Rally Hungary|HUN]]
| [[2021 Rally Islas Canarias|ESP]]
! 12th
! 40
|-
! [[Hyundai i20 N Rally2]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Nil Solans]]'''
| [[2021 Rally Poland|POL]]
| [[2021 Rally Liepāja|LAT]]
| [[2021 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]]
| [[2021 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]]
| [[2021 Azores Rallye|POR1]]
| [[2021 Rally Serras de Fafe e Felgueiras|POR2]]
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2021 Rally Hungary|HUN]] Ret
|
! rowspan="2" | 7th
! rowspan="2" | 4 (50){{efn|name=Total|Non-bracketed number refers to the number accumulated with team, with number in brackets referring to the total accumulated for the season.}}
|-
! [[Hyundai i20 R5]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2021 Rally Islas Canarias|ESP]] 12
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[2022 European Rally Championship|2022]]
! rowspan="5" | {{flagicon|IND}} Team MRF Tyres
! [[Škoda Fabia Rally2 evo]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Efrén Llarena]]'''
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2022 Rally Serras de Fafe e Felgueiras|POR1]] 10
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | [[2022 Azores Rallye|POR2]] 1
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | [[2022 Rally Islas Canarias|ESP1]] 2
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2022 Rally Poland|POL]] 4
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | [[2022 Rally Liepāja|LAT]] 2
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2022 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]] 4
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2022 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]] Ret
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | [[2022 Rally Catalunya (European Rally Championship)|ESP2]] 2
! style="background:#FFFFBF;" | 1st
! style="background:#FFFFBF;" | 166
! rowspan="5" style="background:#FFFFBF;" | 1st
! rowspan="5" style="background:#FFFFBF;" | 326
|-
! [[Škoda Fabia Rally2 evo]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|HUN}} '''[[Norbert Herczig]]'''
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2022 Rally Serras de Fafe e Felgueiras|POR1]] Ret
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2022 Azores Rallye|POR2]] 8
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2022 Rally Islas Canarias|ESP1]] 9
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2022 Rally Poland|POL]] 10
| [[2022 Rally Liepāja|LAT]]
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2022 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]] 10
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2022 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]] 5
| [[2022 Rally Catalunya (European Rally Championship)|ESP2]]
! 9th
! 55
|-
! [[Škoda Fabia Rally2 evo]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Simone Campedelli]]'''
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2022 Rally Serras de Fafe e Felgueiras|POR1]] Ret
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2022 Azores Rallye|POR2]] 7
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2022 Rally Islas Canarias|ESP1]] 5
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[2022 Rally Poland|POL]] 35
| [[2022 Rally Liepāja|LAT]]
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | [[2022 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]] 2
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2022 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]] 6
| [[2022 Rally Catalunya (European Rally Championship)|ESP2]]
! 5th
! 71
|-
! [[Škoda Fabia Rally2 evo]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Javier Pardo]]'''
| [[2022 Rally Serras de Fafe e Felgueiras|POR1]]
| [[2022 Azores Rallye|POR2]]
| [[2022 Rally Islas Canarias|ESP1]]
| [[2022 Rally Poland|POL]]
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2022 Rally Liepāja|LAT]] 8
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2022 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]] 7
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2022 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]] 10
| style="background:#FFDF9F;" | [[2022 Rally Catalunya (European Rally Championship)|ESP2]] 3
! style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 2nd
! style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 55 (96){{efn|name=Total|Non-bracketed number refers to the number accumulated with team, with number in brackets referring to the total accumulated for the season.}}
|-
! [[Škoda Fabia Rally2 evo]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|LAT}} '''[[Mārtiņš Sesks]]'''
| [[2022 Rally Serras de Fafe e Felgueiras|POR1]]
| [[2022 Azores Rallye|POR2]]
| [[2022 Rally Islas Canarias|ESP1]]
| [[2022 Rally Poland|POL]]
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | [[2022 Rally Liepāja|LAT]] 1
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[2022 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]] 31
| [[2022 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]]
| [[2022 Rally Catalunya (European Rally Championship)|ESP2]]
! 12th
! 35 (42){{efn|name=Total|Non-bracketed number refers to the number accumulated with team, with number in brackets referring to the total accumulated for the season.}}
|-
| rowspan="11" | [[2023 European Rally Championship|2023]]
! rowspan="5" | {{flagicon|IND}} Team MRF Tyres
! [[Škoda Fabia RS Rally2]]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Efrén Llarena]]'''
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2023 Rally Serras de Fafe e Felgueiras|POR]] 7
| style="background:#FFDF9F;" | [[2023 Rally Islas Canarias|ESP]] 3
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2023 Rally Poland|POL]] 10
|
|
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2023 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]] 4
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 4th
! rowspan="3" | 88
! rowspan="5" style="background:#FFFFBF;" | 1st
! rowspan="5" style="background:#FFFFBF;" | 271
|-
! [[Škoda Fabia Rally2 evo]]
|
|
|
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2023 Rally Liepāja|LAT]] 9
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2023 Royal Rally of Scandinavia|SWE]] Ret
|
|
|
|-
! [[Škoda Fabia R5]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2023 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]] 8
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2023 Rally Hungary|HUN]] 10
|-
! [[Škoda Fabia Rally2 evo]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Simone Campedelli]]'''
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[2023 Rally Serras de Fafe e Felgueiras|POR]] 23
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2023 Rally Islas Canarias|ESP]] Ret
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2023 Rally Poland|POL]] 15
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2023 Rally Liepāja|LAT]] 10
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2023 Royal Rally of Scandinavia|SWE]] Ret
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2023 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]] 11
| [[2023 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]]
| [[2023 Rally Hungary|HUN]]
! 33rd
! 14
|-
! [[Škoda Fabia RS Rally2]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|LAT}} '''[[Mārtiņš Sesks]]'''
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2023 Rally Serras de Fafe e Felgueiras|POR]] 12
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2023 Rally Islas Canarias|ESP]] 8
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | [[2023 Rally Poland|POL]] 1
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | [[2023 Rally Liepāja|LAT]] 1
| style="background:#FFDF9F;" | [[2023 Royal Rally of Scandinavia|SWE]] 3
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2023 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]] Ret
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2023 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]] 11
| style="background:#FFDF9F;" | [[2023 Rally Hungary|HUN]] 3
! style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 2nd
! style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 134
|-
! rowspan="6" | {{flagicon|IND}} MRF Tyres Dealer Team
! [[Citroën C3 Rally2]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|NOR}} '''[[Mads Østberg]]'''
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | [[2023 Rally Serras de Fafe e Felgueiras|POR]] 2
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[2023 Rally Islas Canarias|ESP]] 16
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2023 Rally Poland|POL]] 4
| style="background:#FFDF9F;" | [[2023 Rally Liepāja|LAT]] 3
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2023 Royal Rally of Scandinavia|SWE]] 8
| [[2023 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]]
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2023 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]] Ret
| [[2023 Rally Hungary|HUN]]
! style="background:#FFDF9F;" | 3rd
! style="background:#FFDF9F;" | 80 (115){{efn|name=Total|Non-bracketed number refers to the number accumulated with team, with number in brackets referring to the total accumulated for the season.}}
! rowspan="6" style="background:#FFDF9F;" | 3rd
! rowspan="6" style="background:#FFDF9F;" | 150
|-
! [[Ford Fiesta Rally2]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|SWE}} '''[[Pontus Tidemand]]'''
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2023 Rally Serras de Fafe e Felgueiras|POR]] 13
| [[2023 Rally Islas Canarias|ESP]]
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2023 Rally Poland|POL]] 13
| [[2023 Rally Liepāja|LAT]]
| [[2023 Royal Rally of Scandinavia|SWE]]
| [[2023 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]]
| [[2023 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]]
| [[2023 Rally Hungary|HUN]]
! 38th
! 6
|-
! [[Škoda Fabia Rally2 evo]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Andrea Mabellini]]'''
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2023 Rally Serras de Fafe e Felgueiras|POR]] Ret
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2023 Rally Islas Canarias|ESP]] 13
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2023 Rally Poland|POL]] Ret
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2023 Rally Liepāja|LAT]] 13
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2023 Royal Rally of Scandinavia|SWE]] 9
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2023 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]] 10
| [[2023 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]]
| [[2023 Rally Hungary|HUN]]
! 17th
! 32
|-
! [[Hyundai i20 N Rally2]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Javier Pardo]]'''
| [[2023 Rally Serras de Fafe e Felgueiras|POR]]
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2023 Rally Islas Canarias|ESP]] Ret
| [[2023 Rally Poland|POL]]
| [[2023 Rally Liepāja|LAT]]
| [[2023 Royal Rally of Scandinavia|SWE]]
| [[2023 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]]
| [[2023 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]]
| [[2023 Rally Hungary|HUN]]
! NC
! 0
|-
! [[Ford Fiesta Rally2]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|GBR}} '''[[Jon Armstrong (rally driver)|Jon Armstrong]]'''
| [[2023 Rally Serras de Fafe e Felgueiras|POR]]
| [[2023 Rally Islas Canarias|ESP]]
| [[2023 Rally Poland|POL]]
| [[2023 Rally Liepāja|LAT]]
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2023 Royal Rally of Scandinavia|SWE]] 11
| [[2023 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]]
| [[2023 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]]
| [[2023 Rally Hungary|HUN]]
! 39th
! 5
|-
! [[Renault Clio Rally3]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Paolo Andreucci]]'''
| [[2023 Rally Serras de Fafe e Felgueiras|POR]]
| [[2023 Rally Islas Canarias|ESP]]
| [[2023 Rally Poland|POL]]
| [[2023 Rally Liepāja|LAT]]
| [[2023 Royal Rally of Scandinavia|SWE]]
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[2023 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]] 20
| [[2023 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]]
| [[2023 Rally Hungary|HUN]]
! NC
! 0
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[2024 European Rally Championship|2024]]
! rowspan="8" | {{flagicon|IND}} Team MRF Tyres
! [[Škoda Fabia RS Rally2]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Efrén Llarena]]'''
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2024 Rally Hungary|HUN]] Ret
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2024 Rally Islas Canarias|ESP]] 12
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2024 Royal Rally of Scandinavia|SWE]] 14
| [[2024 Rally Estonia|EST]]
| [[2024 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]]
| [[2024 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]]
| [[2024 Rali Ceredigion|GBR]]
| [[2024 Rally Silesia|POL]]
! 10th
! 6 (45){{efn|name=Total|Non-bracketed number refers to the number accumulated with team, with number in brackets referring to the total accumulated for the season.}}
! rowspan="8" style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 2nd
! rowspan="8" style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 167
|-
! [[Toyota GR Yaris Rally2]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|LAT}} '''[[Mārtiņš Sesks]]'''
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2024 Rally Hungary|HUN]] Ret
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[2024 Rally Islas Canarias|ESP]] 23
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2024 Royal Rally of Scandinavia|SWE]] 6
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2024 Rally Estonia|EST]] 14
| [[2024 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]]
| [[2024 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]]
| [[2024 Rali Ceredigion|GBR]]
| [[2024 Rally Silesia|POL]]
! 28th
! 17
|-
! [[Škoda Fabia RS Rally2]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Andrea Mabellini]]'''
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2024 Rally Hungary|HUN]] 7
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[2024 Rally Islas Canarias|ESP]] 17
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2024 Royal Rally of Scandinavia|SWE]] 9
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2024 Rally Estonia|EST]] 8
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2024 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]] 9
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[2024 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]] 16
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | [[2024 Rali Ceredigion|GBR]] 2
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | [[2024 Rally Silesia|POL]] 1
! 4th
! 101
|-
! [[Citroën C3 Rally2]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Paolo Andreucci]]'''
| [[2024 Rally Hungary|HUN]]
| [[2024 Rally Islas Canarias|ESP]]
| [[2024 Royal Rally of Scandinavia|SWE]]
| [[2024 Rally Estonia|EST]]
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2024 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]] Ret
| [[2024 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]]
| [[2024 Rali Ceredigion|GBR]]
| [[2024 Rally Silesia|POL]]
! NC
! 0
|-
! [[Škoda Fabia Rally2 evo]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|BEL}} '''[[Amaury Molle]]'''
| [[2024 Rally Hungary|HUN]]
| [[2024 Rally Islas Canarias|ESP]]
| [[2024 Royal Rally of Scandinavia|SWE]]
| [[2024 Rally Estonia|EST]]
| [[2024 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]]
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2024 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]] Ret
| [[2024 Rali Ceredigion|GBR]]
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[2024 Rally Silesia|POL]] 22
! NC
! 0
|-
! [[Volkswagen Polo GTI R5]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|ROU}} '''[[Simone Tempestini]]'''
| [[2024 Rally Hungary|HUN]]
| [[2024 Rally Islas Canarias|ESP]]
| [[2024 Royal Rally of Scandinavia|SWE]]
| [[2024 Rally Estonia|EST]]
| [[2024 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]]
| [[2024 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]]
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2024 Rali Ceredigion|GBR]] Ret
|
! rowspan="2" | 6th
! rowspan="2" | 0 (59){{efn|name=Total|Non-bracketed number refers to the number accumulated with team, with number in brackets referring to the total accumulated for the season.}}
|-
! [[Škoda Fabia RS Rally2]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2024 Rally Silesia|POL]] Ret
|-
! [[Toyota GR Yaris Rally2]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|GBR}} '''[[Meirion Evans]]'''
| [[2024 Rally Hungary|HUN]]
| [[2024 Rally Islas Canarias|ESP]]
| [[2024 Royal Rally of Scandinavia|SWE]]
| [[2024 Rally Estonia|EST]]
| [[2024 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]]
| [[2024 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]]
| [[2024 Rali Ceredigion|GBR]]
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2024 Rally Silesia|POL]] Ret
! NC
! 0
|-
| rowspan="15" | [[2025 European Rally Championship|2025]]
! rowspan="13" | {{flagicon|IND}} Team MRF Tyres
! [[Škoda Fabia RS Rally2]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|ROU}} '''[[Simone Tempestini]]'''
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2025 Rally Sierra Morena|ESP]] Ret
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2025 Rally Hungary|HUN]] Ret
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2025 Royal Rally of Scandinavia|SWE]] 9
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2025 Rally Poland|POL]] 6
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2025 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]] Ret
| [[2025 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]]
| [[2025 Rali Ceredigion|GBR]]
| [[2025 Croatia Rally|CRO]]
! 12th*
! 27*
! rowspan="13" style="background:#FFFFBF;" | 1st*
! rowspan="13" style="background:#FFFFBF;" | 163*
|-
! [[Hyundai i20 N Rally2]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|FRA}} '''[[Stéphane Lefebvre]]'''
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2025 Rally Sierra Morena|ESP]] 9
| [[2025 Rally Hungary|HUN]]
| [[2025 Royal Rally of Scandinavia|SWE]]
| [[2025 Rally Poland|POL]]
| [[2025 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]]
|
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 24th
! rowspan="2" | 9 (14)*{{efn|name=Total|Non-bracketed number refers to the number accumulated with team, with number in brackets referring to the total accumulated for the season.}}
|-
! [[Toyota GR Yaris Rally2]]
|
|
|
|
|
| [[2025 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]] WD
| [[2025 Rali Ceredigion|GBR]]
| [[2025 Croatia Rally|CRO]]
|-
! [[Hyundai i20 N Rally2]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|GBR}} '''[[James Williams (rally driver)|James Williams]]'''
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2025 Rally Sierra Morena|ESP]] Ret
| [[2025 Rally Hungary|HUN]]
| [[2025 Royal Rally of Scandinavia|SWE]]
| [[2025 Rally Poland|POL]]
| [[2025 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]]
| [[2025 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]]
| [[2025 Rali Ceredigion|GBR]]
| [[2025 Croatia Rally|CRO]]
! NC
! 0
|-
! [[Toyota GR Yaris Rally2]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|FIN}} '''[[Roope Korhonen]]'''
| [[2025 Rally Sierra Morena|ESP]]
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | [[2025 Rally Hungary|HUN]] 1
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | [[2025 Royal Rally of Scandinavia|SWE]] 2
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2025 Rally Poland|POL]] Ret
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2025 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]] Ret
| [[2025 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]]
| [[2025 Rali Ceredigion|GBR]]
| [[2025 Croatia Rally|CRO]]
! 4th*
! 60*
|-
! [[Citroën C3 Rally2]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|HUN}} '''[[Miklós Csomós]]'''
| [[2025 Rally Sierra Morena|ESP]]
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[2025 Rally Hungary|HUN]] 38
| [[2025 Royal Rally of Scandinavia|SWE]]
| [[2025 Rally Poland|POL]]
| [[2025 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]]
|
|
|
! rowspan="2" | NC
! rowspan="2" | 0
|-
! [[Škoda Fabia RS Rally2]]
|
|
|
|
|
| [[2025 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]]
| [[2025 Rali Ceredigion|GBR]]
| [[2025 Croatia Rally|CRO]]
|-
! [[Citroën C3 Rally2]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|GBR}} '''[[Max McRae]]'''
| [[2025 Rally Sierra Morena|ESP]]
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2025 Rally Hungary|HUN]] Ret
| [[2025 Royal Rally of Scandinavia|SWE]]
| [[2025 Rally Poland|POL]]
| [[2025 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]]
| [[2025 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]]
| [[2025 Rali Ceredigion|GBR]]
| [[2025 Croatia Rally|CRO]]
! 33rd*
! 0 (5)*{{efn|name=Total|Non-bracketed number refers to the number accumulated with team, with number in brackets referring to the total accumulated for the season.}}
|-
! [[Volkswagen Polo GTI R5]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|NOR}} '''[[Frank Tore Larsen]]'''
| [[2025 Rally Sierra Morena|ESP]]
| [[2025 Rally Hungary|HUN]]
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2025 Royal Rally of Scandinavia|SWE]] 5
| [[2025 Rally Poland|POL]]
| [[2025 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]]
| [[2025 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]]
| [[2025 Rali Ceredigion|GBR]]
| [[2025 Croatia Rally|CRO]]
! 16th*
! 19*
|-
! [[Škoda Fabia RS Rally2]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|LAT}} '''[[Mārtiņš Sesks]]'''
| [[2025 Rally Sierra Morena|ESP]]
| [[2025 Rally Hungary|HUN]]
| [[2025 Royal Rally of Scandinavia|SWE]]
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | [[2025 Rally Poland|POL]] 1
| [[2025 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]]
| [[2025 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]]
| [[2025 Rali Ceredigion|GBR]]
| [[2025 Croatia Rally|CRO]]
! 8th*
! 35*
|-
! [[Toyota GR Yaris Rally2]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Jan Solans]]'''
| [[2025 Rally Sierra Morena|ESP]]
| [[2025 Rally Hungary|HUN]]
| [[2025 Royal Rally of Scandinavia|SWE]]
| [[2025 Rally Poland|POL]]
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[2025 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]] 17
| [[2025 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]]
| [[2025 Rali Ceredigion|GBR]]
| [[2025 Croatia Rally|CRO]]
! NC
! 0
|-
! [[Toyota GR Yaris Rally2]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|FIN}} '''[[Benjamin Korhola]]'''
| [[2025 Rally Sierra Morena|ESP]]
| [[2025 Rally Hungary|HUN]]
| [[2025 Royal Rally of Scandinavia|SWE]]
| [[2025 Rally Poland|POL]]
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[2025 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]] 54
| [[2025 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]]
| [[2025 Rali Ceredigion|GBR]]
| [[2025 Croatia Rally|CRO]]
! NC
! 0
|-
! [[Škoda Fabia RS Rally2]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|GBR}} '''[[Chris Ingram (rally driver)|Chris Ingram]]'''
| [[2025 Rally Sierra Morena|ESP]]
| [[2025 Rally Hungary|HUN]]
| [[2025 Royal Rally of Scandinavia|SWE]]
| [[2025 Rally Poland|POL]]
| [[2025 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]]
| [[2025 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]]
| [[2025 Rali Ceredigion|GBR]]
| [[2025 Croatia Rally|CRO]]
! –
! –
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|IND}} MRF Tyres Dealer Team
! [[Toyota GR Yaris Rally2]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|FRA}} '''[[Stéphane Lefebvre]]'''
| [[2025 Rally Sierra Morena|ESP]]
| [[2025 Rally Hungary|HUN]]
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2025 Royal Rally of Scandinavia|SWE]] 11
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2025 Rally Poland|POL]] Ret
| [[2025 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]]
| [[2025 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]]
| [[2025 Rali Ceredigion|GBR]]
| [[2025 Croatia Rally|CRO]]
! 24th
! 5 (14)*{{efn|name=Total|Non-bracketed number refers to the number accumulated with team, with number in brackets referring to the total accumulated for the season.}}
! rowspan="2" | 6th*
! rowspan="2" | 37*
|-
! [[Citroën C3 Rally2]]
| style="text-align:left;" | {{flagicon|GBR}} '''[[Max McRae]]'''
| [[2025 Rally Sierra Morena|ESP]]
| [[2025 Rally Hungary|HUN]]
| style="background:#CFCFFF;" | [[2025 Royal Rally of Scandinavia|SWE]] 24
| style="background:#DFFFDF;" | [[2025 Rally Poland|POL]] 11
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | [[2025 Rally di Roma Capitale|ITA]] Ret
| [[2025 Barum Czech Rally Zlín|CZE]] WD
| [[2025 Rali Ceredigion|GBR]]
| [[2025 Croatia Rally|CRO]]
! 33rd*
! 5*
|-
|}
* Season still in progress

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1997 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Indian auto racing teams]]
[[Category:Intercontinental Rally Challenge teams]]
[[Category:MRF Challenge]]
[[Category:European Rally Championship teams]]

Thaniyavarthanam

2026-03-03T21:13:10Z

IgnacioGrishin: adjusted layout to improve readability and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thaniyavarthanam
| image = Thaniyavarthanam.png

| caption = Poster designed by [[Gayathri Ashokan]]
| director = [[Sibi Malayil]]
| producer = Nandakumar
| writer = [[A. K. Lohithadas]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Thilakan]] [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] Saritha [[Philomina]] [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]]
| music = '''Score:''' [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] '''Song:''' [[M G Radhakrishnan]]
| cinematography = [[Saloo George]]
| editing = L. Bhoominathan
| studio = Nandana Films
| distributor = Tharangini Films
| released = {{Film date|1987|8|14|df=y}}(Kerala)
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Thaniyavarthanam''''' ({{langx|en|'''The Repeating Rhythm'''}}) is a 1987 [[Malayalam]] language [[psychological drama film]] written by [[A. K. Lohithadas]] and directed by [[Sibi Malayil]]. It stars [[Mammootty]] as school teacher Balagopalan, [[Thilakan]] as the uncle of the matrilineal family, [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Gopinathan, and [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Balagopalan's mother. The film became a [[Cult film|cult classic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2024|title=Thaniyaavarthanam|access-date=2014-10-17|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?3744|title=Thaniyaavarthanam|access-date=2014-10-17|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2017/10/19/thaniyavarthanam-movie-producer-nandakumar-sells-dosa.html|title='Thaniyavarthanam' producer now sells dosa batter to eke out a living|website=OnManorama|access-date=2019-02-14}}</ref> Thilakan won [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor]].

Upon release, it received critical acclaim. The film discusses a variety of topics, such as superstition and orthodoxy in rural Kerala, attitudes towards mental illness, the difference in attitude between people of different generations, and the decline of once-proud Nair "joint families". It was actor Thilakan who recommended Mammootty for the lead role (Balagopalan). The screenplay by Lohithadas stands out even today because of its scientific accuracy and realistic depiction.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2016/09/07/an-actor-par-excellence-5-mammootty-films-that-you-must-watch|title=An Actor Par Excellence: 5 Mammootty Films That You Must Watch|website=The Quint|date=7 September 2016|language=en|access-date=2019-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/mammootty-sets-out-on-historical-journey-with-yatra-1.61892097|title=Mammootty sets out on historical journey with 'Yatra'|website=gulfnews.com|date=6 February 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2019/01/28/Mammootty-reveals-his-reason-to-choose-Peranbu.html|title=Mammootty reveals his reason to choose 'Peranbu'|website=The Week|language=en|access-date=2019-02-14}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Plot==
The story is set in a rural village in Kerala. Balagopalan Master or Balan Master, a school drawing teacher in Government service, has a serene life, with two children, a wife, a mother, a younger brother - Gopi, and a younger sister. Gopi is an educated young man, who is against all superstitions. Balagopalan is part of a declining, yet proud, Nair joint family in the village. The elder members of the family are rooted in superstition and orthodoxy. It is a traditional matrilineal society in which the karnavar, the elder one, in the family takes decisions and holds power. Here, instead of the father, the uncle enjoys more power. All decisions in the family are taken by him.

Balan has another uncle, Sreedharan, who is locked up and chained in a dark room in the house as he is considered to be mentally challenged. The belief among the family is that one male from each generation will go mad as a person from their previous generation had sinned by throwing the idol of the family goddess in a well. He was cursed by the goddess and became a lunatic. This curse is supposed to pass down through generations. Balan's uncle finally dies and the talk of the village is - "Who would be next - Balan or Gopi ?"

One night changes it all when Balan has a terrible nightmare. The whole house is woken up in the middle of the night. The elder members of the family suspect that Balan is turning mad. The news somehow gets out. Villagers start suspecting Balan of following the footsteps of his ancestors into madness as Sreedharan too had fallen mentally ill with a nightmare.

Now, the village evaluates and judges each and every move he makes; he is soon deemed mentally ill. His actions are misinterpreted. His students consider him to be a lunatic. He applies for an extended leave and transfers from service. Even some members of his family suspect that he has gone mad. The situation affects Balan and makes him confused. Gopi, progressive and educated, makes Balan consult with a medically qualified physician. The physician declares him sane. But the village doesn't agree.

In the meantime, Balan's wife is forced to leave the house with their children. The family fixes the marriage of his younger sister while hiding the fact she has a "challenged" elder brother. Eventually, Balan is admitted to an asylum and undergoes treatment. He is released after a few days - both mentally and physically broken - and confined to the darkroom his uncle once lived in. Society hounds him and beats him into mental subjugation.

Balan's mother eventually poisons him and kills him on the day of the ritual for forgiveness from the goddess - to free him from the world. The same hand which once fed him his first morsel of rice becomes the one that feeds him his last meal. She too kills herself, as she couldn't forgive herself for this heinous act.

==Cast==
*[[Mammootty]] as Balagopalan or Balan Master, a drawing teacher
*[[Saritha]] as Indu, Balan's wife
*Asha Jayaram as Sumitra
*[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Gopinathan - younger brother of Balagopalan - progressive in mindset
*[[Thilakan]] as Balan's Uncle
*[[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Balan's Mother
*[[Philomina]] as Balan's Grandmother
*[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Headmaster of the school
*[[Babu Namboothiri]] as Sreedharan - Balan's 'mad' uncle
*[[Sonia (actress)|Sonia]] as Anitha M. Balagopalan (Manikutty)
*[[Valsala Menon]] as Balan's Aunt
*[[Prathapachandran]] as Balan's Father-in-Law
*[[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]] as Raman Karthavu
*[[Bobby Kottarakkara]] as Narayanan
*[[Kothuku Nanappan]] as Astrologer
*[[Parvathy Jayaram|Parvathy]] as Sreedharan's lover

==Themes==
The movie deals with certain psychological themes and the toxic nature of society in the olden days. Balagopalan had lived a stress-free life, but his life was ruined due to superstitions and the overall lack of knowledge of mental health during those times. The scrutiny of society coupled with the traditional mindset of the people back then led to Balagopalan's downfall. In the nightmare, Balagopalan hears the rattle of the chain in his dream which symbolizes the fact he's chained to traditions and he is a hostage to these traditions. The same chains which had chained his uncle eventually led to his demise.

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[MG Radhakrishnan|M. G. Radhakrishnan]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || Sreejayadeva || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || ||
|-
| 2 || Sreejayadeva || [[MG Sreekumar|M. G. Sreekumar]] || ||
|}

==Awards==
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Film - Malayalam]] won by V. Nandakumar (1987)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/35thFilmfareAwardsSouthWinners1|title = 35th Filmfare Awards South Winners[ 1]|date = 4 February 2017}}</ref>

==Legacy==
''Thaniyavathanam'' is considered one of the best Indian films on mental health. Upon release, it was met with excellent reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Thaniyavarthanam' producer now sells dosa batter to eke out a living|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2017/10/19/thaniyavarthanam-movie-producer-nandakumar-sells-dosa.html|access-date=2022-02-18|website=OnManorama}}</ref> Director [[Ram (director)|Ram]] cited ''Thaniyavarthanam'' as his reason for casting Mammootty as the lead in ''[[Peranbu]]'' (2019). The film was a major commercial success which was uncommon for films dealing with sensitive topics, like mental illness. The film is still highly regarded today and has achieved [[Cult film|cult]] status.<ref>{{Cite news|title=10 Mammootty films to watch before you die|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/10-mammootty-films-to-watch-before-you-die/photostory/52419792.cms|access-date=2022-02-18|website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Kamal Haasan]] has stated that one of his favorite 70 Indian movies is ''Thaniyavarthanam''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood blockbuster to Kollywood classic: Kamal Haasan picks his 70 favourite movies |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/kamal-hassan-70-movies |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=13 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713153725/https://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/kamal-hassan-70-movies/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Director [[Bala (director)|Bala]], in an interview mentioned that, inspired by the climax of the film, he wrote the story of ''[[Nandhaa]]'' (2001).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Behindwoods TV |date=2024-12-29 |title=Bala Firing Dark Secrets of Cinema like a Dragon! Shock ஆன Gobi! Fiery Interview - Part 3 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nj-FnReWpk |access-date=2024-12-31}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Mental illness in film]]
* [[List of films featuring mental illness]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0237820}}
{{Sibi Malayil}}
{{A. K. Lohithadas}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Malayalam}}
[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:1987 drama films]]
[[Category:1987 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films about mental health]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sibi Malayil]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. G. Radhakrishnan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by A. K. Lohithadas]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Man of the Match (film)

2026-03-03T12:10:10Z

IgnacioGrishin: Made

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Man of the Match
| image = Man of the Match film poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[D. Satya Prakash]]
| producer = Ashwini Puneeth Rajkumar Manjunath D D. Satya Prakash
| writer = D. Satya Prakash
| screenplay = Padmanabha Bhat Shevkar Sundar Veena Nagendra H S D. Satya Prakash
| based_on =
| starring = Nataraj S. Bhat Dharmanna Kadooru Atharva Prakash Mayuri Nataraj Shridatta Brunda Vikram Chandrashekhar Madabhavi
| narrator =
| music = [[Vasuki Vaibhav]]
| cinematography = Madan Khatokar Lavit
| editing = B S Kemparaju
| studio = [[PRK Productions]] Satya & Mayura Pictures
| distributor = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| released = {{film date|2022|05|05|df=y}}
| runtime = 114 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| gross = 
}}

'''''Man of the Match''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Satire (film and television)|satire]] [[black comedy film|black comedy]] written and directed by [[D. Satya Prakash]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/kannada/man-of-the-match/ottmoviereview/91259388.cms |title=Man Of The Match Review: A chaotic tale that entertains and enlightens |author=Sunayana Suresh |website=The Times of India |date=5 May 2022 |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530105611/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/kannada/man-of-the-match/ottmoviereview/91259388.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Movie produced under [[PRK Productions]] banner.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/may/07/man-of-the-match-review-an-efficient-experimental-film-2450591.html |title=Man of the Match' review: An efficient experimental film |author=A Sharadhaa |website=The Indian Express |date=7 May 2022 |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515073326/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/may/07/man-of-the-match-review-an-efficient-experimental-film-2450591.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The film stars Nataraj S. Bhat, Dharmanna Kadooru, Atharva Prakash, Mayuri Nataraj, Shridatta, Brunda vikram.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2022 |title=Man of the Match (2022) Review: Nataraj S. Bhat, Dharmanna Kadooru Star in a Deliciously Evil Ride |url=https://www.leisurebyte.com/man-of-the-match-2022-review-nataraj-s-bhat-dharmanna-kadooru/ |access-date=2 June 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505040337/https://www.leisurebyte.com/man-of-the-match-2022-review-nataraj-s-bhat-dharmanna-kadooru/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Satya Prakash uses a [[film-within-a-film]] narrative where the main actors play fictionalised versions of themselves.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/puneeth-rajkumar-productions-man-of-the-match-kannada-film-review-directed-by-satyaprakash |title='Man of the Match' Review: A Quirky & Unique Satire |website=The Quint |date=6 May 2022 |access-date=11 June 2022}}</ref> Frustrated over the fact that his acting career not taking off, Nataraj decides to produce a film with his actor friend Dharmanna. The day of auditions in a huge studio provides more drama and surprises than expected, as Nataraj has something different on his mind.

==Cast==
* Nataraj S. Bhat as himself, director of the film
* Dharmanna Kadooru as himself,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dharmanna-on-man-of-the-match-the-reel-and-real-collide/article65377634.ece |title=Dharmanna on 'Man of The Match': 'The reel and real collide' |website=The Hindu |date=4 May 2022 |access-date=11 June 2022}}</ref> producer of the film
* Sunder as himself
* [[Veena Sundar|Veena Sunder]] as herself
* [[Vasuki Vaibhav]] as himself,<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2021 |title=Vasuki Vaibhav plays a cameo in 'Man of The Match' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/jul/31/vasuki-vaibhav-plays-a-cameo-in-man-of-the-match-2337850.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731081941/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/jul/31/vasuki-vaibhav-plays-a-cameo-in-man-of-the-match-2337850.html |archive-date=31 July 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Cameo appearance
* Manjunath D as Swamy, supporting actor
* [[Atharva Prakash]]<ref name="Atharva"/> as cutout Hero
* Mayuri Nataraj
* Brunda Vikram as Bhavana, Bhushan fiancée
* Sridatta as Bhushan as Software Engineer
* Sridhar Ram as Shridhar
* Santosh Hasan
* Chandrashekhar Madabhavi as Assistant director "Gandhi"
* BS Kempraju as himself, Editor

==Production==
[[D. Satya Prakash]] wanted to direct a film for [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] in a lead role but that did not materialize due to the latter's busy schedule. He decided to make another film with [[PRK Productions]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/jun/28/puneeth-rajkumars-production-house-rolls-out-man-of-the-match-2322297.html |title=Puneeth Rajkumar's production house rolls out 'Man of the Match' |author=A Sharadhaa |website=The Indian Express |date=28 June 2021 |access-date=11 June 2022}}</ref> Director Satya Prakash wrote this story, a decade ago but was not able to make the film. During the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|first lockdown]], he shared the story online with Puneeth Rajkumar, who agreed to produce the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/may/03/man-of-the-matchis-an-experimental-film-satya-prakash-2449005.html |title=Man Of The Match is an experimental film: Satya Prakash |author=A Sharadhaa |website=The Indian Express |date=3 May 2022 |access-date=10 June 2022 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610141458/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/may/03/man-of-the-matchis-an-experimental-film-satya-prakash-2449005.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The entire film was shot in [[Kanteerava Studios]].

Satya Prakash cast Nataraj S Bhat and Dharmanna Kadur as themselves in the roles of a director and a producer respectively. Director worked with them in his debut film. Newcomer Atharva Prakash joined the main cast - he was initially selected for an extra role in the movie.<ref name="Atharva">{{Cite web |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=880859 |title=Mangalurean Atharva Prakash's 'Man of the match' Kannada film to release soon |access-date=11 June 2022}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Man of the Match
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vasuki Vaibhav]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2022
| recorded = 2021
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 9:32
| language = Kannada
| label = PRK Audio
| producer = [[Vasuki Vaibhav]]
| prev_title = [[Badava Rascal]]
| prev_year = 2021
| next_title = Harikathe Alla Girikathe
| next_year = 2022
| misc =
}}

[[Vasuki Vaibhav]] has worked with [[D. Satya Prakash]] for the 4th time as music director. [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] has sung a song in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/man-of-the-match-kannada-film-interview-with-vasuki-vaibhav-music-composer-actor |title=Puneeth Rajkumar Sang an Important Song in 'Man Of The Match': Vasuki Vaibhav |website=The Quint |date=5 May 2022 |access-date=11 June 2022}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Title song
| lyrics1 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]], [[D. Satya Prakash]]
| extra1 = [[Vasuki Vaibhav]], Darshan
| length1 = 4:31
| title2 = Bay Run The Bush
| lyrics2 = Yogaraj Bhat, D. Satya Prakash
| extra2 = Vasuki Vaibhav, Gokul Abhishek
| length2 = 2:07
| title3 = Rangamandira
| lyrics3 = [[V. Manohar]]
| extra3 = [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]
| length3 = 2:54
| total_length = 9:32
}}

==Release==
Movie released on 5 May 2022 in [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/apr/30/man-of-the-match-to-stream-worldwide-on-may-5-31183.html |title=Man of the Match to stream worldwide on May 5 |website=Cinema Express |date=29 April 2022 |access-date=11 June 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|19845504}}

{{PRK Productions}}

[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 comedy films]]
[[Category:2022 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]

Kaadhali (1997 film)

2026-03-03T04:47:36Z

IgnacioGrishin: created basic biography needs work

{{Short description|1997 Indian Tamil film directed by Siddhu}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{No plot|date=January 2024}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kaadhali
| image = Kaadhali 1997.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Siddhu
| writer = Siddhu
| producer = Dharamchandh Lungath
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]]|[[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]]|[[Karan (actor)|Karan]]}}
| cinematography = G. Gopi Krishna
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Tara Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1997|07|25}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Kaadhali''''' ({{translation|Lover Girl}}) is a 1997 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film]] directed by Siddhu. The film stars [[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]], [[Karan (actor)|Karan]] and Divya. It was released on 25 July 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadhali ( 1997 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=2078 |url-status=dead |access-date=4 March 2023 |website=Cinesouth |archive-date=4 December 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051204125101/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=2078}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]] as Gopal
*[[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] as Deivanai
* Divya Jaiswal as Stella
*[[Karan (actor)|Karan]]
*[[Vadivelu]]
*[[Jayachitra]]
*[[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]]
*[[Dr. Sharmila]] as Interviewer
* [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]
* [[Kovai Senthil]]
*[[R. Sundarrajan]]
* [[Kullamani]]
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]]
* [[Chinni Jayanth]]
*[[King Kong (actor) | King Kong]]
}}

==Production==
The film marked the debut of director Siddhu, who chose to cast [[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]] and [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] in the film's lead roles. Likewise Hindi actress Divya, previously seen in the Hindi film ''[[Loha (1997 film)|Loha]]'' (1997), made her debut in Tamil films with the project.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishna |first=Sandya S. |date=1 July 1997 |title=Tamil Movie News--Pudhu Edition 3 |url=https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/1nocNAuDseU |access-date=4 March 2023 |website=[[Google Groups]] |archive-date=4 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304060821/https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/1nocNAuDseU |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics written by Ponniyin Selvan, Kalidasan and [[Palani Bharathi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kaadhali |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kaadhali/mxMFbisLRzY_ |access-date=2023-03-04 |work=[[JioSaavn]] |archive-date=4 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304060826/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kaadhali/mxMFbisLRzY_ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A-Z Continued... |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-3.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927193802/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-3.htm |archive-date=27 September 2013 |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=INDOlink}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| "Mumbai Kaatre" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Anuradha Sriram]] || Kalidasan || 5:28
|-
| "O Nenjea" || Anuradha Sriram, [[P. Unnikrishnan]] || rowspan=2|[[Palani Bharathi]] || 5:17
|-
| "O Nenjea" || P. Unnikrishnan || 4:31
|-
| "Connemera" || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || Ponniyin Selvan || 5:36
|-
| "Dikki Dikki" || [[A. L. Raghavan]], [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], B. S. Sasirekha, [[T. K. Kala]], Kovai Kamala || rowspan=2|Kalidasan || 4:42
|-
| "Yei Chittukuruvi" || [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]], Kovai Kamala || 4:47
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1997 Indian films]]
[[Category:1997 romance films]]
[[Category:1997 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Moothedath High School

2026-02-21T07:03:00Z

IgnacioGrishin: small fix layout after review and updated info for clarity

{{Notability|1=Companies|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Moothedath High School
| logo =
| city = [[Taliparamba]]
| state = [[Kannur]]
| postal_code = 670141
| coordinates = {{coord|12|02|09.1|N|75|21|41.8|E|display=inline,title}}
| other_name = Moothedath Higher Secondary School
| type = High school/higher secondary school
| founded = November 1, 1894
| category = Aided
| school_code = 13024
| principal_label1 = Principal HS
| principal1 = P Vijalakshmi
| principal_label2 = Principal HSS
| principal2 = Mayamani.T.P.
| grades = 5 - 12
| website = {{URL|moothedathhss.com}}
}}
[[File:Transformation.jpg|thumb]]

'''Moothedath Higher Secondary School''' is a [[high school]] in [[Taliparamba, Kerala]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sametham Kerala School Data Bank|url=https://sametham.kite.kerala.gov.in/publicView/schools/13024}}</ref> Founded in 1894, it is one of the oldest schools in the district of Kannur.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Moothedath HSS|url=http://moothedathhss.com/}}</ref>

== History ==
The school was founded on November 1, 1894, by [[Brahmasree Moothedath Mallissery Mallissery Namboodiripad]] by the vision of providing education to the people of Taliparamba. It started as an English Medium School.The school was accredited as Middle school in 1895 and in the year 1922 the school acquired High School Status. The first batch of [[Secondary School Leaving Certificate|S.S.L.C]] graduated in the year 1925.

In 1949, [[Taliparamba Education Society]] was formed and the school administration was handed over to them from Brahmasree Moothedath Narayanan Namboodiripad. Present President is Sri.MohanaChandran.P and Secretary Adv.Gireesh.G

In 2010, school was allowed to start its Aided Higher secondary Batch.
In 2020 Celebrated 125th Anniversary.
<ref>{{Cite web|title=SCHOOL WIKI|url=https://schoolwiki.in/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D&%2F13024=}}</ref>

== Notable alumni ==
* [[E. K. Nayanar]]
* [[K. P. R. Gopalan]]
* [[K. P. P. Nambiar]]
* [[K. Madhavan]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Schools in Kannur district]]

St. Paul's School, Darjeeling

2026-02-21T01:31:55Z

IgnacioGrishin: new a page and citations...

{{Short description|Private boarding school in Darjeeling, West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox school
| name = St. Paul's School
| native_name =
| image =
| logo = St. Paul's School Logo.png
| logo_size = 150
| alt =
| motto = {{Ubl
| {{Lang|la|Moniti Meliora Sequamur}}
| (Having been advised, let us follow higher things)
}}
| established = {{start date and age|df=yes|1823|}}
| type = [[Private school|Private]] [[boarding school]]
| school_board = [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] (year 10) [[Indian School Certificate|ISC]] (year 12)
| affiliation = [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|CISCE]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Church of North India]]
| city = [[Darjeeling]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|27.0325065|N|88.2633448|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| founder = Archdeacon Corrie
| rector = Peter Lepcha
| enrollment = 600
| gender = [[Single-sex education|Boys]]
| lower_age = 6
| upper_age = 18
| fees = Approx. 4–5 lakh per annum
| houses = 12
| free_label1 = Former pupils
| free_text1 = [[#Notable alumni|Old Paulites]]
| colours = {{Ubl | Maroon & Dark blue | {{color box|Maroon}} {{color box|Darkblue}} }}
| publication = {{Ubl | ''The Chronicle'' | ''The Paulite'' }}
| website = {{URL|https://stpaulsdarjeeling.edu.in}}
}}

'''St. Paul's School''' is a [[Private school|private]] [[boarding school]] for boys in the town of [[Darjeeling]], [[West Bengal]], India. It is known as "Eton of the East" because it is thought to follow similar cultural and traditional values to [[Eton College]].<ref>{{Cite news|title='Eton of the east' celebrates 150 years in Darjeeling|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Eton-of-the-east-celebrates-150-years-in-Darjeeling/articleshow/44913256.cms|access-date=2020-06-15|website=The Times of India|date=23 October 2014 |language=en}}</ref> St. Paul's is one of the oldest public schools in Asia. Entrance tests for admission are held every September. The school follows the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] curriculum until class 10 and the [[Indian School Certificate|ISC]] curriculum for classes 11 and 12.

==History==
[[File:Darjeeling from above St. Paul's School.jpg|thumb|left|Darjeeling from above St. Paul's School in 1905]]

St. Paul's School was founded on 1 May 1823 in [[Calcutta]] by [[Daniel Corrie]]<ref>Eyre Chatterton, ''A History of the Church of England in India Since the Early Days of the East India Company'', London: [[SPCK]] / New York: Macmillan, 1924, {{OCLC|1895674}}, [http://anglicanhistory.org/india/chatterton1924/27.html "Chapter XXVII. The Mother Diocese of Calcutta, 1815"].</ref> at the instigation of [[John Bill Ricketts|John William Ricketts]], a local Anglo-Indian leader. The first principal of the institution was Dr. George Smith. Originally located at 11 Park Street, between the Archbishop House and the Sans Souci Theatre, in 1830 it moved to [[Sudder Street|Jawaharlal Nehru Road]], an area now occupied by the [[Indian Museum]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full text of "St. Paul's School, Darjeeling, India collection"|url=https://archive.org/stream/StPaulsSchoolDarjeelingIndiaCollection/SPS%20Commemorative%20Souvenir%201974_djvu.txt|access-date=2020-07-15|website=archive.org}}</ref> In 1847, it was renamed to St. Paul's School by Bishop Wilson, who had associated the school with St. Paul's Cathedral in Calcutta. It moved to its present [[Jalapahar]] estate in Darjeeling in 1864 with 31 boarders and a few day scholars. The estate was purchased from [[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Brian Hodgson]] for ₹‎45,000. At that time, at approximately 7,600 feet above sea level, it was the highest school in the world.<ref name=city>[http://darjeeling.gov.in/edu-institute.html Educational Institute], City of Darjeeling, retrieved 24 September 2013.</ref><ref name="WTLT">Gordon Brook-Shepherd, ''Where the Lion Trod'', London: Macmillan / New York: St. Martin's, 1960, {{OCLC|411159}}, pp. 65–72. [https://archive.org/stream/wheretheliontrod010379mbp#page/n77/mode/2up Text online] at archive.org.</ref>

A number of its students fought in [[World War I]] and [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=30 October 2014 |title=St Paul's School to mark 150th foundation day with 3-day celebrations|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/east/story/st-pauls-darjeeling-to-mark-150-years-with-3-day-celebrations-225180-2014-10-30|access-date=2020-07-13|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

The school's original purpose was "to supply a good education at a moderate cost to the sons of Europeans and East Indians".<ref name="WTLT"/><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last1=Hunter |first1=William Wilson |author-link1=William Wilson Hunter |title=Darjiling|encyclopedia=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature |date=1898 |publisher=Werner Company |page=728 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8w43AQAAMAAJ&q=%22to%20provide%20good%20education%20at%20a%20moderate%20cost%20for%20the%20sons%20of%20Europeans%20and%20East%20Indians%22&pg=PA827 |language=en}}</ref> After [[Partition of India|Indian Independence]] in 1947, it became a school for wealthy Indians and attracted wealthy students from other Asian countries.<ref name="WTLT"/>{{rp|66|q=They come from all races and all states of the sub-continent and, as in England, seem to have only one thing in common a parent able and willing to pay the fees, amounting in this case to over 5000 rupees, or some £380 a year.}}

[[File:Bishop Foss Westcott.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.5|Bishop Foss Westcott]]

Bishop [[Foss Westcott]], [[Metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]] of [[Church of India, Burma and Ceylon|Bengal, Burma and Ceylon]], played an important role in the growth of the school. The Maharajah of Burdwan also made important donations.<ref name=city/> Over the years a number of estates were purchased and merged with the existing school estate. The Mount Vernon Estate, known as Dawkins, was purchased in the early 1900s, and the Terpsithea Estate in 1955.

L.J. Goddard was the longest-serving and perhaps the most important rector, leading the school between 1934 and 1964, including the transition from British rule to independent India. His successors were David Gibbs (1964–1972) and [[Hari Dang]] (1977-1984). Dang was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 1976 for his services in education.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-10|title=Remembering Hari Dang – A Legend|url=https://www.outdoorjournal.com/focus-2/remembering-hari-dang-legend/|access-date=2020-07-13|website=The Outdoor Journal|language=en}}</ref> Goddard and Gibbs received the [[OBE]] for their work at St. Paul's.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/45984/supplement/6490/data.pdf|title=Supplement to the London Gazette | date=2 June 1973 | page=6490}}</ref>

==School system==
The school is divided into Primary, Junior, and Senior wings. The three wings are run independently, with the Primary Wing having its own campus and a slight difference in uniform. The Senior and Junior Wings share many facilities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.educationworld.in/st-pauls-school-darjeeling/|title=St. Paul's School, Darjeeling|date=14 November 2018|website=EducationWorld}}</ref>

The [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|Rector]] is the head of the school, assisted by the Senior Master, Head Primary Wing, Head Junior Wing, and House masters.

=== Houses ===
Senior Wing
* Clive (named for [[Robert Clive]], first British Governor of the Bengal Presidency)
* Hastings (named for [[Warren Hastings]], first governor of the Presidency of Fort William, and first Governor-General of Bengal)
* Havelock (named for [[Henry Havelock]], British army general)
* Lawrence (named for [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|John Lawrence]], Viceroy of India)

Junior Wing
* Anderson (named for [[John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley]], Governor of Bengal, a benefactor to the school library)
* Betten (named for Malcolm Betten, tea planter and member of the Board of Governors)
* Cable (named for [[Ernest Cable, 1st Baron Cable]], an old boy and benefactor of the school)
* Westcott (named for [[Foss Westcott]], Bishop of Calcutta)

Primary Wing
* Everest (named for [[George Everest]], British surveyor; or [[Mount Everest]])
* Hunt (named for [[John Hunt, Baron Hunt|John Hunt]], British mountaineer)
* Hillary (named for [[Edmund Hillary]], New Zealand mountaineer)
* Tenzing (named for [[Tenzing Norgay]], Nepalese-Indian mountaineer)

==Culture==
The school currently presents itself as a residential school for boys, predominantly Indian, with an "international, multiracial and cross-regional cosmopolitan character",<ref name="StP.About">{{cite web |title=About St. Paul's School Darjeeling |url=http://stpaulsdarjeeling.com/about-us.php |publisher=St. Paul's School |access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> having students from many countries including the US,<ref name="StP150IT">{{Cite news|title=St Paul's School to mark 150th foundation day with 3-day celebrations|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/east/story/st-pauls-darjeeling-to-mark-150-years-with-3-day-celebrations-225180-2014-10-30|access-date=2020-06-15|work=India Today|language=en}}</ref> the UK,<ref name="StP150IT"/> France,<ref name="StP150PTI">{{Cite news|date=2014-10-28|title=St. Paul's School, Darjeeling to celebrate 150 years|url=https://www.careerindia.com/news/st-pauls-school-darjeeling-celebrate-150-years-012614.html|access-date=2020-06-15|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|language=en}}</ref> Thailand,<ref>{{Cite web|title=News & Event : Official Visit of Consul-General of Kolkata and Thai officials to Darjeeling during 25-28 April 2013 - Royal Thai Consulate-General, Kolkata, India|url=http://www.thaiembassy.org/kolkata/en/news/905/34912-Official-Visit--of-Consul-General-of-Kolkata-and-T.html|access-date=2020-06-14|website=Royal Thai Embassy}}</ref> Bhutan,<ref name="StP150IT"/> Japan,<ref name="Chhetri2020">{{cite news |last1=Chhetri |first1=Vivek |title=Coronavirus: Darjeeling parents in quandary|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/coronavirus-darjeeling-parents-in-quandary/cid/1754150|access-date=2020-07-02|work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph (India)]]}}</ref> Bangladesh,<ref name="StP150IT"/> Nepal,<ref name="StP150IT"/> the United Arab Emirates,<ref name="Chhetri2020" /> and Hong Kong.<ref name="Chhetri2020" />

Current students are referred to as Paulites and the alumni as Old Paulites. The school lays a great emphasis on uniforms. On off-campus trips, students must dress in prescribed suits and carry umbrellas.

The school motto is derived from a line in the ''[[Aeneid]]'', {{lang|la|Cedamus Phoebo, et moniti meliora sequamur}}. {{lang|la|Moniti meliora sequamur}} means "Having been advised, we follow better (higher) things".

The student government is headed by a [[school captain]], assisted by House Captains and Prefects, drawn from the [[sixth form]]. The Junior and Primary Wings have their own system of monitors. The sixth form is privileged and enjoys an advantage over the rest. The chapel holds a central place in the life of the school where it meets as a community. There are clubs which develop artistic and technical skills. Each house presents a concert from time to time, apart from the major school production in October.

The extracurricular activities in school include dramatics, elocution, debate, piano, guitar, drums, violin, marching band, and sitar classes. There are various hobby clubs and societies. These are all run by the boys under the supervision of masters. In the Senior Wing, the hobbies are art and crafts, Batik, Indian Western music, model-making, photography, wood and lathe work, cybernetics, textile design, and cooking. The school sends candidates for the music and speech examinations held by the [[Trinity College London]] and [[Royal Academy of Music]]. The boys are also sent on educational tours to [[NASA]] and other historical sites in India and neighbouring countries.

The sport curriculum is dominated by football, cricket, athletics, volleyball, basketball, squash, table tennis, tennis, [[Eton fives]], gymnastics, and rocking climbing.

There has been a long-standing rivalry between St. Paul's and [[St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling|St.Joseph's School, North Point]] in sports and other activities that the two compete in.

{{wide image|File:Cotton and Milman Halls from Top Field, St. Paul's School, Darjeeling.JPG|1000px|alt=Cotton and Milman Halls as seen from Top Field|Cotton and Milman Halls}}

==Awards and recognition==
St Paul's has been ranked first among boarding schools in West Bengal and fourth in India according to the 2019 Education World rankings.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EW India School Rankings 2019-20|url=https://www.educationworld.in/school-ranking/|access-date=2020-06-11|website=Education World|language=en-US}}</ref> The school was featured in ''[[Forbes India]]'' magazine in an article titled "The great Indian Schools - 2018".<ref>{{Cite web|last=forbes|first=india|date=2018|title=M/s|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/media/supplement_pdf/2018_February_Great_Indian_School_education.pdf|website=forbes India}}</ref> It was named among the top seven boarding schools in India in 2020 by ''[[India Today]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=16 September 2020 |title=Top 7 boarding schools in India that offer quality education and facilities|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/top-7-boarding-schools-in-india-that-offer-quality-education-and-facilities-1722418-2020-09-16|access-date=2020-09-17|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

==Gallery==
[[File:Howard Block, St. Paul's School, Darjeeling 01.jpg|thumb|Howard Block|none]]

==Notable alumni==
[[File:Karun Krishna Majumdar.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Karun Krishna Majumdar]]]]
[[File:Sharad Kumar, Asian para games.jpg|thumb|Sharad Kumar, 2014 Para Asian Games]]
* [[Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi]], Executive Chairman of EIH Hotels, [[The Oberoi Group]]; [[Padma Vibhushan]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Thomas|first1=Prince Mathews|date=13 October 2014|title=Mr. Hospitality: PRS 'Biki' Oberoi Has Made Guests' Comfort His Priority|language=en|work=Forbes India|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/leaderhip-awards-2014/mr.-hospitality-prs-biki-oberoi-has-made-guests-comfort-his-priority/38803/1|access-date=12 June 2020}}</ref>
* Maj. Gen. D. K. Palit, [[Vir Chakra]] recipient for commanding the [[9th Gorkha Rifles]], author<ref>{{Cite web|title=Major-Gen Palit, the soldier who thought ahead|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/apr/08spec.htm|access-date=2020-07-13|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Palit|first=Maj Gen DK|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPLSMXSl8dEC|title=Musings & Memories: Vol (I)|date=2004|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-81-7062-275-8|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Rustum Roy]], physicist in the field of chemistry and materials sciences with 21 nominations for the Nobel Prize; awarded with [[Order of the Rising Sun]] by the Emperor of Japan<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cross|first1=L. Eric|date=10 November 2011|title=Rustum Roy|url=https://www.nap.edu/read/13160/chapter/57#344|journal=Memorial Tributes|series=National Academy of Engineering|language=en|publisher=National Academies Press|volume=15|pages=340–344}}</ref>
* [[Rehman Sobhan]], Bangladeshi economist and freedom fighter<ref name="Sobhan2015">{{cite book|last1=Sobhan|first1=Rehman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8qeMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT86|title=Untranquil Recollections: The Years of Fulfilment|date=2015|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=978-93-5150-320-0|page=86|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ammar Siamwalla]], Thai economist, former President of [[Thailand Development Research Institute]], author<ref>{{cite web|title=Who's Who in Thailand - Who's Who in Thailand - Economist - Ammar Siamwalla|url=https://www.whoswho-thailand.com/listings/99-ammar-siamwalla|access-date=14 July 2020|website=www.whoswho-thailand.com|quote=Education: St. Paul's School, Darjeeling, India}}</ref>
* [[Samiran Nundy]], founder editor of the ''[[National Medical Journal of India]]'' and ''Tropical Gastroenterology'', recipient of India's [[Padma Shri]]<ref name="Sobhan2015" />{{rp|at=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8qeMCwAAQBAJ&dq=Samiran+Nundy+st+paul%27s&pg=PT127 127]}}
* [[Frank Blaker]], [[Victoria Cross]] recipient; in 3rd Battalion, [[9th Gurkha Rifles]], the [[khas]] battalion in the [[Indian Army during World War II]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank G Blaker VC - victoriacross|url=http://www.vconline.org.uk/frank-g-blaker-vc/4585984560|access-date=2020-07-19|website=www.vconline.org.uk|archive-date=19 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719063325/http://www.vconline.org.uk/frank-g-blaker-vc/4585984560|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Farooq Sobhan]], diplomat, Foreign Secretary of Bangladesh<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-01-05|title=Mr. Farooq Sobhan, Ex-officio Member|url=https://bei-bd.org/bogov/mr-farooq-sobhan-ex-officio-member/|access-date=2020-07-15|website=Bangladesh Enterprise Institute}}</ref>
* [[Lalat Indu Parija]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], former Chief Secretary of [[Odisha]], author, captained Odisha cricket team in the [[Ranji Trophy]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=JRK|date=2019-09-05|title=Lalat Indu Parija: A Tribute|url=https://www.odisha.plus/2019/09/lalat-indu-parija-a-tribute-by-jrk/|access-date=2020-07-18|website=OdishaPlus|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2019-08-26|title=Former Odisha chief secretary Lalat Indu Parija dies|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/former-odisha-chief-secretary-lalat-indu-parija-dies-119082600482_1.html|access-date=2020-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Orisports.com|url=http://orisports.com/PersonDetails.aspx?pId=MzUy|access-date=2020-07-18|website=orisports.com}}</ref>
* [[Sanjib Banerjee]], former Chief Justice of the Meghalaya High court and [[Madras High Court]]<ref name="High Court Profile">{{cite web |title=Hon'ble Mr Justice Sanjib Banerjee {{!}} High Court of Meghalaya |url=https://meghalayahighcourt.nic.in/honble-mr-justice-sanjib-banerjee |website=Official Website of High Court of Meghalaya, India |access-date=4 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260204070423/https://meghalayahighcourt.nic.in/honble-mr-justice-sanjib-banerjee |archive-date=4 February 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Subroto Roy (economist)]]- Indian economist, former economic advisor to late [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
* [[Anand Burman]], Indian businessman, chairman of [[Dabur]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Leader of the Year |url=https://www.theasianawards.com/Anand_Burman.html |publisher=The Asian Awards |access-date=12 June 2020}}</ref>
* [[Ajay Chhibber]], first Director General of India's Independent Evaluation Office (with the status of a union Minister of State), former Assistant Secretary-General of the [[United Nations]] (UN), head of the Asia-Pacific division of the [[UNDP]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ajay Chhibber – Institute for International Economic Policy|url=https://iiep.gwu.edu/ajay-chhibber/|access-date=2020-07-14|website=iiep.gwu.edu}}</ref>
* [[Karun Krishna Majumdar]], during World War II, the first Indian to achieve the rank of wing commander in the [[Indian Air Force]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Roy|first=Amit|date=23 November 2014|title=Bengal's top gun makes London bow|work=The Telegraph (India)|location=Kolkata|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141123/jsp/7days/19076360.jsp|url-status=dead|access-date=25 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212072020/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141123/jsp/7days/19076360.jsp|archive-date=12 December 2014}}</ref>
* [[Mahesh Jethmalani]], lawyer and senior council, [[Supreme Court of India]] and senior member of [[BJP]] Party.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-08-03|title=SHRI MAHESH JETHMALANI|url=https://www.indianbarassociation.org/shri-mahesh-jethmalani/|access-date=2020-10-31|website=Indian National Bar Association|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Old Campionite's Association {{!}} Official website of the Old Campionite's Association|url=http://www.campionites.com/profile.html?Id=4261|access-date=2020-10-31|website=www.campionites.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=PTI|title=Mahesh Jethmalani attacks Gadkari, quits BJP executive|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/mahesh-jethmalani-attacks-gadkari-quits-bjp-executive/article23083129.ece|access-date=2020-10-31|website=@businessline|date=5 November 2012 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Manish Choudhary]], Bollywood actor<ref>{{cite web |title=Hindi Tv Actor Manish Choudhary Biography, News, Photos, Videos |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/tv-actor/manish-choudhary |website=nettv4u |access-date=12 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[A R Shamsud Doha]], Bangladesh [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Bangladesh)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]], former Ambassador to Yugoslavia, Iran and the United Kingdom; former Minister for Information<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-03-10|title=Bangladesh's former FM Shamsud Doha dies|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/701719/bangladeshs-former-fm-shamsud-doha-dies|access-date=2020-07-15|website=DAWN|language=en}}</ref>
* [[James McMullan]], artist, illustrator, educator; received [[Drama Desk Special Award]] in 1991 and [[Hamilton King Award]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Laufer|first1=David Calvin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dtn5Kg1tFm0C&pg=PT122|title=Dialogues with Creative Legends and Aha Moments in a Designer's Career|date=2012|publisher=New Riders|isbn=978-0-13-313799-6|pages=122|language=en}}</ref>

* [[R. J. Minney]], British film producer, journalist, editor and author<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reuben James Minney - I426 - Individual Information - PhpGedView|url=http://family.minney.org/individual.php?view=preview&pid=I426&ged=MinneyNet2.ged|access-date=2020-07-17|website=family.minney.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Biography of author RJ Minney|url=http://www.rjminney.com/who-was-rj/|access-date=2020-07-20|website=RJMinney Official|language=en-GB}}</ref>
* [[Dev Sanyal]], CEO of [[VARO Energy]] Group, Switzerland and former group executive committee member, [[BP|bp plc]], London
* [[Kelly Dorji]], actor and author<ref>{{cite web|title=Biography of KellyDorji|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/kelly-dorji/biography.html|access-date=17 June 2020|website=FilmiBeat|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fives in the Himalayas|url=http://www.etonfives.com/miscellaneous-items/1834-fives-in-the-himalayas|access-date=2020-09-28|website=www.etonfives.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Laghate|first=Gaurav|title=Arré to produce original content for multiple platforms|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/arr-to-produce-original-content-for-multiple-platforms/articleshow/65565162.cms|access-date=2020-09-28}}</ref>
* [[Anjan Dutt]], Indian film director, actor, and singer-songwriter<ref>{{cite news|date=8 July 2019|title=Anjan Dutt to perform on July 9 in city - Art & Culture - observerbd.com|work=The Daily Observer|publisher=[[The Daily Observer]]|url=https://www.observerbd.com/news.php?id=206211}}</ref>
* [[George Emmett]], test cricketer for England, Captain of the Gloucestershire cricket team, 1955–1958<ref>{{Citation|title=Captains of the English Cricket Team|date=2019-12-01|work=Who's Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-954088-4}}</ref>
* [[Kaizad Gustad]], Bollywood director and author<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sanga |first1=Jaina C. |title=South Asian Novelists in English: An A-to-Z Guide |date=2003 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-31885-6 |page=102 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qlpKOzsOc-IC&q=%22St.%20Paul's%22&pg=PA103 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Peter Hildreth]], Olympian<ref name="Chhetri2016">{{cite news |last1=Chhetri |first1=Vivek |title=St Paul's alumnus eyes new heights |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/st-paul-s-alumnus-eyes-new-heights/cid/1525410 |access-date=11 August 2019 |work=The Telegraph (India) |date=9 July 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Paul Raschid]], Olympian in [[boxing]]<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book|last=Sobhan|first=Rehman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8qeMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT73|title=Untranquil Recollections: The Years of Fulfilment|date=2015-11-12|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=978-93-5150-320-0|page=73|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=St Paul's alumnus eyes new heights|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/st-paul-s-alumnus-eyes-new-heights/cid/1525410|access-date=2020-07-14|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
* [[Sharad Kumar (athlete)|Sharad Kumar]], [[Paralympic Games]] [[high jump]]er, Olympian<ref name="Chhetri2016" />
* [[Rajeev Mohta]], team gold medalist and individual silver medalist in [[golf]] at the [[1982 Asian Games]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Malik|first=Shalini|date=2014-09-17|title=Asian Games {{!}} Dreaming on the greens|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/hBfZ4SP0HgceZvTMGJKSxH/Asian-Games--Dreaming-on-the-greens.html|access-date=2020-08-17|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sidkeong Tulku Namgyal]], Maharaja and Chogyal of Sikkim
* [[Tashi Namgyal]], longest-reigning Chogyal (king) of Sikkim (r. 1914-63), who<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|date=2018-06-28|title=Tashi Tenzing|url=https://everestspeakersbureau.com/tashi-tenzing/|access-date=2020-07-25|website=EverestSpeakersBureau.com|language=en}}</ref> signed the 1950 treaty giving India suzerainty over Sikkim<ref name="McKay2004">{{cite journal |last1=McKay |first1=Alex |title=The indigenisation of western medicine in Sikkim |journal=Bulletin of Tibetology |date=November 2004 |volume=40 |issue=2 |page=35 |url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_2004_02_02.pdf |publisher=Namgyal Institute of Tibetology |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Jamling Tenzing Norgay]], mountain climber, author, recipient of National Citizen award<ref>{{cite book |last1=Norgay |first1=Jamling T. |title=Touching My Father's Soul: A Sherpa's Journey to the Top of Everest |date=2002 |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=978-0-06-251688-6 |page=10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfHiKsAoZt8C&pg=PA10 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Vishnu Som]], senior editor and principal anchor with New Delhi Television<ref>{{cite tweet |user=vishnundtv |author=Vishnu Som |number=994070794681626627 |date=2018-05-09 |title=As students in St.Paul's Darjeeling, we used to lobby for a 'sunshine holiday' after days of torrential rainfall. These days in Delhi, the Met dept gives folks a free storm holiday even when it barely rains ! }}</ref>
* [[Tashi Tenzing]], mountain climber<ref name="auto"/>
* [[Swapan Dasgupta]], columnist, Member of Parliament, [[Padma Bhushan]]
* [[Stanley Connors]], flying ace with the Royal Air Force during the Second World War<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wynn |first1=Kenneth G. |title=Men of The Battle of Britain: A Biographical Dictionary of the Few |date=7 July 2015 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1-4738-4768-2 |page=43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fABzCgAAQBAJ&dq=Stanley%20Connors%20St.%20Paul's%20School%2C%20Darjeeling&pg=RA4-PA43 |language=en}}</ref>

== Films shot at St. Paul's School ==
The school has been featured in Hindi and Bengali language films including:

# [[Hamraaz]] (1967) by [[B. R. Chopra]]
# [[Mera Naam Joker]] (1970) by [[Raj Kapoor]]
# [[Seemabaddha]] (1971) by [[Satyajit Ray]]
# [[Do Anjaane]] (1976) by [[Dulal Guha]]
# [[Bada Din]] (2000)
# [[Main Hoon Na]] (2004) by [[Farah Khan]]
# Chowrasta Crossroads of Love (2009) by [[Anjan Dutta]]
# [[Barfi!]] (2012)
# [[Jagga Jasoos]] (2017) by [[Anurag Basu]]
# [[Raja the Great]] (2017) by [[Anil Ravipudi]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Agencies|date=2017-04-12|title=Lights, camera, action! 'Raja The Great' starts shooting in Darjeeling|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/lights-camera-action-raja-the-great-starts-shooting-in-darjeeling-236186|access-date=2020-07-20|website=www.millenniumpost.in|language=en}}</ref>
# [[Petta (film)|Petta]] (2019) by [[Karthik Subbaraj]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chhetri |first1=Vivek |title=Hills to host Rajinikanth |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/hills-to-host-rajinikanth/cid/1457191 |access-date=2020-06-15 |work=The Telegraph (India) |date=2018-06-06 |language=en}}</ref>
# [[Mithya (web series)|Mithya]] (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Huma Qureshi and debutante Avantika Dassani's face off in 'Mithya' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/huma-qureshi-and-debutante-avantika-dassani-face-off-in-mithya-is-triggered-by-an-accusation-of-academic-plagiarism/cid/1852253 |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> by [[Rohan Sippy]]

Hollywood actress [[Vivien Leigh]] was born on the school campus (present day Dawkins, cottage beside the basketball court) in November 1913.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-07-24|title=Vivien Leigh was Born and Initially Brought up at Darjeeling|url=https://coldnoon.com/magazine/news/travel-bulletin/vivien-leigh-was-born-and-initially-brought-up-at-darjeeling/|access-date=2020-06-28|website=Coldnoon|language=en-US |url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725081702/https://coldnoon.com/magazine/news/travel-bulletin/vivien-leigh-was-born-and-initially-brought-up-at-darjeeling/ |archive-date=25 July 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Education in India]]
* [[Education in West Bengal]]
* [[List of schools in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{official website|http://www.stpaulsdarjeeling.edu.in/}}

{{Darjeeling}}
{{Portal bar|School|Education}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Pauls School Darjeeling}}
[[Category:Church of North India schools]]
[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]
[[Category:Christian schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Primary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Schools in Darjeeling district]]
[[Category:Education in Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1823]]
[[Category:1823 establishments in India]]

Lucy Oommen

2026-02-14T07:04:55Z

IgnacioGrishin: Made

{{Short description|Indian gynaecologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lucy Oommen
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = March 2002
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Gynecologist
| yearsactive = 1942-1988
| known for = Medical administration
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents = P. K. Oommen Kochannamma
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}

'''Lucy Oommen''' was an Indian gynaecologist<ref name="The Indian Missionary in Zimbabwe">{{cite web | url=http://www.praisethealmighty.com/apr_16_2010/the_indian_missionary_in_zimbabwe.php | title=The Indian Missionary in Zimbabwe | publisher=Praise the Almighty | date=2015 | access-date=June 23, 2015}}</ref> and the first medical director of Indian origin at the [[St Stephen's Hospital, Delhi]].<ref name="Lucy Oommen Award conferred">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/lucy-oommen-award-conferred/article1239952.ece | title=Lucy Oommen Award conferred | newspaper=The Hindu | date=16 April 2008 | access-date=June 23, 2015}}</ref> Born to P. K. Oommen and Kochannamma and sister to Jacob Oommen and Alice,<ref name="P. K. Oommen">{{cite web | url=http://www.genealogy.com/ftm/t/h/o/Roy-P-Thomas-IL/WEBSITE-0001/UHP-0965.html | title=P. K. Oommen | publisher=Genealogy | date=2015 | access-date=June 23, 2015}}</ref> in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]], she graduated in medicine from the [[Christian Medical College and Hospital]], Vellore<ref name="Lucy Kizhakkevedu">{{cite web | url=http://www.genealogy.com/ftm/t/h/o/Roy-P-Thomas-IL/WEBSITE-0001/UHP-0970.html | title=Lucy Kizhakkevedu | publisher=Genealogy | date=2015 | access-date=June 23, 2015}}</ref> and joined [[St Stephen's Hospital, Delhi|St Stephen's Hospital Delhi]] as a surgeon in 1942.<ref name="Dates, Personalities and Events">{{cite web | url=http://www.ststephenshospital.org/about.php | title=Dates, Personalities and Events | publisher=St. Stephen's Hospital | date=2015 | access-date=June 23, 2015 | archive-date=6 April 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406201111/http://www.ststephenshospital.org/about.php | url-status=dead }}</ref> She then took charge as superintendent from Dr. Morris.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ststephenshospital.org/about.php|title=. St.Stephen's Hospital - History .|website=www.ststephenshospital.org|access-date=2019-01-19|archive-date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406201111/http://www.ststephenshospital.org/about.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Achievements ==
She became the first Indian to hold the position of director at the institution, and held the post till her retirement in 1988.<ref name="Dates, Personalities and Events" /> She was awarded the fourth highest Indian civilian award of [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]] in 1977.<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|title=Padma Shri|date=2015|publisher=Padma Shri|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|archive-date=October 15, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=June 18, 2015}}</ref> St. Stephen's Hospital instituted an award, ''Dr. Lucy Oommen Award'', in 2005,<ref name="The First Lucy Oommen Award">{{cite web|url=http://www.ststephenshospital.org/images/pdf/nl-July08.pdf|title=The First Lucy Oommen Award|date=2015|publisher=St. Stephens News|access-date=June 23, 2015|archive-date=22 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822085546/http://www.ststephenshospital.org/images/pdf/nl-July08.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> for recognizing excellence in ''Mother and Child Care'',<ref name="Lucy Oommen Award conferred" /> the first of the awards going to Sharda Jain, a known gynecologist based in New Delhi in 2008.<ref name="Archive Achievements of Alumni">{{cite web|url=http://www.hardinge.org/achive_2008.asp|title=Archive Achievements of Alumni|date=2015|publisher=Lady Hardinge Medical College Alumni Association|access-date=June 23, 2015|archive-date=23 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623210911/http://www.hardinge.org/achive_2008.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> She was awarded for her work in Obstetrics and Gynaecology including the social work that she had initiated.<ref name="The First Lucy Oommen Award" /> Dr. Lucy had been a gold medalist of the year during her college. After her death, St. Stephen's Hospital added her name to a wing of the hospital, now called the Dr. Lucy Oommen, Mother and Child Block.<ref name=":0" />

== Contributions ==
[[St Stephen's Hospital, Delhi|St. Stephen's Hospital]] realized a growth from a maternity hospital comprising 140 beds to a general one comprising 450 beds, after the work done by Dr. Lucy. She also formed an institution called Patient's Welfare Society, which is a group that supports patients for free.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://abdulkalam.nic.in/sp271005.html|title=Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: Former President of India|website=abdulkalam.nic.in|access-date=2019-01-19}}</ref> She was also the personal physician for the Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.genealogy.com/ftm/t/h/o/Roy-P-Thomas-IL/WEBSITE-0001/UHP-0970.html|title=Roy-P-Thomas-IL - User Trees - Genealogy.com|website=www.genealogy.com|access-date=2019-01-19}}</ref>

Oommen never married.<ref name="Lucy Kizhakkevedu" />

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[St. Stephen's Church, Delhi]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Medicine}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Oommen, Lucy}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Indian gynaecologists]]
[[Category:Indian women gynaecologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women medical doctors]]

List of Monuments of National Importance in Chennai circle

2026-02-13T08:40:58Z

IgnacioGrishin:

{{Short description|none}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
This is a list of [[Monuments of National Importance]] (ASI) as officially recognized by and available through the website of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] for the Chennai Circle in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The Circle has a total of 250 Monuments and Sites of National Importance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centrally Protected Monuments/Sites: State-wise and Circle-wise |url=https://asi.nic.in/pdf/CPM_List.pdf |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Centrally Protected Monuments (ASI) |url=http://nma.gov.in/showfile.php?lang=1&level=0&ls_id=21&lid=15&nma_type=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422220857/http://nma.gov.in/showfile.php?lang=1&level=0&ls_id=21&lid=15&nma_type=0 |archive-date=2025-04-22 |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=National Monuments Authority |type=PDF}}</ref>

{{GeoGroupTemplate}}

== List of monuments in the Chennai circle ==
{{ASI Monument header|state_iso=IN-TN|circle=Chennai}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C1
| description = "Arsenal" between Wellesley house and Clive’s House with shells and cannons piled together near the Gateway Block IV/1 to12 and 14 to18.
| location = [[Chennai]]
| address =
| district = [[Chennai district|Chennai]]
| lat = 13.078
| lon = 80.285
| image = Arsenal.JPG
|commonscat=Arsenal Fort St. George
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C2
| description = Big Warehouse, south of the Church Library (in Block No.II/7).
| location = Chennai
| address =
| district = Chennai
| lat = 13.07855
| lon = 80.28679
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C3
| description = Chaplain’s house including portion which is the northern side of the Old Wall II/1.
| location = Chennai
| address =
| district = Chennai
| lat =
| lon =
| image = N-TN-C3 CHAPLAINS HOUSE 03.JPG
|commonscat=Chaplain’s House, Chennai
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C4
| description = Clive’s House built in 1753.
| location = Chennai
| address =
| district = Chennai
| lat = 13.0787
| lon = 80.2859
| image = Clive House.jpg
|commonscat= Clive's House, Chennai
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C5
| description = Garrisons Engineer’s Depot, Block No.IV.
| location = Chennai
| address =
| district = Chennai
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C6
| description = Guard Room Block No.V.
| location = Chennai
| address =
| district = Chennai
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C7
| description = It’s Ramparts, gates, bastions, Ravelins with vaulted chambers and water cisterns underneath, moat and defence walls all round with glacis to the extent of the existing barbed
wire fence.
| location = Chennai
| address =
| district = Chennai
| lat =
| lon =
| image =St-George-Fort-Madras-12.JPG
|commonscat= Fort St. George Fortifications, Chennai
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C8
| description = King’s Barracks Block No.XXV.
| location = Chennai
| address =
| district = Chennai
| lat = 13.081236541110773
| lon = 80.283802937879
| image = King’s Barrack.JPG
|commonscat= King’s Barrack
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C9
| description = Last house on the left of ‘Snobs Allay’ (oldest house in the Fort with carved staircase) – Block
No. I/I.
| location = Chennai
| address =
| district = Chennai
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C10
| description = Nursing Sister’s House (Block I/3).
| location = Chennai
| address =
| district = Chennai
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C11
| description =Old British Infantry Officers Mess (Now Archaeological Dept. Office & Fort Museum) Block XXXVI-2.
| location = Chennai
| address =
| district = Chennai
| lat = 13.08065274417403
| lon = 80.28768821404529
| image = N-TN-C10 Old-British-Infantry-Officer’s-Mess 01.JPG
|commonscat= Fort Museum, Chennai
}}

{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C12
| description = [[St. Mary’s Church (Chennai)|St. Mary’s Church]] with tablets laid on the ground and enclosed by a compound and a buried wall.
| location = Chennai
| address =
| district = Chennai
| lat = 13.0787
| lon = 80.2866
| image = Church steeple..JPG
|commonscat= St. Mary's Church, Chennai
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C13
| description = Tomb of Elihu Yale and Joseph Hymmners in the compound of Law College, George town
| location = [[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai|Law College]], Chennai
| address =
| district = Chennai
| lat = 13.087252466526051
| lon = 80.28585712148687
| image = David Yale and Thomas Tomb 3.JPG
|commonscat= Tomb of Elihu Yale and Joseph Hymmners
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C14
| description = Wellesley’s House (Built in 1798), Block No.IV/13.
| location = Chennai
| address =
| district = Chennai
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C15
| description = Old Town Wall
| location = [[Tondiarpet]]
| address =
| district = Chennai
| lat = 13.103800591958935
| lon = 80.28859561836501
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C16
| description = [[Srimushnam#Sri Nitheesswara Temple|Nithisvarasvami Temple]]
| location = [[Srimushnam]]
| address =
| district = [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
| lat = 11.40193598543643
| lon = 79.40704578016194
| image = Nithileswarar temple Srimushnam (4).jpg
|commonscat=Nithileswarar temple, Srimushnam
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C17
| description = [[Chenraya Perumal Temple|Chennaraya Perumal Temple]] Together With Adjacent Lands
| location = Adiyamankottai
| address =
| district = [[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]]
| lat = 12.0747
| lon = 78.1189
| image = Chennarayaperumaltemple.jpg
|commonscat=Chennaraya Perumal Temple together with adjacent lands
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C18
| description = [[Vijayamangalam Jain temple|Jain Temple]]
| location = Mettupudur
| address =
| district = [[Erode district|Erode]]
| lat = 11.249411769980533
| lon = 77.50307480901299
| image = Jain temple, Mettupudur - Front (2).jpg
|commonscat=Jain temple, Mettupudur, Erode
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C19
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns (survey no.222)
| location = Agaram
| address =
| district = [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C20
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns (survey nos. 111 & 116)
| location = Agaram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C21
| description = Urn burials
| location = Alattur
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C22
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns
| location = Amur
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C23
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns
| location = Anur
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.58952
| lon = 79.97422
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C24
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns (Ownership: Private land)
| location = Araiyapakkam
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C25
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns
| location = Atcharavakkam
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C26
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns with stone circles
| location = Ayyanjeri
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C27
| description = Megalithic Cairns and Cists
| location = Edakunram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C28
| description = Megalithic Cairns and Cists
| location = Gudalur
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C29
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns with stone circles
| location = Guduvancheri (Vallamjeri)
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C30
| description = Group of cairns
| location = Kadapperi
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C31
| description = Cairns in the forest reserve at the foot of the
Perumbair hills.
| location = Kadmalaiputhur
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C32
| description = Chromlechs
| location = Kadmalaiputhur
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}

{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C33
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns.
| location = Kalanipakkam
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C34
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns
| location = Kalathur
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C35
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns
| location = Kalvay
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C36
| description = Cists and cairns
| location = Kanakapattu
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C37
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns with Bounding stone
circles.
| location = Kandalur
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C38
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns with stone circles.
| location = Kattuputhur
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C39
| description = Megalithic cairns and cists with stone circles.
| location = Kilampakkam
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C40
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns
| location = Kottamedu
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C41
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns
| location = Kumili
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C42
| description = Megalithic cairns and cist with bounding circles.
| location = Kunnavakkam
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.85391
| lon = 79.89484
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C43
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns
| location = Kuravanmedu
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C44
| description = a) [[Dhenupureeswarar Temple (Madambakkam)|Dhenupurisvara Temple]], b)Graden attached to above temple
| location = [[Madambakkam]]
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.898649104930888
| lon = 80.16019606934056
| image = Thenubureeswarar temple madambakkam.jpg
|commonscat=Thenupureeswarar Temple, Madambakkam
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C45
| description = Megalithic cairns and cists with stone circles.
| location = Madayathur
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C46
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns
| location = Mailai
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C47
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns
| location = Malaivaiyavur
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C48
| description = [[Shore Temple|Aleva shore Temple]]
| location = [[Mamallapuram]]
| address =
| district = [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
| lat = 12.616422241103452
| lon = 80.19933231801579
| image = A distant view of Mahabalipurum shore temple.JPG
|commonscat=Shore Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C49
| description = [[Descent of the Ganges (Mahabalipuram)|Arjuna’s Penance]]
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.6178
| lon = 80.1926
| image = Arjuna's Penanace 01.JPG
| commonscat = Arjuna's Penance
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C50
| description = [[Arjuna Ratha|Arjuna’s Ratha]]
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.6088986
| lon = 80.1896515
| image = Front View of Arjuna's Ratha.jpg
|commonscat= Arjuna's Ratha
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C51
| description = [[Bhima Ratha|Bhima’s Ratha ]]
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.6087808
| lon = 80.1895684
| image = Mahabalipuram-Pancha Rathas-Bhima's Ratha-WUS01893.jpg
|commonscat= Bhima's Ratha
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C52
| description = [[Dharmaraja Ratha|Dharmaraja’s Ratha]]
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.6086342
| lon = 80.1894638
| image = Dharmaraja Ratha SE Mahabalipuram Sep22 A7C 02542.jpg
|commonscat= Dharmaraja Ratha
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C53
| description = Dharmaraja Rock Cut Throne
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district =Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.617942447811727
| lon = 80.19151119279863
| image = Draupadi’s Bath.jpg
|commonscat= Dharmaraja’s Rock-cut Throne
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C54
| description = Dolostva Mandapa
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.61730907593199
| lon = 80.19407577802521
| image = Dolotsava Mantapa.jpg
|commonscat= Dolotsava Mantapa, Mamallapuram
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C55
| description = Draupadi’s Bath
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.617682306081555
| lon = 80.19139438638548
| image = Mahabalipuram-Draupadi’s Bath-WUS02064.jpg
|commonscat= Draupadi’s Bath
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C56
| description = [[Draupadi Ratha|Draupathi Ratha]]
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.6089509
| lon = 80.1897159
| image = CinqRathaDraupadi.jpg
|commonscat= Draupadi's Ratha
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C57
| description = Eight Stone Images On A Masonry Platform Known As The Seven Pidaris
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.620184373648046
| lon = 80.19484073120282
| image = Seven Pidaris, Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu, India (2016).jpg
|commonscat= Seven Pidaris
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C58
| description = Huge Stone Figures Of The Lion, Elephant, And A Bull
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.6089
| lon = 80.1895872
| image = Pancha_Rathas,_Pallave_period,_ca._630-38_CE,_Mahabalipuram_(3)_(37427256786).jpg
|commonscat=Sculptures at the Pancha Rathas
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C59
| description = [[Olakkannesvara Temple|Olakkanesvara Temple]]
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.615149292263009
| lon = 80.19149416323194
| image = Olakkannesvara Temple Mahabalipuram Sep22 A7C 02565.jpg
|commonscat=Olakkanesvara Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C60
| description = [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram#Kotikal|Kotikal Mandapa]]
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.619751228295737
| lon = 80.19235112040806
|image=Kotikal Mandapa - 2.jpg
|commonscat= Kotikal Mandapam
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C61
| description = [[Krishna Cave Temple|Krishna Mandapam]]
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.617425780378085
| lon = 80.19263117239622
| image = Krishna Mandapa Exterior NE Mahabalipuram Sep22 A7C 02520.jpg
|commonscat = Krishna Mandapam
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C62
| description = [[Krishna's Butterball|Krishna’s Butter Ball]]
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.6191
| lon = 80.1923
| image = Krishna ball.jpg
|commonscat = Krishna's Butterball
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C63
| description = Large unfinished rock sculpture similar to Arjuna’s Penance near the light-house.
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.61509
| lon = 80.19215
| image = Light-House-Mahabalipuram-Chennai-1.JPG
|commonscat = Large unfinished rock sculpture near Lighthouse
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C64
| description = [[Mahishasuramardini Mandapa|Mahishamardini Rock Cut Mandapa]]
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.6167
| lon = 80.1917
| image = Mahabalipuram Mahishasura 2.jpg
|commonscat = Mahishasuramardini Cave Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C65
| description = Mahishasura Mardini Rock Standing In The Sea To The North Of Shore Temple
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.617347442080074
| lon = 80.19913942906526
|image= Mahishasura Mardini Rock.jpg
|commonscat=Mahishasura Mardini Rock
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C66
| description = [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram#Mukundanayanar temple|Mukundanayanar Temple]]
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.627173756149988
| lon = 80.19489005977557
| image = Mukundanayaranar Temple.jpg
|commonscat= Mukundanayaranar Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C67
| description = Rock Cut Sculpture, Representing The Group Of Elephants, Monkey And Peacock
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.619843768869291
| lon = 80.19283397027489
| image = Rock Cut Sculpture, Representing The Group Of Elephants, Monkey And Peacock 2K22TNKAN (2).jpg
|commonscat= Rock-Cut Sculpture Representing a Group of Elephants, a Monkey, and a Peacock
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C68
| description = [[Ganesha Ratha|Rock Cut Ganesha Temple]]
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.61842
| lon = 80.1925
| image =Ganesha Ratha Mahabalipuram Sep22 A7C 02582.jpg
|commonscat= Ganesha Ratha
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C69
| description = Rock Cut [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram#Varaha|Varaha Temple]] Containing Varaha And Vamana Incarnation Of Vishnu
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.618092124337327
| lon = 80.192337136454
|image= Vsvarahacave.jpg
|commonscat= Varaha Cave Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C70
| description = Rayagopuram(Unfinished)
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.617614081147346
| lon = 80.19228023206242
| image = Mahabalipuram-Rayar Gopuram-WUS02051.jpg
|commonscat= Rayar Gopuram
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C71
| description = [[Nakula Sahadeva Ratha]]
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.608993480865854
| lon = 80.18958821456773
| image = Pancha Ratha-1.JPG
|commonscat= Nakula Sahadeva Ratha
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C72
| description = Small Monbolithic Temple Known As [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram#Other rathas| Valayankuttai Ratha]]
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.61882778764224
| lon = 80.18743796997626
| image = Mahabalipuram-Valayankuttai Ratha-WUS02005.jpg
|commonscat= Valayankuttai Ratha
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C73
| description = Stone Sculpture Representing The Group Of Monkeys
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.617997498374901
| lon = 80.19274353985823
| image = Monkeys Grooming Sculpture Mahablipuram Sep22 A7C 02491.jpg
|commonscat= The Group Of Monkeys
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C74
| description = Triple-celled rock-cut shrine [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram#Other mandapas|Trimurti temple]] with Gopi’s Churn in front of it
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.619833809347142
| lon = 80.19270314660321
| image = Triple-celled rock-cut shrine with Gopi’s Churn in front of it-2.jpg
|commonscat= Trimurti cave temple in Mahabalipuram
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C75
| description = Two [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram#Other rathas|Rock Cut Temples]] At North East Corner Of The Koneri Pallam Tank
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.618757698059731
| lon = 80.19115566637599
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C76
| description = Two Small-Carved Rocks To The South Of The Shore Temple.
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.61443622118371
| lon = 80.19798380576611
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C77
| description = Two Small Monolithic Temples Known As [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram#Other rathas|Pidari Amman Ratha]]
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.620301093634689
| lon = 80.18762054424461
| image = Mahabalipuram-Pidari Rathas-WUS02002.jpg
|commonscat= Pidari Rathas
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C78
| description = Two Unfinished Excavations Near The Light House
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C79
| description = Unfinished Excavation close to the Triple Celled Rock-cut Shrine with Gopi’s churn in front of it.
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C80
| description = Unfinished Excavations South Of Draupadi Rath
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C81
| description = Unfinished Ratha And Stone Couch
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.61493
| lon = 80.19168
| image =Mahishasuramardini Mandapam, Pallave period, 7th century, Mahabalipuram (7) (37216208270).jpg
|commonscat=Unfinished rock-cut temple, Mahabalipuram
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C82
| description = Unfinished Rock Cut Cave Temple North Of Krishna Mandapa [[Panchapandava Cave Temple|Panchapandava Mandapa]]
| location = Mamallapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.617748378996097
| lon = 80.19258959816287
| image = "Aesthetic Pillars in Mandapam near Arjunas Penance-N-TN-C32".JPG
|commonscat= Panchapandava Cave Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C83
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns
| location = Mampattu
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C84
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns
| location = Manamai
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C85
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns
| location = Melkottaiyur
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C86
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns
| location = Musaivakkam
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C87
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns with stone circles
| location = Naduvakkarai
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C88
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns
| location = Nallikuppam
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C89
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns with stone circles
| location = Nandivaram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C90
| description = Group of cairns (Within the Reserved Forest)
| location = Nanmangalam
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C91
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns
| location = Nattam
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C92
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns
| location = Nedungunram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}

{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C93
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns with stone circles
| location = Olalur
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C94
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns
| location = Ottivakkam
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C95
| description = Munkudmisvara Temple
| location = [[PV Kalathur]]
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.617626657924253
| lon = 79.98058120593076
| image = Gajaprashta Vimanam.jpg
|commonscat= Munkudumeeswarar Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C96
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns
| location = [[Padur, Kanchipuram|Padur]]
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C97
| description = Megalithic cairns and cists in showing clear structural Postures.
| location = Pallavaram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C98
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns with stone circles.
| location = Palliyagaram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C99
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns
| location = Paranur
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C100
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns
| location = Perumbakkam
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C101
| description = Megalithic cists with stone circles
circumscribing. (Survey No.367, 454 and 365-A) (367&454 - 206.77 acres Of this, 57.94 acres is private property with several buildings constructed and under construction)(GST Road and Railway lines from Chennai to southern districts pass through the site. Large number of houses are there.Please see The Hindu Business Online 24.11.2005)
| location = Perungalathur
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C102
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns with stone circles
| location = Ponmar
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C103
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns
| location = Porundavakkam
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C104
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns
| location = Pudupakkam
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C105
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns Bounded With Stone Circles
| location = Pulippakkam
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C106
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns
| location = Pundi
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C107
| description = Megalithic Cists Circumscribed by Stone Circles
| location = Rajakulipettai
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C108
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns with Stone Circles
| location = Rayalpattu
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C109
| description = Ruined Dutch Fort And Cemetery
| location = Sadras
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.525730477712592
| lon = 80.1636360993776
| image = Dutch Fort Sadras.JPG
|commonscat=Fort Sadras
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C110
| description = Rock Cut Shiva Temple With Three Lingas
| location = Salavankuppam
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.657828735251854
| lon = 80.2095044395158
| image = Rock Cut Shiva Temple with Three Linga's.JPG
|commonscat=Atiranachanda Cave Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C111
| description = Tiger-Headed Rock Cut Temple
| location = Salvankuppam
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.655935022378264
| lon = 80.20904305360033
| image = Tiger Headed Rock Cut Temple.JPG
|commonscat=Tiger Cave
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C112
| description = Two inscribed rocks, one having six and the other fifty lines of ancient Tamil inscriptions with remains of other ancient buildings around them
| location = Salavankuppam
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.659062904285875
| lon = 80.21047114112996
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C113
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns
| location = Sanur
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.56543633054127
| lon = 79.91269932546753
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C114
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns in Virgin State.
| location = Sastirampakkam
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C115
| description = Group of Cairns and Cists (Within the Reserved Forest)
| location = Sembakkam
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C116
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns (Withine the Reserved Forest)
| location = Sembakkam
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C117
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns
| location = Sengunram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C118
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns intact with Stone Circles.
| location = Settipuniyam
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C119
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns
| location = Sirudavur
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C120
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns
| location = Sirukunram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C121
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns
| location = Sittalapakkam
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C122
| description = Urn Burial and Megalithic Site
| location = St. Thomas Mount
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C123
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns
| location = Tandalam
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C124
| description = Orukkal Mandapam
| location = Tirukallikunram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.609642961301152
| lon = 80.0594235292835
| image = திருக்கழுகுன்றம் பாறை.jpg
|commonscat= Orukkal Mandapam
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C125
| description = Group Of Cairns
| location = Tiruneermalai
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C126
| description = Megalithic Cist
| location = Tiruneermalai
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C127
| description = Vast area of megalithic cists and cairns covering the entire hill with the temple of Kailasanatha.
| location = Tirupporur
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.726729157092585
| lon = 80.18594606421127
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C128
| description = Sarcophagi and urns spread over a wide area;traces of Megalithic cists and circles.
| location = Tirusulam
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C129
| description = [[Nithyakalyana Perumal temple|Nityakalyanasvami Temple]]
| location = Tiruvidanthai
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.763326067351608
| lon = 80.24212157159677
| image = Nithya Kalyana Perumal Temple - panoramio - Gabriele Giuseppini.jpg
|commonscat=Nithyakalyana Perumal temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C130
| description = Megalithic Grave Yard
| location = Tiryvadisulam
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C131
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns
| location = Unamanjeri
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C132
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns
| location = Vaiyavur
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.597414336645054
| lon = 79.89572021195211
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C133
| description = Megalithic Cists
| location = Vandalur
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C134
| description = Tirupulisvara Temple
| location = Vayalur
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat = 12.48857451580434
| lon = 80.13028602047818
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C135
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns With Stone Circles
| location = Vedanarayana Puram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C136
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns
| location = Vembedu
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C137
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns
| location = Vengur
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C138
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns With Stone Circles
| location = Venkitapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C139
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns with stone circles
| location = Venpakkam Village No.69
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C140
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns with stone circles
| location = Venpakkam Village No.273
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C141
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns
| location = Virapuram
| address =
| district = Chengalpattu
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C142
| description = Iravatanesvara Temple (Mrithyunjeswarar Temple)
| location = Big Kanchipuram
| address =
| district = [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]
| lat = 12.845391065238427
| lon = 79.70490320676653
|image= Iravadhisvarar Temple Kanchipuram.jpg
|commonscat= Mruthyunjayeswarar Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C143
| description = [[Jurahareswarar temple, Kanchipuram|Jvarahareswara Swamy Temple]]
| location = Big Kanchipuram
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat = 12.842169635593262
| lon = 79.69870040071899
| image = Right side fill view of the temple.JPG
|commonscat= Jvaraharesvara Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C144
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns with bounding stone-circles
| location = Echchur
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C145
| description = Megalithic Cairns and Cists
| location = Eluchur
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C146
| description = Megalithic Cairns and Cists
| location = Erumaiyur
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C147
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns with stone circles
| location = Guduperum Bedu
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C148
| description = Piravatanesvara Temple together with the whole
of the land in town survey No. M 128I Ward No.
IV, Block No. 17
| location = Kanchipuram
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat = 12.845405540435527
| lon = 79.70621316513255
| image = Piravathaneshwarer temple.jpg
|commonscat=Piravatheeswarar Temple, Kanchipuram
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C149
| description = [[Madhangeeswarar Temple|Sri Mathangeswarar Swamiar Temple]]
| location = Kanchipuram
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat = 12.83565663835725
| lon = 79.70828094491273
| image = Matangesvara Temple.JPG
|commonscat=Madhangeeswarar Temple, Kanchipuram
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C150
| description = [[Muktheshwarar Temple, Kanchipuram|Sri Muktesvara Swami Temple]]
| location = Kanchipuram
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat = 12.838845395126635
| lon = 79.70775159029763
| image = Muktheeswarer_temple_01.jpg
|commonscat=Muktheshwarar Temple, Kanchipuram
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C151
| description = [[Tiru_Parameswara_Vinnagaram|Vaikuntaperumal koil temple]]
| location = Kanchipuram
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat = 12.837113356063782
| lon = 79.70988406123668
| image =Parameswara Vinnagaram.JPG
|commonscat=Vaikunta Perumal Temple
}}

{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C152
| description = Megalithic cairns and cists
| location = Karanaithangal Porinjam Bakkam
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C153
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns with stone circles on the hill.
| location = Kunnattur
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C154
| description = Large Siva Temple (Aabathsahayeswarar Temple)
| location = Tenneri
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat = 12.852630979173231
| lon = 79.85343419698991
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C155
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns
| location = Maganiyam
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C156
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns with bounding stone-circles.
| location = Malaipattu
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C157
| description = The Old Temple with apsidal Gopuram. (Dharmeswarar Temple)
| location = Manimagalam
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat = 12.915486906487775
| lon = 80.04334530766079
| image = N-TN-C64.jpg
|commonscat=Dharmeswarar Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C158
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns
| location = Nandambakkam
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C159
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns
| location = Ottiyambakkam
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C160
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns
| location = Palayasivaram
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C161
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns
| location = Perunagar
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C162
| description = [[Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple|Kailasanatha Temple]]
| location = Salabogam
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat = 12.842239390764247
| lon = 79.68972841431587
| image =കൈലാസ_നാഥർ.jpg
|commonscat=Kailasanathar Temple, Kanchipuram
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C163
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns
| location = Settupattu
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C164
| description = Megalithic Cairns With Stone Circles and Sarvophagi
| location = Sikkarayapuram
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat = 13.013970099534228
| lon = 80.10241557582873
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C165
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns
| location = Sirukalattur
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C166
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns
| location = Tattanur
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C167
| description = Lesser Siva Temple (Kanthalingeswara Temple)
| location = Tenneri (Madavilaam)
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat = 12.84982648927119
| lon = 79.8587302889852
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C168
| description = Venkatesaperumal Temple
| location = Tirumukkudal
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat = 12.762818673535001
| lon = 79.86055420921167
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C169
| description = [[Vaikunda Perumal Temple, Uthiramerur|Vaikunta Perumal]] temple together with adjacent land
| location = Uttiramerur
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat = 12.61525520998356
| lon = 79.75837784031323
| image = Uthiramerur_02.jpg
|commonscat=Vaikunda Perumal Temple, Uthiramerur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C170
| description = A Dolmen Intact
| location = Uttiramerur
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat = 12.62144
| lon = 79.74963
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C171
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns
| location = Vadakkuppattu
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C172
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns
| location = Vadamangalam
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C173
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns
| location = Venpakkam Village No.186
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C174
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns
| location = Virapuram
| address =
| district = Kanchipuram
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C175
| description = [[Krishnagiri Fort|Hill Fort]]
| location = Krishnagiri
| address =
| district = [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
| lat = 12.53855412807435
| lon = 78.21362485065005
| image = Krishnagiri fort.jpg
|commonscat=Krishnagiri Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C176
| description = [[Rayakottai Fort|Hill Fort]]
| location = Rayakkottai
| address =
| district = Krishnagiri
| lat = 12.52140173818546
| lon = 78.03701430975622
| image = Dilapidated Structure -2 , Tip Sultan Fort, Rayakottai, Tamilnadu, India.JPG
|commonscat=Rayakottai Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C177
| description = [[Namakkal Fort|Hill Fort]]
| location = Namakkal
| address =
| district = [[Namakkal district|Namakkal]]
| lat = 11.222106777306733
| lon = 78.16532632379538
| image = "Hill Fort of Namakkal 2".JPG
|commonscat=Namakkal Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C178
| description = The Temples of [[Sri Ranganatha Perumal temple, Namakkal|Sri Ranganatha Swamy]] And [[Narasimhaswamy Temple, Namakkal|Sri Narasimha Swamy Temple]] on either side of the hill.
| location = Namakkal
| address =
| district = Namakkal
| lat = 11.222365883932165
| lon = 78.16472593611763
| image = "Stone Mandapam of Sri Narasimha Swamy Temple 3".JPG
|commonscat=Sri Ranganatha Swamy And Sri Narasimha Swamy temples
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C179
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns
| location = Karai
| address =
| district = [[Perambalur district|Perambalur]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C180
| description = [[Ranjankudi Fort]]
| location = Ranjankudi
| address =
| district = Perambalur
| lat = 11.346488575729467
| lon = 78.93924845384281
| image = View from top of the fort.jpg
|commonscat=Ranjankudi Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C181
| description = Siva Temple (Vaaleeswarar Temple)
| location = Valikantapuram
| address =
| district = Perumbalur
| lat = 11.315281103709555
| lon = 78.91541932560376
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C182
| description = Shamshkhan’s Mosque
| location = Vallapuram
| address =
| district = Perambalur
| lat = 11.318681104825735
| lon = 78.91365030480125
| image =
|commonscat=Shams Khan's Mosque
}}

{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C183
| description = Remains Of Fort With Building Thereon: [[Fort of Attur]]
| location = Attur
| address =
| district = [[Salem district|Salem]]
| lat = 11.602455228139295
| lon = 78.5986837970859
| image = "A Sone Wall of Fort of Attur".JPG
|commonscat=Attur Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C184
| description = [[Sangagiri Fort|Fort]] And Temple (Varadaraja Perumal Temple) On The Hill
| location = Chinna Kavandanur
| address =
| district = Salem
| lat = 11.479427380340114
| lon = 77.86476253001891
| image = Sangagiri hill 1.jpg
|commonscat=Sangagiri Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C185
| description = Urn burials
| location = Amirtha Mangalam
| address =
| district = [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]]
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C186
| description = A Virigin Ground Containing many Burrows.
| location = Attanthangal
| address =
| district = Tiruvallur
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C187
| description = Megalithic Cists
| location = Chedalpakkam
| address =
| district = Tiruvallur
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C188
| description = Megalithic cairns and Barrows
| location = Neyveli
| address =
| district = Tiruvallur
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C189
| description = Urn Burials
| location = Palavakkam
| address =
| district = Tiruvallur
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C190
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns
| location = Pammadukulam
| address =
| district = Tiruvallur
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C191
| description = Megalithic cists and cairns with bounding stone circles
| location = Panchali
| address =
| district = Tiruvallur
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C192
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns
| location = Pondavakkam
| address =
| district = Tiruvallur
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C193
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns
| location = Pottur
| address =
| district = Tiruvallur
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C194
| description = The Prehistoric settlement site coeval with the Megalithic period.
| location = Pulal
| address =
| district = Tiruvallur
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C195
| description = Dutch Cemetery
| location = Pulicat
| address =
| district = Tiruvallur
| lat = 13.418751097478712
| lon = 80.31516522515903
| image =Dutch cemetery in pulicat town.jpg
|commonscat=Dutch Cemetery, Pulicat
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C196
| description = Cairn Site
| location = Sengarai
| address =
| district = Tiruvallur
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C197
| description = Megalithic cairns with bounding stone circles
| location = Siruvadu
| address =
| district = Tiruvallur
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C198
| description = Megalithic cairns with bounding stone circles
| location = Tadipadi
| address =
| district = Tiruvallur
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C199
| description = Megalithic cairns with bounding stone circles.
| location = Vanmalli
| address =
| district = Tiruvallur
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C200
| description = Svayambunathar Temple
| location = Kilputhur
| address =
| district = [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]]
| lat = 12.446989830320888
| lon = 79.5199595792591
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C201
| description = Rock-Cut Shrine
| location = Kuranganilmuttam
| address =
| district = Tiruvannamalai
| lat = 12.767634210145129
| lon = 79.69258824572194
| image = N-TN-C199 Kuranganilmuttam Inside View.jpg
|commonscat=Kuranganilmuttam rock-cut shrine
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C202
| description = Rock Cut Caves, Sculptures And Inscriptions.
| location = [[Mamandur]]
| address =
| district = Tiruvannamalai
| lat = 12.741692194668948
| lon = 79.6658969374732
| image = Mamandur rock cut caves 5.JPG
|commonscat=Mamandur rock-cut caves
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C203
| description = Site containing megalithic burials including the
monolithic anthromorphic figure erected at the
site.
| location = Mottur
| address =
| district = Tiruvannamalai
| lat = 12.13843136211769
| lon = 78.8347599401868
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C204
| description = Rock Cut Caves
| location = Narasamangalam
| address =
| district = Tiruvannamalai
| lat = 12.74159
| lon = 79.6657
| image = N-TN-C201 Small cave 1 Narasamangalam.jpg
|commonscat=Narasamangalam Rock-cut caves
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C205
| description = Chandramoulisvarar temple together with adjacent land.
| location = Nattery
| address =
| district = Tiruvannamalai
| lat = 12.830838071458372
| lon = 79.52037309206085
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C206
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns
| location = Nedungal
| address =
| district = Tiruvannamalai
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C207
| description = Rock Cut Temple And Sculptures
| location = Siyamangalam
| address =
| district = Tiruvannamalai
| lat = 12.431374224649614
| lon = 79.46577719447598
| image = Siyamangalam 1.JPG
|commonscat=Avanibhajana Pallaveshwaram Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C208
| description = Megalithic Cists
| location = Tellur
| address =
| district = Tiruvannamalai
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C209
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns
| location = Tetturai
| address =
| district = Tiruvannamalai
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C210
| description = Jain Temple
| location = [[Tirumalai (Tamil Nadu)|Tirumalai]]
| address =
| district = Tiruvannamalai
| lat = 12.557221125980394
| lon = 79.20611987485023
| image = Tirumalai jaintempe 3.jpg
|commonscat=Tirumalai (Tamil Nadu)
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C211
| description = Two natural caverns known as [[Virupakshi Cuha & Skandashram]] with the passage leading to Skandasramam from Ramanasramam.
| location = Tiruvannamali
| address =
| district = Tiruvannamalai
| lat = 12.233486775976548
| lon = 79.0620830115434
| image = Virupakshi Cuha & Skandashram And Path Leading From Ramnasharam5.jpg
|commonscat=Natural Cavern known as Virupakshi Cuha and Skandashram, Thiruvannamalai
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C212
| description = Megalithic Cists and Cairns
| location = Venkunnam
| address =
| district = Tiruvannamalai
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C213
| description = [[Delhi Gate, Arcot|Delhi Gate]]
| location = Arcot
| address =
| district = [[Ranipet district|Ranipet]]
| lat = 12.907363579623564
| lon = 79.33789430526853
| image = Delhi gate - river side view.jpg
|commonscat=Delhi Gate, Vellore
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C214
| description = Masjid and 2 ponds in the west of the citadel.
| location = Arcot
| address =
| district = Ranipet
| lat = 12.900841422761825
| lon = 79.33519245922602
| image = Mashid And Two Ponds In The West Of The Citadel, Arcot Fort.jpg
|commonscat=Masjid and 2 ponds Arcot Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C215
| description = Adjoining Building To The Masjid And Two Ponds.
| location = Arcot
| address =
| district = Ranipet
| lat = 12.900805472163444
| lon = 79.3348912189405
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C216
| description = The Cannon
| location = Arcot
| address =
| district = Ranipet
| lat = 12.90142572534861
| lon = 79.33514480714709
| image = The Cannon, Arcot Fort.jpg
|commonscat=Arcot Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C217
| description = Ranganatha Temple (Aranganathar Temple) along with adjoining area
comprised in a portion.
| location = Erukkampattu
| address =
| district = [[Vellore district|Vellore]]
| lat = 13.090004891477712
| lon = 79.26260888189478
| image = Erukkampattu Ranganathar Temple-2.jpg
|commonscat=Ranganatha Temple, Erukkampattu
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C218
| description = Monolithic Rock Cut Temple
| location = Mahendravadi
| address =
| district = Ranipet
| lat = 12.989532269611537
| lon = 79.54172237341595
| image = N-TN-C211 Monolithic rockcut Mahendravadi.jpg
|commonscat=Mahendravadi rock cut temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C219
| description = Choleswara Temple
| location = Melpadi
| address =
| district = Vellore
| lat = 13.063956173448046
| lon = 79.28448874560891
| image = Choleswara temple Melpadi.jpg
|commonscat=Choleswara temple, Melpadi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C220
| description = Somanatha Temple
| location = Melpadi
| address =
| district = Vellore
| lat = 13.064911339875962
| lon = 79.28416252900782
| image = N-TN-C213.jpg
|commonscat=Somanadheeswarar temple, Melpadi
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C221
| description = North Eastern Corner Of The Outer Rampart Of The Old Fort At Arcot
| location = Muppaduvetti
| address =
| district = Ranipet
| lat = 12.893210978717661
| lon = 79.34013650328521
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C222
| description = Rock Inscription On The Right Flank Of The Sholinghur Tank
| location = Sholinghur
| address =
| district = Ranipet
| lat = 13.088516440488464
| lon = 79.41836507006397
| image = Closure view of Inscription, Sholinghur.jpg
|commonscat=The Sholinghur Tank
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C223
| description = Konar Temple
| location = Tirumalpur
| address =
| district = Ranipet
| lat = 12.943137121760968
| lon = 79.64976448050321
| image = Konar Temple Thirumalpur 2.jpg
|commonscat=Konar Temple, Thirumalpur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C224
| description = Jain Sculpture And Inscription on the hill
| location = Vallimalai
| address =
| district = Vellore
| lat = 13.075010169636338
| lon = 79.26255061633209
| image = Jain Sculptures, Jain Cave, Vallimalai.jpg
|commonscat=Vallimalai Jain caves
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C225
| description = Subramanya Temple
| location = Vallimalai
| address =
| district = Vellore
| lat = 13.073859603941782
| lon = 79.25977343184728
| image = Subramanya Temple.JPG
|commonscat=Vallimalai Murugan temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C226
| description = [[Vellore Fort|Fort]]
| location = Vellore
| address =
| district = Vellore
| lat = 12.92121905712791
| lon = 79.13049255007715
| image = Vellore Fort Front.jpg
|commonscat=Vellore Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C227
| description = [[Jalakandeswarar Temple, Vellore|Jalkanteswara Temple]]
| location = Vellore
| address =
| district = Vellore
| lat = 12.9223577988772
| lon = 79.12928813451819
| image = Temple view from the fort wall.JPG
|commonscat=Jalakandeswarar Temple, Vellore
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C228
| description = Old Mosque In The Fort
| location = Vellore
| address =
| district = Vellore
| lat = 12.919178981673015
| lon = 79.12922272617557
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C229
| description = Rock, Sculptures & Caves
| location = Vilapakkam
| address =
| district = Ranipet
| lat = 12.865656891269918
| lon = 79.27971275658791
|image=Inside the Villapakkam Jain Rock Cut Cavern.jpg
|commonscat=Jain caves, Vilapakkam
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C230
| description = Brahmapurisvara Temple
| location = Brahmadesam
| address =
| district = [[Viluppuram district|Viluppuram]]
| lat = 12.119036064465252
| lon = 79.47838381594192
| image = Brammadesam 0384.JPG
|commonscat=Brahmapureeswarar Temple, Brahmadesam
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C231
| description = Sri Pathaleswara Temple
| location = Brahmadesam
| address =
| district = Viluppuram
| lat = 12.11798526485155
| lon = 79.48175927729389
| image = N-TN-C 224 Patalisvara Temple- Brahmadesam.jpg
|commonscat=Padaleeswarar Temple, Brahmadesam
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C232
| description = Rock Cut Pallava Temple
| location = Dalavanur
| address =
| district = Viluppuram
| lat = 12.1665533433477
| lon = 79.46871717176394
| image = N-TN-C225 Dalavanur Rockcut pallava Temple.jpg
|commonscat=Rock Cut Pallava Temple, Dhalavanur
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C233
| description = Sri Alagiya Narasimha Perumal Temple
| location = Ennayiram
| address =
| district = Viluppuram
| lat = 12.124564950794472
| lon = 79.49224022278798
| image = N-TN-C226 Ennayiram Villupuram.jpg
|commonscat=Azhagiya Narasimha Perumal Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C234
| description = Fortress comprising hill fort on the Rajagiri, the inner and lower fort, and lines of fortifications connecting the Rajagiri, Krishnagiri and
Chakkilidurg (Orme’s St. George’s mountain)
hills.
| location = Gingee
| address =
| district = Viluppuram
| lat = 12.2489
| lon = 79.39585
| image = View of the fort.JPG
|commonscat=Rajagiri Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C235
| description = In the minor and lower forts- (a) (i) Inner fort, Venugopala temple called ‘BajanaiKudam’ with large polished slab and fine carved figures in three panels, a granary, a gymnasium, Kalyana Mahal (ii) Stables and barracks, the remains of Mahabut Khan’s mosque (iii) Anaikulam tank (b) Lower fort, Chakkarikulam and Chettikulam ponds, a dais with two idols representing Kamalakanni Ammal and with two symbols of serpent god, the masonry platform of Desings funeral pyre and his girl-wife’s sati, idol ofHanuman.
| location = Gingee
| address =
| district = Viluppuram
| lat = 12.25035
| lon = 79.40019
| image = Kalyana Mahal.jpg
|commonscat=Kalyana Mahal
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C236
| description = Old Jail near the Pondicherry gate and two Persian inscriptions on the outer face of the last two bastions in the south of the eastern wall of
the inner fort.
| location = Gingee
| address =
| district = Viluppuram
| lat = 12.24903
| lon = 79.40505
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C237
| description = On the Krishnagiri-Two granaries, well for storing ghee,well for storing oil, two temples and an audience chamber.
| location = Gingee
| address =
| district = Viluppuram
| lat = 12.25921
| lon = 79.40578
| image = Audience hall Krishnagiri Fort Gingee.JPG
|commonscat=Krishnagiri Fort, Gingee
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C238
| description = On the Rajagiri - Two granaries, a magazine,flagstaff, Ranganatha temple, Kamalakanniamman temple and the sacrificial slab in front of it, a big cannon, a treasury and an audience hall.
| location = Gingee
| address =
| district = Viluppuram
| lat = 12.24966
| lon = 79.39583
| image =Gingee Fort Villupuram Tamil Nadu 20181001 125022.jpg
|commonscat=Gingee Fort
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C239
| description = Saad-at-alla Khan’s mosque with Persian inscriptions, inscriptions in Persian on Pondicherry gate (A.D. 1713).
| location = Gingee
| address =
| district = Viluppuram
| lat = 12.24968
| lon = 79.40218
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C240
| description = Venkararamana Temple With Inscription In Tamil-Prisoner's Well
| location = Gingee
| address =
| district = Viluppuram
| lat = 12.24696
| lon = 79.40307
| image = Venkararamana Temple, Gingee Ramprasad T.jpg
|commonscat=Gingee Venkataramana Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C241
| description = Urn Burial Site
| location = Kadagambattu
| address =
| district = Viluppuram
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C242
| description = Pallava Rock-Cut Shrine
| location = Kilmavilangai
| address =
| district = Viluppuram
| lat = 12.326005615344231
| lon = 79.60599809053352
| image =Keelmavilangai Pallava Rock Cut Temple.jpg
|commonscat=Pallava Rock-Cut Shrine, Kilmavilangai
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C243
| description = Rock-cut Pallava Temple
| location = Mandagapattu
| address =
| district = Viluppuram
| lat = 12.107653194940056
| lon = 79.45648036285725
| image = N-TN-C235 Mandagapattu Villupuram.jpg
|commonscat=Mandagapattu Rock Cut Shrine
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C244
| description = Outside The Fort-Pattabhirama Temple And 12 Pillared Mandapa
| location = Narasingarayanan pettai
| address =
| district = Viluppuram
| lat = 12.234613324262256
| lon = 79.40371631844121
| image = Pattabhirama Temple 12 Pillared Mandapam closeup side view 1.jpg
|commonscat=Pattabhirama Temple And 12 Pillared Mandapa, Narasingarayanan
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C245
| description = Talagirisvara temple and a cave containing an image of Durga and Pallava inscription together with adjacent land
| location = Panamalai
| address =
| district = Viluppuram
| lat = 12.104197650129729
| lon = 79.37871773738998
| image = Panaimalai temple.jpg
|commonscat=Thalagireeshwarar Temple and Cave
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C246
| description = Apathsahayeswra Temple and gateway with Horses.
| location = Sendamangalam
| address =
| district = [[Kallakurichi district|kallakurichi]]
| lat = 11.746045801797916
| lon = 79.37757262582141
| image = Sendamangalam apathasagayeshwarar kovil.jpg
|commonscat=Apathasageshwar Temple Sendamangalam
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C247
| description = Megalithic Cairns and Stone Circles
| location = Sengamedu
| address =
| district = Viluppuram
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C248
| description = 24 Jain Figure In Two Rows, A Standing Nude Figure, Two Fragments Of A Sitting Figure And Two Inscritpions On Tirunathankunru.
| location = Sirukadambur
| address =
| district = Viluppuram
| lat = 12.27295662953427
| lon = 79.40699819433523
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C249
| description = Vinnamparai Rock Containing Pallava Inscriptions
| location = Thondur
| address =
| district = Viluppuram
| lat = 12.347930227524925
| lon = 79.4741028605114
| image =
|commonscat=
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = N-TN-C250
| description = Megalithic Stone Circles
| location = Tiruvakkarai
| address =
| district = Viluppuram
| lat =
| lon =
| image =
}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Trichy circle]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in India]] for other Monuments of National Importance in India
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in Tamil Nadu]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
https://bhuvan-app1.nrsc.gov.in/culture_monuments/ 
https://asichennai.gov.in/downloads/MTS_EXTENT.pdf 
https://asichennai.gov.in/downloads/SITE_EXTENT.pdf 
https://sansad.in/getFile/annex/253/AU1636.pdf?source=pqars

{{Monuments of NI in India}}

[[Category:Lists of Monuments of National Importance in Tamil Nadu|Chennai circle]]

Vikram Patel

2026-02-12T06:13:31Z

IgnacioGrishin: new basic data with sources...

{{Short description|Indian psychiatrist and researcher}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Vikram Patel
| image = Vikram Patel at The Asian Awards.jpg
| workplaces = [[Harvard Medical School]] [[London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine]]
| caption = Patel at [[The Asian Awards]] in 2016
| birth_name = Vikram Harshad Patel
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1964|5|5}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| fields = [[Mental health]]
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
* [[University of Mumbai]] (MB BS)<ref name=orcid/>
* [[University of Oxford]] (MSc)<ref name=msc/>
* [[University of London]] (PhD)<ref name=phd/>}}
| thesis_title = Common mental disorders in Harare: : A study in the "new" cross-cultural psychiatry
| thesis_year = 1997
| thesis_url = http://catalogue.libraries.london.ac.uk/record=b1776564
| awards = {{Plainlist|
* [[Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellow]] {{small|(2005)}}<ref name=prf/>
* [[FMedSci]] {{small|(2009)}}<ref name=fmedsci/>}}
| known_for = Sangath<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sangath.com|title=Sangath|website=sangath.com}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://ghsm.hms.harvard.edu/person/faculty/vikram-patel|Vikram Patel - Harvard}}
}}

'''Vikram Harshad Patel''' [[FMedSci]]<ref name=fmedsci>{{cite web|url=https://acmedsci.ac.uk/fellows/fellows-directory/ordinary-fellows/professor-vikram-patel|title=Professor Vikram Patel FMedSci|website=acmedsci.ac.uk|publisher=[[Academy of Medical Sciences, United Kingdom|Academy of Medical Sciences]]|location=London|author=Anon|year=2009|access-date=9 July 2017|archive-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011602/https://acmedsci.ac.uk/fellows/fellows-directory/ordinary-fellows/professor-vikram-patel|url-status=dead}}</ref> (born 5 May 1964) is an Indian psychiatrist and researcher best known for his work on [[child development]] and mental disability in low-resource settings.<ref name="MoussaviChatterji2007">{{cite journal|last1=Moussavi|first1=Saba|last2=Chatterji|first2=Somnath|last3=Verdes|first3=Emese|last4=Tandon|first4=Ajay|last5=Patel|first5=Vikram|last6=Ustun|first6=Bedirhan|title=Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: results from the World Health Surveys|journal=The Lancet|volume=370|issue=9590|year=2007|pages=851–858|issn=0140-6736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61415-9|pmid=17826170|citeseerx=10.1.1.570.9629|s2cid=17049103}}</ref><ref name="PrincePatel2007">{{cite journal|last1=Prince|first1=Martin|last2=Patel|first2=Vikram|last3=Saxena|first3=Shekhar|last4=Maj|first4=Mario|last5=Maselko|first5=Joanna|last6=Phillips|first6=Michael R|last7=Rahman|first7=Atif|title=No health without mental health|journal=The Lancet|volume=370|issue=9590|year=2007|pages=859–877|issn=0140-6736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61238-0|pmid=17804063|s2cid=32695269}}</ref><ref name=scopus>{{Scopus id}}</ref><ref name="wpaistanbul2016.org">{{cite web|title=Professor Vikram Patel|year=2015|accessdate=6 November 2015|url=http://wpaistanbul2016.org/key/Vikram|website=wpaistanbul2016.org|archive-date=27 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427003541/http://wpaistanbul2016.org/key/Vikram|url-status=dead}} Patel/Brief Biography.pdf</ref> He is the Co-Founder and former Director of the Centre for Global Mental Health at the
[[London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine]] (LSHTM), Co-Director of the Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions at the [[Public Health Foundation of India]], and the Co-Founder of Sangath, an Indian [[NGO]] dedicated to research in the areas of child development, adolescent health and [[mental health]].<ref name="wpaistanbul2016.org"/> Since 2024, he has been the Paul Farmer Professor and Chair of the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine at [[Harvard Medical School]] in Boston, where he was previously the Pershing Square Professor of Global Health and Social Medicine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2024 |title=Vikram Patel |url=https://ghsm.hms.harvard.edu/faculty-staff/vikram-patel |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=Global Health and Social Medicine [[Harvard Medical School]]}}</ref> He is the Head of the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine at [[Harvard Medical School]] and also a Professor in the Department of Global Health and Population at the [[Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health]].<ref>https://ghsm.hms.harvard.edu/faculty-staff/vikram-patel</ref> He was awarded a [[Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellow]]ship in 2015.<ref name=prf>{{cite web|url=https://blog.wellcome.ac.uk/2015/10/05/researcher-spotlight-prof-vikram-patel/|title=Researcher Spotlight: Prof Vikram Patel|publisher=[[Wellcome Trust]]|website=wellcome.ac.uk|author=Anon|year=2015|access-date=9 July 2017|archive-date=19 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219165053/https://blog.wellcome.ac.uk/2015/10/05/researcher-spotlight-prof-vikram-patel/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In April 2015, he was listed as one of the world's 100 most influential people by TIME magazine.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=15 April 2015 |title=Vikram Patel |url=https://time.com/collection-post/3822953/vikram-patel-2015-time-100/ |access-date=11 October 2021 |magazine=Time |archive-date=21 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021023813/https://time.com/collection-post/3822953/vikram-patel-2015-time-100/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Education==
Patel was educated at the [[University of Mumbai]], ([[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]], 1987)<ref name=orcid/> the [[University of Oxford]] ([[Master of Science]], 1989)<ref name=msc>{{cite thesis |degree=MSc |first=Vikram |last=Patel |title=The assessment of aggressive behaviour in dementia |publisher=University of Oxford |date=1989 |url=http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/OXVU1:LSCOP_OX:oxfaleph020673471 |website=bodleian.ox.ac.uk }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and the [[University of London]] where he was awarded a [[PhD]] in 1997 for research on [[mental disorder]]s in [[Harare]].<ref name=orcid>Vikram Patel's {{ORCID|0000-0003-1066-8584}}</ref><ref name=phd>{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Vikram Harshad |last=Patel |title=Common mental disorders in Harare: : A study in the "new" cross-cultural psychiatry |publisher=University of London |date=1997 |url=http://catalogue.libraries.london.ac.uk/record=b1776564 |website=london.ac.uk |oclc=940380115 |archive-date=3 May 2023 |access-date=9 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503044832/https://catalogue.libraries.london.ac.uk/record=b1776564 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Career==
Patel’s work spans a variety of topics and disciplines including [[epidemiology]], [[medicine]], [[psychology]], [[disability]], [[neurology|neurological disease]], Non-communicable [[disease]]s, [[public health]], [[substance abuse]], economic evaluation, and implementation research. His primary interest, however, is in global mental health, specifically the improved treatment and care of people with mental disorders around the globe. His work has been financially supported by the London-based biomedical research charity The [[Wellcome Trust]] since 1996 where he has served as Senior Research Fellow in Clinical Science since 2005.<ref name="lshtm.ac.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/aboutus/people/patel.vikram|title=Professor Vikram Patel MSc MRCPsych PhD FMedSci|year= 2015|accessdate= 13 November 2015|website=www.lshtm.ac.uk}}</ref>

He currently{{when|date=March 2017}} serves on four Government of India committees: the Mental Health Policy Group (which drafted India’s first national mental health policy, launched on 10 October 2014); the National Rural Health Mission ASHA Mentoring Group; the National Human Rights Commission Core Committee on Health; and the Technical Advisory Group of the Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=https://wpaistanbul2016.org/key/Vikram+Patel/Brief+Biography.pdf|title=Resources and Information|website=wpaistanbul2016.org}}</ref> He was Founding and Joint Director of the Centre for Global Mental Health, a partner of the [[London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine|LSHTM]] with Kings Health Partners, until handing over the role to Professor Ricardo Araya in October 2014. He is currently{{when|date=March 2017}} Joint Director of the Centre for Chronic Conditions and Injuries at the [[Public Health Foundation of India]] located in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="lshtm.ac.uk"/> He serves on three WHO Committees, which include: Mental Health; Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health; and EMRO Mental Health. And he served as co-chair of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Grand Challenges in Global Mental
Health of the National Institute for Mental Health.<ref name="wpaistanbul2016.org"/>

In 1997, he and several local colleagues founded Sangath, a mental health [[research]] [[NGO]] located in [[Goa]], that works with the [[London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine|LSHTM]] on projects focusing on child development, adolescent health, and mental health. In 2008, Sangath won the [[MacArthur Foundation|MacArthur Foundation’s International Prize for Creative and Effective Institutions]] and is using the grant money on ways in which task-sharing in mental health care can be properly distributed between primary care professionals and community based workers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/aboutus/people/patel.vikram |title=Vikram Patel |website=lshtm.ac.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125025402/http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/aboutus/people/patel.vikram |archive-date=25 November 2015 }}</ref> Sangath is now ranked amongst India's leading public health research institutions.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Patel has also served as editor for several major medical publications including the influential [[The Lancet|Lancet]] series on global mental health in 2007 and 2011 (as well as universal health care in India again in 2011), the [[PLoS Medicine]] series on packages of care for [[mental disorder]]s in 2009, and the series on Global Mental Health Practices in 2012 and onwards. He was also editor of the International Journal of Epidemiology series on global mental health and psychiatric epidemiology in 2014. He is the editor of two [[Oxford University Press]] textbooks on global mental health, ''Global Mental Health: Principles and Practice'' and ''Global Mental Health Trials''.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

In 2007, he played a role in setting up the new Movement for Global Mental Health, a global coalition of professionals and civilian volunteers working together to assist those affected by mental illness, by helping to promote as editor the 2011 [[The Lancet|Lancet]] series’ [[Call to Action]].{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} The movement has grown to over 10,000 people working with over 200 institutions around the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Homepage {{!}} Movement for Global Mental Health|year=2015|accessdate=5 November 2015|url=http://www.globalmentalhealth.org/|website=www.globalmentalhealth.org|archive-date=16 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116211935/http://www.globalmentalhealth.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2003, he wrote the book ''Where There Is No Psychiatrist,'' a mental health care manual primarily used in developing countries by non-specialist health workers and volunteers.<ref name="lshtm.ac.uk"/> It has been translated into fifteen languages.<ref name="wpaistanbul2016.org"/>

Patel is based in Boston, New Delhi, and Goa.

===Teaching===
Patel has spent much of his career in trying to educate people on the nature and importance of global mental health. In 2012, he played an integral role in the establishment of Sangath’s Masters in Global Mental Health program, which is jointly run with the Institute of Psychiatry, London. He is the chair for the Exam Board of the same program and has helped to design and teach many of the core modules within the program. One week out of the year, he teaches an intensive Short Course on Research Methods in Global Mental Health in London to aspiring global health workers; this program is also jointly run with the Institute of Psychiatry, London.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2017 |title=Vikram Patel - London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine - LSHTM |url=http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/aboutus/people/patel.vikram |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514050953/http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/aboutus/people/patel.vikram |archive-date=14 May 2017 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=lshtm.ac.uk }}</ref>

He also coordinates short courses on Leadership in Mental Health with Sangath in India.<ref name="lshtm.ac.uk"/>

Aside from academic teaching, he has given over a dozen auditorium speeches, including a global conference in 2012 in association with [[TED (conference)|TED]].<ref name="wpaistanbul2016.org"/> Patel's philosophy towards global mental health and its potential treatments is summarised in the following quote from his 2012 TED talk introduction:

{{blockquote|Nearly 450 million people are affected by mental illness worldwide. In wealthy nations, just half receive appropriate care, but in developing countries, close to 90 percent go untreated because psychiatrists are in such short supply. Vikram Patel outlines a highly promising approach — training members of communities to give mental health interventions, empowering ordinary people to care for others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2016 |title=Vikram Patel - Cairns, 11-14 May 2015 |url=http://cf15.conorg.com.au/vikram-patel/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074159/http://cf15.conorg.com.au/vikram-patel/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=Creating Futures}}</ref>}}

===Research===
Patel has published over 250 [[peer review]]ed scientific articles.<ref name=scopus/><ref name="wpaistanbul2016.org"/> The main focus of his research has been on epidemiology and the sociocultural determinants and treatment of mental disorders in impoverished regions of India and other resource poor settings. Examples of his major research contributions include: the burden of mental disorders and suicide in young people; the association of poverty and gender based violence with depression and suicide; the relationship of mental disorders with other health priorities such as gynecological morbidities, adolescent health, HIV/AIDS and maternal and child health; and the development and evaluation of interventions for mental disorders integrated in routine care settings including in schools and primary health care. He has recently become increasingly involved in researching mental disorders and developmental disabilities in children, seeking to integrate mental health care with more pervasive forms of health care treatments, such as those involving chronic illnesses.<ref name="lshtm.ac.uk"/>

===Awards and honours===
Patel was won numerous awards including:
*2009: Awarded the [[Chalmers Medal]] by the [[Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene]] (UK).
*2009: Elected a [[Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences]] (FMedSci)<ref name=fmedsci/>
*2014: Awarded the [[Sarnat Prize]] in mental health by the [[Institute of Medicine]] (USA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exams & Results |url=http://www.prepsure.com/current-affairs/awards-and-appointments/indias-vikram-patel-gets-2014-sarnat-prize-in-mental-health/ |website=prepsure.com |access-date=24 November 2015 |archive-date=24 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124221511/http://www.prepsure.com/current-affairs/awards-and-appointments/indias-vikram-patel-gets-2014-sarnat-prize-in-mental-health/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*2015: Awarded a [[Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellow]]ship in Clinical Science (UK).<ref name=prf/>
*2015: Awarded an Honorary Doctorate from Georgetown University.
*2015: Listed in ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'' 100 most influential people of the world.
*2016: Awarded [[Chanchlani Global Health Research Award]]
*2019: Awarded [[Canada Gairdner Global Health Award]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2018 |title=All Gairdner Awards Laureates |url=https://gairdner.org/winners/index-of-winners/ |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=Gairdner Foundation |language=fr}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|title=Mental health for all, by all: Vikram Patel at TEDxGateway|date=8 February 2013|publisher=TEDx Talks|website=YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gS-p4Piggy8}}
* {{cite web|title=Why don't we care? {{!}} Vikram Patel {{!}} TEDxLSHTM|date=25 November 2015|publisher=TEDx Talks|website=YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yexumei7SkY}}
* {{cite web|title=Vikram Patel (Harvard) - Transforming mental health care globally - Departamento Psiquiatra UNIFESP|date=20 August 2020|publisher=BIPP Instituto Brasileiro de Farmacologia Prática|website=YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y-dwzX5KYHo}}
* {{cite web|title=Harvard's Vikram Patel on Covid impact on mental health #HTLS2020|date=11 December 2020|publisher=Hindustan Times|website=YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aTrKkayEciM}}

{{Mental Health in India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Vikram Harshad}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellows]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian psychiatrists]]
[[Category:Academics of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine]]
[[Category:Harvard Medical School faculty]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Members of the National Academy of Medicine]]

Delhi State Election Commission

2026-02-12T05:55:25Z

IgnacioGrishin: Pg

{{Short description|Election regulatory body of Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Delhi State Election Commission
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| jurisdiction = [[Delhi]]
| headquarters = State Election Commission, NCT of Delhi & UT Chandigarh,Nigam Bhawan , Kashmere Gate, Delhi-110006
| employees =
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| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo =
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| chief1_name = Sri Anil Kumar Khachi, IAS (Retd.)
| chief1_position = Chief Election Commissioner
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| website = {{URL|https://sec.delhi.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Delhi State Election Commission''' is an [[Autonomy|autonomous]] and [[statutory]] body constituted in [[India]]n state of [[Delhi]] for ensuring that elections are conducted in free, fair and unbiased way. [[Constitution of India]] with provisions as per Article 243K and 243 ZA and Article 324 ensures creation and safeguarding of the powers of [[States Election Commission (India)|State Election Commissions]]. Delhi State Election Commission is responsible for conducting elections for [[Municipal governance in India|Urban Local Bodies]] like [[Municipality|Municipalities]], [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporations]], [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]]s and any other specified by [[Election Commission of India]]. Delhi State Election Commissioner is appointed by [[Governor (India)|Lieutant Governor]] of Delhi.

== History and Administration ==

Delhi State Election Commission was formed in accordance with powers of Election Commission of India, which was constituted in year 1950<ref name="sec ref1">{{cite news |title=WHAT IS ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA (ECI)? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-election-commission-of-india#collapse |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India}}</ref> to supervise state level elections.<ref name="sec ref3">{{cite news |title=State election panels: Independent of central EC, with similar powers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/state-election-panels-independent-of-central-ec-with-similar-powers-5132220/ |access-date=6 December 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> State election commissioner is appointed by Governor.<ref name="sec ref2">{{cite news |title=India Code: Section Details |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_18_21_00005_199426_1517807320414&sectionId=42788&sectionno=98&orderno=98 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.indiacode.nic.in}}</ref><ref name="sec ref6">{{cite news |title=State Election Commissioner Conditions of Service Rules, 1994 |url=http://www.bareactslive.com/HRY/HL534.HTM |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.bareactslive.com |archive-date=6 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206113835/http://www.bareactslive.com/HRY/HL534.HTM |url-status=dead }}</ref> To ensure the autonomy of the position, the Delhi state election commissioner cannot be removed from office except on the grounds and manner specified for [[judge]] of [[High courts of India|High Court]].

== Powers and Responsibilities ==

Delhi States Election Commissioner is responsible for the following:<ref name="sec ref1" /><ref name="sec ref7">{{cite news |title=Election Commission directs all state electoral officers to immediately redress all pending voter applications |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/election-commission-directs-state-electoral-officers-immediately-redress-pending-voter-applications-1503026387.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=The Statesman |date=23 November 2021}}</ref>

* Releasing election schedule.
* Issue notification containing guidelines for conducting elections for Municipal Corporations in State.<ref name="dec ref6">{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Madhu |title=Delhi MCD election 2021: 73 nominations filed for February 28 polls |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-delhi-mcd-election-2021-73-nominations-filed-february-28-polls-683696 |access-date=13 December 2021 |publisher=indiatvnews.com |date=9 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Conducting elections for Municipal Corporations in State.<ref name="dec ref2">{{cite news |title=MCD Election 2017: Voting begins for Delhi's civic body polls |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/mcd-election-2017-voting-begins-for-delhis-civic-body-polls-3399218.html |access-date=13 December 2021 |publisher=Firstpost |date=23 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="dec ref4">{{cite news |title=MCD bypolls {{!}} Nearly 43% voters turnout till 3:30 p.m. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/mcd-bypolls-voting/article33954502.ece |access-date=13 December 2021 |publisher=The Hindu |date=28 February 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="dec ref5">{{cite news |title=Voting begins on slow note in Delhi civic ward {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/news/agencies/voting-begins-on-slow-note-in-delhi-civic-ward-2153900/ |access-date=13 December 2021 |publisher=india.com |date=21 May 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
* Issue notification containing guidelines for conducting elections for conducting elections for Municipal panchayats in State.
* Conducting elections for Municipal panchayats in State.
* Laying guidelines for persons eligible to contest in elections for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Conducting elections for Municipal panchayats in State.
* Model code of conduct are following in elections for local bodies.<ref name="dec ref1">{{cite news |title=MCD election: Delhi poll panel asks govt to drop ‘Aam’ from hoardings, party cries foul |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/mcd-election-delhi-poll-panel-asks-govt-to-drop-aam-from-mohalla-clinic-hoardings/story-JYYvjanVTRycd1bEq3yi6H.html |access-date=13 December 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=22 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
* Updating Electoral rolls with new additions.<ref name="dec ref8">{{cite news |title=Delhi begins revision of electoral rolls; last date to apply is November 30 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-begins-revision-of-electoral-rolls-last-date-to-apply-is-november-30-101635794314017.html |access-date=13 December 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Updating Electoral rolls with removals, if any.
* Declaration of results of elections held for Municipal Corporations in State.
* Declaration of results of elections held for Municipal panchayats in State.
* Ordering repoll if needed.
* Making arrangements for Statewide polls.
* Monitoring poll expenditure for Panchayat polls.
* Laying guidelines for issue of opinion polls.<ref name="dec ref7">{{cite news |title=MCD elections: Delhi Election Commission issues notice to 2 channels for airing opinion polls |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2017/apr/23/mcd-elections-delhi-election-commission-issues-notice-to-2-channels-for-airing-opinion-polls-1596933.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426184507/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2017/apr/23/mcd-elections-delhi-election-commission-issues-notice-to-2-channels-for-airing-opinion-polls-1596933.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 April 2017 |access-date=13 December 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=23 April 2017}}</ref>

== Composition ==

Delhi State Election Commission is headed by Chief Election Commissioner and as many members as specified in State Act. State Election Commissioners are independent persons not holding position or office in any Central or State Government organisations<ref name="sec ref5">{{cite news |title=State election commissioners should be independent, says SC |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/state-election-commissioners-should-be-independent-says-sc/cid/1809411 |publisher=www.telegraphindia.com |date=13 March 2021}}</ref>

Sri Vijay Kumar Dev, is the Chief Election Commissioner of Delhi State Election Commission.<ref name="dec ref3">{{cite news |title=Appointment of Delhi chief secy as election commissioner challenged in High Court |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/appointment-of-delhi-chief-secy-as-election-commissioner-challenged-in-high-court20211208220428/ |access-date=13 December 2021 |publisher=ANI News |date=8 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> His period of service will be 5 years or attaining an age of 65 years whichever is earlier.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

== Constitutional Requirements ==

Delhi State Election Commission was formed after amendment of Constitution with 73rd and 74th declaration.<ref name="sec ref4">{{cite news |title=India State Election - Find information of all State elections in India |url=https://www.elections.in/state-elections.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref> State Election Commissions were formed as per Article 243K of the Constitution, similar to setting up of Election commission of India as per Article 324.<ref name="sec ref3" />

== See also ==
* [[Election Commission of India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://des.delhigovt.nic.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_dsec/Delhi+State+Election+Commission/Home/Contact+Us/ Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213055912/http://des.delhigovt.nic.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_dsec/Delhi%20State%20Election%20Commission/Home/Contact%20Us/ |date=13 December 2021 }}

{{Delhi elections}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:State election commissioners of India]]
[[Category:State agencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Local elections in Delhi]]

Abdur Rashid Tarkabagish

2026-02-10T23:12:38Z

IgnacioGrishin: update details and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician (1900–1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Mawlana]]
| name = Abdur Rashid Tarkabagish
| birth_name = Khandakar Sayed Abdur Rashid
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1900|11|27}}
| birth_place = [[Ullahpara|Salanga]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1986|08|20|1900|11|27}}
| death_place = [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| party = [[All-India Muslim League]] (1936–1947) [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]] (1947–1952) [[Awami League]] (1952–1975) [[Gano Azadi League]] (1976–1986)
| office = 3rd [[Awami League#President and general secretary of the AL, 1949–present|President of Awami League]]
| termstart = 10 October 1957
| termend = 25 January 1966
| predecessor = [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]]
| successor = [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
| 1blankname = General Secretary
| 1namedata = [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
| office2 = Member of the [[Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh]]
| termstart2 = 1971
| termend2 = 1973
| constituency2 = [[Sirajganj-4|NE-25 (Pabna-II)]]
| office3 = Member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]]
| termstart3 = 1955
| termend3 = 1958
| office4 = Member of the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]]
| termstart4 = 10 August 1947
| termend4 = 24 October 1954
| office5 = Member of the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937—1947)|Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| termstart5 = 1937
| termend5 = 1945
| module = {{Infobox religious biography | embed = yes
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| movement = [[Deobandi]]
| education = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] [[Mazahir Uloom]]
| module = {{Infobox Arabic name|embed=yes
| ism = ʿAbd al-Rashīd عبد الرشيد
| nasab = ibn Abī Isḥāq إبن أبي إسحاق
| laqab = Tarkabāghīsh تركباغيش }}}}
| image =
}}
'''Khandakar Abdur Rashid''' ({{langx|bn|খন্দকার আব্দুর রশীদ}}), better known as '''Abdur Rashid Tarkabagish''' ({{langx|bn|আব্দুর রশীদ তর্কবাগীশ}}; 27 November 1900 – 20 August 1986) was a [[Bangladeshi]] politician and [[Islamic scholar]]. His career spans from the [[Indian independence movement|anti-colonial independence movement]] to the establishment of both Pakistan and Bangladesh. Tarkabagish was the second president of the [[All Pakistan Awami Muslim League]], and served as a member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] and later the [[Parliament of Bangladesh]]. Despite being a member of the treasury bench, he opposed what he considered to be the repressive mentality of the [[Nurul Amin]] government towards the [[Bengali language movement]].<ref name=Bpedia/>

==Early life and education==
Khandakar Sayed Abdur Rashid was born on 27 November 1900 to an aristocratic [[Bengali Muslim]] ''[[Sayyid|Sayed]] [[Pir (Sufism)|Peer]]'' family titled ''[[Khandakar]]'' in the village of Tarutia situated in [[Ullahpara]], [[Sirajganj District|Sirajganj]] (then under the [[Pabna District]] of the [[Bengal Presidency]]).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dutta |first=Pradip Kumar |title=An almost forgotten part of our glorious past |url=http://dailyasianage.com/news/236116/?regenerate |access-date=2024-03-16 |work=The Asian Age |location=Bangladesh |language=en}}</ref> His father, Sayed Abu Ishaq Khandakar, traces his lineage to ''Shah Darwish Dewan'' Sayed Mahmud, a [[Sufi Muslim]] figure claimed to be descended from [[Husayn ibn Ali|Imam Husayn]] through his son [[Ali al-Sajjad|Imam Zayn Al Abedin]], who had arrived in the region from [[Baghdad]] during 1303 AD, he was a follower of the ''[[Tariqa]]h'' of [[Abdul Qadir Gilani|Sayed Abdul Qadir Jilani]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.daily-sun.com/details_yes_27-11-2011_Birth-anniversary-of-Abdur-Rashid-Tarkabagish_416_1_10_1_14.html |title=Birth anniversary of Abdur Rashid Tarkabagish |work=Daily Sun |accessdate=2012-03-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515110335/http://www.daily-sun.com/details_yes_27-11-2011_Birth-anniversary-of-Abdur-Rashid-Tarkabagish_416_1_10_1_14.html |archivedate=2013-05-15}}</ref>

From an early age, he developed a sense of patriotism. At the age of thirteen, he assembled helpless milk sellers against the local ''[[zamindar]]s'' and ''[[mahajan]]s'' and demanded that they pay them a fair price for milk. By the age of twenty-one, he was leading marchers in a non-violent protest for independence at the Salanga bazaar in [[Raiganj Upazila|Raiganj]], when the crowd was fired upon, killing hundreds of people.<ref>[https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/news/the-salanga-massacre-1922-bangladeshs-forgotten-bloodbath-1692412 "The Salanga Massacre of 1922: Bangladesh's forgotten bloodbath"], by Shahnawaz Khan Chandan, [[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|''The Daily Star'']] (Dhaka, Bangladesh), 25 January 2019</ref> The events of 27 January 1922 are now referred to as the [[Salanga massacre]] in Bangladesh, and memorialised by "Salanga Day" annually.<ref>[https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-73153 "Salanga Day today"], ''The Daily Star'' (Dhaka, Bangladesh), 27 January 2009</ref>

He later decided to pursue higher [[Islamic studies]], and thus entered the [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]] and [[Lahore]], where was educated in [[Deobandi]] institutions such as [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] and [[Mazahir Uloom]]. He received his degree in logic and reasoning (''tarka'') and was honoured with the title of Tarkabagish (master of reasoning).{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

==Political career==
Tarkabagish joined the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] in 1936. From the party he participated in the election and earned his place in the Bengal Legislative Assembly in 1937 and in 1946. At the budget session of the East Bengal Legislative Assembly on 21 February 1952, Tarkabagish heavily criticized the killing of several protesters near Dhaka Medical College.<ref name=Bpedia>{{cite Banglapedia |author=Kader, Rozina |article=Tarkabagish, Maulana Abdur Rashid}}</ref>

[[File:Abdur Rashid Tarkabagish at a meeting with Mujib and Tajuddin.jpg|thumb|Abdur Rashid Tarkabagish at a meeting with Mujib and Tajuddin]]

Tarkabagish asked the leader of the house, Nurul Amin, to formulate an inquiry and to visit to the wounded students before proceeding the session. But as Amin refused the proposal, he walked out of the assembly<ref name="Al2003">{{Harv|Al Helal|2003|pp=373–393}}</ref> and subsequently retired from Muslim League Parliamentary Party on 23 February 1952.<ref>{{Citation |title=none |newspaper=[[The Azad]] (a daily newspaper) |language=bn |publisher=Abul Kalam Shamsuddin, Dhaka |date=11 December 1948}}</ref> He also expressed gratitude to the dead and wounded activists of the movement.<ref name="Al2003" /><ref>{{Citation |title=none |newspaper=Daily Insaf (a daily newspaper) |language=bn |publisher=Dhaka |date=24 February 1952}}</ref>

Tarkabagish protested the police firing on and killing of students on 21 February 1952, in the assembly. He also made his speech in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] to respect his mother tongue and martyrs of the [[Bengali Language Movement|language movement]]. He was arrested on 23 February and kept in jail until 1 June.<ref name="Bpedia"/> Then he joined Awami Muslim League (now the [[Awami League]]) and was again elected a member of the assembly in 1954 from [[United Front (East Pakistan)|United Front]]. He was also elected as the member of the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]] in 1956.<ref name="Bpedia"/>

Tarkabagish was elected as the acting president of the [[Awami League]] in 1957, and then the president of the [[Awami League]] from 1964, a position in which he served till 1967.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Awami League National Councils in 67 years |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/awami-league-national-councils-in-67-years |access-date=2020-06-20 |work=bdnews24.com |date=22 October 2016}}</ref>

===After the independence of Bangladesh===
Tarkabagish presided over at the first session of the [[Jatiya Sangsad]] of Bangladesh in 1972. He was again elected a member from Awami League in 1973.<ref name="Bpedia"/> After the assassinations of the founding father and then-President of Bangladesh, and almost his entire family and several relatives on 15 August 1975, by a group of military officers in an attempted coup, and subsequent coups and countercoups, Tarkabagish himself formed a party named Gano Azadi League in 1976.<ref name="Bpedia"/> During the regime of [[Hossain Mohammad Ershad|Ershad]] he played a role in the formation and activities of 15 party alliance that took part in the movement against Ershad.<ref name="Bpedia"/>
He played an important role as one of the leaders of the alliance in the movement against military rule of Hussein Mohammad Ershad.He was all along uncompromising towards fundamentalism and sectarianism. Maulana Abdur Rashid Tarkabagish was honoured with the Independence Day Award (posthumously) by the Government of Bangladesh in 2000 AD.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

==Death and legacy==
Tarkabagish died in [[Dhaka]] on 20 August 1986. He was honored with an [[Independence Day Award]] in 2000.<ref name="Bpedia"/>

=== Controversy ===
After the [[assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|assassination of Mujibur Rahman]], Tarkabagish went against his former comrade and praised the mastermind of the assassination [[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad]] saying, "May Allah bless the President [Moshtaque] in establishing rule of law, peace and happiness in the country by uprooting corruption."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-08-17 |title=Who Said What After August 15 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/who-said-what-after-august-15-37449 |access-date=2020-06-20 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Citations==
* {{Citation |surname1=Al Helal |given1=B |authorlink=Bashir Al Helal |year=2003 |title=Bhasha Andoloner Itihas (History of the Language Movement) |publisher=[[Agamee Prakashani]], Dhaka |isbn=984-401-523-5 |language=}} {{in lang|bn}}

{{Language Movement}}
{{Hanafi scholars}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tarkabagish, Abdur Rashid}}
[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Independence Award]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Awami League]]
[[Category:1st Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1955–1958]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:People from Sirajganj District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Rajshahi Division]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:Mazahir Uloom alumni]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Bengal MLAs 1937–1945]]
[[Category:Bengal MLAs 1946–1947]]
[[Category:East Bengal MLAs 1947–1954]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 1970 Pakistani general election]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh]]

Star Pravah

2026-02-03T03:55:44Z

IgnacioGrishin: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{short description|Indian Marathi-language television channel}}

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Star Pravah
| logo = Star Pravah 2023.png
| logo_size =
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2019
| launch_date = {{start date and age|df=yes|2008|11|24}}
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]] (downscaled to [[letterboxed]] [[576i]] for the [[SDTV]] feed)
| owner = [[JioStar]]
| headquarters = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| area = [[India]]
| network =
| sister_channels = [[Disney Star#Owned channels|JioStar channels]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.hotstar.com/channels/star-pravah|Star Pravah}} on JioHotstar

{{URL|https://www.youtube.com/@starpravahindia|Star Pravah}} on YouTube
| online_serv_1 = JioHotstar
| online_chan_1 = [[India]]
| online_serv_2 = YouTube
| online_chan_2 = [[India]]
}}

'''Star Pravah''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] [[general entertainment]] [[pay television]] channel owned by [[JioStar]], a joint venture between [[Viacom18]] and [[Disney India]]. It primarily telecasts [[Soap opera|family dramas]], [[comedies]], [[reality shows]] and films.

==History==

The channel rebranded itself with a new logo and graphics on 10 October 2016 with new tagline "Aata Thambaych Naay आता थांबायचं नाय" (translation: Do not stop now). On 2 December 2019 channel again rebranded itself with the new logo and tagline "Marathi Parampara Marathi Pravah मराठी परंपरा मराठी प्रवाह" (translation: Marathi Tradition, Marathi Culture). On 1 May 2016, the high-definition feed of the channel named Star Pravah HD was launched.<ref>{{Cite web|title=After Star Jalsha, Star India all set to launch Star Pravah HD on May Day|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/regional/after-star-jalsha-star-india-all-set-to-launch-star-pravah-hd-on-may-day-160429|website=[[Indian Television]]}}</ref>

==Programming==
{{main|List of programmes broadcast by Star Pravah}}

==Sister channel==
===Pravah Picture===
''Pravah Picture''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Disney Star launches dedicated Marathi movie channel 'Pravah Picture' |url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2022/04/disney-star-launches-dedicated-marathi-movie-channel-pravah-picture |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=Best Media Info}}</ref> (also known as ''Star Pravah Picture'') is a [[Marathi language]] movie pay television channel owned by [[JioStar]] a Joint Venture between [[Viacom18]] and [[Disney India]] Along with its HD version, the channel has gone live from 15 May 2022 onwards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Disney Star announces launch of 'Pravah Picture' |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/disney-star-announces-launch-of-pravah-picture-119477.html |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=Exchange4media}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Official website|http://www.hotstar.com/channels/star-pravah}}

{{Marathi language television}}

[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television channels]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2008]]
[[Category:Disney Star]]
[[Category:Mass media in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Mass media in Mumbai]]

Saraswati (TV series)

2026-01-25T07:21:44Z

IgnacioGrishin:

{{Short description|2015 Indian Marathi-language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Saraswati.jpeg
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Family drama]] [[Soap opera]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| inspired_by =
| developer =
| writer = [[Chinmay Mandlekar]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = Mangesh Kanthale
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 760
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| news_editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| animator =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company =
| budget =
| network = [[Colors Marathi]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2015|12|28}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2018|05|12}}
| related =
}}

'''''Saraswati''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television series which aired on [[Colors Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='सरस्वती' मालिकेतले होळी सेलिब्रेशन आणि वंदीचा तमाशा |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/amp/news/BOL-MB-high-end-drama-in-tv-serial-saraswati-in-holi-special-episode-5280977-PHO.html |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=Divya Marathi |language=mr |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223033710/https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/amp/news/BOL-MB-high-end-drama-in-tv-serial-saraswati-in-holi-special-episode-5280977-PHO.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=‘सरस्वती’ मालिकेत सरस्वती आणि दुर्गा येणार समोरासमोर |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/colors-marathi-serial-saraswati-1631189/lite/ |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223035215/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/colors-marathi-serial-saraswati-1631189/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The show starred Titeeksha Tawde and Astad Kale in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saraswati completes 300 episodes - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/marathi/saraswati-completes-300-episodes/articleshow/56024811.cms |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223033717/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/marathi/saraswati-completes-300-episodes/articleshow/56024811.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saraswati to begin today - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/marathi/saraswati-to-begin-today/articleshow/50366732.cms |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=3 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503072412/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/marathi/saraswati-to-begin-today/articleshow/50366732.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The series premiered from 28 December 2015 and ended on 12 May 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=दुर्गाच्या येण्याने सरस्वती मालिकेमध्ये सुरु होणार नवा अध्याय |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/news/the-new-season-begins-in-saraswati-serial-with-arrival-durga.php |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=Marathi Movie World |language=mr |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223033715/https://marathimovieworld.com/news/the-new-season-begins-in-saraswati-serial-with-arrival-durga.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='सरस्वती' मालिकेच्या सेटवरील सरू आणि देविकाची ऑफ स्क्रीन धमाल पाहिली आहे का तुम्ही! |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/amp/news/BOL-MB-marathi-serial-saraswati-on-location-photos-5712708-PHO.html |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=Divya Marathi |language=mr |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223033707/https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/amp/news/BOL-MB-marathi-serial-saraswati-on-location-photos-5712708-PHO.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
It is the story of a 20-year-old girl Saraswati. She fulfils the duties of a daughter, a sister, a friend, a wife, and a leader with aplomb. She is the strength of her family. She is determined to overcome every hurdle to fulfil her promises.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Titeeksha Tawde as Saraswati<ref>{{Cite web |title=कलर्स मराठीवरील चाहूल आणि सरस्वती मालिकेमध्ये साजरी होणार वटपौर्णिमा |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/news/vatapaurnima-celebration-in-marathi-serials-chahool-and-saraswati.php |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=Marathi Movie World |language=mr |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223033706/https://marathimovieworld.com/news/vatapaurnima-celebration-in-marathi-serials-chahool-and-saraswati.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Astad Kale / Amit Khedekar as Raghav<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saraswati completes 500 episodes - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/saraswati-completes-500-episodes/articleshow/59727767.cms |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223033709/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/saraswati-completes-500-episodes/articleshow/59727767.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
* [[Sulekha Talwalkar]] as Aaisaheb
* [[Jui Gadkari]] as Devika
* [[Milind Shinde]] as Bhujang
* [[Sunil Barve]]
* [[Maadhav Deochake]] as Kanha<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colors Marathi to begin their new serial ‘Saraswati’ from 28th December |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/television/colors-marathi-to-begin-their-new-serial-saraswati-from-28th-december.php |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=Marathi Movie World |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223033709/https://marathimovieworld.com/television/colors-marathi-to-begin-their-new-serial-saraswati-from-28th-december.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Harish Dudhade as Ranjeet<ref>{{Cite web |title='सरस्वती'मध्ये हरिश दुधाडे |url=https://www.esakal.com/amp/manoranjan/harish-dudhades-entry-saraswati-serial-40140 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=[[Sakal]] |language=mr |archive-date=3 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503072458/https://www.esakal.com/amp/manoranjan/harish-dudhades-entry-saraswati-serial-40140 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Akshaya Hindalkar / Sonal Pawar as Vandana
* Mayuri Kapadane as Renuka
* Sangram Salvi as Sarjerao
* Siddheshwar Zadbuke as Vishram
* Shekhar Phadake
* Pooja Nayak
* Shraddha Ketkar
* Yogesh Shirsat
* Rasik Raj

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt5297718}}
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/saraswati/3499943 ''Saraswati''] at [[JioCinema]]

[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Colors Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]]

Basant Kushwaha

2026-01-06T04:26:26Z

IgnacioGrishin: adding first pg w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian politician (died 2015)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Basant Kushwaha''' was an Indian politician who was elected as a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Harlakhi Assembly constituency]], Madhubani. He was a leader of [[Rashtriya Lok Samata Party]] (RLSP).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/bihar/death-of-rlsp-mla-vasant-kushwaha-bihar-hindi-news|title=बिहार:आरएलएसपी विधायक वसंत कुशवाहा का निधन|website=AmarUjala times|accessdate=27 February 2023|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227054824/https://www.amarujala.com/bihar/death-of-rlsp-mla-vasant-kushwaha-bihar-hindi-news|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/bihar/story/rlsp-mla-vasant-kushwaha-died-due-to-heart-attack-319752-2015-11-30|title=बिहारः RLSP विधायक वसंत कुशवाहा का दिल का दौरा पड़ने से निधन, नीतीश ने जताया शोक|website=Aajtak|date=30 November 2015 |accessdate=27 February 2023|archive-date=2023-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227054826/https://www.aajtak.in/india/bihar/story/rlsp-mla-vasant-kushwaha-died-due-to-heart-attack-319752-2015-11-30|url-status=live}}</ref> Kushwaha contested and won the assembly elections in 2015 as a candidate of the RLSP, but he died that year from a cardiac attack before taking the oath of office. In the by-polls conducted after one year, in 2016, his son, Sudhansu Shekhar won the constituency for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/news/bihar-chunav-2020-know-all-about-harlakhi-vidhan-sabha-constituency/articleshow/78448962.cms|title=Harlakhi Vidhan Sabha: क्या कहता है हरलाखी विधानसभा का गणित, यहां जानिए हर एक डीटेल|website=Navbharat times|accessdate=27 February 2023|archive-date=15 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215204628/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/news/bihar-chunav-2020-know-all-about-harlakhi-vidhan-sabha-constituency/articleshow/78448962.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/harlakhi-election-result-2020-bihar-chunav-vidhan-sabha-seat-counting-tejashwi-yadav-nitish-kumar-lbs-1160108-2020-11-10|title=Harlakhi Election Result 2020: लगातार दूसरी बार जीते JDU के सुधांशु शेखर, लेफ्ट के नरेश पांडेय हारे|website=aajtak|date=10 November 2020 |accessdate=27 February 2023|archive-date=2023-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227054825/https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/harlakhi-election-result-2020-bihar-chunav-vidhan-sabha-seat-counting-tejashwi-yadav-nitish-kumar-lbs-1160108-2020-11-10|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/dec/21/rlsp-ajooba-party-whose-legislators-still-with-nda-bjp-mocks-upendra-kushwaha-1914302.html|title=RLSP 'ajooba' party whose legislators still with NDA: BJP mocks Upendra Kushwaha|website=New Indian express|date=21 December 2018 |accessdate=27 February 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kushwaha, Basant}}
[[Category:Rashtriya Lok Samata politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]

{{Bihar-politician-stub}}

Kamli Ishq Di

2025-12-29T22:51:16Z

IgnacioGrishin: created basic info needs work

{{Short description|Indian Punjabi television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kamli Ishq Di.jpg
| image_size =
| editor = Rahul Singh Guri Dhindsa
| story = Anuksh Nagpal
| genre = [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Drama]]
| writer = Siddharth Saini
| music = Ritesh Gujrathi
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| director = Romi Sandhu
| country = India
| company = Reliance Big Synergy
| language = Punjabi
| num_episodes = 295
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| network = [[Zee Punjabi]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|01|13|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|06|11|df=yes}}
| related = ''[[Lagira Zala Ji]]''
}}

'''''Kamli Ishq Di''''' ({{IPA|pa|kə.məɭi: ɪʃ(ə̆)kə̆ diː}}) is an Indian [[Punjabi language]] [[Drama]] television series that premiered from 13 January 2020 on [[Zee Punjabi]]. It starred Jashan Singh Kohli and Sehar Shehnaz in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Punjabi’s shows that ruled people’s hearts this year|url=https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/309836-Zee-Punjabis-shows-that-ruled-peoples-hearts-this-year|access-date=2023-01-30|website=5 Dariya News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=<nowiki>ਜ਼ੀ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ''ਤੇ ਹੋਵੇਗਾ ਰਿਲਾਇੰਸ ਬਿੱਗ ਸਿਨਰਜੀ ਦੀਆਂ 2 ਫਿਕਸ਼ਨ ਸੀਰੀਜ਼ ਦਾ ਪ੍ਰੀਮੀਅਰ</nowiki>|url=https://m.punjabi.bollywoodtadka.in/entertainment/news/zee-punjabi-reliance-big-synergy-kamli-ishq-di-heer-ranjha-1171859|access-date=2023-01-30|website=Punjabi Bollywood Tadaka|language=pa}}</ref> It is an official remake of [[Marathi language|Marathi]] TV series ''[[Lagira Zala Ji]]''. It is produced by Reliance Big Synergy and ended on 11 June 2021.

== Plot ==
A free-spirited Mahi falls in love with Veer, who aspires to join the Indian Army.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Newbie Sehar S enjoys a working birthday on the sets of Kamli Ishq Di|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/newbie-sehar-s-enjoys-working-birthday-the-sets-of-kamli-ishq-di-200104|access-date=2023-01-30|website=Tellychakkar}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Jashan Singh Kohli as Veer
* Sehar Shehnaz as Mahi
* Mandeep Kaur
* Navtaran Singh
* Sandeep Kapoor
* Rajinder Rozy

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
! style="background:LightBlue; width:10%;"| Language
! style="background:LightBlue; width:25%;"| Title
! style="background:LightBlue; width:20%;"| Original release
! style="background:LightBlue; width:10%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:LightBlue; width:10%;"| Last aired
! style="background:LightBlue; width:10%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Lagira Zala Ji]]'' लागिरं झालं जी
| 1 May 2017
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 22 June 2019
| Original
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Rangiye Diye Jao]]'' রাঙিয়ে দিয়ে যাও
| 11 December 2017
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| 15 June 2018
| rowspan="3"| Remake
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| ''Kamli Ishq Di'' ਕਮਲੀ ਇਸ਼ਕ ਦੀ
| 13 January 2020
| [[Zee Punjabi]]
| 11 June 2021
|-
| [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| ''Tisa Ka Na Nisa'' ಟೀಸಾ ಕೆ ನಾ ನಿಶಾ
|{{TBA}}
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| Upcoming
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt21215068}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/kamli-ishq-di/0-6-2411 ''Kamli Ishq Di''] at [[ZEE5]]

{{Zee Punjabi}}

[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Zee Punjabi original programming]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]
[[Category:Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Nehru Stadium, Chennai

2025-12-26T05:29:13Z

IgnacioGrishin: Stub...

{{Short description|Multipurpose stadium in Chennai, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
| nickname = Marina Arena<ref name="Khelo">{{cite news|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/sports/marina-arena-gets-a-khelo-india-makeover-758734|title=Marina arena gets a khelo India makeover|date=5 January 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[DT next]]}}</ref>
| image = Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Aerial View (Chennai).jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Aerial view of the stadium
| owner = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| operator = Government of Tamil Nadu
| broke_ground =
| opened = 1993
| location = [[Chennai]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|13|05|08|N|80|16|18|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| public_transit = [[File:Chennai Metro logo.svg|20px|up|link=Chennai Metro]] [[Chennai Central metro station|Chennai Central]] [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|20px|up|link=Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System]] [[Chennai Park Town railway station|Chennai Park Town]] [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|20px|up|link=Chennai Suburban]] [[Moore Market Complex]]
| surface = [[Grass]]
| dimensions =
| architect =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| general_contractor = [[Larsen & Toubro]]
| construction_cost =
| capacity = 40,000
| suites =
| record_attendance =
| tenants = [[Tamil Nadu football team]] [[Tamil Nadu women's football team]] [[Chennaiyin FC]] (2014–present) [[Sethu FC]] (2024–present) [[Tamil Thalaivas]] (2017–present) [[Indian national cricket team]] (1956-1965) [[Chennai City FC]] (2016-2020)
}}

'''Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium''' is a [[multi-purpose stadium]] in [[Chennai]], India. The stadium is located at Sydenhams road in [[Park Town, Chennai|Park Town]], besides the [[Moore Market Complex|Chennai Central suburban railway station]]. It has a [[seating capacity]] of 40,000.

In 1946, the Corporation Stadium was built in a portion of the land occupied by the [[People's Park, Chennai|People's Park]] in [[Central Chennai|Central Madras]]. The stadium hosted nine [[test cricket]] matches between 1956 and 1965. The stadium was refurbished in 1993 and was named after India's first [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. It hosted the [[1993 Nehru Cup]], [[1995 South Asian Games]], and other international [[association football|football]] matches in the late 1990s.

The stadium is used to mostly host football matches and [[Sport of athletics|athletic]] competitions. It is used by the [[Tamil Nadu football team]] and the [[Tamil Nadu women's football team]] for playing its official home matches. [[Indian Super League]] team [[Chennaiyin FC]] and [[Indian Women's League]] team [[Sethu FC]] also use the stadium as their home ground. The stadium is sometimes used for hosting functions and other events like music concerts.

The complex also houses an indoor stadium with a seating capacity of 8,000 built in 1995. It has a [[Roller rink|skating rink]] and facilities to host other indoor sports. The [[Pro Kabaddi League]] team [[Tamil Thalaivas]] play their home matches at the indoor complex.

== History ==
In 1946, the Corporation stadium was built on a portion of land occupied by the [[People's Park, Chennai|People's Park]] in [[Central Chennai]].<ref>{{cite news|title=A horticulturist's delight a picture of neglect now|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/19/stories/2005021911620300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060305175133/http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/19/stories/2005021911620300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 March 2006|first=Karthik|last=Subramanian|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 February 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2024/Apr/30/a-stroll-to-memorialise-history|title=A stroll to memorialise history|date=30 April 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=7 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507140618/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2024/Apr/30/a-stroll-to-memorialise-history|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/nehru-stadium-madras-58009|title=Nehru Stadium, Madras|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=18 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418073709/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/nehru-stadium-madras-58009|url-status=live}}</ref> It had a capacity of 20,000 and consisted of six [[cricket]] [[cricket pitch|pitches]] with [[field hockey]] and [[Football pitch|football field]]s on either side surrounded by a {{cvt|30|ft}} wide [[Sport of athletics|athletics]] track.<ref name="Hist">{{cite web|url=https://www.madrasmusings.com/vol-33-no-15/lost-landmarks-of-chennai-105/|title=Lost landmarks of Chennai|work=Madras Musings|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=16 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416014533/https://www.madrasmusings.com/vol-33-no-15/lost-landmarks-of-chennai-105/|url-status=live}}</ref> The stadium was used to host sport matches and other official events such as the parade during [[Mountbatten]]'s visit to Madras in 1946.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/city/2023/03/19/mountbattens-journey-in-madras|title=Mountbatten's journey in Madras|date=19 March 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[DT next]]|archive-date=7 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507080106/https://www.dtnext.in/city/2023/03/19/mountbattens-journey-in-madras|url-status=live}}</ref> It hosted nine [[test cricket]] matches from 1956 to 1965.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/nehru-stadium-madras-58009/records|title=Nehru Stadium, Records|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=4 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304081243/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/nehru-stadium-madras-58009/records|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the early 1990s, C. R. Viswanathan, then the Secretary of the [[Tamil Nadu Football Association]], approached the then [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] with a plan to refurbish the old Corporation stadium into new modern facility.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ramchand|first1=Partab|title=Sports-loving Jayalalithaa remembered|url=http://www.madrasmusings.com/vol-26-no-17/sports-loving-jayalalithaa-remembered/|work=Madras Musings|access-date=1 December 2016|archive-date=16 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616100950/http://www.madrasmusings.com/vol-26-no-17/sports-loving-jayalalithaa-remembered/|url-status=live}}</ref> The stadium was refurbished in 1992 in a span of 234 days, at a cost of {{INRConvert|440|m}} and the capacity was expanded to 40,000.<ref name="Star">{{cite news|title=Lone Indian Star, the stadium |url=http://madrasmusings.com/older-archives/Vol%202/Vol%20II%20-%20No%2019.pdf|work=Madras Musings|access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="Report">{{cite report|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/ywsd_e_pn_2014_15_0.pdf|title=Tamil Nadu Sports policy note, 2014-15|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 June 2024|pages=50–51}}</ref> It was named after India's first [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name="SDAT">{{cite web|url=http://www.sdat.tn.gov.in/index.php/infrastructure/stadia/jawaharlal-nehru-stadium-chennai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318154030/http://www.sdat.tn.gov.in/index.php/infrastructure/stadia/jawaharlal-nehru-stadium-chennai|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 March 2014|title=Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Chennai|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref> The stadium hosted the [[Nehru Cup]] international football tournament in [[1993 Nehru Cup|January-February 1993]].<ref name="Hist"/><ref name="Star"/> It later hosted the [[Football at the 1995 South Asian Games|football matches]] at the [[1995 South Asian Games]], and other international matches.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitra |first1=Atanu |title=How Amma organised India's first international women's football tournament, the Gold Cup in 1994 |url=https://scroll.in/field/823500/how-amma-organised-india-s-first-international-women-s-football-tournament-the-gold-cup-in-1994 |work=scroll.in |date=7 December 2016 |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830022940/https://scroll.in/field/823500/how-amma-organised-india-s-first-international-women-s-football-tournament-the-gold-cup-in-1994 |url-status=live }}</ref>

An indoor stadium with a capacity of 8,000 was added at a cost of {{INRconvert|200|m}} in 1995.<ref name="Hist"/><ref name="Report"/> In 1998, the indoor stadium hosted the [[World Volleyball Grand Prix]] tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fivb.org/EN/Volleyball/Competitions/WorldGrandPrix/2002/General/GenI_History.asp#1998|title=World Volleyball Grand Prix|work=[[FIVB]]|access-date=18 April 2013|archive-date=7 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907043557/http://www.fivb.org/EN/Volleyball/Competitions/WorldGrandPrix/2002/General/GenI_History.asp#1998|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/citizen/sdat.htm|title=International Sporting Events|access-date=18 April 2013|work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504083216/http://www.tn.gov.in/citizen/sdat.htm|archive-date= 4 May 2013}}</ref> In 2012-13, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] renovated the stadium at a cost of {{INRConvert|178.06|m}}.<ref name="Report"/> The indoor stadium was refurbished at a cost of {{INRConvert|120|m}} and added a new [[roller rink|skating rink]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Jawaharlal Nehru indoor stadium to be renovated at Rs. 10 crore|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 April 2012|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3329062.ece|access-date=1 May 2012}}</ref> A new synthetic athletics track, new football turf, and [[floodlights]] were added, and new accommodations were constructed. A new warm-up facility was constructed to the north of the stadium at a cost of {{INRConvert|331|m}}.<ref name="Report"/><ref name="SDAT"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/nehru-stadium-work-stalls-sports-days-for-chennai-schools/article4861024.ece|title=Nehru stadium work stalls sports days|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 July 2013|access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref> The stadium underwent further renovation in 2023 before it served as the host of the fifth [[Khelo India]] Youth Games in January 2024.<ref name="Khelo"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2024/Jan/19/chennai-nehru-stadium-decked-up-for-khelo-india-youth-games-2023|title=Nehru Stadium decked up for Khelo India Youth Games|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=3 January 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=1 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201124410/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2024/Jan/19/chennai-nehru-stadium-decked-up-for-khelo-india-youth-games-2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
[[File:Nehru Stadium Chennai.jpg|thumb|The Stadium in 2017]]
The stadium has a natural [[Stadium|football turf]] surrounded by a {{cvt|400|m}} eight lane synthetic [[athletics track]] and a seating capacity of 40,000. The indoor complex has a seating capacity of 8,000 and is used to host several indoor sports. There are two concrete [[basketball court]]s, two [[beach volleyball]] courts, three clay [[volleyball]] courts, one [[throw ball]] court, a [[roller rink]], a [[handball court]], a [[fencing]] hall, a [[boxing ring]], and a [[kabaddi]] field. There are also facilities for [[judo]], [[weightlifting]], [[table tennis]], [[chess]], and [[carrom]] besides a [[fitness center]] and a [[conference hall]].<ref name="Report"/> The indoor complex can also be re-configured to hosts functions and concerts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/i-audio-launched-it-can-t-get-bigger-than-this-news-tamil-ojqlVlfhbfeee.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916160527/http://www.sify.com/movies/i-audio-launched-it-can-t-get-bigger-than-this-news-tamil-ojqlVlfhbfeee.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 September 2014|title=I movie audio launched|work=[[Sify]]|access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/arnold-schwarzenegger-arrives-in-chennai-for-tamil-thriller-i-s-audio-launch/article1-1264081.aspx|title=Arnold arrives in Chennai|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|access-date=4 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105040501/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/arnold-schwarzenegger-arrives-in-chennai-for-tamil-thriller-i-s-audio-launch/article1-1264081.aspx|archive-date= 5 November 2014}}</ref>

== Notable records ==
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Chennai panorama.jpg|thumb|Panoramic view of the stadium]]

In 1953, [[Vinoo Mankad]] and [[Pankaj Roy]] were involved in a 413-run partnership for the first [[wicket]] against [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] in 1956, a [[test cricket]] record which remained unbroken till 2008 and still remains the second highest till date.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/highest-partnership-for-the-first-wicket-283611|title=Highest partnership for first wicket|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=31 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531035500/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/highest-partnership-for-the-first-wicket-283611|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Indian national cricket team]] won its first test series against [[England national cricket team|England]] in [[English cricket team in India, Pakistan and Ceylon in 1961–62|1962]] after winning the fifth and final test match of the series at the venue.<ref name="Hist"/>
== See also ==
* [[List of football stadiums in India]]
* [[List of stadiums in India]]
{{Portal bar|India|Sports}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Chennai}}

{{India national football team}}
{{Football stadiums in India}}
{{Sport venues in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Indian Super League stadiums}}
{{Volleyball in India}}
{{Test cricket grounds in India}}
{{Chennai Topics}}

[[Category:Volleyball venues in India]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Chennai]]
[[Category:Football venues in India]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indoor arenas in India]]
[[Category:Football in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Multi-purpose stadiums in India]]
[[Category:Athletics venues in India]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Jawaharlal Nehru]]
[[Category:Basketball venues in India]]
[[Category:Indian Super League stadiums]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Shaheen Group of Institutions

2025-12-03T02:21:59Z

IgnacioGrishin:

{{Short description|Education Institute In Bidar Shaheen Nagar Hyderabad Ring Road, Karnataka India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Shaheen Group of Institutions
| logo =
| logo_caption =
| logo_upright = 
| logo_alt =
| type = Private
| industry = [[Private education]]
| services = [[Education in India#Secondary education in India|Secondary]] and [[Higher education in India|tertiary]] education
| subsid = {{ubl|Shaheen Colleges|Shaheen Coaching Institutions for JEE and NEET}}
| predecessor = 
| founded = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1989|p=y}} in [[Bidar]], India 
| founder = 
| defunct = 
| fate =
| successor = 
| hq_location_city = Hyderabad Road, [[Bidar]], [[Karnataka]]
| hq_location_country = India 585403
| area_served = India; [[Saudi Arabia]]
| key_people =
| products =
| owner = Dr. Abdul Qadeer {{small|(Chairman, President, and Founder)}} 
| num_employees = 1,000+
| num_employees_year = 
| parent =
| website = {{URL|https://shaheengroup.org/}}
| footnotes = <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/shaheen-group-offers-scholarship-to-flood-and-covid-19-affected-students/article33121215.ece |title=Shaheen group offers scholarship to flood and covid-19 affected students |website=The Hindu |date= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/meet-dr-abdul-qadeer-given-900-mbbs-doctors-country-1244946/|title=Meet abdul qadeer who has given 900 MBBS doctors to country|website=Siasat}}</ref>
}}

The '''Shaheen Group of Institutions''' is a group of [[Private education|private]] [[Education in India#Secondary education in India|secondary]] and [[Higher education in India|tertiary]] educational institutions founded by Dr. Abdul Qadeer, in [[Bidar]], [[Karnataka]], India. The group includes several schools, PU colleges, and graduation colleges in 13 Indian states, and one college in Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shaheen group announces 5 crore scholarship to needy students |url=https://thepolicytimes.com/shaheen-group-announce-rs-5-crores-scholarship-for-needy-students/ |website=The Policy Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/students-from-23-states-study-in-bidar-school-accused-of-sedition |title=students from 23 states study in Bidar School |website=The Quint}}</ref> The Group also provide coaching for [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|NEET]] & [[Joint Entrance Examination|JEE Mains]], [[JEE Advanced|JEE advanced]], [[UPSC Civil Service Aptitude Test|UPSC]], and similar programs, and the Group's [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|NEET]]-aspirants have been successful in gaining admission into various prominent medical colleges including [[AIIMS Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bidar boy is karnataka's NEET topper |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bidar-boy-is-karnatakas-neet-topper/article32876289.ece |date= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=NEET ug: four students of Shaheen college bidar secured seats in prestigious AIIMS |work=The Hindustan Gazette |date= |access-date= |url=https://thehindustangazette.com/education/neet-ug-four-students-of-shaheen-college-bidar-secured-seats-in-prestigious-aiims-8117#:~:text=Shweta%20Rathod%2C%20a%20student%20of,a%20seat%20at%20AIIMS%20Delhi.}}</ref>

==History==
The Shaheen Group of Institutions was started in 1989 by Dr. Abdul Qadeer,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://drabdulqadeer.com/ |title=Dr. Abdul Qadeer An educationist |website=Dr. Abdul Qadeer |date= |access-date= }}{{self-published-inline|date=January 2025}}</ref> a civil engineer. Qadeer was looking for an education institute for his younger brother. However, when he was unable to find a school that met his expectations, he started the first Shaheen Group institution, in Bidar, with just 17 students.<ref name=human>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/education-should-inculcate-human-values-scientific-temper/article30132311.ece |title=Education should inculcate human values |website=The Hindu |date= |access-date= }}</ref>

== Locations ==
The Shaheen Group has three campuses in the Bidar city, with multiple schools and colleges with a resident capacity of 3,500 students.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-bidar-school-slapped-with-sedition-for-anti-caa-play-turns-into-covid-19-quarantine-centre/350988|title=Bidar school slapped with sedition for anti CAA play turns into covid-19 quarantine centre|website=Outlook India}}</ref> It has separate campuses for male and female students, where approximately 16,000 students from 23 different states of India are studying.<ref name=human/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://twocircles.net/2020jun06/437365.html |title=School charged with sedition for anti- CAA play now aids Govt in relief work amid COVID19- lockdown in Bidar |website=Two Circles |date= |access-date= }}</ref>

The Group has approximately 45 branches in India, in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, and Uttar Pradesh;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Branches of Shaheen Academy |url=https://shaheengroup.org/?s=history|website=Shaheen Group}}</ref> and in September 2024 launched its first international academy, located in [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Shaheen Group Expands Internationally with 103rd Branch in Dammam, Saudi Arabia |url=https://thehindustangazette.com/education/shaheen-group-expands-internationally-with-103rd-branch-in-dammam-saudi-arabia-29945#:~:text=Shaheen%20Group%20Expands%20Internationally%20with%20103rd%20Branch%20in%20Dammam%2C%20Saudi%20Arabia,-By%20The%20Hindustan&text=Dammam%3A%20Shaheen%20Group%20of%20Institutions,in%20its%20global%20education%20mission. |website=The Hindustan Gazette |date=5 September 2024 |access-date= }}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
In 2024, the Shaheen Group signed an agreement with the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] to assist with preservation of the [[Mahmud Gawan Madrasa]], a 15th-century former [[Islamic]] [[madrasa]] in Bidar, in partial ruins.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/shaheen-group-signs-pact-with-asi-to-maintain-historic-madrasa-of-mahmud-gawan-in-bidar/article68578111.ece |title=Shaheen Group signs pact with ASI to maintain historic madrasa of Mahmud Gawan in Bidar |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 August 2024 |access-date=14 January 2025 |url-access=registration }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://shaheengroup.org/}}

[[Category:Education in Karnataka]]

Alma Latif Shamsi

2025-11-19T01:39:18Z

IgnacioGrishin: adding initial entry w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian poet, writer and historian}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Alma Latif Shamsi
| birth_name = Latif Shamsi
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1936|05|21}}
| birth_place = [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhawan]], Delhi
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|01|08|1936|05|21}}
| death_place = [[Kako, Bihar]]
| resting_place = [[Kako, Bihar]]
| alma_mater = * [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
* [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]
| occupation = Writer, Historian, Poet, Activist
| notable_works = * ''Aligarh Muslim University Aur Meri Dastaan-e-Hayaat'' (2022)
* ''Kako Ki Kahani Alma Ki Zubani'' (2022)
| party = * [[Indian National Congress]]
* [[Socialist Party of India (1955)|Socialist Party of India]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| movement = [[Bihar Movement]]
}}

'''Alma Latif Shamsi''' (21 May 1936–8 January 2025) was an Indian poet, writer, historian and political activist from Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AK |date=2025-04-02 |title=Jehanabad: जहानाबाद – आज़ादी के मतवालों की धरती, आइए जानें इसके वीर सपूतों की कहानी - DW Samachar |url=https://dwsamachar.com/jehanabad-jehanabads-forgotten-heroes-unsung-freedom-fighters-of-indias-independence/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=dwsamachar.com |language=hi-IN}}</ref> He is the author of ''Aligarh Muslim University Aur Meri Dastaan-e-Hayaat'', an autobiography and ''Kako Ki Kahani Alma Ki Zubani'', a book on the oral and traditional history of [[Kako, Bihar]].<ref>https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/jahanabad/story-latif-shamsi-a-literary-and-social-loss-freedom-fighter-passes-away-at-90-201736354912758.html</ref> He had been associated with the [[Indian National Congress]], [[Socialist Party of India (1955)|Socialist Party]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and played a role in [[Bihar Movement]], led by [[Jayaprakash Narayan|Jayprakash Narayan]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=प्रख्यात कवि व लेखक और भाजपा नेता लतीफ शम्सी का निधन |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/jehanabad/kako/news/famous-poet-writer-and-bjp-leader-latif-shamsi-passed-away-134260355.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Alma Latif Shamsi was born as Latif Shamsi to A. D. Shamsi, the private secretary of Viceroy on 21 May 1936 at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhawan, Delhi]]. He was parented under the tutelage of [[Zakir Husain|Dr. Zakir Husain]].

He had completed his education from [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and [[Jamia Millia Islamia]].

== Literary works ==

*{{Cite book |last=Shamsi |first=Alma Latif |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/aligarh-muslim-university-aur-meri-dastan-e-hayat-alma-latif-shamsi-ebooks-1 |title=Aligarh Muslim University Aur Meri Dastaan-e-Hayaat |publisher=Educational Publishing House |year=2022 |isbn=9789394616578 |editor-last=Muin |editor-first=Kahkashan |edition=1st |location=Delhi |language=ur |editor-last2=Tanwir |editor-first2=Afshan}}
*{{Cite book |last=Shamsi |first=Alma Latif |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/kako-ki-kahani-alma-ki-zubani-alma-latif-shamsi-ebooks |title=Kako Ki Kahani Alma Ki Zubani |publisher=Educational Publishing House |year=2022 |isbn=9789393785893 |edition=1st |location=Delhi |language=ur}}

== Awards ==

* Lifetime Achievement Award by Urdu Koshang, Jehanabad Zila Prashasan.

== Death ==
Alma Latif Shamsi died on 8 January 2025 at his residence in Kako, Bihar. His death was condoled by [[Nitish Kumar]], the chief minister of Bihar, [[Arif Mohammad Khan]], the Governor of Bihar and [[Tejashwi Yadav]], leader of opposition in Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-09 |title=Bihar: स्वतंत्रता सेनानी अब्दुल लतीफ शम्सी के परिजनों से मिले राज्यपाल आरिफ मोहम्मद खान, दी श्रद्धांजलि/Governor Arif Mohammad Khan met family of freedom fighter Abdul Latif Shamsi |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/governor-arif-mohammad-khan-met-family-of-freedom-fighter-abdul-latif-shamsi |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-09 |title=लतीफ शम्सी साहब के निधन पर CM नीतीश ने व्यक्त की गहरी शोक संवेदना, कहा- साहित्यिक क्षेत्र में हुई अपूरणीय क्षति - mobile |url=https://m.bihar.punjabkesari.in/bihar/news/latif-shamsi-sahab-passes-away-cm-nitish-expressed-condolences-2087147 |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=punjabkesari}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kakvi |first=Syed Asif Imam |date=2025-01-15 |title=तेजस्वी भी पहुंचे काको साहित्यकार समाजवादी नेता अल्मा शम्सी के घर परिवार को संतावना देने |url=https://www.mpnn.in/tejaswi-yadav-neta-opposition-bihar/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=MPNAN |language=en-US}}</ref> Khan and Yadav visited the residence of Shamsi, also prayed for him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=बिहार : स्वतंत्रता सेनानी अब्दुल लतीफ शम्सी के परिजनों से मिल राज्यपाल मोहम्मद आरिफ ने दी श्रद्धांजलि |url=https://www.deshbandhu.co.in/states/bihar-governor-mohammad-arif-paid-tribute-to-freedom-fighter-abdul-latif-shamsi-by-meeting-his-family-members-527212-1 |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=www.deshbandhu.co.in/}}</ref>

== References ==

<references />

== External links ==

* [https://www.rekhta.org/authors/alma-latif-shamsi/profile Alma Latif Shamsi] on [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shamsi, Alma Latif}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Jehanabad district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]

Ananthagiri, Alluri Sitharama Raju district

2025-11-17T06:43:40Z

IgnacioGrishin: adding initial place more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ananthagiri
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline = Anantagiri hills, Visakhapatnam.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Hills in Araku Valley, near Anathagiri
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.195766|N|82.996847|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP31 (Former)]] AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New ‘AP 39’ code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |accessdate=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada |archive-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728113337/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Ananthagiri''' is a village in [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise list of villages in Visakhapatnam district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/visakhapatnam.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=6 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319222910/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/Visakhapatnam.pdf|archivedate=19 March 2015|format=PDF}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Alluri Sitharama Raju district]]]

MTV Hustle Namma Pettai

2025-10-18T21:57:31Z

IgnacioGrishin: redirect

#REDIRECT [[MTV Hustle]]

A.B.M. Ruhul Amin Howlader

2025-09-24T19:59:06Z

IgnacioGrishin: added info

#REDIRECT [[A. B. M. Ruhul Amin Howlader]]

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Bhadala

2025-09-18T14:36:52Z

IgnacioGrishin: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

{{Infobox ethnic group|
| group = Bhadala
| population =
| popplace = • India • Pakistan
| langs = • [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] • [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] • [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| rels = Islam
| related = [[Mohana (community)|Mohana]], [[Med people|Med]]
}}

The '''Bhadala''' or '''Bhodala''' ({{Langx|sd|ڀڊالا}}, {{langx|gu|ભડાલા}}) is a community of seamen and fishermen found in [[Sindh]], Pakistan and [[Kutch district|Kutch]] and [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] regions of [[Gujarat]] in India. In Pakistan, they are found mainly in southern Sindh.<ref name=rbl>People of India Gujarat Volume XXI, Part One, edited by R.B. Lal, P.B.S.V. Padmanabham, G. Krishnan & M. Azeez Mohideen, pages 234 to 238.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=R. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Cy_-FXW9BQC |title=Gujarat |date=2003 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7991-104-4 |pages=234 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Samiuddin |first1=Abida |title=Global Encyclopaedic Ethnography of Indian Muslim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qEXFxCK-ulUC |last2=Khanam |first2=R. |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House|date=2008 |isbn=9788182202979 |language=en}}</ref>

==Present circumstances==
The Bhadala are divided into 32 clans, the main ones being the Aspun, Bhatti, Babar, Bhopal, Bholim/Belhim, Bhojani, Chahan, Chanaa, Dekla, Dosani, Fatwani, Ghohil, Grana, Gunda, Jadeja, Juspani, Jethwa, Juneja, Koreja, Kandeja, Kana, Karani, Mokha, Madwani, Madyar, Nathrani, Panjri, Palija, Patha, Ruknani, Roomi, Saghani, Sodha, Sameja, Sayani, Sap, Siru, Thaim, Turk, Vidhani, Zufrabadi. Many are names of well-known [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] tribes, and could point to a diverse origin of the community. But community boundaries are clear, and there is no intermarriage with neighbouring [[Muslim]] [[Maldhari]] communities like the [[Juneja]], [[Royma]] and [[Ker (tribe)|Ker]]. Each of their clans are of equal status and inter marry. The community have a well established caste association, the Muslim Bhadala Jamat, which is one of the oldest Muslim castes association in [[Gujarat]]. It has offices in [[Mombasa]], [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]], [[Dubai]], [[Karachi]] ([[Keamari (locality)|Keamari]] & [[Baba and Bhit Islands|Baba Island]]) and [[Keti Bandar]], reflecting the widespread distribution of the community.<ref name=rbl/>

The Bhadala is still a seafaring community, and almost all the [[Dhow]] captains on the [[Dubai]] to [[India]] route are Bhadala. Many are also employed by the merchant navies of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. Generally each [[dhow]] crew is made up of close kinsmen. In [[Pakistan]], the Bhadala owns a significant part of that countries fishing fleet. In [[India]], the Bhadala often employ Muslim [[Machiyar]] or Hindu [[Kharwa (caste)|Kharwa]] on their fishing boats, while in [[Pakistan]] most of the crew is made up of ethnic [[Bengali Muslims]].<ref name=rbl/>

The Bhadala are entirely [[Sunni]], and follow the traditions of the other neighbouring [[Muslim]] communities.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Muslim}}
[[Category:Sindhi tribes]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Sindhi tribes in India]]

Barista (company)

2025-09-03T02:00:42Z

IgnacioGrishin:

{{Short description|Indian coffee drink company}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Distinguish|Barista (restaurant)|Barista Coffee (Taiwan)}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Barista Coffee Shop
| logo = Barista (company).svg
| logo_size = 120
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size = 240
| image_alt =
| image_caption = A Barista Coffee store in [[Raipur]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as =
| foundation = {{start date and age|2000}}
| hq_location = 301–304, Vipul Agora Mall, MG Road
| hq_location_city = [[Gurugram, Haryana]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| num_locations = over 425 cafes (March 2024)
| num_locations_year = 140+ cities
| area_served = {{hlist|India|Sri Lanka|[[Maldives]]}}<ref name="About Us">[http://barista.co.in/about-us/ "About Us"] at the Barista official website. Retrieved 20 June 2018.</ref>
| industry = [[Coffee House]]
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list| Rajat Agrawal ([[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]])}}
| products = {{hlist|
| [[Coffee]]
| [[Tea]]
| [[Desserts]]
| Shakes
| [[Smoothies]]
| Quenchers
| [[Sandwiches]]
| [[Cakes]]}}
| revenue =
| revenue_year =
| operating_income =
| income_year =
| assets_year =
| equity_year =
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|barista.co.in}}
}}
[[File:Barista Store Front.jpg|thumb|Barista Store Front]]
'''Barista''' is a [[chain store|chain]] of [[espresso bar]]s and [[Coffeehouse|cafes]] that operates in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It is headquartered in [[Gurugram]], India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://feedback.lavazza.co.in/index.php|title=Contact Us|publisher=Barista|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427162816/http://feedback.lavazza.co.in/index.php|archive-date=27 April 2012|access-date=17 April 2012|df=dmy}}</ref> and maintains outlets across India,<ref name="About Us" /> and in other regional countries such as [[Sri Lanka]],<ref name="About Us" /> and [[Maldives]].<ref name="About Us" /> It is the second oldest coffee house chain in India and is currently India's second-largest coffee chain with over 425 cafes as of March 2024. It also sells a number of FMCG products through Modern & General retail stores across multiple locations.<ref name=":0" />

In [[Sri Lanka]], Barista has been named the most popular service provider under [[cafes]] and [[Coffeehouse|coffeehouses]] category for 2021 in the exclusive customer experience ranking announced by [[LMD (magazine)|LMD]].

==History==

=== Tata Group ===
A 34.3% equity stake was sold to [[Tata Coffee]] in 2001.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tata Coffee joins hands with Barista |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/07/26/stories/06260007.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020122085141/http://hindu.com/thehindu/2001/07/26/stories/06260007.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 January 2002 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 February 2011 |accessdate=1 September 2008 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

=== Sterling Infotech Group ===
[[C Sivasankaran]] bought the remaining 65 per cent in Barista from the Amit Judge-controlled Turner Morrison in 2004, and his Sterling Group also bought out [[Tata Coffee]]'s stake later. The coffee was supplied by the Indian roaster [[Fresh and Honest]], headquartered in [[Chennai]], which was also owned by the Sterling Infotech Group.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/indias-oldest-coffee-chain-barista-in-buyout-talks-with-its-first-ceo-ravi-deols-ihc/articleshow/31859367.cms?from=mdr|title=India's oldest coffee chain Barista in buyout talks with its first CEO Ravi Deol's IHC|last=Bailay|first=Rasul|date=2014-03-12|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-11-28|last2=Bhushan|first2=Ratna}}</ref>

[[ABN AMRO]] and Barista Coffee Company had jointly launched a credit card, "ABN AMRO Barista Credit Card", by which customers can avail discounts at its outlets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-03-11/news/27440942_1_credit-card-outlets-barista-ceo-partha-dattagupta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515223120/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-03-11/news/27440942_1_credit-card-outlets-barista-ceo-partha-dattagupta|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 May 2012|title=ABN AMRO-Barista Coffee launch credit card|date=11 March 2006|work=The Economic Times|accessdate=11 March 2006}}</ref>

=== Lavazza ===
In 2007, the Sterling Group sold Barista, along with the Chennai-based Fresh and Honest roaster, to [[Lavazza]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/mar/09barista.htm | title = Italy's Lavazza to buy Barista | publisher = Rediff India Abroad |date = 9 March 2007 | accessdate = 17 April 2012 | last = Datta | first = Kausik }}</ref><ref name="brand extension">{{cite news |title=Coffee majors adopt brand extension |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Companies/Coffee_majors_adopt_brand_extension/articleshow/2435874.cms | last = Dhall | first = Aman |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=7 October 2007 |accessdate=1 September 2008 }}</ref> {{As of|2009||df=}}, the chain had 200 stores in [[India]], with an estimated annual revenue of {{INR}}200 [[crore]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/Barista-to-expand-with-25-more-outlets/537804/| last = Chatterjee | first = Kakoly |title=Barista to expand with 25 more outlets|date=6 November 2009 |publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|accessdate=8 November 2009}}</ref>

Lavazza sold Barista to Boutonniere Hospitality Private Limited in 2014 (formerly “Carnation Hospitality Private Limited”).<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/lavazza-to-exit-coffee-shop-business-in-india-with-barista-sale-574921|title=Lavazza to Exit Coffee Shop Business in India with Barista Sale|date=12 August 2014 |publisher=[[NDTV (India)|NDTV]]|accessdate=12 August 2014}}</ref>

=== Boutonniere Hospitality Private Limited ===
In 2014, Lavazza sold the coffee shop chain to Boutonniere Hospitality Pvt. Ltd., formerly known as Carnation Hospitality Pvt. Ltd.<ref name="NDTV"/> Lavazza however continues to supply the coffee to Barista through the Chennai-based Fresh and Honest roaster retained by the company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/lavazza-sells-barista-exits-coffee-shop-business-in-india/article20841331.ece1|title=Lavazza sells Barista, exits coffee-shop business in India|website=@businessline|language=en|access-date=2019-11-28}}</ref>

Boutonniere Hospitality Pvt. Ltd. targets to increase the footprint of Barista by increasing the number of cafes to 1000, and the number of stores selling its consumer products to 1000, by 2025.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/barista-eyes-doubling-india-store-count-to-500-in-3-years/articleshow/66905733.cms|title=Barista eyes doubling India store count to 500 in 3 years|date=2018-12-03|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-11-28}}</ref>

==See also==

*'''[[Cafe Coffee Day]]''' – {{As of|2011}}, out of 1400 coffee shop retail outlets registered in [[India]], 2016<ref name="Favorites">{{cite web|url=http://www.2point6billion.com/news/2011/04/06/starbucks-cafe-coffee-day-favorites-to-conquer-indias-emerging-coffee-market-9002.html|title=Starbucks, Café Coffee Day Favorites to Conquer India's Emerging Coffee Market|last=Shi|first=Jane|date=6 April 2011|publisher=2point6billion.com|accessdate=6 April 2011}}</ref> belong to Cafe Coffee Day (CCD). To increase CCD's market presence in [[India]] and abroad, Coffee Day Holdings, the parent company of CCD, has secured investments totalling million<ref name="Favorites" /> from UK based firm Standard Chartered Private Equity Limited and US based private equity and venture capital firm New Silk Route Partners. CCD is expanding their market reach through brand extension<ref name="brand extension" /> by launching mineral water, cookies, and chips under their brand name. Barista has added a variety of cookies, chocolates and ice creams to their offerings under the same principle. While CCD's competitors like Barista Lavazza and Costa Coffee focus on the top 20 percent of the Indian consumers, who are able to afford over per espresso drink, CCD caters to all except the lowest 25 percent.
*'''[[Costa Coffee]]''' – Despite Costa Coffee having only 40 outlets<ref name="Costa Coffee rejig">{{cite news|url=http://www.mydigitalfc.com/news/costa-coffee-rejigs-india-strategy-659|title=Costa Coffee rejigs India strategy|author=Priyanka Dasgupta Brahma|date=10 January 2010|accessdate=10 August 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916191909/http://www.mydigitalfc.com/news/costa-coffee-rejigs-india-strategy-659|archivedate=16 September 2011|publisher=[[Financial Chronicle]]|df=dmy}}</ref> operational across the country as of 2010, Barista Lavazza is facing stiff competition from [[Costa Coffee]]. Costa Coffee is an urban chain and location plays a crucial role in its business plan. Although it made a few mistakes such as replicating the UK model in [[India]] and opening stores at expensive locations when it came to [[India]] in 2005, it has managed to bounce back. Their most profitable venture is from off premises business wherein they set up kiosks at marriages, seminars, and meetings. In the last quarter of 2009, Costa saw a profitable 24 percent growth.<ref name="Costa Coffee rejig" />

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{url|www.barista.co.in|Official Site}}

[[Category:Coffeehouses and cafés in India]]
[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Drink companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2000]]

Sapta Sagaradaache Yello

2025-07-27T10:45:04Z

IgnacioGrishin: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello: Side A]]

Nawabzada Salahuddin Saeed

2025-06-10T22:42:33Z

IgnacioGrishin: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|Pakistani politician}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Nawab Salahuddin Abbasi]] of the former princely state of Bahawalpur}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2012}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nawab Salahuddin Saeed Khan Tanoli
| honorific_suffix = Chief Of Tanawal Nawab of [[Amb State]]
| order = Member [[National Assembly of Pakistan]]
| term_start = 1985
| term_end = 1999
| president = Gen. Zia ul Haq [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]] [[Farooq Laghari]] Rafeeq Tarrar
| primeminister1 = [[Muhammad Khan Junejo]] [[Benazir Bhutto]] [[Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif]]

| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1958|08|18}}
| birth_place = Shergarh [[Amb State]], Pakistan
| party = [[politician|Independent]]
| residence = Shergarh and Islamabad, Pakistan
| website =
|
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nawab Salahuddin Saeed Khan Tanoli''' Nawab of former princely [[State of Amb]], is a Pakistani [[politician]] and chief of [[Tanoli]] tribe. He was elected to the National Assembly five times between 1985 and 1997 as an independent and candidate from different parties.<ref name=ecp>[http://www.ecp.gov.pk/content/uniquestats.html Unique Stats] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908063747/http://www.ecp.gov.pk/content/uniquestats.html |date=8 September 2008 }} at ecp.gov.pk (Pakistan Election Commission web site)</ref>

He is the current Nawab of former Princely [[Amb State]]. He has been quite active in Pakistani Politics. These days, he is not affiliated with any political party.

==See also==
* [[Amb (princely state)|State of Amb]]
* [[Phulra|State of Phulra]]
* [[Mir Painda Khan|Painda Khan Tanoli]]
* [[Muhammad Khan Zaman Khan|Nawab Khan Zaman Khan]]

== References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saeed, Nawabzada Salahuddin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) MNAs]]
[[Category:Army Burn Hall College alumni]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:People from Amb (princely state)]]

{{MuslimN-MNA-stub}}

Department of Social Welfare (Andhra Pradesh)

2025-06-08T08:06:15Z

IgnacioGrishin: Done

{{Short description|Head of the Ministry of Social Welfare of the Government of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Minister of Social Welfare
| body =
| native_name = {{transliteration|te|Sāṅghika Saṅkṣēma Śākha Mantrī}}
| insignia =
| insigniasize = 200px
| insigniacaption =
| insigniaalt =
| flag =
| flagsize =
| flagalt =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption = [[Emblem of Andhra Pradesh]]
| image = Dr. Dola Bala Veeranjaneya Swamy.jpg
| imagesize = 150px
| alt =
| imagecaption =
| incumbent = [[Dola Sree Bala Veeranjaneya Swamy]]
| acting =
| incumbentsince = 12 June 2024
| department = Department of Social Welfare
| style =
| type =
| status =
| abbreviation =
| member_of = [[Andhra Pradesh Council of Ministers|Andha Pradesh Cabinet]]
| reports_to = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]] [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]]
| residence =
| seat =
| nominator =
| appointer = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]]
| appointer_qualified = on the advice of the [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|chief minister of Andhra Pradesh]]
| termlength =
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor =
| inaugural = [[Ravela Kishore Babu]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrababu Naidu allocates portfolios, has two deputy CMs|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/Chandrababu-Naidu-allocates-portfolios-has-two-deputy-CMs/article20796521.ece|date=11 June 2014|website=The Hindu Business Line|language=en}}</ref>
| formation = 8 June 2014
| first =
| last =
| abolished =
| superseded_by =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website = {{url|https://socialwelfare.apcfss.in/|Official website}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Minister of Social Welfare''' or '''Minister of Social Welfare & Empowerment''', is the head of the Department of Social Welfare of the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].

The incumbent Minister of Social Welfare is [[Dola Sree Bala Veeranjaneya Swamy]] from the [[Telugu Desam Party]].

== List of ministers ==
{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
! rowspan=2 |#
! rowspan=2 colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan=2 style="width:16em" | Minister {{small|(Lifespan) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan=2 style="width:5em" |Election {{small|(Term)}}
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Party
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Ministry
! rowspan=2 style="width:10em" |Chief Minister
!rowspan=2 |Ref.
|-
!Term start
!Term end
!Duration
|-
!1
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Ravela Kishore Babu]]''' {{small|(born 1959) MLA for [[Prathipadu, Guntur Assembly constituency|Prathipadu]]}}
|8 June 2014
|1 April 2017
| '''{{ayd|8 June 2014|1 April 2017}}'''
|rowspan=2 |[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] {{small|[[14th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(14th)]]}}
|rowspan=2|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#F5EC7D"| [[Third N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu III]]
|rowspan=2 |[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-08 |title=19 ministers take oath along with Chandrababu Naidu |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/19-ministers-take-oath-along-with-chandrababu-naidu/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 2
|
|'''[[Nakka Ananda Babu]]''' {{small|(born 1966) MLA for [[Vemuru Assembly constituency|Vemuru]]}}
| 2 April 2017
| 29 May 2019
| '''{{ayd|2 April 2017|29 May 2019}}'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2018|title=AP Cabinet expansion: NMD Farooq, Kidari Sravan to take oath as ministers today |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/Nov/11/ap-cabinet-expansion-nmd-farooq-kidari-sravan-to-take-oath-as-ministers-today-1896702.html |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!3
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Pinipe Viswarup]]''' {{small|(born 1962) MLA for [[Amalapuram Assembly constituency|Amalapuram]]}}
|30 May 2019
|7 April 2022
| '''{{ayd|30 May 2019|7 April 2022}}'''
|rowspan=2 |[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] {{small|[[15th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(15th)]]}}
| rowspan="2" |[[YSR Congress Party]]
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="#94A2F7"| [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy ministry|Jagan]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-05-30 |title=Jaganmohan Reddy sworn-in as Andhra Pradesh chief minister |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jaganmohan-reddy-sworn-in-as-andhra-pradesh-chief-minister/articleshow/69574758.cms |access-date=2024-08-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
!4
|
| '''[[Merugu Nagarjuna]]''' {{small|(born 1966) MLA for [[Vemuru Assembly constituency|Vemuru]]}}
|11 April 2022
|11 June 2024
| '''{{ayd|11 April 2022|11 June 2024}}'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Indo-Asian News |date=2022-04-11 |title=25 members of Jagan Reddy's revamped Cabinet take oath |url=https://www.siasat.com/25-members-of-jagan-reddys-revamped-cabinet-take-oath-2306655/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!5
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|[[File: Dr. Dola Bala Veeranjaneya Swamy.jpg|97x97px]]
|'''[[Dola Sree Bala Veeranjaneya Swamy]]''' {{small|(born 1971) MLA for [[Kondapi Assembly constituency|Kondapi]]}}
|12 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
| '''{{ayd|12 June 2024|}}'''
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]] {{small|[[16th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(16th)]]}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|bgcolor="#F5EC7D"| [[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu IV]]
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-06-14 |title=Full list of Andhra Pradesh Cabinet Ministers with portfolios: Who gets what |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/andhra-pradesh-council-of-ministers-full-list/article68288989.ece |access-date=2024-07-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lists of government ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]

Kushal Konwar Sarma

2025-04-28T18:47:17Z

IgnacioGrishin: created basic page w/ refs

{{short description|Indian medical person and Padma Shri awardee}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox medical person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Kushal Konwar Sarma
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Assam]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| occupation = [[Veterinarian]]
| years_active =
| known_for = Elephant doctor
| relations =
| website =
| profession =
| field = [[Surgery]] and [[radiology]]
| work_institutions =
| specialism =
| research_field =
| notable_works =
| prizes = [[Padma Shri]]
| child =
| module2 =
| signature =
}}

'''Kushal Konwar Sarma''' (Assamese: কুশল কোঁৱৰ শৰ্মা) is an Indian [[Veterinarian]] from [[Assam]]. Famous as the ''elephant doctor of Assam'', Sarma was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in the field of medicine in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/assam/assams-elephant-doctor-wins-padma-shri-6235332/|website=The Indian Express|title=Assam's 'elephant doctor' awarded Padma Shri: 'This land belongs to the elephants'|language=en|access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref>

==Career==
Sarma is an [[elephant]] [[veterinarian]] and professor and Head of the department of [[Surgery]] and [[Radiology]] at the College of Veterinary Science in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]. Sharma had worked tirelessly to treat animals, mostly elephants. He has tamed 139 captive rogue jumbos. He has also tamed around 100 wild elephants for treatment and translocation. On average, he treats or tames 750-800 elephants a year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jan/26/finally-assams-elephant-doctor-gets-his-dues-2094821.html#:~:text=Widely%20known%20in%20the%20wildlife,the%20College%20of%20Veterinary%20Science.|website=The New Indian Express|title=Finally, Assam's 'Elephant Doctor' gets his dues|language=en|access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref>

==Awards==
*[[Padma Shri]] - 4th highest civilian award of India, was given to him on 26 January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/2020AwardeesList.pdf|website=Padma Awards, Government of India|title=Padma Awards List 2020 |language=en|access-date=4 September 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Konwar Sarma, Kushal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]