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Sayali Sanjeev

2026-05-07T13:28:59Z

Ieagle123: adding a bio initial version - done

{{Short description|Indian film and TV actress (born 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sayali Sanjeev
| image = Sayali sanjeev.jpg
| caption =
| othername =
| years_active = 2016 - present
| birthname = Sayali Chandsarkar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1993|1|31}}
| birth_place = [[Dhule]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| notable_works = ''[[Kahe Diya Pardes]]''
| parents =
}}

'''Sayali Sanjeev''' ([[née]] '''Sayali Chandsarkar'''; born 31 January 1993)<ref name=ZeeNews>{{Cite web |url=https://www.zeenews.india.com/hindi/sports/ipl/photo-gallery-who-is-csk-batsman-ruturaj-gaikwad-rumored-girlfriend-marathi-actress-sayali-sanjeev-see-photos/902454/amp |title=Who is CSK Batsman Ruturaj Gaikwad Rumored Girlfriend Marathi Actress Sayali Sanjeev, See Photos | कौन है Ruturaj Gaikwad की Rumored Girlfriend Sayali Sanjeev? देखिए तस्वीरें | Hindi News |access-date=22 December 2021 |archive-date=22 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222162627/https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/sports/ipl/photo-gallery-who-is-csk-batsman-ruturaj-gaikwad-rumored-girlfriend-marathi-actress-sayali-sanjeev-see-photos/902454/amp |url-status=dead}}</ref> is an Indian film and television actress from [[Mumbai]] who works in [[Marathi film]]s and television serials. She has received awards including a [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Filmfare Award for Best Actress in Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CSK star Ruturaj Gaikwad breaks silence over relationship with actress Sayali Sanjeev |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/report-csk-star-ruturaj-gaikwad-breaks-silence-over-relationship-with-actress-sayali-sanjeev-2890533 |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> She made her debut in the Marathi film [[Police Line]] and over the years she has appeared in numerous Successful films including ''[[Aatpadi Nights]]'' (2019), ''[[Basta (film)|Basta]]'' (2020), ''[[Jhimma]]'' (2021), ''[[Goshta Eka Paithanichi]]'' (2022), ''[[Har Har Mahadev]]'' (2022), ''[[Jhimma 2]]'' (2023) and ''[[Ole Aale]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sayali Sanjeev: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Sayali-Sanjeev |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Career==
Sayali Sanjeev began her career on the television soap opera ''[[Kahe Diya Pardes]]'' on [[Zee Marathi]] and her film career with ''[[Police Line]]'', both in 2016. She landed her breakout role in 2019 in ''[[Aatpadi Nights]]'' for which she earned her first nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Best Actress]] at the [[5th Filmfare Awards Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Marathi Filmfare Awards: Nominations - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/marathi-filmfare-awards-nominations/articleshow/49827966.cms|access-date=2021-03-29|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=सायली संजीवच्या मनमोहक अदांवर चाहते घायाळ |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/2455185/actress-sayali-sanjeev-share-photo-in-black-saree-goes-viral-kpw-89/ |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> In 2019, she made her [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] debut with '[[Rajshri Productions|Rajshri]] Marathi's 5 episode webseries, ''U Turn''.

In 2021 she starred in the Tanaji Ghadge-directed, ''[[Basta (film)|Basta]],'' for which she earned her second consecutive nomination of [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Best Actress]] at the [[6th Filmfare Awards Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2021 |title=sayalee sanjiv upcoming movie Basta will be releasing soon {{!}} सायली संजीव घेऊन आलीय लग्नाचा रंगतदार 'बस्ता' {{!}} Lokmat.com |url=https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/sayalee-sanjiv-upcoming-movie-basta-will-be-releasing-soon-a603/ |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=LOKMAT |language=mr}}</ref> She made her television comeback with ''[[Shubhmangal Online]]'' in 2021 as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shubh Mangal online |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/2506134/shubhmangal-online-serial-shantanu-sharvari-wedding-see-beautiful-marriage-photos-sayali-sanjeev-suyash-tilak-sdn-96/lite/&ved=2ahUKEwiL4u_Fufn0AhVfx4sBHTAFBvo4ChAWegQIBBAB&usg=AOvVaw3B-6NMNTcK8pBGCclKwXS7 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=loksatta.com |publisher=[[Loksatta]]}}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The year ended on a high note with the critically acclaimed and box office successful film ''[[Jhimma]]'' which was [[List of Marathi films of 2021|second highest grossing Marathi film of 2021]].<ref name="bo:toi">{{cite web |author=Taran Adarsh |date=17 December 2021 |title=Despite stiff competition from #Hindi + #Hollywood films, #Marathi film #Jhimma continues to spell magic at the #BO... The week-wise performance is simply superb... Week 1: ₹ 2.98 cr, Week 2: ₹ 2.85 cr, Week 3: ₹ 2.61 cr, Week 4: ₹ 2.04 cr, Total: ₹ 10.48 cr |url=https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1471825325118029825 |access-date=17 December 2021 |website=Twitter}}</ref>

In 2022 she started in Shantanu Rode's [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi|National Award]] winning ''[[Goshta Eka Paithanichi]]'' where she plays a simple woman and the film tells of her struggle that gets more complex at every step. For her performance in the film, she won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Marathi|Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] at the [[7th Filmfare Awards Marathi]] and earned a nomination for the [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=सायली संजीव सांगतेय 'गोष्ट एका पैठणीची' |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/marathi-actress-sayali-sanjeev-looks-promising-in-the-first-look-poster-of-goshta-eka-paithanichi/articleshow/72222480.cms |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=Maharashtra Times |date=22 November 2019 |language=mr}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Web Series : सायली संजीव, ओमप्रकाश शिंदे घेणार प्रेमाचा 'यू टर्न' |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/new-marathi-web-series-u-turn-sayali-sanjiv-and-omprakasha-shinde-ssj-93-1930245/ |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> Her other release of the year was ''[[Har Har Mahadev]]'' an [[Epic film|epic]] [[Historical drama|historical]] [[action drama film]] proved to be a major commercial success earning more than {{INRConvert|25|c}} at the box office and become her highest grossing film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kadam |first=Ganesh Pandurang |title=Har Har Mahadev: बॉक्सऑफिसवर 'हर हर महादेव'ची गर्जना; अवघ्या चार दिवसांत… |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/har-har-mahadev-box-office-collection-starring-sharad-kelkar-and-subodh-bhave-also-ram-setu-and-thank-god-data-141667023947968.html |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhosale |first=Divya |title=Box Office Report: Ram Setu, Thank God or Har Har Mahadev, which film proved to be a hit? |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/tuesday-box-office-report-ram-setu-thank-god-har-har-mahadev-drb-rkcr22 |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=Asianet News |language=en}}</ref> also it became the [[List of Marathi films of 2022|third highest-grossing Marathi film of 2022]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=BoxOfficeBusiness |date=2022-11-02 |title=Har Har Mahadev Day 8 Box Office Collection |url=https://boxofficebusiness.in/2022/11/har-har-mahadev-box-office-collection.html |access-date=2025-03-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

2023 started with a four year-delayed release, ''[[Satarcha Salman]]'', and subsequently she appeared in [[Urmi (film)|''Urmi'']]. She collaborated with [[Hemant Dhome]] for a third time in ''[[Jhimma 2]]'' which earned critical praise and was successful at the box office. Following the success of Jhimma 2 she starred across from [[Siddharth Chandekar]] in the critically and commercially successful ''[[Ole Aale]]'' in 2024.

== Other works ==
[[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] (MNS) appointed her as a deputy president of their film labour wing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मनसेच्या चित्रपट कर्मचारी सेनेच्या उपाध्यक्षपदी सायली संजीव |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/marathi-actress-sayali-sanjeev-appointed-vice-presidentmns-chitrapat-sena/articleshow/73291864.cms |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Serial !! Role !! Channel !! Notes
|-
| 2016 - 2017 || ''[[Kahe Diya Pardes]]'' || Gauri Madhusudan Sawant / Gauri Shivkumar Shukla || [[Zee Marathi]] ||<ref name="s">{{Cite web |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/sayali-sanjeev-special-interview-ppm81entertainment-news |title=सायली संजीव म्हणतेय,इंटिमेट सीन केला तर बिघडलं कुठे; पण....Sayali sanjeev, marathi actress, marathi cinema | Sakal |website=esakal.com |date=4 December 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|2018 - 2019
|''Perfect Pati''
|Vidhita Rathore
|[[& TV]]
|
|-
|2020 - 2021
|''[[Shubhmangal Online]]''
|Sharvari Gawaskar
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/2506134/shubhmangal-online-serial-shantanu-sharvari-wedding-see-beautiful-marriage-photos-sayali-sanjeev-suyash-tilak-sdn-96/lite/%26ved%3D2ahUKEwiHgvOsufn0AhXRxDgGHcdaAtEQFnoECEIQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw3B-6NMNTcK8pBGCclKwXS7 |title=Found - Loksatta |access-date=18 June 2023 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223082232/https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/2506134/shubhmangal-online-serial-shantanu-sharvari-wedding-see-beautiful-marriage-photos-sayali-sanjeev-suyash-tilak-sdn-96/lite/%26ved%3D2ahUKEwiHgvOsufn0AhXRxDgGHcdaAtEQFnoECEIQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw3B-6NMNTcK8pBGCclKwXS7 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

==== Special appearances ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Channel
|-
|2017
|''[[Chala Hawa Yeu Dya]]''
|Guest as Gauri
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|-
|2018
|''[[Chhatriwali]]''
| rowspan="3" |Guest appearance
|[[Star Pravah]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|''[[Kitchen Kallakar]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Marathi]]
|-
|''[[Bus Bai Bas Ladies Special]]''
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)|Bigg Boss Marathi 4]]''
| rowspan="2" |To promote ''[[Goshta Eka Paithanichi]]''
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|-
|''[[Chala Hawa Yeu Dya]]''
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|}

====Web series====
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
!Name
!Role
!Platform
!Notes
|-
|2019
|''U Turn''
|Mukta
|[[YouTube]]
|<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajshri Entertainment Forays Into the Fiction Genre With Marathi Web-series 'U Turn' |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/pti-feed/story/rajshri-entertainment-forays-into-the-fiction-genre-with-marathi-web-series-u-turn-221146-2019-08-20 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=Business Today |date=20 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes !! Ref
|-
|2016
|''[[Police Line]]''
|Divya Deshmukh
|Debutant
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kadam |first=Jayant Savarkar Jaywant Wadkar Mansi Naik Nisha Parulekar Police Line Star Cast Pradeep Patwardhan Pramod Pawar Raju Parsekar Santosh Juvekar Satish Pulekar Sayali Sanjiv Vijay |title=Police Line Star Cast |url=https://www.marathifilm.in/2016/02/police-line-star-cast.html |access-date=26 October 2022 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Aatpadi Nights]]''||Haripriya || [[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Actress]]||<ref name="s"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
|''[[AB Aani CD]]''|| Gargi||||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/ab-ani-cd/movieshow/69444950.cms |title=AB Aani CD |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''Mann Fakira''||Riya ||||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/marathi/mann-fakiraa-official-trailer/videoshow/74439967.cms |title=Mann Fakiraa - Official Trailer | Marathi Movie News |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|''Daah - Ek Marmsparshi Katha''
|Disha
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title='Daah': Sayali Sanjeev looks promising in the first look poster of her upcoming film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/daah-sayali-sanjeev-looks-promising-in-the-first-look-poster-of-her-upcoming-film/articleshow/72952079.cms |access-date=4 March 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=24 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[Basta (film)|Basta]]''||Swati Pawar || ||<ref>{{Cite news |title='Basta' first look: Sayali Sanjeev looks like a dream in her bridal avatar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/basta-first-look-sayali-sanjeev-looks-like-a-dream-in-her-bridal-avatar/articleshow/73893894.cms |access-date=4 March 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=3 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jhimma]]''||Krutika Joshi || ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/after-jhimma-trailer-release-sayali-sanjeev-bold-scene-going-viral-on-social-media/articleshow/81482582.cms |title='झिम्मा'च्या ट्रेलरपेक्षा सायली संजीवच्या 'त्या' बोल्ड सीनची सोशल मीडियावर चर्चा |trans-title=Sayali Sanjeev's 'that' bold scene on social media rather than the trailer of 'Jhimma' |date=13 March 2021 |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Goshta Eka Paithanichi]]''|| Indrayani|| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi]]||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/sayali-sanjeev-gosht-eka-paithanichi-1502825401.html |title=Sayali Sanjeev in Gosht Eka Paithanichi |newspaper=The Statesman |access-date=22 December 2021 |date=22 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Har Har Mahadev]]''
|[[Sai Bhonsale]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=पैठणीची गोष्ट सांगितल्यानंतर सायली संजीव साकारणार ऐतिहासिक भूमिका; समोर आला फर्स्ट लूक |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/after-gosht-eka-paithanichi-actress-sayali-sanjeev-will-play-as-saibai-in-har-har-mahadev/articleshow/94729116.cms |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2023
|''[[Satarcha Salman]]''
|Madhuri Mane
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Satarcha Salman movie: 'सातारचा सलमान' गाण्यासाठी हेमंत ढोमेनं आक्ख गावच रंगवून काढलं.. |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/satarcha-salman-movie-title-song-out-director-hemant-dhome-coloured-village-for-this-song-shooting-nsa95 |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=eSakal - Marathi Newspaper |date=28 February 2023 |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Phulrani]]''
|Pretty Princess Host
|Guest appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhirvandekar |first=Harshada |title=Phulrani Teaser: अखेर समोर आला सुबोधच्या 'फुलराणी'चा चेहरा; 'महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रा'मधून जिंकलंय प्रेक्षकांचं मन! |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/phulrani-teaser-out-maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-actress-will-be-seen-as-phulrani-in-subodh-bhave-s-movie-141676278499862.html |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Urmi (film)|Urmi]]''
|Manasi
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 February 2023 |title='Urmi': Sayali Sanjeev and Chinmay Udgirkar starrer is all set to hit screens on April 14, 2023; Motion poster out! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/urmi-sayali-sanjeev-and-chinmay-udgirkar-starrer-is-all-set-to-hit-screens-on-april-14-2023-motion-poster-out/articleshow/97938006.cms?from=mdr&from=mdr |access-date=18 May 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jhimma 2]]''
| Krutika Joshi
|
| <ref>{{Cite news |title='Jhimma 2': Siddharth Chandekar shares a BTS picture with the team from the sets of the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/jhimma-2-siddharth-chandekar-shares-a-bts-picture-with-the-team-from-the-sets-of-the-film/articleshow/104917082.cms |access-date=3 November 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=2 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
|''Pillu Bachelor''
|Swati
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 August 2023 |title=Tanaji Ghadge's multi-starrer 'Piluu Bachelor' to release in Diwali; Poster out! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/tanaji-ghadges-multi-starrer-piluu-bachelor-to-release-in-diwali-poster-out/articleshow/102773817.cms?from=mdr |access-date=26 November 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| Rowspan="3"|2024 || ''[[Ole Aale]]''|| Kayra Hirve ||
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nana Patekar: नाना पाटेकरांसोबत मकरंद अनासपुरे करणार 'ओले आले'! नव्या मराठी सिनेमाची घोषण |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/nana-patekar-new-movie-ole-aale-with-makrand-anaspure-sayali-sanjeev-siddharth-chandekar-drj96 |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=eSakal - Marathi Newspaper |date=29 October 2023 |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''PaniPuri''
|Nima
|
|
|-
|''Manmauji''
|Ms. Superstar
|
|
|-
|Rowspan="4"|2025
|''Samsara''
|Vidhi
|
|
|-
|''Nibaar''
|Sangita Deshmukh
|
|
|-
|''Taath Kana''
|
|
|
|-
|''Kairii''
|
|
|
|-
|{{TBA}}
|''Yervada Return''
|{{TBA}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=मुळशी पॅटर्ननंतर आता 'येरवडा रिटर्न'ची चर्चा, पुण्यात या ठिकाणी सुरू आहे सिनेमाचं शूटिंग |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/marathi-actor-akshay-tanksale-to-direction-in-upcoming-movie-yerwada-return/articleshow/110864740.cms |access-date=28 September 2024 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

=== Music video ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Co-actor
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2020
|''Lajira''
|[[Rishi Saxena]]
|Debut
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seta |first=Keyur |title=Sayali Sanjeev, Rishi Saxena return in the single 'Lajira' |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2020/apr/18/25365/sayali-sanjeev-rishi-saxena-return-in-the-single-lajira |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304225402/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2020/apr/18/25365/sayali-sanjeev-rishi-saxena-return-in-the-single-lajira |url-status=live |archive-date=4 March 2022 |access-date=4 March 2022 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Awards
!Category
!Work
!Role
!Result
|-
| rowspan="4" |2016
| rowspan="4" |[[Zee Marathi Awards 2016|Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards]]
|Best Actress
| rowspan="4" |''[[Kahe Diya Pardes]]''
| rowspan="4" |Gauri Sawant
|{{Won}}<ref name="Loksatta">{{Cite web |title=Full List of Zee Marathi Award 2016 Winners |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/full-list-of-zee-marathi-award-2016-winners-1319777/ |access-date=16 May 2023 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Popular Face of the Year
|{{Won}}<ref name="Loksatta" />
|-
|Best Couple
|{{Won}}<ref name="Loksatta" />
|-
|Best Daughter-in-law
|{{Won}}<ref name="Loksatta" />
|-
| rowspan="5" |2020
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar]]
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| rowspan="3" |''[[Aatpadi Nights]]''
| rowspan="3" |Haripriya
|{{Won}}<ref name="ZEE5">{{Cite web |title=Zee Gaurav Puraskar 2020 Winners List: Sonalee Kulkarni, Sayali Sanjeev Bag The Prestigious Award - Zee5 News |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/zee-gaurav-puraskar-2020-winners-list-sonalee-kulkarni-sayali-sanjeev-bag-the-prestigious-award |access-date=16 May 2023 |website=ZEE5 |date=13 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Natural Performance of the Year
|{{Nom}}<ref name="ZEE5" />
|-
|[[5th Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Best Actress]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Colors Marathi|Colors Marathi Awards]]
|Best Actress
| rowspan="2" |''[[Shubhmangal Online]]''
| rowspan="2" |Sharvari Gawaskar
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Daughter-in-law
|{{Won}}
|-
|2021
|[[Filmfare Awards Marathi|6th Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Best Actress]]
|''[[Basta (film)|Basta]]''
|Swati
|{{Nom}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 April 2022 |title=6th Planet Filmfare Marathi Awards 2021: Complete winners' list |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/6th-planet-filmfare-marathi-awards-2021-complete-winners-list/articleshow/90561300.cms?from=mdr |access-date=16 May 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
| rowspan="2" |[[7th Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
| rowspan="5" |''[[Goshta Eka Paithanichi]]''
| rowspan="5" |Indrayani
|{{Won}}<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite web |title=7th Planet Marathi Presents Filmfare Awards Marathi 2022: As it happened |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/7th-planet-marathi-presents-filmfare-awards-marathi-2022-live-updates-winners-red-carpet-news-photos-videos/liveblog/99116651.cms |access-date=16 May 2023 |website=The Times of India |date=31 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Best Actress Critics]]
|{{Nom}}<ref name="The Times of India" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|[[Maharashtra Times|Maharashtra Times Sanmaan]]
|Best Actress
|{{Won}}<ref>{{Cite web |title='मटा सन्मान' चित्रपट पुरस्कार |url=https://matagold.timesgroup.com/web-stories/mata-sanman-film-awards-2023/1678194756527 |access-date=16 May 2023 |website=matagold.timesgroup.com |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar]]
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|TV9 Aapla Bioscope Awards
|Best Actress in a Leading Role
|{{Won}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=TV9 Marathi - Aapla Bioscope, Marathi TV and Film Awards 2023 |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/aaplabioscope |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar]]
|Most Natural Performance of the Year
|''[[Jhimma 2]]''
|Krutika Joshi
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]
|[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|Rowspan="3"|''[[Goshta Eka Paithanichi]]''
|Rowspan="3"|Indrayani
|{{Nom}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2024 |title=59th Maharashtra State Film Awards: Asha Parekh, Shivaji Satam, Anuradha Paudwal honoured, here's the winners list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/59th-maharashtra-state-film-awards-asha-parekh-shivaji-satam-anuradha-paudwal-honoured-heres-the-winners-list-9527159/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Rowspan="2"|2023
|[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman]]
|[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Actress in a Lead Role]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Sakal Premier Awards
|Best Actress
|{{Won}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Commons}}
* {{IMDb name|10114485}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sayali, Chandsarkar}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:People from Dhule]]
[[Category:People from Dhule district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]

Akums Drugs and Pharmaceuticals

2026-05-06T16:30:23Z

Ieagle123: added new info initial version

{{Short description|Indian pharmaceutical company}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup press release|1=article|date=April 2026}}
{{COI|date=April 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Akums Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited
| logo = Akums Drugs and Pharmaceuticals.svg
| logo_caption = Company Logo
| image =
| image_size = 280
| image_caption =
| trading_name = Akums
| native_name =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{NSE|AKUMS}} {{BSE|544222}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE09XN01023}}
| industry = [[Pharmaceuticals]], [[Contract manufacturing organization|CDMO]] & [[Skincare]]
| founded = 2004 ; 21 years ago
| hq_location = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Sandeep Jain (Founder and Managing Director)
Sanjeev Jain (Founder & Managing Director)
Arushi Jain (Director)
| products = {{hlist|[[Pharmaceutical]]s| [[Nutraceutical]]s| [[Ayurvedic]]s| [[API]]s| [[Cosmetics|Cosmetic]]s | [[Dermatology]]s| [[Skincare]]s }}
| revenue = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|1538.75|c|lk=on}} (FY24)
| assets = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|2095.43|c|lk=on}} (FY24)
| num_employees = 10,000+ (2024)
| subsid = *Akumentis Healthcare Limited.
*Pure And Cure Healthcare Private Limited.
| website = {{URL|https://www.akums.in/}}
}}

'''Akums Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited (Akums Group)''' is an Indian pharmaceutical [[Contract manufacturing organization|Contract Development and Manufacturing Organization]] (CDMO) that serves both domestic and multinational pharmaceutical companies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Mihir |date=2023-04-30 |title=Akums Drugs plans IPO within 3 years |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/akums-drugs-plans-ipo-in-2-3-years-to-give-exit-to-quadria-capital-expand-globally-and-double-net-sales-to-inr-10-000-crore-by-2028-11682877664726.html |access-date= |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Akums Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Ltd. - Analyst Research Report |url=https://www.sbisecurities.in/fileserver/research/reports/Akums%20Drugs%20and%20Pharmaceuticals%20Limited_IPO%20Note.pdf |work=SBIsecurities}}</ref> The company was established in 2004 and became publicly listed on 6 August 2024.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kumar Nahar |first=Pawan |date=2024-08-06 |title=Akums Drugs & Pharma shares list at 7% premium on BSE, NSE |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/markets/company-stock/story/akums-drugs-pharma-shares-list-at-7-premium-on-bse-nse-440279-2024-08-06 |access-date= |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Akums was founded by Sanjeev Jain and Sandeep Jain in 2004, who currently serve as the managing directors of the company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akums Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited - Analyst Research Report |url=https://www.hdfcsec.com/hsl.docs/Akums%20Drugs%20and%20Pharmaceuticals%20Limited%20IPO%20Note-202407301109282134935.pdf |website=HDFCsec}}</ref> The company has 12 manufacturing facilities for various formulations and two facilities for producing [[Active ingredient|active pharmaceutical ingredients]] (APIs).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-12-05 |title=Akums buys new facility in Baddi to augment tablet output |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/akums-buys-new-facility-in-baddi-to-augment-tablet-output/article67606924.ece |access-date= |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> It produces tablets, capsules, soft gels, dry syrups, liquid orals, and other pharmaceutical products.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-23 |title=Quadria Capital-backed Akums, India's largest contract manufacturer of drugs, kicks off 2024 IPO plans |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/quadria-capital-backed-akums-indias-largest-contract-manufacturer-of-drugs-kicks-off-2024-ipo-plans-11415811.html |access-date= |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> Akums also operates four research and development (R&D) centers in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Somvanshi |first=Kiran |date=2024-07-30 |title=Akums Pharma placed at a vantage point in pharma growth |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/ipos/fpos/akums-pharma-placed-at-a-vantage-point-in-pharma-growth/articleshow/112122401.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In 2020, the company received an investment of Rs 500 crore from [[Quadria Capital]].<ref name=":1"/>

In April 2022, the company acquired a manufacturing facility from Ankur Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Akums acquires drug manufacturing facility from Ankur Drugs - ET HealthWorld {{!}} Pharma |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/pharma/akums-acquires-drug-manufacturing-facility-from-ankur-drugs/90844833 |access-date= |website=ETHealthworld.com {{!}} Pharma |language=en}}</ref> In May, the company received a license to manufacture and commercialize [[Bempedoic acid]], a drug used to [[Lipid-lowering agent|lower cholesterol]]. Two of the company's units in Haridwar were granted European GMP certification. One unit produces solid oral dosage forms, such as tablets and hard gelatin capsules, while the other manufactures large and small volume parenterals, including vials, ampoules, eye drops, and FFS formulations.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Akums receives EU GMP approval for two manufacturing units in Haridwar - ET HealthWorld |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/akums-receives-eu-gmp-approval-for-two-manufacturing-units-in-haridwar/92702622 |access-date= |website=ETHealthworld.com |language=en}}</ref> In August 2024, the company went public with a listing on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] and the [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]].<ref name=":3" /> In May 2025, Akums received a patent for an extended-release combination formulation of [[Doxylamine]] and [[Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy|Pyridoxine]], indicated for the management of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Anjali |date=May 5, 2025 |title=Akums secures patent for dual-action nausea drug for pregnant women |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/akums-secures-patent-for-dual-action-pregnancy-nausea-treatment-125050501037_1.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260224082025/https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/akums-secures-patent-for-dual-action-pregnancy-nausea-treatment-125050501037_1.html |archive-date=2026-02-24 |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

In July and September 2025, Akums received [[Good manufacturing practice]] (GMP) certifications for its manufacturing facilities in Haridwar, including from [[Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency]] and the [[Eurasian Economic Union]] (EAEU) for its hormonal therapy unit.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-07-28 |title=Akums secures Anvisa GMP certification for Haridwar plant to boost Brazil, LatAm exports |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/akums-receives-anvisa-gmp-certification-for-haridwar-sterile-manufacturing-facility/article69865758.ece |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Akums’ hormonal drug plant receives Eurasian Union nod |url=https://pharma.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/pharma-industry/akums-receives-eaeu-gmp-certification-for-hormonal-drug-manufacturing/123782708 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=ETPharma.com |language=en}}</ref> In January 2026, two of its facilities in Haridwar, Uttarakhand, received European Union GMP certification issued by the Bulgarian Drug Agency (BDA).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Akums secures EU GMP certificate for two manufacturing units |url=https://pharma.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/regulatory-update/akums-secures-eu-gmp-certificate-for-two-manufacturing-units/127283745 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=ETPharma.com |language=en}}</ref>

In November 2025, a 20-year patent for Dual Release Gastro-Resistant Composition effective from 19 November 2022, was granted to the company under the [[Patent Act of 1790|Patents Act, 1970]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akums Drugs gets 20- year patent for |url=https://www.indianpharmapost.com/news/akums-drugs-gets-20-year-patent-for-dual-release-gastro-resistant-composition-18144 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=indianpharmapost}}</ref>

In February 2026, it received approval from the United Kingdom’s [[Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency]] (MHRA) to market rivaroxaban, an anticoagulant, in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Akums secures blood thinner Rivaroxaban marketing approval in UK |url=https://pharma.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/drug-approvals-and-launches/akums-secures-blood-thinner-rivaroxaban-marketing-approval-in-uk/128255271 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=ETPharma.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Partnerships ==
In October 2024, Akums partnered with Microcore Research to use [[Eggshell membrane|natural eggshell membrane]] (NESM) in the development of dietary supplements for joint and connective tissue health.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Akums, Microcore Research enter JV to develop NESM dietary supplements - ET HealthWorld {{!}} Pharma |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/pharma/akums-microcore-research-enter-jv-to-develop-nesm-dietary-supplements/95197137 |access-date= |website=ETHealthworld.com {{!}} Pharma |language=en}}</ref>

In November 2023, Akums entered into a MoU with [[Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University]] to collaborate on research and product development for patients in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-10 |title=DPSRU inks MoU with Akums Drugs to enhance pharma education and research |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/news/dpsru-inks-mou-with-akums-drugs-to-enhance-pharma-education-and-research-101699011694592.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2024, the company entered into a License and Distribution Agreement with Triple Hair Inc., a company based in New Brunswick, Canada. The agreement involved the licensing of a patented alopecia treatment from Triple Hair Group.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Anupama |date=2024-10-16 |title=Akums Drugs Stocks: Secures exclusive rights to Triple Hair's products in India |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/akums-drugs-secures-exclusive-rights-to-triple-hairs-products-in-india-stocks-shoot-up/article68760156.ece |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

In November 2024, Akums partnered with Caregen to introduce specialty nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-29 |title=Akums partners with Caregen to launch Specialty Nutraceuticals and Differentiated Cosmeceuticals in India |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/healthcare-akums-partners-with-caregen-to-launch-specialty-nutraceuticals-and-differentiated-cosmeceuticals-in-india-3679912/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> During the same month, the company partnered with Jagdale to market ready-to-drink (RTD) nutritional beverages in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-11-27 |title=Akums, Jagdale partner to manufacture aseptic carton packing for ready-to-drink nutritional beverages |url=https://www.expresspharma.in/akums-jagdale-partner-to-manufacture-aseptic-carton-packing-for-ready-to-drink-nutritional-beverages/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Express Pharma |language=en-US}}</ref>

In December 2024, Akums Drugs & Pharmaceuticals signed a long-term contract worth approximately ₹1,760 crore with a pharmaceutical company to manufacture and supply pharmaceutical formulations in the European market.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pilla |first=Viswanath |date=2024-12-26 |title=Akums enters into Rs 1750 crore contract to supply pharma products to Europe |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/akums-enters-into-rs-1750-crore-contract-to-supply-pharma-products-to-europe/articleshow/116684376.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-24 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Akums Group signs 200 million euro deal for European market expansion |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/akums-group-signs-200-million-euro-deal-for-european-market-expansion-124122600849_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227101958/https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/akums-group-signs-200-million-euro-deal-for-european-market-expansion-124122600849_1.html |archive-date=27 December 2024 |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2025, the company signed a memorandum of understanding with [[National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management|National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management Thanjavur]] for collaboration on internships and research projects focused on nutraceutical product development and process improvement.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Akums, NIFTEM ink MoU to upskill students and advance nutraceuticals portfolio |url=https://pharma.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/pharma-industry/akums-niftem-ink-mou-to-upskill-students-and-advance-nutraceuticals-portfolio/118678635 |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=ETPharma.com |language=en}}</ref> In April 2025, it signed a memorandum of agreement with [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]] for collaboration on research and development in pharmaceutical formulations.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-04-24 |title=Akums Drugs signs MoA with TNAU to boost R&D in agri-based pharma formulations |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/akums-drugs-signs-moa-with-tnau-to-boost-rd-in-agri-based-pharma-formulations/article69486653.ece |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2025, Akums and the Government of the Republic of [[Zambia]] announced a partnership to establish a pharmaceutical manufacturing facility in Zambia for the production of generic medicines, with construction of the facility subsequently initiated.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=August 24, 2025 |title=Akums to set up new manufacturing plant in Zambia via JV with local govt |url=https://pharma.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/pharma-industry/akums-drugs-and-pharmaceuticals-announces-new-manufacturing-plant-in-zambia/123484759 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=ETPharma.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=October 28, 2025 |title=Akums breaks ground in Zambia for new manufacturing plant |url=https://pharma.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/pharma-industry/akums-breaks-ground-in-zambia-for-new-manufacturing-plant/124869185 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=ETPharma.com |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2025, Akums and [[Sharda University]] signed a memorandum of understanding to collaborate on pharmaceutical research, technology transfer, skill development, internships, and joint projects.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jyoti |first=Archana |date=2025-12-30 |title=Akums Drugs & Pharma Partners With Sharda University To Deepen Industry–Academia Collaboration |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/healthcare-spotlight/akums-drugs-pharma-partners-with-sharda-university-to-deepen-industryacademia-collaboration |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

== Product development ==
In August 2023, Akums launched a formulation for managing [[Type 2 diabetes|Type-2 Diabetes]] in elderly patients,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-08-10 |title=Pharma firm launches new treatment for Type-2 diabetes among elderly |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2023/Aug/26/pharma-firm-launches-new-treatment-for-type-2-diabetes-among-elderly-2608926.html |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> which combines multiple medications to help control blood sugar levels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DCGI Approves Akums Pharma To Launch Diabetes Drug Lobeglitazone In India |url=https://bwwellbeingworld.com/article/dcgi-approves-akums-pharma-to-launch-diabetes-drug-lobeglitazone-in-india-464559 |access-date= |website=BW Wellbeing |language=en}}</ref> On 15 September 2023, it introduced a fixed-dose combination capsule of Tamsulosin and Tadalafil, containing Tamsulosin 0.4 mg and Tadalafil 2.5 mg.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |title=Akums introduces Tamsulosin + Tadalafil capsule — to the Indian market - ET HealthWorld {{!}} Pharma |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/pharma/drug-approvals-launches/akums-introduces-tamsulosin-tadalafil-capsule-to-the-indian-market/103692638 |access-date= |website=ETHealthworld.com {{!}} Pharma |language=en}}</ref> The company also began manufacturing nutraceutical gummies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-01 |title=Akums to diversify its portfolio for innovative gummy formulations |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/akums-to-diversify-its-portfolio-for-innovative-gummy-formulations-3194313/ |access-date= |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Akums announces entry into nutraceutical gummies segment - ET HealthWorld {{!}} Pharma |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/pharma/akums-announces-entry-into-nutraceutical-gummies-segment/98361976 |access-date= |website=ETHealthworld.com {{!}} Pharma |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2023, Akums acquired a formulation facility in [[Baddi|Baddi, Himachal Pradesh]],<ref name=":0" /> and announced the launch of Doxylamine and Pyridoxine extended-release tablets, which are approved by the [[Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation]] (CDSCO) in India and the [[Food and Drug Administration|United States Food and Drug Administration]] (US FDA).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Akums launches Doxylamine + Pyridoxine extended-release tablets - ET HealthWorld {{!}} Pharma |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/pharma/pharma-industry/akums-launches-doxylamine-pyridoxine-extended-release-tablets/106155230 |access-date= |website=ETHealthworld.com {{!}} Pharma |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, the company launched several products, including Lasmiditan tablets,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-01-05 |title=Akums launches Lasmiditan Tablet for migraine management |url=https://www.expresspharma.in/akums-launches-lasmiditan-tablet-for-migraine-management/ |access-date= |website=Express Pharma |language=en-US}}</ref> [[nasal spray]]s,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Akums Drugs and Pharmaceuticals unveils nasal sprays - ET HealthWorld {{!}} Pharma |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/pharma/pharma-industry/akums-drugs-and-pharmaceuticals-unveils-nasal-sprays/107461977 |access-date= |website=ETHealthworld.com |language=en}}</ref> Hydroxyurea for sickle cell anemia,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-17 |title=Akums launches sickle cell anaemia drug for 1% of global price |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/akums-launches-sickle-cell-anaemia-drug-for-1-of-global-price-9218512/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and a fixed-dose combination of Amlodipine, Telmisartan, and Metoprolol (extended-release) tablets for hypertension.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Akums launches Rabeprazole + Levosulpiride SR capsules - ET HealthWorld {{!}} Pharma |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/pharma/drug-approvals-launches/akums-launches-rabeprazole-levosulpiride-sr-capsules/110907838 |access-date= |website=ETHealthworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Akums introduces Amlodipine, Telmisartan & Metoprolol (ER) film coated tablets for hypertension management - ET HealthWorld {{!}} Pharma |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/pharma/pharma-industry/akums-introduces-amlodipine-telmisartan-metoprolol-er-film-coated-tablets-for-hypertension-management/109884932 |access-date= |website=ETHealthworld.com {{!}} Pharma |language=en}}</ref>

In June 2024, Akums launched Rabeprazole + Levosulpiride SR Capsules as part of its new gastrointestinal formulations in India for the treatment of digestive health conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETHealthworld.com |title=Akums launches anti-reflux antacid - sodium alginate + potassium bicarbonate chewable tablet - ET HealthWorld {{!}} Pharma |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/pharma/drug-approvals-launches/akums-launches-anti-reflux-antacid-sodium-alginate-potassium-bicarbonate-chewable-tablet/111137635 |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=ETHealthworld.com {{!}} Pharma |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-10 |title=Akums launches novel formulations for patients with gastrointestinal disorders in India |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/healthcare-akums-launches-novel-formulations-for-patients-with-gastrointestinal-disorders-in-india-3520238/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2025, Akums has begun developing a new facility for lyophilized and sterile dosage manufacturing, focusing on injectables and biologics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 January 2025 |title=Akums announces new facility for lyophilized, sterile dosage manufacturing |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/akums-announces-new-facility-for-lyophilized-sterile-dosage-manufacturing-125010200778_1.html |work=business-standard}}</ref> In February 2025, the company announced the launch of a combination therapy containing Dapagliflozin and Pioglitazone, indicated for the management of Type 2 Diabetes.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Akums launches drug combo for Type-2 Diabetes |url=https://pharma.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/drug-approvals-and-launches/akums-launches-drug-combo-for-type-2-diabetes/117884021 |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=ETPharma.com |language=en}}</ref> In April 2025, Akums announced the launch of a combination therapy containing [[Ripasudil]] and [[Timolol]], indicated for the management of [[Glaucoma]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-01 |title=Akums launches combination formulation for glaucoma and ocular hypertension treatment |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/healthcare-akums-launches-combination-formulation-for-glaucoma-and-ocular-hypertension-treatment-3795130/ |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2025, Akums introduced an extended-release formulation of gabapentin for the management of [[postherpetic neuralgia]] (PHN), a chronic neuropathic pain condition associated with shingles.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Akums launches enhanced Gabapentin ER for PHN management |url=https://pharma.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/pharma-industry/akums-introduces-advanced-gabapentin-er-tablets-for-effective-phn-management/125972927 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=ETPharma.com |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Pharmaceutical companies]]
* [[Pharmaceutical industry in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://akumslifesciences.com/}}

[[Category:2004 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies of India]]
[[Category:Health care companies of India]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies established in 2004]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2004]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Contract development and manufacturing organizations]]

Siddhu (film)

2026-05-05T20:16:49Z

Ieagle123: adding the stub from scratch - done

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Short description|Kannada movie }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Siddhu
| image = Siddu (film cover).jpg
| alt =
| caption =DVD Cover
| native_name = 
| director = Mahesh Sukhadare
| writer = B. A. Madhu (dialogue)
| screenplay = Mahesh Sukhadare
| story = B. A. Madhu
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = [[Sriimurali|Murali]] Deepu
| narrator =
| cinematography = Ramesh Babu
| editing = P. R. Sounder Rajan
| music = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|7|22}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Siddhu''''' is a 2005 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by Mahesh Sukhadhare and starring [[Sriimurali|Murali]] and Deepu. The film is inspired by the German film ''[[Run Lola Run]]'' (1998) and was a box office failure.<ref name="R"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chitraloka.com/flash-back/3151-2005-year-round-up.html|title=2005 YEAR ROUND UP|date=30 December 2005|work=[[Chitraloka.com]]|access-date=13 December 2022|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195314/http://www.chitraloka.com/flash-back/3151-2005-year-round-up.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Sriimurali]] as Siddhu
*Deepu as Anjali
*[[Akhilendra Mishra]] as Range Gowda
*[[H. G. Dattatreya]] as Siddu's teacher
*[[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] as Sowmya
*[[Cudavalli Chandrashekar]]
*[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
*[[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]]

== Production ==
Murali signed the film before completing his previous film ''[[Yashwanth]]'' (2003).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_gopi.asp|title=Telugu 'Murari' is 'Gopi' in Kannada|work=[[Viggy]]|date=2005|access-date=2023-03-15|archive-date=2023-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315104110/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_gopi.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] and [[Prakash Raj]] were initially considered to act in the film.<ref name="S">{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/entertainment/movies/kannada/fullstory.php?id=13621105|title='Siddu' starts rolling!|date=1 December 2004|work=[[Sify]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204180902/http://sify.com/entertainment/movies/kannada/fullstory.php?id=13621105
|archive-date=4 December 2004|access-date=18 August 2024|last=Moviebuzz}}</ref>

Murali did all the stunts himself.<ref name="V"/> The first schedule was shot in Bangalore.<ref name="S"/> A month later, a chase sequence was also shot in Bangalore.<ref name="V">{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_siddu.asp|title=No dupes; all real — Siddu|work=Viggy|access-date=2022-12-13|archive-date=2022-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213084130/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_siddu.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> Hindi actor [[Akhilendra Mishra]] stars in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/wings_siddu.asp|title='Siddu' - releasing this week!|work=Viggy|access-date=2022-12-13|archive-date=2022-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213084132/http://www.viggy.com/english/wings_siddu.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music is composed by [[R. P. Patnaik]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gaana.com/album/siddhu-kannada|title=Siddhu|work=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]|date=2005|access-date=2023-03-30|archive-date=2023-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330014024/https://gaana.com/album/siddhu-kannada|url-status=live}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 28:21
| title1 = Nee Sheetala
| lyrics1 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 = 4:20
| title2 = Surya Thampu
| lyrics2 = Kaviraj
| extra2 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 = 5:11
| title3 = Nachu Nachu
| lyrics3 = Kaviraj
| extra3 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length3 = 4:33
| title4 = O My Love
| lyrics4 = K. Mahesh Sukhadare
| extra4 = [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
| length4 = 4:40
| title5 = Katiko Katiko
| lyrics5 = K. Mahesh Sukhadare
| extra5 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Chaitra H. G.]]
| length5 = 5:25
| title6 = Sisya Sisya
| lyrics6 = Ram Narayan
| extra6 = R. P. Patnaik, [[Sonu Kakkar]]
| length6 = 4:12
}}

== Reception ==
[[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "For Murali fans, this is good stuff. For others, still very well presented fare".<ref name="R">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/aug/09siddu.htm|title=Siddu: Good for Murali fans|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=9 August 2005|access-date=13 December 2022|archive-date=10 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210102320/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/aug/09siddu.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''Viggy'' wrote that "In a nutshell, ''Siddu'' is a film that doesn't test your patience for sure and lives up to the expectations".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/review_siddu.asp|title=Siddu — film review|work=Viggy|access-date=2022-12-13|archive-date=2022-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213084133/http://www.viggy.com/english/review_siddu.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> S. N. Deepak of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "Mahesh Sukhadhare, who earlier directed Sambhrama, Sainika and Shivarajkumar-starrer Sarvabhouma, has taken up a story which appeals to youth. But, it is the usual yarn in the second half".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jul242005/movies1614362005724.asp|date=24 July 2005|first=S. N.|last=Deepak|title=Siddu|access-date=4 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061217023943/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jul242005/movies1614362005724.asp|archive-date=17 December 2006|website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*{{IMDb title|5583454}}

[[Category:2000s Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2005 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:2005 action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. P. Patnaik]]

Leo (soundtrack)

2026-05-02T15:57:34Z

Ieagle123: post.

{{Short description|2023 soundtrack album by Anirudh Ravichander}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Leo
| image = Leo album cover.jpg
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| border = yes
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| released = 19 October 2023
| recorded = June–September 2023
| studio = Albuquerque Records, [[Chennai]] [[AM Studios]], Chennai Studio DMI, [[Las Vegas]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=17
|s=37}}
| language = {{hlist|[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]|English}}
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| prev_title = [[Jawan (soundtrack)|Jawan]]
| prev_year = 2023
| next_title = [[Indian 2]]
| next_year = 2024
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Leo
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = [[Naa Ready]]
| single1date = 22 June 2023
| single2 = Badass
| single2date = 28 September 2023
| single3 = Anbenum
| single3date = 11 October 2023
}}
}}

'''''Leo''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]] for the 2023 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film [[Leo (2023 Indian film)|of the same name]], directed by [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]] starring [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], alongside [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] and [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]. The film is produced by S. S. Lalit Kumar under [[Seven Screen Studio]].

The album featured seven songs, with four of them being previously released as singles. It was planned to be released on 30 September 2023, which would have coincided with the audio launch event in Chennai, before its cancellation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2023 |title=Audio launch of Vijay-starrer Leo cancelled due to 'safety reasons' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/leo-audio-launch-vijay-cancelled-safety-reasons-8959948/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006184322/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/leo-audio-launch-vijay-cancelled-safety-reasons-8959948/ |archive-date=6 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The album was released via [[Sony Music India]] on 19 October 2023, the same day as the film's release.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Leo: Bloody Sweet' Soundtrack Album Released |url=https://filmmusicreporter.com/2023/10/20/anirudh-ravichander-leo-bloody-sweet-soundtrack-album-released/ |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=Film Music Reporter |language=en-US |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029212539/https://filmmusicreporter.com/2023/10/20/anirudh-ravichander-leo-bloody-sweet-soundtrack-album-released/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Production ==
''Leo''<nowiki/>'s soundtrack is composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], in his fourth collaboration with Vijay after ''[[Kaththi]]'' (2014), [[Master (2021 film)|''Master'']] (2021) and [[Beast (2022 Indian film)|''Beast'']] (2022); third with Lokesh after ''Master'' and [[Vikram (2022 film)|''Vikram'']] (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2023 |title='Thalapathy 67': The official announcement is here!; film shooting began on January 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-67-the-official-announcement-is-here-film-shooting-began-on-january-2/articleshow/97449536.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427111428/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-67-the-official-announcement-is-here-film-shooting-began-on-january-2/articleshow/97449536.cms |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=6 September 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The audio rights for the film were purchased by [[Sony Music India]] for {{INRConvert|16|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2023 |title=Vijay, Lokesh Kanagaraj's Thalapathy 67 audio rights sold for a whopping Rs 16 crore |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/lokesh-kanagaraj-vijay-and-trishas-thalapathy-67-audio-rights-sold-for-a-whopping-rs-16-crore-2329123-2023-02-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202213641/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/lokesh-kanagaraj-vijay-and-trishas-thalapathy-67-audio-rights-sold-for-a-whopping-rs-16-crore-2329123-2023-02-01 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=6 September 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> ''Leo'' was intended to be a songless film, similar to Lokesh's ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]'' (2019) with [[Sam C. S.]] being in consideration to score the film which turned to be false.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 August 2022 |title=Buzz: Vijay's 'Thalapathy 67' will have no songs |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/buzz-vijays-thalapathy-67-will-have-no-songs/articleshow/93658817.cms |url-status=live |access-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306155428/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/buzz-vijays-thalapathy-67-will-have-no-songs/articleshow/93658817.cms |archive-date=6 March 2023}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' reported that the soundtrack will have two songs.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=5 September 2023 |title='Leo' to have only two songs, the last single by Anirudh Ravichander to be out on September 19 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/leo-to-have-only-two-songs-the-last-single-by-anirudh-ravichander-to-be-out-on-september-19/articleshow/103390496.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906121943/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/leo-to-have-only-two-songs-the-last-single-by-anirudh-ravichander-to-be-out-on-september-19/articleshow/103390496.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=6 September 2023}}</ref> However, Lokesh, during an interview with ''Behindwoods'' in early October, stated that the film would have a total of six songs.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BJWr1kWyPJI |title="Vijay sir ஓட அந்த கெட்ட வார்த்தை Scene..😱அண்ணா கூப்பிட்டு கேட்டாரு" Most Waited Loki LEO Interview😍 |date=7 October 2023 |language=ta |publisher=BehindwoodsTV |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008040643/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BJWr1kWyPJI |archive-date=8 October 2023 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref>

All the songs in the film were written by Vishnu Edavan, Lokesh's assistant director, who also previously contributed for ''Master'' and ''Vikram''. The English tracks in the film are penned by Heisenberg.{{Efn|The lyricist "Heisenberg" derives his pseudonym from ''[[Breaking Bad]]'', but director Lokesh and composer Anirudh have declined to reveal his true identity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-25 |title=Who is Heisenberg? Mystery lyricist behind hit songs for Rajinikanth, Jr NTR, Vijay, Kamal Haasan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/who-is-heisenberg-mystery-lyricist-behind-hit-songs-for-rajinikanth-jr-ntr-vijay-kamal-haasan-101753446434425.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250728102707/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/who-is-heisenberg-mystery-lyricist-behind-hit-songs-for-rajinikanth-jr-ntr-vijay-kamal-haasan-101753446434425.html |archive-date=2025-07-28 |access-date=2025-07-28 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>}} The songs were recorded during June–September, and the background score in mid-September, with the re-recording for the film completed within 10 days.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vijay's 'Leo': Check out the very interesting insights about the film |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-leo-check-out-the-very-interesting-insights-about-the-film/photostory/104215239.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007203316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-leo-check-out-the-very-interesting-insights-about-the-film/photostory/104215239.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=7 October 2023}}</ref>

== Release ==
Before the album's release, four of the songs—"Bloody Sweet", "Naa Ready", "Badass" and "Anbenum"—released as singles. Two other songs, which later revealed to be as "I Am Scared" and "Villain Yaaru", were released as part of the extended soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 October 2023 |title=Did you know 'Leo' has three more unreleased music tracks? read here |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/did-you-know-leo-has-three-more-unreleased-music-tracks-read-here/articleshow/104319712.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012043552/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/did-you-know-leo-has-three-more-unreleased-music-tracks-read-here/articleshow/104319712.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=12 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UzC-oMX1fZk |title=🔥 LEO BREAKING : " வில்லன் யாருடா " is my most Favourite Song – Rapid with Rathna {{!}} Vijay {{!}} Lokesh |date=7 October 2023 |language=Tamil |publisher=SS Music |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013015451/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UzC-oMX1fZk |archive-date=13 October 2023 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

The soundtrack was released on 19 October 2023, alongside the film's theatrical release date. The album, however, did not include the aforementioned tracks, but consisted of the earlier released three singles, along with "Glimpse of Antony Das" and "Glimpse of Harold Das", the tracks from the glimpse videos revealing Sanjay Dutt and Arjun's characters, and had separate releases,<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 July 2023 |title=Glimpse of Antony Das from 'Leo'; makers unveil Sanjay Dutt's character from film |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/glimpse-of-antony-das-from-leo-makers-unveil-sanjay-dutts-character-from-film/articleshow/102224629.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906132037/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/glimpse-of-antony-das-from-leo-makers-unveil-sanjay-dutts-character-from-film/articleshow/102224629.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=6 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 August 2023 |title=Lokesh Kanagraj unveils Arjun's first look as Harold Das from 'Leo' on the actor's birthday |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lokesh-kanagraj-unveils-arjuns-first-look-as-harold-das-from-leo-on-the-actors-birthday/articleshow/102748312.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815122950/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lokesh-kanagraj-unveils-arjuns-first-look-as-harold-das-from-leo-on-the-actors-birthday/articleshow/102748312.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=15 August 2023}}</ref> along with the track "[[Lokiverse 2.0 (song)|Lokiverse 2.0]]"—a second version of the "[[Lokiverse (song)|Lokiverse]]" track that integrated the metal clanging sound of "The Hot Biriyani" from ''Kaithi'', "Vikram Title Track" and "Rolex Theme" from ''Vikram'', along with "Badass" and "Ratata".<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1715024816514695522|user=sunnewstamil|title=#CinemaUpdate {{!}} Lokiverse 2.0 அடங்கிய ‘லியோ’ படத்தின் மியூசிக் ஆல்பம் வெளியானது!|author=Sun News|date=2023-10-19|access-date=2023-10-19}}</ref>

On 20 October 2023, Anirudh said that apart from the aforementioned tracks, two other songs "Ordinary Person" and "Ratata" would be released as part of the extended soundtrack.<ref name=":4">{{Cite tweet|number=1715367363049300463|user=anirudhofficial|title=#VillainYaaru releasing at 8pm today 🔥🧊 #ImScared , #OrdinaryPerson and #Ratata will also be out back to back within a few days 💥Thanks for all your wishes and love 🙏🏻|author=Anirudh Ravichander|date=2023-10-20|access-date=2023-10-20}}</ref>

=== Singles ===
"Bloody Sweet", the first song composed for ''Leo'', was also cited by Anirudh as the fastest track he composed to that point.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=soyzqBzELaA |title="Bloody Sweet From 'Leo' Is My Quickest Song..." {{!}} 10 Questions With Anirudh Ravichander {{!}} Vishal |date=29 September 2023 |publisher=Film Companion |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013015453/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=soyzqBzELaA |archive-date=13 October 2023 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref> The track, which was featured in the two-minute promo video, was performed by Anirudh and Siddharth Basrur,<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 February 2023 |title=Watch |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/watch-making-video-of-vijays-leo-bloody-sweet-title-song/articleshow/97636858.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316084530/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/watch-making-video-of-vijays-leo-bloody-sweet-title-song/articleshow/97636858.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=16 March 2023}}</ref> and was released on 3 February 2023, the same day as the film's promo release, albeit not being part of an official single on the album.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 February 2023 |title='Leo': Vijay-Lokesh Kanagaraj's 'Thalapathy 67' title revealed with a 'bloody sweet' promo |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/leo-vijay-lokesh-kanagarajs-thalapathy-67-title-revealed-with-a-bloody-sweet-promo/article66466854.ece |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203165804/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/leo-vijay-lokesh-kanagarajs-thalapathy-67-title-revealed-with-a-bloody-sweet-promo/article66466854.ece |archive-date=3 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2023 |title=Vijay's 67th film titled Leo: First teaser is reminiscent of Kamal Haasan's Vikram |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-67th-film-titled-leo-8421843/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203133441/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-67th-film-titled-leo-8421843/ |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

"Naa Ready" was the first single from the film, sung by Vijay, along with Anirudh and Asal Kolaar, the latter performing rap portions; it was the fourth time Vijay had sung for Anirudh's composition after previously doing so for "Selfie Pulla" from ''Kaththi'', "[[Kutti Story]]" from ''Master'' and "[[Jolly O Gymkhana]]" from ''Beast''.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=22 June 2023 |title=Leo song Naa Ready lyric video out: Vijay brings his infectious energy and charisma to Anirudh Ravichander track |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/leo-song-naa-ready-lyric-video-vijay-brings-his-infectious-energy-charisma-to-anirudh-ravichander-song-8680500/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705172711/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/leo-song-naa-ready-lyric-video-vijay-brings-his-infectious-energy-charisma-to-anirudh-ravichander-song-8680500/ |archive-date=5 July 2023 |access-date=7 September 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The song released on 22 June 2023, coinciding with Vijay's 49th birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2023 |title=Video: 'Naa Ready' full song out. Thalapathy Vijay's track from 'Leo' is this season's perfect dance number |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/naa-ready-full-song-out-thalapathy-vijay-birthday-lokesh-kanagaraj-2396465-2023-06-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622143137/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/naa-ready-full-song-out-thalapathy-vijay-birthday-lokesh-kanagaraj-2396465-2023-06-22 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=6 September 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Although it was positively received by the audiences, it garnered criticism from politicians and activists over the glorification of smoking and drugs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2023 |title='Vijay should keep his word and not smoke in films': MP Anbumani Ramadoss |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-should-keep-his-word-and-not-smoke-in-films-mp-anumbmani-ramadoss-8672312// |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619220659/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-should-keep-his-word-and-not-smoke-in-films-mp-anumbmani-ramadoss-8672312/ |archive-date=19 June 2023 |access-date=26 June 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2023 |title=Police complaint against Vijay for allegedly glorifying drug use in Leo song Naa Ready, ban on film demanded |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-police-complaint-thalapathy-vijay-for-allegedly-glorifying-drug-use-in-leo-song-naa-ready-lokesh-kanagaraj-3049187 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626073116/https://www.dnaindia.com//entertainment/report-police-complaint-thalapathy-vijay-for-allegedly-glorifying-drug-use-in-leo-song-naa-ready-lokesh-kanagaraj-3049187 |archive-date=26 June 2023 |access-date=26 June 2023 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref> This resulted the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC) instructed the team to modify the visuals and lyrics, with immediate effect on 9 September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CBFC modifies some visuals and lyrics of Naa Ready song from Leo |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/sep/10/cbfc-modifies-some-visuals-and-lyrics-of-naa-ready-song-from-leo-47502.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230910101819/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/sep/10/cbfc-modifies-some-visuals-and-lyrics-of-naa-ready-song-from-leo-47502.html |archive-date=10 September 2023 |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2023 |title=Remove lyrics on drinking & smoking in Vijay's Naan Ready song from Leo: CBFC |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/controversy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013015440/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/controversy |archive-date=13 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

A song performed by Anirudh and [[Shakthisree Gopalan]], was intended to be released as the second single from the album on 19 September 2023 (later deciphered to be "Villain Yaaru") but was not released on that date.<ref name=":1" /> Instead, "Badass" was released as the second single from the album on 28 September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2023 |title=Leo song Badass: Anirudh Ravichander delivers another banger for Vijay. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/leo-song-badass-anirudh-ravichander-delivers-another-banger-for-vijay-watch-101695907225528.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930082322/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/leo-song-badass-anirudh-ravichander-delivers-another-banger-for-vijay-watch-101695907225528.html |archive-date=30 September 2023 |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Lalit, through the X (formerly [[Twitter]]) Space, announced that a family song was composed for the film, set to be released as the third single from the album<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=6 October 2023 |title=Leo: 15 exciting updates about the film from producer Lalit Kumar! |url=https://www.onlykollywood.com/leo-15-exciting-updates-about-the-film-from-producer-lalit-kumar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011043143/https://www.onlykollywood.com/leo-15-exciting-updates-about-the-film-from-producer-lalit-kumar/ |archive-date=11 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=Only Kollywood}}</ref> titled "Anbenum", the song was sung by Anirudh with Lothika Jha performing the female vocals instead of Shakthisree, who would make her playback debut in Tamil,<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Leo Third Single Anbenum OUT: Makers drop soulful song from Thalapathy Vijay-Trisha starrer |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/leo-third-single-anbenum-out-makers-drop-soulful-song-from-thalapathy-vijay-trisha-starrer-1250240 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012080706/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/leo-third-single-anbenum-out-makers-drop-soulful-song-from-thalapathy-vijay-trisha-starrer-1250240 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> and was earlier scheduled for release on 9 October 2023.<ref name=":0" /> However, it was officially released two days later on 11 October 2023.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Anbenum: Leo's third song is odd one out in Anirudh Ravichander's 'massy' album |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/anbenum-leos-third-song-is-odd-one-out-in-anirudh-ravichanders-massy-album-8977946/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012045742/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/anbenum-leos-third-song-is-odd-one-out-in-anirudh-ravichanders-massy-album-8977946/ |archive-date=12 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title='Anbenum' from 'Leo': Thalapathy Vijay, Trisha's love ballad is too wholesome |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/anbenum-from-leo-out-thalapathy-vijay-trishas-love-ballad-is-wholesome-2447657-2023-10-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013015440/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/anbenum-from-leo-out-thalapathy-vijay-trishas-love-ballad-is-wholesome-2447657-2023-10-11 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

=== Cancelled audio launch plans ===
At the CII-Dakshin Media and Entertainment Summit,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=22 April 2023 |title=Top Producers Break Down Idealized Concept of a Pan India Film at CII Dakshin Conference |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/pan-india-film-dhanush-suriya-rishab-shetty-1235590730/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429045630/https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/pan-india-film-dhanush-suriya-rishab-shetty-1235590730/ |archive-date=29 April 2023 |access-date=22 August 2023 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> Lalit who had participated in the event, said that he initiated plans for an audio launch event in southern part of [[Tamil Nadu]], instead of Chennai,<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 April 2023 |title=Vijay starrer 'Leo' audio launch will not happen in Chennai |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-starrer-leo-audio-launch-will-not-happen-in-chennai/articleshow/99657337.cms?from=mdr |access-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508115329/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-starrer-leo-audio-launch-will-not-happen-in-chennai/articleshow/99657337.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=8 May 2023}}</ref> and had zeroed on Madurai, Coimbatore and Trichy as the venues.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2023 |title=Vijay didn't want Leo to be a pan-Indian film, he initially said 'I want to make films for our people' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-didnt-want-leo-to-be-a-pan-indian-film-8567291/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421024643/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-didnt-want-leo-to-be-a-pan-indian-film-8567291/ |archive-date=21 April 2023 |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2023 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's Leo audio launch to be held in Trichy? Producer drops a hint |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/leo-audio-launch-thalapathy-vijay-lokesh-kanagaraj-lalit-kumar-2362507-2023-04-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422005703/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/leo-audio-launch-thalapathy-vijay-lokesh-kanagaraj-lalit-kumar-2362507-2023-04-20 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=22 August 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> In earlier August, it was reported that the film's audio launch will be instead held either in [[Malaysia]] or Dubai,<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2023 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's 'Leo' audio launch and trailer release plans out? |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/thalapathy-vijay-lokesh-kanagaraj-leo-lcu-anirudh-audio-launch-trailer-date-trisha-sanjay-dutt-latest-update-tamil-news-341122 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013015445/https://www.indiaglitz.com/thalapathy-vijay-lokesh-kanagaraj-leo-lcu-anirudh-audio-launch-trailer-date-trisha-sanjay-dutt-latest-update-tamil-news-341122 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |access-date=22 August 2023 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref name="malaysiaal">{{Cite web |last=ஜோன்ஸ் |date=12 August 2023 |title=மலேசியாவில் லியோ இசை வெளியீட்டு விழாவா? சோகத்தில் மதுரை மக்கள்! |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/actor-vijay-leo-movie-audio-launch-may-be-held-at-malaysia-134534 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812081159/https://tamil.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/actor-vijay-leo-movie-audio-launch-may-be-held-at-malaysia-134534 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |access-date=22 August 2023 |website=tamil.abplive.com |language=ta}}</ref> and they tentatively planned for the event at [[Axiata Arena]] indoor stadium in [[Kuala Lumpur]] during late-September or early-October.<ref name="malaysiaal" /> However, plans for the event at Malaysia was being cancelled and the team instead planned to conduct the event at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2023 |title='Leo' audio launch to happen in Chennai |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/leo-audio-launch-to-happen-in-chennai/articleshow/103784778.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920135855/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/leo-audio-launch-to-happen-in-chennai/articleshow/103784778.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=20 September 2023}}</ref> Lalit later explained the reason for the cancellation as the venue was not available for their planned schedule.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=14 September 2023 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's 'Leo' audio launch to happen on this date in Chennai? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijays-leo-audio-launch-to-happen-on-this-date-in-chennai-2435658-2023-09-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918081430/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijays-leo-audio-launch-to-happen-on-this-date-in-chennai-2435658-2023-09-14 |archive-date=18 September 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

It was reported that the event would be held on 30 September 2023 at the said venue.<ref name=":3" /> However, on 27 September 2023, three days before the event was to be held, the producers confirmed that the event would be cancelled citing safety constraints,<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2023 |title=Leo makers to skip audio launch citing safety constraints |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/citing-safety-constraints-leo-makers-to-skip-audio-launch-738511 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926175053/https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/citing-safety-constraints-leo-makers-to-skip-audio-launch-738511 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Lakshmi |date=27 September 2023 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's 'Leo' audio launch on Sep 30 cancelled |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2023/09/27/thalapathy-vijays-leo-audio-launch-on-sep-30-cancelled.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927142809/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2023/09/27/thalapathy-vijays-leo-audio-launch-on-sep-30-cancelled.html |archive-date=27 September 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref> while claiming that it was not due to political pressures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2023 |title=Leo audio launch cancelled due to 'overflowing passes requests & safety constraints' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/leo-audio-launch-cancelled-due-to-overflowing-passes-requests-safety-constraints-101695790257040.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012003641/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/leo-audio-launch-cancelled-due-to-overflowing-passes-requests-safety-constraints-101695790257040.html |archive-date=12 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Trade analysts claimed that the overflowing requests of passes for the event had led the producers to cancel it, as around 70,000 people had pre-booked their passes for the event, while the venue itself could accommodate an audience of 6,000–8,000 people, and that poor management could lead to an unprecedented mishap.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2023 |title=Why was Thalapathy Vijay's 'Leo' audio launch cancelled? Experts weigh in |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/why-was-thalapathy-vijays-leo-audio-launch-cancelled-trade-experts-weigh-in-2441330-2023-09-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012065113/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/why-was-thalapathy-vijays-leo-audio-launch-cancelled-trade-experts-weigh-in-2441330-2023-09-27 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> They cited the catastrophic incident that happened at [[A. R. Rahman]]'s concert three weeks prior in Chennai as another reason for the cancellation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 September 2023 |title=Is the AR Rahman concert mishap the reason for the 'Leo' audio launch cancellation? |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/is-the-ar-rahman-concert-mishap-the-reason-for-the-leo-audio-launch-cancellation/articleshow/103980004.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007001654/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/is-the-ar-rahman-concert-mishap-the-reason-for-the-leo-audio-launch-cancellation/articleshow/103980004.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=7 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganeshan |first=Balakrishna |date=27 September 2023 |editor-last=Jahnavi |title=The real reason Vijay's Leo audio launch was cancelled |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/the-real-reason-vijays-leo-audio-launch-was-cancelled |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013015524/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/the-real-reason-vijays-leo-audio-launch-was-cancelled |archive-date=13 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

=== Extended soundtrack ===
The track listing for the extended soundtrack was revealed on 20 October 2023, which included four unreleased songs. Along with the track list, the first song "Villain Yaaru" was released. It had lyrics written by Vishnu Edavan with Anirudh and Shakthisree performing.<ref name=":4" /> The second song "Ordinary Person" was released on 23 October 2023. It had lyrics written by Heisenberg and was performed by [[Nikhita Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Ordinary Person' song from Leo out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/oct/24/ordinary-person-song-from-leo-out-48896.html |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030131308/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/oct/24/ordinary-person-song-from-leo-out-48896.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The third song "I Am Scared" was released on 28 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-28 |title=Makers unveil the song 'I'm scared' from 'Leo' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/makers-unveil-the-song-im-scared-from-leo/articleshow/104771364.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-30 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030131308/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/makers-unveil-the-song-im-scared-from-leo/articleshow/104771364.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> The fourth song "Ratata" was released on 9 November 2023.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ratata (From "Leo") |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K20GaIDQIrI |access-date=2023-11-10 |language=en |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110035611/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K20GaIDQIrI |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Video songs ===
The theme song for "[[Lokiverse 2.0 (song)|Lokiverse 2.0]]" was released on 26 October 2023.<ref>{{Citation |title=LEO - Lokiverse 2.0 Theme Video {{!}} Thalapathy Vijay {{!}} Anirudh Ravichander {{!}} Lokesh Kanagaraj |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=deQcxldcOog |access-date=2023-12-16 |language=en |archive-date=17 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217214036/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=deQcxldcOog |url-status=live }}</ref> The uncut video song for "Naa Ready" was released on 19 November 2023.<ref>{{Citation |title=LEO - Naa Ready Song Video {{!}} Thalapathy Vijay {{!}} Lokesh Kanagaraj {{!}} Anirudh Ravichander |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3wDiqlTNlfQ |access-date=2023-12-16 |language=en |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216025454/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3wDiqlTNlfQ |url-status=live }}</ref> The video song for "Anbenum" was released on 13 December 2023.<ref>{{Citation |title=LEO - Anbenum Video {{!}} Thalapathy Vijay {{!}} Lokesh Kanagaraj {{!}} Anirudh Ravichander |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G9bat9nqX0Q |access-date=2023-12-16 |language=en |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216025456/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G9bat9nqX0Q |url-status=live }}</ref> The video song for "I'm Scared" was released on 14 December 2023.<ref>{{Citation |title=Leo - I'm Scared Video {{!}} Thalapathy Vijay {{!}} Anirudh Ravichander |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0VRuesp4UYk |access-date=2023-12-16 |language=en |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216025455/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0VRuesp4UYk |url-status=live }}</ref> The video song for "Badass" was released on 15 December 2023.<ref>{{Citation |title=Leo - Badass Video {{!}} Thalapathy Vijay {{!}} Anirudh Ravichander |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZdMZ40GSVmc |access-date=2023-12-16 |language=en |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216025457/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZdMZ40GSVmc |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Track listing ==
=== Tamil ===
{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bloody Sweet
| length1 = 2:49
| lyrics1 = Heisenberg
| extra1 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Siddharth Basrur]]
| title2 = [[Naa Ready]]
| length2 = 4:07
| lyrics2 = Vishnu Edavan, Asal Kolaar
| extra2 = [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], Anirudh Ravichander, Asal Kolaar
| title3 = Glimpse of Antony Das
| length3 = 0:40
| lyrics3 = —
| extra3 = [[Instrumental]]
| title4 = Anbenum
| length4 = 3:34
| lyrics4 = Vishnu Edavan
| extra4 = Anirudh Ravichander, Lothika
| title5 = Glimpse of Harold Das
| length5 = 0:42
| lyrics5 = —
| extra5 = Instrumental
| title6 = Badass
| length6 = 3:49
| lyrics6 = Vishnu Edavan
| extra6 = Anirudh Ravichander
| title7 = Lokiverse 2.0
| length7 = 1:54
| lyrics7 = —
| extra7 = Instrumental
| total_length = 17:37
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Extended soundtrack
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Villain Yaaru
| length1 = 3:06
| lyrics1 = Vishnu Edavan
| extra1 = Anirudh Ravichander, [[Shakthisree Gopalan]]
| title2 = Ordinary Person
| length2 = 2:21
| lyrics2 = Heisenberg
| extra2 = [[Nikhita Gandhi]]
| title3 = I'm Scared
| length3 = 2:26
| lyrics3 = Heisenberg
| extra3 = Anirudh Ravichander
| title4 = Ratata
| length4 = 2:12
| lyrics4 = —
| extra4 = Anirudh Ravichander
| title5 = Leo Das Entry
| length5 = 1:37
| lyrics5 = Heisenberg
| extra5 = Anirudh Ravichander
| total_length = 11:42
}}

=== Telugu ===
{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bloody Sweet
| length1 = 2:49
| lyrics1 = Heisenberg
| extra1 = Anirudh Ravichander, Siddharth Basrur
| title2 = [[Naa Ready|Ney Ready]]
| length2 = 4:07
| lyrics2 = Raghu Ram
| extra2 = [[L. V. Revanth]], [[Roll Rida]], Ritesh G. Rao
| title3 = Glimpse of Antony Das
| length3 = 0:40
| lyrics3 = —
| extra3 = Instrumental
| title4 = Prema Oh Aayudham
| length4 = 3:34
| lyrics4 = [[Krishna Kanth]]
| extra4 = J. V. Sudhanshu, Priya Mali
| title5 = Glimpse of Harold Das
| length5 = 0:42
| lyrics5 = —
| extra5 = Instrumental
| title6 = Badass
| length6 = 3:49
| lyrics6 = Srinivasa Mouli
| extra6 = Anirudh Ravichander, [[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]], Sai Charan
| title7 = Lokiverse 2.0
| length7 = 1:54
| lyrics7 = —
| extra7 = Instrumental
| total_length = 17:37
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Extended soundtrack
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Villain Yevadu Ra
| length1 = 3:06
| lyrics1 = Srinivasa Mouli
| extra1 = [[Manisha Eerabathini]], Sampath GK
}}

=== Kannada ===
{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bloody Sweet
| length1 = 2:49
| lyrics1 = Heisenberg
| extra1 = Anirudh Ravichander, Siddharth Basrur
| title2 = [[Naa Ready]]
| length2 = 4:07
| lyrics2 = Varadaraj Chikkaballapura
| extra2 = L. V. Revanth, Roll Rida, Ritesh G. Rao
| title3 = Glimpse of Antony Das
| length3 = 0:40
| lyrics3 = —
| extra3 = Instrumental
| title4 = Anmbezhum Aayudham
| length4 = 3:34
| lyrics4 = [[Deepak Ram]]
| extra4 = J. V. Sudhanshu, Priya Mali
| title5 = Glimpse of Harold Das
| length5 = 0:42
| lyrics5 = —
| extra5 = Instrumental
| title6 = Badass
| length6 = 3:49
| lyrics6 = Varadaraj Chikkaballapura
| extra6 = Anirudh Ravichander, Sri Krishna, Sai Charan
| title7 = Lokiverse 2.0
| lyrics7 = —
| extra7 = Instrumental
| length7 = 1:54
| total_length = 17:37
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Extended soundtrack
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Villain Yaarava
| length1 = 3:06
| lyrics1 = Varadaraj Chikkaballapura
| extra1 = Manisha Eerabathini, Sampath GK
}}

=== Malayalam ===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline =
| title1 = Bloody Sweet
| length1 = 2:49
| lyrics1 = Heisenberg
| extra1 = Anirudh Ravichander, Siddharth Basrur
| title2 = [[Naa Ready|Njan Ready]]
| length2 = 4:07
| lyrics2 = Deepak Ram
| extra2 = L. V. Revanth, Arjun Vijay
| title3 = Glimpse of Antony Das
| length3 = 0:40
| lyrics3 = —
| extra3 = Instrumental
| title4 = Anbezhum Aayudham
| length4 = 3:34
| lyrics4 = Deepak Ram
| extra4 = J. V. Sudhanshu, Priya Mali
| title5 = Glimpse of Harold Das
| length5 = 0:42
| lyrics5 = —
| extra5 = Instrumental
| title6 = Badass
| length6 = 3:49
| lyrics6 = Deepak Ram
| extra6 = Anirudh Ravichander, Sri Krishna, Sai Charan
| title7 = Lokiverse 2.0
| length7 = 1:54
| lyrics7 = —
| extra7 = Instrumental
| total_length = 17:37
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Extended soundtrack
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Villain Aarada
| length1 = 3:06
| lyrics1 = Deepak Ram
| extra1 = Manisha Eerabathini, Sampath GK
}}

=== Hindi ===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline =
| title1 = Bloody Sweet
| length1 = 2:49
| lyrics1 = Heisenberg
| extra1 = Anirudh Ravichander, Siddharth Basrur
| title2 = [[Naa Ready|Ready Chal]]
| length2 = 4:07
| lyrics2 = Raqueeb Alam
| extra2 = L.V. Revanth, Ritesh G Rao
| title3 = Glimpse of Antony Das
| length3 = 0:40
| lyrics3 = —
| extra3 = Instrumental
| title4 = Tera Hi Jaadu Hai
| length4 = 3:34
| lyrics4 = Raqueeb Alam
| extra4 = J. V. Sudhanshu, Priya Mali
| title5 = Glimpse of Harold Das
| length5 = 0:42
| lyrics5 = —
| extra5 = Instrumental
| title6 = Badass
| length6 = 3:49
| lyrics6 = Raqueeb Alam
| extra6 = Anirudh Ravichander, Hanuman
| title7 = Lokiverse 2.0
| length7 = 1:54
| lyrics7 = —
| extra7 = Instrumental
| total_length = 17:37
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Extended soundtrack
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Villain Kaun Hai
| length1 = 3:06
| lyrics1 = Raqueeb Alam
| extra1 = Manisha Eerabathini, Sampath GK
}}


== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
''[[The Indian Express]]'' writing for the track "Naa Ready" called it a "typical Tamil ‘Kuthu’ number, which is sure to find lot of takers."<ref name="indianexpress.com"/> Priyanka Goud of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' stated it as a "perfect mass anthem" with Vijay's vocals and dance performance "make for a perfect treat to fans".<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2023 |title=Leo Naa Ready Song OUT: Thalapathy Vijay's mass signature step can be the next viral thing on the Internet |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/leo-naa-ready-song-out-thalapathy-vijays-singing-and-mass-moves-makes-for-a-perfect-birthday-treat-to-fans-1226844 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703083942/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/leo-naa-ready-song-out-thalapathy-vijays-singing-and-mass-moves-makes-for-a-perfect-birthday-treat-to-fans-1226844 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |access-date=7 September 2023 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> Writing for the track "Badass", ''IndiaGlitz'' stated "Badass is Anirudh's super stylish tribute to Vijay's stardom. The track does complete justice to its title. It has powerful vocals by Anirudh and high octane lyrics penned by Vishnu Edavan."<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2023 |title='Leo' second single is truly a 'badass' song from Anirudh and co! |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/thalapathy-vijay-leo-second-single-badass-review-lokesh-kanagaraj-anirudh-vishnu-edavan-latest-update-tamil-news-343549 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929054151/https://www.indiaglitz.com/thalapathy-vijay-leo-second-single-badass-review-lokesh-kanagaraj-anirudh-vishnu-edavan-latest-update-tamil-news-343549 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

Reviewing for ''[[The Quint]]'', Pratikshya Mishra found "Naa Ready" to be "brilliant" and "toe-tapping track" while for the rest of the album comes "comes across more juvenile than effective and this even more jarring".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Pratikshya |date=2023-10-19 |title='Leo' Review: Vijay Gives a Career-Best Performance, Lokesh Kanagaraj Doesn't |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/leo-full-movie-review-vijay-trisha-lokesh-kanagaraj-lcu-vikram-cinematic-universe-anirudh-kaa-ready |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=TheQuint |language=en |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020024535/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/leo-full-movie-review-vijay-trisha-lokesh-kanagaraj-lcu-vikram-cinematic-universe-anirudh-kaa-ready |url-status=live }}</ref> Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' summarised "The end credits soundtrack, the ‘I’m Scared’ surprise zinger, and the many callbacks to ''Vikram'' prove that composer Anirudh Ravichander remains the heartbeat of [[Lokesh Cinematic Universe|Lokesh's Cinematic Universe]]."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=2023-10-19 |title='Leo' movie review: A fiery Vijay valiantly tries to keep afloat Lokesh Kanagaraj's weakest film yet |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/leo-movie-review-a-fiery-vijay-valiantly-tries-to-keep-afloat-lokesh-kanagarajs-weakest-film-yet/article67437881.ece |access-date=2023-10-19 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020024536/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/leo-movie-review-a-fiery-vijay-valiantly-tries-to-keep-afloat-lokesh-kanagarajs-weakest-film-yet/article67437881.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Divya Nair of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote Anirudh's "electrifying background music spices up the introduction and action sequences."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Divya |date=2023-10-19 |title=Leo Review: Among Vijay's Best |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/leo-review/20231019.htm |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=Rediff |language=en |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020024536/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/leo-review/20231019.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote Anirudh's music "peaks in the second half".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Leo Movie Review : Lokesh rolls out a 'red' carpet to welcome Vijay to LCU |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/leo/movie-review/104545253.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-19 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020024535/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/leo/movie-review/104545253.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> Janani K. of ''[[India Today]]'' summarised the music "amp up the masala moments quite well".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Leo' Movie Review: Vijay delivers power-packed performance in Lokesh's actioner |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/leo-review-thalapathy-vijay-delivers-power-packed-performance-in-lokesh-kanagarajs-actioner-2450840-2023-10-19 |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019090654/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/leo-review-thalapathy-vijay-delivers-power-packed-performance-in-lokesh-kanagarajs-actioner-2450840-2023-10-19 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Anandu Suresh of ''The Indian Express'' wrote "Anirudh Ravichander’s soundtrack and background score also contribute significantly to the movie’s momentum. Departing from his typical star-worship compositions, Anirudh infuses Leo with exceptional tracks, adding a distinctive touch to the film."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-19 |title=Leo movie review: Vijay delivers career-best performance in Lokesh Kanagaraj's almost misfire |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/leo-movie-review-rating-vijay-career-best-performance-lokesh-kanagaraj-almost-misfire-8990034/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019090558/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/leo-movie-review-rating-vijay-career-best-performance-lokesh-kanagaraj-almost-misfire-8990034/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Priyanka Sundar of ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote "Anirudh has yet again proved that his music can elevate a scene, add tension where required, hype wherever necessary and overall just keep the audiences hooked with sound."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-19 |title=Thalapathy Vijay, Trisha & Sanjay Dutt's Leo movie review |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/leo-movie-review-yes-a-dna-test-would-make-this-film-obsolete-but-its-about-bloody-violence-13270562.html |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020024535/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/leo-movie-review-yes-a-dna-test-would-make-this-film-obsolete-but-its-about-bloody-violence-13270562.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Audience response ===
The track "Naa Ready" garnered 20 million views in 24 hours, setting the second highest viewed Tamil song in 24 hours, behind Vijay's own song "[[Arabic Kuthu]]" from ''Beast''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Naa Ready from LEO breaks records on the internet! |url=https://www.onlykollywood.com/naa-ready-from-leo-breaks-records-on-the-internet/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624113702/https://www.onlykollywood.com/naa-ready-from-leo-breaks-records-on-the-internet/ |archive-date=24 June 2023 |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=Only Kollywood}}</ref> It also garnered 1.6 million likes in 24 hours becoming also the second highest liked Tamil song in 24 hours, behind the same song.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Leo's Naa Ready: Vijay fails to beat himself |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/leos-naa-ready-vijay-fails-to-beat-himself.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625120923/https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/leos-naa-ready-vijay-fails-to-beat-himself.html |archive-date=25 June 2023 |access-date=25 June 2023 |website=[[123telugu.com]]}}</ref> The song was also streamed 1 million times in [[Spotify]] in 24 hours.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1672227467396775937 |user=SonyMusicSouth |title=Over a humongous 1️⃣ MILLION STREAMS on @spotifyindia just within 24 hours! 🤩❤️‍🔥 It’s #NaaReady from #Leo for y’all !😍✨ Hit play groove right away! 💥 |author=Sony Music South |author-link=Sony Music India |access-date=24 June 2023}}</ref> The second single "Badass" crossed 13 million views in 24 hours.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1707734470130876866 |user=7screenstudio |title=Badass sambavam 💥 13M+ real time badass views in 24 hours 🔥 |access-date=30 September 2023}}</ref> "Naa Ready" emerged as [[Spotify]]'s most-streamed Tamil track of 2023, as per [[Spotify Wrapped|Spotify Wrapped 2023]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Tamil Tracks of 2023 |url=https://open.spotify.com/playlist/37i9dQZF1DX2jOO2ZBEzz2 |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=Spotify |language=en |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203071649/https://open.spotify.com/playlist/37i9dQZF1DX2jOO2ZBEzz2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Controversy ==
{{Main|Leo (2023 Indian film)#Controversies}}
The track "Ordinary Person" which was released as the second song from the extended soundtrack, was heavily inspired from the Otnicka and Duke Luke single "Peaky Blinder" which served as an influence to the British period drama television series ''[[Peaky Blinders (TV series)|Peaky Blinders]]'' (2013–2022). Otnicka claimed he was unaware of the song being sampled for this track and took to [[Instagram]] to address the same while he said that the situation was unclear as of now.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2023 |title='Peaky Blinder' composer reacts after fans flag 'Leo' song, claim it's copied |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/anirudh-ravichander-releases-leo-track-fans-say-its-copied-from-peaky-blinders-2452924-2023-10-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024070121/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/anirudh-ravichander-releases-leo-track-fans-say-its-copied-from-peaky-blinders-2452924-2023-10-24 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Album credits ==
Credits adapted from Sony Music India.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLtoSEqF8ag |title=LEO - Jukebox {{!}} Thalapathy Vijay {{!}} Anirudh Ravichander {{!}} Lokesh Kanagaraj |date=2023-10-20 |language=Tamil |publisher=Sony Music South |access-date=2023-10-20 |via=YouTube |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024081258/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLtoSEqF8ag |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{div col}}
* [[Anirudh Ravichander]] – singer (tracks: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8), composer (all tracks), producer (all tracks), musical arrangements (all tracks), Keyboard, Synth & Rhythm Programming
* [[Keba Jeremiah]] – acoustic guitar (track: 1, 4), electric guitar (track: 1, 4, 6), bass guitar (track: 1, 6)
* Balaji – cello (track: 4)
* Balasubramanian – cello supervision (track: 4)
* Maxwell – trumpet (tracks: 2)
* Ben – trumpet (track: 2)
* Rakesh – trumpet (track: 6)
* [[Maria Roe Vincent|Roe Vincent]] – [[Maria Roe Vincent#El FÉ Choir|El Fé choir]] (track: 6)
* Tapas Roy – bouzouki, oud, octave mandolin, dobro guitar (track: 9)
* Manoj – solo violin (track: 9)
* Shashank Vijay – rhythm programming (all tracks)
* Kalyan – rhythm programming (track: 2)
* Arish – keyboard programming (all tracks)
* Pradeep PJ – keyboard programming (all tracks)
* [[OfRo]] – keyboard programming (track: 2)
* IC – keyboard programming (tracks: 4, 8, 9)
* Ananthakrrishnan – music advisor (all tracks), backing vocals (track: 1), solo violin (track: 8, 9)
* Harish Ram L H – music supervisor (all tracks), music editor (all tracks)
* Sajith Satya – creative consultant (all tracks), backing vocals (track: 1)
* Srinivasan M – recording engineer, mixing engineer (Albuquerque Records, [[Chennai]]) [all tracks]
* Shivakiran S – recording engineer (Albuquerque Records, Chennai) [all tracks]
* Joshua D. Fernandez – recording engineer (Offbeat Music Ventures, Chennai) [track: 2]
* Dinesh – recording engineer (Roadio by Voiceestore, Chennai) [track: 2]
* Rajesh Kannan – recording engineer (Albuquerque Records, Chennai) [tracks: 4, 6]
* Jishnu Vijayan – recording engineer (Albuquerque Records, Chennai) [tracks: 4, 6], keyboard programming (track: 4), vocal harmonies (track: 4)
* Biju James – recording engineer (UNO Records, Chennai) [track: 4]
* Pradeep Menon – recording engineer ([[AM Studios]], Chennai) [track: 6]
* Manoj Raman – recording engineer (AM Studios, Chennai) [track: 6]
* Lokesh Vijayakumar – recording engineer (Vibe N Studios, Chennai) [track: 6]
* Pranjal Bora – recording engineer (Neo Studios, [[Mumbai]]) [track: 9]
* Vinay Sridhar – mixing engineer (Albuquerque Records, Chennai) [all tracks]
* Luca Pretolesi – mastering engineer (Studio DMI, Las Vegas) [all tracks]
* Abin Ponnachan – recording assistance
* Alistair Pintus – mastering assistance
* Velavan B – music co-ordinator
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Anirudh Ravichander}}
{{Lokesh Cinematic Universe}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2023 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Anirudh Ravichander soundtracks]]
[[Category:Sony Music India soundtracks]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]

Purdah

2026-05-02T04:49:01Z

Ieagle123: starting stub

{{short description|Seclusion of women in some Muslim and Hindu communities}}
{{About|the practice of female seclusion|UK restrictions on political activity before an election or a budget|Purdah (pre-election period)|and|Budget purdah}}
{{redirect|Pardah|the Islamic Urdu book by Abul A'la Maududi|Pardah (book)|the Pakistani Urdu film|Pardah (film)}}
{{redirect|Purda|the village in Poland|Purda, Poland}}
[[Image:Afghan lady in Kabul.jpg|thumb|300px|right|''Ladies of [[Kabul|Caubul]]'' (1848 lithograph, by [[James Rattray]]) showing the lifting of purdah in ''[[zenana]]'' areas – Oriental and India Office Collection, British Library.]]
{{Islamic female dress}}
'''Pardah''' or '''purdah''' (from [[Hindi-Urdu]] {{lang|ur|پردہ}}, {{lang|hi|पर्दा}}, meaning "curtain") is a religious and social practice of [[sex segregation]] prevalent among some [[Muslim]], [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=ČĀDOR (2) |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cador-a-loose-female-garment-covering-the-body-sometimes-also-the-face/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Hindu]] communities in [[South Asia]].<ref name="Wilkinson-Weber1999">{{cite book|last=Wilkinson-Weber|first=Clare M.|title=Embroidering Lives: Women's Work and Skill in the Lucknow Embroidery Industry|date=25 March 1999|publisher=SUNY Press|language=en|isbn=9780791440889|page=[https://archive.org/details/embroideringlive0000wilk/page/74 74]|quote=Purdah regulates the interactions of women with certain kinds of men. Typically, Hindu women must avoid specific male affines (in-laws) and Muslim women are demotivated to contact with men outside the family, or at least their contact with these men is highly circumscribed (Papanek 1982:3). In practice, many elements of both "Hindu" and "Muslim" purdah are shared by women of both groups in South Asia (Vatuk 1982; Jeffery 1979), and Hindu and Muslim women both adopt similar strategies of self-effacement, like covering the face, keeping silent, and looking down, when in the company of persons to be avoided.|url=https://archive.org/details/embroideringlive0000wilk/page/74}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Purdah |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/purdah |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |language=en |date=9 May 2008 |quote=purdah, also spelled Pardah, Hindi Parda (“screen,” or “veil”), practice that was inaugurated by Muslims and later adopted by various Hindus, especially in India, and that involves the seclusion of women from public observation by means of concealing clothing (including the veil) and by the use of high-walled enclosures, screens, and curtains within the home.}}</ref><ref name="RahejaGold">{{cite book |last1=Raheja |first1=Gloria Goodwin |last2=Gold |first2=Ann Grodzins |author-link2=Ann Grodzins Gold |title=Listen to the Heron's Words: Reimagining Gender and Kinship in North India |date=29 April 1994 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-08371-4 |page=168 |language=en |quote=The literal meaning of "purdah" is, as already noted, "a curtain." In rural Rajasthan for a woman to observe purdah (in Hindi, ''pardā rakhnā'', "to keep purdah"; ''pardā karnā'', "to do purdah") usually includes these behavioral components, adhered to with highly varying degrees of strictness: in her marital village she doesn't leave the house, and she veils her face in front of all strangers and certain categories of male kin.}}</ref><ref name="2014Strulik">{{cite book |last1=Strulik |first1=Stefanie |title=Politics Embedded: Women's Quota and Local Democracy. Negotiating Gender Relations in North India |date=2014 |publisher=[[LIT Verlag Münster]] |isbn=978-3-643-80163-0 |page=50 |language=en |quote=''Purdah'' in Urdu literally means "curtain". Today, in Hindi it is used for both: in the literal sense for curtain and to refer to a system of seclusion and concealment of the body in the name of "respect" towards (male) elder (fictive and blood-related) family members and is construed as fundamental to maintaining family "honour".}}</ref><ref name="Doane2021">{{cite book |last1=Doane |first1=Mary Ann |title=Bigger Than Life: The Close-Up and Scale in the Cinema |date=18 October 2021 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-1-4780-2178-0 |page=51 |language=en |quote=In this respect, it is very interesting to note that the term "purdah," designating the veil worn over a woman's face in certain Islamic societies, is derived from the Hindi and Urdu "parda," meaning "screen," "curtain," or "veil."}}</ref> The purdah garment is the same as a [[burqa]], or [[yashmak]], i.e a [[veil]] to conceal the face.

The practice generally takes two forms: social segregation of the sexes and the requirement that women cover their bodies, as well as traditionally the faces. A woman who practices purdah can be referred to as {{lang|fa-Latn|pardanashin}} or {{lang|fa-Latn|purdahnishan}}.

Practices that restricted women's mobility and behavior existed among religious groups in India and Zoroastrian Iran since ancient times and intensified with the arrival of Islam.<ref name="Walsh2006" /> By the 19th century, purdah became customary among Hindu elites.<ref name="Walsh2006" /> Purdah was not strictly observed by lower-class women.<ref name="misra" />

Physical segregation within buildings is achieved with judicious use of walls, curtains, and screens. A woman's withdrawal into purdah usually restricts her personal, social and economic activities outside her home.

Married Hindu women in parts of [[Northern India]] observe purdah, with some women wearing a [[ghoonghat]] in the presence of older male relations on their husbands' side;<ref name="Gupta2003">{{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Kamala|title=Women In Hindu Social System (1206–1707 A.D.) |year=2003 |publisher=Inter-India Publications|language=en|isbn=9788121004145|quote=Hindu ladies covered their head with a kind of veil known as Ghoonghat.}}</ref> Muslim women observe purdah through the wearing of a burqa.<ref name="Sengupta2006">{{cite book|last=Sengupta|first=Jayita|title=Refractions of Desire, Feminist Perspectives in the Novels of Toni Morrison, Michèle Roberts, and Anita Desai |year=2006 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|language=en|isbn=9788126906291|page=25}}</ref>

Purdah has been rigorously observed under the [[Taliban]] in [[Afghanistan]], where women are required to observe complete purdah at all times while in public. Only close male family members and other women are allowed to see them out of purdah. In other societies, purdah is often only practised during certain times of religious significance.

== Etymology ==
The word ''purdah'' is derived from the [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] word ''pardā'',<ref name="auto"/><ref name="RahejaGold"/><ref name="2014Strulik"/><ref name="Doane2021"/><ref name="Lehigh2019">{{cite web |title=Purdah |url=https://scalar.lehigh.edu/a-passage-to-india-1924/purdah |publisher=[[Lehigh University]] |access-date=31 August 2022 |language=English |date=15 December 2019 |quote=(Urdu) Seclusion. "Purdah" literally means curtain or veil. In the Indian context it referred to women kept secluded from public life.}}</ref> which itself is derived from the [[Persian language|Persian]] (pardeh, پرده) from [[Middle Persian]] ''pltk''' (pardag) and [[Prakrit]] (pardāha, परदाः) from [[Prakrit|Medieval Prakrit]] ''pradā'' (pradāha), both ultimately from [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] ''*pel-'' ("to cover, wrap; hide, cloth").<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mackenzie |first=D. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tRegBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65 |title=A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary |publisher=Routledge |year=1971 |isbn=978-1-136-61396-8 |pages=65 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ačaṙean |first=Hračʿeay |date=1979 |title=Հայերէն արմատական բառարան, Հրաչեայ Աճառեան - պարտակ |url=http://www.nayiri.com/imagedDictionaryBrowser.jsp?dictionaryId=7&query=%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=www.nayiri.com}}</ref>

==History==

===Pre-Islamic origins===
{{Main| Ghoonghat}}

In ancient Indian society, "practices that restricted women's social mobility and behavior" existed but the arrival of Islam in India "intensified these Hindu practices, and by the 19th century purdah was the customary practice of high-caste Hindu and elite communities throughout India."<ref name="Walsh2006">{{cite book|last=Walsh|first=Judith E.|title=A Brief History of India|year=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|language=en|isbn=9781438108254|page=[https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin0000wals/page/88 88]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin0000wals/page/88}}</ref>

Although purdah is commonly associated with [[Islam]], many scholars argue that veiling and secluding women pre-dates Islam; these practices were commonly found among various groups in the [[Middle East]] such as [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]], [[Christians|Christian]], and [[Jewish]] communities.<ref name= Asha>{{cite journal | last1 = Asha | first1 = S | year = 2008 | title = Narrative Discourses on Purdah in the Subcontinent | journal = ICFAI Journal of English Studies | volume = 3 | issue = 2| pages = 41–51 }}</ref> For instance, the [[burqa]] existed in [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] before Islam, and the mobility of upper-class women was restricted in [[Babylonia]], [[Iran|Persian]], and [[Byzantine]] Empires before the advent of Islam.<ref name=Ahmed>Ahmed, Leila. 'Women and the Advent of Islam.' Women Living under Muslim Laws June 1989 – Mar. 1990, 7/8 : 5–15</ref> Historians believe purdah was acquired by the Muslims during the expansion of the Arab Empire into modern-day [[Iraq]] in the 7th century C.E and that Islam merely added religious significance to already existing local practices of the times.<ref name=encyclopedia>"Purdah (Islamic Custom) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia." Accessed February 17, 2013. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/483829/purdah</ref>

=== Later history===
Muslim rule of northern India during the [[Mughal Empire]] influenced the practice of [[Hinduism]], and the purdah spread to the [[Hindu]] upper classes of northern India.<ref name=encyclopedia /> The spread of purdah outside of the Muslim community can be attributed to the tendency of affluent classes to mirror the societal practices of the nobility; poor women did not observe purdah. Lower-class women in small villages often worked in fields, and therefore could not afford to abandon their work to be secluded.<ref name=misra>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_mC-s_K-6sC |title=Women in Mughal India|last=Misra|first=Rekha|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|year=1967|location=New Delhi|pages=135|isbn=9788121503471 |oclc=473530}}</ref> During the British colonial period in India, purdah observance was widespread and strictly adhered to among the Muslim minority.<ref name=encyclopedia />

In modern times, the practice of veiling and secluding women is still present in mainly Islamic countries, communities and South Asian countries.<ref name=encyclopedia /> However, the practice is not monolithic. Purdah takes on different forms and significance depending on the region, time, [[socioeconomic status]], and local culture.<ref name=Haque>{{cite journal |last=Haque |first=Riffat |title=Gender and Nexus of Purdah Culture in Public Policy |journal=South Asian Studies |issn=1026-678X |volume=25 |issue=2 |year=2010 |pages=303–310 |url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/csas/PDF/07-Dr.%20Riffat%20Haque.pdf }}</ref> It is most commonly associated with some Muslim communities in Afghanistan and [[Pakistan]], along with [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref name=plague>{{cite news|last1=Khazan|first1=Olga|title=Face Veils and the Saudi Arabian Plague|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/06/face-veils-and-the-saudi-arabian-plague/277112/|access-date=19 February 2015|work=[[The Atlantic]]|publisher=The Atlantic Media Company|date=21 June 2013}}</ref> Purdah has been more recently adopted in northern [[Nigeria]], especially in areas affected by the [[Boko Haram]] uprising.<ref name=Johannes>{{cite book|last1=Harnischfeger|first1=Johannes|editor1-last=Pérouse de Montclos|editor1-first=Marc-Antoine|title=Boko Haram: Islamism, politics, security and the state in Nigeria|date=2014|publisher=African Studies Centre (ASC)|location=Leiden, Netherlands|isbn=978-90-5448-135-5|page=41|chapter-url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/23853/ASC-075287668-3441-01.pdf|chapter=Boko Haram and its Muslim critics: Observations from Yobe State|access-date=19 February 2015|quote=Both rich and poor presented themselves as pious Muslims but took a very limited, selfish interest in the law of God. Most kept their wives in purdah but had little compunction committing adultery with unmarried girls.}}</ref> It is also observed by [[Rajput]] clans of India and Pakistan as a social practice regardless of religion.<ref name=EB>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/490157/Rajput|title=Rajput|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=30 October 2014}}</ref>

==Rationale==

===Protection and subjugation ===

Some scholars argue that the purdah was initially designed to protect women from being harassed, but later these practices became a way to justify efforts to subjugate women and limit their mobility and freedom.<ref name=Asha /> However, others argue that these practices were always in place as local custom, but were later adopted by religious rhetoric to control female behavior.<ref name=Shaheed />

===Respect===
[[Image:Silver zenana carriage1895b.jpg|thumb|240px|right|Photograph of a [[Rajput]] royal silver ''[[zenana]]'' carriage in the [[princely state]] of [[Baroda]], [[British Raj|India]]. 1895, Oriental and India Office Collection, British Library]]
Proponents of the practice view purdah as a symbol of honor, respect, and dignity. It is seen as a practice that allows women to be judged by their inner beauty rather than physical beauty.<ref>Arnett, Susan. King's College History Department, "Purdah." Last modified 2001. Accessed March 18, 2013. http://departments.kings.edu/womens_history/purdah.html.</ref>

===Economic ===

In many societies, the seclusion of women to the [[Separate spheres|domestic sphere]] is a demonstration of higher socioeconomic status and prestige because women are not needed for manual labor outside the home.<ref name=Congress>{{Cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/india/84.htm|title=India – Veiling and the Seclusion of Women|website=countrystudies.us}}</ref>

In the past around the 1970s, upper and middle-class women in towns in Pakistan would wear burqas over their normal clothes in public.<ref name=":10">{{cite book |last1=Latif |first1=Abdul |title=Population Census of Pakistan, 1972: Gujranwala |date=1977 |publisher=Manager of Publications |page=9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3HKaAAAAIAAJ&q=The+women+of+the+middle+and+upper+classes+while+going+out+wear+burqas+but+this+is+gradually+becoming+less+common+especially+among+the+educated+classes.}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{cite book |last1=Latif |first1=Abdul |title=Population Census of Pakistan, 1972: Lahore |date=1978 |publisher=Manager of Publications |page=9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qXOaAAAAIAAJ&q=While+purdah+is+not+generally+observed+by+village+women+except+in+the+upper+rural+society,+it+is+common+amongst+the+lower+middle+and+upper+middle+class+in+towns}}</ref> The burqa was the most visible dress in Pakistan.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} It is typically a tent-like garment worn over the ordinary clothes and is made of white cotton. Many upper-class women wear a two-piece burqa which is usually black in colour but sometimes navy blue or dark red. It consists of a long cloak and a separate headpiece with a drop-down face veil. Some educated urban women no longer wear the burqa. The burqa is also not worn by rural peasant women who work in the fields.<ref name="Area Handbook for Pakistan">{{cite book |last1=Nyrop |first1=Richard |title=Area Handbook for Pakistan |date=1975 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=109 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5jTh7DA598C&dq=burqa+pakistan&pg=PA109}}</ref> In rural areas only elite women wear burqas.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> Purdah is still common in the rural elite and urban middle class, but not among rural farmers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Pakistan/Daily-life-and-social-customsl |access-date=2023-06-29}}</ref>

===Individual motivations===

The rationales of individual women for keeping purdah are complex and can be a combination of motivations, freely chosen or in response to social pressure or coercion: religious, cultural (desire for authentic cultural dress), political (Islamization of the society), economic (status symbol, protection from the public gaze), psychological (detachment from public sphere to gain respect), fashion and decorative purposes, and "empowerment" (donning veils to move in public spaces controlled by men).<ref name=Haque />

==Examples of purdah==

[[File:Working Committee.jpg|thumb|Picture of a meeting of the [[All-India Muslim League]] in [[Lahore]] in 1940 showing a woman in a body length [[burqa]].]]

The following reminiscence from [[C.M. Naim]] describes the evolution of purdah during the first third of the 20th century among the sharif or genteel people of [[Awadh|Avadh]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[British raj|British India]]:<ref>{{cite web|last1=Naim|first1=C.N.|title=The Hijab and I|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-hijab-and-i/224977|website=Outlook the Website|date=2 September 2004 |publisher=Outlook Publishing (India) Pvt. Ltd.|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701093236/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-hijab-and-i/224977 |archive-date=2016-07-01}}</ref>
<blockquote>
The word ‘Hijab' is relatively new for me. It was not a part of my vocabulary as I was growing up. I learned it much later, when I began to read literary and religious Urdu texts. ... The relevant word that I learned growing up was ''purdah''. And I learned the word and its many meanings in the observed practice of the various female members of my middle-class family in [[Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh|Bara Banki]], a small town in north India.

For Ammi, my grandmother, purdah meant almost never venturing out of the house. On the rare occasions when she did, it was always an elaborate ritual. Visiting a family in the neighbourhood – only on the occasion of some tragedy, ... she used a ''[[Doli (vehicle)#India|doli]]''. The little stool slung from a pole that two men carried would be brought to our back door – the door to the [[zenana|zanana]] or the ladies' section – and the two carriers would step away behind the curtain wall. Ammi would wrap herself in a white sheet and squat on the flat stool, and a heavy custom-made cover would be thrown over her and the doli. The two bearers would then come back and carry the doli away on their shoulders. ... When Ammi traveled in my father's car, she covered herself the same way, while the back seat of the car where she sat was made completely invisible by pieces of cloth hung across the windows.

Apa, my mother, belonged to the next generation. She used a [[burqa]]. Hers was a two piece ‘modern' outfit, as opposed to the one-piece – derisively called ‘the [[shuttlecock]]' by my sisters – that was preferred by the older or more conservatively spirited in the family. I also remember that the older generation's burqas were usually white, while the new burqas were always black.

Apa’s burqa’ consisted of a skirt and a separate top throw – one that covered her from the head to the thighs. The two pieces allowed for easier movement of both arms and legs. The top had a separate veil hanging over the face, which Apa could throw back in the company of women, e.g. while traveling in the ladies compartment on a train, or hold partly aside to look at things more closely when she went shopping. Apa wore a burqa all her life, except of course when she went to Mecca for Hajj. There she wore the same sheets of ihram that Ammi had to {{sic|were|expected=wear}} earlier. Like all women pilgrims then and now, she too exposed her face to everyone’s sight but not her hair.

... I should not neglect to mention that in those days – I’m talking about the Forties – it was considered improper even for Hindu ladies of certain classes to be seen in public with their hair and faces uncovered, particularly the married women. They never wore a burqa – that was for Muslims alone. Instead, they used a shawl, a plain white sheet, or the ''palloo'' of their saris to cover what was not for strangers to see. They too lived in houses that had separate women’s quarters. Their daughters traveled to school daily in a covered wagon that was pushed by two men, just like their Muslim counterparts. (The school was exclusively for girls and had a very high wall surrounding it.)
</blockquote>

A different form of veiling, the [[ghoonghat]], is found among some married Hindu women in rural North India. A fold of the sari is drawn over the face when the woman is in the presence of older male in-laws or in a place where there is likelihood of meeting them, e.g. the in-laws' village. It is not worn otherwise, for example, when visiting her mother's home or in a location far from the in-laws' village. Hindu women in other parts of India—south, east, west (below [[Gujarat]])—do not veil themselves.

For both Hindu and Muslim women in the eastern part of the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], having a "separate women's quarters within the house" is commonplace among families who can afford it.<ref name="Strulik2014">{{cite book|last=Strulik|first=Stefanie|title=Politics Embedded: Women's Quota and Local Democracy. Negotiating Gender Relations in North India |year=2014 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|language=en|isbn=9783643801630|pages=51–52|quote=For Muslim women ''purdah'' begins at puberty, for Hindu women after marriage. The families decide to which extent ''purdah'' should or could be observed. Consequently, the extent of ''purdah'' may vary according to women's life cycle (e.g. young wife, mother, widow) but also due to changing economic, political and religious considerations. There is no uniform prescription of how ''purdah'' should be observed. The latitude to negotiate ''purdah's'' interpretation is summed up by Raheja and Gold (1994:164) as "''purdah'' is as ''purdah'' is kept". ... In Eastern UP, families who can afford it have separate women's quarters within the house, which are not accessible to men, at least not to male non-family members.}}</ref>

==Conduct and seclusion==

Another important aspect of purdah is [[modesty]] for women, which includes minimizing the movement of women in public spaces and interactions of women with other males. The specific form varies widely based on religion, region, class, and culture. For instance, for some purdah might mean never leaving the home unless accompanied by a male relative, or limiting interactions to only other women and male relatives (for some Muslims) or avoiding all males outside of the immediate family (for some Hindus).<ref name=Papanek>{{cite journal |last=Papanek |first=Hanna |date=1973 |title=Purdah: Separate Worlds and Symbolic Shelter |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=289–325 |doi=10.1017/S001041750000712X|s2cid=144508005 }}</ref> For Muslims, seclusion begins at puberty while for Hindus, seclusion begins after marriage.<ref name=Papanek />

==Effects==

===Psychology and health===

By restricting women's mobility, purdah results in the social and physical isolation of women.<ref name=Koenig>{{cite journal |last1=Koenig |first1=Michael A. |last2=Ahmed |first2=Saifuddin |last3=Hossain |first3=Mian Bazle |last4=Mozumder |first4=A. B. M. Khorshed Alam |date=May 1, 2003 |title=Women's Status and Domestic Violence in Rural Bangladesh: Individual- and Community-level Effects |journal=Demography |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=269–288 |doi=10.1353/dem.2003.0014|pmid=12846132 |s2cid=37683180 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Lack of a strong social network places women in a position of vulnerability with her husband and her husband's family. Studies have shown that in conservative rural Bangladeshi communities, adherence to purdah is positively correlated with the risk of domestic violence.<ref name=Koenig /> The restriction on women's mobility limits their ability to access health care and family planning services, especially for unmarried girls. In rural Pakistan, unmarried women and girls had trouble accessing healthcare facilities even in their own villages due to purdah; all types of women had difficulty accessing facilities outside of their villages because they had to be accompanied.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Khan |first=Ayesha |date=November 1999 |title=Mobility of Women and Access to Health and Family Planning Services in Pakistan |journal=Reproductive Health Matters |volume=7 |issue=14 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1016/S0968-8080(99)90005-8}}</ref> Along the same vein, studies of women's [[contraceptive use in Bangladesh]] shows that women with decreased observance of purdah and increased mobility are more likely to use contraceptives.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hossain |first1=M. K. |last2=Kabir |first2=M. |date=September 1, 2001 |title=Purdah, Mobility and Women's Empowerment and Reproductive Behaviour in Rural Bangladesh |journal=Social Change |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=84–102 |doi=10.1177/004908570103100307|s2cid=143232892 }}</ref>

===Economic participation===

By restricting women's mobility, purdah places severe limits on women's ability to participate in gainful employment and to attain economic independence.<ref name=Hashemi>{{cite journal |last1=Hashemi |first1=Syed M. |last2=Schuler |first2=Sidney Ruth |last3=Riley |first3=Ann P. |date=April 1996 |title=Rural Credit Programs and Women's Empowerment in Bangladesh |journal=World Development |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=635–653 |doi=10.1016/0305-750X(95)00159-A}}</ref> The ideology of purdah constricts women in the domestic sphere for reproductive role and places men in productive role as breadwinners who move through public space.<ref name=Haque /> However, due to economic needs and shifts in gender relations, some women are compelled to break purdah to gain income.<ref name=Haque /> Across countries, women from lower socioeconomic backgrounds tend to observe purdah less because they face greater financial pressures to work and gain income.<ref name=Haque /> Studies show that "it is the poorest, most desperate families that, given the opportunity, are more willing to stress purdah norms and take the social risks entailed when women engage in wage or self-employment.<ref name=Hashemi /> For instance, rural women in Bangladesh have been found to be less concerned with propriety and purdah, and take up work where available, migrating if they need to.<ref>Kabeer, N. "Poverty, purdah and women's survival strategies in rural Bangladesh." (1990): 134–148.</ref> They take up work in a variety of sectors from agriculture to manufacturing to the sex trade. However, other studies found that purdah still plays a significant role in women's decisions to participate in the workforce, often prohibiting them from taking opportunities they would otherwise.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Amin |first=Sajeda |date=1997 |title=The Poverty–Purdah Trap in Rural Bangladesh: Implications for Women's Roles in the Family |journal=Development and Change |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=213–233 |doi=10.1111/1467-7660.00041}}</ref> The degree to which women observe purdah and the pressures they face to conform or to earn income vary with their socioeconomic class.

===Political participation===

Social and mobility restrictions under purdah severely limit women's involvement in political decision-making in government institutions and in the judiciary.<ref name=Haque /> Lack of mobility and discouragement from participating in political life means women cannot easily exercise their right to vote, run for political office, participate in trade unions, or participate in community level decision-making.<ref name=Shaheed>{{cite journal |last=Shaheed |first=F. |title=The Cultural Articulation of Patriarchy: Legal Systems, Islam and Women |journal=[[South Asia Bulletin]] |volume=6 |issue=1 |year=1986 |pages=38–44 |doi=10.1215/07323867-6-1-38 |pmid=12283228 }}</ref> Women's limited participation in political decision-making therefore results in policies that do not sufficiently address needs and rights of women in areas such as access to healthcare, education and employment opportunities, property ownership, justice, and others.<ref name=Haque /> Gender imbalance in policy-making also reinforces institutionalization of gender disparities.<ref name=Haque />

==Influences on purdah==
===Governmental policies on purdah===
{{See also|Hijab by country}}

In Tunisia and formerly Turkey, religious veiling is banned in public schools, universities, and government buildings as a measure to discourage displays of political Islam or fundamentalism.<ref>Turkey headscarf ruling condemned Al Jazeera English (07 June 2008). Retrieved on February 2013.</ref><ref>Abdelhadi, Magdi Tunisia attacked over headscarves, BBC News, September 26, 2006. Accessed February 2013.</ref> Turkey reversed the long-standing ban in 2013. In western Europe, veiling is seen as symbol of Islamic presence, and movements to ban veils have stirred great controversy. For instance, since 2004 France has banned all overt religious symbols in schools including the Muslim headscarf.<ref>French MPs back headscarf ban BBC News (BBC). Retrieved on 13 February 2009.</ref> In Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh where the word purdah is primarily used, the government has no policies either for or against veiling.

===Islamization===
Nations such as Pakistan have been swinging to more conservative laws and policies that use rhetoric of following Islamic law, sometimes termed [[Islamization]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Shahab |first=Rafi Ullah |year=1993 |title=Muslim Women in Political Power |location=Lahore |publisher=Maqbool Academy }}</ref> The ideology is reinforcing traditional culture, traditional women's roles in the domestic sphere, and the need to protect women's honor. The result is policies that reinforce cultural norms that limit female mobility in the public sphere, promotion of gender segregation, and institutionalization of gender disparities.<ref name="Jalal, Ayesha 1991">{{cite book |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |year=1991 |chapter=The Convenience of Subservience: Women in the State of Pakistan |editor-last=Kandiyoti |editor-first=Deniz |title=Women, Islam and the State |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Temple University Press |pages=77–114 |isbn=0-87722-786-1 }}</ref>

===Women's movements===
[[File:Protest against Non-representation of Women.jpg|thumb|Protest against non-representation of women]]

Women have been engaging in efforts to challenge the gender inequality resulting from purdah. For instance, women in Pakistan have organized trade unions and attempt to exercise their right to vote and influence decision making.<ref name=Shaheed /> However, their opponents accuse these women of falling for the pernicious influence of Westernization and turning their backs on tradition.<ref name=Shaheed /><ref name="Hijab 21st Century Europe">{{cite book|last=Facing History and Ourselves|title=Stories of Identity: Religion, Migration, and Belonging in a Changing World|year=2008|publisher=Facing History and Ourselves Foundation, Inc.|location=Brooklin, MA, USA|isbn=978-0-9798440-3-4|pages=101|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gLAnV6Ia-k4C&q=+leicester+%22young+muslim+women%22+burqa&pg=PA1}}</ref>

In [[Bengal]], [[feminist activism]] dates back to the 19th century. For instance, [[Begum Rokeya]] and [[Faizunnesa Choudhurani]] played a significant role in emancipating Bengali Muslim women from purdah.

===Globalization and migration===
Globalization and Muslim women returning from [[diaspora]]s has influenced Pakistani women's purdah practice in areas outside of religious significance.<ref name=Haque /> One major influence is the desire to be modern and keep up with the latest fashions, or refusal to do so as a source of autonomy and power.<ref name=Haque /> Simultaneously, due to modernization in many urban areas, purdah and face-veiling are seen as unsophisticated and backwards, creating a trend in less strict observance of purdah.<ref name=Congress />

For the Muslim South Asian diaspora living in secular non-Muslim communities such as Pakistani-Americans, attitudes about purdah have changed to be less strict.<ref name="Bokhari, Syeda Saba 1997">{{cite thesis |last=Bokhari |first=Syeda Saba |title=Attitudes of Migrant Pakistani-muslim Families Towards Purdah and the Education of Women in a Secular Environment |publisher=University of Maryland, College Park |year=1996 |type=Doctoral thesis |id={{ProQuest|304320668}} }}</ref> As it pertains to education and economic opportunities, these immigrant families hold less conservative views about purdah after moving to America; for the daughters who do choose to wear the veil, they usually do so out of their own volition as a connection to their Islamic roots and culture.<ref name="Bokhari, Syeda Saba 1997"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Marco|first=Oihana|title=The Hijabization Process: Some "Mindful" Bodies Uncovered|url=https://www.iemed.org/publicacions/quaderns/9/q9_201.pdf |publisher=Iemed.org|access-date=16 January 2014}}</ref>

==Controversy around women's agency==

===Purdah as oppression===

Purdah has repeatedly been criticized as oppression of women by limiting female autonomy, freedom of movement, and access to resources such as education, employment, and political participation.<ref name=Engineer>Engineer, Asghar Ali. (1980) The Origin and Development of Islam, Orient Longman, Bombay</ref> Some scholars such as P. Singh and Roy interpret purdah as a form of male domination in the public sphere, and an "eclipse of Muslim woman's identity and individuality".<ref>Singh, Prahlad (2004). "Purdah: the seclusion of body and mind". Abstracts of Sikh Studies, Vol 5, issue 1</ref> According to scholars such as Elizabeth White, "purdah is an accommodation to and a means of perpetuating the perceived differences between the sexes: the male being self-reliant and aggressive, the female weak, irresponsible, and in need of protection".<ref>{{cite journal |last=White |first=Elizabeth H. |title=Purdah |journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=31–42 |doi=10.2307/3346105 |year=1977|jstor=3346105 }}</ref> Geraldine Books writes "in both cases [of spatial separation and veiling], women are expected to sacrifice their comfort and freedom to service the requirements of male sexuality: either to repress or to stimulate the male sex urge".<ref name="Brooks, Geraldine 1995"/>

When purdah is institutionalized into laws, it limits opportunity, autonomy, and [[agency (sociology)|agency]] in both private and public life.<ref name=Haque /> The result is policies that reinforce cultural norms that limit female mobility in the public sphere, promotion of gender segregation, and institutionalization of gender disparities.<ref name="Jalal, Ayesha 1991"/>

Sometimes reactions to purdah adherence can become violent. For instance, in 2001 in [[Srinagar]], India, four young Muslim women were victimized by acid attacks for not veiling themselves in public; similar threats and attacks have occurred in Pakistan and [[Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kashmir women ordered to cover up or risk acid attack |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/9472909/Kashmir-women-ordered-to-cover-up-or-risk-acid-attack.html |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=www.telegraph.co.uk|date=13 August 2012 }}</ref>

===Purdah as "protection"===

Some scholars claim that purdah was originally designed to protect women from being harassed and seen as sexual objects.<ref name=Asha /> In contemporary times, some men and women still interpret the purdah as a way to protect women's safety while moving in public sphere.<ref name=Haque /> Observing purdah is also seen as a way to uphold women's honor and virtuous conduct.<ref name=Haque /> However, critics point out that this view engages [[victim-blaming]] and places the onus of preventing sexual assault on women rather than the perpetrators themselves.<ref name="Brooks, Geraldine 1995">Brooks, Geraldine. Nine Parts of Desire: The Hidden World of Islamic Women. New York: Doubleday, 1995.</ref>

== In popular culture and media ==

=== Books ===
"Secluded Women" is criticism of Purdah system by first [[Islamic feminism|Muslim feminist]] and [[Reform movement|social reformer]] Bengali writer [[Begum Rokeya|Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain]] (1880–1932).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/the-womens-movement-bangladesh-throughout-the-years-1889908|title=The Women's Movement in Bangladesh Throughout the Years|date=2020-04-06|website=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref> ''[[Sultana's Dream]]'' is a 1905 [[feminist]] [[utopia]]n story written by [[Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain|Hossain]]. It depicts a feminist utopia (called Ladyland) in which women run everything and men are secluded, in a mirror-image of the traditional practice of ''purdah''.<ref name="sd1">{{cite web|title=Sultana's Dream|url=http://www.feministpress.org/books/rokeya-sakhawat-hossain/sultanas-dream|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923182058/http://www.feministpress.org/books/rokeya-sakhawat-hossain/sultanas-dream|archive-date=23 September 2015|access-date=1 June 2015|website=Feminist Press |date=8 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=D. Bandyopadhyay|title=স্বপনচারিনী: চিনিতে পারিনি? (Dream-Lady: Can't I Re-Cognize? (Begum Rokeya's Sultana's Dream))|url=https://www.academia.edu/6476944|work=academia.edu|date=15 August 2001}}</ref> Traditional [[stereotypes]] such as “Men have bigger brains” and women are "naturally weak" are countered in ''[[Sultana's Dream]]'' with logic such as "an elephant also has a bigger and heavier brain" and “a lion is stronger than a man” and yet neither of them dominates men.<ref name="sd2">{{cite news|last1=Rafia Zakaria|title=The manless world of Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain|newspaper=Dawn|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1072250|access-date=1 June 2015}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==

* Alibhai-Brown, Yasmin. Refusing the Veil: (Provocations). United Kingdom, Biteback Publishing, 2014.

==See also ==
*[[Andaruni]]
*[[Awrah]]
*[[Chador]]
*[[Harem]]
*[[Hijab by country]]
*[[Kithaab]]
*[[Sex segregation and Islam]]
*[[Terem (Russia)]]
*[[Women in Islam]]
*[[Women in Pakistan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|40em}}

==Further reading==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Bauman | first1 = Chad M | year = 2008 | title = Redeeming Indian" Christian" Womanhood?: Missionaries, Dalits, and Agency in Colonial India | url = https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1107&context=facsch_papers| journal = Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion | volume = 24 | issue = 2| pages = 5–27 | doi=10.2979/fsr.2008.24.2.5| s2cid = 28184461 | url-access = subscription }}
*Dr. Anuj. The Neo Purdah System Culture. [https://www.relationstheweb.com/neo-purdah-system-culture/ The Neo - Purdah System Cult]
* Chowdhry, Prem. ''The veiled women: Shifting gender equations in rural Haryana, 1880–1990'' (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994)
* [[Sarah Lamb (anthropologist)|Lamb, Sarah]]. ''White saris and sweet mangoes: Aging, gender, and body in North India'' (Univ of California Press, 2000)
* Minturn, Leigh. ''Sita's daughters: Coming out of purdah: The Rajput women of Khalapur revisited'' (Oxford University Press, 1993)
* Nanda, Bal Ram, ed. ''Indian Women: From Purdah to Modernity'' (Stosius Incorporated/Advent Books Division, 1990.)
* Vyas, Sugandha Rawat, and Pradeep Kumar. "From Sultanate Period Till Date: An Estimate Of Role and Status of Muslim Women in India." ''Journal of Indian Research'' (2014) 2#3 pp: 9–14.

=== Historiography===
* Johnson, Helen. "Purdah" in Eleanor B. Amico, ed., ''Readers Guide to Women's Studies'' (1998) pp 484–5

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Purdah| ]]

H. C. Balakrishna

2026-04-28T15:02:59Z

Ieagle123: new a details

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1965)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''H. C. Balakrishna''' (born 1965) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is a five time member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Magadi Assembly constituency]] in [[Ramanagara district]]. He represents [[Indian National Congress]] and won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=H C Balakrishna in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/h-c-balakrishna-magadi-candidate-s10a182c011/ |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Magadi Election Result 2023 Live: Inc Candidate H. C. Balakrishna Wins From Magadi |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/magadi-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601900 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

He was appointed chairman for Karnataka State Road Development Corporation on 26 January 2024.<ref name="Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=27 January 2024 |title=Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120155042/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-date=20 January 2025 |access-date=20 January 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Balakrishna is from [[Magadi]]. His father H.G. Channappa is a farmer and a former three time MLA and also served as a minister. He did his schooling at Government Boys College and completed his MBBS in 1991 from [[Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=H. C. Balakrishna(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- MAGADI(RAMANAGARAM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=8128 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Balakrishna won from [[Magadi Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 94,650 votes and defeated his nearest rival, A. Manjunath of [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] by a margin of 11,839 votes. He was first elected as an MLA from Magadi seat in 1994 on [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] ticket. He lost the 1999 election to [[H. M. Revanna]] of [[Indian National Congress]] by a narrow margin of 5095 votes. Later, he won continuously for three terms winning in [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Assembly Election Results in 2004 |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/2004-election-results.html |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref> [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2023-05-06 |title=Magadi Constituency Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates & more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/magadi-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99707694.cms |access-date=2024-07-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]. In the [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]], he polled 49,197 votes and defeated Revanna this time with a margin of 11,276 votes.

He became an MLA for third time, retaining the Magadi seat in the [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 75.991 votes and defeated P. Nagaraj of BJP by a huge margin of 24,919 votes.<ref name=":1" /> In the [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]], he represented Janata Dal (Secular) and defeated the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate A. Manjunath by a margin of 14,359 votes. In 2018, contesting on Congress ticket, he lost to [[A. Manjunath]] of JD(S) by a huge margin of 51,425 votes. He regained the seat in the 2023 election defeating Manjunath.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balakrishna, H. C.}}

[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2004–2007]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Ramanagara district]]

Talaja Assembly constituency

2026-04-28T12:41:34Z

Ieagle123: adding a article needs work - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{incomplete list|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Talaja
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhavnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Bhavnagar]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Gautambhai Chauhan]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:253947}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 100
}}
'''Talaja''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]] district.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Talaja Taluka
# Ghogha Taluka (Part) Village – Lakadiya.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Bhavna Makwana]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Bharti Shiyal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 2014^
| [[Shivabhai Gohil]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| Kanu Baraiya<ref name=election2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Gautambhai Chauhan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2026 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin |title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Talaja}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Gautambhai Chauhan]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 90255
|percentage = 57.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kanu Baraiya
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 46949
|percentage = 29.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalu Chauhan
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 12727
|percentage = 8.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2482
|percentage = 1.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 27.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum: 248809}}
|ref = <ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Talaja<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kanu Baraiya
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=13 June 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bharatiben Shyal
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 66357
|percentage = 52.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sanjaysinh Sarvaiya
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 33513
|percentage = 26.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 32844
|percentage = 25.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 127036
|percentage = 66.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|21.35|72.03|display=title}}

{{Bhavnagar district}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Bhavnagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Gujarat]]

Pai Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:54:03Z

Ieagle123: starting new info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pai Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
|state = [[Haryana]]
|established = 1977
|abolished = 2005
|electors = 1,12,851
|mla = Tejender Pal Singh
|party = {{Party index link|Independent politician}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Pai Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Haryana]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Jagjit Singh Pohlu || {{Full party name with color|Vishal Haryana Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || rowspan=2 | Nar Singh Dhanda || {{Full party name with color|Lokdal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || Tejender Pal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || rowspan=2 | Ram Pal Majra || {{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || Tejender Pal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Pai<ref name=results2005>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tejender Pal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=32,437 |percentage=35.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Pal Majra |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=25,935 |percentage=28.10% |change={{decrease}}20.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sajjan Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,749 |percentage=27.90% |change={{decrease}}12.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nar Singh Dhanda |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,618 |percentage=2.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deepa |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,842 |percentage=2.00% |change={{decrease}}3.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fauji Hawa Singh Dhull |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes=1,532 |percentage=1.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Pal Majra |party=Independent politician |votes=1,030 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwar |party=Independent politician |votes=721 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish |party=Independent politician |votes=372 |percentage=0.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,502 |percentage=7.04% |change= {{decrease}}1.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=92,305 |percentage=81.79% |change= {{increase}}8.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,12,851 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.28 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{decrease}}13.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Pai<ref name=results2000>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_HY_LA_2000.pdf|title= STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2000 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF HARYANA|publisher=eci.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127204615/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_HY_LA_2000.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Pal Majra |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=38,296 |percentage=48.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tejender Pal Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,700 |percentage=40.14% |change={{increase}}20.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nar Singh Dhanda |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=4,353 |percentage=5.51% |change={{decrease}}23.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagwan Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,957 |percentage=5.01% |change={{decrease}}7.81 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,596 |percentage=8.35% |change= {{increase}}5.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=78,970 |percentage=73.91% |change= {{increase}}1.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,08,223 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.81 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Samata Party |swing= {{increase}}16.89 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Pai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Pal Majra |party=Samata Party |votes=24,291 |percentage=31.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nar Singh Dhanda |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=22,016 |percentage=28.64% |change={{increase}}7.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tejender Pal Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,938 |percentage=19.44% |change={{decrease}}22.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=9,854 |percentage=12.82% |change={{increase}}7.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurcharan Singh |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=4,211 |percentage=5.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,275 |percentage=2.96% |change= {{decrease}}13.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=76,861 |percentage=74.79% |change= {{increase}}3.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,07,356 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Samata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.92 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Pai<ref>{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/stat_rep_HR_91.pdf |title= Statistical Report of General Election, 1991 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2018-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820040556/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/stat_rep_HR_91.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tejender Pal Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,752 |percentage=41.53% |change={{increase}}18.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nar Singh Dhanda |party=Janata Party |votes=15,904 |percentage=24.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harphool Singh |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=13,505 |percentage=20.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kartara |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,262 |percentage=5.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sispal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,644 |percentage=2.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Pal Majra |party=Independent politician |votes=1,015 |percentage=1.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nafe Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=729 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=493 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,848 |percentage=16.84% |change= {{decrease}}29.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,423 |percentage=71.25% |change= {{decrease}}6.35 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,245 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.92 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}27.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Pai<ref>{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical%20Report%20Haryana%201987.pdf |title=Statistical Report of General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2018-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical%20Report%20Haryana%201987.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nar Singh Dhanda |party=Lokdal |votes=44,151 |percentage=68.93% |change={{increase}}23.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harphul Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,668 |percentage=22.90% |change={{decrease}}14.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhale Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=4,307 |percentage=6.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=427 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,483 |percentage=46.03% |change= {{increase}}37.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,053 |percentage=75.60% |change= {{increase}}1.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,736 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.83 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{increase}}23.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Pai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nar Singh Dhanda |party=Lokdal |votes=24,816 |percentage=45.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tejender Pal Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,188 |percentage=37.10% |change={{increase}}31.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagjit Singh Pohlu |party=Independent politician |votes=3,948 |percentage=7.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chander |party=Independent politician |votes=3,740 |percentage=6.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Pal Majra |party=Janata Party |votes=884 |percentage=1.62% |change={{decrease}}33.61 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,628 |percentage=8.51% |change= {{decrease}}2.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,414 |percentage=74.64% |change= {{increase}}9.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,021 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.05 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Vishal Haryana Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Pai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagjit Singh Pohlu |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=17,997 |percentage=45.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kushal Pal Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=13,827 |percentage=35.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chatarbhuj |party=Independent politician |votes=4,283 |percentage=10.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shankar Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,224 |percentage=5.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Randhir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=909 |percentage=2.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,170 |percentage=10.63% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,240 |percentage=64.50% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,656 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Vishal Haryana Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Haryana}}
{{coords|29.71|76.53|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2005]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:2005 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}

Kalam Assembly constituency

2026-04-08T17:27:03Z

Ieagle123: new details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kalam
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1952
| abolished = 1957
| electors = 1,22,676
| mla = Tarabai W/o Mansing
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Kalam Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#BB8ED0" | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Achutrao Yogiraj || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" rowspan="2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Tarabai W/o Mansing || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| Revappa Krishna
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Pralhadrao Sopan
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || D. T. Mohite
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || S. Sangram Ganpatrao
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kallam <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. Sangram Ganpatrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,177 |percentage = 56.00% |change = {{increase}}6.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Namdeorao Patil |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 22,519 |percentage = 41.79% |change = {{decrease}}3.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hausas Mal Sopan Ramji |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,189 |percentage = 2.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,658 |percentage = 14.21% |change = {{increase}}9.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,904 |percentage = 59.87% |change = {{decrease}}3.63 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,885}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,382 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.21 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.01 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kallam <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. T. Mohite |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,974 |percentage = 49.99% |change = {{increase}}0.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. K. Jadhav Patil |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 21,628 |percentage = 45.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. D. Soni |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,352 |percentage = 4.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,346 |percentage = 4.89% |change = {{decrease}}1.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,922 |percentage = 63.50% |change = {{increase}}10.13 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,954}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,766 |ref = |change = {{increase}}34.35 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kallam <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Pralhadrao Sopan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,643 |percentage = 49.01% |change = {{decrease}}3.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vithal Limbaji |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 12,633 |percentage = 42.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhima Nivrti Waghmare |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,601 |percentage = 8.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,010 |percentage = 6.73% |change = {{increase}}4.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,479 |percentage = 53.37% |change = {{decrease}}32.43 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,877}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,861 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}50.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}22.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalam <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Tarabai W/o Mansing |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,950 |percentage = 26.55% |change = {{decrease}}8.40 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Revappa Krishna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,587 |percentage = 26.21% |change = {{decrease}}8.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vithalrao Limbaji |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 25,411 |percentage = 24.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Achutrao Yogiraj |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 24,309 |percentage = 23.09% |change = {{decrease}}32.85 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,539 |percentage = 2.41% |change = {{decrease}}18.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 105,257 |percentage = 85.80% |change = {{increase}}32.09 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 105,257}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 122,676 |ref = |change = {{increase}}139.34 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}29.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalam <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Achutrao Yogiraj |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 15,399 |percentage = 55.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Apparrao Maruthi Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,621 |percentage = 34.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhagawandas |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 2,510 |percentage = 9.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,778 |percentage = 20.99% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 27,530 |percentage = 53.71% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,530}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,256 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Foundation of the Communist Party of India

2026-04-02T17:43:17Z

Ieagle123: Creating first pg w/ refs.

{{Short description|Controversy over the political party's founding date}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
[[File:South Asian Communist Banner.svg|thumb|Red flag used by the [[Communist Party of India]] as well as other contemporary Indian communist organisations]]The [[Communist Party of India]] is one of the oldest political parties in [[India]]. However within the Indian communist movement, there is a controversy on what date to consider as the foundation date of the party.<ref name="Saxena1990">{{cite book|author=Kiran Saxena|title=Trade Union Movement and the National Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g8AuAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=South Asian Publishers|isbn=978-81-7003-116-1|page=128}}</ref> The early history of the Indian communist movement was tumultuous and complicated. An Indian communist group emerged in [[Tashkent]] in 1920, led by [[M. N. Roy]]. From 1921 onward small local communist groups began to emerge inside India. A national communist conference was held in [[Kanpur]] in 1925. The efforts to build a Communist Party organization inside India were hampered by arrests and court cases against leading party members.

Following the [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India|party split in 1964]] the two main entities of the Indian communist movement, the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)) and the contemporary CPI would interpret the early party history differently. The CPI(M) maintains the party was founded in Tashkent in October 1920 whilst CPI argues that the party was founded in Kanpur in December 1925.<ref name="Saxena1990"/>

==Background==
There were some influences of Marxism in the Indian national revolutionary movement prior to the 1917 [[October Revolution]]. The émigré revolutionary [[Har Dayal|Lala Har Dayal]] wrote a biography on [[Karl Marx]] in March 1912.<ref name="Ghosh1996"/> [[Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai]] wrote a biography on Marx in [[Malayalam language]].<ref name="Ghosh1996"/> However, there doesn't appear to have existed any organized communist activity in India before 1921.<ref name="Commission2005">{{cite book|author=Communist Party of India (Marxist). History Commission|title=History of the Communist Movement in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KqLaAAAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=CPI (M) Publications|isbn=978-81-87496-50-2|page=49}}</ref>

At the onset of [[World War I]] a sector of militant nationalists was pinning their hopes that a British defeat in the war would pave the path for Indian independence. However as the United Kingdom emerged as one of the victorious powers in the World War, this sector revised their position that independence would be achieved by external assistance.<ref name="Gupta2009">{{cite book|author=Susmita Sen Gupta|title=Radical Politics in Meghalaya: Problems and Prospects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ks02QzhnAMC&pg=PA183|year=2009|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-742-3|page=13-14, 183}}</ref> Among the militant nationalists there was also an increased rejection of sporadic terrorism.<ref name="Gupta2009"/> On 7 May 1919 a meeting between [[Lenin]] and a number of Indian revolutionaries was held. Attendants included [[Raja Mahendra Pratap]] (the President of the [[Provisional Government of India]] set up with German support in Kabul in 1915), [[Mohamed Barakatullah Bhopali]] (the Prime Minister of said Provisional Government), Abdul Rab and [[M. P. T. Acharya]]. Acharya would later take part in the formation of the émigré communist organization in Tashkent in October 1920. The left-wing nationalists Raja Mahendra Pratap and Mohamed Barakatullah Bhopal would not join the Tashkent communist organization, but remained friendly with the group.<ref name=lib/>

Between January and April 1920 a small number of radical Indian nationalists shifted to [[Tashkent]] in [[Turkestan ASSR|Soviet Turkestan]]. On 17 April 1920 an Indian Communist Section of Sovinterprop was formed in Tashkent, among its seven members were Abdul Majid, Abdul Fazil, Mohammad Shafiq and Mohammad Ali (the latter two being sent to Tashkent by the Provisional Government of India). The Indian Sovinterprop section produced a single-issue Urdu publication called ''Zamindar'' and the pamphlets ''Bolshevism and the Islamic Nations'' (authored by M. Barkatullah) and ''What Soviet Power is Like''. It issued an appeal titled ''To the Indian Brothers''.<ref name=lib/>

[[File:2nd World Congress of the Comintern Lenin Zinoviev Bukharin Gorky.jpg|thumb|Roy photographed along with [[Lenin]] and other key Communist International leaders at the 2nd World Congress of the Communist International]]M.N. Roy arrived in Moscow before the beginning of the [[2nd World Congress of the Communist International]], which was held July–August 1920. He attended the congress as a delegate with voting rights, representing the [[Communist Party of Mexico]]. [[Abani Mukherji]] (classified as a 'left socialist' by the congress organizers, non-voting delegate), Evelyn Trent-Roy (non-voting delegate, M. N. Roy's wife), M. P. T. Acharya (representing the Indian Revolutionary Association in Tashkent, non-voting delegate) and Mohamad Shafiq (observer) also attended the congress.<ref name=lib/> A document, ''General Plan and Programme of Work for the Indian Revolution'', was drafted by Roy and others during the congress. The document called for the establishment of an All India Revolutionary Centre to prepare for a congress of revolutionaries, the immediate foundation of a Communist Party of India and the immediate setting up of a school for the political-military training for Indian revolutionaries.<ref name=lib/>

==Founding in Tashkent in October 1920==
The Second Congress of the Communist International laid out the course for the formation of an émigré Communist Party of India.<ref name="Talwar1985"/> The [[Executive Committee of the Communist International]] (ECCI) set up a Small Bureau which organized [[Congress of the Peoples of the East|First Congress of the Peoples of the East]] at Baku in September 1920, and would oversee the preparations for the formation of the Indian Communist Party.<ref name=cpm/>

On 17 October 1920 a meeting was held in Tashkent, that constituted an Indian Communist Party on the basis of the principles of the Communist International. In attendance were seven individuals; Roy, Abani Mukherji, Acharya, Mohamed Shafiq Siddiqi, Mohamed Ali (Ahmed Hasan), Evelyn Trent-Roy and Rosa Fitingov. The meeting resolved that the party would articulate a programme for revolutionary struggle adapted to the Indian context.<ref name=lib/> The meeting ended with the signing of [[The Internationale]].<ref name=cpm>Communist Party of India (Marxist). ''[https://cpim.org/history/formation-communist-party-india-tashkent-1920 Formation of the Communist Party of India at Tashkent (1920)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106071510/https://cpim.org/history/formation-communist-party-india-tashkent-1920 |date=6 November 2020 }}''</ref> The party bureau remained in Tashkent for some time.<ref name=cpm/> The party conducted propaganda and ideological activities, and would seek to coordinate efforts of communist groups inside India.<ref name="Ghosh1996"/> A political school was operating at the India House, a one-storey building on Lavmentev Road in Tashkent located on the border between the 'old' and 'new' part of the city.<ref name=orig>{{cite news | work=Frontline Weekly | url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/origins-of-communist-party-of-india-in-tashkent/article32952125.ece | title=Origins of Communist Party of India, in Tashkent | first=Suhrid Sankar | last=Chattopadhyay | date=8 November 2020 | accessdate=3 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="Windmiller2"/><ref name="Manjapra2020">{{cite book | author = Kris Manjapra | date = 29 November 2020 | title = M. N. Roy: Marxism and Colonial Cosmopolitanism | publisher = Taylor & Francis | pages = | isbn = 978-1-00-008364-4 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pOYJEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT59}}</ref> By late 1920 Mukherji shared a draft party programme, but this document was rejected by Roy and thus not adopted. <ref name=lib/>

At the India House, a group of 'muhajirs' resided. The 'muhajirs' were a group Indian Muslims who had been attempting to reach Turkey to fight for the defense of the caliphate there, but en route they were taken prisoners by Central Asian rebels and branded as infidels. When the muhajirs were rescued by the [[Red Army]], 36 of them joined the Bolshevik military detachments. For the muhajirs the [[Young Bukharans]] (who were forming a Communist Party in Tashkent) served as an example. Soviet land reforms also impacted the political views of the muhajirs. Roy managed to enroll some 50 muhajirs into the Indian Military School in Tashkent, preparing them to take part in struggle against British colonial rule in India. At the India House the pan-Islamist muhajir and Roy's communist group cohabited. The communists frequently held politically lectures, in which they emphasized building a revolutionary mass movement to confront British rule (notably the communist lectures avoided direct attacks on religion). Shaukat Usmani, one of the India House muhajirs, eventually joined the communist group.<ref name=orig/>

The émigré Indian Communist Party held a party meeting in Tashkent on 15 December 1920. A three-member Executive Committee was elected, consisting of Acharya (chairman), Shafiq (secretary) and Roy. The meeting admitted three persons as candidate members of the party – Abdul Qadir Sehrai, Masood Ali Shah Kazi and Akbar Shah (Salim). Five days later the party sent a short message to the Central Committee of the [[Communist Party of Turkestan]] and the Turkestan Bureau of the Communist International, affirming that the Communist Party of India had been founded per the principles of the Communist International and that the party was working under the political orientation of the Turkestan Bureau.<ref name=lib/>

By early 1921 Roy shifted to Moscow, and took three students along (Usmani, Abdul Majid, Abdul Kadir Sehrai) with him for further political training in there. Mukherji was left in charge of the party bureau in Tashkent.<ref name="Windmiller2"/> After the [[Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement]] in March 1921, which largely ended the Russian civil war, there were some 36–40 muhajirs who wished to receive further training and by mid-1921 they were shifted to the [[Communist University of the Toilers of the East]] at Moscow. Some of the muhajirs began returning from Soviet Russia, such as Usmani. A number of them were accused and convicted by the British authorities in the [[Peshawar Conspiracy Case]].<ref name=orig/>

The Communist International, through ECCI and the Turkestan Bureau, sought to resolve organizational and political issues of the Indian revolutionaries. Two groups sent delegations to Moscow in the first half of 1921. One of the delegations was sent by the Tashkent-based Indian Revolutionary Association led by Abdur Rab Barq. The other group visiting the Soviet capital came from Berlin, and included [[Virendranath Chattopadhyaya]], [[G.A.K. Lohani]], [[Bhupendranath Datta]], [[Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje]], Nalini Gupta and [[Agnes Smedley]].<ref name=lib/><ref name="Windmiller2">{{cite book|author=Marshall Windmiller|title=Communism in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PAFBW743Bi4C|year=1964|publisher=University of California Press|page=36, 43}}</ref> The Eastern Commission and the India Commission of the Communist International sought to merge the Tashkent émigré CPI led by Roy, the Abdul Rab group and the Chattopadhyaya group, but these efforts did not achieve any organizational unity.<ref name=lib/> Eventually the Commission opted to recognize the Tashkent CPI as the legitimate grouping.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2019/1013_pd/formation-cpi-tashkent | title=Formation of CPI in Tashkent | Peoples Democracy }}</ref> Whilst most of the 14 members from the Chattopadhyaya delegation left Moscow in disbelief, two individuals remained (one took up work at the Communist International headquarters whilst the other, Nalini Gupta, would become a key assistant to Roy).<ref name="Methvin1973">{{cite book|author=Eugene H. Methvin|title=The Rise of Radicalism: The Social Psychology of Messianic Extremism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ssIhAAAAMAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Arlington House|isbn=978-0-87000-158-1|page=384}}</ref>

Ahead of the [[3rd World Congress of the Communist International]] the Small Bureau of ECCI listed 'Communist Groups' from India on the list of organizations invited to send delegations with consultative vote.<ref name=lib/> Four delegates representing India took part in the proceedings, but only Roy was named in the congress documents.<ref name=p1238>{{cite book|title=To the Masses: Proceedings of the Third Congress of the Communist International, 1921|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PFLoBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1238|date=13 February 2015|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-28803-4|page=1238}}</ref><ref name="Roy1997">{{cite book|author=Samaren Roy|title=M.N. Roy: A Political Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwNq3oQK89kC&pg=PA60|year=1997|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-0299-4|page=60}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Marxist Miscellany|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=56s4AQAAIAAJ|year=1971|publisher=People's Publishing House|page=4}}</ref>

Roy authored ''Manifesto to the 36th Indian National Congress, Ahmedabad, 1921''. The text reached India secretly, and was distributed at the Ahmedabad Indian National Congress session in December 1921.<ref name=lib/>

==Emergence of communist groups inside India==
Looking at the period between the October Revolution and the emergence of the CPI, Ghosh (1996) identifies four groups of revolutionary nationalists;
*Exiled revolutionaries disillusioned with the programmes of the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|Non-cooperation movement]] and the [[Khilafat movement]], who became influenced by the October Revolution – a group including [[Abani Mukherjee]], M. N. Roy, [[Virendranath Chattopadhyaya]], [[Mohamed Barakatullah Bhopali]] and M. P. T. Acharya.
*Individuals such as [[Shaukat Usmani]], Muhammad Ali Sepasi, Rahmat Ali Khan, Firozuddin Mansoor and Abdul Majid, who belonged to the Khilafat and Hijrat Pan-Islamic movements but who came to be inspired by the October Revolution.
*Punjabi/Sikh diaspora in North America, organized in the [[Ghadar Movement|Ghadar Party]].
*National revolutionaries inside India, including left-wing elements emerging from the [[Gandhi]]an movements, [[Indian National Congress]], the Khilfat movement, [[Akali Dal|Akali movement]] (in particular the [[Babbar Akali movement]]). Among the Gandhians leftists, there was dissatisfaction over the withdrawal of the first Non-cooperation movement which prompted them to turn towards the communist movement.<ref name="Ghosh1996"/>

From the latter category, communist groups emerged in Lahore (the ''Inquilab'' group), Bombay (led by [[S.A. Dange|S. A. Dange]]), Bengal (led by [[Muzaffar Ahmad]]) and Madras (led by [[Malayapuram Singaravelu|Singaravelu M. Chettiar]]).<ref name="Ghosh1996">{{cite book|author=Utpal Ghosh|title=The Communist Party of India and India's Freedom Struggle, 1937–1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JyNAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Pearl Publishers|isbn=978-81-85777-29-0|page=12-13}}</ref> Sen and Ghosh (1991) argues that the four groups emerged independently from each other, and only the Lahore group had any knowledge of Roy's organization abroad.<ref name=lib/> These different communist groups in India would later gather at the December 1925 Kanpur conference convened by [[Satya Bhakta|Satyabhakta]].<ref name="Ghosh1996"/>

In late 1922 and early 1923 Roy reached out to Dange, Singaravelu, Muzaffar Ahmad and Shaukat Usmani to organize a conference in Berlin to unite the different communist groups in India. Dange and Singaravelu both decline the invite and the Berlin conference didn't materialize.<ref name=lib/>

===Bombay group===
Sripad Amrit Dange was a student leader, rusticated from Wilson College during the non-cooperation movement. By mid-1921 Dange published the pamphlet ''Gandhi Vs. Lenin''. Dange and his circle of friends began labour organizing activities. In August 1922 they began publishing ''Socialist'', the first communist publication in India. [[K.N. Joglekar]] was the editor of Socialist. <ref name=lib/> ''Socialist'' was distributed to members of the [[All India Congress Committee]] (AICC) and other Indian National Congress leaders. As of September 1922 Dange called for the formation of an 'Indian Socialist Labour Party of Indian National Congress' in an editorial in ''Socialist''.<ref name=lib/>

===Calcutta group===
Muzaffar Ahmad and [[Nazrul Islam]] issued a nationalist literary and political magazine ''[[Nabajug]]'' ('New Age') in [[Bengali language]] during the latter half of 1920. Ahmad acquired some Marxist literature in late 1921, from the first batch of such books smuggled to the city. In 1922 Ahmad began organizing activities among labourers in industrial centres around the city, such as [[Metiabruz]].<ref name=lib/>

===Lahore group===
A communist group emerged in [[Lahore]] around Ghulam Hussain, who was a former economics lecturer at [[Edwardes College Peshawar]].<ref name=lib/><ref name="Windmiller2"/> His friend Mohammed Ali, one of the members of the Tashkent émigré communist organization, had won him over to Marxism by 1922. Hussain resigned from his teaching post and shifted to Lahore. In Lahore he was active in the Railway Workers Union. He edited a few copies of an Urdu publication called ''Inquilab''.<ref name=lib/>

===Madras group===
Singaravelu M. Chettiar belonged to the Indian National Congress and was an established trade union organizer before he became a Marxist.<ref name=lib/> Ahead of the 1922 Gaya Session of the Indian National Congress Roy wrote Dange. Roy called on Dange to contact Singaravelu and Ghulam Hussain, to jointly organize a revolutionary mass party inside India. Roy wanted the formation of a legal political party that would be dominated by communists but would also include progressive nationalists. He requested Dange and Singaravelu to present a draft programme at the Gaya Session. On 19 December 1922 Roy sent another letter to Dange, instructing the latter on how to differentiate between the Communist Party and the open revolutionary mass party. Dange and Singaravelu maintained correspondence on the topic.<ref name=lib/> On 1 May 1923 Singaravelu formed the [[Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan]] in Madras. For the first time in Indian history the [[Red flag (politics)|red flag]] was unfurled in public. This party combined communist and nationalist symbolism, with its manifesto carrying both the [[hammer and sickle]] and the ''[[Ashoka Chakra]]''. The manifesto carried both the nationalist slogan ''roti, kapra aur makan'' ('food, clothes and house') and [[workers of the world, unite]]. Roy and Dange welcomed the formation of the Labour Kisan Party, but each of the two issued criticisms of the party manifesto.<ref name=lib/>

==Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case==
Roy was unsatisfied by Singaravelu's Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan due the limitations of its manifesto, and Roy worked with Ghulam Hussain to organize an All India party. These efforts were interrupted by a wave of arrests that marked the beginning of the [[Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case]] – in May and June 1923 Hussain, Usmani and Ahmad were arrested.<ref name=lib/>

There had been plans for a party conference to be held 30 June 1923 in [[Lucknow]]. But the plans to hold a founding congress of a centralised Indian Communist Party did not materialize, and the main communist leaders would be arrested in the [[Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case]].<ref name="Talwar1985"/>

Nalini Gupta, who functioned as the intermediary between Roy and the communists in India, was arrested on 20 December 1923.<ref name=lib/> Dange and Singaravelu were arrested in March 1924. Roy and R.L. Sharma were also named as accused in the case, but Roy was in Germany and Sharma in Pondicherry. Before being brought in front of sessions court, Ghulam Hussain confessed, appealed for mercy and offered to help the British prosecutors in the Peshawar Conspiracy Case against Mohamed Shafiq.<ref name=lib/>

In contrast to the parallel Peshawar Conspiracy Case, the Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case aroused significant public attention and different efforts to support the accused were organized. The Indian Communist Defence Committee was formed, which supported the legal defense. Another committee headed by [[Charles Ashleigh]] was formed in [[London]] to help the accused. The [[French Communist Party]] sent a donation of 500 [[French franc]]s to help the legal defense efforts.<ref name=lib/>

In September 1924 Janaki Prasad Bagerhatta, an AICC member from Ajmer, authored an ''Open Letter to M.N. Roy'' published in Socialist. Bagerhatta called for building an open communist party, and that the party should work within the Indian National Congress and seek to conquer control of the organization.<ref name=lib/>

==Satyabhakta's party-building initiative==
[[Satya Bhakta|Satyabhakta]], who had been recently acquitted from the Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case, publicly announced the foundation of an Indian Communist Party of India in Kanpur in September 1924.<ref name="Talwar1985"/><ref name=lib/> Satyabhakta was encouraged by a statement by the Public Prosecutor in the Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case, that argued that they communists would not be persecuted due to their beliefs but only if they sought to overthrow the government by violence. Per Satyabhakta a communist party independent from the Communist International that didn't call for violence could prosper in the Indian context.<ref name=lib/>

Satyabhakta named himself as the Secretary of the new party. He published a provisional constitution for the party, which called for an independent republic in which means of production and distribution would be nationalised. Satyabhakta's Communist Party of India would gather a total of 78 members, including 3 women.<ref name="Talwar1985"/> By 1925 party membership had grown to 150 per Satyabhakta's own account.<ref name=lib/>

J. P. Begarhatta wrote a letter to Roy to inform him of the formation of the Satyabhakta-led party. Roy rejected Satyabhakta's party as illegitimate, being set up without the blessings of the Communist International. Roy accused the Satyabhakta group of being sponsored by the British authorities.<ref name="Talwar1985"/>

==1925 Kanpur Conference==
Satyabhakta announced that a conference would be held on 26 December 1925, on the side-lines of the Kanpur session of the Indian National Congress.<ref name="Talwar1985"/> Per Sen and Ghosh (1991) Dange was behind the idea to hold an open communist conference. At the time Dange was in jail, but he had managed to bring Satyabhakta onboard for the endeavor.<ref name=lib/> Muzaffar Ahmad opposed the idea of a public communist conference.<ref name=lib/> However he would attend the event, having been released from prison three months earlier due to health issues.<ref name=lib/>

The First Indian Communist Conference was held in Kanpur 25–28 December 1925.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=C14eAAAAMAAJ The Russian Revolution and the Indian Patriots]''. Manisha Granthalaya, 1987. p. 204</ref> The conference was attended by 300 delegates according to the February 1926 issue of ''Kirti'' (a communist-sponsored Punjabi magazine), though British intelligence sources put the figure at 500.<ref name=lib/><ref name=mvskr/> The Kanpur communist conference was chaired by Singaravelu.<ref name="Talwar1985"/>

The conference declaration articulates the aim of the party being the creation of "a workers' and peasants' republic based on the socialisation of the means of production and distribution by the liberation of India from British imperialist domination."<ref name=lib/> [[Shapurji Saklatvala]], member of the British [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] belonging to the [[Communist Party of Great Britain]], sent a short telegram to the conference.<ref name=lib/>

The second session of the Kanpur conference was held in evening of 26 December 1925. The session adopted resolutions drafted by the resolutions committee. <ref name=lib/> There were no disagreements in the conference plenary, but earlier in the day there had been an intense exchange of words in the resolutions committee.<ref name=lib/> The resolutions committee was comprised on Satyabhakta, [[S.V. Ghate]], K.N. Joglekar, J.P. Bagerhatta, S. Hassan and Krishnaswamy.<ref name=lib/> A sharp disagreement emerged over the name of the party. Muzaffar Ahmad and others argued that the party should be named 'Communist Party of India', per the standard naming scheme of the Communist International. Satyabhakta wanted the party to be called 'Indian Communist Party', to emphasize its national character as association with the Communist International would cause repression by the British government. The name 'Communist Party of India' was adopted and Satyabhakta left the venue in protest.<ref name="Talwar1985"/><ref name=mvskr/>

At the Third Session of the Kanpur conference held on 27 February a party constitution was adopted and a Central Executive Committee (CEC) was elected. The CEC was supposed to have 30 members, but the Kanpur conference only elected 16 members. The remaining 14 CEC members were supposed to be inducted from different provincial organizations further on.<ref name=lib/> Per Sen and Ghosh (1991) the adopted party constitution deviated from [[democratic centralism]], with open party membership and allowing lower organs to define organizational rules locally.<ref name=lib/>

The Central Executive Committee held its first meeting the following day at Singaravelu's camp. The meeting unanimously elected as party office bearers Satyabhakta, Azad Sobhani, Hasrat Mohani, and Baba Rana Choube from UP, Muzaffar Ahmad and Radha Mohan Gokulji from Calcutta, Kameswara Rao and Krishnaswamy Ayyangar from Madras, J. P. Bagerhatta, K. N. Joglekar, S. V. Ghate and R. S. Nimbkar from Bombay and S .D. Hassan, Ramchandra and Abdul Majid from Lahore. S. V. Ghate and J. P. Bagerhatta were elected as general secretaries of the party. Azad Sobhani was unanimously elected as party vice president for a one-year term.<ref name=lib/> Singaravelu was named party president.<ref name=lib/> His Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan dissolved into the Communist Party of India.<ref name=lib/><ref name=mvskr>M.V. S. Koteswara Rao. ''Communist Parties and United Front – Experience in Kerala and West Bengal''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 92-93</ref>

Satyabhakta (Kanpur), Muzaffar Ahmad (Calcutta), S. D. Hassan (Lahore) and Krishnaswamy Ayyangar (Madras) were named secretaries of the party, and placed in charge of the work of the party in their respective provinces until provincial committees could be established.<ref name=lib/> The meeting resolved to set up the party headquarters in Bombay during the course of 1926, and it was decided that S. V. Ghate was to receive 60 rupees monthly to run the office.<ref name=lib/>

==From Kanpur Conference to Meerut Case==
During 1926–1929 (i.e. until the [[Meerut Conspiracy Case]] arrests) the CEC played a key role in building the [[Workers and Peasants Party (India)|Workers and Peasants Party]] and trade unions.<ref name=lib/> The CEC met irregularly under clandestine conditions during these years.<ref name=lib/><ref name="Gupta2009"/>

Following the Kanpur conference J. P. Bagerhatta wrote a report to Roy. With some reluctance Roy responded that the CEC elected in Kanpur could serve as an entity to continue the work of party-building, if it respected five conditions,
*"the Communist Party of India in the process of formation" must immediately seek formal affiliation to the Communist International. Essential to this formal affiliation would be an unequivocal rejection of anti-Comintern statements of Satyabhakta, Hasrat Mohani and Signaravelu.
*that the party must operate underground
*the party must form a United Front with the nationalist movement, per the programme that Roy had presented to the Gaya session of the Indian National Congress.
*that Roy's émigré organization be recognized as the Foreign Bureau of the party, and that this Bureau would serve as the ideological centre of the party and as the liaison with the international communist movement.
*the party should set-up a book shop and distribute Roy's organ ''Masses'' within India.
<ref name=lib/>

The CEC complied to some extent to the instructions of Roy. His organ ''Masses'' was distributed by the party inside India. Roy's organization, now based in Moscow, was recognized as the Foreign Bureau and ideological centre of the party, but the recognition was conditioned that Roy's organization would have to conform to the programme and decisions of the party. The CEC intended to form a United Front, but did not follow Roy's United Front programme. The party did not formally affiliate itself with the Communist International, it did not purge its leadership of anti-Comintern elements and the party would not fully abandon ambitions to build a legal communist party.<ref name=lib/>

The Central Executive Committee would be based in Kanpur after the 1925 conference. In late 1926 the party headquarters was moved to Bombay.<ref name="Talwar1985"/> The first party constitution was published in late 1926.<ref name="Talwar1985"/>

Satyabhakta resigned from the party in February 1926.<ref name=lib/> After breaking away Satyabhakta would lead his own party, baptised as the 'National Communist Party'.<ref name=lib/>

As of early 1927 the CPI Presidium consisted of Muzffar Ahmad (Calcutta), J. P. Bagerhatta (Rewari), Krishnaswamy Ayyangar (Madras), G .R. Darveshi (Lahore) and S. A. Dange (Bombay). S. V. Ghate and S. H. Mistry, both from Bombay, served as party general secretaries (with Mistry also holding the role of party treasurer). The CPI Executive consisted of Hasrat Mohani (Kanpur), Singaravelu (Madras), [[Saumyendranath Tagore|S. N. Tagore]] (Calcutta), M. A. Aajid (Lahore), R. S. Nimbkar (Bombay), H. A. Halim (Lahore) and K. N. Joglekar (Bombay). At the time the non-official party press organs were ''Ganavani'' (Calcutta), ''Kranti'' (Bombay) and ''Mehnatkash'' (Lahore).<ref name=lib/> By mid-1927 J.P. Bagerhatta resigned from the party, as he had learned that the other party leaders had understood his role as a police infiltrator.<ref name=lib/>

The CPI was not accepted as a section of the Communist International as the latter deemed the party as too small to qualify for membership. However at the [[6th World Congress of the Communist International]] held in 1928 two CPI members were elected as alternate members of the [[Executive Committee of the Communist International]].<ref name="Talwar1985"/>

[[File:Meerut prisoners outside the jail.jpg|thumb|Portrait of 25 of the [[Meerut]] Prisoners taken outside the jail. Back row (left to right): K. N. Sehgal, [[Sohan Singh Josh|S. S. Josh]], [[Lester Hutchinson|H. L. Hutchinson]], [[Shaukat Usmani]], [[Benjamin Francis Bradley|B. F. Bradley]], A. Prasad, [[Philip Spratt|P. Spratt]], [[G. Adhikari]]. Middle Row: [[Radharaman Mitra]], Gopen Chakravarti, Kishori Lal Ghosh, L. R. Kadam, D. R. Thengdi, Goura Shanker, S. Bannerjee, [[K.N. Joglekar]], [[P. C. Joshi]], [[Muzaffar Ahmed (politician)|Muzaffar Ahmed]]. Front Row: M. G. Desai, D. Goswami, R.S. Nimbkar, [[S.S. Mirajkar]], [[S.A. Dange]], [[Sachchidanand Vishnu Ghate|S.V. Ghate]], Gopal Basak.]]On 20 March 1929 a wave of arrests of Communist Party leaders took place, as the Meerut Conspiracy Case was launched against 31 prominent communists.<ref name=cent>''People's Democracy''. ''[https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2019/1013_pd/centenary-glorious-struggles-and-contributions A Centenary of Glorious Struggles and Contributions]''</ref>

CPI was formally affiliated to the Communist International in 1930.<ref name="Talwar1985"/><ref name="Gupta2009"/> When the leaders jailed in the Meerut Conspiracy Case had completed their sentences, the CPI could establish a functional all-India party centre by 1934.<ref name=cent/>

==Foundation date controversy and the 1964 split==
Prior to the 1964 split, different estimates of the CPI foundation date had existed within the party. In 1959 the [[Communist Party of Indonesia]] requested clarification from its Indian counterpart about its foundation date. The CPI Central Secretariat in its meeting 18 August 1959 resolved that the party had been founded in 1925.<ref name=mainweek/> On 20 August 1959 [[B.T. Ranadive]] sent a letter to ''[[Review of Indonesia]]'' on behalf of the CPI Central Secretariat, which outlined that "[t]he Communist Party of India was founded in the month of December in the year 1925. Even before that, there were individual Communists and Communist groups working in different parts in the country. But it was in December 1925 at a meeting of representatives of various groups in the country held at Kanpur that the Communist Party of India was formed."<ref name=mainweek/>

At the time the 1959 CPI leadership argued that the party founded in Tashkent had no link with communists inside India, nor with the labour or peasants movement, nor with the movement for national liberation inside the country. Moreover it was argued that the Tashkent group lacked recognition by the Communist International, and had no party programme or constitution.<ref name="Talwar1985">{{cite book|author=Sada Nand Talwar|title=Under the Banyan Tree: The Communist Movement in India, 1920–1964|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GW0cAAAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Allied Publishers|page=28-34|isbn=9788170230052 }}</ref> Talwar (1985) interprets the 1959 decision by the CPI party leadership as a move to discredit Roy (who was expelled from the communist movement as a 'renegade') from having any role in the foundation of the party.<ref name="Talwar1985"/>

However in 1960 the CPI West Bengal State Council Bengal resolved to organize a 40th party founding anniversary celebration in 1961 (referring to 1920 as the foundation date of the party). [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad|E.M.S. Namboodiripad]], then the acting general secretary, wrote to the West Bengal State Council asking it to respect the decision of the CPI National Council on the matter, and that the issue would be dealt with in a later meeting.<ref name=mainweek/>

The Central Secretariat of CPI issued a statement on 5 June 1963, under the heading 'Foundation Day of Communist Party of India', affirming that the party was founded in Kanpur in 1925 whilst the CPI had treated the 'Tashkent Group' as a Foreign Bureau of the party.<ref name=mainweek>''Mainstream Weekly''. ''[https://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article9916.html Foundation of the Communist Party of India (CPI) in 1925: product of genuine national and working class movements]''</ref>

One the Kanpur conference participants, Muzaffar Ahmad, would side with CPI(M) in the 1964 split. Five years after the split his autobiographical work ''Myself and the CPI'' was published. In this book Ahmad affirms that the 1920 Tashkent conference should be considered as the foundation of the CPI, per the linkage with the Communist International. He describes the Kanpur conference as a '[[Tamasha#Etymology|tamasha]]', and argued that the Communist International did not recognize the meeting.<ref name=lib>Arindam Sen, Partha Ghosh. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HCnHXwAACAAJ Communist Movement in India: Historical Perspective and Important Documents. 1917–39 : (From Bolshevik Revolution to World War II—formative years of the CPI (1917–39)), Volume 1]''. Samkalin Prakashan, 1991</ref> Rafiq Ahmed, a muhajir that had gone to Tashkent, supported the claim that CPI was founded in 1920.<ref name="Gupta2009"/> Evelyn Roy, quoted by Jane Degras, also argued CPI was founded in October 1920.<ref name="Gupta2009"/>


Talwar (1985) affirms that the Communist International recognized the Tashkent group and entrusted Roy and his group with the task of building the Communist Party in India, but that the groups inside India that Roy organized were small, lacked financial resources and lacked ideological maturity.<ref name="Talwar1985"/> Muzaffar Ahmed would later argue that by 1921 the communists in India had only superficial understanding of Marxism.<ref name="Talwar1985"/> During this period Roy worked hard to gather different heterogenous left-wing groups into a single party, but building effective communication lines was a difficult task.<ref name="Talwar1985"/> Dange would later deny that the Tashkent party had been recognized by the Communist International.<ref name=lib/>

[[Mohit Sen]] (1970), who had sided with CPI in the 1964 split, stated that "[t]here is some dispute as to whether the foundation date of the party should be taken as October 1920 in Tashkent or as June 1925 in Kanpur. Examination of evidence would however lead one to the conclusion that while the CPI set up at Tashkent was recognised by the Third International, it did not have any branches in India nor did the delegates assembled there come with any mandate from any communist groups in India. Nor is it correct to state that it was the delegates from the Tashkent conference who came back to India and got the CPI going. It is true that the Comintern and in particular M. N. Roy played an important role in ideologically and politically guiding and aiding the communist groups in India. But the coming together of these groups was also due to the strenuous efforts of communists within the country, particularly those working in Calcutta, Bombay, Lahore and Madras. These groups had quite some years of work behind them, both in the field of trade-union organisation and also in the national movement itself."<ref name="Sen1970">{{cite book|author=Mohit Sen|title=The Indian Revolution: Review and Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vYZDAAAAYAAJ|year=1970|publisher=People's Publishing House|authorlink=Mohit Sen|page=23}}</ref> Along similar lines Ghosh and Sen (1991) stated that "the group formed in Tashkent-Moscow during 1920–21 was still-born. Hastily formed without any ground-work, it had no constitution or programme. In fact it was a handiwork of Roy to secure himself a berth in the Communist International (CI). What is most important, the émigré revolutionaries had no roots in the masses of India and their subjective creation was never internalised in the society it sought to transform. So in no sense can the Tashkent formation be regarded as the formation of CPI."<ref name=lib/> [[Gangadhar Adhikari]] argued that the formation of the émigré CPI in Tashkent was the initiative of the muhahijrs and other revolutionaries in exile like the Abdul Rab-Acharya group. Per Adhikari neither Roy nor the Communist International promoted the October 1920 Tashkent meeting, but that Roy reluctantly attended it.<ref name=mainweek/>

CPI(M) general secretary [[Harkishan Singh Surjeet]] stated in 1993 that "[t]he CPI takes the position that it was formed in Kanpur in December 1925 whereas our Party [CPI(M)] has stated that it was formed in October 1920 in Tashkent. The fact to be noted here is that neither the Party formed in Tashkent nor in Kanpur had a full-fledged programme. It was only in 1930 that a full-fledged programme of the Communist Party of India under the title Platform of Action was announced and in reality it was only after the release of Meerut conspiracy case prisoners that a real centralised party came into existence in December 1933".<ref name="Surjeet1993">{{cite book|author=Harkishan Singh Surjeet|title=An Outline History of the Communist Movement in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=baDaAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher=National Book Centre|authorlink=Harkishan Singh Surjeet|page=28}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Communism in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Communist Party of India]]
[[Category:1920 in Russia]]
[[Category:1925 in India]]
[[Category:20th century in Tashkent]]
[[Category:History of Kanpur]]
{{Communist Party of India}}

Mukesh Modi

2026-03-31T03:27:36Z

Ieagle123: stub.

{{short description|Indian filmmaker }}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mukesh Modi
|image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Hicksville, New York|Hicksville]], New York City, United States
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|screenwriter|film producer}}
| birth_name =
| other_name =
| years_active = 2021–present
| spouse =
}}

'''Mukesh Modi''' is an Indian film director, writer and producer who works in India's Bollywood and Hollywood films industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/mukesh-modi-hollywood-filmmaker-on-adipurushs-failure-dharam-se-chedchad-karenge-toh-exclusive-6161384/|title=Mukesh Modi, Hollywood Filmmaker On Adipurush's Failure: 'Dharam Se Chedchad Karenge Toh…' -EXCLUSIVE|website=India.Com|language=en|access-date=2024-04-16}}</ref> He made his directorial, producer-writer debut with The Elevator (2021), An English-Language family drama film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theindianeye.com/2021/05/13/mukesh-modi-brings-to-screen-the-elevator-an-acclaimed-family-drama/|title=Mukesh Modi brings to screen "The Elevator," an Acclaimed Family Drama|website=The Indian Eye|language=en|access-date=2024-04-16}}</ref> He has also produced Mission Kashi (TV Series) (2022), [[Political War (film)|Political War]] (2024) in Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/filmmaker-mukesh-modi-continues-to-bring-a-change-with-power-packed-and-meaningful-cinema-2735945.html|title=Filmmaker Mukesh Modi continues to bring a change with power-packed and meaningful cinema|website=Zee News|language=en|access-date=2024-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/mukesh-modi/filmography/|title=Mukesh Modi-Filmography-Bollywood Hungama|website=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=2024-04-16}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===As director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 2021 || ''The Elevator'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-elevator-movie-mukesh-modi/id1514994567?i=1000542063391|title=The Elevator Movie – Mukesh Modi|language=en|access-date=2024-04-16}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Political War (film)|Political War]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-08 |title=Mukesh Modi Appeals To PM Modi As CBFC Denies Certificate For Political War|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/mukesh-modi-appeals-to-pm-modi-as-cbfc-denies-censor-certificate-for-political-war-article-106644132 |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=Times Now News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===As writer===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
|-
| 2021 || ''The Elevator''
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Political War (film)|Political War]]''
|}

===As producer===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Notes & ref.
|-
| 2021 ||''The Elevator''||
|-
| 2022 ||''Mission Kashi''|| (TV Series)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-26 |title=Indian American Filmmaker Mukesh Modi brings his Hollywood OTT platform "Indie Films World" to India with the launch of his web series "Mission Kashi"|url=https://www.zee5.com/articles/indian-american-filmmaker-mukesh-modi-brings-his-hollywood-ott-platform-indie-films-world-to-india-with-the-launch-of-his-web-series-mission-kashi |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=Zee5 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 ||''[[Political War (film)|Political War]]''||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-09 |title=CBFC withholds certification for Mukesh Modi's 'Political War'; filmmaker appeals to Prime Minister Narendra Modi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/cbfc-withholds-certification-for-mukesh-modis-political-war-filmmaker-appeals-to-prime-minister-narendra-modi/articleshow/106650296.cms|access-date=2024-04-16 |website=The Times Of India |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|11866420}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Modi, Mukesh}}
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

5th Portuguese India Armada (Albuquerque, 1503)

2026-03-29T17:15:29Z

Ieagle123: added a article w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Naval voyage}}
The '''Fifth [[Portuguese India Armadas|India Armada]]''' was assembled in 1503 on the order of King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] and placed under the command of [[Afonso de Albuquerque]]. It was Albuquerque's first trip to India. It was not a particularly successful armada - navigational mistakes scattered the fleet on the outward journey. Ships spent much time looking for each other and several ended up travelling alone.

The vanguard arrived in India just in time to rescue Portuguese-allied ruler of [[Cochin]] from a land invasion by the [[Zamorin]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]. Anticipating a new invasion, the armada erected [[Fort Kochi|Fort Sant'Iago]] in Cochin, the first Portuguese fort in Asia (under the command of [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]], its first captain-general). It also established the third Portuguese factory in India at [[Quilon]].

One of the squadrons of the armada, under [[António de Saldanha]], missed the crossing to India, and ended up spending the year preying along the East African coast. Captains of this squadron made several significant discoveries - such as [[Table Bay]] ([[South Africa]]) and, more importantly, the strategic island of [[Socotra]] (near the [[Gulf of Aden]]). They also exacted tribute from [[Zanzibar]] and [[Barawa]].

== The Fleet ==

The 5th Armada was composed of nine (in some accounts ten) ships split up into three squadrons. The first squadron was led by Afonso de Albuquerque, the second by his cousin Francisco de Albuquerque and the third by [[António de Saldanha]].

The exact composition of the three squadrons differs in the various accounts. The following list of ships should not be regarded as authoritative, but a tentative list compiled from various conflicting accounts.

{| class="toccolours" style="border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding=5
|style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''First Squadron (A. Albuquerque)'''||style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''Second Squadron (F. Albuquerque)'''||style="border-bottom:3px solid; background:#efefef;"|'''Third Squadron (A. Saldanha)'''
|- valign = top
| 1. ''Sant'Iago'' ([[Afonso de Albuquerque]]) - 300t "[[Nau (ship)|''nau'']] || 4. ''Rainha'' (Francisco de Albuquerque) || 7. ([[António de Saldanha]]).
|- valign = top
| 2. ''Espírito Santo'' ([[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]]) - 350t ''nau'' || 5. ''Faial'' ([[Nicolau Coelho]]) || 8.(Rui Lourenço Ravasco)
|-valign = top
| 3. ''São Cristóvão'' (Fernão Martins de Almada) - 150t|| 6. (Pedro Vaz da Veiga) || 9. ([[Diogo Fernandes Pereira]])
|-
| 3a. ''Catharina Dias'' (uncertain) - 100t
|}

[Almost all Portuguese chronicles suggest that the first squadron was composed only of three ships. However, the account of Italian passenger Giovanni da Empoli, the only eyewitness account of this armada, claims there were four and gives their names and tonnages as listed above.<ref>G. da Empoli (as trans. in 1812: [https://books.google.com/books?id=eCsOAAAAYAAJ&dq=editions%3ALCCN05004414&pg=PA217-IA6 p.217]). See also Quintella (1849: [https://books.google.com/books?id=Gx9-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA273 273])</ref> The list of captains is principally based on [[João de Barros]]'s ''Décadas'',<ref>Barros, (Dec. 1, Lib.7, [https://books.google.com/books?id=BJ42AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA86 p.86 ])</ref> [[Damião de Gois]]'s ''Chronica'',<ref>Gois, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0vTmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA100 p.100]</ref> [[Fernão Lopes de Castanheda|Castanheda]]'s ''História'',<ref>Castanheda, [https://books.google.com/books?id=OzQbAAAAYAAJ&dq=inauthor%3A%22Fern%20o%20Lopes%20de%20Castanheda%22&pg=PA157 p.157]</ref> [[Manuel de Faria e Sousa|Faria e Sousa]]'s ''Asia''<ref>Faria e Sousa, 1666, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WHo25-BfGO0C&pg=PA58-IA1 p.58]</ref> and Quintella's ''Annaes da Marinha''.<ref>Quintella, 1839: [https://books.google.com/books?id=Gx9-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA273 p.273]</ref> The ''Relação das Naus da Índia'' swaps around Fernão Martins de Almada and Pedro Vaz da Veiga<ref>''Relação'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=7pTrH3zmhj8C&dq=Rela%20%20o%20das%20N%20os&pg=PA14 p.14]. This is corrected in the gloss. The ''Relação''{{'s}} gloss is also the only source (other than Empoli's) that supplies some of the ship names, which it gives as 1. Albuquerque on the ''Sant'Iago'', 2. Duarte Pacheco on the ''Conceição'' (not ''Espírito Santo'', as Empoli asserts) and 3. Almada on the ''São Cristóvão'' in the first squadron. There is no mention of Empoli's ''Catharina Dias''. It also asserts F. de Albuquerque was on ''Rainha'' and Coelho on ''Faial'' in the second squadron.</ref> The chronicle of [[Gaspar Correia]] places nephew Vicente Albuquerque (son of Francisco?) in command of one of the naus of the first squadron, shunting Almada to the second squadron, in place of Vaz da Veiga (who is omitted).<ref>Correia, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YmVKAAAAYAAJ&dq=editions%3ALCCN05022145&pg=PA374 p.374]. Confusingly, Correia (p.288) originally assigns Rui Lourenço Ravasco & Diogo Fernandes Pereira to the third squadron of the [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|4th Armada]] of 1502, commanded by [[Estêvão da Gama (c.1470)|Estêvão da Gama]], but later on assigns them also the Saldanha's squadron in this armada (p.412-13)</ref>]

[[File:Albuquerque armada of 1503 (Livro das Armadas).jpg|thumb|220px|right|Depiction of the 5th India Armada (Albuquerque, 1503), from the ''Memória das Armadas'']]
[[Afonso de Albuquerque]] and his cousin Francisco de Albuquerque were knights of the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Order of Saint James of the Sword|Order of Sant'Iago]], [[Nicolau Coelho]] is the old veteran captain of the India expeditions of the [[1st Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1497)|1st Armada (Gama, 1497)]] and [[2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)|2nd Armada (Cabral, 1500)]]. This is his third known trip. It may also be the second trip of [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]], as he may have travelled as a passenger/man-at-arms on the 2nd Armada.

It is known that at least one of the ships was privately outfitted by the [[Bartolomeo Marchionni|Marchionni]] consortium. The Florentine Giovanni da Empoli (João de Empoli), who would later write an account of the voyage, was a private [[Factor (agent)|factor]] of the Marchionni house and was aboard their ship (Empoli doesn't actually reveal which one, although, deducing from his account, it was probably Fernão Martins de Almada's ''São Cristóvão''). The fourth ship of the first squadron, which Empoli identifies as the ''Catharina Dias'', was probably also privately outfitted (probably a nickname; Catarina Dias de Aguiar was a wealthy Lisbon merchant woman who had outfitted India ships before, and was probably responsible for this one; the captain of this ship is unknown). It is curious that Empoli is the only writer who mentions the ''Catharina Dias'', none of the later Portuguese chroniclers were aware of its existence.

[[António de Saldanha]] was a [[Crown of Castile|Castilian]] nobleman in Portuguese service, [[Diogo Fernandes Pereira]] an experienced sailing [[Master (naval)|master]], probably commanding a ship outfitted by the merchant community of [[Setúbal]].

== The mission ==

The [[2nd Portuguese India Armada (Cabral, 1500)|2nd India Armada]] (1500) under [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] had opened hostilities between the [[Kingdom of Portugal]] and the [[Zamorin]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] (''Calecute'', Kozhikode), the dominant maritime power on the [[Malabar Coast]] of India. News of the war had arrived in Lisbon too late to affect the [[3rd Portuguese India Armada (Nova, 1501)|3rd Armada]] (1501), but the [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|4th Armada]] (under [[Vasco da Gama]] in 1502) had been dispatched with more purpose. Gama terrorized the coast, bombarded Calicut and organized a naval blockade of the city, hoping by these means to bring the Zamorin to terms. But the Zamorin refused to yield. Instead, he hired an Arab privateer fleet to break the Portuguese blockade. Although the Calicut-Arab fleet was destroyed by Gama in an encounter before Calicut harbor in late 1502, it was a close-run thing. The Zamorin's resilience and resourcefulness made it clear to Vasco da Gama that a show of force alone wasn't enough to reduce Calicut to obedience, that this was going to be a longer fight, which required more men and firepower than the 4th Armada had brought.

Another worrisome development was that two Italian passengers on Vasco da Gama's fleet had jumped ship in Cannanore and made their way to the court of the Zamorin in Calicut. Both were military engineers and probably secret agents of the [[Venetian Republic]]. Thus far, the greater range and firepower of the Portuguese naval artillery had rendered Indian cannon mute and allowed the Portuguese to dominate the coasts with impunity. But the Italians promised to help the Zamorin forge European cannon and close the technological gap. The Portuguese presence in India was on borrowed time.

So after formally renewing treaties with his regional allies, [[Cochin]] (''Cochim'', Kochi) and [[Kannur|Cannanore]] (''Canonor'', Kannur), Gama's 4th Armada left India, intent on requesting a stronger fleet from Lisbon, with enough men and arms to, if not reduce Calicut, at least set up a strong Portuguese position in the allied cities. Gama left behind a small armed naval patrol of six or so caravels under his uncle [[Vicente Sodré]], with strict instructions to harass [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] shipping and, above all, protect the allied cities from Calicut's revenge.

[[File:Afonso de Albuquerque (Sloane).jpg|thumb|180px|right|[[Afonso de Albuquerque]]]]
Gama's 4th Armada arrived in Lisbon in the late summer of 1503, too late to affect the outfitting of the 5th Armada, which had departed that April. So the 5th Armada of [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] was assembled and organized without any news of the results of Gama's expedition.

It is uncertain exactly what instructions were given to the 5th Armada. The chroniclers report that Albuquerque was given instructions to construct a fort in Cochin, and that one squadron (Saldanha's) was given instructions to remain in Africa, patrolling the mouth of the Red Sea and harassing Arab shipping. But that conclusion was reached with the benefit of hindsight. It is not obvious that those were the original instructions or intent. Certainly the 5th Armada carried materials for the construction of some sort of timber fortress in India, although that could very well be for Calicut (should Gama's mission have succeeded). Secondly, Saldanha's patrol seems more accidental than purposeful - having missed the summer winds for an ocean crossing, there was little else for them to do.

The armada was certainly not a massive or well-armed expedition - only nine ships. If three were indeed designated to remain in Africa, that would leave only six ships (one or two of which were privately outfitted) to handle what was by then an out-and-out war on the Indian coasts. Compared to Gama's 4th Armada (20 well-armed ships), it doesn't seem that the 5th Armada expected to encounter much trouble or do much fighting in the Indian Ocean.

One possible conclusion is that the 5th Armada of 1503 was expected to be a rather uneventful commercial India run - that as Gama 4th Armada was supposed to have pacified India, there was little to do other than deliver building materials, load up with spices and return home, at best leaving behind a couple of ships to bolster the Indian Ocean coastal patrol.

== The outward voyage ==

April 6, 1503 - The first squadron of the 5th Armada, three (or four) ships under [[Afonso de Albuquerque]], departed [[Lisbon]]. (Chronicler [[Diogo do Couto]] places it in mid-March<ref>Diogo do Couto "De todas as Armadas que os Reys de Portugal mandáram à Índia, até que El-Rey D. Filippe succedeo nestes Reynos", de 1497 a 1581", in J. de Barros and D. de Couto, ''Décadas da Ásia'', vol. 20, p.119</ref>)

April 14, 1503 - The second squadron of the 5th Armada, three ships under Francisco de Albuquerque, departed Lisbon. (Couto places it in early April)

Early May, 1503 - The third squadron of the 5th Armada, three ships under [[António de Saldanha]], Rui Lourenço Ravasco and [[Diogo Fernandes Pereira]]), departed Lisbon. (Couto places it in mid-April)

[[File:Ascension Island Location.jpg|thumb|180px|right|Location of [[Ascension Island]]]]
May 1503 - After making a stop at [[Cape Verde]], the first squadron of Afonso de Albuquerque struck out into the south Atlantic, following the [[South Atlantic Gyre]]. Along the way, Albuquerque came across [[Ascension Island]]. Although the island had already been discovered back in 1501 by the [[3rd Portuguese India Armada (Nova, 1501)|Third Armada]] of [[João da Nova]] (and named ''ilha da Conceição'' then), Albuquerque renamed it ''ilha da Ascensão'' on account of it being [[Ascension of Jesus|Ascension Day]] (May 21), the name that has since stuck. Strong south-westerly winds pushed them towards the coast of [[Brazil]], where Albuquerque made a brief stop to take on water (exactly where is uncertain), before making his push across the [[Atlantic Ocean]] towards the [[Cape of Good Hope|Cape]].<ref>According to Giovanni da Empoli (p. 220; Quintella, 1839: p.274); it is worth noting this is the fourth recorded landing by a Portuguese ship in Brazil, since Cabral's discovery in 1500, and the Lemos-Vescuppi and Coelho-Vespucci expeditions of 1502 and 1503 respectively. Other chronicles do not mention the 5th Armada making a Brazil stop.</ref>

May/June 1503 - In the meantime, the Third Squadron was a pilotage disaster. Caught by a storm off [[Cape Verde]], two of the ships, those of [[António de Saldanha]] and Rui Lourenço Ravasco, were caught by the [[Equatorial Counter Current|equatorial counter-current]] and sailed by mistake into the [[Gulf of Guinea]]. They ended up at [[São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé]] island, with no idea where their third ship (that of [[Diogo Fernandes Pereira]]) might have been.<ref>Osório p.255</ref> (The story of their subsequent misadventures will be told separately below).

June/July 1503 - The second squadron of Francisco de Albuquerque, apparently having had a generally less troubled trip than the others, was the first to round the [[Cape of Good Hope]] - albeit losing one ship, that of Pedro Vaz da Veiga, in the process. Francisco Albuquerque's squadron seems to have been the first of the three squadrons to arrive on the East African coast ([[Malindi]]).

August, 1503 - Afonso de Albuquerque's first squadron rounded the [[Cape of Good Hope]], tossed by terrible storms. According to Empoli (p. 222), the ''Catharina Dias'' was sunk, and the remainder were separated. The ship Empoli was on (probably d'Almada's) was forced to stop in the ''Angra de São Brás'' ([[Mossel Bay]]) for repairs and resupply. Empoli's ship would go on to make a stop in [[Sofala]], before heading on to [[Malindi]], the prearranged rendezvous point, to await Albuquerque. However, the [[monsoon]] season was sufficiently advanced, that Empoli's ship would be forced to make the Indian Ocean crossing without the captain-major.

The chaotic, scattered manner in which the squadrons had rounded the cape, had created great delays in the armada. It seems they arrived in [[Malindi]], the launching point for the [[Indian Ocean]] crossing, quite late in the summer. They could not wait long for the others, for fear of missing the summer southwesterly monsoon winds to take them across to India - a delay which could add as much as an extra year to their journey (see [[Portuguese India Armadas]]). So the Indian Ocean crossing of the 5th Armada was to be done in separate waves.

The second squadron, the ships of Francisco de Albuquerque and Nicolau Coelho, were the first to cross the Indian Ocean in August 1503. They were followed soon after by the solitary ship of Duarte Pacheco Perreira (of the first squadron), followed soon after by d'Almada's ''São Cristóvão'' (on which Empoli probably is) and, a couple of weeks later, by the captain-major Afonso de Albuquerque himself. All three ships of the third squadron (Antonio de Saldanha, Rui Lourenço Ravasco and Diogo Fernandes Pereira) would miss that year's summer monsoon and would only cross the Indian Ocean the next year (1504).

== Albuquerque in India ==

=== The First Siege of Cochin ===
{{See also|Battle of Cochin (1504)}}
The [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|4th Armada]] of [[Vasco da Gama]] had left India in the early months of 1503 with little resolved. Despite terror, bombardment and blockade, [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] remained defiant, and the two fledgling Portuguese factories in allied cities - one in [[Cochin]], the other in [[Kannur|Cannanore]] - were vulnerable to her revenge. And revenge was not long in coming.

In March, 1503, as soon as Gama's fleet had gone, the [[Zamorin]] of Calicut led a powerful army of some 50,000 armed troops overland against [[Cochin]]. Cochin was notionally a vassal of Calicut. More precisely, at least according to some authors, Cochin was a junior family appanage of the mainland kingdom of [[Edapalli]] (''Repelim''); the Trimumphara Raja of Cochin was not a ruler in his own right, but a prince, somewhere down the line (probably second heir) to the ruling throne of Edapalli.<ref>See Dames (1918: p.86n).</ref> It seems the Portuguese had come at a moment when the Trimumpara Raja was in midst of a quarrel with the elder members of his family. Edapalli had, indeed, been a long-time vassal of the Zamorin of Calicut and owed him some sort of obedience. The Zamorin certainly seemed to avail himself of that same family quarrel to secure Edapalli's cooperation in reducing the rebel prince of Cochin.

The Zamorin seemed to have no trouble marching his massive army across that territory, and it was from Edapalli that Zamorin dispatched a message to the Trimumpara Raja of Cochin, ordering him to hand over the Portuguese traders in the city. When this request was refused, the Zamorin ordered an assault on the city.

The small Cochinese army stood little chance against Calicut's much larger army (probably bolstered by auxiliaries supplied by Edapalli). Nonetheless, Trimumpara's son, Narayan, is said to have rallied the Cochinese and valiantly held his position on the [[Vembanad Lake|Vembanad]] shores, repelling two massive assaults, before being finally overwhelmed by sheer weight of numbers. Narayan's brave stand gave his father and his Portuguese guests (the factor Diogo Fernandes Correia and a handful of assistants) enough time to evacuate Cochin city and flee across the outlet to [[Vypin]] island with the core of the [[Nair]] guard.

Vypin's position at the mouth of the Vembanad lagoon, with its natural defenses, proved a daunting prospect for the besiegers. But weather also played its part - the worsening Spring monsoon winds and heavy rains severely complicated the operations of the besieging Calicut army. The launching of assault boats against Vypin was almost impossible in these conditions. Frustrated, the Zamorin ordered his army to lift the siege - but not before burning down Cochin city to the ground, and vowing to come back in August, after the weather improved.

Throughout this siege, the Portuguese coastal patrol under [[Vicente Sodré]] had been absent. Ignoring the instructions he had been given by Vasco da Gama, Sodré had decided to sail out to the [[Gulf of Aden]] in the Spring of 1503, to prey on Arab shipping coming out of the [[Red Sea]], hoping thereby to reap a little bundle of plunder for himself. Alas, seasonal winds had trapped the fleet there. In April, 1503, two of the ships - those of Vicente Sodré and his brother Brás Sodré - fell prey to a tempest and sunk by the [[Kuria Muria]] islands (off the coast of [[Oman]]). The four remaining storm-battered patrol ships, now under the command of [[Pêro de Ataíde]], decided to return to India. But battered by storms, they had to inch their way painfully against contrary winds. They only managed to get as far as [[Anjadip Island|Angediva]] (Anjadip) island, before being forced to stop for repair (soon joined by a fifth ship, that of António do Campo, which had been separated from the [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|4th Armada]] back in 1502).<ref>Correia (p.371-72) suggests the patrol under [[Pêro de Ataíde]] made it as far south as Cannanore, but were persuaded by the Kolathiri Raja from trying to lift the Zamorin's siege of Cochin. Ataíde's own letter from February, 1504 is unclear on the matter.</ref>

It was at Angediva (or Cannanore, according to Correia<ref>Correia, p.372</ref>) that the crippled patrol was finally found by the vanguard of the 5th Armada in August 1503 - that is, Francisco de Albuquerque and [[Nicolau Coelho]]. Finishing repairs, Albuquerque placed the patrol caravels under his command and set sail south towards [[Kannur|Cannanore]]. Along the way, they were caught up by the ship of [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]] (of the first squadron of the 5th Armada, who had undertaken a solo crossing of the Ocean - the captain-major [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] probably decided to remain behind in Malindi as long as possible, to see if Saldanha's third squadron showed up).

By this time, as promised, the Zamorin of Calicut had reassembled his army and resumed the siege of Cochin (or rather Vypin island, Cochin itself being a smoldering ruins). Receiving the alarming news at Cannanore, Francisco de Albuquerque wasted no time and rushed his fleet of eight ships - the three of the 5th Armada, the four caravels of the old coastal patrol plus Campo - down to relieve Cochin.

Francisco de Albuquerque's makeshift squadron arrived at Cochin, to find the Trimumpara Raja and the Portuguese factor Diogo Fernandes Correia once again holed up in Vypin island, besieged by the armies of Calicut. Seeing the approaching fleet, the besieging army began to dissolve. Fearing Portuguese retribution, the auxiliary troops (of Edapalli, etc.) were probably the first to abandon the siege, leaving the Calicut army without local support. The Zamorin realized he had little choice but to lift the siege and withdraw his army back to [[Kozhikode|Calicut]].

=== Fort Sant'Iago in Cochin ===

August–September, 1503 - Cochin rescued, a conference was immediately called between the Portuguese commanders and the Trimumpara Raja to assess the situation. It is clear that the Zamorin had relied on the collaboration of the rulers of Edapalli, and other neighboring princelets, for the siege. So a punitive expedition of four caravels set out (under the commands of Nicolau Coelho, Duarte Pacheco Pereira, Pêro de Ataíde and António do Campo) to tour the [[Vembanad]] lagoon and pay a 'visit' to the collaborators. Notably, [[Edapalli]] (''Repelim'') and [[Kumbalam, Ernakulam|Kumbalam]] (''Cambalão'') were severely dealt with.

[[File:Map of Portuguese Cochin.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Portuguese map of district of Santa Cruz ([[Fort Kochi]]), showing location of Fort Manuel of [[Cochin]]. Orientation is eastwards, with [[Vembanad]] lake on top, and [[Arabian Sea]] at bottom. [[Vypin]] island is across the water on the left, [[Mattancherry]] across the ''Rio do Esteiro'' on the right. At the top of the Santa Cruz peninsula is visible the ''pezo da pimenta'' (pepper wharf)]]
The punitive expedition seems to have put an end to the Vembanad family quarrel and established the Trimumpara Raja as ruler in his own right over the lagoon. More precisely, senior members of his family were probably deposed and it is from this date that Trimumpara formally took the Edapalli throne for himself, thereby becoming recognized overlord throughout the [[Vembanad]] lagoon. However, unlike previous Edapalli kings, the Portuguese insisted that Trimumpara Raja remain based in Cochin city rather than move to Edapalli. Thus 1503 is commonly cited as the foundation year of the [[Kingdom of Cochin]].

In the meantime, Francisco de Albuquerque persuaded Trimumpara Raja to allow the Portuguese to erect and garrison a fortress in Cochin. The timber fortress was named [[Fort Kochi|Fort Sant'Iago]] by Afonso de Albuquerque, in honor of the knightly [[Order of Saint James of the Sword|Order of Santiago]] to which he belonged (it was also the name of his ship).<ref>[[João de Barros|Barros]] (vol. 2, p. 93), [[Manuel de Faria e Sousa|Faria e Sousa]] (1666: p. 58)</ref> It was erected in a part of Cochinese peninsula, known to the Portuguese as ''Santa Cruz'' (or ''Cochim-de-Baixo'', 'Lower Cochin', now known as [[Fort Kochi]]), just a little northwest of the old city of Cochin proper (''Cochim-de-Cima'', 'Upper Cochin', now [[Mattancherry]]) (the seat of Trimumpara Raja). Fort Sant'Iago was the first Portuguese fort in Asia. The timber would be replaced by stone in 1505 by [[Francisco de Almeida]] and renamed "Fort Manuel" (after the Portuguese king). The Portuguese were also given permission to erect what is arguably the first [[Roman Catholic]] church in Asia, ''São Bartolomeu'', within the fort in 1504 (later rebuilt in stone and rededicated several times, it currently stands as [[St. Francis Church, Kochi|St. Francis church]] in Kochi).

=== Brief Peace with Calicut ===

October, 1503 - Setting out from East Africa by himself, [[Afonso de Albuquerque]], captain-major of the 5th Armada, crossed the Indian Ocean and arrived in Cochin (just in the nick of time - as the [[monsoon]] was on the point of reversing.) Hearing of the events that had occurred in the past month, Afonso immediately assumed command from his cousin, Francisco, and oversaw the finalization of the construction of Fort Sant'Iago and the arrangements with the Trimumpara Raja of Cochin.

The new priority taken up by Afonso de Albuquerque was the preparation of the return fleet - that is, loading up spices. The siege of Cochin had disrupted the spice markets, and the Zamorin of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] had used his authority in the [[Kerala]] hinterlands to cut off the supply of pepper to the Portuguese-allied cities of Cochin and Cannanore. Nonetheless, attracted by profit, pepper ships from the [[Kerala backwaters]] continued arriving in Cochin.

It is at this point that peace feelers were sent through the backchannels between the Zamorin and the Portuguese captain Francisco de Albuquerque. Some Portuguese chroniclers<ref>Barros, 100; Correia, p.400</ref> assert it was initiated by the Zamorin, alarmed at the erection of the fort and frustrated by his apparent inability to shut down the pepper supply to Cochin. On the other hand, the chroniclers also report difficulties in finding enough spice supplies to load up the ships, and so Albuquerque may have opened up negotiations in an effort to have the pepper blockade relaxed so they could load up their ships and maybe even secure a modicum of peace for the Portuguese factories after the armada leaves. No matter who initiated it, the peace terms were soon agreed upon in mid-December 1503: the Zamorin is to deliver 1500 ''bahars'' of pepper<ref>Barros (p.100). A Cochin ''bahar'' is 3 [[quintal]]s (Whiteway, p.97), thus the payment is 4500 quintals. Correia (p.400) cites 4,000 quintals of pepper.</ref> as compensation for the Portuguese factory in Calicut, to expel the Arab merchants from Calicut (some say only shutting out the Arab merchants for the duration of the armada's stay<ref>Barros, p.100</ref>), to make peace with the Trimumpara Raja of Cochin and, most difficult for the Zamorin, to hand over the two Italian engineers who had been helping the Calicut army with cannon.

The first installment of the Zamorin's pepper payment was picked up at [[Cranganore]] by [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]] without a hitch. But when the Portuguese return to Cranganore to pick up the second installment, a skirmish broke out aboard the delivery ship between the Portuguese and the Zamorin's men. The truce broken, a state of war resumed and the pepper blockade was immediately reinstated.

[The Portuguese chroniclers blame the Zamorin for breaking the peace - that either he changed his mind (ultimately realized he didn't want to lose the Italian engineers) or was intending to break the peace all along, and just agreed to it in order to save Calicut from being bombarded once again by the Portuguese.<ref>Barros (p.100) is inclined to the former interpretation, Correia (p.400ff) to the latter.</ref> However, others blame the Portuguese, suggesting they only agreed to the peace so long as they needed the pepper supplies to load the ships, but wanted the state of war to resume soon after.<ref>Whiteway (p.97)</ref> Both hypotheses might be correct - that is, that both the Zamorin and Albuquerque entered the peace cynically, knowing fully well it was not likely to hold, but nonetheless found it useful enough to buy some time; the skirmish itself might have been unplanned, a simple misunderstanding, but neither side seemed to be in a hurry to rectify or restore the peace.]

=== Factory in Quilon ===

The resumption of the pepper blockade seems to have put a crimp in Albuquerque's preparations of the return fleet, much of it having still lacked spice cargoes. Albuquerque dispatched two ships down to [[Quilon]] (''Coulão'', Kollam), with the factor António de Sá, to see if more could be procured there - Quilon having been better connected to [[Ceylon]] and points east, its spice supply was not as dependent on the Zamorin's sway and had often invited the Portuguese before. But soon after their departure, Albuquerque heard that the Zamorin of Calicut was preparing a Calicut fleet of some 30 ships for Quilon. Afonso de Albuquerque left Cochin and hurried down to Quilon himself.

Albuquerque arrived in Quilon, and instructed the Portuguese factor to hurry his business along, and sought out an audience with the queen of Quilon.<ref>Barros (p.99), Correia (p.405). Curiously, Empoli (p.225), who was with the Quilon ships and witnessed the encounter, identifies the ruler as a king, not a queen. Empoli refers to the king "Nambiadora", almost certainly a variation of 'Naubeadarim' or 'Naubea Daring', names that can be frequently found in Portuguese chronicles to refer to the royal heirs in other Malabari kingdoms (e.g. Calicut, Cochin) and thus almost certainly a title. i.e. it is possible the 'king' Empoli met was just a royal prince, the queen of Quilon's heir, conducting business on her behalf.</ref> They were still docked when the Calicut fleet arrived, carrying an embassy from the Zamorin with the mission to persuade (or intimidate) Quilon to abandon the Portuguese. The queen of Quilon rejected the Zamorin's request, but also forbade Albuquerque from engaging in hostilities in the harbor. Albuquerque, realizing Quilon was the only spice supply he had access to, acceded to her request. Albuquerque resigned himself to negotiating a commercial treaty and establishing a permanent Portuguese [[Factory (trading post)|factory]] in Quilon (the third in India), placing it under factor António de Sá, with two assistants and twenty armed men to protect the factory.<ref>Barros, p.99</ref> That settled, Albuquerque returned to Cochin on January 12, 1504 to make final preparations for his departure.

== Saldanha in Africa ==

[[File:Coast of Western Cape (South Africa).jpg|thumb|240px|right|Headlands and bays around the [[Cape of Good Hope]], South Africa]]
Throughout much of this, the third squadron of the Fifth Armada were still fruitlessly looking for each other in Africa. [[Diogo Fernandes Pereira]] had long disappeared from sight somewhere after [[Cape Verde]], and had hurried on ahead by himself, while the other two ships, [[António de Saldanha]] and Rui Lourenço Ravasco, ended up by mistake at [[São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé]].

=== Table Bay ===

In the Summer of 1503, while the Albuquerques were doubling the Cape, the third squadron was probably still making is way painfully down the African coast, [[tacking (sailing)|tacking]] against contrary winds and currents. Somewhere along this process, Saldanha lost track of Ravasco as well.

Again, by poor piloting, Saldanha miscalculated his Cape crossing, and ended up making landfall just north of the [[Cape of Good Hope]]. To check if the cape had been surpassed, Saldanha anchored in the hitherto unknown [[Table Bay]], and went ashore. He is said to have climbed [[Table Mountain]] and observed [[Cape Point]] and the vast expanse of [[False Bay]] beneath it.<ref>Barros (v.2, p.105)</ref> Saldanha thus became the first European to set foot in what is to become modern [[Cape Town]].<ref>Theal (1902: 163)</ref> During this landing, there was an apparent skirmish with local [[Khoikhoi]], in which Saldanha got slightly wounded.

[[File:Cape_Town_and_Cape_of_Good_Hope.jpg|thumb|180px|right|[[Cape Town]]: [[Table Bay]] (left), [[Cape Point]] peninsula (right) and [[False Bay]] (behind)]] [Table Bay was promptly named ''Aguada de Saldanha'' (Saldanha's watering stop) by Portuguese [[cartographer]]s. However, in 1601, Dutch cartographer, [[Joris van Spilbergen]] mistakenly identified another bay, much further to the north (modern [[Saldanha Bay]]), as ''Aguada de Saldanha'' and hence a new name, 'Table Bay', was introduced for Saldanha's actual anchoring spot.<ref>Mary Gunn, L. e. Codd, L. E. W. Codd. ''Botanical Exploration of Southern Africa: An Illustrated History of Early Botanical Literature on the Cape Flora : Biographical Accounts of the Leading Plant Collectors and Their Activities in Southern Africa from the Days of the East India Company Until Modern Times.'' CRC Press, 1981. p5-7. {{ISBN|0-86961-129-1}}</ref>]

What happened from this point is a bit obscure. By one account, as chance would have it, the two other ships of the Third Squadron - Rui Lourenço Ravasco and [[Diogo Fernandes Pereira]] - may have found each other on the other side of the Cape, at another watering hole, the ''Agoada de São Brás'' ([[Mossel Bay]]). From here, they decided to proceed together to [[Mozambique Island]], the pre-arranged collection point for Portuguese ships, hoping to find Saldanha there. But Saldanha was, of course, behind them, still trying to get around the Cape. It is possible that at this point Rui Lourenço Ravasco decided to stay in [[Mozambique Island]] to wait for Saldanha, while Diogo Fernandes Pereira sailed north, presumably to [[Malindi]], to see if he could catch up with the Albuquerques.

However, this hypothesis rests almost fully on a report, from Albuquerque, that, on his return, he found a note (or notes?) at São Brás reporting that both Ravasco and the ''ship of Setubal'' (i.e. Fernandes) had been there. Whether it was one note (both together) or two separate notes (left separately) is unclear. Most authors (e.g. Theal (1902: 163)) assume Ravasco and Fernandes did ''not'' find each other at any point, that Diogo Fernandes Pereira had long given up any hope of reconnecting his own squadron, and just went along on his own.

=== Discovery of Socotra ===

A more curious hypothesis is proposed by chronicler [[Gaspar Correia]]<ref>Correia, Lib. 1, c.8, p.418</ref> - namely, that after crossing the Cape by himself, [[Diogo Fernandes Pereira]] did not turn into the [[Mozambique Channel]] at all, but rather pushed east, sailing under the island of [[Madagascar]], and then sailed north, up the east coast of Madagascar - thus making Diogo Fernandes Pereira the first known captain to sail the '[[Portuguese India Armadas#Timing|outer route]]' to the East Indies.

[[File:Socotra Archipelago MODIS.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Cape Guardafui]] and the island of [[Socotra]]]]
Although Correia's account is not corroborated by other chroniclers, it has an element of plausibility. We do not actually hear of Fernandes stopping at Mozambique Island (where he would have found Ravasco) or any other major African town. Rather, the next we hear of Fernandes is up near [[Cape Guardafui]], which strongly suggests that he did take the outer route as, sailing north by the outer route, would only have seen African coast again precisely around the [[Horn of Africa|horn]].

It was around Cape Gauardafui that, late in the year, Diogo Fernandes Pereira made another breakthrough - discovering the island of [[Socotra]], hitherto unknown to the Portuguese. With the monsoon already reversed, Fernandes anchored in and spent his winter on the island.

Socotra was, however, well-enough known to eastern merchants, having been the principal source of ''[[Aloe perryi|Socotra aloe]]'', a highly valued balm in the markets of Arabia and India. More interesting to Fernandes was its strategic location (optimal for a Red Sea patrol) and the existence of an isolated but strong Christian community on the island - [[Assyrian Church of the East|Syriac Christians]] (quasi-[[Nestorianism|Nestorians]]) to be precise. Fernandes's reports would be excitedly received back in Lisbon, and one squadron of the 8th Portuguese India Armada (Cunha) of 1506 would be given the mission of conquering it for [[Portugal]].

=== Extortion of Zanzibar, Barawa, Mombassa ===

[[File:Basic Map of East Africa, c.1500.png|thumb|350px| Principal cities of East Africa, c. 1500.]]
Of the other two, we know that in October, 1503, [[António de Saldanha]] was still stuck in [[South Africa]] - for he had left his own note at the watering hole in [[Mossel Bay]] (''São Brás'') with that date. Rui Lourenço Ravasco, in the meantime, had left [[Mozambique Island]] and moored his ship in [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]] (''Quiloa''), waiting for his captain. The summer monsoon winds were long gone by then, so there was no hope of an Indian Ocean crossing that year. The third squadron was stuck in Africa until the next summer. So they contented themselves with plucking prizes.

Rui Lourenço Ravasco quickly made a nuisance of himself. He grabbed a few ships off Kilwa, before being reminded that [[Vasco da Gama]] had already extorted 'tribute' from Kilwa and thus the city was protected. So Ravasco sailed up to [[Zanzibar]] to find some more prey. There he was challenged by the Zanzibari fleet, but Ravasco got the best of it and took a few more ships. In the aftermath, the sheikh of Zanzibar agreed to submit and pay a yearly "tribute" of 100 ''maticals'' (gold coins) to the King of Portugal.

Ravasco is said to have proceeded to Portuguese-allied [[Malindi]], to find it under siege by the army of [[Mombassa]]. Ravasco jumped into the fray and captured a fleet that had come from [[Barawa]] (''Brava'') to assist the Mombassans. Finding several leading nobles of Barawa aboard, he compelled their ransom and extorted an annual tribute from the Somali city.

By that time, Saldanha, who had been taking some prizes of his own, also reached Malindi, finally catching up with Ravasco. They proceeded together to attack [[Mombassa]] (''Mombaça''). Although they didn't reduce it to tribute, they nonetheless compelled the ruler of Mombassa to agree to withdraw his troops and make peace with the sultan of Malindi.

With much of the East African coast having paid them off, Saldanha and Ravasco ran out of targets, so they proceeded north to the [[Gulf of Aden]] to look for new prey. Although Diogo Fernandes Pereira was just nearby, quietly wintering in Socotra, they never came across him. Saldanha and Ravasco are said to have entertained themselves preying on Arab shipping coming in and out of the [[Red Sea]] up until the next summer.

In the early Spring of 1504, Diogo Fernandes set sail out of Socotra for India by himself, and is said to have arrived in [[Cochin]] during the [[Battle of Cochin (1504)|great battle]]. Saldanha and Ravasco started their crossing only in the summer of 1504, and did not get past [[Anjediva]], where they were found by the arriving [[6th Portuguese India Armada (Albergaria, 1504)|6th Armada]].

== Return voyage ==
[[File:Duarte Pacheco Pereira.jpg|thumb|140px|right|[[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]], first commander of Fort Sant'Iago of Cochin]]

Late January, 1504 - Arriving at Cochin from his sojourn in Quilon, Albuquerque made the final preparations. He placed [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]] in charge of Fort Sant'Iago of Cochin, with a garrison of some 150 armed men and two caravels, (one of which was the ''Garrida'' of Pêro Rafael) and one nau, the ''Concepção''.<ref>''Commentaries of Albuquerque'' (p.16). The gloss of the ''Relação das Naus da Índia'' claims that the ''Concepção'' was Duarte Pacheco's outward ship; but Empoli suggests Pacheco commanded the nau ''Espirito Santo'', and, at any rate, Gaspar Correia (p.409) claims Pêro de Ataíde took Pacheco's nau back to Lisbon. One possible hypothesis is that the ''Concepção'' might in fact have been the name of the ship (not given in the lists) of [[Diogo Fernandes Pereira]], the lost captain of the third squadron who had been wintering in [[Socotra]] (the fact that 'Diogo Fernandes Pereira' and 'Duarte Pacheco Pereira' have similar-looking names may have contributed to the confusion). In other words, Albuquerque never left behind a nau; what he left Duarte Pacheco was merely two caravels and the ''authority'' to exert command over whatever naus of the lost Third Squadron showed up in India after his departure (and Diogo Fernandes Pereira arrived from Socotra shortly after that with his nau ''Concepção''). Indeed, we ''know'' a 'Diogo Pereira' ''was'' in command of the ''Concepção'' during the [[Battle of Cochin (1504)|Battle of Cochin]] that follows, but it could just be someone with a similar name.</ref>

January 30, 1504 - Noting that his cousin Francisco de Albuquerque was still delayed loading up with spices at [[Kannur|Cannanore]], Afonso de Albuquerque decided to divide the fleet into two return squadrons. Afonso de Albuquerque set out with the first squadron for Portugal, which included the ships of Fernão Martins de Almada (probably carrying Giovanni da Empoli), [[Pêro de Ataíde]] (bringing back Duarte Pacheco's ship) and the ship of António do Campo (overhang from the 4th Armada). However Barros (p. 97) suggests António do Campo was sent out earlier, ahead of the others, to urgently report the situation to King Manuel (Campo would arrive in Lisbon in mid-July, 1504, too late to affect the outfitting of the [[6th Portuguese India Armada (Albergaria, 1504)|6th armada]]). Ataíde (in his February 1504 letter) mentions he set out together with Campo, and makes no mention of the other two. In light of this, it is probable that Campo and Ataíde set out together a few days or even weeks before Albuquerque and Almada.

On February 5, 1504, having finally finished loading up at Cannanore, the second return squadron of three ships departed India. This included the ships of Afonso's cousin Francisco de Albuquerque and great captain [[Nicolau Coelho]] (the old veteran of Gama's 1497 expedition and Cabral's 1500 armada). The third captain is uncertain (possibly Fernão Rodrigues Bardaças, one of the patrol captains?). They would never be heard from again. It is presumed that F. de Albuquerque and Nicolau Coelho were caught by bad currents in the [[Mozambique Channel]] and shipwrecked or sunk off the coast of South Africa. A rescue expedition would be launched in late 1505 (under Cide Barbubo & Pedro Quaresma) to search for them.

In February 1504, Afonso de Albuquerque's squadron made its first stop at [[Mozambique Island]]. But things had not gone well. On the Indian Ocean crossing, the ship of [[Pêro de Ataíde]] ''o Inferno'' seems to have sailed on ahead at too much speed and capsized on the East African coast, somewhere south of [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]]. Leaving behind the greater part of his shipwrecked crew on a nearby shore, Ataíde and a handful of men managed to make it to [[Mozambique Island]] on longboats, hoping to procure help for the remainder. But by the time he arrived, either Albuquerque had already gone or it was determined that Ataíde, having fallen deathly ill, could not be taken back to Lisbon. In either case, Ataíde remained in Mozambique, where he would die soon after. On his deathbed, Ataíde wrote his final testament, giving a full and exact account of his time in India, including the travails of [[Vicente Sodré]]'s Indian coastal patrol in 1503 (placing much of the blame for that debacle on the shoulders of Brás Sodré) and condemning the behavior of António do Campo (for refusing to help him and his shipwrecked crew in Mozambique.)

Reduced to two ships, Afonso de Albuquerque and Fernão Martins de Almada (Campo having gone on ahead by himself), set sail out of Mozambique for Lisbon. They were unaware of the tragic fate of the squad of Francisco de Albuquerque and Nicolau Coelho (and possibly unaware of Ataíde too). Almada's ship began to have trouble, and they were forced to make a stop at the watering hole of São Brás ([[Mossel Bay]])<ref>Empoli, p.227</ref> (there, Albuquerque found a message from [[António de Saldanha]], the captain of the third squadron, saying that he had been there the previous October).<ref>''Commentarios de Albuquerque'', p.23</ref> While at São Brás, they realized that the ship of Albuquerque had rotted through and they were forced into lengthy repairs.<ref>''Commentaries of Albuquerque'', p.17</ref>

On May 1, 1504, Afonso de Albuquerque and Fernão Martins de Almada finally set out from São Brás and rounded the [[Cape of Good Hope]] and sailed into the South Atlantic. The return passage through the equatorial [[doldrums]], turned out to be a horrific experience. According to Empoli, they drifted at sea without wind for sixty four days, quickly running out of supplies. Thirst and [[scurvy]] decimated the crews - 130 died, leaving only nine on each ship. In the calm of the doldrums, [[barnacle]]s had eaten away at the hulls, and the ships began to spring leaks. They were rescued from their dire straits by a passing Portuguese slaving ship bound for Guinea, which replenished their supplies and escorted them to [[Santiago, Cape Verde]].<ref>Empoli, p.228</ref> After resupply and repairs on Cape Verde (and taking on [[slave]]s to help make up for the missing crew), the ships set sail again, taking the route through the [[Azores]] islands, towards Lisbon. They were battered by storms and another wave of crew deaths on their final approach to Portugal.

On September 16, 1504,<ref>Empoli, p.228</ref> the two remaining ships of the Fifth Armada, Afonso de Albuquerque's ''Sant'Iago'' and Fernão Martins de Almada's ''São Cristóvão'', in a terrible shape, hobbled into Lisbon harbor, with their handful of crew and leaking hulls. They were well received. Albuquerque is said to have presented some splendid specimens of Persian horses acquired in the Indian markets to the king.

== Aftermath ==

By and large, the 5th Armada was a disaster. Of the ten ships that set out, only two were known to have returned on time (Afonso de Albuquerque, Fernão Martins de Almada). Two were lost around the Cape on the outgoing voyage (''Catharina Dias'' and the ship of Vaz da Veiga), two ships were lost on the return (F. Albuquerque, Coelho) and a third (the ship captained by Ataíde) was shipwrecked. A further three had been separated and gone wandering (Saldanha, Ravasco, Pereira), and would not return until the next year (although this may have been intentional, they seemed to be a navigational mess nonetheless). Human losses were staggering – four of the ships went down with all their hands, one (Ataíde's return ship) lost most of its shipwrecked crew on an abandoned shore, and two ships (Albuquerque's & Almada's) lost the bulk of their crew during the doldrums crossing.

These heavy losses, as well as the generally poor navigation and command of the fleet — straying ships, lost ships, separated ships — could not have reflected well on [[Afonso de Albuquerque]]'s reputation as an admiral, particularly when contrasted with the follow-up [[6th Portuguese India Armada (Albergaria, 1504)|6th Armada]], whose admiral [[Lopo Soares de Albergaria]] kept a very disciplined fleet and suffered minimal losses. This may have been a factor that prevented the appointment of Albuquerque to command another armada; he joined the 8th India Armada (Cunha, 1506), but only as the head of a squadron subordinate to the overall command of [[Tristão da Cunha]]. Yet, despite his apparent shortcomings as a fleet admiral, Albuquerque was appointed the second governor of [[Portuguese India]], so his reputation as a commander on land did not seem to have suffered. How this conclusion was reached is uncertain. The saving of Cochin from the Zamorin's first siege, the ruthless punishment of the Vembanad princelets and the erection of Fort Sant'Iago were due more to his cousin Francisco than him. Afonso de Albuquerque deserves credit for efforts to procure spices against complicated odds in India and the negotiation for a factory in Quilon, but the losses of so many ships (and so much cargo) couldn't have made this a profitable run. Nonetheless, Albuquerque's later overachieving heroics in [[Ormus|Hormuz]] in 1507-08 and [[Malacca]] in 1511 have since overshadowed his shaky start.

The loss of Francisco de Albuquerque and [[Nicolau Coelho]] weighed heavily in court, and in late 1505, a small [[7th Portuguese India Armada (Almeida, 1505)|search-and-rescue mission]] led by Cide Barbudo was sent out to scour the South African coast for their traces. None were found.

Of the seven ships of the [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|4th Armada]] which had been left behind in the Indian Ocean by [[Vasco da Gama]] in early 1503, one returned (Campo), two were lost (Sodré brothers), two remained in India (Pires, Rafael) and the fate of two is uncertain (Bardaças, Ataide's original caravel).

Albuquerque left India in a precarious situation. The peace he (or rather Francisco) had negotiated was broken before he even left. It was certain that the Zamorin of Calicut would come bearing down on Cochin again in the Spring of 1504. Cochin, and the Portuguese future in India, was to be defended by a minuscule garrison of 150 under [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]], a timber fort in Cochin and a slim patrol of three ships — one nau (under 'Diogo Pereira') and two caravels (Pires, Rafael). Predictably, as soon as the 5th Armada left, the [[Zamorin]] would come bearing down on Cochin with an army of some 57,000-84,000 men and 260 vessels, and force Duarte Pacheco and his tiny Portuguese garrison into the incredible heroics of the [[Battle of Cochin (1504)]].

== See also ==

* [[Portuguese India Armadas]]
* [[Portuguese India]]
* [[First Luso-Malabarese War]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==

* [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] (1557), ''Commentarios Dafonso Dalboquerque, capitam geral & gouernador da India'' [1774 Port. ed.] [Eng. trans. 1875-84 by Walter de Gray Birch, as ''The Commentaries of the great Afonso Dalboquerque, second viceroy of India'', 4 volumes, London: Hakluyt Society]
* [[Pêro de Ataíde]] (1504) "Carta de Pero de Atayde a El-rei D. Manuel, Fevereiro 20, 1504", as published in Bulhão Pato, R.A. editor, 1898, ''Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, seguidas de documentos que as elucidam''. Lisbon: Academia Real de Sciencias, vol. 2 [https://books.google.com/books?id=9voFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA262 p.262-268.]
* [[João de Barros]] (1552–59) ''Décadas da Ásia: Dos feitos, que os Portuguezes fizeram no descubrimento, e conquista, dos mares, e terras do Oriente.''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BJ42AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA85 Dec I, Lib 7, C.2]
*[[Fernão Lopes de Castanheda]] (1551–1560) ''História do descobrimento & conquista da Índia pelos portugueses'' [1833 edition] [https://books.google.com/books?id=OzQbAAAAYAAJ&dq=inauthor%3A%22Fern%20o%20Lopes%20de%20Castanheda%22&pg=PA157 Lib 1, Ch. 55]
* [[Gaspar Correia]] (c.1550s) ''Lendas da Índia'', first pub. 1858–64, Lisbon: Academia Real de Sciencias [https://books.google.com/books?id=YmVKAAAAYAAJ&dq=editions%3ALCCN05022145&pg=PA374 Vol. 1]; partially trans. H.E. Stanley, 1869, as ''The Three Voyages of Vasco de Gama, and his viceroyalty'' London: Hakluyt Society.
* [[Giovanni da Empoli]] (1550) "Viaggo fatto nell' India per Giovanni da Empoli, Fiorentino, fattore su la nave del Serenisimo Re di Portoghallo per conto de Marchionni di Lisbona", first pub. in Italian in Venice (1550), [[Giovanni Battista Ramusio]], ed., ''Primo volume delle navigationi et viaggi nel qua si continue la descrittione dell'Africa, et del paese del Prete Ianni, on varii viaggi, dal mar Rosso a Calicut,& infin all'isole Molucche, dove nascono le Spetierie et la navigatione attorno il mondo.'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=iZ5TZHXOnYcC&pg=RA3-PA139 online]. Translated 1812 into Portuguese as "Viagem as Indias Orientaes por João de Empoli, feitor de huma náo Portugueza, armada por conta dos Marchiones de Lisboa, traduzido do Italiano", in Academia Real das Sciencias, ed. ''Collecção de noticias para a historia e geografia das nações ultramarinas: que vivem nos dominios portuguezes, ou lhes são visinhas'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=eCsOAAAAYAAJ&dq=editions%3ALCCN05004414&pg=PA217-IA2 Vol. 2, Pt. 6]
* [[Manuel de Faria e Sousa]] (1666–75) ''Asia Portuguesa'', Vol. 1
*[[Damião de Goes]] (1566–67) ''Chrónica do Felicíssimo Rei D. Manuel, da Gloriosa Memoria'' (As reprinted in 1749, Lisbon: M. Manescal da Costa) [https://books.google.com/books?id=0vTmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP5 online]
*[[Jerónimo Osório]] (1586) ''De rebus Emmanuelis'' [trans. Port., 1804, ''Da Vida e Feitos d'El Rei D. Manuel'', Lisbon: Impressão Regia.]
*''Relação das Náos e Armadas da India com os Sucessos dellas que se puderam Saber, para Noticia e Instrucção dos Curiozos, e Amantes da Historia da India'' (Codex Add. 20902 of the British Library), [D. António de Ataíde, orig. editor.] Transcribed & reprinted in 1985, by M.H. Maldonado, Biblioteca Geral da Universidade de Coimbra. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7pTrH3zmhj8C&dq=Rela%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20das%20N%C3%A1os&pg=PA1 online]

Secondary

* Dames, M.L. (1918) "Introduction" in ''An Account Of The Countries Bordering On The Indian Ocean And Their Inhabitants, Vol. 1'' (Engl. transl. of ''Livro de Duarte de Barbosa''), 2005 reprint, New Delhi: Asian Education Services.
* [[Frederic Charles Danvers|Danvers, F.C.]] (1894) ''The Portuguese in India, being a history of the rise and decline of their eastern empire''. 2 vols, London: Allen.
*Diffie, B. W., and G. D. Winius (1977) ''Foundations of the Portuguese empire, 1415-1580'', Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press
* Logan, W. (1887) ''Malabar Manual'', 2004 reprint, New Delhi: Asian Education Services.
* Nair, K.R. (1902) "The Portuguese in Malabar", ''Calcutta Review'', Vol. 115, p. 210-51
* Quintella, Ignaco da Costa (1839) ''Annaes da Marinha Portugueza'', Vol. 1, Lisbon: Academia Real das Sciencias.
* Stephens, H.M. (1897) ''Albuquerque''. Oxford: Clarendon.
* Theal, G.M. (1902) ''The Beginning of South African History''. London: Unwin.
* Whiteway, R. S. (1899) ''The Rise of Portuguese Power in India, 1497-1550''. Westminster: Constable.

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Portuguese India Armadas|Portuguese India Armada]]|before=[[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|4th Armada (Vasco da Gama, 1502)]]|after=[[6th Portuguese India Armada (Albergaria, 1504)|6th Armada (Lopo Soares de Albergaria, 1504)]]|years=1503}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Maritime history of Portugal]]
[[Category:Portuguese India Armadas]]
[[Category:1503 in India]]
[[Category:1503 in the Portuguese Empire]]
[[Category:Portuguese exploration in the Age of Discovery]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Cochin]]
[[Category:Calicut kingdom]]

[[pt:Armadas da Índia]]

Postcards (2024 TV series)

2026-03-29T12:38:48Z

Ieagle123: starting new article

{{Short description|2024 Nigerian-Indian TV series}}
{{Use Nigerian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Hamisha Daryani Ahuja]]
| producer = Hamisha Daryani Ahuja
| writer = Ekenem Mowah-Eboh TigerFireRose
| starring = [[Sola Sobowale]] [[Richard Mofe Damijo]] [[Tobi Bakre]] [[Rajniesh Duggal]] [[Rahama Sadau]] Rio Kapadia [[Nancy Isime]]
| music = Prajatantra
| cinematography = Krishna Ramanan
| editor = Abhishek Ojha
| studio =
| network = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Start date|2024|05|03|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = Nigeria India
| language = English [[Nigerian Pidgin]] [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] Hindi
| budget =
}}
'''''Postcards''''' is a 2024 Nigerian-Indian [[Netflix]] series created by [[Hamisha Daryani Ahuja]]. Filmed in [[Lagos]] and [[Mumbai]], the series is a cross-cultural venture between [[Nollywood]] and [[Bollywood]] and stars performers from both industries including [[Sola Sobowale]], [[Richard Mofe Damijo]], [[Tobi Bakre]], [[Rahama Sadau]], [[Rajneesh Duggal]], and [[Nancy Isime]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/691517-movie-review-postcards-another-nollywood-bollywood-production-that-struggles-to-reach-its-bar.html|title=MOVIE REVIEW: Postcards: Another Nollywood - Bollywood production that struggles to reach its bar|first=Onu|last=Stephen|date=5 May 2024|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africanfolder.com/postcards-review-nollywood-meets-bollywood/|title=Postcards Review: Nollywood Meets Bollywood In Cinematic Harmony
|first=Oghosa|last=Ehioghae|date=8 May 2024|website=African Folder}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/netflix-rolls-out-new-offerings-for-may/#goog_rewarded | title=Netflix rolls out new offerings for May | first=Segun | last=Adebayo | date=7 May 2024 | accessdate=14 December 2024 |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}</ref>

''Postcards'' is Ahuja's first major production since 2021's ''[[Namaste Wahala]]'', and follows the lives of four Nigerians who discover love, acceptance, and prosperity in India after embarking on individual journeys of self-discovery whilst facing their trials and tribulations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202002200006.html|title=Nigeria: Bollywood Partners Nollywood in New Movie 'Namaste Wahala'|website=allafrica.com|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Plot==
''Postcards'' follows the lives of four Nigerians in India. They are:

*Bunmi: A businesswoman and [[socialite]] who has lived a fulfilling life since her husband's death twenty years prior, but despite her status on the ''[[Lagos|Eko]]'' party circuit, she leads a lonely existence. After a [[Uterine fibroid|fibroids]] diagnosis, she flies to [[Mumbai]] where she befriends Siddharth, an Indian [[surgeon]]. Fearing she will die in [[surgery]], Bunmi yearns to make peace with Yemi, her estranged son with no solid career goals. Unbeknown to her, an Indian [[film producer]] has signed Yemi to appear in a [[Bollywood]] series after discovering his talent on video, and despite her close bond with Siddharth, Bunmi spends days pining for her only child.

*Zainab: Siddharth's Nigerian wife, who has resolved never to have children, a decision her husband initially supported, but his change of heart causes conflict in their marriage. Despite her mother-in-law's disappointment and her friend Isioma's intervention, Zainab remains resolute in her stance, citing financial strain, career restraints, and societal prejudice against [[mixed-race]] children as her reasons. Trouble ensues when Zainab suspects Siddharth is having an affair with Kareena, his flirtatious fellow doctor whom he confides in during his marriage crisis. Zainab—an old acquaintance of Bunmi's—soon discovers she is pregnant, and is contemplating an [[abortion]] without Siddharth's knowledge.

*Olumide: Bunmi's Mumbai-based brother, dedicated solely to his business, leaving no time for family or leisure (he puts Bunmi in a [[hotel]] as opposed to accommodating her within his household). Olumide's only confidant, his [[accountant]] Kabir, who constantly berates his [[bachelor]] lifestyle, escorts him to a property viewing where they spot Olumide's former love Rekha who had turned down his proposal years ago due to her parents' disapproval of [[interracial marriage]], leaving him heartbroken. He is further troubled when her daughter, Leila, informs him that her mother has early onset [[Alzheimer's]], and no longer remembers him. With his 60th birthday approaching, the surly Olumide realises that family is more valuable than wealth, and invites Bunmi to stay at his house following her successful surgery.

*Yemi: Bunmi's son who travels to Mumbai. Despite running into a series of unfortunate events in Mumbai—including falling victim to an accommodation scam, and bullying from local actor Rommy—Bunmi's son, rises through the ranks to become a [[principal dancer]] in the Bollywood production, but soon comes to blows with Ronny on-set. Both their roles are on the line, but other cast members—including Aarti, an actress Yemi has befriended—confirm Ronny's bullying and the latter is dismissed. Yemi is delighted when he is offered a supporting role in an international series, but his joy is short-lived when his manager, Bolu, calls from Nigeria to inform him of his mother's surgery. Filled with remorse at not contacting Bunmi earlier, Yemi resolves to become a better son.

The series ends with Olumide celebrating his 60th [[birthday]]. Kabir is unable to attend, but Bunmi—who has invited Siddharth and Zainab—is reunited with Yemi. Both mother and son resolve their differences (Bunmi had objected to his decision not to pursue [[further education]], while Yemi had viewed her as unsupportive); Olumide apologises to Zainab for his own lack of support when she first relocated to India; Yemi—now his uncle's [[heir]]—agrees to enrol in college whilst pursuing his passion in entertainment, and Zainab—who has decided against the abortion—announces her [[pregnancy]].

==Cast==
*[[Sola Sobowale]] as Olubunmi (Bunmi)
*[[Richard Mofe Damijo]] as Olumide
*[[Tobi Bakre]] as Yemi
*[[Rajneesh Duggal]] as Dr. Siddharth
*[[Rahama Sadau]] as Zainab
*Rio Kapaola as Kabir
*[[Nancy Isime]] as Isioma
*Lekha Prajapati as Kareena
*Chirag Bajaj as Ronny
*[[Gurleen Grewal]] as Aarti
*Ibrahim Suleman as Bolu
*[[Tina Mba]] as party guest
*[[Hamisha Daryani Ahuja]] as film producer

==Reception==
''Postcards'' received mixed to negative reviews.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Netflix television dramas]]
[[Category:2024 Nigerian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2024 Nigerian television series endings]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:English-language Nigerian television shows]]
[[Category:Nigerian drama television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Lagos]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:English-language Indian television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in Nigeria]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in India]]
[[Category:Yoruba-language television shows]]
[[Category:Nigerian diaspora in Asia]]
[[Category:Indian people of Nigerian descent]]
[[Category:Television series about immigration]]
[[Category:Hindi cinema in fiction]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Nigeria]]
[[Category:Television shows about human pregnancy]]
[[Category:Abortion in India]]
[[Category:Fiction about abortion]]

Tiruppur North Assembly constituency

2026-03-29T11:05:59Z

Ieagle123: minor cleanup

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{for|previous elections held in this constituency|Tiruppur Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 113
| map_image = Constitution-Tiruppur (North).svg
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| established = 2008
| district = [[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tiruppur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruppur]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[K. N. Vijayakumar]]
| party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}

| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}

| latest_election_year = [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| name = Tiruppur (North)
| electors = 310,138
}}

'''Tiruppur North''' or 'Tiruppur (North)' is a state assembly constituency in Tiruppur district in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] newly formed after constituency delimitations in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Constituencies, Post-Delimitation 2008|url=http://www.elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515102633/http://elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf|archive-date=15 May 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 113. It is included in [[Tiruppur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-10
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012938/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date = 2009-02-06
}}</ref> Tiruppur North was one of 17 assembly constituencies to have [[Voter-verified paper audit trail|VVPAT]] facility with EVMs in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/ec-to-tighten-grip-on-cash-for-votes/article8225776.ece|title=EC to tighten grip on cash for votes|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 February 2016}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[M. S. M. Anandan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|rowspan=2| [[K. N. Vijayakumar]]
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}

==Demographics==
[[Kongu Vellalar]] [[Gounder]], [[Senguntha Mudaliar]] and Adi Dravida communities are populous in this constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/election-2016/tirupur/81886-113.html|title = 113 - திருப்பூர் (வடக்கு)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/elections/tamil-nadu/constituencies/2021/mar/01/tn-assembly-election-2021-tiruppur-north-constituency-3572437.html|title = திருப்பூர் வடக்கு: வெற்றியை நிர்ணயிக்கும் சாதி வாக்குகள்}}</ref>

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.06}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.56}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|70.62}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruppur (North)}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Ravi Subramanian|party=Communist Party of India|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. S. M. Anandan]]|party=AIADMK|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Abinaya Premkumar |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Sathyabama]] |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 310138|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruppur (North)<ref>{{cite web|title=Tiruppur (North) Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a113|access-date= 2 Jul 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. N. Vijayakumar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=113,384 |percentage=48.06% |change=-0.5 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ravi (Alias) Subramanian |party=Communist Party of India |votes=73,282 |percentage=31.06% |change=+21.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Easwaran |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=23,110 |percentage=9.80% |change=+8.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sivabalan |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=19,602 |percentage=8.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Selvakumar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=3,427 |percentage=1.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,162 |percentage=0.92% |change=-0.65 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=40,102 |percentage=17.00% |change= -0.19% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=235,930 |percentage=62.23% |change= -4.40% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=8|percentage=0.00% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 379,139 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.50% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruppur (North)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. N. Vijayakumar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=106,717 |percentage=48.56% |change=-22.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. P. Saminathan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=68,943 |percentage=31.37% |change=+6.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Subramanian |party=Communist Party of India |votes=20,061 |percentage=9.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Chinnasamy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,397 |percentage=3.82% |change=+1.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Ravichandharan |party=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |votes=3,988 |percentage=1.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=3,447 |percentage=1.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Sivakumr |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=2,931 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Subramaniyam |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,750 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=37,774 |percentage=17.19% |change= -28.35% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=219,761 |percentage=66.62% |change= -7.76% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 329,853 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -22.06% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruppur (North)<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. S. M. Anandan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=113,640 |percentage=70.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Govindasamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,369 |percentage=25.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Parthiban |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,009 |percentage=1.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Krishnasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,595 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Murugesan |party=Independent politician |votes=847 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=73,271 |percentage=45.54% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=160,907 |percentage=74.38% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 216,324 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|11.146|77.353|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tiruppur]]
[[Category:Tiruppur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

K. Madhukar Shetty

2026-03-29T04:15:13Z

Ieagle123: new new data

{{short description|Indian police officer (b. 1971, d. 2018)}}
{{orphan|date=February 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox police officer
|honorific_prefix = 
|office =
|honorific_suffix = [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|name = Dr. K. Madhukar Shetty
|native_name = ಮಧುಕರ್ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_name =
|birth_place = [[Udupi district]], [[Karnataka]]
|birth_date = 17 December 1971
|order =
|death_date = {{death date and age|2018|12|28|1971|12|17|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana state]]
|term_start =
|term_end =
|predecessor =
|successor =
|term_start1 =
|term_end1 =
|predecessor1 =
|successor1 =
|alma_mater = [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] ,

[[Rockefeller College of Public Affairs & Policy]] (PhD)
|service = [[Indian Police Service]]
|rank = IGP (Inspector General of Police)
|father = Vaddarse Raghuram Shetty
|mother = Prafulla Shetty
|spouse = Suvarna Cherukuri
}}

'''Dr. K. Madhukar Shetty ''' (1971-2018) was an [[Indian Police Service]] officer of 1999 batch of Karnataka Cadre. He is remembered for working against [[illegal mining]] in Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/168123/madhukar-shetty-ips-officer-karnataka-tribute/|title=RIP Madhukar Shetty: An Ode to The Fearless, Incorruptible & Compassionate IPS Officer|date=2018-12-31|website=The Better India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref>

==Early life==
Shetty was the son of Kannada journalist Vaddarse Raghurama Shetty.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/ips-officer-madhukar-shetty-no-710411.html|title=IPS officer Madhukar Shetty no more|date=2018-12-29|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/karnataka-ips-officer-k-madhukar-shetty-no-more-2829004.html|title=Karnataka-cadre IPS officer Madhukar Shetty passes away in Hyderabad|last=P|first=Chennabasaveshwar|date=2018-12-29|website=oneindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref> was from [[Tuluva]] [[Bunt (community)|Bunt]] ''community. Born'' on 17 December 1971, Madhukar completed his MA in Sociology from Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi. He earned his PhD in Public Administration from [[Rockefeller College of Public Affairs & Policy]], University at Albany, New York.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-ips-officer-madhukar-shetty-succumbs-to-swine-flu/articleshow/67292650.cms|title=Hyderabad: IPS officer Madhukar Shetty succumbs to swine flu - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=28 December 2018 |access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref>

==Police service==
Shetty worked as ASP Bengaluru Rural district and later as SP of Chamarajanagar and Chikkamagaluru.

Shetty was an integral part of the team that exposed illegal iron ore mining in Ballari, the backyard of powerful mining baron Janardhan Reddy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/karnataka-ips-officer-madhukar-shetty-dies-of-swine-flu-in-hyderabad-5516999/|title=Karnataka IPS officer Madhukar Shetty dies of swine flu|date=2018-12-31|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref>

In 2006, when a group of 32 families was evicted from the Tatkola forest, allegedly on the orders of government officials, Shetty came up with the idea of allocating 64 acres of the land reclaimed from encroachers, on the edge of the Sargod Kundur reserve forest, to the families.

==Death==
Shetty was under treatment in [[Continental Hospitals]], Hyderabad, and died on 28 December 2018 due to serious cardiac complications.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/ips-officer-madhukar-shetty-dies-at-47/articleshow/67293739.cms|title=IPS officer Madhukar Shetty dies at 47 - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=29 December 2018 |access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref> The Karnataka state government instituted an inquiry to look into the death of Dr Shetty following suspicion from his friend and family that he didn't get correct medical treatment.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/medical-experts-to-look-into-ips-officers-death/article26959850.ece|title = Devi Shetty-led panel to probe IPS officer Madhukar Shetty's death|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 27 April 2019|last1 = Kumar|first1 = B. s Satish}}</ref>

National Police Academy, the apex police training academy in India, named its Main Lecture Hall for IPS trainees in 2021 ''Dr. K Madhukar Shetty Hall'' as "a mark of respect to Madhukar Shetty for his commitment, dedication and also being a role model for the IPS Probationers".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharathi |first=Vartha |title=Sardar Patel National Police Academy honors late Madhukar Shetty |url=https://english.varthabharati.in/india/sardar-patel-national-police-academy-honors-late-madhukar-shetty |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=english.varthabharati.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SVPNPA Dedicates Main Lecture Hall to Late IPS officer K Madhukar Shetty |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/news/bureaucracy-news/svpnpa-dedicates-main-lecture-hall-to-late-ips-officer-k-madhukar-shetty/ |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=India Masterminds}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetty, K Madhukar}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:People from Udupi district]]
[[Category:Karnataka Police]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Tulu people]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]

Harish Kumar Gupta

2026-03-28T22:28:02Z

Ieagle123: new bio

{{Short description|Indian police officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox police officer
|honorific_prefix =
|name = Harish Kumar Gupta, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<ref name="List">{{cite report|title=Indian Police Service Service List|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|url=https://ips.gov.in/Empanelment/IPSCIVILLIST-2023_06062023.pdf|date=1 January 2023}}{</ref>
|honorific_suffix = 
|image =
|image_upright =
|alt =
|caption =
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|08|02|df=y}}<ref name="List"/>
|birth_place = [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)]]<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=9 May 2024 |title=Jammu Based IPS Officer Harish Kr Gupta Made DGP of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/news/jammu-based-ips-officer-harish-kr-gupta-made-dgp-of-andhra-pradesh/ |work=Indian Masterminds |location= |access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref>
|death_date = 
|death_place =
|resting_place =
|resting_place_coordinates = 
|other_names = Harish K. Gupta
|education =
*BSc ([[Jammu University|Jammu]])<ref name="List"/>
*[[LL.B]] (Jammu)<ref name="List"/>
|alma_mater =
* [[Govt. Gandhi Memorial Science College|Government Gandhi Memorial Science College]], [[Jammu]]<ref name="L">{{Cite web |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/harish-kumar-gupta-ips-56aa451/ |title=Harish K. Gupta |publisher=[[LinkedIn]] }}</ref>
* [[University of Jammu]], Jammu<ref name="L"/>
* [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration]], [[Mussorie]]
* [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy]], [[Hyderabad]]
* [[University of Cambridge]], [[Cambridge]] (England)<ref name="L"/>
* [[University of Louisiana System|University of Louisiana]], Louisiana (United States)<ref name="L"/>
* [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|Indian Institute of Management]], [[Ahmedabad]]<ref name="L"/>
*[[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore|Indian Institute of Management]], [[Bangalore]]<ref name="L"/>
|known_for =
|notable_works =
|spouse =
|relatives =
|service_label = [[Indian Police Service]]
|service = [[Andhra Pradesh Police|Andhra Pradesh Cadre]]
|allegiance =
|department =
|branch =
|service_years = 10 October 1992<ref name="List"/>-''Present''
|status =
*Head of Police Force (HoPF) (w.e.f. {{Start date and age|df=yes|2025|1|31}})
*Vigilance & Enforcement and ''ex officio'' Principal Secretary (Vigilance & Enforcement), General Administration Department (w.e.f. {{Start date and age|df=yes|2024|7|11}}),
|rank = [[File:Director General of Police.png|25px]] [[Director general of police]]<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=ECI appoints Harish Kumar Gupta as new DGP of A.P.|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/eci-appoints-harish-kumar-gupta-as-new-dgp-of-ap/article68145410.ece |work=The Hindu |agency=The Hindu bureau|date=6 May 2024 |access-date=9 May 2024|ref=none}}</ref>
|badge_number = 19921011<ref name="List"/> of 1992<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Who is Harish Kumar Gupta? Andhra Pradesh's New DGP Officer Appointed Amid Row|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/who-is-harish-kumar-gupta-andhra-pradeshs-new-dgp-officer-appointed-amid-row-article-109922876 |work=Times Now |agency=Times Now Digital |date=7 May 2024 |access-date=9 May 2024|ref=none}}</ref> batch (45 Regular Recruit)
|awards =
*[[Orders, decorations, and medals of India|Ati Utkrisht Seva Padak]] {{small|(2018)}}<ref name="List"/>
*[[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|20px]] [[President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service]] {{small|(2018)}}<ref name="List"/>
*[[File:IND_Police_Medal_for_Meritorious_Service.png|20px]] [[Police Medal (India)|Police Medal for Meritorious Service]] {{small|(2009)}}<ref name="List"/>
|memorials =
|other_work =
|website = 
|module =
}}
'''Harish Kumar Gupta''', [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], {{post nominals|list= [[Orders, decorations, and medals of India|AUSP]]<ref name="List"/> [[President's Police Medal|PPMDS]]<ref name="List"/> [[Police Medal (India)|PMMS]]<ref name="List"/>}} (born 2 August 1965<ref name="List"/>) is an [[Indian Police Service]] Officer currently serving as Director General, Vigilance & Enforcement and ''ex officio'' Principal Secretary (Vigilance & Enforcement) General Administration Department. He has also been reappointed as [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]]-[[Andhra Pradesh Police]] (Head of Police Force) with Full Additional Charge w.e.f. 31 January 2025.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=2025-01-30 |title=Harish Kumar Gupta to be next DGP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/harish-kumar-gupta-to-be-next-dgp/article69156379.ece |work=The Hindu |location= Amaravati|publisher=The Hindu Bureau |access-date=2025-01-30}}</ref><ref name="Harish Kumar Gupta takes charge as DGP">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=31 May 2025 |title=Harish Kumar Gupta takes charge as DGP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/harish-kumar-gupta-takes-charge-as-dgp/article69641676.ece?cx_testId=81&cx_testVariant=cx_1&cx_artPos=0&cx_experienceId=EXPO56ZDYSGX&cx_experienceActionId=showRecommendationsX1R7QXU17VG227#cxrecs_s |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603174425/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/harish-kumar-gupta-takes-charge-as-dgp/article69641676.ece |archivedate=3 June 2025 |accessdate=3 June 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Harish Kumar belongs to the 1992<ref name="List" /> batch (45 Regular Recruit) of the Indian Police Service.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=EC appoints Harish Kumar Gupta as new Andhra Pradesh DGP|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/ec-appoints-harish-kumar-gupta-as-new-andhra-pradesh-dgp-19407295.htm |work=CNBC |agency=CNBC |date=6 May 2024|access-date=9 May 2024|ref=none}}</ref> He hails from [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)]].<ref name="List" /> His career spanning over three decades began in the nineties in [[Undivided Andhra Pradesh]]. After the bifurcation of the state in 2014, he was retained in the residuary [[Andhra Pradesh]].

In the past, he held the position of Head<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=ECI appoints Harish Kumar Gupta as Andhra Pradesh police chief|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/May/07/eci-appoints-harish-kumar-gupta-as-andhra-pradesh-police-chief |work=The New Indian Express |agency=Express News Service |date=7 May 2024 |access-date=9 May 2024|ref=none}}</ref> of Police Force (HoPF) [[Andhra Pradesh Police]]<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Harish Kumar Gupta appointed DGP of Andhra Pradesh|url=https://egov.eletsonline.com/2024/05/harish-kumar-gupta-appointed-dgp-of-andhra-pradesh/ |work=Elets |agency=Elets News Network |date=8 May 2024 |access-date=9 May 2024|ref=none}}</ref> from 6<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Harish Gupta appointed Andhra DGP|url=https://www.indianmandarins.com/news/ap-harish-gupta-appointed-andhra-dgp/28820 |work= Indian Mandarins|agency=New Media Network |date=7 May 2024 |access-date=9 May 2024|ref=none}}</ref> May<ref name="Hans">{{cite news |last=Bandari |first=Pavan |date=6 May 2024 |title=IPS Harish Kumar Gupta Appointed as new DGP of AP|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/national/bjd-calls-for-restrictions-on-biswabhusan-visit-876847?infinitescroll=1 |work=Hans India |location=Hyderabad |access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref> 2024<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Election Commission appoints Harish Kumar Gupta as new Andhra Pradesh DGP|url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/governance/election-commission-appoints-harish-kumar-gupta-as-new-andhra-pradesh-dgp/109911029 |work= The Economic Times|agency=ET Government.com |date=7 May 2024 |access-date=9 May 2024|ref=none}}</ref> through 19 June 2024.<ref name="Dev"/>

==Early life and education==
===Scholastic and Collegiate studies===
Harish Kumar Gupta was born in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=1 January 2022 |title=Son of soil promoted as DGP in AP |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/son-of-soil-promoted-as-dgp-in-ap/
|work=Daily Excelsior |location=Jammu |access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref> He pursued his education in the town of [[Jammu]]. He schooled at the [[Government Sri Ranbir Model Higher Secondary School]] and then joined the [[Govt. Gandhi Memorial Science College|Government Gandhi Memorial Science College]] from where he earned an undergraduate degree in sciences. Harish Kumar Gupta also pursued a course leading to an undergraduate law degree.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

===Other courses===
As part of his interest and learning, Harish Kumar also pursued certificate and diploma courses at [[University of Cambridge]] (England),<ref name="L"/> [[University of Louisiana System|University of Louisiana]], Louisiana (United States),<ref name="L"/> the [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]]<ref name="L"/> and the [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore|Indian Institute of Management]], Bangalore.<ref name="L"/>

==Career==
===1992 batch (45 Regular Recruit)===
After clearing the examinations conducted by the [[Union Public Service Commission]], Harish Kumar chose the [[Indian Police Service]] and underwent training at the [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration]], Mussorie followed by the [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy]], Hyderabad. He was at the SVPNPA between 1991 and 1992 during the Directorships of P. D. Malaviya, IPS<ref name="SVPNPA"/> and Sankar Sen, IPS.<ref name="SVPNPA"/> Among those in the 1992 batch (45<ref name="SVPNPA">{{cite web |url=https://www.svpnpa.gov.in/home |title=Memories/Alumni Gallery|author= |date=6 May 2024 |website=|publisher=SVPNPA |access-date=6 May 2024 |quote=SVPNPA}}</ref> Regular Recruit) hailing from Andhra Pradesh Cadre include P. S. R. Anjaneyulu, IPS,<ref name="SVPNPA"/> K. V. Rajendranath Reddy, IPS<ref name="SVPNPA"/> and Nalin Prabhat, IPS.<ref name="SVPNPA"/> Harish Kumar was inducted into the Indian Police Service on 10 October 1992<ref name="AIS">{{cite web|url=https://ais.ap.gov.in/CivilList/IPS|title=List of members of the Indian Police Service cadre borne on the Andhra Pradesh Cadre|date=6 May 2024|website=All India Services|access-date=5 May 2024}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and assigned the [[Undivided Andhra Pradesh]] Cadre.

===Undivided Andhra Pradesh===
Beginning as a probationer for a year from 1992 to 1993, Harish Kumar served in notable positions, raising up the ranks of the Indian Police Service. He was [[Assistant superintendent|Assistant superintendent of police]]<ref name="AIS"/> in the districts of [[Khammam district|Khammam]], [[Medak district|Medak]] and [[Peddapalli]] town. He then became [[Additional superintendent of police]], serving from 1996 to 1997<ref name="AIS"/> in [[Karimnagar district]] and then moved over to [[Greyhounds (police)|Operations]], serving in [[Nalgonda district]]. In 1997,<ref name="AIS"/> he became [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] in [[Krishna district]]. Harish Kumar moved to [[Hyderabad]] by the end of 1999, assuming the position of Commandant of Andhra Pradesh Special Police 1st Battalion, [[Yousufguda]]. In mid-2002, he shifted to the [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)]], Hyderabad. In December 2002, during the Commissionerate of M. V. Krishna Rao, IPS, he was appointed as the [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Deputy Commissioner of Police]], heading South Zone, [[Hyderabad City Police]]. Later in 2004, he went to [[Nalgonda district]] where he served for two years as its superintendent of Police.

In the year 2006,<ref name="AIS"/> Harish Kumar rose to the ranks of [[Deputy inspector general of police]], serving as Joint Commissioner of Police, [[Hyderabad City Police]] in the departments of Administration and Special Branch. This was during the Commissionerates of A. K. Mohanty, IPS, Balwinder Singh, IPS and [[B. Prasada Rao]], IPS. In 2011, he moved to the Vigilance and Enforcement Department. The same year, in 2011,<ref name="AIS"/> he was promoted as [[Inspector-general of police]], overseeing Guntur range.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=17 May 2012 |title=Urban, rural SPs to share bungalow |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2011/Sep/03/urban-rural-sps-to-share-bungalow-287385.html |work=The New Indian Express |location=Hyderabad/Guntur |access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> In the ensuing year in 2012, he was moved to Legal<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=20 November 2012 |title=45 top IPS Officers transferred |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/45-top-ips-officers-transferred/articleshow/17288453.cms |work=Times of India |location=Online |access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref> department. In 2013, Harish Kumar was re-assigned Law and Order Department. During [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]], Harish Kumar Gupta was Special Observer on behalf of the [[Election Commission of India]] to [[Ampati Assembly constituency]] in Meghalaya.<ref>{{cite book |author= |date=2013 |title=Information book on general election 2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |location=Shillong |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer Meghalaya|page=30 |isbn= |oclc=881824626 }}</ref>

===Andhra Pradesh===
With the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh in 2014, Harish Kumar preferred [[Telangana]] cadre.<ref>{{cite report |title=Calculation of Regular Recruit Officers|url=https://ifs.nic.in/misc/aptg/APTG-IPS.pdf|publisher=All India Services|date=2014}}</ref> Based on a ratio of allocation arrived upon by the [[Government of India]], he was retained in the residual [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite report |title=Gazette of India Extraordinary, part II, section 3, sub-section (ii)|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|date=5 March 2015}}</ref> However, Harish Kumar contested his allocation before the [[Central Administrative Tribunal]], urging it to allot him to Telangana cadre.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=21 July 2016 |title=Four cops approach CAT for transfer from AP to TS |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2016/Jul/21/four-cops-approach-cat-for-transfer-from-ap-to-ts-942712.html |work=The New Indian Express |location=Online |access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref> His Lawyer Jonnalagadda Sudheer found fault with the allocation list, raising issues over the cadre allocation.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=21 July 2016 |title=Andhra Pradesh cops want to shift |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/210716/andhra-pradesh-cops-want-to-shift.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |location=Online |access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref>

In the residuary Andhra Pradesh, Harish Kumar continued to hold the position of [[inspector-general of police]]<ref name="AIS"/> in the Departments of Law and Order and Technical Services from 2014 until 2017.<ref name="AIS"/> He was then promoted as [[additional director general of police]]. From 2017 to 2022 he headed the Departments of Law and Order, Provisioning and Logistics and Home Guards. During this period, he was also designated as Nodal Police Officer at the service of students from [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)]] facing difficulty.<ref>{{cite press release |author= |title= Particulars of Nodal Police Officer who may be contacted by J&K students facing difficulty of any kind|url=https://www.jkpolice.gov.in/WebImages/Notice1.pdf |location=Jammu |publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Police |agency=Government of Jammu and Kashmir |date=22 February 2019 |access-date=2024-05-09}}</ref> In 2020, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], he became Chairperson,<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=6 March 2020 |title=Major reshuffle: Andhra Pradesh Government transfers 20 IPS Officers |url=https://newsmeter.in/major-reshuffle-andhra-pradesh-government-transfers-20-ips-officers/ |work=Newsmeter Network |location=Online |access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref> State Level Police Recruitment Board<ref>{{cite press release |author= |title=IPS - Transfers and Postings of IPS Officers - Orders - Notified |url=https://gad.ap.gov.in/notifications/notices/2020gad_rt474.pdf |location=Amaravathi |publisher=General Administration Department |agency=Government of Andhra Pradesh |date=6 March 2020 |access-date=2024-05-06 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In early 2022 Harish Kumar got promoted as [[Director general of police]], heading the Railways for a month. He then became [[Principal secretary (India)|Principal Secretary (Home)]], also holding full additional charge of Prisons and Correctional Services w.e.f. from 19 May 2022.<ref>{{cite press release |author= |title=IPS Transfers and Postings of certain IPS Officers-Notified |url=https://gad.ap.gov.in/notifications/notices/go-rt-916.pdf |location=Amaravathi |publisher=General Administration Department |agency=Government of Andhra Pradesh |date=18 May 2022 |access-date=2024-05-06 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="List"/>

With [[prisons in India]] in need of reformation, Harish Kumar took the onus of implementing changes in line with directions of the [[Supreme Court of India]] in the matter of special remission to life convicts.<ref>{{cite press release |author= |title=Prisoners - Grant of Special Remission to the life convicted prisoners as per the directions of the Honourable Supreme Court of India in SLP (Criminal) Number 529/2021 - Permanent Guidelines - Issued |url=https://districts.ecourts.gov.in/sites/default/files/G.O.Ms_.No_.58%20%26%20Communicate.pdf |location=Amaravathi |publisher=Home Department|agency=Government of Andhra pradesh |date=16 March 2023 |access-date=2024-05-09}}</ref> A regional training skill centre was set up in [[Rajahmundry Central Prison]]<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Foundation stone laid for Regional Training Centre in Rajahmundry Central Prison|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/foundation-stone-laid-for-regional-training-centre-in-rajahmundry-central-prison/article67536840.ece|work=The Hindu|agency=The Hindu Bureau|date=15 November 2023|access-date=9 May 2024|ref=none}}</ref> for skill development of inmates. During the 8th National Conference of Heads of Prisons of all States and Union Territories held in the port city of [[Visakhapatnam]] on 11 and 12 September 2023,<ref>{{cite news |last=Potnuru |first=Vasu |date=12 September 2023 |title= Govt improving amenities at Central jails: Vanitha|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/visakhapatnam/govt-improving-amenities-at-central-jails-vanitha-822019?infinitescroll=1 |work=Hans India |location=Visakhapatnam |access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> Harish Kumar oversaw the arrangements for the conduct of the programme, held jointly by the [[Bureau of Police Research and Development]] and the [[Andhra Pradesh Police]]. He also addressed<ref>{{cite news |last=Devalla |first=Rani |date=12 September 2023 |title=Governor stresses on use of technology in correctional administration |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/governor-stresses-on-use-of-technology-in-correctional-administration-822166 |work=Hans India |location=Andhra pradesh |access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> the delegates in the presence of Balaji Srivastav, IPS and [[Ravi Joseph Lokku]], IPS of the Bureau of Police Research and Development. In matters of inhuman conditions prevailing in Prisons in India, with special reference to those in the districts of Andhra Pradesh, Harish Kumar initiated the process of expansion of jails.<ref>{{cite press release |author= |title=Home Department - Prisons - Writ Petition (Civil) Number 406/2013 titled Re: Inhuman conditions prevailing in 1,382 prisons in India before the Honourable Supreme Court of India - Constitution of District Level Committees to assess the requirement of expanding the existing jails and acquiring the land to set up new jails within the district, depending on the current capacity and future demands of the district – Orders – Issued|url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3ec030b6ace9e8971cf36f1782aa982a7/uploads/2024/03/2024031235.pdf|location=Amaravathi |publisher=Home Department|agency=Government of Andhra pradesh |date=23 February 2024|access-date=2024-05-09}}</ref> To promote [[Recidivism]], Harish Kumar involved inmates of [[Nellore]] Central Prison in fabricating racks<ref>{{cite news |last=Rangarajan|first=A. D.|date=19 April 2024|title=Can't vote, but inmates of Nellore Central Prison do their bit for this election|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/cant-vote-but-inmates-of-nellore-central-prison-do-their-bit-for-this-election/article68079801.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=9 May 2024|ref=none}}</ref> for storing [[Electronic Voting Machines]] in strong rooms during the conduction of simultaneous [[2024 Indian general election]] and the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].{{fact|date=April 2025}}

On 6 May 2024, on the directions of [[Election Commission of India]], he became the Head of Police Force of [[Andhra Pradesh Police]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Harish Kumar Gupta appointed as new DGP of Andhra Pradesh|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/harish-kumar-gupta-appointed-as-new-dgp-of-andhra-pradesh-892700 |work=Deccan Chronicle |agency=DC group |date=6 May 2024 |access-date=9 May 2024|ref=none}}</ref> He had been appointed on the advice<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=EC appoints Harish Kumar Gupta as new Andhra Pradesh DGP|url=https://theprint.in/india/ec-appoints-harish-kumar-gupta-as-new-andhra-pradesh-dgp/2072161/ |work=The Print |agency=PTI |date=6 May 2024 |access-date=9 May 2024|ref=none}}</ref> of [[Election Commission of India]].<ref name="Hans"/> Harish Kumar Gupta's short-term appointment as [[Director General of Police]] (Head of Police Force) of [[Andhra Pradesh Police]] came at a crucial juncture when [[Andhra Pradesh]] went for simultaneous elections, both to the [[2024 Indian general election]] and the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] on 13 May 2024. His elevation, barely a week<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Andhra assembly polls: ECI appoints new DGP|url=https://www.siasat.com/andhra-assembly-polls-eci-appoints-new-dgp-3021214/ |work=The Siasat Daily |agency=Siasat Press |date=6 May 2024 |access-date=9 May 2024|ref=none}}</ref> before the elections had raised eyebrows, what with the opposition parties accusing his batchmate and predecessor K. V. Rajendranath Reddy, IPS of being partisan.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=EC appoints Harish Kumar Gupta as new Andhra Pradesh DGP|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/elections/ec-appoints-harish-kumar-gupta-as-new-andhra-pradesh-dgp/article68145294.ece |work=Business Line |agency=The Hindu bureau |date=6 May 2024 |access-date=9 May 2024|ref=none}}</ref> After more than a month of being assigned the position of HoPF, Harish Kumar Gupta was re-assigned as Principal Secretary (Home) w.e.f. 19<ref name="Dev">{{cite news |author= |date= |title=Andhra Pradesh Appoints New DGP: Ch Dwaraka Tirumala Rao Takes Charge |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/law-order/2988759-andhra-pradesh-appoints-new-dgp-ch-dwaraka-tirumala-rao-takes-charge |work=Devdiscourse |location=Amaravathi |access-date=20 June 2024 }}</ref> June 2024 and a new Head of Police Force, Ch. D. Tirumala Rao, IPS, belonging to the 43rd Regular Recruit batch was appointed in his place.<ref name="Dev"/>

==Awards and medals==
As part of his service, Harish Kumar also won some medals, these include:
*[[Orders, decorations, and medals of India|Ati Utkrisht Seva Padak]] {{small|(2018)}}<ref name="List"/>
*[[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|20px]] [[President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service]] {{small|(2018)}}<ref name="List"/>
*[[File:IND_Police_Medal_for_Meritorious_Service.png|20px]] [[Police Medal (India)|Police Medal for Meritorious Service]] {{small|(2009)}}<ref name="List"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |author= |date=2013 |title=Information book on general election 2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |location=Shillong |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer Meghalaya|page=30 |isbn= |oclc=881824626 }}
{{s-start}}
{{s-civ|pol}}
{{s-bef|before=K. V. Rajendranath Reddy, IPS Ch. D. Tirumala Rao, IPS}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Director General of Police]] (Head of Police Force), [[Andhra Pradesh Police]]|years=6 May 2024 to 19 June 2024, 31 January 2025 to ''present''}}
{{s-aft|after=Ch. D. Tirumala Rao, IPS ''Incumbent''}}
{{s-bef|before=Kolli Raghuram Reddy, IPS}}
{{s-ttl|title=Inspector General and Director General and ''ex officio'' Principal Secretary (Vigilance & Enforcement), General Administration Department, [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]|years=11 July 2024 to ''Present''}}
{{s-aft|after=''Incumbent''}}
{{s-bef|before=Kumar Vishwajeet, IPS}}
{{s-ttl|title=Principal Secretary (Home), [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]|years=18 May 2022 to 11 July 2024}}
{{s-aft|after=Kumar Vishwajeet, IPS}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Nidigattu Sanjay]], IPS}}
{{s-ttl|title= [[Additional Director General of Police]], Criminal Investigation Department [[Andhra Pradesh Police]]|years=8 June 2024 to 28 June 2024}}
{{s-aft|after=Ravi Shankar Ayyanar, IPS}}
{{s-end}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|India}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Harish Kumar}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:People from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Hindu people]]
[[Category:University of Jammu alumni]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Louisiana State University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Bangalore alumni]]

1999 elections in India

2026-03-26T16:05:22Z

Ieagle123: update page for accuracy

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian elections
| year = 1999
| type =
| incumbent_pm = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] ([[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]])
| next_lok_sabha = [[14th Lok Sabha|13th]]
| rajya_control = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rajya_seats_contested = TBD
| rajya_net_change = TBD
| rajya_map =
| rajya_map_caption =
| lok_control =
| lok_seats_contested = 543
| lok_net_change =
| lok_map =
| lok_map_caption =
| states_contested = 6
| state_net_change = TBD
| state_map =
| state_map_caption =
| website =
}}
{{Politics of India}}
The '''1999 elections in India''' include the [[1999 Indian general election]], [[1999 Indian Rajya Sabha elections|Rajya Sabha election]] and various [[State Assembly elections in India|State Assembly elections]].

== General election ==
{{Main|1999 Indian general election}}

{{Election results
|image=[[File:Lok Sabha Zusammensetzung 1999.svg|350px]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=103120330|seats1=114|sc1=
|party2=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes2=86562209|seats2=182|sc2=
|party3=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes3=19695767|seats3=33|sc3=
|party4=[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]|votes4=15175845|seats4=14|sc4=
|party5=[[Samajwadi Party]]|votes5=13717021|seats5=26|sc5=
|party6=[[Telugu Desam Party]]|votes6=13297370|seats6=29|sc6=
|party7=[[Janata Dal (United)]]|votes7=11282084|seats7=21|sc7=
|party8=[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]|votes8=10150492|seats8=7|sc8=
|party9=[[All India Trinamool Congress]]|votes9=9363785|seats9=8|sc9=
|party10=[[Nationalist Congress Party]]|votes10=8260311|seats10=8|sc10=
|party11=[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes11=7046953|seats11=10|sc11=
|party12=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes12=6298832|seats12=12|sc12=
|party13=[[Shiv Sena]]|votes13=5672412|seats13=15|sc13=
|party14=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes14=5395119|seats14=4|sc14=
|party15=[[Biju Janata Dal]]|votes15=4378536|seats15=10|sc15=
|party16=[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]|votes16=3332702|seats16=1|sc16=
|party17=[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]|votes17=2377741|seats17=5|sc17=
|party18=[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|votes18=2502949|seats18=2|sc18=
|party19=[[Tamil Maanila Congress]]|votes19=2058636|seats19=0|sc19=
|party20=[[Indian National Lok Dal]]|votes20=2002700|seats20=5|sc20=
|party21=[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes21=1620527|seats21=4|sc21=
|party22=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes22=1500817|seats22=3|sc22=
|party23=[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]|votes23=1364030|seats23=2|sc23=
|party24=[[All India Forward Bloc]]|votes24=1288060|seats24=2|sc24=
|party25=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]|votes25=1220698|seats25=1|sc25=
|party26=[[Asom Gana Parishad]]|votes26=1182061|seats26=0|sc26=
|party27=[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]|votes27=974609|seats27=0|sc27=
|party28=[[Indian Union Muslim League|Muslim League Kerala State Committee]]|votes28=833562|seats28=2|sc28=
|party29=[[Akhil Bharatiya Loktantrik Congress]]|votes29=818713|seats29=2|sc29=
|party30=[[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh]]|votes30=692559|seats30=1|sc30=
|party31=[[Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)|Apna Dal]]|votes31=848662|seats31=0|sc31=
|party32=[[Bihar People's Party]]|votes32=607810|seats32=0|sc32=
|party33=[[Puthiya Tamilagam]]|votes33=568196|seats33=0|sc33=
|party34=[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]|votes34=454481|seats34=4|sc34=
|party35=[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]|votes35=448165|seats35=1|sc35=
|party36=[[MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes36=396216|seats36=1|sc36=
|party37=[[Kerala Congress]]|votes37=365313|seats37=1|sc37=
|party38=[[Kerala Congress (M)]]|votes38=357402|seats38=1|sc38=
|party39=[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Simranjit Singh Mann)]]|votes39=298846|seats39=1|sc39=
|party40=[[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]|votes40=297337|seats40=1|sc40=
|party41=[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]|votes41=282583|seats41=1|sc41=
|party42=[[Himachal Vikas Congress]]|votes42=264002|seats42=1|sc42=
|party43=[[Manipur State Congress Party]]|votes43=222417|seats43=1|sc43=
|party44=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes44=505664|seats44=0|sc44=
|party45=[[Natural Law Party|Ajeya Bharat Party]]|votes45=430275|seats45=0|sc45=
|party46=[[Sarb Hind Shiromani Akali Dal]]|votes46=406421|seats46=0|sc46=
|party47=[[Marxist Co-ordination Committee]]|votes47=351839|seats47=0|sc47=
|party48=[[Tamizhaga Rajiv Congress]]|votes48=338278|seats48=0|sc48=
|party49=United Reservation Movement Council of Assam|votes49=246942|seats49=0|sc49=
|party50=[[Anna Telugu Desam Party]]|votes50=244045|seats50=0|sc50=
|party51=[[Democratic Bahujan Samaj Morcha]]|votes51=236962|seats51=0|sc51=
|party52=[[Haryana Vikas Party]]|votes52=188731|seats52=0|sc52=
|party53=[[Sikkim Democratic Front]]|votes53=107828|seats53=1|sc53=
|party54=[[Gondwana Ganatantra Party]]|votes54=180804|seats54=0|sc54=
|party55=People's Democratic Front|votes55=172434|seats55=0|sc55=
|party56=[[Janata Party]]|votes56=167649|seats56=0|sc56=
|party57=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (Ulgulan)|votes57=154433|seats57=0|sc57=
|party58=Mahabharat People's Party|votes58=145192|seats58=0|sc58=
|party59=[[National Loktantrik Party]]|votes59=136385|seats59=0|sc59=
|party60=[[Marxist Communist Party of India (S.S. Srivastava)]]|votes60=120220|seats60=0|sc60=
|party61=[[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]]|votes61=107197|seats61=0|sc61=
|party62=Jharkhand Party (Naren)|votes62=101441|seats62=0|sc62=
|party63=[[Sikkim Sangram Parishad]]|votes63=86466|seats63=0|sc63=
|party64=[[Kannada Chalavali Vatal Paksha]]|votes64=73012|seats64=0|sc64=
|party65=[[Sadbhavana Party]]|votes65=71279|seats65=0|sc65=
|party66=[[Arunachal Congress]]|votes66=70760|seats66=0|sc66=
|party67=[[NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)]]|votes67=61635|seats67=0|sc67=
|party68=[[Jharkhand Party]]|votes68=57676|seats68=0|sc68=
|party69=Champaran Vikas Party|votes69=56561|seats69=0|sc69=
|party70=[[Akhil Bharatiya Sena]]|votes70=56249|seats70=0|sc70=
|party71=[[United Minorities Front, Assam]]|votes71=53661|seats71=0|sc71=
|party72=[[Lok Shakti]]|votes72=40997|seats72=0|sc72=
|party73=Bharatiya Republican Paksha|votes73=40636|seats73=0|sc73=
|party74=[[Hill State People's Democratic Party]]|votes74=40301|seats74=0|sc74=
|party75=[[Bahujan Samaj Party (Ambedkar)]]|votes75=39494|seats75=0|sc75=
|party76=[[Pragatisheel Manav Samaj Party]]|votes76=36920|seats76=0|sc76=
|party77=[[Bharatiya Jan Congress]]|votes77=34552|seats77=0|sc77=
|party78=[[People's Democratic Movement (Meghalaya)|People's Democratic Movement]]|votes78=33164|seats78=0|sc78=
|party79=Bhartiya Jana Congress (Rashtriya)|votes79=32871|seats79=0|sc79=
|party80=Pyramid Party of India|votes80=31699|seats80=0|sc80=
|party81=[[Socialist Republican Party (Kerala)|Socialist Republican Party]]|votes81=30779|seats81=0|sc81=
|party82=[[Federal Party of Manipur]]|votes82=30039|seats82=0|sc82=
|party83=[[Jammu and Kashmir Awami League]]|votes83=28889|seats83=0|sc83=
|party84=[[Amra Bangali]]|votes84=25408|seats84=0|sc84=
|party85=Tamil Desiyak Katchi|votes85=25209|seats85=0|sc85=
|party86=[[Loktantrik Samajwadi Party]]|votes86=23630|seats86=0|sc86=
|party87=Indian Union Muslim League (IUML)|votes87=20523|seats87=0|sc87=
|party89=[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes89=19596|seats89=0|sc89=
|party90=[[National Minorities Party]]|votes90=19344|seats90=0|sc90=
|party91=Shoshit Samaj Dal|votes91=19330|seats91=0|sc91=
|party92=[[Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party]]|votes92=15888|seats92=0|sc92=
|party93=[[Chhattisgarh Mukti Morcha]]|votes93=15526|seats93=0|sc93=
|party94=[[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]]|votes94=14302|seats94=0|sc94=
|party95=[[Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha]]|votes95=14157|seats95=0|sc95=
|party96=[[Republican Party of India (Athawale)]]|votes96=14098|seats96=0|sc96=
|party97=[[Majlis Bachao Tahreek]]|votes97=13461|seats97=0|sc97=
|party98=Sirpanch Samaj Party|votes98=13437|seats98=0|sc98=
|party99=Chhattisgarhi Samaj Party|votes99=13097|seats99=0|sc99=
|party100=Parivartan Samaj Party|votes100=12820|seats100=0|sc100=
|party101=[[United Goans Democratic Party]]|votes101=11153|seats101=0|sc101=
|party102=Jan Satta Party|votes102=11024|seats102=0|sc102=
|party103=Savarn Samaj Party|votes103=10906|seats103=0|sc103=
|party104=[[All India Muslim Forum]]|votes104=10010|seats104=0|sc104=
|party105=[[Maraland Democratic Front]]|votes105=8444|seats105=0|sc105=
|party106=United Tribal Nationalists Liberation Front|votes106=8429|seats106=0|sc106=
|party107=United Bodo Nationalist Liberation Front|votes107=7611|seats107=0|sc107=
|party108=Bharatiya Samaj Dal|votes108=7607|seats108=0|sc108=
|party109=[[Ambedkar Samaj Party]]|votes109=7260|seats109=0|sc109=
|party110=Akhil Bharatiya Berozgaar Party|votes110=7134|seats110=0|sc110=
|party111=Akhil Bartiya Manav Seva Dal|votes111=6761|seats111=0|sc111=
|party112=Rajasthan Vikash Party|votes112=6258|seats112=0|sc112=
|party113=Awami Party|votes113=5050|seats113=0|sc113=
|party114=All India Gareeb Congress|votes114=4861|seats114=0|sc114=
|party115=Gareebjan Samaj Party|votes115=4725|seats115=0|sc115=
|party116=[[Garo National Council]]|votes116=4561|seats116=0|sc116=
|party117=Humanist Party of India|votes117=4192|seats117=0|sc117=
|party118=Rashtriya Unnatsheel Das|votes118=4104|seats118=0|sc118=
|party119=Shoshit Samaj Party|votes119=4080|seats119=0|sc119=
|party120=Bharatiya Naujawan Dal|votes120=3895|seats120=0|sc120=
|party121=Dhiravida Thelgar Munnetra Kalagam|votes121=3748|seats121=0|sc121=
|party122=[[Maharashtra Rashtravadi Congress]]|votes122=3579|seats122=0|sc122=
|party123=Maharashtra Pradesh Krantikari Party|votes123=3571|seats123=0|sc123=
|party124=Bira Oriya Party|votes124=3120|seats124=0|sc124=
|party125=Bahujan Kranti Dal (JAI)|votes125=3090|seats125=0|sc125=
|party126=All India Rajiv Krantikari Congress|votes126=2993|seats126=0|sc126=
|party127=Sanatan Samaj Party|votes127=2932|seats127=0|sc127=
|party128=Bhartiya Lok Kalyan Dal|votes128=2896|seats128=0|sc128=
|party129=Bharatiya Berozgar Mazdoor Kisan Dal|votes129=2706|seats129=0|sc129=
|party130=Tharasu Makkal Mandram|votes130=2675|seats130=0|sc130=
|party131=Gujarat Yuva Vikas Party|votes131=2217|seats131=0|sc131=
|party132=[[Bharatiya Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh]]|votes132=2151|seats132=0|sc132=
|party133=Akhil Bhartiya Janata Vikas Party|votes133=1981|seats133=0|sc133=
|party134=Bharat Dal|votes134=1832|seats134=0|sc134=
|party135=Hind Vikas Party|votes135=1641|seats135=0|sc135=
|party136=[[Tamil Nadu Peasants and Workers Party]]|votes136=1631|seats136=0|sc136=
|party137=[[Ephraim Union]]|votes137=1578|seats137=0|sc137=
|party138=National Organisation Congress|votes138=1566|seats138=0|sc138=
|party139=Manav Kalyan Sangh Dal|votes139=1517|seats139=0|sc139=
|party140=[[Revolutionary Communist Party of India|Revolutionary Communist Party of India (Rasik Bhatt)]]|votes140=1516|seats140=0|sc140=
|party141=All J & K Peoples Patriotic Front|votes141=1500|seats141=0|sc141=
|party142=Kamjor Varg Sangh, Bihar|votes142=1481|seats142=0|sc142=
|party143=United Citizens Party|votes143=1414|seats143=0|sc143=
|party144=Rashtriya Sawarn Dal|votes144=1407|seats144=0|sc144=
|party145=[[Goa Vikas Party]]|votes145=1407|seats145=0|sc145=
|party146=Akhil Bharatiya Manav Adhikar Dal|votes146=1333|seats146=0|sc146=
|party147=Akhil Bhartiya Loktantra Party|votes147=1265|seats147=0|sc147=
|party148=Labour and Job Seeker's Party of India|votes148=1227|seats148=0|sc148=
|party149=Bahujan Kranti Dal|votes149=1218|seats149=0|sc149=
|party150=Secular Party of India|votes150=1180|seats150=0|sc150=
|party151=Rashtriya Aikta Manch|votes151=1169|seats151=0|sc151=
|party152=Gandhiwadi Rashtriya Congress|votes152=1163|seats152=0|sc152=
|party153=Pragati Sheel Party|votes153=858|seats153=0|sc153=
|party154=Bharat Nav Jyoti Sangh|votes154=806|seats154=0|sc154=
|party155=[[All India Minorities Front]]|votes155=805|seats155=0|sc155=
|party156=Bahujan Ekta Party (R)|votes156=783|seats156=0|sc156=
|party157=Bharatiya Momin Front|votes157=737|seats157=0|sc157=
|party158=Indian National Green Party|votes158=594|seats158=0|sc158=
|party159=Bharatiya Jan Vikas Party|votes159=571|seats159=0|sc159=
|party160=Ambedkarbadi Party|votes160=543|seats160=0|sc160=
|party161=Bharatiya Parivartan Morcha|votes161=508|seats161=0|sc161=
|party162=Rashtriya Mazdoor Ekta Party|votes162=437|seats162=0|sc162=
|party163=Christian Mannetra Kazhagam|votes163=385|seats163=0|sc163=
|party164=Bharatha Makkal Congress|votes164=384|seats164=0|sc164=
|party165=Rashtriya Dharmanirpeksha Nava Bharat Party|votes165=384|seats165=0|sc165=
|party166=Kranti Dal|votes166=344|seats166=0|sc166=
|party167=Bharatiya Muhabbat Party (All India)|votes167=338|seats167=0|sc167=
|party168=Akhil Bharatiya Shivsena Rashtrawadi|votes168=244|seats168=0|sc168=
|party169=National Congress Of Youth|votes169=179|seats169=0|sc169=
|party170=Desh Bhakt Party|votes170=173|seats170=0|sc170=
|party171=Independents|votes171=9996386|seats171=6|sc171=
|row172=Nominated [[Anglo-Indians]]|seats172=2
|invalid=7231810
|electorate=619536847
|source=ECI<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
}}

===State and Alliance wise===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
! style="text-align:left; background:#ccf; vertical-align:middle;"|State (# of seats)
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" style=" text-align:center; background:#ccf; vertical-align:middle;"|Alliance/Party
! style="background:#ccf; text-align:center;"|Seats Contested
! style="background:#ccf; text-align:right;"|Seats won
! style="background:#ccf; text-align:right;"|% of votes
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=6 valign=top|[[1999 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]'''(42)'''
|rowspan="2" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance}}
! rowspan="2" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
| {{party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|'''34'''
|'''29'''
|'''39.85'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|8
|7
|9.90
|-
|rowspan="1" {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
! rowspan="1" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[Indian National Congress|Congress+]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|42
|5
|42.79
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{Party color|Third Front}}" |
! rowspan="2" style="background:#ffe8e8" |[[Third Front (India)|Third Front]]
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPM)
|7
|0
|1.4
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party Of India]] (CPI)
|6
|0
|1.3
|-
| -
| -
| {{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|1
|1
|6.05
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=4 valign=top|[[Elections in Arunachal Pradesh#Lok Sabha elections|Arunachal Pradesh]]'''(2)'''
|rowspan="1" {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
! rowspan="1" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[Indian National Congress|Congress+]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|'''2'''
|'''2'''
|'''56.92'''
|-
|rowspan="2" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance}}
! rowspan="2" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
| {{party color cell|Arunachal Congress}}
| [[Arunachal Congress]]
|1
|0
|16.62
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|1
|0
|16.30
|-
| -
| -
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|1
|0
|7.77
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=7 valign=top|[[Elections in Assam#Lok Sabha Elections|Assam]]'''(14)'''
|rowspan="1" {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
! rowspan="1" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[Indian National Congress|Congress+]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|'''14'''
|'''10'''
|'''38.42'''
|-
|rowspan="1" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance}}
! rowspan="1" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|12
|2
|29.84
|-
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{Party color|Third Front}}" |
! rowspan="3" style="background:#ffe8e8" |[[Third Front (India)|Third Front]]
| {{party color cell|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|[[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|8
|0
|11.92
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPM)
|2
|0
|1.8
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
|1
|0
|0.6
|-
| -
| -
| {{party color cell| Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]
|3
|1
|10.46
|-
| -
| -
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|44
|1
|9.36
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=12 valign=top|[[Elections in Bihar#Lok Sabha Elections|Bihar]]'''(54)'''
|rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance}}
! rowspan="3" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|'''29'''
|'''23'''
|'''23.01'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|23
|18
|20.77
|-
| {{party color cell|Bihar People's Party}}
|[[Bihar People's Party]]
|2
|0
|1.7
|-
|rowspan="5" {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
! rowspan="5" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[Indian National Congress|Congress+]]
| {{party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|35
|7
|28.29
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|15
|4
|8.81
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPM)
|1
|0
|0.1
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
|1
|0
|1.0
|-
| {{party color cell|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
| [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
|1
|0
|0
|-
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{Party color|Third Front}}" |
! rowspan="3" style="background:#ffe8e8" |[[Third Front (India)|Third Front]]
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPM)
|1
|1
|0.9
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
|8
|0
|1.7
|-
| {{party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
|[[All India Forward Bloc]] (AIFB)
|1
|0
|0
|-
| -
| -
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|187
|1
|4.2
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=2 valign=top|[[Elections in Goa#Lok Sabha Elections|Goa]]'''(2)'''
|rowspan="1" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance}}
! rowspan="1" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|'''2'''
|'''2'''
|'''51.49'''
|-
|rowspan="1" {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
! rowspan="1" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[Indian National Congress|Congress+]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|2
|0
|39.01
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=2 valign=top|[[1999 Indian general election in Gujarat|Gujarat]]'''(26)'''
|rowspan="1" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance}}
! rowspan="1" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|'''26'''
|'''20'''
|'''52.48'''
|-
|rowspan="1" {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
! rowspan="1" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[Indian National Congress|Congress+]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|26
|6
|45.44
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=4 valign=top|[[1999 Indian general election in Haryana|Haryana]]'''(10)'''
|rowspan="2" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance}}
! rowspan="2" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|'''5'''
|'''5'''
|'''29.21'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|[[Indian National Lok Dal]]
|5
|5
|28.72
|-
|rowspan="1" {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
! rowspan="1" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[Indian National Congress|Congress+]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|10
|0
|34.93
|-
| -
| -
| {{party color cell|Haryana Vikas Party}}
|[[Haryana Vikas Party]]
|2
|0
|2.71
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=3 valign=top|[[Elections in Himachal Pradesh#Lok Sabha elections|Himachal Pradesh]]'''(4)'''
|rowspan="2" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance}}
! rowspan="2" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|'''3'''
|'''3'''
|'''46.27'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Himachal Vikas Congress}}
|[[Himachal Vikas Congress]]
|1
|1
|12.37
|-
|rowspan="1" {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
! rowspan="1" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[Indian National Congress|Congress+]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|4
|0
|39.52
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=4 valign=top|[[Elections in Jammu and Kashmir#Lok Sabha elections|Jammu & Kashmir]]'''(6)'''
| -
| -
| {{party color cell|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
|'''6'''
|'''4'''
|'''28.94'''
|-
|rowspan="1" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance}}
! rowspan="1" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|6
|2
|31.56
|-
|rowspan="1" {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
! rowspan="1" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[Indian National Congress|Congress+]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|5
|0
|17.83
|-
| -
| -
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|28
|0
|9.63
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=4 valign=top|[[Elections in Karnataka#Lok Sabha elections|Karnataka]]'''(28)'''
|rowspan="1" {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
! rowspan="1" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[Indian National Congress|Congress+]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|'''28'''
|'''18'''
|'''45.41'''
|-
|rowspan="2" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance}}
! rowspan="2" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|19
|7
|27.19
|-
| {{party color cell| Janata Dal (United)}}
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|9
|3
|13.28
|-
| -
| -
| {{party color cell| Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|27
|0
|10.85
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=10 valign=top|[[1999 Indian general election in Kerala|Kerala]]'''(20)'''
|rowspan="3" {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
! rowspan="3" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[Indian National Congress|Congress+]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|'''17'''
|'''8'''
|'''39.25'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Kerala Congress}}
|[[Kerala Congress]]
|1
|1
|2.3
|-
| {{party color cell|Muslim League Kerala State Committee}}
|[[Muslim League Kerala State Committee]]
|2
|2
|5.6
|-
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="{{Party color|Third Front}}" |
! rowspan="5" style="background:#ffe8e8" |[[Third Front (India)|Third Front]]
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPM)
|12
|8
|27.90
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
|4
|0
|7.57
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|2
|0
|3.6
|-
| {{party color cell|Kerala Congress}}
|[[Kerala Congress]]
|1
|1
|2.4
|-
| {{party color cell| Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|1
|0
|2.2
|-
|rowspan="2" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance}}
! rowspan="2" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|14
|0
|6.56
|-
| {{party color cell| Janata Dal (United)}}
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|5
|0
|1.3
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=4 valign=top|[[1999 Indian general election in Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]'''(40)'''
|rowspan="1" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance}}
! rowspan="1" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|'''40'''
|'''29'''
|'''46.58'''
|-
|rowspan="1" {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
! rowspan="1" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[Indian National Congress|Congress+]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|40
|11
|43.91
|-
| -
| -
| {{party color cell| Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|27
|0
|5.23
|-
| -
| -
| {{party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|20
|0
|1.37
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=9 valign=top|[[1999 Indian general election in Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]'''(48)'''
|rowspan="2" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance}}
! rowspan="2" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
| {{party color cell| Shiv Sena}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|'''22'''
|'''15'''
|'''16.86'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|26
|13
|21.18
|-
|rowspan="3" {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
! rowspan="3" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[Indian National Congress|Congress+]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|42
|10
|29.71
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh}}
|[[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh]]
|4
|1
|2.1
|-
| {{party color cell|Republican Party of India}}
|[[Republican Party of India]]
|2
|0
|1.4
|-
| -
| -
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|38
|6
|21.58
|-
| -
| -
| {{party color cell| Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|2
|1
|0.9
|-
| -
| -
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|78
|1
|3.3
|-
| -
| -
| {{party color cell|Peasants And Workers Party of India}}
|[[Peasants And Workers Party of India]]
|2
|1
|0.9
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=4 valign=top|[[Elections in Manipur#Lok Sabha elections|Manipur]]'''(2)'''
|rowspan="2" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance}}
! rowspan="2" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
| {{party color cell|Manipur State Congress Party}}
|[[Manipur State Congress Party]]
|'''1'''
|'''1'''
|'''24.89'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|1
|0
|1
|-
| -
| -
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|'''1'''
|'''1'''
|'''13.49'''
|-
| -
| -
| {{party color cell| Manipur Peoples Party}}
|[[Manipur Peoples Party]]
|1
|0
|16.25
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"rowspan=3 valign=top|[[Elections in Odisha#Lok Sabha Elections|Orissa]]'''(21)'''
|rowspan="2" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance}}
! rowspan="2" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
| {{party color cell|Biju Janata Dal}}
|[[Biju Janata Dal]]
|'''12'''
|'''10'''
|'''33.00'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|9
|9
|24.63
|-
|rowspan="1" {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
! rowspan="1" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[Indian National Congress|Congress+]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|20
|2
|36.94
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=8 valign=top|[[Elections in Punjab, India|Punjab]]'''(13)'''
|-
|rowspan="3" {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
! rowspan="3" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[Indian National Congress|Congress+]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|'''11'''
|'''8'''
|'''38.4'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India ]] (CPI)
|1
|1
|3.7
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPM)
|1
|0
|2.2
|-
|rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance}}
! rowspan="3" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
| {{party color cell|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|9
|2
|28.6
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|3
|1
|9.2
|-
| {{party color cell|Democratic Bahujan Samaj Morcha}}
|[[Democratic Bahujan Samaj Morcha]]
|1
|0
|2.7
|-
| -
| -
| {{party color cell|Shiromani Akali Dal (Simranjit Singh Mann)}}
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Simranjit Singh Mann)]]
|1
|1
|3.4
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=3 valign=top|[[Elections in Rajasthan#Lok Sabha elections|Rajasthan]]'''(25)'''
|rowspan="2" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance}}
! rowspan="2" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|'''24'''
|'''16'''
|'''23.01'''
|-
| {{party color cell| Janata Dal (United)}}
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|1
|0
|1.6
|-
|rowspan="1" {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
! rowspan="1" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[Indian National Congress|Congress+]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|25
|9
|17.83
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=11 valign=top|[[1999 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]'''(39)'''
|-
|rowspan="6" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance}}
! rowspan="6" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
| {{party color cell| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|'''19'''
|'''12'''
|'''23.1'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
|7
|5
|8.2
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|6
|4
|7.1
|-
| {{party color cell|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]}}
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|5
|4
|6.0
|-
| {{party color cell|MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|1
|1
|1.5
|-
| {{party color cell|Tamizhaga Rajiv Congress}}
|[[Tamizhaga Rajiv Congress]]
|1
|0
|1.2
|-
|rowspan="4" {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
! rowspan="4" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[Indian National Congress|Congress+]]
| {{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|24
| 10
| 25.7
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|11
|2
|11.1
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPM)
|2
|1
|2.3
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party Of India]] (CPI)
|2
|0
|2.6
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=11 valign=top|[[Elections in Uttar Pradesh#Table of Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha results|Uttar Pradesh]]'''(85)'''
|-
|rowspan="4" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance}}
! rowspan="4" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|'''77'''
|'''29'''
|'''27.64'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Akhil Bharatiya Lok Tantrik Congress}}
|[[Akhil Bharatiya Lok Tantrik Congress]]
|4
|2
|1.51
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|1
|1
|3.62
|-
| {{party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|2
|0
|0.6
|-
|rowspan="3" {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
! rowspan="3" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[Indian National Congress|Congress+]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|76
|10
|14.72
|-
| {{party color cell|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
|6
|2
|2.49
|-
| {{party color cell|Republican Party of India}}
|[[Republican Party of India]]
|1
|0
|0
|-
| -
| -
| {{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|85
|14
|22.08
|-
| -
| -
| {{party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|84
|26
|24.06
|-
| -
| -
| {{party color cell|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}
|[[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
|2
|1
|0.46
|-
|style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;" rowspan=9 valign=top|[[Elections in West Bengal#Lok Sabha elections|West Bengal]]'''(42)'''
|-
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{Party color|Third Front}}" |
! rowspan="4" style="background:#ffe8e8" |[[Third Front (India)|Third Front]]
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPM)
|'''32'''
|'''21'''
|'''35.57'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party Of India]] (CPI)
|3
|3
|3.47
|-
| {{party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] (RSP)
|4
|3
|4.25
|-
| {{party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
|[[All India Forward Bloc]] (AIFB)
|3
|2
|3.45
|-
|rowspan="2" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance}}
! rowspan="2" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Trinamool Congress}}
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]] (AITC)
|28
|8
|26.04
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
|13
|2
|11.13
|-
|rowspan="1" {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
! rowspan="1" style="background:#FEF3E8" |[[Indian National Congress|Congress+]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
|41
|3
|13.29
|-
|}

==Overall result==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Date(s)
!State
!colspan="2"|Government before
!Chief Minister before
! colspan="2" |Government after
!Elected Chief Minister
!Maps
|-
| 4 June 1999
|[[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|Goa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Luizinho Faleiro]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Luizinho Faleiro]]
|[[File:IN-GA.svg|50px]]
|-
|5, 11, 18 September 1999
|[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|[[File:IN-AP.svg|50px]]
|-
|rowspan="2|5, 11 September 1999
|rowspan="2|[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|Maharashtra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|rowspan="2| [[Narayan Rane]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|rowspan="2| [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|rowspan="2| [[File:IN-MH.svg|50px]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| 5 and 11 September 1999
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|Karnataka]]
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}
| align="left"|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
| [[J. H. Patel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[S. M. Krishna]]
| [[File:IN-KA.svg|50px]]
|-
|rowspan="2" |3 October 1999
|[[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Arunachal Congress}}
|[[Gegong Apang]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Mukut Mithi]]
|[[File:IN-AR.svg|50px]]
|-
|[[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|Sikkim]]
|{{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
|{{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
|[[File:IN-SK.svg|50px]]
|}

== Legislative Assembly elections ==
===Andhra Pradesh===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Source: [https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4052-andhra-pradesh-1999/ Election Commission of India]
!colspan=10|[[File:India AP Assembly 1999.svg]]
|-
!colspan="4" rowspan="2" |Alliance/Party
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
!colspan="3"|Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
!rowspan="3" style="background:#FEF3E8"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party}}
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 14,613,307
| 43.87
| {{Decrease}} 0.27
| 269
| 180
| {{Decrease}} 36
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,223,481
| 3.67
| {{Decrease}} 0.22
| 24
| 12
| {{Increase}} 9
|-
|colspan="2" style="background:#fef3E8"|Total
|style="background:#fef3E8"|15,836,788
|style="background:#fef3E8"|47.54
|style="background:#fef3E8"|N/A
|style="background:#fef3E8"|293
|style="background:#fef3E8"|192
|style="background:#fef3E8"|N/A
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| colspan=3 |[[Indian National Congress]]
| 13,526,309
| 40.61
| {{Increase}} 6.76
| 293
| 91
| {{Increase}} 65
|-
|{{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| colspan=3 |[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
| 360,211
| 1.08
| {{Increase}} 0.38
| 5
| 4
| {{Increase}} 3
|-
|rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|Left Front}}
!rowspan="3" style="background:#ffb3b3"|LF
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 567,761
| 1.70
| {{Decrease}} 1.26
| 48
| 2
| {{Decrease}} 13
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India]]
| 539,700
| 1.62
| {{Decrease}} 1.77
| 45
| 0
| {{Decrease}} 19
|-
|colspan="2" style="background:#ffb3b3"|Total
|style="background:#ffb3b3"|1,107,461
|style="background:#ffb3b3"|3.32
|style="background:#ffb3b3"|N/A
|style="background:#ffb3b3"|93
|style="background:#ffb3b3"|2
|style="background:#ffb3b3"|N/A
|-
|{{party color cell|Others}}
|colspan="3"|[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election#Parties and alliances|Other parties]]
| 885,832
| 2.67
| N/A
| 658
| 0
| N/A
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|colspan="3"|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
| 1,593,015
| 4.78
| {{Decrease}} 3.88
| 762
| 5
| {{Decrease}} 7
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!33,309,616
!100.00
!N/A
!2,104
!294
!N/A
|-
|colspan="10"|
|-
!colspan="10"|Vote statistics
|-
|colspan="4"|Valid votes
|align="right"|33,309,616
|align="right"|97.05
!colspan="4" rowspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
|colspan="4"|Invalid votes
|align="right"|1,011,948
|align="right"|2.95
|-
|colspan="4"|'''Votes cast/ turnout'''
|align="right"|'''34,334,842'''
|align="right"|'''69.15'''
|-
|colspan="4"|Abstentions
|align="right"|15,319,547
|align="right"|30.85
|-
|colspan="4"|'''Registered voters'''
|align="right"|'''49,654,389'''
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
|}

=== Arunachal Pradesh ===
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly 1999.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=213097|seats1=53|sc1={{increase}}10
|party2=[[Arunachal Congress]]|votes2=68645|seats2=1|sc2=
|party3=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes3=44556|seats3=0|sc3=
|party4=[[Nationalist Congress Party]]|votes4=35967|seats4=4|sc4=
|party5=[[Ajeya Bharat Party]]|votes5=425|seats5=0|sc5=
|party6=[[Independent (politics)|Independents]]|votes6=48842|seats6=2|sc6=
|total_sc=0
|invalid=12770
|electorate=611481
|source=ECI<ref name=:0/>
}}

===Goa===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
!colspan=10|[[File:India Goa Legislative Assembly 1999.svg]]
|-
! align="center" | Rank
! align="center" | Party
! align="center" | Seats Contested
! align="center" | Seats Won
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
|1||align="left"|'''[[Indian National Congress]]'''||40||'''21'''
|-style="background:
|2||align="left"|'''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''||39||'''10'''
|-
|3||align="left"|'''[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak]]'''||17||'''4'''
|-
|4||align="left"|'''[[United Goans Democratic Party]]'''||11||'''2'''
|-
|5||align="left"|'''[[Goa Rajiv Congress Party]]'''||14||'''2'''
|-style="background:
|6||align="left"|'''[[Independent politician|Independent]]'''||49||'''1'''
|-
| ||align="centre"|'''Total '''|| ||'''40'''
|}

=== Karnataka ===
{|class="wikitable"
! colspan="13" |[[File:India Karnataka Vidhan Sabha 1999.svg]]
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Parties
! colspan="3" |Popular vote
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!+[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!+/-
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 90,77,815
| 40.84
| {{up}}13.89
| 222
| 132
| {{up}}98
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 45,98,741
| 20.69
| {{up}}3.70
| 149
| 44
| {{Up}}4
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 30,06,253
| 13.53
| {{up}}13.53
| 112
| 18
| {{up}}18
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| 23,16,885
| 10.42
| {{up}}10.42
| 203
| 10
| {{Up}}10
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent}}" |
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| 26,66,444
| 12.00
| {{up}}2.34
| 476
| 19
| {{up}}1
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Other}}" |
| Others
| 5,59,361
| 2.52
| {{down}}10.34
| 179
| 1
| {{down}}16
|-
| colspan="8" bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| align="left" colspan="2"| Total
| 2,22,25,499
| 100.00
| bgcolor="#E9E9E9" |
| 1,341
| 224
| ±0
|-
! colspan="9" |
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2" |Valid votes
| align="right" |2,22,25,499
| align="right" |95.88
| colspan="4" rowspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2" |Invalid votes
| align="right" |9,56,294
| align="right" |4.12
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2" |'''Votes cast / turnout'''
| align="right" |'''2,31,94,283'''
| align="right" |'''67.65'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2" |Abstentions
| align="right" | 1,10,89,815
| align="right" | 32.35
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2" |'''Registered voters'''
| align="right" | '''3,42,84,098'''
|colspan="1" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
|}

===Maharashtra===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable"|
! rowspan="2" |Political Party
! colspan="3" |Seats
! colspan="3" |Popular Vote
|-
!Contested
!Won
!Change +/-
!Votes polled
!Votes%
!Change +/-
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]{{Composition bar|75|288|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|249
|75
|{{decrease}} 5
|8,937,043
|27.20%
|{{decrease}} 3.80%
|-
| {{party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]{{Composition bar|69|288|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|161
|69
|{{decrease}} 4
|5,692,812
|17.33%
|{{increase}} 0.94%
|-
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]{{Composition bar|58|288|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|223
|58
|{{increase}} 58
|7,425,427
|22.60%
|{{increase}} 22.60% ''(New Party)''
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]{{Composition bar|56|288|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party }}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|117
|56
|{{decrease}} 9
|4,776,301
|14.54%
|{{increase}} 1.74%
|-
| {{party color cell|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]{{Composition bar|5|288|{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|22
|5
|{{decrease}} 1
|490,535
|1.49%
|{{decrease}} 0.56%
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh}}
|[[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh]]{{Composition bar|3|288|{{party color|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|34
|3
|{{increase}} 3
|606,827
|1.85%
|{{decrease}} 1.18%
|-
| {{party color cell|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]{{Composition bar|2|288|{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|25
|2
|{{decrease}} 9 ''(from [[Janata Dal|JD]] seats)''
|497,127
|1.51%
|{{decrease}} 4.35% ''(from [[Janata Dal|JD]] vote share)''
|-
| {{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party]]{{Composition bar|2|288|{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|15
|2
|{{decrease}} 1
|227,640
|0.69%
|{{decrease}} 0.24%
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]{{Composition bar|2|288|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|23
|2
|{{decrease}} 1
|210,030
|0.64%
|{{decrease}} 0.36%
|-
| {{party color cell|Republican Party of India}}
|[[Republican Party of India]]{{Composition bar|1|288|{{party color|Republican Party of India}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|10
|1
|{{increase}} 1
|226,481
|0.69%
|{{increase}} 0.54%
|-
| {{party color cell|Gondwana Ganatantra Party}}
|[[Gondwana Ganatantra Party]]{{Composition bar|1|288|{{party color|Gondwana Ganatantra Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|16
|1
|{{increase}} 1
|67,138
|0.20%
|{{increase}} 0.20% ''(New Party)''
|-
| {{party color cell|Native People's Party}}
|[[Native People's Party]]{{Composition bar|1|288|{{party color|Native People's Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|1
|1
|{{increase}} 1
|63,931
|0.19%
|{{increase}} 0.19%
|-
| {{party color cell|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}
|[[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)|Samajwadi Janata Party (Maharashtra)]]{{Composition bar|1|288|{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|5
|1
|{{increase}} 1
|43,870
|0.13%
|{{decrease}} 0.01%
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Maharashtra Vikas Congress}}
| 2
|0
|{{Down}}1
|31,173
|0.09%
|{{Down}}0.03%
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Nag Vidarbha Andolan Samiti}}
| 4
|0
|{{Down}}1
|26,966
|0.08%
|{{Down}}0.13%
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]{{Composition bar|12|288|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|837
|12
|{{decrease}} 33
|3,116,564
|9.49%
|{{decrease}} 14.14%
|-style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
|
|align="left"|'''Total'''||2006||288||{{nochange}}||32,856,693||60.95%||{{decrease}} 10.74%
|-
|}

=== Sikkim ===
{{Election results
|image=[[File:Sikkim Legislative Assembly 1999.svg]]
|party1=[[Sikkim Democratic Front]]|votes1=107214|seats1=24|sc1={{increase}}5
|party2=[[Sikkim Sangram Parishad]]|votes2=85827|seats2=7|sc2={{decrease}}3
|party3=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes3=7512|seats3=0|sc3={{decrease}}2
|party4=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes4=398|seats4=0|sc4=0
|party5=Independents|votes5=3976|seats5=1|sc5=0
|total_sc=0
|invalid=4056
|electorate=255377
|source=[https://ceosikkim.nic.in/UploadedFiles/Report/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf CEO Sikkim]
}}

==Legislative By-elections==
===[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Results by constituency |
* Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeSept1999/index.htm |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date = 1 January 2025 |title=Key Statistics - Bye Elections - Sept. - Oct. 1999 |publisher=Election Commission Of India |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
!Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #k
! Names
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-
|1||[[Langate Assembly constituency|Langate]]||40.62%||Mohammed Sultan Pandit||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||4,537||25.91%||Bashir Ahmad Wani||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||4,465||21.8%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|'''72'''
|-
|2||[[Srigufwara–Bijbehara Assembly constituency|Srigufwara–Bijbehara]]||15.8%||Abdul Rehman||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||3,756||29.07%||Rafi Ahmad Mir||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||2,506||2.38%||style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|'''1,250'''
|-
|}

== Rajya Sabha election ==
{{Main|1999 Indian Rajya Sabha elections}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:1999 elections in India| ]]
[[Category:1999 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:1999 in India|Elections]]
[[Category:Elections in India by year]]

List of ragas in Hindustani classical music

2026-03-19T18:56:36Z

Ieagle123: added formatting and updated info

{{Short description|none}}

{{Not to be confused with|Carnatic raga}}

This is a list of various ragas/raags in [[Hindustani classical music]]. There is no exact count/known number of ragas which are there in [[Indian classical music]]. There are currently 1164 raags in this list.

Once [[Ustad Vilayat Khan]] saheb at the [[Sawai Gandharva Bhimsen Festival]], Pune said before beginning his performance – "There are approximately four lakh [400,000] raags in Hindustani Classical music. Many of them are repetitious but have different names."

Here, some of the [[Rāga|Raag]]s and other types that are named are listed alphabetically. The following list includes [[Rāga|Raag]]s, Raaginis, Upraags, Putra raags, raag's wives, Das raags, Dasi raags, Misra raags or Jod raags, etc.

{{Compact TOC}}

==A==
* Aadi (raga)
* Aadi Basant (Marwa Thaat)
* Aarabi (raga)
* Abhari (raagini)
* Abheri Todi
* Abhiri (raagini)
* [[Abhogi]]
* [[Abhogi Kanada]]
* Achob (raga)
* Adambari Kedar (raga)
* [[Adana (raga)]]
* Adana Bahar
* Adana Malhar
* Adbhut Kalyan (raga)
* Adbhut Ranjani
* Aghali (raga)
* Aghora Kauns
* [[Ahir Bhairav]]
* Ahimohini (raagini)
* Ahir Kanada
* Ahir Lalat
* Ahir Lalit
* Ahiri (raagini)
* Ahiri Malhar
* Ahiri Todi
* Ajad (raga)
* Ajad Hindol
* Alamgiri (raagini)
* Amba Manohari
* Ambika Sarang
* Amari (raagini)
* Amiri Kauns (Vachaspati aang)
* Amir Khani Kauns (Vachaspati aang)
* [[Amritha Kalyani|Amrith Kalyan]]
* Amritvarshini (raga)
* Ananda (raga's son)
* Ananda Bhairav
* Ananda Dhwani
* Ananda Leela
* Ananda Malhar
* Anandi (raagini)
* Anandi Bahar
* Anandi kedar
* Andhri (raga)
* Andiyali (raagini)
* Anjani Kalyan
* Anjani Todi
* Anuranjani
* Alhaiya
* [[Alhaiya Bilaval]]
* Araj (raga)
* Arun Malhar
* [[Asa (raga)]]
* Asa Bhairav
* Asa Kafi
* Asa Maand
* Asa Todi
* Asa Asavari
* [[Asavari]] (Shuddh Rishabh Asavari)
* Asavari Todi ([[Komal Rishabh Asavari]])
* Aslekhi (raagini)
* Averi Bhairavi
* Audav (raga)
* Audav Bhairav
* Audav Bilawal
* Audav Devgiri (raagini)
* Audav Dhannasri (raagini)
* Audav Gandhar
* Audav Girija
* Audav Kauns
* Audav Shuddha Kalyan

==B==
* Badhans (raga)
* Badhamsa Sarang (Badhans Sarang)
* Bagkauns (raga)
* [[Bageshri]] / [[Bageshree]]
* Bageshri Bahar
* Bageshri Kanada
* Bageshri Kauns
* Bahaduri Todi
* [[Bahar (raga)|Bahar]]
* Bahari Kedar
* Bairagi
* Bairagi Bhairav<ref name="SoundofIndia">[http://www.soundofindia.com/raagas.asp List of Ragas], ''SoundofIndia.com''.</ref>
* Bairagi Todi
* Bakul Bhairav
* Bakulabharan (raga)
* Ban (putra raga)
* Bangal (putra raga)
* Bangal Bhairav
* Bangal Bilawal
* Bangli (raagini)
* Barari (Marwa aang)
* Barari (Purvi aang)
* Barathi Todi
* Barhams Sarang
* Barahansika (raagini)
* Barwa (raga)
* [[Basant (raga)|Basant]]
* [[Basant Bahar (raga)|Basant Bahar]]
* Basant Pancham
* Basant Hindol
* Basant Kedar
* Basanta Mukhari<ref name="SoundofIndia"/>
* Basanti (raagini)
* Basanti Kanada
* Basanti Kauns
* Basanti Kedar
* Bayati
* [[Bhairav (raga)|Bhairav]]
* Beehad (raga)
* Beehad Bhairav
* Bhairav Bahar
* Bhairav Bhatiyar
* [[Bhairavi (Hindustani)|Bhairavi]]
* Bhankhar<ref name="SoundofIndia"/>
* Bhankhari
* Bhaskali
* Bhasker (putra raga)
* Bhatiyar (Marwa aang)
* Bhatiyar (Purvi aang)
* Bhatiyari (raagini)
* Bhatiyari Bhairav
* Bhatiyari Gauri
* Bhavmat (raga)
* Bhavmat Bhairav
* Bhav Kauns
* Bhavsakh
* Bhavsakh Kanada
* Bhavana pancham (upraga)
* Bhawani (raga)
* Bhawani Bahar
* Bhilalu
* Bhim (Kafi Thaat)
* [[Bhimsen (raga)|Bhimsen]]
* [[Bhimpalasi]]
* Bhinna Bhairav
* Bhinna Kauns
* Bhinna Lalat
* Bhinna Rageshri
* [[Bhinna Shadja]]<ref name="SoundofIndia"/>
* Bhookosh (raga)
* Bhora (putra raga)
* Bhup/[[Bhoopali]]
* Bhoopal (bhairav Thaat)
* [[Bhoopal Todi]]<ref name="SoundofIndia"/>
* Bhoopeshwari
* Bhup Bilawal
* Bhup Kalyan
* Bhup Nat
* Bhupawali
* Bhupkali
* Bhuplai
* [[Bibhas]] (Marwa aang)
* [[Bibhas]] (Purvi aang)
* [[Bibhas]] (Bhairav aang)
* [[Bibhas]] (Deshkar aang)
* Bibhas Parbhati
* [[Bihag]]
* Bihag Maalva
* Bihag Nat
* Bihag Pat
* Bihag Savani
* Bihagada (with N)
* Bihagada (with n, N)
* Bihagara
* Bihari
* Bihagora (raga)
* Bihagora Maalva (raga)
* Bihari (raga)
* [[Bilaskhani Todi]]<ref name="SoundofIndia"/>
* Bilawal
* Bilawal Dakhani
* Bilawal Gond
* Bilawal Kukubh
* Bilawal Malhar (mixture of ragas [[Gaud Malhar]] and [[Alhaiya Bilawal]])
* Bilawal Nat
* Bilawal Shukla
* Bilawali (raagini)
* Bilahari (raga)
* Binoda (putra raga)
* Biradhar (putra raga)
* Birju ki Malhar
* [[Brindabani Sarang]]

==C==
* Chaiti (raga)
* Chaiti Barwa
* Chaiti Bhup
* Chakradhar (raga)
* Chakravaak (raga)
* Chalnat
* Champak bilawal
* Champak (putra raga)
* Champakali
* Chand (putra raga)
* Chanchalsas Malhar
* Chandani (raga)
* Chandani Bihag
* Chandani Kalyan
* Chandani Kedar<ref name="SoundofIndia"/>
* Chandra Bhairav
* Chandra Bhankar
* Chandra-Bimb (putra raga)
* Chandra Kalyan
* Chandradhwani
* Chandrakant (raga)
* Chandrakauns (Agra Gharana)
* Chandrakauns (Bageshree aang)
* [[Chandrakauns]]<ref name="SoundofIndia"/>
* Chandramouli
* Chandranandan
* Chandraprabha
* Chandrika (raga)
* Charju ki Malhar
* Charukauns
* [[Charukesi]]
* Chhaya (raga)
* Chhaya bihag
* Chhaya Gaud Sarang
* Chhaya Hindol
* Chhaya Kalyan
* Chhaya Malhar
* Chhaya Tilak
* [[Chhayanat (raga)|Chhayanat]]<ref name="SoundofIndia"/>

==D==
* Dadori
* Dagori
* Dakshina Gujjari (raga)
* Dakshinatya (raga)
* Daras Kauns (raga)
* [[Darbari]]
* [[Darbari Kanada]]
* Darbari Todi
* Daulati (raagini)
* Dayabati
* Deepak ([[Bilaval (thaat)|Bilawal Thaat]])
* Deepak Kedar
* Deepawali
* Deepranjani
* Deosakh
* Deogandhara (raga's son)
* Desaa Jaldhar (raga)
* Desaa Sawan (raga)
* Desaa Sorath (raga)
* [[Desh (raga)|Desh]]
* Desh Gaud
* Desh Jogi
* Desh Malhar
* Deshakhya (raga)
* Deshi (raagini)
* Desi Devgiri
* Deshi Tilang
* Desi Todi
* Deshkar (Purvi aang)
* Deshkar (Marwa aang)
* Deshkar<ref name="SoundofIndia"/>
* Devadarshini
* Devangi
* Devkari (raagini)
* Dev Gandhar (raga) (Both Ga's in Jaunpuri)
* Dev Gandhar (Jogia aang)
* Dev Gandhar (Asavari aang)
* Devgaandhari (raagini)
* Devaranjani
* Devata Bhairav
* Devgiri Bilawal
* Devmaya
* Devkauns
* Devsag (raga)
* Devtirthi
* Dev Todi
* Dhakka (raga) (Komal Bhimpalasi)
* Dharmavati
* Dhan Basanti (Purvi aang)
* Dhanakoni Kalyan
* [[Dhanashree|Dhanashri (raga)]]
* Dhanashri (Bhairavi aang)
* Dhanashri (Bilawal aang)
* Dhanashri (Kafi aang)
* Dhanashri (Khamaj aang)
* Dhanashri Multani
* Dhanawarchi Kalyan
* [[Dhani (raga)|Dhani]]<ref name="SoundofIndia"/>
* Dhanki
* Dhanikauns
* Dhanya Dhaivat
* Dhavalshree (raga)
* Dhulia Malhar
* Dhulia Sarang
* Dhumavati
* Din Ka Malkauns
* Divyagandhar
* Din ka Shankara
* Din ki Puriya (raagini)
* Din ki Puriya (Poorvi aang)
* Dishakh (putra raag)
* Divya Chandrika (created by Pt. [[Milind Date]])
* Diwali (raagini)
* Dravida Gauda (raga)
* Dravida Gujjari (raga)
* [[Durga_(raga)|Durga]] (raga)
* [[Durga_(raga)|Durga]] (Bilawal Thaat)
* [[Durga_(raga)|Durga]] (Khamaj Thaat)
* Durga Kalyan
* Durga Kedar
* Durgawati (raagini)
* [[Raga durgeshwai]] 1
* Durgeshwari 2
* Dwijavanthi

==E==
* Enayatkhani Kanada
* Erukalakambhoji (raga)

==G==
* Gagan Vihang (raga)
* Gajdhar (putra raga)
* Gambhir (raga)
* Gandhara (putra raga)
* Gandhari 1 (raagini)
* Gandhari 2 (raagini)
* Gandhari 3 (raagini)
* Gandhari Bahar
* Gandhakriya (raga)
* Gandhi Malhar
* Ganeshwari (raga)
* [[Gara (raga)|Gara]] (raga)
* Gara Bageshri
* Gara Kanada
* Gara Mand
* Gaud (raga)
* Gaud Bahar
* Gaud Bilawal
* [[Gaud Malhar]]<ref name="SoundofIndia"/>
* [[Gaud Sarang]]<ref name="SoundofIndia"/>
* Gaudgiri Bahar
* Gaudi (putra raga)
* Gaudi Bahar
* Gaudi Lalat
* Gaudi Malari (putra raga)
* Gaul (Bhairav Thaat)
* [[Gauri (raga)]]
* Gauri (Bhairav Thaat)
* Gauri (Kalingada aang) (2 Ma’s)
* Gauri (Marwa aang)
* Gauri (Poorvi aang)
* Gauri Bairagan
* Gauri Basant
* Gauri Chayti
* Gauri Cheti
* Gauri Dakhani
* Gauri Deepaki
* Gauri Guarairi
* Gauri Lalita
* Gauri Majh
* Gauri Mala
* Gauri Malva
* Gauri Purbi
* Gauri Purbi Deepaki
* Gauri Sorath
* Gaundkari (raagini)
* Gawati (raga)
* Girija Audav
* Girija Bhairav
* Girija Gandhar
* Girija Kauns
* Godagir (raagini)
* Gop Kamboji (Kafi Thaat)
* Gopika (raga)
* Gopika Basant
* [[Gorakh Kalyan]]<ref name="SoundofIndia"/>
* Govardhani Todi
* Gound
* Gujjari (raagini)
* Guna Kalyan
* Guna Sagra
* Gunkiri (raagini)
* Gunguni (putra raga)
* Gunakali (raga)
* Gunakali (Bilawal Thaat)
* Gunakali (without Ma)
* Gunakali (without Ni)
* Gunakali Jogia
* Gunakali Utari (raga)
* Gunakree<ref name="SoundofIndia"/>
* Gunaranjani
* Gund (putra raga)
* Gunji Kanada
* Gunjikauns
* Gurjri (raagini)
* Gurjari Todi<ref name="SoundofIndia"/>
* Guru Kalyan
* Gyankali

==H==
* [[Hameer]]<ref name="SoundofIndia"/>
* Hameer Tarang
* Hameer Bahar
* Hameer Bilawal
* Hameer Kalyan
* Hameer Kedar
* Hameeri (raagini)
* Hameeri Bilawal
* Hamviri (raagini)
* [[Hamsadhvani]]
* Hamsa Kalyan
* Himala (raga's son)
* Hansanarayani (Purvi Thaat)
* Hanskinkini (raga)
* Haunsnad (raga)
* Hansvinod (raga)
* Harakh (putra raga)
* Harsha (raga's son)
* Harshsrungara
* Harasringara (raagini)
* Hari Bhairav (a raga created and tributed by Pt. [[Milind Date]] to his Guru Pandit [[Hariprasad Chaurasia]])
* Hari Kauns (raga)
* Hari Mohini (a raga created and tributed by Pt. [[Milind Date]] to his Guru Pandit [[Hariprasad Chaurasia]])
* Hari Priya (raga)
* Hasantrehta (raga)
* Hem Bihag
* Hem Kalyan
* Hem Lalat
* Hem Nat
* Hemshri (created by Pt. Acharya [[Vishwanath Rao Ringe]] 'Tanarang')
* Hemant (raga)
* Hemvati (raga)
* Hemvanti (raga)
* Hijaj (raga)
* Hijaj Bhairav
* [[Hindol]]
* Hindol Ajad (raga)
* Hindol Bahar
* Hindol Basant
*Hindol Dhwani
* Hindol Hem
* Hindol Kalyan
* Hindol Marg (raga)
* Hindol Pancham (raga)
* Hindoli (raagini)
* Hindolita (raagini)
* Homshikha (raga) (Khamaj Thaat)
* Hussaini Kanada 1
* Hussaini Kanada 2
* Hussaini Kanada 2
* Hussani Bhairav (a raga created and tributed by Pt. [[Milind Date]] to Ustad [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]])
* Hussaini Bhairavi
* Hussani Todi

==I==
* Iman (raga's son)
* Imratkauns
* Inayatkhani Kanada (created by [[Ustad Vilayat Khan]])
* Indumati
* Indrasan

==J==
* Jablidhar (putra raga)
* JaiKauns (raga)
* JaiRaj (Bilawal Thaat)
* Jaij Bilawal
* Jaimini (raga)
* Jaimini Kalyan
* Jait (Marwa Thaat)
* Jaitshri (raagini)
* Jait Kalyan
* Jaiwanti (Todi Thaat)
* [[Jaijaiwanti]]<ref name="SoundofIndia"/>
* [[Jaijaiwanti]] (Bageshree aang)
* [[Jaijaiwanti]] (Sorath aang)
* Jaijaiwanti Kanada
* Jaijaiwanti Todi
* Jaldhara (putra raga)
* Jaladhar Basanti
* Jaladhar Desa
* Jaladhar Kedar
* Janasammohini<ref name="SoundofIndia"/>
* Jangla Purvi
* Jangula (Asavari aang)
* Jaun (raga)
* Jaunkali
* [[Jaunpuri (raga)|Jaunpuri]]
* Jaunpuri Bahar
* Jaunpuri Todi
* Jayant (Kafi Thaat)
* Jayant Malhar (it is made up of ragas [[Jaijaiwanti]] and [[Malhar]].)
* Jayant Kanada (it is made up of ragas [[Jaijaiwanti]] and Kanada.)
* Jayanti (raagini)
* Jaya
* Jayet
* Jetashree
* Jhanjh Malhar
* [[Jhinjhoti]]
* Jhinjhoti Misravanti
* Jhilla/Jilla (raga)
* [[Jog (raga)|Jog]] (raga)
* Jog Bahar
* Jog Tilang
* Jogeshwari (raga) (Kafi Thaat)
* Jogeshwari (raga) (Khamaj Thaat)
* Jogi (raga)
* Jogi Bhairavi
* Jogi Mand
* Jogia Kalingada
* Jogia
* Jogiya Asavari
* Jogkauns
* Jogwanti
* Joun Bhairav
* Jungala (raga)

==K==
* Kaamaai (Khamaj Thaat)
* Kaamkesh (Khamaj Thaat)
* Kabir Bhairav 1
* Kabir Bhairav 2
* Kabiri (raagini)
* Kabiri Gauri
* Kachheli (raagini)
* [[Kafi (raga)|Kafi]]
* Kafi Bahar
* Kafi Kanada
* Kafi Malhar
* Kagnat (raga)
* Kaisiki (raagini)
* Kakambheri (Bhairavi)
* Kakubha (raagini)
* Kala Bharan (Khamaj Thaat)
* Kalahans (raga)
* Kaalanka (putra raga)
* Kalaranjani
* Kalashree (created by [[Pt Bhimsen Joshi]])
* Kalian (raga)
* Kalian Bhopali
* Kalinga (raga)
* Kalingada
* Kalyan
* Kalyani (raagini)
* Kamakshani (raagini)
* Kamal (putra raga)
* Kamal Shree
* Kamalaranjani
* Kamboji (raga)
* Kameshwari
* Kamkesh (raga)
* Kamod
* Kamod Nat
* Kamodi (raagini)
* Kamodwanti (raagini) (Khamaj Thaat)
* Kampili (raagini)
* Kanada (raga)
* Kanada Bageshri
* Kanada Bahar
* Kaanara (raga)
* Kannadi (raagini)
* Kanaraya (raga's son)
* Kanakanagi (raga)
* Kanmala (raga's son)
* Kanra
* Kanakanagi (Bhairav Thaat)
* Kausi
* Kausi Kanada (Nayaki aang)
* Kausi Kanada (it is a mixture of ragas [[Malkauns]] and [[Kanada (raga group)|Kanada]])
* Kapar Gauri
* Kapi (raga) (Kafi Thaat)
* Karnati (raagini)
* Karnataka Bangala
* Karnataki (raagini)
* Kaushik (raga)
* Kaushikdwani (raga)
* Kaushiki (raagini)
* Kaushi Kanada
* Kaunsi Kanada (Nayaki aang)
* Kaunsi (Bhairavi Thaat)
* Kedar
* Kedar Bahar
* Kedar Bhairav
* Kedar Bhankar
* Kedar Mand
* Kedar Nand
* KedarNanda
* Kedari (raagini)
* Kedari Malhar
* Keki (raagini)
* Kesari Kalyan
* Khamaj
* Khamaj Bahar
* Khambavati (Khamaj Thaat)
* Khammaji Bhatiyar
* Khapar Gauri
* Khat (mixture of 6 ragas)
* Khat (Asavari Thaat)
* Khat Dhanashree
* Khat Todi
* Khem (raga) (Kalyan Thaat)
* Khem Kalyan
* Khemb (raga)
* Khemdhwan (raga)
* Khemnat (raga)
* Khokar
* Khokat (putra raga)
* Kiranranjani (raagini)
* Kirwani
* Klawanti
* Kohari Kalyan
* Kokabh (raga)
* Kokar (raag's son)
* Kokila Pancham (upraga)
* Kohal (raga) (Kafi Thaat)
* Kolahal (raga) (Bilawal Thaat)
* Kolhaas (raga) (Kafi Thaat)
* Komal Bageshri
* Komal Bhairav
* Komal Desi
* Komal Rishabh Asavari (raga)
* Kola (raga's son)
* Koumari (raagini) (Poorvi Thaat)
* Kripavati (raagini) (Asavari Thaat)
* Krishna Kalyan (raga)
* Krulanda (raga's son)
* Kukubh (raga)
* Kumbh (putra raga)
* Kumbhara (raga's son)
* Kumodini (raagini)
* Kunada (raga)
* Kuntal (putra raga)
* Kuranji (raga)
* Kusha (raga's son)
* Kusum (putra raga)

==L==
* Lachari Kanada
* Lachari Todi
* Lachchasakh (raga)
* Lachhasas (raga)
* Lagan Gandhar
* Lajwanti (raagini)
* Lakshmi Kalyan
* Lakshmi Todi
* Lalat<ref name="SoundofIndia"/>
* Lalat Bahar
* Lalat Pancham
* Lalit (putra raga)
* Lalit Bhatiyar
* Lalit Bilas
* Lalit Pancham
* Lalita (raagini)
* Lalita Gauri (Bhairav aang)
* Lalita Gauri (Poorvi aang)
* Lalita Sohani
* Lalitdhwani
* Lalitkali
* Lataangi (raga)
* Lankadahan Sarang (also known as Lankadahani Sarang)
* Lankeshri 1
* Lankeshri 2
* Lankeshri Kanada
* Lankeshwari
* Lom

==M==
* Madha Kalyan
* Madhakauns
* Madhava (putra raga)
* Madhasuraja (raga)
* [[Madhuranjani|Madhu Ranjani]]
* Madhu (putra raga)
* Madhu Basant
* Madhukali
* Madhu Kalyan
* Madhu Malhar
* Madhu Malvi
* Madhu Sarang
* Madhu Saraswati
* Madhuwanti
* Madhukauns
* Madhumadh Sarang
* Madhumalati
* Madhumadhavi (raagini)
* [[Madhuranjani]]
* Madhusurawali
* Madhyamad Sarang<ref name="SoundofIndia"/>
* Madhyamavati
* [[Mahati|Mahathi]]
* Maharashtra Gujjari (raga)
* Majh (raga)
* Malashree
* Malavasri (raagini)
* Malani (Bhairavi Thaat)
* Malati Basant
* Malati Bihag
* Malati
* [[Marva (raga)|Malava]]
* Malavi (Marwa Thaat)
* Malavi (Purvi Thaat)
* Malawa Bihag
* Malawati
* Malayalam
* [[Malhar]]
* Malhari (raagini)
* [[Malgunji]]
* Maligaura (d)
* Maligaura (d, D)
* Malini Basant
* [[Malkauns]]
* Malkauns Bahar
* Malkauns Kanada
* Malkauns Pancham<ref name="SoundofIndia"/>
* [[Marva (raga)|Maalva (raga)]]
* [[Marva (raga)|Malavi (raagini)]]
* Maluha Bihag
* Maluha Kalyan
* Maluha Kedar
* Maluha Mand
* Mallari (raagini)
* Manavi
* Mand Bhairav
* Mand Bhatiyar
* Mand<ref name="SoundofIndia"/>
* Mangal Bhairav 1
* Mangal Bhairav 2
* Mangal Lalit
* Mangal Todi
* Mangaldhwani
* Mangalgujari
* Mangalan (putra raga)
* Mangeshi Todi (a raga created and tributed to [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Asha Bhosale]] and Family by Pt. [[Milind Date]])
* Mangiya Bhusani
* Manj Khamaj
* Manjha Khamaj
* Manjari
* Manjari Bihag
* Manjubhashini
* Marga Bihag<ref name="SoundofIndia"/>
* Marg Hindol
* [[Marva (raga)|Maru (putra raga)]]
* Maru Basant
* [[Maru Bihag]]
* Maru Dakhani
* Maru Kalyan
* Maru Kafi
* Maru Kauns
* Maru Khamaj
* Maru Sarang
* [[Marwa (raga)|Marwa]]
* Marwa Shree
* Medhavi
* Meghranji
* Mehkali
* Mewara (putra raga)
* Mayuri (raagini)
* Mirabai ki Malhar
* Mishra Bhairavi
* Mishra Bihag
* Mishra Desh
* Mishra Gara
* Mishra Jhinjhoti
* Mishra Jog
* Mishra Kafi
* Mishra Kalyan
* Mishra Khamaj
* Mishra Kirwani
* Mishra Mand
* Mishra Manjha
* Mishra Narayani
* Mishra Nat
* Mishra Pahadi
* Mishra Pilu
* Mishra Shankara
* Mishra Shivaranjani
* Mishra Todi
* Malhar (Some consider raga Malhar different from raga Malhar)
* [[Malhar]]<ref name="SoundofIndia"/>
* Sarang (made up by the mixer of ragas [[Malhar]] and [[Brindabani Sarang]])
* [[Todi_(raga)|Todi]]
* Mod Malhar (made up by the mixer of ragas [[Kamod]] and [[Malhar]])
* Mohankauns
* Mohini
* Motaki
* MotakiTodi
* Mrig Savani
* Mudrika Kanada
* Mudriki Kanada (raagini)
* Mugdha Chandrika (raga created by Pt. [[Milind Date]])
* Mukthipradayini
* [[Multani (raga)|Multani]]
* Multani dhanashree
* Mustang (putra raga)

==N==
* Nad (putra raga)
* [[Nada Kalyani|Nada Kalyan]]
* Nadanamakriya (raga)
* Nagadhwani Kanada
* Naga Gandhar (upraga)
* Naga Pancham (upraga)
* Nagaswaravali
* Naiki Kanada
* Nanad
* Nand<ref name="SoundofIndia"/>
* Nand Basant
* Nand Kauns
* Nand Kedar
* Nanak Malhar
* [[Narayani (raga)|Narayani]]
* Narendra Kaunsa (a raga tributed to Shri [[Narendra Modi]] and created by Pt. [[Milind Date]])
* Nat (putra raga)
* [[Nat Bhairav]]
* Nat Bihag
* Nat Bilawal
* Nat Kamod
* Nat Kedar
* Nat Malhar
* Nat Nagari
* Natachandra
* Natahams
* Natakpriya
* Natika (raagini)
* Natnarayan
* Natnarayani 1
* Natnarayani 2
* Nathmira (raagini)
* Narayani (raga)
* NavRanjani
* Nayaki Kanada
* Nepala (raga)
* Nepala Gauda (raga)
* Neelambari
* Nindiyari
* Niranjani Todi

==P==
* Pahadi
* Palas
* Palas Kafi
* Palasi
* Pancha Jogeshwari
* Pancham (putra raga)
* Pancham (Basant aang)
* Pancham (Hindol aang)
* Pancham Malkauns
* Pancham Shadhav
* Pancham se Gara
* Parbal
* Parbhati
* Parbhati Bibhas
* Parbhati Dakhani
* Paraj
* Paraj Basant
* Paraj Kalingada
* Paraji Bhairav
* Parameshwari
* Pardesh
* Pat Bihag
* Pat Kafi
* Pat Ranjani
* Patdeepak
* Patmanjari 1
* Patmanjari 2
* Patmanjari 3
* Patdeep
* Phulashree
* Piloo
* Piloo Gara
* Piloo Ki Maanjh
* Pitambara
* Poorbya
* Prabhakali
* Prabhat
* Prabhat Bhairav
* Prabhati
* Prabhateshwari
* Pradeepaki
* Pratapvarali
* Priya Kalyan
* Punyaki
* Purabi Kalyan
* Purna Chandrakauns
* Purva
* Purva Kalyan
* Purvi Bihag
* Purvi Kedar
* Puriya Dhanashree
* Puriya Kalyan
* Pushpa Chandrika

==R==
* [[Shree (Hindustani raga)|Rageshri]]
* Rageshri Bahar
* Rageshri Kanada
* Rageshri Kauns
* Rageswari
* Rahi (raga)
* Raisa Kanada
* Raj Kalyan (raga)
* Raja Kalyan (raga)
* Rajani Kalyan (raga)
* Rama putra raga)
* Ram Gauri
* Ram Kalyan
* Ramanandi Gauri
* Ramkali
* Ramkali Dakhani
* Ramdasi Malhar
* Ramsakh
* Ramakiri (raagini)
* Rangeshwari
* Rasia (raga)
* Rasia Kanada
* Rasranjani Rasavati
* Rati (raga)
* Rati Bhairav
* Rativallabha (raga)
* Ravipriya (raga)
* Rayasa Kanada
* Revagupta (upraga)
* Rewa (Purvi aang)
* Rudhravati
* Rudra Pancham
* Rudra Ranjani
* Rupawati Kalyan
* Rupkali
* Rupmanjari Malhar

==S==
* Sagara
* Sagera
* Sagra (putra raga)
* Sagunaranjani (raga)
* Sāhānā mallār
* Sahanki (raagini)
* Saheli todi
* Saindhava (raga's son)
* Saindhavi (raagini)
* Sajan (raga)
* Salagvarali
* Salu (putra raga)
* Samant Kalyan
* Samant Sarang
* Sampurna Bageshri
* Sampurna Bangala (raga's son)
* Sampurna Basakta (raga's son)
* Sampurna Bhairavi (raagini)
* Sampurna Bibhas
* Sampurna Gauda (raga's son)
* Sampurna Hindol
* Sampurna Kedar
* Sampurna Malkauns
* Sampurna Sarang
* Sampurna Ramkali (raagini)
* Sandhya
* Sandhya Shree
* Sanjani
* Sanjh Barari
* Sanjh Sarawali
* Sanjh Tarini
* Sanjh
* Sangam Kedar
* Santuri Todi
* Sar Nat
* Sarag (putra raga)
* [[Sarpada]]
* [[Sarang (raga)|Sarang]]
* Sarang Kauns
* Sarangi (raagini)
* Saradi (putra raga)
* Sarasaangi (raga)
* [[Saraswati]]
* Saraswati Chandra
* Saraswati Kalyan
* Saraswati Kedar
* Saraswati Sarang
* Saravali (created by [[Ustad Vilayat Khan]])
* Sarparda (raga)
* Sarparda Bilawal
* Salang
* Salang Sarang
* Sathanka (raga's son)
* Saurati (raagini)
* Savan (raga)
* Savan Desaa (raga)
* Savani 1
* Savani 2
* Savani Barwa
* Savani Bhatiyar
* Savani Bihag
* Savani Bilawal
* Savani Kalyan
* Savani Kedar
* Savani Nat
* Saveri (raagini)
* Saveri Todi
* Sazgiri
* Sehra (by [[Ustad Sultan Khan]])
* Seehute (raagini)
* Shajda (raga)
* Shadjandhri (raga)
* [[Shahana]]
* Shahana Bahar
* Shahana Kanada
* Shaktilak (upraga)
* Shamvati
* [[Shankara (raga)|Shankara]]
* Shankara Bihag
* Shankara Kalyan
* Sharada
* Shiv (raga)
* Shiv Abhogi
* Shiv Bhairav
* Shivdhaam
* Shiv Kalyan (made up by the mixer of ragas [[Shivaranjani]] and Aman)
* Shiv Kauns
* Shiv Kedar
* Shivari (raagini)
* Shivmat Bhairav
* [[Shivaranjani]]<ref name="SoundofIndia"/>
* Shiv Todi
* Shobhavari
* [[Shree (Hindustani raga)|Shree]]
* Shree Kalyan 1
* Shree Kalyan 2
* Shreetanki
* Shubh Kalyan
* Shuddha (raga)
* Shuddha Bahar
* Shuddha Barari
* Shuddha Basant
* Shuddha Bhairavi
* Shuddha Bihag
* Shuddha Bilawal
* Shuddha Dhanashree
* Shuddha Desi
* Shuddha Kafi
* Shuddha Kalyan<ref name="SoundofIndia"/>
* Shuddha Kedar
* Shuddha Lalat
* Shuddha Malhar (Bilawal Thaat)
* Shuddha Malu
* Shuddha Nat
* Shuddha Nishad Bageshri
* Shuddha Sarang<ref name="SoundofIndia"/>
* Shuddha Sarangi
* Shuddha Shyam
* Shuddha Todi
* Shukla (raga)
* Shukla Bilawal
* Shyam (putra raga)
* Shyam Kalyan 1
* Shyam Kalyan 2
* Shyam Kalyan
* Shyam Kauns
* Shyam Kedar
* Shyam Sarang
* Shyam Shree
* Simhendramadhyam
* Sindh (raga)
* Sindhimallari (raga)
* Sindhavi Asavari (raagini)
* Sindhava
* Sindhu Bahar
* Sindhu Bhairav
* [[Sindhu Bhairavi (raga)|Sindhu Bhairavi]]
* [[Sindhura]]
* Sindhura Bahar
* Sindhura Kafi
* Sindhuri (raagini)
* [[Sohani]]
* Sohani Bhatiyar
* Sohani Pancham
* Soma (raga)
* Sooha (raga)
* Sorati (raagini)
* [[Sorath (raga)|Sorath]]
* Sorath Desaa (raga)
* Sorath Malhar
* Sorathi (raga's son's wife)
* Sourashtra (raga)
* Sourashtra Bhairav
* Sourashtra Gujjari
* Siri Raag
* Srirangapriya
* Subah Ki Malavi (Marwa Thaat)
* Sugandh (raga)
* Sugharai
* Sugharai Kanada
* Suha (raga)
* Suha Adana
* Suha Kanada
* Suha Malhar
* Suha Sughrai
* Suha Sugharai Kanada (raga)
* Suha Todi
* [[Suhi (raga)]]
* Suhi Kafi
* Suhi lalit
* Suho/Suhai
* Sujani Malhar
* Sukhiya (raga)
* Sukhiya Bilawal
* Sukul Bilawal
* Sunand Bhairav (created by Pt. [[Milind Date]])
* Sunand Sarang (created by Pt. [[Milind Date]])
* Sundar Kali (raga)
* Sundar Kauns (raga)
* Sur Malhar
* Surdasi Malhar
* Suryakant (raga)
* Surya Kauns (raga)
* Surmanand (putra raga)
* Swanandi (raagini)
* Swarparda (raga)

==T==
* Takkasaindhav (upraga)
* Tanka (raagini)
* Tanseni Madhuwanti
* Tappa Khamaj
* Telangi (raagini)
* Telugu Kambhoji (raga)
* Thumari (raga)
* [[Thyagaraja Mangalam]]
* Tilak Bihag
* Tilak Des
* [[Tilak Kamod]]
* Tilak Kedar
* Tilak Malhar
* Tilak Shyam
* Tilaki Sarang
* Tirbhukti
* [[Tilang]]
* Tilang Bahar
* Tilang Kafi
* Timbanki
* Tivrakallyan
* [[Todi (raga)|Todi]]
* Todi Abheri
* Todi Ahiri
* Todika (raagini)
* Triveni
* Triveni Gauri
* Tukhari
* Tulsikauns (raa)
* Turushka Gauda (raga)
* Turushka Todi (raga)

==U==
* Udan (raga)
* Udan Chandrika (Kafi Thaat)
* Udan Kanta (Khamaj Thaat)
* Udasi (raga)
* Udasi Bhairav (Bhairav Thaat)
* Uday (raga)
* Uday Chandrika (Asavari Thaat) (created by Pt. [[Milind Date]])
* Uday Ravi (Bilawal Thaat)
* Uma Tilak (Khamaj Thaat)
* Ushhaak (raga made from shades of 3 ragas Sarang, Asavari and Bhairav)
* Utara Kalyan (raga)
* Utari (raga)
* Utari Basant
* Utari Gunakali

==V==
* Vachspati
* Vada Hamsa (raga's son's wife)
* Vadhans
* Vadhans Dakhani
* Vanka (raagini)
* Varati (raagini)
* Vardhani
* Varorji
* Vasanta
* Vasanta Carnatic
* Vasanta Mukhari
* Vasanti (raagini)
* Vaya (dasi raagini)
* Velaval (raga's son)
* Velavali (raagini)
* [[Vibhas]]<ref name="SoundofIndia"/>
* Vibhavari
* Vibhasaka
* Vidhyavati
* Vihang
* Vigiswari (dasi raagini)
* Vijayaranjani
* Vikram Bhairav
* Vilolika (raagini)
* Vinod
* Virat Bhairav
* Virari (raagini)
* Viyogvarali
* Vrindavani Sarang<ref name="SoundofIndia"/> (it is also called as [[Brindabani Sarang]].)
* Vyjayanti (raagini)

==Y==
* [[Yaman (raga)|Yaman]]
* Yaman Kalyan
* Yamani (raagini)
* Yamani Basant
* Yamani Bilawal
* Yamani Hindol
*Yashowati

==Z==
* [[Zeelaf]] (raga)
* [[Zeelaf]] (Asavari Thaat)
* [[Zeelaf]] (Bhairav aang)
* Zilla (raga)
* Zilla Kafi (raga)
* Zim Kalyan (created by Pt. [[Milind Date]])

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Music}}

* [[List of composers who created ragas]]
*[[Carnatic raga]]
**[[List of Janya ragas]]
**[[List of Melakarta Ragas]]

==References==
* [https://www.swarganga.org/raagabase.php Raagabase - A collection of Indian Classical Music Raags (aka Ragas)]
* [https://www.surgyan.com/raag-collection Surgyan - Promoting Indian Classical Music]
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://oceanofragas.com/Master_List_Ragas.aspx An Interactive list of 2000+ Ragas of Hindustani Classical Music]

{{Indian Music}}
{{Hindustani Classical Music page end}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:List of ragas in Indian classical music}}
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Bhandaria, Bhavnagar

2026-03-14T04:40:04Z

Ieagle123:

{{Short description|Village in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2017}}
'''Bhandaria''' is a village in [[Gujarat]], western [[India]].

== History ==
Bhandaria was originally a princely state of the Kamaliya [[Ahir|Ahirs]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3sEqCW4p2VgC |title=The Hind Rajasthan, Or, The Annals of the Native States of India |date=1985 |publisher=Usha Publications |location=New Delhi, India, Asia |pages=65 |language=en}}</ref>

== Village ==
Modern Bhandaria, in Bhavnagar Taluka of [[Bhavnagar district]], is situated on Maleshri or Maleshvari river.

== Places of interest ==
Bhandaria is known for its stone, a kind of [[laterite]]. A very fine bridge of this stone has been built across the Maleshvari river at Bhandaria itself, which is on the high road from [[Bhavnagar]] to [[Mahuva, Bhavnagar|Mahuva]].<ref name="bg"/>

The neighbouring hills, a branch of the Khokhara range, are called the Malnath hills, after a temple which lies in one of their gorges, and which is called the Malnath Mahadev. This temple has a fine ''kund'' or reservoir of water close to it. The names of the principal hills near Bhandaria are the Kalvira, the Rojmal, the Bhinmal, the Kan-phata, and the Kurma.<ref name="bg">{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kathiawar (Public Domain text)|url=https://archive.org/details/1884GazetteerByBombayPresidencyVol8Kathiawar349D|year=1884|publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press, Bombay|volume=VIII|pages=382}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links and Sources ==
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_171.gif Imperial Gazetteer on DSAL.UChicago.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430024342/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_171.gif |date=30 April 2021 }}

[[File:PD-icon.svg|10px]] This article incorporates text from a publication now in the [[public domain]]: {{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kathiawar|url=https://archive.org/details/1884GazetteerByBombayPresidencyVol8Kathiawar349D|year=1884|publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press, Bombay|volume=VIII|pages=382}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}
{{Princely states of the Western India States Agency}}

{{Bhavnagar district}}

[[Category:Villages in Bhavnagar district]]

{{India-history-stub}}
{{Bhavnagar-geo-stub}}

Swaminarayan Sampradaya

2026-03-12T09:46:47Z

Ieagle123: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|Hindu sect founded in 1801 by Sahajanand Swami}}
{{For|more definitions of Swaminarayan|Swaminarayan (disambiguation)}}{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Swaminarayan Sampradaya}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox religious group
| group = Swaminarayan Sampradaya
| image = Swaminarayan, founder of the Swaminarayan Sampradaya.png
| image_caption = [[Swaminarayan]], founder of the Swaminarayan Sampradaya
| population = 5,000,000{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=215}}
| founder = [[Swaminarayan]]
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
| scriptures = {{hlist|''[[Shikshapatri]]''|''[[Vachanamrut]]''|''[[Satsangi Jivan]]''|''[[Desh Vibhag Lekh]]''}}
| languages = {{hlist|[[Sanskrit]]|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]}}
|regions=[[Gujarat]]}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}
The '''Swaminarayan Sampradaya''', also known as '''Swaminarayan Hinduism''' and '''Swaminarayan movement''', is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Vaishnava]] [[sampradaya]] rooted in [[Ramanuja]]'s [[Vishishtadvaita]],{{refn|group=note|name=Similarities}}{{refn|group=note|The sect has in the past claimed not to belong to Hinduism in order to deny entry to the marginalized or Dalit groups<ref>Hardiman, D. (1988). Class Base of Swaminarayan Sect. Economic and Political Weekly, 23(37), 1907–1912. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4379024 JSTOR].</ref>}} characterized by the [[Bhakti|worship]] of its [[Charismatic authority|charismatic]]{{sfn|Schreiner|2001}} founder Sahajanand Swami, better known as [[Swaminarayan]] (1781–1830), whom many regard as an [[avatar]] of [[Krishna]]{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=80–90}}{{sfn|Kim|2014|p=243}}{{sfn|Kim|2010|p=362}} or as the highest [[Theophany|manifestation]] of [[Purushottama|Purushottam]], the supreme God.{{sfn|Kim|2014|p=243}}{{sfn|Kim|2010|p=362}}{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=18, 85}}{{sfn|I.Patel|2018|p=1}}{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=1}} According to the tradition's lore, both the religious group and Sahajanand Swami became known as ''Swaminarayan'' after the Swaminarayan mantra, which is a compound of two Sanskrit words, [[swami]] ("master, lord"<ref group=web name="OED_swami"/><ref group=web name="Ahmedabad_Swaminarayan"/>) and [[Narayana|Narayan]] (supreme God, Vishnu).{{sfn|I.Patel|2018|p=2}}{{refn|group=note|name="Mantra"}}

During his lifetime, Swaminarayan [[Institutionalisation|institutionalized]] his charisma and beliefs in various ways.{{sfn|Schreiner|2001}} He constructed six mandirs to facilitate followers' devotional worship of God,{{sfn|S.Patel|2017|p=65}}{{sfn|Trivedi|2015|p=353}}{{sfn|Hatcher|2020}} and encouraged the creation of a scriptural tradition''.''{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=64}}{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=200}}{{sfn|Schreiner|2001}} In 1826, in a legal document titled the [[Desh Vibhag Lekh|Lekh]], Swaminarayan created two dioceses, the [[Laxmi Narayan Dev Gadi|Laxmi Narayan Dev Gadi (Vadtal Gadi)]] and [[Nar Narayan Dev Gadi|Nar Narayan Dev Gadi (Ahmedabad Gadi)]], with a hereditary leadership of [[acharya]]s and their wives,<ref group=web>{{Cite web|title=When One Million People Believe Your Husband Is a God|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/when-one-million-people-believe-your-husband-is-a-god/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=Vice.com|date=3 October 2017 |language=en}}</ref> who were authorized to install statues of deities in temples and to initiate ascetics.{{sfn|Schreiner|2001}}

In Swaminarayan's [[soteriology]] the ultimate goal of life is to become ''Brahmarūpa'',{{sfn|Kim|2014|p=240}} attaining the form (''[[rūpa]]'') of [[Aksharbrahman]], in which the ''jiva'' is [[Moksha|liberated]] from ''maya'' and ''[[saṃsāra]]'' (the cycle of births and deaths), and enjoys eternal bliss, offering ''sādhya bhakti'', continuous and pure devotion to God.{{sfn|Kim|2014|p=240}}{{sfn|Changela|n.d.|p=19.6 Concept of Moksha}}

While rooted in Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita,{{refn|group=note|name=Similarities}} for which he stated his affinity,{{refn|group=note|name=Shlok 121}} and incorporating devotional elements of [[Vallabha|Vallabha']]s [[Pushtimarg]],{{sfn|S.Patel|2017}}{{sfn|Brahmbhatt|2016b}}{{refn|group=note|name="Pustimarg"}} Sahajanand Swaminarayan gave his own specific [[Siddhanta|interpretations]] of the classical Hindu texts.{{refn|group=note|name=Similarities}} As in Vishishtadvaita, God and ''jiva'' are forever distinct, but [[Akshar-Purushottam Darshan|a distinction is also made]] between [[Parabrahman]] ([[Purushottama]], [[Narayana]], the highest Brahman) and Aksharbrahman ('lower Brahman', the first manifestation of Brahman in empirical reality) as two distinct eternal realities.{{sfn|Bhadreshdas|Aksharananddas|2016}}<ref group=web name="SR"/> This distinction is emphasized by [[BAPS]]-swamis as a defining characteristic,{{sfn|Bhadreshdas|Aksharananddas|2016}}{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017}}{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2019}} and referred to as [[Akshar-Purushottam Darshan]] to distinguish the ''Swaminarayan Darshana'', Swaminarayan's views or teachings, from other Vedanta-traditions.<ref group=web name="SRI"/>{{sfn|Bhadreshdas|Aksharananddas|2016}}{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2019}}

In the 20th century, due to "different interpretations of authentic successorship,"{{sfn|I.Patel|2018}} various denominations split-off from the dioceses.{{sfn|Kim|2005}} All groups regard Swaminarayan as God, but differ in their theology and the religious leadership they accept.{{sfn|I.Patel|2018|p=2}}{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017}}{{sfn|Warrier|2012|p=172}}{{sfn|A.Patel|2018|p=55, 58}}{{sfn|I.Patel|2018|p=2}}{{sfn|Mamtora|2018}} The [[BAPS]], split-off in 1907 from Vadtal Gadi, venerates "a lineage of ''akṣaragurus'', or living gurus, [which] has been retroactively traced back to [[Gunatitanand Swami]]."{{sfn|Kim|2005}}

Socially, Swaminarayan accepted caste-based discrimination within the religious community, but inspired followers to engage in humanitarian service activities, leading various denominations of the Swaminarayan Sampradaya to currently provide humanitarian service globally.

== Early history ==

===Origins===
The Swaminarayan Sampradaya developed out of [[Ramanand Swami]]'s [[Uddhava|Uddhav]] Sampraday,{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=18}}{{sfn|Burman|2005|p=17}}<ref group=web name="Vadtal_Uddhava"/> a [[Gujarat]]-based [[Sri Vaishnavism]] teacher rooted in [[Ramanuja]]'s [[Vishishtadvaita]].{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=16}} It takes its name from Ramanand's successor, Sahajanand Swami,{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=1}}{{sfn|I.Patel|2018|p=1}} who was a [[charisma]]tic leader{{sfn|Schreiner|2001|p=155,158}} and gained fame as Swaminarayan.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=1}}{{sfn|I.Patel|2018|p=1}} The various branches of the Swaminarayan-tradition relate their origin to Sahajanand Swami,{{sfn|Kim|2005}} but an exact "modern historical account" of his life cannot be reconstructed, given the [[hagiographic]] nature of the stories preserved among his followers.{{sfn|Kim|2005}}{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=13}}

===Sahajanand Swami===
{{Main|Swaminarayan}}

Sahajanand Swami was born on 3 April 1781 in the village of [[Chhapaiya]] in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh, India]], and given the name Ghansyam.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=1}}{{sfn|Williams|1984|p=8-9}}{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=13-14}} After his parents' death, he renounced his home at the age of 11 and traveled for 7 years as a child [[yogi]] around [[India]], taking the name Neelkanth, before settling in the hermitage of Ramanand Swami, a [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] religious leader in present-day [[Gujarat]].{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=1}}{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=15–16}}{{sfn|Brahmbhatt|2016|p=101}} Ramanand Swami initiated him as a Vaishnavite ascetic on 28 October 1800, giving him the name Sahajanand Swami.{{sfn|Kim|2005}}{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=18}} According to the Swaminarayan-tradition, Ramanand appointed Sahajanand to be his successor and the leader of the sampradaya in 1801, shortly before his death.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=17}}{{sfn|Brahmbhatt|2016|p=101}}{{sfn|Trivedi|2015|p=126}}

Ramanand Swami died on 17 December 1801,{{sfn|Dave|2004|p=386}} and Sahajanand Swami became the new leader of the remains of the Uddhav Sampraday, despite "considerable opposition."{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=17}}<ref group=web name="Vadtal_Uddhava"/> Several members left the group, or were expelled by Sahajanand Swami, and one group established a new group, together with one of the four temples of Ramanand.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=18}} While the Krishna-iconography in the original temples, as well as the Vachanamritam and the Shikshapatri, reflect a belief in Krishna as Purushottam,{{sfn|Kim|2005}} as early as 1804, Sahajanand Swami himself was described as the manifestation of God,{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=18}} and over his life, he would be worshipped as God by thousands of followers.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|pp=8, 13-14}}{{sfn|Williams|2016|p=xvii}} Nevertheless, according to Kim in the original sampradaya Sahajanand Swami is not "necessarily" regarded as Purushottam.{{sfn|Kim|2010|p=362}}{{refn|group=note|Several years after the establishment of the sampradaya, the 19th-century Hindu reformer [[Dayananda Saraswati]] questioned the acceptance of [[Sahajanand Swami]] as a manifestation of God in the sect. According to Dayananda, Sahajananda decked himself out as Narayan to gain disciples.{{sfn|Narayan|1992|p=141–143}}}}

In time, both the leader and the group became known by the name "Swaminarayan."{{sfn|I.Patel|2018|p=1}} According to the "Swaminarayan origin narrative",{{sfn|Kim|2005}} shortly after his succession, Sahajanand Swami directed devotees to chant [[Swaminarayan Mantra|a new mantra, "Swaminarayan"]] (''Svāmīnārāyaṇa''),{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=18}}{{sfn|I.Patel|2018|p=2}} a compound of two [[Sanskrit]] words: [[Swami]] (''Svāmī'') and [[Narayana|Narayan]] (''Nārāyaṇa''),{{sfn|I.Patel|2018|p=2}} that is, [[Vishnu]] c.q. [[Purushottam]].{{sfn|I.Patel|2018|p=2}} According to the Swaminarayan-tradition, Narayana was also a second name given to Naharajand when he was initiated as an ascetic.{{sfn|Kim|2005}}{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=18}}{{refn|group=note|name="Mantra"|The Swaminarayan mantra is a compound of two Sanskrit words, [[swami]] (an initiated ascetic{{sfn|Brewer|2009|p="Swami" entry}}<ref group=web name="jansatta"/> but here "master, lord"<ref group=web name="OED_swami"/><ref group=web name="Ahmedabad_Swaminarayan"/>) and [[Narayana|Narayan]] (supreme God, Vishnu).{{sfn|I.Patel|2018|p=2}} Originally, the name refers to one entity, namely Lord Narayan.<ref group=web name="Vadtal_Uddhava"/><ref group=web name="Ahmedabad_Swaminarayan"/> Some later branches, including the BAPS, believe that Swami denotes Aksharbrahman (God's ideal devotee), namely [[Gunatitanand Swami]], as identified by Sahajanand Swami, and Narayan denotes Parabrahman (God), a reference to Sahajanand Swami himself.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=55, 93}}{{sfn|I.Patel|2018|p=1}} The latter interpretation recalls an earlier [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] tradition of the divine companionship between the perfect devotee and God (for example, [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]] or [[Lakshmi]] and [[Vishnu]]).{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=92}}}}

=== Growth and opposition ===
[[File:Swaminarayan gadi.png|alt=|thumb|284x284px|Swaminarayan, acharyas, and ascetics]]

The sampradaya grew quickly over the 30 years under Swaminarayan's leadership, with British sources estimating at least 100,000 followers by the 1820s.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=22}}{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=1}}{{sfn|Brahmbhatt|2016|p=101}} He was a [[charisma]]tic personality,{{sfn|Schreiner|2001}} and in the early period of the Swaminarayan movement, followers were often induced into a visionary [[trance]] state interpreted as [[samadhi]], either by direct contact with Swaminarayan or by chanting the Swaminarayan mantra, in which they had visions of their "chosen deity" (''istadevata'').{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=23-24}}{{sfn|Schreiner|2001|p=159-161}}{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|Williams|2016|p=65}} Swaminarayan was criticized for receiving large gifts from his followers after renouncing the world and assuming leadership of the fellowship.{{sfn|Williams|2001|p=81}} Swaminarayan responded that he accepts gifts because "it was appropriate for the person to give" and to satisfy the devotion of his followers but he does not seek it out of personal desire.{{sfn|Williams|2001|p=19}}

In the first fifteen years of his leadership, until the arrival of the British colonizers in Gujarat, Swaminarayan's ministry "faced great opposition,"{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=24-25}} and a number of attempts at his life, "by both religious and secular powers," are reported.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=24-25}} Swaminarayan accepted people from all castes, undermining caste-based discrimination, which lead to criticism and opposition from high-caste Hindus.{{sfn|Mangalnidhidas|2016|p=122-126}} While Sahajanand's ethical reforms have been regarded as a protest against immoral Pushtimarg practices,{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=29}} Sahajanand was in fact influenced by and positive towards Vallabha and other Vaisnava-traditions,{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=30}} and he incorporated elements of [[Vallabha|Vallabha']]s [[Pushtimarg]],{{sfn|S.Patel|2017}}{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=30}} popular in Gujarat,{{CN|date=October 2023}} to gain recognition.{{sfn|S.Patel|2017}}{{refn|group=note|name="Pustimarg"}} His reforms may have been primarily targeted against Tantrics, and against practices "associated with village and tribal deities."{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=30}}

According to David Hardiman, the lower classes were attracted to Swaminarayan's community because they aspired to the same success and mercantile ideology. It grew, states Hardiman, in an era of British colonial rule where land taxes were raised to unprecedented heights, lands were "snatched from village communities", and poverty spread.{{sfn|Hardiman|1988}} According to Hardiman, Sahajanand's pacifist approach to community re-organization and reaching out to the lowest classes of his day found support with the British rulers, but it also furthered their exploitation by the British, the local moneylenders and richer farmers.{{sfn|Hardiman|1988}}

Swaminarayan ordained 3,000 swamis over the span of his leadership,{{sfn|I.Patel|2018|p=2}}{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=1}} with 500 of them into the highest state of asceticism as ''[[paramhansas]]'', thereby allowing them to suspend all distinguishing practices, like applying sacred marks.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=24-25}}{{sfn|Trivedi|2015|p=207}}{{refn|group=note|His followers, particularly his ascetics, also faced harassment.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=24-25}}{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|Williams|2016|p=65}} Swaminarayan's ascetics, who were easily identifiable, had to refrain from retaliation and angry responses. To help them escape such harassment, at 30 June 1807 Swaminarayan ordained 500 swamis into the highest state of asceticism as ''[[paramhansas]]'', thereby allowing them to suspend all distinguishing practices, like applying sacred marks.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=24-25}}{{sfn|Trivedi|2015|p=207}}{{sfn|I.Patel|2018|p=2}}}} Swaminarayan encouraged his swamis to serve others. During the devastating famine of 1813–14 in Kathiawar, for example, the swamis collected alms in unaffected regions of Gujarat to distribute among the afflicted.{{sfn|Williams|1984|p=17}}{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=26}} As teachers and preachers, they were instrumental in spreading Swaminarayan's teachings throughout Guajarat, which aided to the rapid growth of the sampradaya,{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=26}}{{sfn|Kim|2005}} and they created the "sacred literature" of the sampradaya,
authoring scriptural commentaries and composing [[bhakti]] poetry.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=26}}{{sfn|Trivedi|2016|p=198-214}}{{sfn|Rajpurohit|2016|p=218-230}}{{sfn|Brahmbhatt|2016b|p=142-143}}

=== Temples ===
Toward the end of his life, Swaminarayan institutionalized his charisma in various ways: the building of temples to facilitate worship; the writing of sacred texts; and the creation of a religious organization for the initiation of ascetics.{{sfn|Schreiner|2001}} He instituted the mandir tradition of the sampradaya to provide followers a space for devotional worship (upasana, ''upāsanā'') to God.{{sfn|S.Patel|2017|p=65}}{{sfn|Trivedi|2015|p=353}} He constructed six [[Hindu temple|mandirs]] in the following locations, housing images of Krishna{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=103}} which are regarded as representations of Swaminarayan by his followers:{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=103}}
* [[Swaminarayan Temple, Ahmedabad]] dedicated to [[NarNarayan|Nar Narayan]] (1822)
* [[Swaminarayan Mandir, Bhuj]] dedicated to [[NarNarayan|Nar Narayan]] (1823)
* [[Swaminarayan Mandir, Vadtal]] dedicated to [[Radha Krishna]] and [[Lakshmi Narayan]] (1824)
* [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Dholera]] dedicated to [[Radha]] [[Madan Mohan]] (1826)
* [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Junagadh]] dedicated to [[Krishna|Ranchhodrai]] and [[Radha]] [[Krishna|Ramandev]] (1827)
* [[Swaminarayan Mandir, Gadhada]] dedicated to [[Radha]] [[Krishna|Gopinath]] (1828).{{sfn|Vasavada|2016|p=263-264}}
Swaminarayan installed murtis of various manifestations of Krishna in the temples. For example, idol of [[Vishnu]] was installed with his consort [[Lakshmi]] and idol of [[Krishna]] was installed with his consort [[Radha]] to highlight the representation of God and his ideal devotee in the central shrines of each of these temple.{{sfn|Vasavada|2016|p=264}} He also installed his own image in the form of Harikrishna in a sideshrine at the mandir at Vadtal.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=103}}{{sfn|Packert|2019|p=198}}{{sfn|Packert|2016|p=253}}{{sfn|Trivedi|2015|p=370}} The BAPS initiated the tradition of installing murtis of God (Swaminarayan) and his ideal devotee to facilitate his followers' pursuit of moksha.{{sfn|Kim|2010|p=363}}

===Vadtal Gadi and Ahmedabad Gadi===
{{main|Nar Narayan Dev Gadi|Laxmi Narayan Dev Gadi}}
{{Image frame|width=260|content=[[File:Acharyashree_-_7th_spiritual_successor_of_Swaminarayan_in_the_South_Diocese.jpg|90px]] [[File:HH Acharya Maharaj Shri.jpg|107px]]
|caption=Acharya Ajendraprasad & Acharya Koshalendraprasad|}}
In the early years of the sampradaya, Swaminarayan personally directed control of the spiritual and administrative duties.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=36}} Swaminarayan later delegated responsibilities amongst swamis, householders, and the members of his family.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=36}} Before his death, Swaminarayan established two dioceses, the [[Laxmi Narayan Dev Gadi|Laxmi Narayan Dev Gadi (Vadtal Gadi)]] and [[Nar Narayan Dev Gadi|Nar Narayan Dev Gadi (Ahmedabad Gadi)]] as recorded in the [[Desh Vibhag Lekh|Lekh]],{{sfn|Cush|2008|p=536}}{{sfn|Kim|2005}}{{sfn|Tripathy|2010|p=107-108}}{{sfn|I.Patel|2018|p=2}} based on the Vadtal and Ahmedabad mandirs, respectively.

===Acharyas===
On 21 November 1825, he appointed two of his nephews as [[acharya]]s to administer the two gadis, or dioceses, adopting them as his own sons and establishing a hereditary line of succession.{{sfn|I.Patel|2018|p=2}} These acharyas came from his immediate family after sending representatives to search them out in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":3">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will|url-access=registration|title=An Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism|last=Williams|first=Raymond Brady|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2001|isbn=9780521654227|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will/page/173 173]}}</ref> They were authorized to "administer his temple properties"{{sfn|I.Patel|2018|p=2}} which are distributed among them.{{sfn|Cush|2008|p=536}}{{sfn|Tripathy|2010|p=107-108}} Ayodhyaprasadji, son of his elder brother Rampratap, became acharya of the [[Nar Narayan Dev Gadi]] (Ahmedabad diocese), and Raghuvirji, son of his younger brother Ichcharam, became acharya of the [[Laxmi Narayan Dev Gadi]] (Vadtal diocese).{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=37-38}}{{sfn|Cush|2008|p=536}}{{refn|group=note|Their descendants continue the hereditary line of succession.{{sfn|I.Patel|2018|p=2}} He formally adopted a son from each of his brothers and appointed him to the office of acharya. Swaminarayan decreed that the office should be hereditary so that ''acharyas'' would maintain a direct line of blood descent from his family.<ref>{{Harvnb|Williams|2001|p=35}}</ref> Swaminarayan stated to all the devotees and saints to obey both the Acharyas and [[Gopalanand Swami]] who was considered as the main pillar and chief ascetic<ref>{{Harvnb|Williams|2001|pp=59}}</ref> for the sampradaya.<ref>{{cite book | author=Dave, Ramesh | title=Sahajanand charitra | publisher=BAPS | location= University of California | year=1978 | pages=199–200 | isbn=978-8175261525}}</ref> Their respective wives, known as the ‘Gadiwala’, are the initiator of all female Satsangis.{{sfn|Williams|2019|p=261}}

The current acharya of the Nar Narayan Dev Gadi is [[Koshalendraprasad Pande]], while there is currently an active case regarding the leadership of Vadtal Gadi between Dev paksh, the faction led by [[Rakeshprasad|Rakeshprasad Pande]], and Siddhant paksh, which is led by Ajendraprasad Pande.<ref group=web>{{Cite web|date=2015-07-12|title=Minister mediates between fighting factions of Vadtal Swaminarayan sect|url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2015/07/12/minister-mediates-between-fighting-factions-of-vadtal-swaminarayan-sect/|access-date=2020-09-26|website=DeshGujarat|language=en-US}}</ref> Gujarat high court has stayed the Nadiad court order removing Ajendraprasad until a final verdict is reached. He is restrained from enjoying the rights of acharya during the proceedings.<ref group=web>{{Cite web|last=Banerjee|first=Nirupam|date=2018-10-03|title=Gujarat High Court provides relief to acharya Ajendraprasad Pande|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-gujarat-high-court-provides-relief-to-acharya-ajendraprasad-pande-2670933|access-date=2020-09-26|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> Dev paksh, governing the Vadtal temple trust, has appointed Rakeshprasad to act and officiate as acharya.<ref group=web>{{Cite news |date=December 15, 2018 |title=Gujarat high court pulls up Swaminarayan sect trust for 'proxy war' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-high-court-pulls-up-swaminarayan-sect-trust-for-proxy-war/articleshow/67101312.cms|access-date=2020-08-15|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=51}}}} Siddhant paksh believes Ajendraprasad is the current acharya of the Vadtal Gadi.{{CN|date=October 2023}} Due to Swaminarayan's initiation into the Uddhav sampradaya, the Vadtal and Ahmedabad-branches trace the authority of their acharyas to Ramanuja's guru parampara.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=38}}

===Death of Swaminarayan===
Swaminarayan died on 1 June 1830, but the sampradaya continued to grow, with British officials counting 287,687 followers by 1872.{{sfn|Brahmbhatt|2016|p=102}}{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=23}} By 2001, the number of members had grown to an estimated 5 million followers.{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=215}}

=== Schisms ===
Currently the following branches exist:
* [[Laxmi Narayan Dev Gadi]] (Vadtal Gadi) (1825, established by Swaminarayan)
::- [[International Swaminarayan Satsang Mandal]] (ISSM)(daughter-branch, USA)
::- Laxminarayan Dev Yuvak Mandal (LNDYM)(youth-wing)
::- [[Laxmi Narayan Dev Gadi#Shree Swaminarayan Agyna Upasana Satsang Mandal|Shree Swaminarayan Agyna Upasana Satsang Mandal]] (SSAUSM)(daughter-branch, USA)
:* [[Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha]] (BAPS)(split-off from Vadtal Gadi in 1907, established by Shastriji Maharaj)
::* Gunatit Samaj (Yogi Divine Society (YDS), split-off from BAPS in 1966. Several wings:YDS, The Anoopam Mission, and The Gunatit Jyot
:* [[Swaminarayan Gurukul]] (educational institution established in 1947, by Dharmajivandasji Swami in order to spread sadvidya in students around the world)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sansthan |first=Shree Swaminarayan Gurukul Rajkot |title=History |url=https://www.rajkotgurukul.org/ |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=Rajkot Gurukul |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Nar Narayan Dev Gadi]] (Ahmedabad Gadi) (1825, established by Swaminarayan)
::- [[International Swaminarayan Satsang Organisation]] (ISSO)(daughter-branch, USA)
:::- [[ISSO Seva]] (2001, charity organisation)
::- [[Narnarayan Dev Yuvak Mandal]] (NNDYM)(youth organisation)
:* Swaminarayan Gadi (Maninagar)(split-off from Ahmedabad Gadi in the 1940s)
::* [[Swaminarayan Mandir Vasna Sanstha]] (SMVS)(split-off from Swaminarayan Gadi in 1987)

====Different interpretations of succession====
[[File:Kalupur Swaminarayan temple Ahmedabad 1866.jpg|thumb|244x244px|Swaminarayan temple Ahmedabad 1866]]

In the 20th century, due to "different interpretations of authentic successorship,"{{sfn|I.Patel|2018}} various branches split-off from the diocese,{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=49-51}} the largest being the [[Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha|BAPS]].{{sfn|Kim|2005}} All groups regard Swaminarayan as the manifestation of God but differ in their theology and the religious leadership they accept.{{sfn|I.Patel|2018|p=2}}{{sfn|Warrier|2012|p=172}}

The Vadtal Gadi and Ahmedabad Gadi are the original institutions, with a hereditary leadership in the form of acharyas. The succession was established in the ''[[Desh Vibhag Lekh|Lekh]]'', a legal document authored by Swaminarayan.{{sfn|Cush|2008|p=536}} It is followed by the Nar-Narayan (Ahmedabad) and Laxmi-Narayan (Vadtal) branches, but "downplay[ed] or ignored" by other branches that "emphasis the authority of the sadhus over the acharya."{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=208}}{{refn|group=note|{{harvnb|Williams|2018|p=208}}: "The original Ahmedabad and Vadtal dioceses value the Lekh, where as those groups that emphasis the authority of the sadhus over the acharya and different lineages of gurus downplay or ignore the lekh as simply an administrative document for temporary application and not as sacred scripture. Baps emphasizes the Swamini Vato, which contains the sayings of Gunatitanand."}}

Williams notes that "this important function of the acharya as religious specialist is emphasized in all the Swaminarayan scriptures including the [[Desh Vibhag Lekh]]. In the Shikshapatri Verse 62: 'My followers should worship only those images of the lord that are given by the acharya or installed by him. In [[Vachanamrut]] Vadtal I-18.4 and in other scriptures, Swaminarayan signifies the importance of Dharmakul (family of Dharmadev, Swaminarayan's father), and states that those who know him to be their deity and desire moksha shall follow only the Swaminarayan Sampraday under the leadership of the acharyas which he has established and their successors.

According to the Vadtal branch, "Gopalanand Swami was the chief ascetic disciple of Sajahanand," and "the acharyas have the sole authority to initiate sadhus and to install images in the temples."{{sfn|Williams|2001|p=59}} According to the BAPS, the largest Swaminarayan offshoot, Gunatitanand Swami was appointed successor of Sajahanand, and "the chief ascetics had been given the authority to perform the primary rituals of the group, including the initiation of sadhus," and "this authority had not been revoked when the acharyas were appointed."{{sfn|Williams|2001|p=59-60}} They furthermore argue that those who life a strictly virtuous life are the ones worthy of inheritance. According to Williams, "[t]he emphasis is on the spiritual lineage rather than the hereditary lineage, and the claim is that the one who observes the rules should be the acharya."{{sfn|Williams|2001|p=60}}

According to the [[BAPS]], Swaminarayan established two modes of succession: a hereditary administrative mode through the ''[[Desh Vibhag Lekh|Lekh]]''; and a spiritual mode established in the [[Vachanamrut]], in which Swaminarayan conveyed his theological doctrines.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=132-156}} According to the BAPS, Swaminarayan described a spiritual mode of succession whose purpose is purely [[Soteriology|soteriological]],{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=132-156}} reflecting his principle that a form of God who lives "before one's eyes" is necessary for aspirants to attain moksha (liberation).{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=134}} They venerate "a lineage of ''akṣaragurus'', or living gurus, [which] has been retroactively traced back to [[Gunatitanand Swami]]."{{sfn|Kim|2005}} According to the BAPS, Swaminarayan identified Gunatitanand Swami as the first successor in this lineage.{{sfn|I.Patel|2018|p=2}} For the sadhus of the Vadtal diocese, the idea that Swaminarayan had appointed Gunatitanand as his spiritual successor was a heretical teaching, and they "refused to worship what they considered to be a human being."{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=93}}

==== Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha ====
[[File:Mahant Swami Maharaj.jpg|thumb|200x200px|[[Mahant Swami Maharaj]], current guru and president of [[Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha|BAPS]]]]
{{main|Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha}}

The [[Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha|Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha (BAPS)]] was formed in 1907, by [[Shastriji Maharaj|Shastriji Maharaj (Shastri Yagnapurushdas)]].{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=60-61}}{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=22}} He broke away from the Vadtal diocese and created BAPS according to his own interpretation of Akshar (Aksharbrahma) and Purushottam.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=60-61}}{{sfn|Kim|2012|p=419}}{{sfn|Gadhia|2016|p=157}} As articulated in the BAPS-theology of ''Akṣara-Puruṣottama [[Upasana|Upāsanā]]'',<ref group=web name="Upasana">Swaminarayan sanshta, [https://www.baps.org/Spiritual-Living/Philosophy/Worship-of-God-with-the-Guru.aspx Worship of God with the Guru - Akshar Purushottam Philosophy]</ref> [[Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha|BAPS]] adherents, following Shastriji Maharaj, believe that Swaminarayan introduced [[Gunatitanand Swami]] as his ideal devotee, from which a spiritual lineage of gurus began,{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=61}}{{sfn|Kim|2005}}{{sfn|I.Patel|2018|p=2}} reflecting Shastriji Maharaj's idea that a form of God who lives "before one's eyes" who is to be worshipped is necessary for aspirants to attain moksha (liberation).{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=134}}{{refn|group=note|The lineage of gurus for BAPS begin with [[Gunatitanand Swami]], followed by [[Bhagatji Maharaj]], [[Shastriji Maharaj]], [[Yogiji Maharaj]], [[Pramukh Swami Maharaj]], and presently [[Mahant Swami]].}}

===== Gunatit Samaj =====

The Yogi Divine Society (YDS) was established in 1966, by Dadubhai Patel and his brother, Babubhai after they were excommunicated from BAPS by Yogiji Maharaj. The brothers were expelled after it was discovered that Dadubhai illicitly collected and misappropriated funds and, falsely claiming that he was acting on the organization's behalf, led a number of young women to renounce their families and join his ashram under his leadership.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=72}} After Dadubhai's death in 1986, an ascetic named Hariprasad Swami became the leader of the Yogi Divine Society. Yogi Divine Society became known as the Gunatit Samaj and consists of several wings: namely, YDS, The Anoopam Mission, and The Gunatit Jyot.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=72-73,127}}

==== Swaminarayan Gadi (Maninagar) ====
The Swaminarayan Gadi (Maninagar) was founded in the 1940s by Muktajivandas Swami after he left the Ahmedabad diocese with the belief that [[Gopalanand Swami]], a paramhansa from Swaminarayan's time, was the spiritual successor to Swaminarayan.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=58}} The current spiritual leader is Jitendrapriyadasji Swami. In addition, the Swaminarayan Gadi reveres Nirgundasji Swami, Ishwarcharandasji Swami, and Purushottampriya Swami.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sansthan |first=Maninagar Shree Swaminarayan Gadi |title=Maninagar Shree Swaminarayan Gadi Sansthan |url=https://swaminarayangadi.com/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=swaminarayangadi.com |language=en}}</ref><ref group=web>{{Cite news |date=July 12, 2020 |title=Maninagar Swaminarayan Gadi Sansthan gets new heir|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/maninagar-swaminarayan-gadi-sansthan-gets-new-heir/articleshow/76925139.cms|access-date=2020-07-28|newspaper=Ahmedabad Mirror|language=en}}</ref><ref group=web>{{Cite news |date=July 13, 2020 |title=New head of Maninagar Swaminarayan temple announced |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/new-head-of-maninagar-swaminarayan-temple-announced/articleshow/76930151.cms|access-date=2020-07-28|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Swaminarayan Gadi (Maninagar) lineage of gurus begin with [[Gopalanand Swami]], Nirgundas Swami, Abji Bapa, Ishwarcharandas Swami, Muktajivandas Swami, Purushottampriyadasji Maharaj Swami}}

Followers of the Swaminarayan Gadi accept the Rahasyarth Pradeepika Tika, a five-volume work written by [[Anadi Muktaraj Shri Abjibapa|Abji Bapa]], as an authentic exegesis of the [[Vachanamrut]].{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=205}}

==Beliefs and practices==
Swaminarayan's views are found in the [[Vachanamrut]] (''Vacanāmṛta''), the principal theological text of the Swaminarayan Sampradaya.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=6}} As followers believe Swaminarayan to be the manifestation of ''Parabrahman'', or ''Puruṣottama'', his views are considered a direct revelation of God.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=13-4, 45}} In the Vachanamrut, Swaminarayan describes that the ultimate goal of life is moksha (''mokṣa''), a spiritual state of ultimate liberation from the cycle of births and deaths and characterized by eternal bliss and devotion to God.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=272-284}}{{sfn|Bhadreshdas|Aksharananddas|2016|p=13, 173}}

===Background===
Swaminayaran's ''[[siddhanta]]'' ("view," "doctrine") emerged within the Vedanta tradition, particularly the Vaishnava tradition as articulated by Ramanuja, Madhva, Vallabha, and Chaitanya.{{sfn|Trivedi|2016b|p=134, 135}}{{sfn|Gadhia|2016}} Swaminarayan's interpretation of the classical Hindu texts has similarities with Ramanuja's [[Vishistadvaita]],{{sfn|Trivedi|2016b|p=134}}{{sfn|Gadhia|2016}}{{sfn|Bhadreshdas|Aksharananddas|2016|p=186}}{{sfn|Kim|2005}}{{refn|group=note|name=Similarities}} for which he stated his affinity.{{refn|group=note|name=Shlok 121|Brahmbhatt (2016): "Sahajanand explicitly states that his school of Vedanta is Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita." See Shikshapatri Shlok 121: "Vishishtadvaita is accepted as the Lord's philosophy. From the various philosophies - Advaita, Kevaladvaita, Shuddhadvaita, Vishishtadvaita etc. the Lord accepts Ramanuja's philosophy of Vishishtadvaita (special theory of non-dualism) as accurate."<ref group=web>[https://www.swaminarayan.faith/scriptures/en/shikshapatri/general_dharmas_for_all_followers/121 ''Shikshapatri Shlok 121'']</ref>}} He also incorporated elements of [[Vallabha|Vallabha']]s [[Pushtimarg]], which belongs to [[Shuddhadvaita]], to gain recognition.{{sfn|S.Patel|2017}}{{refn|group=note|name="Pustimarg"}} Yet, there are also metaphysical and philosophical divergences between Swaminarayan's and Ramanuja's teachings, most notably the distinction between Purushottam and Aksharbrahman,{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=91}}{{sfn|Brahmbhatt|2016b}}{{refn|group=note|name=Similarities}} referred to by BAPS-swamis as the [[Akshar-Purushottam Darshan]] (philosophy) and used to set apart Swaminarayan's teachings from other Vedanta traditions.{{sfn|Bhadreshdas|2018|p=53}} While the Vadtal Mandir states that "Swaminarayan propagated a philosophy called Vishistadvaita,"<ref group=web name="Vadtal_Uddhava"/> a number of BAPS-swamis argue that Swaminarayan's teachings are a distinct system within the Vedanta-tradition.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=319}}{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2019}}

=== Soteriology - ''Brahmarūp'' ===
In Swaminarayan's [[soteriology]], the ultimate goal of life is to become ''Brahmarūp'',{{sfn|Kim|2014|p=240}} attaining the form (''[[rūpa]]'') of [[Aksharbrahman]],<ref group=web>Wisdom Library, [https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/brahmarupa Brahmarupa]</ref> in which the ''jiva'' is [[Moksha|liberated]] from ''maya'' and ''[[saṃsāra]]'' (the cycle of births and deaths), and in which the ''jiva'' offers ''sādhya bhakti'', continuous and pure devotion to God.{{sfn|Kim|2014|p=240}}{{sfn|Changela|n.d.|p=19.6 Concept of Moksha}} Whereas identification with Purushottam is impossible, ''Brahmarūpa'' as identification with Akshrabrahman is feasible and encouraged,{{sfn|Bhadreshdas|Aksharananddas|2016|p="a similar goal"}} though the jiva or ishwar remains distinct from Aksharbrahman.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=277, 303-4}}{{sfn|Kim|2014|p=246-247}}

To become ''Brahmarūp'', an individual must overcome the ignorance of maya, which Swaminarayan describes as self-identification with the physical body, personal talents, and material possessions.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=273-4}}{{refn|group=note|See {{harvnb|Sahajānanda|2015}}: Gadhada II.50, Gadhada III.39, Kariyani 12.}} Swaminarayan explains in the [[Vachanamrut]] that ekantik dharma is a means to earn God's grace and attain liberation.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=287-8}}{{sfn|Kim|2014|p=247}}{{sfn|Mangalnidhidas|2016|p=126}}{{refn|group=note|name="Ekantik_dharma"}} Ekantik dharma (''ekāntik dharma'') consists of dharma (''dharma''; religious and moral duties), gnan (''jñāna''; realization of the atman and Paramatman) vairagya (''vairāgya''; dispassion for worldly objects), and bhakti (recognition of Swaminarayan as Purushottam and devotion to him, coupled with the understanding of God's greatness).{{sfn|Kim|2005}}{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=287-288}}{{sfn|Kim|2014|p=247}}{{sfn|Mangalnidhidas|2016|p=126}}{{refn|group=note|name="Ekantik_dharma"|See {{harvnb|Sahajānanda|2015}}: Gadhada II.21, Gadhada III.21, Sarangpur 11}}

Various branches of the Swaminarayan Sampradaya differ in their belief of how to attain moksha. The Narnarayan and Laxminarayan Gadis believe moksha is attained by worshipping the sacred images of Swaminarayan installed by acharyas.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=308}} In the BAPS reading of the Vachanamrut and other scriptures,{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=287-288}} the jiva becomes ''brahmarūp'', or like Aksharbrahman, under the guidance of the manifest form of God.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=74-84, 303-304}}{{sfn|Kim|2014|p=239-40}}{{sfn|Gadhia|2016|p=166-169}}{{refn|group=note|See {{harvnb|Sahajānanda|2015}}: Gadhada I.21, Gadhada II.28, Gadhada II.45, Gadhada II.66, Gadhada III.2, Gadhada III.7, Gadhada III.10, Sarangpur 9.}} The Swaminarayan Gadi (Maninagar) believes that moksha can be attained through the lineage of gurus beginning with Gopalanand Swami.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=58}}

=== Ekantik dharma ===
[[File:Boy offering prayers.jpg|thumb|189x189px|Boy offering personal worship|alt=]]

Ekantik dharma (''ekāntik dharma'') is an important element of the Swaminarayan Sampradaya, and its establishment is one of the reasons why Swaminarayan is believed to have incarnated.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=150}} Ekantik dharma consists of dharma, gnan, vairagya, and bhakti.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=287}}{{sfn|Kim|2014|p=247}}{{sfn|Mangalnidhidas|2016|p=126}}{{refn|group=note|See {{harvnb|Sahajānanda|2015}}: Sarangpur 11, Gadhada II.21, and Gadhada III.21.}}

====Dharma====
''[[Dharma (Hinduism)|Dharma]]'' consists of religious and moral duties according to one's responsibilities and situation.{{sfn|Lagassé|2013}} All Swaminarayan Hindus who are householders maintain five basic vows: abstaining from theft, gambling, adultery, meat, and intoxicants like alcohol.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=174}}{{sfn|Vivekjivandas|2016|p=344}} As part of their dharma, swamis additionally endeavor to perfect the five virtues of non-lust (nishkam/''niṣkāma''), non-greed (nirlobh/''nirlobha''), non-attachment (nissneh/''nissneha''), non-taste (niswad/''nissvada''), and non-ego (nirman/''nirmāna'').{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=165-174}}{{sfn|Gadhia|2016|p=166}} Another aspect of the practice of dharma is the Swaminarayan diet, a type of vegetarianism, similar to that practiced generally by Vaishnava sampradayas, that entails abstaining from animal flesh, eggs, onions, and garlic.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=174}}

====Gnan (jnana)====
''[[Jnana|Gnan]]'' is knowledge of Parabrahman and realizing oneself as the atman. Basic practices of gnan include the daily study of scriptures like the [[Vachanamrut]] and [[Shikshapatri]] and weekly participation in congregational worship services (sabha/''sabhā'') at the mandir (temple), in which scriptural discourses geared towards personal and spiritual growth occur.{{sfn|Kurien|2007|p=107}} According to the BAPS, in the Vachanamrut Swaminarayan explains that adhering to the Aksharbrahman Guru's commands is commensurate with perfectly embodying gnan—that is, realizing oneself as the atman.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=62}}{{refn|group=note|See {{harvnb|Sahajānanda|2015}}: Gadhada II.51.}}

====Vairagya====
''[[Vairagya]]'' is dispassion for worldly objects. Swaminarayan Hindus cultivate vairagya through practices like fasting on Ekadashi days, two of which occur every month, and observing extra fasts, during the holy months of Chaturmas (a period of four months between July and October){{sfn|Williams|2018|p=169-170}} Vairagya is realized by adhering to the codes of conduct, inclusive of these practices, serving other devotees physically, listening to discourses, and engaging in devotion.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=61-62}}{{refn|group=note|See {{harvnb|Sahajānanda|2015}}: Gadhada III.34.}}

====Bhakti====
[[Image:Swaminarayan U.svg|thumb|100px|Tilak Chandlo, illustrated]]
''[[Bhakti]]'' involves devotion towards God, while understanding God's greatness and identifying one's inner core — atman — with Aksharbrahman.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=151}}{{refn|group=note|See {{harvnb|Sahajānanda|2015}}: Panchala 9.}} Adherents believe that they can achieve [[moksha]], or freedom from the cycle of birth and death, by becoming aksharrup (or brahmarup), that is, by attaining qualities similar to Akshar (or Aksharbrahman) and worshipping Purushottam (or Parabrahman; the supreme living entity; God).{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=275}} Important bhakti rituals for Swaminarayan Hindus include puja (''pūjā''; personal worship of God), [[Jay Sadguru Swami|arti]] (''ārtī''; the ritual waving of lighted wicks around murtis, or images), thal (''thāl''; the offering of food to murtis of God), and cheshta (''ceṣtā''; the singing of devotional songs that celebrate the divine acts and form of Swaminarayan).{{sfn|Williams|1998|p=861}}

During puja, adherents ritually worship Swaminarayan, and for the BAPS and some other denominations, also the lineage of Aksharbrahman Gurus through whom Swaminarayan is believed to be manifest.{{sfn|Kim|2013|p=132}}{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=308-310}}{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=Ch.2, 48}} At the beginning of the puja ritual, men imprint a symbol known as the tilak chandlo on their forehead, and women imprint a chandlo.{{sfn|Mosher|2006|p=44}} The tilak which is a U-shaped saffron-colored symbol made of sandalwood represents God's feet. The chandlo is a red symbol made of kumkum to symbolize [[Lakshmi]], the goddess of fortune and prosperity. Collectively the two symbolize Lakshmi living in the heart of Swaminarayan.{{sfn|Mosher|2006|p=44}}<ref group=web>{{Cite web|title=Tilak Chandalo|url=https://www.swaminarayan.nu/sampraday/tilak.shtml|access-date=2021-07-01|website=www.swaminarayan.nu}}</ref>

The worship of Swamianarayan is an important element of the swaminarayan religion. For the Ahmedabad and Vadtal diocese, Swaminarayan is present in his images and in his sacred scriptures.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=100}} For the BAPS, [[Narayana|Narayan]], who is Purushottam, can only be reached through contact with Purushottam, in the form of the guru, the abode of god.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=100}} For the BAPS, by associating with and understanding that Aksharbrahman guru, alternatively referred to as the Satpurush, Ekantik Bhakta or Ekantik Sant, spiritual seekers can transcend the influences of maya and attain spiritual perfection.{{sfn|Kim|2016}}

Other bhakti rituals included in Swaminarayan religious practice are abhishek (''abhiśeka''), the bathing of a murti of God,{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=140}} mahapuja (''māhāpūjā''), a collective worship of God usually performed on auspicious days or festivals,{{sfn|Williams|1998|p=852}} and mansi (''mānsi'') puja, worship of God offered mentally.{{sfn|Bhatt|2016|p=91}}

In general, Swaminarayan was positive about "other Vaishnava and Krishnite traditions,"{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=30}} and Swaminarayan "adopted three aspects of Vallabhacharya practice," namely "the pattern of temple worship, fasts, and observances of festivals."
{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=30}} Shruti Patel argues that such a consistency with existing practices, notably the Pushtimarg, would have aided in "sanctioning [the] novelty" of the Swaminarayan Sampradaya.{{sfn|S.Patel|2017|p=53}}{{refn|group=note|name="Pustimarg"|Shruti Patel (2017): "it is probable that Sahajanand did not possess the means by which to initiate his views and have them or him be seamlessly accepted in western India at the outset of the century. For this reason, first incorporating common and observable aspects of Vaishava culture would have mitigated his appearing unknown, made Sahajanand's aims seem less drastic, and contributed to advancing his local influence in with an aura of rootedness. By identifying with the widely-recognised Pustimarg in the course of worshipping Krsna the Svaminarayan foundation could be related to an identifiable, solidified ethos. Particularly, assimilation would be achieved more effortlessly with the adoption of select Pustimarg symbols. And yet, this would not require the sacrifice of core ideas or independence."{{sfn|S.Patel|2017|p=53}}}}

===Manifestation of God===
Swaminarayan's view on god was theanthropic, the idea that "the most extalted of the manifestations of god are in a divine form in human shape,"{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=78}} teaching that "god's divine form has a human-shaped form."{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=79}} Most followers believe that Swaminarayan was the 'manifest' form of this supreme God.{{sfn|Williams|2016}} By 'manifest', it is understood that the very same transcendent entity who possesses a divine form in his abode assumes a human form that is still "totally divine," but "accessible" to his human devotees.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=154}}

Three stances regarding the ontological position of Sahajanand Swami, c.q. Swaminarayan, can be found in the tradition and its history: as guru, as an avatar of Krishna, or as a manifestation of God c.q. Purushottam, the highest Godhead, himself.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=80-90}}{{sfn|Kim|2014|p=243}}{{sfn|Kim|2010|p=362}}

According to Williams, "Some followers hold the position that Sahajanand taught that Krishna was the highest manifestation of ''Parabrahman'' or ''Purushottam'' and that he was the only appropriate object of devotion and meditation."{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=80}} According to Kim, in the original sampradaya "Sahajanand Swami is not necessarily seen to occupy the space of ultimate reality," ''purna purushottam'',{{sfn|Kim|2010|p=362}} and the Krishna-iconography in the original temples, as well as the Vachanamritam and the Shikshapatri, reflect a belief in Krishna as Purushottam.{{sfn|Kim|2005}}

According to Williams another, more accepted idea, is that "Sahajanand was a [[Avatar|manifestation]] of Krishna,"{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=82}} an understanding reflected in the Ahmedabad and Vadtal mandirs, where statues of [[NarNarayan]] and [[Lakshmi Narayan]] are enshrined, but where Swaminarayan's uniqueness is also emphasized.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=89-90}}

Most followers, including the BAPS,{{sfn|Kim|2014|p=243}}{{sfn|Kim|2010|p=362}} take a third stance, that "Swaminarayan is the single, complete manifestation of Purushottam, the supreme god, superior to [...] all other manifestations of god, including Rama and Krishna."{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=85}} He was thus "not a manifestation of Krishna, as some believed,"{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=85}} but "the full manifestation of Purushottam, the supreme person himself."{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=85}} These other manifestations of God, of which Rama and Krishna are two examples, are known as avatars, and according to Paramtattvadas Purushottam (or God) is believed to be "metaphysically different"{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=154}} from them and their cause, the avatarin,{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=154}} whom Swaminarayan revealed as himself.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=154}}

=== Akshar-Purushottam Darsana ===
{{Main|Akshar-Purushottam Darshan}}

The BAPS puts a strong emphasis on the distinction between Akshar and Purushottam, which it sees as a defining difference between Ramanuja's Vishistadvaita and other systems of Vedanta, and Swaminarayan's teachings.{{sfn|Bhadreshdas|Aksharananddas|2016}}{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017}}{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2019}} While his preference for [[Ramanuja]]'s theology is stated in the sacred text, the Shikshapatri (''Śikṣāpatrī''),{{refn|group=note|name=Shlok 121}} in his discourses collected in the Vachanamrut Swaminarayan gave a somewhat different explanation of the classical Hindu texts. In Ramanuja's understanding, there are three entities: Parabrahman, maya (''māyā''), and jiva (''jīva'').{{sfn|Brahmbhatt|2016b|p=141-142}}{{sfn|Gadhia|2016|p=157-60}}{{sfn|Bhadreshdas|Aksharananddas|2016|p=183–4}}{{sfn|Trivedi|2016|p=211}} Throughout the Vachanamrut, Swaminarayan identifies five eternal and distinct entities: Parabrahman, Aksharbrahman (''Akṣarabrahman'', also Akshara, ''Akṣara'', or Brahman), maya, ishwar (''īśvara''), and jiva.{{sfn|Kim|2001|p=319}}{{sfn|Kim|2014|p=244}}{{sfn|Brahmbhatt|2016}}{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=69-71}}{{refn|group=note|name="Gadha.Five_entities"|See {{harvnb|Sahajānanda|2015}}: Gadhada I.7, Gadhada I.39, Gadhada I.42, Gadhada III.10.}} This distinction between Akshar and Purushottam is referred to by the BAPS as ''Akshar-Purushottam Darshan'' or ''Aksarabrahma-Parabrahma-Darsanam'',{{sfn|Bhadreshdas|Aksharananddas|2016}} (''[[darśana]]'', philosophy){{refn|group=note|Another meaning is the sight of the image of God,{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=36}} a holy person,{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=261}} or the guru as the abode of God.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=183}}}} and used as an alternate name for ''Swaminarayan Darshana'',{{sfn|Bhadreshdas|Aksharananddas|2016}}{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2019}}<ref group=web name="SRI"/> Swaminarayan's views or teachings. This emphasis on the distinction between Akshar and Purushottam is also reflected in its name{{sfn|Kim|2010|p=363}} and the prominent position of Akshar as the living guru.{{sfn|Kim|2005}}{{sfn|Kim|2014|p=362-363}}

BAPS-theologian {{harvtxt|Paramtattvadas|2017}} and others further elaborate on these five eternal realities:

God is '''Parabrahman''', the all-doer (''kartā'', "omniagent"), possessing an eternal and divine form (''sākār,'') but transcending all entities (''sarvoparī'', ), and forever manifests on Earth to liberate spiritual seekers (''pragat'').{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=71,75,109}}{{refn|group=note|See {{harvnb|Sahajānanda|2015}}: Gadhada I.71, Loya 4, Kariyani 10, Vartal 19.}}

'''Aksharbrahman''', from ''[[Akshar (Hinduism)|akshar]]'' (अक्षर, "imperishable," "unalterable"), and ''[[Brahman]]'', is the second highest entity and has four forms: 1) Parabrahman's divine abode; 2) the ideal devotee of Parabrahman, eternally residing in that divine abode; 3) the sentient substratum pervading and supporting the cosmos (chidakash, ''cidākāśa''); and 4) the Aksharbrahman Guru, who serves as the manifest form of God on earth. In the BAPS, the gurus is the ideal devotee and Aksharbrahman Guru through whom God guides aspirants to moksha.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=158, 200-1}}{{sfn|Gadhia|2016|p=156, 165-9}}{{sfn|Kim|2013|p=131}} This further interpretation of Akshar is one of the features that distinguishes Swaminarayan's theology from others.{{sfn|Gadhia|2016|p=169}}{{sfn|Kim|2014|p=245}}{{sfn|Bhadreshdas|Aksharananddas|2016|p=172–90}}{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=91}}{{refn|group=note|In Vachanamrut Gadhada I-63, Swaminarayan emphasizes the need to understand Akshar in order to understand God (Parabrahman) perfectly and completely.{{sfn|Gadhia|2016|p=162}}}}

'''Maya''' refers to the universal material source used by Parabrahman to create the world.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=71-3, 245}}{{refn|group=note|See {{harvnb|Sahajānanda|2015}}: Gadhada I.13, Gadhada III.10, Loya 17.}} Maya has three gunas (''guṇas'', qualities) which are found to varying degrees in everything formed of it: serenity (sattva), passion (rajas), and darkness (tamas).{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=71, 246}}{{refn|group=note|See {{harvnb|Sahajānanda|2015}}: Loya 10.}} Maya also refers to the ignorance which enshrouds both ishwars and jivas, which results in their bondage to the cycle of births and deaths ([[Transmigration of a soul|transmigration]]) and subsequently suffering.{{sfn|Kim|2001|p=320}}{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=245, 249-50}}{{sfn|Kim|2016|p=388–9}}{{refn|group=note|See {{harvnb|Sahajānanda|2015}}: Gadhada I.13, Gadhada I.1, Gadhada II.36, Gadhada III.39.}}

'''Ishwars''' are sentient beings responsible for the creation, sustenance, and dissolution of the cosmos, at the behest of Parabrahman.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=71, 246}}{{sfn|Kim|2001|p=320}}{{refn|group=note|See {{harvnb|Sahajānanda|2015}}: Gadhada II.31, Gadhada II.66, Gadhada III.38, Sarangpur 1, Panchala 4 .}} While they are metaphysically higher than jivas, they too are bound by maya and must transcend it to attain moksha.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=234-5}}{{sfn|Trivedi|2016|p=215}}{{sfn|Kim|2016|p=388–9}}{{refn|group=note|See {{harvnb|Sahajānanda|2015}}: Gadhada II.31, Kariyani 12, Sarangpur 5, Panchala 2.}}

'''Jivas''', also known as atmans, are distinct, eternal entities, composed of consciousness that can reside in bodies, animating them. The jiva is inherently pure and flawless, though under the influence of maya, jivas falsely believe themselves to be the bodies they inhabit and remain bound to the cycle of transmigration.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=211-18}}{{sfn|Kim|2001|p=320-321}}{{sfn|Kim|2016|p=388–9}}{{refn|group=note|See {{harvnb|Sahajānanda|2015}}: Gadhada I.21, Gadhada I.44, Gadhada III.22, Gadhada III.39, Jetalpur 2.}}

== Mandir tradition ==
[[File:HariKrishna.jpg|thumb|[[Murtis]] of [[Radha]] (right), [[Krishna]] (center) and HariKrishna Maharaj (left) at [[Swaminarayan Temple, Vadtal]]]]
The Swaminarayan Sampradaya is well known for its [[Hindu temple|mandirs]], or Hindu places of worship.{{sfn|Kim|2007|p=64}} From Swaminarayan's time through the present, mandirs functioned as centers of worship and gathering as well as hubs for cultural and theological education.{{sfn|Vasavada|2016|p=263}}{{sfn|Kim|2010|p=377}} They can vary in consecration rituals and architecture, which can be adapted to the means of the local congregation.{{sfn|Kim|2010|p=367}}

=== Murti puja ===
The Swaminarayan Sampradaya is a [[bhakti]] tradition that believes God possesses an eternal, divine, human-like, transcendent form.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=124-130}} Thus, Swaminarayan mandirs facilitate devotion to God by housing murtis which are believed to resemble God's divine form.{{sfn|Trivedi|2016b|p=236}} The murtis are consecrated through the [[prana pratishta]] (''prāṅa pratiṣṭha'') ceremony, after which God is believed to reside in the murtis. Consequently, the worship practiced in Swaminarayan mandirs is believed to directly reach God.{{sfn|Trivedi|2016b|p=236}}

After the consecration of a mandir, various rituals are regularly performed in it. [[Jay Sadguru Swami|Arti]] is a ritual which involves singing a devotional song of praise, while waving a flame before the murtis. [[Jay Sadguru Swami|Arti]] is performed five times per day in [[shikharbaddha mandir]]s and twice per day in hari mandirs. Thal, a ritual offering of food to God accompanied by devotional songs, is also regularly offered three times per day to the murtis in Swaminarayan mandirs. The sanctified food is distributed to devotees after the ritual.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=148-149}}

In all major Swaminarayan temples, usually [[Radha Krishna]], [[Lakshmi Narayan]], [[Nar Narayan]] and [[Swaminarayan]] idols are worshipped.{{sfn|Williams|2019}}{{page needed|date=June 2022}}

Devotees also engage with the murtis in a Swaminarayan mandir through other worship rituals, including darshan, dandvat, and pradakshina. Darshan is the devotional act of viewing the murtis, which are adorned with elegant clothing and ornaments.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=133}} Dandvats (''daṇdavat''), or prostrations, before the murtis symbolize surrendering to God.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=138}} Pradakshina (''pradakṣiṇā''), or circumambulations around the murtis, express the desire to keep God at the center of the devotees' lives.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=137}}

=== Community building and worship ===
Swaminarayan mandirs also serve as hubs for congregational worship and theological and cultural education.{{sfn|Kim|2007|p=65–66}}{{sfn|Kim|2012}} Singing devotional songs, delivering katha (sermons), and performing rituals such as [[Jay Sadguru Swami|arti]] all occur daily in Swaminarayan mandirs. In addition, devotees from the surrounding community gather at least once per week, often on a weekend, to perform these activities congregationally.{{sfn|Vivekjivandas|2016|p=341, 344–345}}

Cultural and theological instruction is also delivered on this day of weekly congregation. Cultural instruction may include Gujarati language instruction; training in music and dance; and preparation for festival performances.{{sfn|Kim|2010|p=377}} Theological instruction includes classes on the tradition's history and doctrines, and the life and work of the tradition's gurus.{{sfn|Kim|2007|p=66}}

=== Types of Swaminarayan temples ===
[[File:Akshardham Delhi.jpg|thumb|274x274px|[[Swaminarayan Akshardham (New Delhi)|Swaminarayan Akshardham, New Delhi]]]]
Swaminarayan followers conduct their worship in various types of mandirs. The homes of Swaminarayan devotees contain ghar mandirs, or home shrines, which serve as spaces for the daily performance of worship and ritual activities such as [[Jay Sadguru Swami|arti]], thal, and reading sermons or scripture.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=145-147}}

The majority of freestanding public Swaminarayan mandirs are hari mandirs, whose architectural style and consecration rituals are adopted to the means available to the local congregation.{{sfn|Kim|2007|p=64}}

As a means of expressing their devotion to Swaminarayan and their guru, some congregations elect to construct stone, [[shikharbaddha mandir]]s following Hindu architectural scriptures.{{sfn|Kim|2010|p=366-367}} In addition to being an expression of devotion, congregants strengthen their sense of community by cooperatively volunteering to construct these mandirs.{{sfn|Kim|2010|p=370}}

A fourth type of mandir, called a mahamandiram (''mahāmandiram'') can be found in India and the United States, in [[Swaminarayan Akshardham (New Delhi)|New Delhi]], [[Swaminarayan Akshardham (Gandhinagar)|Gandhinagar, Gujarat]], and [[Swaminarayan Akshardham (New Jersey)|Robbinsville, NJ]].{{sfn|Kim|2007|p=68}}{{sfn|Kim|2016|p=384}}{{sfn|Kim|2011|p=46}} These mahamandirs are the largest type of mandir constructed and they contain exhibits which present the life of Swaminarayan and the history of Hinduism in various formats with the goal of inspiring introspection and self-improvement.{{sfn|Kim|2016|p=392–398}}

==Scriptural tradition==
[[File:Manuscript.jpg|thumb|Vachanamrut manuscript|alt=]]
In addition to Swaminarayan's acceptance of perennial Hindu texts such as the four [[Vedas]], Vedanta-sutras, and the [[Bhagavad Gita]], Swaminarayan encouraged the creation of a scriptural tradition specific to the Swaminarayan Sampradaya,{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=64}}{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=200}} as part of the institutionalization of his charisma.{{sfn|Schreiner|2001}} Along with theological texts with revelatory status, the genres of textual production in the Swaminarayan Sampradaya include sacred biographies, ethical precepts, commentaries, and philosophical treatises.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=47}}{{sfn|Trivedi|2016b|p=133}}

=== Vachanamrut ===
{{Main|Vachanamrut}}
The Vachanamrut, literally the 'immortalizing ambrosia in the form of words', is the fundamental text for the Swaminarayan Sampradaya, containing Swaminarayan's interpretations of the classical Hindu texts.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=13-4, 45}}{{sfn|Bhadreshdas|Aksharananddas|2016|p=173}} The text is a compilation of 273 discourses, with each discourse within the collection also called a Vachanamrut.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=13}} Swaminarayan delivered these discourses in Gujarati between the years of 1819–1829, and his senior disciples noted his teachings while they were delivered and compiled them during Swaminarayan's lifetime.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=333}} In this scripture, Swaminarayan gives his interpretation of the classical Hindu texts, which includes five eternal entities: jiva, ishwar, maya, Aksharbrahman, Parabrahman.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=69}}{{sfn|Kim|2014|p=244}} He also describes the ultimate goal of life, moksha (''mokṣa''), a spiritual state of ultimate liberation from the cycle of births and deaths and characterized by eternal bliss and devotion to God.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=272-84}}{{sfn|Bhadreshdas|Aksharananddas|2016|p=13, 173}} To attain this state, Swaminarayan states that the jiva needs to follow the four-fold practice of ekantik dharma{{refn|group=note|See {{harvnb|Sahajānanda|2015}}: Sarangpur 11.}} to transcend maya{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=273}}{{refn|group=note|See {{harvnb|Sahajānanda|2015}}: Gadhada III-39.}} and become brahmarup{{sfn|Kim|2014|p=247}} and reside in the service of God.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=303-4}}{{sfn|Kim|2014|p=246}}

As followers believe Swaminarayan to be God, the Vachanamrut is considered a direct revelation of God and thus the most precise interpretation of the Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, and other important Hindu scriptures.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=13-4, 45}}{{sfn|Bhadreshdas|Aksharananddas|2016|p=173}} This scripture is read by followers regularly and discourses are conducted daily in Swaminarayan temples around the world.{{sfn|Brear|1996|p=217}}

=== Shikshapatri ===
[[File:Shikshapatri.jpg|right|thumb|An illustration of [[Swaminarayan]] writing the Shiskhapatri]]
{{Main|Shikshapatri}}

The Shikshapatri is a composition of 212 Sanskrit verses believed to be authored by Swaminarayan and completed in 1826.{{sfn|Brahmbhatt|2016|p=101}}{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=200}} As an 'epistle of precepts,' the verses primarily communicate the Swaminarayan Sampradaya's moral injunctions for devotees which should be read daily.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=16}}{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=200-202}}{{refn|group=note|name="Gadhada_III_I-14"|See {{harvnb|Sahajānanda|2015}}: Gadhada III I-14}} Swaminarayan states that the Shikshapatri is not merely his words but his personified form and merits worship in its own right.{{sfn|Hatcher|2020|p=156}}{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=41}}

=== Sacred biographies ===
The Swaminarayan Sampradaya has produced voluminous biographical literature on Swaminarayan. The [[Satsangi Jeevan|Satsangi Jivan]], a five volume Sanskrit sacred biography of Swaminarayan, consists of 17,627 verses written by Shatananda Muni that also incorporates some of Swaminarayan's teachings.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=203}} The Bhaktachintamani is a sacred biography of Swaminarayan composed by [[Nishkulanand Swami]]. Consisting of 8,536 couplets, this biography serves as a record of Swaminarayan's life and teachings.{{sfn|Mangalnidhidas|2016|p=118}} The Harililamrut is a longer biographical text in verse written by Dalpatram and published in 1907.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|Williams|2016|p=86}} The Harilila Kalpataru a 33,000-verse Sanskrit biographical text, was written by Achintyanand Brahmachari, at the suggestion of Gunatitanand Swami.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=203}}{{sfn|Dave|2018|p=133}} These and many other sacred biographies complement the theological texts, insofar as their incidents serve as practical applications of the [[theology]].{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=64}}

=== Swamini Vato ===
{{Main|Swamini Vato}}

The Swamini Vato is a compilation of teachings delivered by [[Gunatitanand Swami]] over the course of his forty-year ministry,{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=16}} which is valued by the BAPS.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=208}} He was one of Swaminarayan's foremost disciple,{{sfn|Mangalnidhidas|2016|p=119}}{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=16}} and according to the BAPS and some denominations of the Swaminarayan Sampradaya, he was the first manifestation of Swaminarayan in a lineage of Aksharbrahman Gurus.{{sfn|Williams|2016|p=xviii}}{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=61}} Similarly to the Vachanamrut, Gunatitanand Swami's followers recorded his teachings, which were compiled in his lifetime and reviewed by Gunatitanand Swami himself.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=16}} These teachings were first published by Balmukund Swami in 5 chapters and then 7 chapters by Krishnaji Ada.<ref group=web>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baps.org/Spiritual-Living/Scriptures/Central-Swaminarayan-Scriptures/Swamini-Vato.aspx|title = Swamini Vato}}</ref> The text consists of approximately 1,478 excerpts taken from Gunatitanand Swami's sermons.{{sfn|Mamtora|2019|p=16}} In his teachings, he reflects on the nature of human experience and offers thoughts on how one ought to frame the intentions with which they act in this world, while also elaborating on Swaminarayan's supremacy, the importance of the sadhu, and the means for attaining liberation.{{sfn|Mamtora|2019|p=123}} Often, Gunatitanand Swami elaborates upon topics or passages from the Vachanamrut, which lends the text to be considered a 'natural commentary' on the Vachanamrut within the Swaminarayan Sampradaya. In addition, he often made references to other Hindu texts, parables, and occurrences in daily life in order not only to explain spiritual concepts, but also to provide guidance on how to live them.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=17}}

=== Vedanta commentaries ===
[[File:Swaminarayan Bhashyam.jpg|thumb|Swaminarayan Bhashyam]]

====Early commentaries====
From its early history, the Swaminarayan Sampradaya has also been involved in the practice of producing Sanskrit commentarial work as a way of engaging with the broader scholastic community. The classical [[Vedanta]] school of philosophy and theology is of particular import for the Swaminarayan Sampradaya, which has produced exegetical work on the three canonical Vedanta texts—the [[Upanishads]], [[Brahma Sutras|Brahmasutras]], and the [[Bhagavad Gita]].{{sfn|Brahmbhatt|2016b|p=138-140}} While Swaminarayan himself did not author a commentary on these texts, he engaged with them and their interpretations in the Vachanamrut. The earliest [[Vedanta]] commentarial literature in the Swaminarayan Sampradaya reflects a heavy dependence on the Vedanta systems of [[Ramanuja]] and [[Vallabha]]. Although authorship of these nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century texts{{sfn|Brahmbhatt|2018|p=120}} are attributed to two of Swaminarayan's eminent disciples, [[Muktanand Swami]] and [[Gopalanand Swami]],{{sfn|Brahmbhatt|2016b|p=142-143}}

====Swaminarayan Bhashyam====
The most comprehensive commentarial work on [[Vedanta]] in the Swaminarayan Sampradaya is the Swaminarayan Bhashyam authored by [[Bhadreshdas Swami]], an ordained monk of BAPS. It is a five-volume work written in Sanskrit and published between 2009 and 2012. The format and style of exegesis and argument conform with the classical tradition of Vedanta commentarial writing. In more than two thousand pages, the commentator Bhadreshdas Swami, offers detailed interpretations of the principal ten [[Upanishads]], the [[Bhagavad Gita]], and the [[Brahma Sutras|Brahmasutras (Vedanta Sutras)]] that articulate Swaminarayan's ideas and interpretations.{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=19}}

The Swaminarayan Bhashyam has led to some recognition for Swaminarayan's Akshar-Purushottam distinction as a distinct view within Vedanta. The Shri Kashi Vidvat Parishad, an authoritative council of scholars of Vedic dharma and philosophy throughout India, stated in a meeting in Varanasi on 31 July 2017 that it is "appropriate to identify Sri Svāminārāyaṇa's Vedānta by the title: [[Akshar-Purushottam Darshan|Akṣarapuruṣottama Darśana]],"{{refn|group=note|"Within philosophy, just as Śrī Śaṅkara's Vedānta is identified as the Advaita Darśana, Śrī Rāmānuja's Vedānta is identified as the Viśiṣṭādvaita Darśana, Śrī Madhva's Vedānta is identified as the Dvaita Darśana, Śrī Vallabha's Vedānta is identified as the Śuddhādvaita Darśana, and others are respectively known; it is in every way appropriate to identify Sri Svāminārāyaṇa's Vedānta by the title: Akṣara-Puruṣottama Darśana."<ref group=web name="SRI" />}} and that his [[siddhanta]] ("view," "doctrine") on the Akshar-Purushottam distinction is "distinct from Advaita, Viśiṣṭādvaita, and all other doctrines."<ref group=web name="SRI"/><ref group=web name="BAPS-Sanstha"/> Swaminarayan's Akshar-Purushottam ''darshan'' was also acclaimed as a distinct view within Vedanta in 2018 by professor Ashok Aklujkar, at the 17th [[World Sanskrit Conference]], stating that the Swaminarayan Bhashyam "very clearly and effectively explains that Akshar is distinct from Purushottam."<ref group=web name="SR"/>{{refn|group=note|name="WSC"|"Professor Ashok Aklujkar said [...] Just as the Kashi Vidvat Parishad acknowledged Swaminarayan Bhagwan's Akshar-Purushottam Darshan as a distinct darshan in the Vedanta tradition, we are honored to do the same from the platform of the World Sanskrit Conference [...] Professor George Cardona [said] "This is a very important classical Sanskrit commentary that very clearly and effectively explains that Akshar is distinct from Purushottam."<ref group=web name="SR"/>}}{{sfn|Paramtattvadas|2017|p=40}}

== Influence on society ==

=== Humanitarian Service ===
{{More citations needed|section|date=October 2022}}
In addition to his efforts in social reform, Swaminarayan was instrumental in providing humanitarian aid to the people of Gujarat during turbulent times of famine.{{sfn|Brahmbhatt|2016|p=105}} When given the opportunity to receive two boons from his guru, Swaminarayan asked to receive any miseries destined for followers and to bear any scarcities of food or clothing in place of any followers.{{sfn|Beckerlegge|2006|p=192}} In the initial years of the sampradaya, Swaminaryan maintained almshouses throughout Gujarat and directed swamis to maintain the almshouses even under the threat of physical injury by opponents.{{sfn|Dani|1980|p=11–12}} During a particularly harsh famine in 1813–14, Swaminarayan himself collected and distributed grains to those who were suffering, and he had step wells and water reservoirs dug in various villages.{{sfn|Brahmbhatt|2016|p=105}} He codified devotees' engagement with humanitarian service in the Shikshapatri, instructing followers to help the poor and those in need during natural disasters, to establish schools, and to serve the ill, according to their ability.{{sfn|Parekh|1936}}

Consequently, various denominations of the Swaminarayan Sampradaya currently engage in humanitarian service at a global scale. ISSO Seva, a subsidiary of the Ahmedabad diocese, is involved in disaster relief, food and blood donation drives in the United States and providing accessible healthcare in Africa.<ref group=web>{{Cite web|title=ISSO Seva|url=https://issoseva.org/|website=issoseva.org|access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Citation is from the charity itself which can be construed as self-promotion and not reliable|date=October 2022}} [[BAPS Charities]], a humanitarian services wing of the Baps, engages in medical, educational, and disaster relief efforts.{{sfn|Brahmbhatt|2016|p=112-114}}{{sfn|Brahmbhatt|2016|p=117}} The Gunatit Samaj also hosts medical camps, provides educational services, healthcare, and other social services in India.<ref group=web>{{Cite web|title=Index of /activities|url=https://www.anoopam-mission.org/activities/|website=www.anoopam-mission.org|access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref> The Swaminarayan Gadi (Maninagar) diocese primarily hosts health camps and other social services in the UK, Africa and North America.<ref group=web>{{Cite web|title=Maninagar Shree Swaminarayan Gadi|url=https://swaminarayangadi.com/|last=Sansthan|first=Maninagar Shree Swaminarayan Gadi|website=swaminarayangadi.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref> SVG Charity, a subsidiary of the [[Laxmi Narayan Dev Gadi]], is involved in disaster relief, food and medicine donations, blood drives, and organ donation registration drives across the United States, Europe, Canada, and India.<ref group=web>{{Cite web|title=Charity|url=http://www.swaminarayanvadtalgadi.org/charity/|date=2014-03-20|website=Swaminarayan Vadtal Gadi - SVG|language=en|access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref><ref group="web">{{Cite web |title=Golden Book of World Records Largest Number of Eye Donation Registrations in One Hour |date=29 October 2015 |url=https://goldenbookofworldrecords.com/archives/1189 |access-date=2020-05-03}}</ref>

===Caste===
During Swaminarayan's time, the oppressive nature of caste-based customs, like endogamy, dress codes, and commensality, pervaded many aspects of society.{{sfn|Mangalnidhidas|2016|p=121}} Religious groups and other institutions often regulated membership based on caste,{{sfn|Mangalnidhidas|2016|p=117}} and Swaminarayan too supported the caste system.{{sfn|Hardiman|1988|p=1907}} According to Williams, caste distinctions and inconsistencies between caste theory and practice still exist within the Swaminarayan sampraday.{{sfn|Williams|2019|p=185}}

Dalits or the former untouchables were banned from Swaminarayan temples from the beginning of certain sects. There was however one case a separate temple being built at Chhani near Vadodra for the dalits.<ref>Hardiman, D. (1988). Class Base of Swaminarayan Sect. Economic and Political Weekly, 23(37), 1907–1912. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4379024</ref> After the [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian Independence]] in 1947, in order to be exempted from the Bombay Harijan Temple Entry Act of November 1947, which made it illegal for any temple to bar its doors to the previously outcaste communities, the Nar Narayan diocese went to court to claim that they were not 'Hindus', but members of an entirely different religion. Since the sect was not "Hindu", they argued that the Temple Entry Act did not apply to them. The sect did win the case in 1951, which was later overturned by the Indian Supreme court.<ref>Hardiman, D. (1988). Class Base of Swaminarayan Sect. Economic and Political Weekly, 23(37), 1907–1912. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4379024</ref><ref group=web>[https://thewire.in/religion/baps-shocking-violations-us-bombay-high-court-case-oppose-temple-entry-dalits Hindu Trust, Accused of Labour Violations in US, Once Filed Case Against Temple Entry for Dalits], The Wire, 13 may 2021</ref>

Swaminarayan demanded a vow from his followers that they would not accept food from members of lower castes,{{sfn|Hardiman|1988|p=1907}} and explicated this in the Shikshapatri, in which Swaminarayan states that his followers should follow rules of the caste system when consuming food and water:{{sfn|Parikh|2016|p=106–107}}{{sfn|Mangalnidhidas|2016}}
{{blockquote|None shall receive food and water, which are unacceptable at the hands of some people under scruples of caste system, may the same happen to the sanctified portions of the Shri Krishna, except at Jagannath Puri."{{sfn|Williams||2018b}}{{sfn|Parikh|2016|p=143}}}}

BAPS-member Parikh attributes this statement to "deep-rooted rigidities of age-old varna-stratied society," and speculates that "Possibly, Swaminarayan sought to subtly subvert and thereby undermine the traditional social order instead of negating it outright through such prescriptions."{{sfn|Parikh|2016|p=105–107}}

BAPS-sadhu Mangalnidhidas acknowledges that Swaminarayan accepted the caste system, which according to Mangalnidhidas may have been "a strategic accommodation to the entrenched traditions of the various elements in Hindu society,"{{sfn|Mangalnidhidas|2016|p=122}} but acknowledging that this may have had "unintended negative consequences such as the reinforcement of caste identities."{{sfn|Mangalnidhidas|2016|p=116}} Mangalnidhidas states that, in the early years of the Swaminarayan Sampradaya, high-caste Hindus criticized Swaminarayan for his teachings, inclusiveness, and practices that undermined caste-based discrimination,{{sfn|Mangalnidhidas|2016|p=122-126}}{{refn|group=note|According to Kishorelal Mashruwala, a Gandhian scholar cited by Mangalnidhidas, "Swaminarayan was the first to bring about religious advancement of Shudras in Gujarat and Kathiawad region [...] And that became the main reason for many to oppose the Sampraday."{{sfn|Mangalnidhidas|2016|p=122}}{{sfn|Mashruwala|1940|p=63–64}} Mangalnidhidas further refers to an 1823 memorandum from a British official in the ''Asiatic Journal'' notes that the native upper classes "regret (as Hindus) the levelling nature of [Swaminarayan's] system," accepting people from all castes into the sampradaya, and also Muslims and tribal peoples, resulting in their violent opposition to and frequent merciless beatings of Swaminarayan's disciples.{{sfn|Mangalnidhidas|2016|p=122}}{{sfn|N.A.|1823|p=348–349}} Additionally, various historical sources indicate that Swaminarayan himself often ignored caste rules and urged his followers to do the same.{{sfn|Mangalnidhidas|2016|p=122-126}}{{sfn|Parikh|2016|p=105–107}} Numerous historical accounts show that in practice Swaminarayan himself and his followers shared food and openly interacted with everyone without discrimination.{{sfn|Mangalnidhidas|2016|p=122–124}}}} and argues that, overall, Swaminarayan's followers, practices and teachings helped reduce the oppressive nature of caste-based customs prevalent in that era and drew individuals of lower strata towards the Swaminarayan sampraday.{{sfn|Mangalnidhidas|2016}}

==See also==
* [[List of 21st-century religious leaders#Swaminarayan Sampradaya|List of 21st-century religious leaders]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|refs=

{{refn|group=note|name=Similarities|relation with Vishistadvaita:
* Shree Swaminarayan Mandir Vadtal: "Swaminarayan propagated a philosophy called Vishistadvaita."<ref group=web name="Vadtal_Uddhava"/>
* {{harvnb|Brahmbhatt|2016b}}: "Sahajanand explicitly states that his school of Vedanta is Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita," while "he also states that his system of devotional praxis is based on the Vallabha tradition."
* {{harvnb|Brahmbhatt|2016b}}: "Certain portions of Swaminarayan Vedanta commentaries indicate an affinity for Vishishtadvaita's interpretation of canonical texts; others indicate overlap with Shuddhadvaita School, and yet others are altogether unique interpretations."
* {{harvtxt|Williams|2018|p=38}}: "They are not Shrivaishnavas, but they do propagate a theology that developed in relation to the modified nondualism of Ramanuja and they follow the devotional path within Vaishnavism"
* {{harvnb|Kim|2005}}: "The philosophical foundation for Swaminarayan devotionalism is the viśiṣṭādvaita, or qualified non-dualism, of Rāmānuja (1017–1137 ce)."
* {{harvnb|Dwyer|2018|p=186}}: "The sect's origin in Vishistadvaita"
* {{harvnb|Beckerlegge|2008}}: "Swaminarayan theology is largely dependent on Ramanuja's theistic Vedanta and the Vishishtadvaita tradition"
* {{harvnb|Herman|2010|p=153}}: "Most certainly, the sect is directly tied to traditional Vishishtadvaita as expounded by Ramanuja in the 12th century.
* Roshen Dalal (2020), ''Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide'', Penguin Books India:<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&dq=Vishishtadvaita+swaminarayan&pg=PA403 p.403]</ref> "Swaminarayan's philosophy is said to be similar to Vishistadvaita, with some minor differences."
* {{harvtxt|Williams|2018|p=91}}: "Ramanuja allowed for some distinction within the ultimate reality, and Sahajanand elaborated on this duality by indicating that two entities, Purushottam and Akshar, are eternal and free from the illusion of maya."
* Yogi Trivedi (2016), p. 134: "...there were many who followed [after Shankara]: Ramanuja (eleventh–twelfth centuries), Madhva (thirteenth century), Vallabha, and those in Chaitanya's tradition (both fifteenth–sixteenth centuries), to mention four of the most prominent. It is within the Vedantic tradition, particularly as expressed in the thinking of these four bhakti ācāryas (acharyas), that Swaminarayan's doctrine emerged. Swaminarayan was keen to engage with this Vedanta commentarial tradition by presenting his own theological system."
* {{harvnb|Dwyer|2018|p=185}}: "While vishistadvaita forms the theological and philosophical basis of the Swamiyaranam sect, there are several significant differences."}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
;Printed sources
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* {{Cite book|last=Mosher |first=Lucinda Allen.|title=Praying|date=2006|publisher=Seabury Books|isbn=1-59627-016-0|location=New York, N.Y.|oclc=63048497}}

* {{Cite journal|last=N.A.|date=1823|title=Indian Sect: Memorandum Respecting a Sect Lately Introduced by a Person Calling Himself Swamee Naraen|journal=The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and Its Dependencies|publisher=Kingsbury, Parbury and Allen|volume=XV|pages=348–349}}
* {{Cite book|last=Narayan|first=Kirin|year=1992|title=Storytellers, saints and scoundrels : folk narrative in Hindu religious teaching|location=New Delhi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=8120808908|oclc=320229511}}

* {{Cite book|last=Packert|first=Cynthia|date=2016|title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: tradition, adaptation and identity|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-908657-3|editor-last=Williams|editor-first=Raymond Williams|edition=1st|location=New Delhi, India|chapter=Early Swaminarayan iconography and its relationship to Vaishnavism|oclc=948338914|editor-last2=Trivedi|editor-first2=Yogi}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Packert|first=Cynthia|date=2019|title=From Gujarat to the globe: 'Bhakti visuality' and identity in BAPS Svāminārāyaṇ Hinduism|journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies|volume=12|issue=2|pages=192–223|doi=10.1093/jhs/hiz013}}
* {{Cite book | last1 =Paramtattvadas | first1 =Sadhu | last2=Williams | first2 =Raymond | year =2016 | chapter =Swaminarayan and British Contacts in Gujarat in the 1820s | editor-last1 =Williams | editor-first1 =Raymond | editor-last2=Trivedi|editor-first2=Yogi | title =Swaminarayan Hinduism | publisher =Oxford University Press }}
* {{Cite book|last=Paramtattvadas|first=Swami|title=An introduction to Swaminarayan Hindu theology|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-107-15867-2|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|oclc=964861190}}
* {{Cite journal | last =Paramtattvadas | first =Swami | year =2019 | title =Akshar-Purushottam School of Vedanta | journal =Hinduism Today | volume =October/November/December 2019 | pages =36–53|url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=5964}}
* {{Cite book|last=Parekh|first=Manilal Chhotala|title=Sri Swami Narayana a gospel of Bhagwat-dharma or God in redemptive action|date=1936|publisher=Sri Bhagwat-Dharma Mission House (Harmony House)|oclc=1073620532}}
* {{Citation|last=Parikh|first=Vibhuti|date=2016-04-01|chapter=The Swaminarayan Ideology and Kolis in Gujarat|url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199463749.001.0001/acprof-9780199463749-chapter-6|title=Swaminarayan Hinduism|pages=94–114|editor-last=Williams|editor-first=Raymond Brady|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199463749.003.0006|isbn=978-0-19-946374-9|access-date=2020-06-07|editor2-last=Trivedi|editor2-first=Yogi|url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Patel|first=Arti|date=2018|title=Secular conflict: challenges in the construction of the Chino Hills BAPS Swaminarayan temple|journal=Nidan: International Journal for Indian Studies|volume=3|pages=55–72|url=https://journals.ukzn.ac.za/index.php/Nidan/article/view/1142|ref={{sfnref|A.Patel|2018}}}}
* {{Citation | last =Patel | first =Iva | chapter =Swaminarayan | year=2018 | editor-last =Jain | editor-first=Pankaj | editor2-last =Sherma | editor2-first =Rita | editor3-last =Khanna| editor3-first =Madhu | title =Hinduism and Tribal Religions | series =Encyclopedia of Indian Religions | place =Dordrecht | publisher =Springer Netherlands| language =en| doi =10.1007/978-94-024-1036-5_541-1 |isbn =978-94-024-1036-5| pages=1–6 | chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1036-5_541-1 | access-date =2020-08-15 |ref={{sfnref|I.Patel|2018}}}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Patel|first=Shruti|date=2017|title=Beyond the Lens of Reform: Religious Culture in Modern Gujarat|journal=The Journal of Hindu Studies|volume=10|pages=47–85|doi=10.1093/jhs/hix005 | url =https://www.academia.edu/33003837|ref={{sfnref|S.Patel|2017}}}}

* {{Cite book|last=Rajpurohit|first=Dalpat|date=2016|chapter=Brahmanand and his innovations in the Barahmasa genre|title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: tradition, adaptation and identity|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-908657-3|editor-last=Williams|editor-first=Raymond Brady|edition=1st|location=New Delhi, India|oclc=948338914|editor-last2=Trivedi|editor-first2=Yogi}}
* {{Cite book|last=Rinehart|first=Robin|title=Contemporary Hinduism: ritual, culture, and practice|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2004|isbn=1-57607-906-6|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|oclc=56558699}}

* {{Citation|last =Sahajānanda | first =Swami | year =2015 | title =The Vachanāmrut: spiritual discourses of Bhagwān Swāminārāyan | edition =3rd | place =Ahmedabad | publisher =Bochasanvasi Shri Aksharpurushottama Sanstha | isbn =978-81-7526-431-1}}
* {{Citation | last =Schreiner | first =Peter | year = 2001 | chapter =Institutionalization of Charisma: The Case of Sahajananda | editor-last1=Dalmia | editor-first1 =Vasudha | editor-last2 =Malinar | editor-first2 =Angelika | editor-last3 =Christof | editor-first3 =Martin | title =Charisma and canon : Essays on the Religious History of the Indian Subcontinent | publisher =Oxford University Press}}

* {{Cite book|last=Tripathy|first=Preeti|title=Indian religions: tradition, history and culture|publisher=Axis Publications|year=2010|isbn=978-93-80376-17-2|location=New Delhi, India|oclc=436980135}}
* {{Cite book | last =Trivedi | year =2015 | title =Bhagwan Swaminarayan: the story of his life | isbn =978-81-7526-594-3 | edition =2nd | location =Ahmedabad | publisher =Swaminarayan Aksharpith | oclc =957581656}}
* {{Cite book|last=Trivedi|first=Yogi|date=2016|chapter=Multivalent Krishna-bhakti in Premanand's Poetry|editor-last=Williams|editor-first=Raymond Brady|title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: tradition, adaptation and identity|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-908657-3|edition=1st|location=New Delhi, India|oclc=948338914}}
* {{Cite book|last=Trivedi|first=Yogi|date=2016b|title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: tradition, adaptation and identity|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-908657-3|editor-last=Williams|editor-first=Raymond Brady|edition=1st|location=New Delhi, India|chapter=Introduction to theology and literature|oclc=948338914|editor-last2=Trivedi|editor-first2=Yogi}}

* {{Cite book|last=Vasavada|first=Rabindra|title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: tradition, adaptation and identity|date=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-908657-3|editor-last=Williams|editor-first=Raymond Williams|edition=1st|location=New Delhi, India|chapter=Swaminarayan temple building|oclc=948338914|editor-last2=Trivedi|editor-first2=Yogi}}
* {{Cite book|last=Vivekjivandas|first=Sadhu|date=2016|chapter=Transnational growth of BAPS in East Africa|editor-last=Williams|editor-first=Raymond Brady|editor-last2=Trivedi|editor-first2=Yogi|title=Swaminarayan Hinduism: tradition, adaptation and identity|edition=1st|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Patel, Mahendra; Iswarcharandas, Sadhu|isbn=978-0-19-908657-3|location=New Delhi, India|oclc=948338914}}

* {{cite book | last =Warrier | first =Maya | year =2012 | chapter =Traditions and Transformations |oclc=808609622 |editor-first=John |editor-last=Zavos |display-editors=etal | title =Public Hinduisms |url={{Google books|uuuICwAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |location=New Delhi |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-81-321-1696-7}}
* {{Cite book | last =Williams | first =Raymond Brady | year =1984 | title =A new face of Hinduism: the Swaminarayan religion | publisher =Cambridge University Press | isbn =0-521-25454-X | location =Cambridge [Cambridgeshire] | oclc =9442462}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Williams|first=Raymond Brady|title=Training religious specialists for a transnational Hinduism: A Swaminarayan sadhu training center|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion|year=1998|volume=66|issue=4|pages=841–862|doi=10.1093/jaarel/66.4.841}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | surname =Williams | given =Raimond Brady | year =2006 | title =Swaminarayan Hinduism |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of new religious movements |pages=609–611 | publisher=Routledge | editor-surname=Clarke |editor-given=Peter B. |editor-link=Peter B. Clarke |place=London; New York |isbn=9-78-0-415-26707-6}}
* {{Cite book | last =Williams | first =Raymond Brady | year =2016| chapter =Introduction | editor-last1 =Williams | editor-first1 =Raymond Brady | editor-last2 =Trivedi | editor-first2 =Yogi | title =Swaminarayan Hinduism: tradition, adaptation and identity | edition =1st | location =New Delhi, India | publisher =Oxford University Press | isbn =978-0-19-908657-3 | oclc =948338914}}
* {{Cite book| last =Williams | first =Raymond Brady | year =2018 | title =An introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism | publisher =Cambridge University Press | isbn =978-1-108-42114-0 | edition =Third | location =Cambridge, United Kingdom | oclc =1038043717}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Williams|year=2018b|entry=Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha|title=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism |volume=5|doi=10.1163/1234-5678_beh_com_9000000232}}
* {{Cite book| last =Williams | first =Raymond Brady | year =2019 | title =An introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism | publisher =Cambridge University Press | isbn =978-1-108-43151-4 | edition =Third (paperback) | location =Cambridge, United Kingdom | oclc =1038043717}}
{{refend}}

;Web-sources
{{reflist|group=web|refs=


<ref group=web name="Ahmedabad_Swaminarayan">Shree Swaminarayan Mandir Kalupur-Ahmedabad, [https://www.swaminarayan.info/our-sampraday/swaminarayan-faith/lord-swaminarayan-and-his-sampraday Lord Swaminarayan and His Sampraday ]</ref>


<ref group=web name="BAPS-Sanstha">BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha, [https://www.baps.org/News/2017/Swaminarayansiddhantasudha-Acclamation-by-the-%E2%81%A0%E2%81%A0%E2%81%A0%C5%9Ar%C4%AB-K%C4%81%C5%9B%C4%AB-Vidvat-Parisad-11826.aspx ''Acclamation by th Sri Kasi Vidvat Parisad'']</ref>


<ref group=web name="jansatta">{{Cite web|title=संत परम्परा : बैरागी संतों का युद्धघोष था 'वन्दे मातरम' |url=https://www.jansatta.com/national/vande-mataram-is-a-sanskrit-poem-written-by-bankim-chandra-chatterjee-in-the-year-1870-was-the-war-cry-of-bairagi-saints/1472628/|access-date=2021-06-20|website=www.jansatta.com|date=20 July 2020 }}</ref>


<ref group=web name="OED_swami">{{cite web |url= http://oed.com/view/Entry/195404?rskey=Cbewbm&result=1 |title=swami |work=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |edition=online |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=31 August 2011 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>


<ref group=web name="SR">[https://swaminarayanresearch.akshardham.com/2018/07/09/17th-world-sanskrit-conference-recognizes-bhagwan-swaminarayans-akshar-purushottam-darshan-as-a-distinct-vedanta-tradition/ ''17th World Sanskrit Conference Recognizes Bhagwan Swaminarayan's Akshar-Purushottam Darshan as a Distinct Vedanta Tradition'']</ref>

<ref group=web name="SRI">BAPS Swaminarayan Research Institute, [https://research.baps.org/hh-mahant-swami-maharaj-inaugurates-the-svaminaraya%E1%B9%87asiddhantasudha-and-announces-parabrahman-svaminaraya%E1%B9%87as-darsana-as-the-ak%E1%B9%A3ara-puru%E1%B9%A3ottama-darsana/ ''HH Mahant Swami Maharaj Inaugurates the Svāminārāyaṇasiddhāntasudhā and Announces Parabrahman Svāminārāyaṇa's Darśana as the Akṣara-Puruṣottama Darśana''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183336/https://research.baps.org/hh-mahant-swami-maharaj-inaugurates-the-svaminaraya%E1%B9%87asiddhantasudha-and-announces-parabrahman-svaminaraya%E1%B9%87as-darsana-as-the-ak%E1%B9%A3ara-puru%E1%B9%A3ottama-darsana/ |date=9 July 2021 }}</ref>


<ref group=web name="Vadtal_Uddhava">Official Website of Shree Swaminarayan Mandir Vadtal, [https://www.vadtalmandir.org/about/view/sect Swaminarayan Sect]</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
;General
* Raymond Brady Williams (2018), ''An introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism''. Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-1-108-42114-0}}, {{OCLC|1038043717}}
* Williams, Raymond Brady; Trivedi, Yogi (eds.) (2016). ''Swaminarayan Hinduism: tradition, adaptation and identity'' (1st ed.). New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-908657-3}}. {{OCLC|948338914}}
;BAPS
* Paramtattvadas, Swami (2017). ''An introduction to Swaminarayan Hindu theology''. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-1-107-15867-2}}. {{OCLC|964861190}}.

==External links==
*[http://www.swaminarayan.info Shri NarNarayan Dev Gadi (Ahmedabad)]
*[http://www.vadtalmandir.org Shri LaxmiNarayan Dev Gadi (Vadtal)]
*[https://www.baps.org Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha (BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha)]
*[https://www.swaminarayangadi.com Maninagar Shree Swaminarayan Gadi Sansthan Gadi]
{{Commons category|Swaminarayan Sampraday}}

{{Navboxes
|title = Swaminarayan Sampradaya
|list =
{{Swaminarayan|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Swaminarayan Sampraday}}
{{BAPS}}
}}

[[Category:1800 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Swaminarayan Sampradaya| ]]
[[Category:Vaishnava sects]]
[[Category:Sects that require vegetarianism]]
[[Category:Vishishtadvaita Vedanta]]
[[Category:Hindu new religious movements]]

Jyoti Dhawale

2026-03-12T05:19:49Z

Ieagle123: new a info

{{Short description|Indian activist (born 1976)}}
{{Multiple issues|{{BLP primary sources|date=July 2014}}{{notability|Bio|date=July 2014}}}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jyoti Dhawale
| height = 170cm
| image =
| occupation = Community advisor, motivational speaker, writer/blogger
| years active = 2005-present
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1976|07|24}}
| birth_place = [[Namkum, Ranchi]], Jharkhand
| spouse =
| children = 1
| alma_mater = {{ubl|Air Force Golden Jubilee Institute, New Delhi |Holy Innocents High, [[Wellington, Tamil Nadu|Wellington]], [[Coimbatore]] |Kendriya Vidhyalaya [[Agra]], [[Secunderabad]] |Saint George's Convent [[Agra]], |The Air Force School [[Bagdogra]], |Sherwood Public School [[Hyderabad]]}}
| website =
}}

'''Jyoti Dhawale''' (also known as "Jo") is an [[HIV activism|HIV activist]] who works to empower people living with [[HIV/AIDS]] in [[India]] and across the world.

==Early life==
Jyoti was born July 24, 1976, at [[Namkum]] Military Hospital in [[Ranchi, Jharkhand]]. Her father, Group Captain Janak Narayan Dhawale, was an ex-NDA (39th Course) officer in the [[Indian Air Force]] and her mother was a homemaker. Dhawale grew up and was schooled in various parts of India. She finished her secondary schooling from [[National Institute of Open Schooling]], [[New Delhi]].

==Health ==
She developed bilateral sensorineural [[hearing loss]] at the age of 3 due to a bicycle accident. She strongly relies on lip-reading to follow the conversations and uses text messaging or video calls, instead of phone calls.<ref>[https://www.thewellproject.org/team-member/jyoti-dhawale-0 The Well Project]</ref>

==Medical negligence==
Dhawale underwent three [[forced abortion]]s; during the third one in 2005, she contracted HIV due to [[Medical malpractice|medical negligence]]. On her fourth forced attempt, she tested positive, and decided to go ahead with the pregnancy. On March 31, 2006, she delivered a healthy, HIV-negative baby born via [[Cesarean section]].<ref>[https://www.lifepositive.com/a-heroic-life/ Life Positive website]</ref>

==Career==
===Humanitarian work===
Dhawale is a supporter of the rights and equality of People Living with HIV/AIDS ([[PLWHA]]) and the [[LGBT community]]. She has been involved in activities concerning human rights, human trafficking, sex workers and women and child health since 2007. She has supported Bapuji Center for AIDS Research & Education, (B'CARE) since 2012 as a regional coordinator for its Hyderabad-Mumbai AIDS Ride 2014. She counsels HIV (infected/affected) and suicide-related cases and is also a motivational speaker at the Deep Griha Society in Pune.

===Activism===
Dhawale promotes awareness and education of PLWHA and works with PLWHA survivors and international activists. In December 2012, she took part in a short documentary film by [[Through Positive Eyes]], in collaboration with ''Heroes Project'', along with 13 other HIV-positive people. The project was co-directed by London-based South African photographer and AIDS activist [[Gideon Mendel]]. She has also worked with Roy Wadia, brother of [[Riyad Vinci Wadia]] who worked for [[World Health Organization]].

She is the creative manager and social media and public relations head for ''Black Swan Entertainment'', where she and her team produce stories of women empowerment for a TV show ('Stree Shakti').<ref>[https://www.lifepositive.com/a-heroic-life/ Life Positive website]</ref> She is also the ambassador for Beydaar in Pakistan.

===Featured in publications===
An interview with Dhawale was published in the Times of India stating an example of successful and satisfied life of a mixed-status couple.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/relationships/man-woman/Staying-positive-On-finding-love-after-HIV/articleshow/26626830.cms |title=Staying positive: On finding love after HIV |work=The Times of India |date=1 December 2013 |access-date=30 July 2014}}</ref> She works to inspire, motivate and encourage people living with HIV to live a healthy lifestyle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/mumbaiyya.gal/posts/519098958181446 |title=Jyoti Dhawale - I am HIV Positive whereas my husband is... |publisher=Facebook |access-date=30 July 2014}}</ref> Her interview articles have been published in various sites.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thewellproject.org/users/mumbaiyyagal |title=Mumbaiyyagal |publisher=The Well Project |access-date=30 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://www.jaagore.com/power-of-49/i-am-positive-fight-against-hiv |title=Fight against HIV: I am Positive! |publisher=Jaagore |access-date=30 July 2014 |archive-date=29 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729150305/http://www.jaagore.com/power-of-49/i-am-positive-fight-against-hiv |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thealternative.in/author/jyoti-dhawale-surve |title=The Alternative |access-date=30 July 2014 |archive-date=20 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720090912/http://www.thealternative.in/author/jyoti-dhawale-surve/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Dhawale's work as ambassador for [[The Stigma Project]] enables her to create and spread awareness, art, provocation and education on a wide scale.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestigmaproject.org/#!asia-ambassadors/cyq9|title=Asia Ambassadors|publisher=The Stigma Project|access-date=31 July 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20151120150952/http://www.thestigmaproject.org/#!asia-ambassadors/cyq9|archive-date=20 November 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
In her documentary video Life After HIV she speaks in brief about her journey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://throughpositiveeyes.org/india/jyoti |title=Jyoti Dhawale |publisher=Through Positive Eyes |access-date=31 July 2014 |archive-date=9 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809194831/http://throughpositiveeyes.org/india/jyoti |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Endorsements===
Since 2012, Dhawale has been the Indian Goodwill ambassador of The Stigma Project, which provides insight into HIV stigma within countries/communities. The program enables her to create and spread awareness, art, provocation and education on wide scale.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestigmaproject.org/#!asia-ambassadors/cyq9|title=Asia Ambassadors|publisher=The Stigma Project|access-date=31 July 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20151120150952/http://www.thestigmaproject.org/#!asia-ambassadors/cyq9|archive-date=20 November 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Dhawale is also a face of [[RiseUpToHIV]] campaign with a tagline, "No Shame About Being HIV Positive."
The campaign received the 2014-2015 KarmaVeer Award from iCongo REX for selfless work through social activism and reaching out to break the myth against HIV.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7GQOlJ8biU | title=iCongo| website=[[YouTube]]| date=19 November 2015}}</ref>

==Awards==
In 2019 Dhawale was awarded the Gold Karmaveer Chakra Award for proactive voluntary citizen action. The award was instituted by the International Confederation Of NGOs (iCONGO) in partnership with the UN.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.https/ |title=The Well Project website |access-date=11 May 2023 |archive-date=19 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819141428/http://https/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

She has also been awarded the Bharat Prerna Award, which honors disabled people, and the APCOM Hero Award.<ref>[https://www.thewellproject.org/team-member/jyoti-dhawale-0 The Well Project website]</ref>

==Personal life==
Dhawale lives in [[Nagpur, Maharashtra]].{{citation needed||date=October 2022}} and has one child.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhawale, Jyoti}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People with HIV/AIDS]]
[[Category:Indian HIV/AIDS activists]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian motivational speakers]]
[[Category:People from Ranchi district]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Women civil rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian activists with disabilities]]

Chandita Mukherjee

2026-03-06T06:54:29Z

Ieagle123: Creating new entry first draft.

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker (1952–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chandita Mukherjee
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1952}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2023|04|18|70|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_cause =
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]], [[Film and Television Institute of India]]
| other_names =
| known_for = ''[[Bharat Ki Chhap]]'', ''Totanama ''
| relatives =
| occupation = Filmmaker
}}

'''Chandita Mukherjee''' (1952 – 18 April 2023) was an Indian documentary filmmaker, science communicator and activist. She was the recipient of two National Film Awards. She conceived and directed the TV series ''[[Bharat Ki Chhap]]'' on the history of science and technology in India. She was the executive director of Comet Media Foundation.

== Early life and education ==
Chandita Mukherjee was born in 1952. As a teenager, she moved to [[Delhi]], and studied sociology at [[Miranda House]], [[University of Delhi]]. After graduation, she enrolled for a film direction course at [[Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII). She was among the first women graduates of FTII's direction course. She braved family opposition and worked her way through the course, supporting herself by doing a number of odd jobs.<ref name="etimes">{{cite news |title=WCC pays tributes to documentary filmmaker Chandita Mukherjee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/wcc-pays-tributes-to-documentary-filmmaker-chandita-mukherjee/articleshow/99615958.cms?from=mdr |access-date=20 April 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=19 April 2023}}</ref>

== Career as filmmaker ==
After graduating from FTII in 1975, Mukherjee started her career making TV programmes for children with the [[Satellite Instructional Television Experiment]] (SITE).<ref name="etimes" /> Right from the outset, she worked on issues related to science and technology in India. When the SITE project ended in 1976, she moved to Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]), where she would live and work for the rest of her life.

During the mid-1980s, Mukherjee was engaged in an ambitious project - the making of ''[[Bharat Ki Chhap]]'', a TV series on the history of science and technology in India. She and her team travelled extensively across the country for the shooting of the series, which took more than four years to complete.<ref name="indiatoday1989">{{cite news |last1=Rahman |first1=M |title=TV serial 'Bharat Ki Chhap' explores history of Indian science |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19890430-tv-serial-bharat-ki-chhap-explores-history-of-indian-science-816043-1989-04-29 |access-date=20 April 2023 |work=India Today |date=30 April 1989}}</ref> It was aired on [[Doordarshan]] in 1989.

During 1989–1991, Mukherjee was a Ravi J Mathai Fellow at the [[National Institute of Design]] (NID), [[Ahmedabad]]. Her association with NID proved fruitful. Her film ''Totanama'' (1991), based on ''[[Tutinama]]'' and produced by NID, won the [[National Film Award for Best Short Fiction Film]]. The citation read: "For its traditional style, narrative structure and good production values."<ref name="39thaward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/78_39ndNfacatalogue.pdf|title=39th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=21 April 2023|archive-date=10 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710185719/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/78_39ndNfacatalogue.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1994, Mukherjee received a second National Award for ''Another Way of Learning''. The film was a record of educational innovation at [[Eklavya foundation|Eklavya]], particularly the Hoshangabad Science Teaching Programme. The award was in the category of [[National Film Award for Best Scientific Film|Best Scientific Film]]. The citation read: "For being at once precise and warm in its approach to teaching processes."<ref name="42ndaward">{{Cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/75_42ndNfacatalogue.pdf|title=42nd National Film Festival|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=21 April 2023|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725171953/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/75_42ndNfacatalogue.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1997, Mukherjee made ''Slowly but Surely'', a film on the tendu leaf pickers of Rajasthan. The film depicts the struggles of the women engaged in tendu leaf collection to get better remuneration for their work.<ref name="downtoearth">{{cite news |title=Gaining strength from struggle |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/reviews/gaining-strength-from-struggle-23367 |access-date=28 April 2023 |work=Down to Earth |publisher=Centre for Science and Environment |date=15 March 1997}}</ref>

In 2012, Mukherjee travelled across the country to shoot a film on mathematics education in India. A short version was screened at the International Congress on Mathematical Education held in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]]. The final cut, entitled ''Maths for Sum or Maths for All?'', won a special jury award at the [[Vigyan Prasar]] festival in 2014.<ref name="vigyanprasar">{{cite web |title=Rashtriya Vigyan Chalachitra Mela & Competition -2014 |url=https://vigyanprasar.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/Award-Winning-Films-NSFFI-2014.pdf |website=Vigyan Prasar |access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref>

In 2019, the International Association of Women in Radio and Television (IAWRT) chose Chandita Mukherjee as the Executive Producer of a collaborative documentary entitled ''Displacement and Resilience''. Mukherjee got five other women filmmakers from around the world to direct individual segments. Apart from coordinating the whole project, she directed one segment and edited the final version of the film.<ref name="iawrt">{{cite web |title=Displacement & Resilience |url=https://iawrt.org/iawrt/documentary-displacement-resilience/ |website=iawrt.org |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref> The film won the P K Nair Critics’ Award for the best documentary at the South Asian Short Film Festival held in Kolkata.<ref name="iawrtaward">{{cite web |title='Displacement & Resilience' wins Award |url=https://iawrt.peoplesresearch.org/news/displacement-resilience-wins-award?__cf_chl_tk=1Gkv9aGeEOiCrmQSW2vNBt75ktdMDFNc8st5_TYsx48-1682673463-0-gaNycGzNDBA |website=IAWRT |publisher=The International Association of Women in Radio & Television |access-date=28 April 2023}}</ref>

== Other contributions ==
In 1985, Mukherjee set up Comet Media Foundation, a non-profit organisation that situates itself at the juncture of science, technology and society. She remained executive director of the organisation until her death. Besides carrying out a number of other activities, Comet Media runs a store called Learning Ladder, which stocks children's books, toys, learning aids and resource materials for teachers and parents. Its unique mix of offerings has drawn appreciative comments.<ref name="reddylearningladder">{{cite web |last1=Reddy |first1=Sneha |title=Making the climb fun for your child! |url=https://www.teacherplus.org/making-the-climb-fun-for-your-child/ |website=teacherplus.org |access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref>

Apart from Comet, Mukherjee was associated with other NGOs in different capacities. She was a founding trustee of the Avehi Public Charitable Trust, set up in 1981.<ref name="avehitrust">{{cite web |title=About Us : The Avehi Trust |url=http://avehiabacus.org/the-avehi-trust.html |website=avehiabacus.org |access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref>

Mukherjee was a member of the National Focus Group on Educational Technology, set up by [[National Council of Educational Research and Training|NCERT]] as part of the [[National Curriculum Framework 2005|NCF 2005]] exercise.<ref name="ncertfocusgroup">{{cite web |title=Position Paper: National Focus Group on Educational Technology |url=https://ncert.nic.in/pdf/focus-group/educational_technology.pdf |website=ncert.nic.in |publisher=NCERT |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>

== Death ==
Mukherjee died on 18 April 2023, at the age of 70.<ref>{{cite news |title=Documentary-maker Chandita Mukherjee dies |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/entertainment/2421931-documentary-maker-chandita-mukherjee-dies |access-date=22 April 2023 |publisher=DevDiscourse |date=18 April 2023}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
* ''Ghadwa art - Changing traditions'' (1979)
* ''[[Bharat Ki Chhap]]'' (1989)
* ''Totanama'' (1991)
* ''Another Way of Learning'' (1994)
* ''Slowly but Surely'' (1997)
* ''Maths for Sum or Maths for All?'' (2014)
* ''Displacement and Resilience'' (2019)

== Awards and honours ==
=== National film awards ===
* [[39th National Film Awards]]: ''Totanama'' - best short fiction film<ref name="39thaward" />
* [[42nd National Film Awards]]: ''Another Way of Learning'' - best scientific film<ref name="42ndaward" />

=== Other honours ===
* Special jury prize for ''Maths for Sum or Maths for All?'' at [[National Science Film Festival and Competition]] organized by [[Vigyan Prasar]], 2014
* P K Nair Critics’ Award for the best documentary at the South Asian Short Film Festival, Kolkata
* At the Madurai Film Festival held in December 2019, she was honoured with a retrospective of her films.<ref name="timesofindiamadurai">{{cite news |last1=Parthiban |first1=Vivanesh |title=Why this film festival in Madurai is grabbing eyeballs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/why-this-film-festival-in-madurai-is-grabbing-eyeballs/articleshow/72437391.cms |access-date=30 April 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=9 December 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|4507450}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Chandita}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:Miranda House alumni]]

Partner (2008 film)

2026-03-04T03:48:46Z

Ieagle123: small refined section as per guidelines and improved wording

{{Infobox film
| name = Partner
| image = Partner (2008 film poster).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Shankar Ray
| writer = Manotosh Ray
| starring = [[Jeet (Actor)|Jeet]] [[Swastika Mukherjee]] Arpita Mukherjee
| producer = Sukumar Bhadra
| distributor =
| cinematography = K R Ramesh
| editing =
| released = {{Film date|2008|07|25|df=y}}
| country = [[India]]
| budget =
| gross =
| runtime =
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| music = Ashok Raj
}}
'''''Partner''''' ({{langx|bn|পার্টনার}}) is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Dark humor|black comedy]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by Shankar Ray.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080728/jsp/entertainment/story_9610128.jsp |title=The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata) | Entertainment | Partnership that works |website=www.telegraphindia.com |access-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525234430/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080728/jsp/entertainment/story_9610128.jsp |archive-date=25 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The film stars [[Jeet (Actor)|Jeet]], [[Swastika Mukherjee]] and Arpita Mukherjee in the lead roles.

==Plot==
Partner is all about a funny and dangerous contract between two haggards Dasu and Ayan. The two met at the [[Sealdah]] North Railway Tracks while arriving for suicide at the same time. While Dasu realising his faults, Ayan remains bent on ending his life. Dasu is a rich man turned poor (after his only son's death) who is constantly truncated by debtors while Ayan is a frustrated rich brat who is devastated after crushing in his business (share and stocks) and being betrayed by his girlfriend Rina.

Dasu convinces Ayan not to commit suicide at the heat of the moment when Ayan still insists to die Dasu sorts out a peculiar contract between themselves. He begs Ayan to die exactly after three months. This is because Dasu, who is a part-time insurance agent, wants Ayan to buy a [[life insurance]] policy which would mature after three months.

Dasu, meanwhile would pay the premium of 10 thousand rupees by any means whatsoever and after three months when Ayan would commit suicide Dasu would get the entire value of the insurance policy (Rs. 10 lacs) as Ayan's only nominee. Ayan evaluates Dasu's proposal and thinks to make some penance for his sins before his death. Ayan starts living in Dasu's residence for the next three months. Meanwhile, Ayan falls in love with Dasu's only daughter Priya and Ayan's father Ramen Roy appoints his brother-in-law Gobordhan Ghoshal as a private investigator to find his missing son. After much fun, frolic and confusion, Ayan is barred by Dasu from committing suicide. Dasu's debts are cleared by the hearty Romen Roy while Ayan marries Priya.

==Cast==
* [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] as Ayan Roy
* [[Swastika Mukherjee]] as Priya Bhattacharya
* Arpita Mukherjee as Rina
* [[Santu Mukhopadhyay]] as Dasu Bhattacharya
* [[Deepankar De]] as Ramen Roy
* [[Anamika Saha]] as Mrs. Roy
* [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] as Gobardhan Ghosal
* [[Kanchan Mullick]] as Keshta
* [[Nimu Bhowmik]] as Moni Jyotishi
* Sharmistha Nath

==Soundtrack==
The music of the album has been composed as well as written by Ashok Raj.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_writing =
| title1 = Aami Raat Pari
| extra1 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] & [[Alka Yagnik]]
| length1 = TBA
| title2 = Aai Mon Je Fagin
| extra2 = Shaan
| length2 = 4:42
| title3 = Pak Pak Pakat
| extra3 = Rima & Satyaranjan
| length3 = 4:13
| title4 = Halla Gulla Chardin
| extra4 = [[Kumar Sanu]] & [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
| length4 = 4:05
| title5 = Aajke Khusir Ei
| extra5 = Jeniva & Suman
| length5 = 3:20
| title6 = Aaj Ei Aktu Kache
| extra6 = [[Javed Ali]] & Alka Yagnik
| length6 = TBA
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Partner (2008 Film)}}
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian films]]
[[Category:2008 Bengali-language films]]
{{2000s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Bobbili Raja

2026-03-03T18:20:26Z

Ieagle123: small edit

{{Short description|1990 film by B. Gopal}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bobbili Raja
| image = Bobbili Raja.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Paruchuri Brothers]]
| screenplay = B. Gopal
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]|[[Divya Bharati]]|[[Vanisri]]}}
| director = [[B. Gopal]]
| producer = [[Daggubati Suresh Babu|D. Suresh]]
| studio = [[Suresh Productions]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1990|09|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| editing = K. A. Martand
| cinematography = K. Ravindra Babu
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| narrator =
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Bobbili Raja''''' ( {{lit|Raja from [[Bobbili]]|The King of [[Bobbili]]}}) is a 1990 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic film|romantic action]] film co-written and directed by [[B. Gopal]]. Produced by [[D. Suresh Babu|D. Suresh]] under his banner [[Suresh Productions]], it stars [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] and [[Divya Bharti]] (in her [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] debut) while [[Vanisri]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]], [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] and [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] appear in supporting roles. [[Ilaiyaraaja]] composed the film's [[music]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bobbili Raja (1990)|url=https://indiancine.ma/AEPW|access-date=2021-08-06|website=Indiancine.ma|archive-date=23 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823130415/https://indiancine.ma/AEPW|url-status=live}}</ref>

It was dubbed and released by Suresh Productions in Hindi as ''Rampur Ka Raja'' in 1993.

==Plot==
The film begins with election campaigning in the village of Bobbili. Sundarayya and Rajeswari Devi are strong opponents in elections. Rajeswari and her elder brother Ahobala Rao use various tactics to win the elections. Still, their younger brother Suryam supports Sundarayya and also loves his daughter Rajyalakshmi, who becomes pregnant with Suryam's child. Everybody dishonors her, and Ahobala wants to take advantage of the situation in the election campaign. When Suryam decides to reveal the truth to everyone, Ahobala tries to stop him. In that quarrel, Suryam accidentally dies. Ahobala plays a game and blames Sundarayya and Rajyalakshmi for his death. Both are arrested but escape from jail and reach a forest.

After 25 years, Rajyalakshmi's son Raja has always lived in the jungle with his mother and grandfather. Rani is Rajeswari's daughter, and she is the minister of forests who has been brought up amidst wealth. Once, Rani visits the forest along with her friends for a tour. Raja guides them into the forest, and both of them have silly fights with each other along the way. One day, both are lost in the deep forest. After several adventures, they fall for each other.

Meanwhile, Rajeswari reaches the forest in search of Rani. During the search, she finds that Raja is Sundarayya's grandson. She catches Sundarayya and Rajyalakshmi and interrogates them. Rajyalakshmi and Rajeswari challenge each other that she will get her son married to Rani, but Rajeswari says it will never happen. Finally, Rajeswari finds Rani and takes her back. Once Rani learns that Raja is her maternal uncle's son, she escapes from home with her father Appa Rao's help and returns to the forest where Rajeswari follows her. Rajyalakshmi hands Rani over to her mother and tells her son to get Rani back honorably, and he will prove his mother is innocent.

Raja enters into Bobbili after listening to his mother's past and decides to teach Rajeswari a lesson. Raja starts the game with Rajeswari by making a threat to her ministry, but she double-crosses him by arresting Rajyalakshmi in the old murder case. Raja tries for bail, but when the policeman misbehaves with him, Raja fights with them and is arrested. Raja reveals the truth in court, and in his words, the government reacts to Rajyalakshmi and removes her from the ministry. Meanwhile, Ahobala also cheats on Rajeswari and forcefully makes Rani's marriage arrangements with his son Amurtha Rao. The incident opens Rajeswari's eyes, and she apologizes to Raja and Rajyalakshmi. Finally, Ahobala admits his mistake, and Raja and Rani get married.

==Cast==
The cast is listed below:<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2016-05-31|title=Bobbili Raja – Cinema Chaat|url=https://cinemachaat.com/2013/07/15/bobbili-raja/|access-date=2021-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531101309/https://cinemachaat.com/2013/07/15/bobbili-raja/amp/|archive-date=31 May 2016}}</ref>
* [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] as Raja<ref name=":1" />
* [[Divya Bharati]] as Rani<ref name=":1" />
* [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Sundarayya
* [[Vanisree]] as Minister Rajeswari Devi<ref name=":1" />
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Ahobala Rao
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Appa Rao
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Forest Officer
* [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumitra]] as Rajyalakshmi
* [[Sivaji Raja]] as Amurtha Rao
* Vidya Sagar as Suryam
* [[Babu Mohan]] as Bajanappa
* [[Pradeep Shakthi]] as Inspector
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Tribal
* Bhimeswara Rao as Judge
* Chidatala Appa Rao as Forest Guard
* Heera as Servant Rathalu

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bobbili Raja
| type = film
| artist = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1990
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 25:26
| label = Echo Music
| producer = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| prev_title = [[Kondaveeti Donga]]
| prev_year = 1990
| next_title = [[Jagadeka Veerudu Atiloka Sundari]]
| next_year = 1990
}}

Music composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. Lyrics are written by [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri|Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]]. Music released on ECHO Music Company.
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:26
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Ayyo Ayyo
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|S. P. Balu]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length1 = 4:47

| title2 = Kanya Kumari
| extra2 = S. P. Balu, S. Janaki
| length2 = 5:33

| title3 = Chemma Chekka
| extra3 = S. P. Balu, [[K. S. Chitra|Chitra]]
| length3 = 5:04

| title4 = Odante Vinade
| extra4 = S. P. Balu, S. Janaki
| length4 = 4:59

| title5 = Balapam Patti
| extra5 = S. P. Balu, Chitra
| length5 = 4:49
}}

==Release ==
The film upon release was a major commercial success, and was declared an 'All Time Blockbuster'.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=14 September 2020 |title=Venkatesh on 30 years of Bobbili Raja: I am feeling very nostalgic |language=en |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/venkatesh-on-30-years-of-bobbili-raja-i-am-feeling-very-nostalgic/articleshow/78104136.cms |access-date=2021-07-31 |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823130402/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/venkatesh-on-30-years-of-bobbili-raja-i-am-feeling-very-nostalgic/articleshow/78104136.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Having a 175-day run in 3 centres, it is considered Venkatesh's first silver-jubilee hit movie.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/venky175.htm |title=CineGoer.com - Box-Office Records and Collections - Venkatesh's 175-Day Centres List |access-date=13 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212224008/http://www.cinegoer.com/venky175.htm |archive-date=12 February 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was later dubbed and released in Tamil as ''Valiban'' in June 1992<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 June 1992 |title=Tough and tumble |pages=7 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920612&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=19 June 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and in Hindi as ''Rampur Ka Raja'' in 1993.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

==Awards==
* Winner of [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu]] - [[Ilaiyaraaja]]<ref>Refer Filmfare Magazine August 1991, [[38th filmfare awards south]] Juhi Chawla Shilpa Abused Madras Awards:Winners</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0193444|Bobbili Raja}}
{{B. Gopal}}

[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:1990s masala films]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. Gopal]]
[[Category:1990 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Belgium]]
[[Category:Films shot in Brussels]]
[[Category:Films shot in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Films shot in Amsterdam]]
[[Category:Suresh Productions films]]

1857 Kranti

2026-02-23T14:17:11Z

Ieagle123: added new post basic info - done

{{Short description|Indian Television Series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Sanjay Khan's 1857 Kranti.png
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Historical drama]]
| creator =
| developer =
| writer = [[Sanjay Khan]] Nawa Lucknowi Samidha-Khalid Hasan Kamal
| director = Sanjay Khan
| creative_director = [[Farah Khan]]
| presenter =
| starring = [[S. M. Zaheer]] [[Maya Alagh]] [[Lalit Tiwari]] [[Bhupinder Singh (actor)|Bhupinder Singh]] [[Barkha Madan]]
| judges =
| voices =
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer = [[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 104
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = S. Mirza Khan
| producer = Sanjay Khan
| location =
| cinematography = Sushil Chopra
| editor = Aditya Warrior Rajesh Rajput
| camera =
| runtime =
| company = Numero Uno International
| network = [[DD National]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2002|12|29|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2003|12|21|df=y}}
| related =
}}

'''''1857 Kranti''''' is an Indian [[historical drama]] television series directed by [[Sanjay Khan]] and produced by Numero Uno International Limited. The drama, aired on [[Doordarshan]] [[DD National|National]] from 29 December, 2002<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/headlines/y2k2/dec/dec137.htm|title=Sanjay Khan churns out fresh mytho, historical for DD|date=2002-12-26|access-date=2023-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626171758/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k2/dec/dec137.htm|archive-date=26 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> to 21 December, 2003, for a total of 104 episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/07/01/stories/13010693.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126005324/http://www.hindu.com/2001/07/01/stories/13010693.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title=For DD, it's history |date=1 July 2001 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=1 August 2012}}</ref> ''1857 Kranti'' tells the story of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Revolt of 1857]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sanjays-new-serial-to-focus-on-sepoy-mutiny/articleshow/42664650.cms|title=Sanjay's new serial to focus on Sepoy Mutiny | Bengaluru News – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=28 May 2001 }}</ref> The drama was temporarily interrupted after four episodes in its earlier run due to change in commissioning norms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/jan/jan69.htm |title=Indiantelevision dot com's Breaking News : Media planners blamed for shriking DD advertiser base |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |accessdate=1 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hindu.com/businessline/2001/08/10/stories/14101806.htm |title=DD may end up with a dented coffer |work=The Hindu|date=10 August 2001 |accessdate=1 August 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125163202/http://hindu.com/businessline/2001/08/10/stories/14101806.htm |archive-date=25 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Lalit Tiwari]] as [[Bajirao II]]
*[[Ashok Banthia]] as Moropant, advisor to [[Bajirao II]]
* Sunil Singh as [[Tatya Tope]]
* [[Bhupinder Singh (actor)|Bhupinder Singh]] as [[Nana Sahib]]
* [[Barkha Madan]] as [[Lakshmibai]]
* [[S. M. Zaheer]] as [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Sanjays-new-serial-to-focus-on-Sepoy-Mutiny/articleshow/1124276840.cms |title=Sanjay's new serial to focus on Sepoy Mutiny|newspaper=The Times of India |date=28 May 2001 |accessdate=1 August 2012}}</ref>
* Jitendra Trehan as [[Gangadhar Rao Newalkar]] / Ghulam Abbas
*Ajay Trehan as [[Kunwar Singh]]
* [[Maya Alagh]] as [[Zeenat Mahal]]
* Shashank Trivedi as Young [[Nana Sahib]]
* Siraj Mustafa Khan as [[Siraj ud-Daulah]]
* [[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawab Shah]] as [[Robert Clive]]
*[[Gireesh Sahdev]] as William Bentinck
* Anwar Fatehan as [[Mir Jafar]]
*[[Anupam Shyam]] as Pandit Vadarayan
* [[Rishabh Shukla]] as [[Mirza Ghalib]]
* Saurabh Dubey as Trimbakrao Pandit, Raj Purohit in Jhansi Kingdom
* [[Vinod Kapoor]] as [[William Stephen Raikes Hodson]]
* Ahmed Khan as [[Lord Dalhousie]]
* Hariom Parashar as Narayan Bhat aka Madhav Narayan
* [[Surbhi Tiwari]] as Vaishali, Nana Sahib's wife
* [[Manish Khanna]] as [[Azimullah Khan]]
* [[Syed Badr-ul Hasan Khan Bahadur]] as Manekchand
{{div col end}}

===Cameo===
* [[Raza Murad]] as [[Jahangir]]
* [[Tej Sapru]] as [[Thomas Roe]]

==Background and production==
Speaking at the launch of the drama, Sanjay Khan, Chairman and Managing Director of the Numero Uno said, "The revolt of 1857 referred to as the Second Mutiny by the British is a very important facet of India’s freedom struggle. Therefore, in the age of low-cost family dramas, I have attempted to bring serials which have qualities of an epic and good cinematic values.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021231/nation.htm#13 |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Nation |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |accessdate=1 August 2012}}</ref> India's first war of independence of 1857 is not more than three pages in any school textbook. What we are presenting is the drama and the sacrifices that people made for the nation so that nationalistic fervour is never lessened, but enhanced."<ref name="mid-day2001">{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2001/may/11281.htm |title=You are here: Home > News > |publisher=Mid-day.com |date=29 May 2001 |accessdate=1 August 2012}}</ref> There are quite a few songs in the drama that don't stop the progression of the story. We have recorded three songs out of the 20 planned.<ref name="mid-day2001"/> "We are proud to say this is the most expensive serial on Indian television, a television series on a cinematic scale," claims Hormuzda Davar, the CEO of the Numero Uno. The crew included over 150 technicians, 80 artistes, 150 horses, 10 elephants, 50 camels and over 2000 sword fighters.<ref name="mid-day2001"/> The drama approximately cost Rs 16 crore.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2002/dec/40092.htm |title=EXCLUSIVE: Kaveri Kapur starts shooting for her debut with Vardhan Puri in UK |date=7 September 2021 |website=www.mid-day.com}}</ref>

The first 12 episodes of the drama was shot in [[Rajasthan]], [[Chambal Division|Chambal]], [[Trichur]], [[Red Fort]], Umargaon and [[Cochin]] at a cost of Rs 2.5 crore.<ref name="mid-day2001"/> From 6 April 2003, the ''1857 Kranti'' shifted to the Sunday prime time (at 2130 instead of 1100 hours) on DD National to boost the viewership.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/mar/mar144.htm |title=Indiantelevision dot com's Breaking News : Sanjay Khan's 1857 Kranti shifts to a new time slot |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |date=27 March 2003 |accessdate=20 July 2012}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:Indian historical television series]]
[[Category:2002 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television series set during the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:Works set in the Mughal Empire]]

Operation Puttur

2026-02-20T08:05:09Z

Ieagle123: starting a pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Operation Puttur
| partof = Anti terror operations in India
| image =
| caption =
| map_type = India Andhra Pradesh
| map_caption = Location in [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| date = 5 October 2013
| place = [[Puttur, Andhra Pradesh]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|13|27|N|79|33|E|display=inline,title|type:event}}
| result = Nabbing of two terrorists
| casualties1 = 1 killed 1 injured
| casualties2 = 1 injured 1 arrested
| commander1 = [[N. Kiran Kumar Reddy]] [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| commander2 = Bilal Malik Panna Ismail
| combatant1 = [[Andhra Pradesh Police]] [[Tamil Nadu Police]]
| combatant2 = [[Al Ummah]]
}}
'''Operation Puttur''' was an [[counter-terrorism]] operation launched jointly by the [[Andhra Pradesh Police|Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu Police]], which resulted in the capture two extremists belonging to [[Al Ummah]] in [[Puttur, Andhra Pradesh|Puttur]] on 5 October 2013. The militants were planning to plant bombs at the [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]], and commit a murder in [[Chennai]] in the name of the "Muslim Defence Force".

==Background==
[[Al Ummah]], established in 1993, is a designated terrorist organisation in India which was involved in several terrorist attacks in [[Tamil Nadu]]. The organisation was responsible for the [[1993 bombing of RSS office in Chennai]], which killed 11 people and was tied to the [[1998 Coimbatore bombings|Coimbatore serial bomb blasts]] which killed 58 persons.<ref name="Tribune">{{cite web | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000519/nation.htm#1 | title=Probe confirms plot to kill Advani |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=19 May 2000 | accessdate=14 November 2015}}</ref><ref name="Burns">{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/02/16/world/toll-from-bombing-in-india-rises-to-50-dead-and-200-hurt.html | title=Toll From Bombing in India Rises to 50 Dead and 200 Hurt |work=[[The New York Times]] | date=15 February 1998 | access-date=14 November 2015 | first=John F. |last=Burns}}</ref> It was also later tied to a [[2013 Bangalore blast|bomb blast]] in [[Bangalore]] in 2013.<ref name="Johnson">{{cite web | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/al-ummah-man-planted-bomb-near-bjp-office-in-bangalore-say-cops/1112350/ |first1=T.A. |last1=Johnson | title=Al Ummah man planted bomb near BJP office in Bangalore, say cops |work=[[The Indian Express]] | date=7 May 2013 | access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref> A group of three members of the outfit–Fakruddin, Panna Ismail and Bilal Malik, had formed a group called "Muslim Defence Force" and were planning to execute various murders in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Times">{{cite news |last= |date=7 October 2013 |title=Operation Puttur prevented murder of top leader in Tamil Nadu |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Operation-Puttur-prevented-murder-of-top-leader-in-Tamil-Nadu/articleshow/23619201.cms |access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref>

The group was wanted for various murders in Tamil Nadu over the past few years. On 13 October 2012, Arvinth Reddy, the then state medical wing secretary of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), was stabbed to death in front of his clinic in [[Vellore]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Vellore doctor done to death |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vellore-doctor-done-to-death/article4028529.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418113252/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vellore-doctor-done-to-death/article4028529.ece |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=14 March 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Six accused were arrested in the case later,<ref>{{cite news |title=Cops to question Vasur Raja on Reddy's murder motive |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2012/dec/03/cops-to-question-vasur-raja-on-reddys-murder-motive-430371.html |access-date=14 March 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> and one of them confessed to the murder.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vasur Raja admits role in doctor's murder |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2012/dec/15/-vasur-raja-admits-role-in-doctors-murder-434006.html |access-date=14 March 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> On 19 March 2013, Murugan, a member of the BJP, was hacked to death by a three-member gang in [[Paramakudi]], which also hurled pipe bombs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Former BJP councillor hacked to death |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/former-bjp-councillor-hacked-to-death/article4526530.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624002654/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/former-bjp-councillor-hacked-to-death/article4526530.ece |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=14 March 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Paramakudi tense as gang hacks BJP man |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2013/mar/20/paramakudi-tense-as-gang-hacks-bjp-man-460134.html |access-date=14 March 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Initially, four suspects were arrested, but were released later.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sivan |first=Jayaraj |date=7 December 2013 |title=Paramakudi man's life falls apart after he is held for murder |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/paramakudi-mans-life-falls-apart-after-he-is-held-for-murder/articleshow/26986891.cms |access-date=14 March 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 1 July 2013, Vellaiyappan, the Tamil Nadu state secretary of [[Hindu Munnani]] was murdered in Vellore.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hindu Munnani leader murdered |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/hindu-munnani-leader-murdered/article4870382.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418113415/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/hindu-munnani-leader-murdered/article4870382.ece |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=14 March 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> On 19 July 2013, V. Ramesh, a leader of the BJP, was hacked to death inside his house [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] by an unknown gang.<ref>{{cite news |title=Senior BJP leader hacked to death in Salem |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/senior-bjp-leader-hacked-to-death-in-salem/articleshow/21178446.cms |accessdate=14 March 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] constituted a Special Investigation Division of the [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CID]] to probe the murder.<ref>{{cite news |title=Special team to probe BJP leaders murder: CM |url=https://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=6196 |access-date=14 March 2021 |work=Live Chennai}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/politics/17874-|title=ரமேஷ் கொலைக்கு கண்டனம்; ஜெ.வுக்கு அத்வானி பாராட்டு! |access-date=14 March 2021|work= [[Vikatan]]|lang=ta}}</ref> In December 2013, an investigation by the division pointed towards the role of Fakruddin and his associates Ismail and Malik.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arvinth Reddy Case: Police Get Custody of Terror Duo |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2013/dec/18/arvinth-reddy-case-police-get-custody-of-terror-duo-552454.html |access-date=14 March 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The [[Tamil Nadu Police]] arrested Fakruddin on 4 October 2013. Fakruddin, who had evaded arrest for eight years, was captured at the [[Chennai Central]] railway station.<ref name="Times"/> After Fakruddin was arrested, he confessed to the murders.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fakruddin confessed to involvement in murder of Hindu outfit leaders: police |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/fakruddin-confessed-to-involvement-in-murder-of-hindu-outfit-leaders-police/article5207477.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408051554/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/fakruddin-confessed-to-involvement-in-murder-of-hindu-outfit-leaders-police/article5207477.ece |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=14 March 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sundaram |first=Shanmugha |date=10 October 2013 |title='Police' Fakruddin met Munnani leader Vellaiyappan day before murdering him |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2013/oct/10/police-fakruddin-met-munnani-leader-vellaiyappan-day-before-murdering-him-524882.html |access-date=14 March 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Fakruddin revealed that the militants were planning to strike the [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]] using umbrella bombs during the annual [[Srivari Brahmotsavam|Brahmostavam festival]].<ref name="Tribune"/><ref name="TT">{{cite news|title=Plot to bomb Tirumala foiled; 2 suspects held|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131006/main4.htm|work=[[The Tribune]]|last=Dharur|first=Suresh|date=6 October 2013|access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref>

==Operation==
[[File:PutturTown.jpg|thumb|View of [[Puttur, Andhra Pradesh|Puttur]] town from the top of a hill]]

Based on the information provided by Fakruddin, the Tamil Nadu Police team landed in [[Puttur, Andhra Pradesh|Puttur]], on the evening of 4 October 2013, to capture Malik and Ismail. A joint operation of the Tamil Nadu Police and Organisation for Counter Terrorist Operations, a newly formed anti-terror unit of the [[Andhra Pradesh Police]], was planned to capture the militants, who were holed out in a house in Puttur.<ref>{{cite web|title=How anti-terror squad OCTOPUS helped nab suspected terrorists in Chittoor|url=http://www.ndtv.com/south/how-anti-terror-squad-octopus-helped-nab-suspected-terrorists-in-chittoor-536892|last=Stalin|first=J. Daniel|date=7 October 2013 |work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref> The operation started at 4 am on 5 October 2013, and the police issued warnings asking the suspects to surrender. The militants used Malik's wife and three children as human shields and fired towards the police. The police later dropped [[stun grenade]]s and [[tear gas]] shells into the house, to flush them out.<ref name="Times"/><ref name="Hero">{{cite news|title=Unsung Puttur hero wants to join police|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Unsung-Puttur-hero-wants-to-join-police/2013/10/13/article1833891.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823201006/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Unsung-Puttur-hero-wants-to-join-police/2013/10/13/article1833891.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 August 2014|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|first1=J.|last1=Santosh|date=13 October 2013|access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref> Malik and Ismail were arrested, and Ismail sustained bullet injuries during the clash. Two other suspects, who were supposedly holed up along with them, was purported to have escaped.<ref name="TT"/>

The police were aided by a civilian in the operations.<ref name="Hero"/> A police [[constable]], who sustained bullet injuries in the operation, died in the hospital later. A [[Inspector of Police|police inspector]] was also injured in the fire. The police found two bombs and a [[pistol]] later.<ref name="Times"/> The police investigated Malik's wife, who was supposedly running a grocery business in the area, and it was later revealed that she stayed back to help the militants fend off the police.<ref>{{cite news|title=On terror trail, TN police team visits Puttur again|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/on-terror-trail-tn-police-team-visits-puttur-again/article5286923.ece|work=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 October 2013|access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2010s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2013 in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Law enforcement operations in India]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Law enforcement in Tamil Nadu]]

Mandakini River

2026-02-17T16:44:07Z

Ieagle123: new

{{short description|River in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox river
|name=Mandakini River
|mouth_location=[[Rudraprayag]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
|subdivision_name2=[[Uttarakhand]]
|map=Hydrological-model-set-up-of-the-Mandakini-River.png
|map_caption=Hydrological setup of the Mandakini showing its course through [[Kedarnath]]
|length={{Convert|81.3|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|mouth=[[Alaknanda River]]
|mouth_coordinates={{Coord|30|17|16|N|78|58|44|E|display=inline,title}}
|source1=Chorabari Glacier
|mouth_elevation={{convert|690|m|abbr=on}}
|source1_location=Kedarnath Summit, Kedarnath, [[India]]
|source1_elevation={{Convert|3895|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|source1_coordinates={{Coord|30|44|50|N|79|05|20|E|display=inline}}
|basin_size={{Convert|1646|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}
|native_name=
|map_size=320px
|subdivision_name1=[[India]]
|discharge1_avg={{convert|108.6|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
}}
The '''Mandakini River''' is a [[tributary]] of the [[Alaknanda River]] in the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Rawat|first1=A|last2=Gulati|first2=G|last3=Maithani|first3=R|last4=Sathyakumar|first4=S|last5=Uniyal|first5=VP|date=2019-12-20|title=Bioassessment of Mandakini River with the help of aquatic macroinvertebrates in the vicinity of Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary|journal=Applied Water Science|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=36|doi=10.1007/s13201-019-1115-5|bibcode=2019ApWS...10...36R|issn=2190-5495|doi-access=free}}</ref> The river runs for approximately {{convert|81|km}} between the [[Rudraprayag]] and [[Sonprayag]] areas and emerges from the Chorabari Glacier.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Mandakini River - About Mandakini River of Uttarakhand- Kedarnath flash flood|url=https://www.euttaranchal.com/uttarakhand/mandakini-river|access-date=2020-10-06|website=eUttaranchal|date=18 December 2015|language=en-US|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009032724/https://www.euttaranchal.com/uttarakhand/mandakini-river|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Mandakini merges with river Songanga at Sonprayag and flows past the Hindu temple [[Madhyamaheshwar]] at Ukhimath.<ref name=":1" /> At the end of its course it drains into the Alaknanda, which flows into the [[Ganges]].<ref name=":1" />

The Mandakini is considered by Hindus a sacred river within Uttarakhand as it runs past the [[Kedarnath]] and Madhyamaheshwar temples.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Kala|first=CP|date=2014-06-01 |title=Deluge, disaster and development in Uttarakhand Himalayan region of India: Challenges and lessons for disaster management |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420914000235|journal=International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction|language=en|volume=8|pages=143–52 |doi=10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.03.002|issn=2212-4209|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> For this reason, the Mandakini has been the site of pilgrimages and religious tourism, with treks passing significant sites of spirituality such as [[Tungnath]] and [[Deoria Tal]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Bahl & Kapur|first=R&R|title=Kedarnath Flash Floods: Did Anything Change After Five Years?|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGgZOLBclYY&ab_channel=TheQuint |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/LGgZOLBclYY |archive-date=2021-12-19 |url-status=live|website=Youtube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The Mandakini area also attracts millions of tourists annually for whitewater rafting, hiking, and religious tours around the winter [[Char Dham|Chardham]] being offered. In 2011, more than 25 million tourists visited the river (for comparison, the State of Uttarakhand has a population of about 10 million).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":11" /> The health of the river and surrounding landforms have slowly been degraded, giving rise to environmental conservation projects such as the [[Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|last1=Kansal|first1=ML|last2=Shukla|first2=S|last3=Tyagi|first3=A|title=World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2014|date=2014-05-30|chapter=Probable Role of Anthropogenic Activities in 2013 Flood Disaster in Uttarakhand, India|chapter-url=https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/9780784413548.095|language=EN|pages=924–937|doi=10.1061/9780784413548.095|isbn=9780784413548}}</ref>

The Mandakini is subject to heavy rainfall, especially during monsoon season. The annual rainfall within the surrounding region is {{convert|1000–2000|mm}}, which is elevated almost 70% in monsoon season (late July–October).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Khare|first1=Deepak|last2=Mondal|first2=Arun|last3=Kundu|first3=Sananda|last4=Mishra|first4=Prabhash Kumar|date=September 2017|title=Climate change impact on soil erosion in the Mandakini River Basin, North India|journal=Applied Water Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=2373–83|doi=10.1007/s13201-016-0419-y|bibcode=2017ApWS....7.2373K|issn=2190-5487|doi-access=free}}</ref> This heavy rainfall is often responsible for rising water levels and intense flash floods.<ref name=":2" /> In conjunction with the collapse of a segment of the dammed [[Chorabari Lake]] in 2013, an intense patch of heavy rainfall led to the historical devastation of rural villages and death of thousands of locals, pilgrims and tourists.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Bhambri|first1=R|last2=Mehta|first2=M |last3=Dobhal|first3=DP|last4=Gupta|first4=AK |last5=Pratap|first5=B|last6=Kesarwani|first6=K|last7=Verma|first7=A |date=2016-02-01|title=Devastation in the Kedarnath (Mandakini) Valley, Garhwal Himalaya, during 16–17 June 2013: a remote sensing and ground-based assessment|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-2033-y|journal=Natural Hazards|language=en|volume=80|issue=3|pages=1801–22|doi=10.1007/s11069-015-2033-y|s2cid=131701213|issn=1573-0840|url-access=subscription}}</ref> These are known as the 2013 Kedarnath flash floods.

== Etymology and names ==
In Hinduism, Mandākinī (मन्दाकिनी) signifies 'the river of the air or heaven'. As coined within the [[Vayu Purana|Vāyu Purāṇa]], this name correlates to the Mandakini's high elevation and its course through significant spiritual locations.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Deoras|first=V. R.|title=The Rivers and Mountains of Mahārāshṭra|date=1958|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145192|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=21|pages=202–209|jstor=44145192|issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref name=":9" />

Within [[Shilpa Shastras|Shilpa shastra]] (ancient Hindu texts referring to the arts and their standards within Indian culture), Mandākinī translates to 'slow' and refers to an illustration of Mandākinī-śruti, an ancient example of Indian religious iconography.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=www.wisdomlib.org|date=2009-04-12|title=Mandakini, Mandākinī: 19 definitions|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/mandakini|access-date=2020-10-08|website=www.wisdomlib.org}}</ref> Her shapely beauty and flowing scarf are often seen in relation to the natural flow of the river. The items being held, particularly the ''[[Veena|vīṇā]],'' are significant symbols within Hinduism.<ref name=":3" />

In [[Puranas|Purana]] and [[Itihasa]] (ancient Indian literature; commonly associated with legends and Indian lore), Mandākinī refers to the 'river which emerges from the holy mountain'.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=www.wisdomlib.org|date=2019-02-17|title=Varahapurana, Varāhapurāṇa, Varaha-purana, Vārāhapurāṇa: 6 definitions|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/varahapurana|access-date=2020-10-08|website=www.wisdomlib.org}}</ref> This is referring to ''Kulaparvata'' in Bhārata, a region south to the South of [[Hemadpant|Hemādri]].<ref name=":5" />

In [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-English, Mandākinī translates to 'the milky way' or 'the galaxy'.<ref name=":3" />

In [[Sanskrit]]-English the Mandakini is called ''mandāka'', which roughly translates to 'the Ganges of Heaven'.<ref name=":3" />

== Ecology ==
The Mandakini [[Basin and Range Province|basin]] ranges in elevation from {{convert|3,800|m}} [[above sea level]] to approximately {{convert|6,090|m}} at the head of the Chorabari Glacier.<ref name=":1" /> Climates are generally cooler than the Indian mainland with maximum temperatures ranging from {{cvt|30|-|60|C}} to a minimum of {{cvt|0|-|8|C}}. [[Humidity]] is relatively high, especially in the [[monsoon]] season (usually exceeding 70%).<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Khare, Mondal, Khundu & Mishra|date=2017|title=Climate change impact on soil erosion in the mandakini river basin, north india|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1930727854|journal=Applied Water Science|volume=7|issue=5|pages=2373–2383|doi=10.1007/s13201-016-0419-y|bibcode=2017ApWS....7.2373K|s2cid=131101564|id={{ProQuest|1930727854}}|doi-access=free}}</ref> The region houses very steep valleys and large slopes, which commonly result in great sediment movement and landslides.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":16" />

== Course ==
With a total length of approximately {{cvt|80|km}} between regions Kedarnath and Rudraprayag, the Mandakini stretches past many significant locations of Uttarakhand. It also acts as a means of direction for passage through that particular area of the [[Garhwa district|Garwhal]] [[Himalayas]].<ref name=":10" /> Due to great variety in weather and geographical conditions, such as the melting and reforming of the surrounding glaciers, [[Discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] of the Mandakini fluctuates greatly throughout the year.<ref name=":1" /> For these reasons, yearly discharge for the Mandakini has been split into two categories: average monsoonal discharge and average daily discharge. This also charts the temperature and sediment levels of the water.<ref name=":1" /> The highest discharge recorded (in 2018) was between {{cvt|6|and|12|m3/s}} observed from June to September with the average daily rainfall being {{cvt|120|-|150|mm}}.<ref name=":1" />

=== Sources ===
[[File:Satellite_image_of_Chorabari_glacier.jpg|thumb|Satellite image of Chorabari Glacier showing Mandakini flow]]
The Mandakini's single [[River source|source]] is the Chorabari Glacier. Chorabari is a medium-sized valley-type [[glacier]] that covers an area of approximately {{cvt|6.6|sqkm}} within the Mandakini basin.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last1=Karakoti|first1=I|last2=Kesarwani|first2=K|last3=Mehta|first3=M|last4=Dobhal|first4=DP|date=2017-04-01|title=Modelling of Meteorological Parameters for the Chorabari Glacier Valley, Central Himalaya, India|journal=Current Science|volume=112|issue=7|pages=1553|doi=10.18520/cs/v112/i07/1553-1560|issn=0011-3891|doi-access=free}}</ref> It is also one of the many glaciers nestled in the Himalayan region, which many residents rely on for their water needs. The glacier is between the Kedarnath [[summit]] to the north and the town of Kedarnath to the south.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-03-14|title=Chorabari Glacier, India|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/8564/chorabari-glacier-india|access-date=2020-10-25|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov|language=en}}</ref> In recent years (from data received between 1962 and 2014), however, exposure to higher temperatures and increased human intervention has seen a reduction in landmass of the Chorabari glacier (a loss of 1% of its frontal area and approximately {{cvt|344|m|disp=sqbr}} of its length).<ref name=":11" /> As a result, the Mandakini river has seen steadily increasing water levels and potential for flash flooding. This also diminishes fresh water supplies for surrounding towns.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|last1=Kozma|first1=E|last2=Jayasekara|first2=PS |last3=Squarcialupi|first3=L|last4=Paoletta|first4=S|last5=Moro|first5=S|last6=Federico|first6=S|last7=Spalluto|first7=G|last8=Jacobson|first8=KA|date=2013-01-01|title=Fluorescent ligands for adenosine receptors|journal=Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters|volume=23|issue=1|pages=26–36|doi=10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.112|issn=1464-3405|pmc=3557833|pmid=23200243}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== History ==

=== Pilgrimage ===
The Mandakini's rich pious significance dates back to its mention in the [[Bhagavad Gita|Srimad Bhagavad]].<ref name=":5" /> Its plethora of ancient Hindu temples, including the [[Jagdamba]] temple and [[Shiva]] temple, also contribute to its holy significance. Over 10,000 pilgrims travel the main {{cvt|16|km|adj=on}} Kedarnath trek along the Mandakini every year to reach the Kedarnath temple. The trek can be completed on foot or on a mule's back for a small fee.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8" /> Longer treks along the basin are also offered for locals and experienced tourists. These extend to the shrine of [[Tungnath]] and retrace the footsteps of important Hindu sages such as [[Swami Rama]] and [[Bengali Bahá'ís|Bengali Baba]]. People have also been known to bathe in the river during various religious events such as baptisms.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Rani, Gupta & Shrivastava|first=R., B.K., & K.B.L|date=2004|title=Studies on enviro-ecological status of Mandakini river in Chitrakoot|url=http://repository.iitr.ac.in/handle/123456789/3025|journal=Pollution Research|volume=23|issue=4|pages=677–679|via=Institutional Repository}}</ref>

[[File:Mandakini-river-damaging-houses-in-kedarnath-valley.jpg|thumb|Kedarnath flash floods damaging houses along its banks]]

=== 2013 flash floods ===
On June 16–17, 2013, unprecedented rainfall and damage to dammed areas of the Chorabari glacier caused the Mandakini and its tributaries in the [[Garhwal Himalaya|Garwhal Himalaya]] to flood and subsequently devastate surrounding villages.<ref name=":6" /> The onslaught of water then caused large-scale landslides in the area. 137 separate incidents of 'flash-flood induced debris' were charted within the Kedarnath valley.<ref name=":7" /> Downstream settlements such as Kedarnath ({{cvt|3546|m|disp=sqbr}} {{abbr|a.s.l.|above sea level}}), Rambara ({{cvt|2740|m|disp=sqbr}} a.s.l.) and [[Gauri Kund|Gaurikund]] ({{cvt|1990|m|disp=sqbr}} a.s.l.) were the most heavily impacted due to an accumulated debris buildup from damaged villages upstream, creating a 'snowball effect' of devastation.<ref name=":7" /> During the floods, the main channel of the river increased approximately 406% with about 50% ({{cvt|7|km|disp=sqbr}}) of the single pedestrian route ({{cvt|14|km|disp=sqbr}}) between Gaurikund and Kedarnath being completely washed away. As a result, rescue operations were impeded, and evacuation was unable to be effectively completed. Over 1000 deaths of tourists, pilgrims and locals were recorded in the following months.<ref name=":6" /> Approximately 120 buildings were destroyed; 90 of these were surrounding the Kedarnath shrine and within Rambara, a small village downstream. While numerous homes and farms were destroyed in the floods, the majority of shrines and the Kedarnath temple were left intact. Locals were seen trekking to the temple and praying only days after the disaster.<ref name=":6" /> Pilgrims and locals reported "black clouds" and "black water" taking over the land and the skies on the day of the flooding.<ref name=":6" />

It is theorised that increased construction of hydropower projects, exponential growth in tourism and a steady increase in emission of [[greenhouse gas]]es all contributed to the disaster. Thus, members of the Kedarnath natural [[council]] have made efforts to recuperate areas of the land. Some methods include [[Nature conservation|conservation]] plans, wildlife sanctuaries and the strategic placement of concrete blocks to restore the original and favoured course of the river.<ref name=":17">{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Yogesh|title=Mandakini river's original course by Kedarnath restored|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/Mandakini-rivers-original-course-by-Kedarnath-restored/articleshow/36756417.cms|access-date=2020-10-09}}</ref><ref name=":7" />

== Environmental impacts ==

=== Geography ===
[[File:Collapsed_bridge.jpg|thumb|Image of collapsed bridge over Mandakini due to erosion of soil]]
Because of the altitudinal variation of the Mandakini (altitude ranging from {{cvt|210|to|7187|m|disp=sqbr}} a.s.l), climate conditions vary throughout the region.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} A general increase in temperatures, which scientists from the Department of Water Resources Development and Management, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India, attribute to [[climate change]], has been recorded in the area. As a result, soil [[erosion]] has increased, and soil productivity has decreased. This has caused more frequent large-scale landslides and the inability for new crops to grow and be harvested. Increased levels of rainfall have also been attributed to climate change, with researchers predicting larger numbers of soil loss occurring over coming years.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":17" /> Studies show that [[moraine-dammed lake]]s, which are attributed to the melting of snowcaps and increased rainfall, are also giving rise to lake outbursts and subsequent flash flooding.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

The Mandakini region is [[Seismology|seismically]] and ecologically fragile due to its position along a [[collision zone]]. Well exposed [[crystal]]line rock groups in the Higher Himalayas and surrounding Kedarnath form the oldest crystalline base in the Himalayan region. This rock is highly susceptible to displacement and is also therefore one of the biggest triggering agents to the many landslides in the region.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

Constant flooding, particularly following the flash floods of 2013, has seen the decline in forest density along the Mandakini. Data indicate that the area of forest pastures diminished from {{cvt|1240.98|to|1207.80|ha}} between 2012 and 2013.<ref name=":10" /> Hence, soil fertility and diversity in flora and fauna have been in steady decline since 2013. The [[Habitat fragmentation|fragmentation]] of forest area has also resulted in a loss in land for usage in [[Animal husbandry|husbandry]], [[agriculture]], and tourism.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|last=Sikarwar|first=R.L.S|title=Aquatic Biodiversity of the River Mandakini of Chitrakoot|publisher=Uttar Pradesh State Biodiversity Board|year=2013|pages=70–74}}</ref>

The river ecology is also significantly affected by forest fire activity.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

=== Human intervention ===
The Mandakini has become a prime location for investigating the impact of waste dumping and tourism on the quality of water.<ref name=":9" /> Due to its cultural and religious significance, the Mandakini and neighbouring villages attract thousands of tourists and pilgrims each year. Increased traffic of people, mules and cars has led to an exponential degradation of roads along the river. Many towns are along the banks of the Mandakini and use the river as a dumping source.<ref name=":10" /> Populations of these towns are witnessing explosive growth, and many of these inhabitants are below the poverty line. A number of drains carrying wastewater from towns join the river at various points, increasing the pollution load of the river and altering its water quality. Chitrakoot, for example, possesses gutter and sewer lines that are directly connected to the river.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

Researchers from the Department School of Environmental Biology A.P.S. University, Rewa, observed high levels of [[alkalinity]] (Minimum [[pH]] value was 7.23 in Sphatikshila ghat, and maximum pH value was 7.80 in Arogyadham ghat) within the water. The following activities were observed by these same researchers during sampling of the Mandakini at various locations; religious, tourism, bathing, washing, [[open defecation]], cultivation, sand, stone and gravel recovery, stone crushing, road [[construction]], [[mining]], [[cremation]]; [[fishing]], surface drainage, [[irrigation]], drinking water, rafting, and interacting with wildlife habitats.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} Garbage from religious practice such as ''[[Yajna|Hawan]]'' is also thrown into the river. The towns of Chitrakoot, Rambara and Kedarnath have also been known to cover river banks in concrete for the construction of [[Fishery|fisheries]] and [[Dock (maritime)|docks]]. This has disturbed the natural flow of the river and caused further soil erosion.<ref name=":13" />

==See also==
*[[Badrinath]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://www.cultureunplugged.com/play/274/River-Goddess Documentary by Mandakini Mathur]
*[https://archive.today/20130117173317/http://search.barnesandnoble.com/The-River-Goddess/Vijay-Singh/e/9780886828257 The River Goddess by Vijay Singh]

{{Hydrography of Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Rivers of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Ganges]]
[[Category:Rudraprayag district]]
[[Category:Rivers in Buddhism]]

Mangalore Anantha Pai

2026-02-08T12:07:02Z

Ieagle123: stub

{{Short description|Indian electrical engineer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Mangalore Anantha Pai
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1931|10|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2023|03|02|1931|10|05|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Irvine, California]], U.S.
| fields = {{ublist | [[Power engineering]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]] | [[University of California, Berkeley]] | [[University of California, Los Angeles]] | [[IIT Kanpur]] | [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] | [[Memorial University of Newfoundland]] | [[Iowa State University]] | [[Pacific Northwest National Laboratory]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of Madras]] | [[University of California, Berkeley]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on power system stability, analysis and security
| awards = {{ublist|1974 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] }}
}}

'''Mangalore Anantha Pai''' (5 October 1931 – 2 March 2023) was an Indian electrical engineer, academic and a professor emeritus at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]].<ref name="The Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=The Year Book 2016 |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=13 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001952/http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A former professor of electrical engineering at the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]],<ref name="List of Former Faculty">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iitk.ac.in/ee/former-faculty |title=List of Former Faculty |date=2016 |publisher=IIT Kanpur}}</ref> he is known for his contributions in the fields of power stability, power grids, large scale power system analysis, system security and optimal control of nuclear reactors<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=320 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> and he has published 8 books and several articles.<ref name="Faculty profile on University of Illinois">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ece.illinois.edu/directory/profile/mapai |title=Faculty profile on University of Illinois |date=2016 |publisher=University of Illinois}}</ref> Pai is the first India-born scientist to be awarded a PhD in electrical engineering from the University of California, Berkeley.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}

Pai was an IEEE Life Fellow and was an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]],<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N80-0533 |title=Indian fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Pai,_Prof._Mangalore_Anantha |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> and Indian National Academy of Engineers<ref name="INAE fellows">{{Cite web |url=https://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ |title=INAE fellows |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineers |access-date=13 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403030936/http://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ |archive-date=3 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and an elected and life fellow of the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]]<ref name="IEEE Fellows Directory">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ieee.org/membership/fellows/fellows-directory.html |title=IEEE Fellows Directory |date=2016 |publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Engineering Sciences in 1974.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
Mangalore Anantha Pai born on 5 October 1931 in the south Indian state of [[Karnataka]], did his graduate studies in electrical engineering at the [[University of Madras]] and after completing the course in 1953, started his career as an electrical engineer at the Electric Supply Department of [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport]], then known as Bombay Electric Supply and Transport (BEST) Undertaking.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> After a service of 4 years, he moved to the US in 1957 where he completed his master's degree in electrical engineering (MS) at [[University of California, Berkeley]] in 1958 and continued at the institution to secure a PhD in 1961.<ref name="Register - University of California">{{cite book|title=Register - University of California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fo4AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA6-PA52|year=1958|publisher=University of California Press|pages=6–}}</ref> Subsequently, he joined the university as an assistant professor at [[University of California, Berkeley]] (1961–62) before taking up Professorship at [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA) in 1962.<ref name="Faculty profile on University of California">{{Cite web |url=https://smartgrid.ucla.edu/about_people_af.html |title=Faculty profile on University of California |date=2016 |publisher=University of California Los Angeles}}</ref> At UCLA, he had the opportunity to work with [[Eliahu I. Jury]], a [[Rufus Oldenburger Medal|Rufus Oldenburger laureate]] on [[discrete time]] systems, and in 1963 he returned to India to join the Electrical Engineering department of the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]] as an assistant professor.<ref name="List of Retired Faculty">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iitk.ac.in/dofa/data/alpha-faculty.pdf |title=List of Retired Faculty |date=2016 |publisher=IIT Kanpur}}</ref> He served the institute till 1981 during which period he held the positions of an associate professor from 1966 to 1969 and a professor thereafter till he went back to the US as a visiting professor at [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] in 1981.<ref name="Authors">{{Cite journal |title=Authors |date=2016 |publisher=IEEE Xplore|doi=10.1109/TPWRS.2014.2301032 |s2cid=23855927 }}</ref> He also had a stint as a consultant to the [[Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited]] from 1971 to 1979. After two years of service as a visiting faculty at Illinois, he became a regular professor in 1983 and served out his academic career to superannuate in 2003.<ref name="Faculty profile on University of Illinois" /> In between, he also served as a visiting professor at the [[Memorial University of Newfoundland]] and [[Iowa State University]] and visited India on a [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]]-[[UNDP]] program at [[Central Power Research Institute]]. Post-retirement, Illinois University made him an emeritus professor.<ref name="About the author">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKzf_VtJfYcC&q=M+A+Pai+national+academy+of+sciences+India&pg=PP4 |title=About the author |date=2016 |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=9780070593633 }}</ref> He also serves as a consultant to [[Pacific Northwest National Laboratory]], advising them on ''Model Reduction and Dynamic Security of Power System''.<ref name="Faculty profile on University of California" /> Pai died in [[Irvine, California]] on 2 March 2023, at the age of 91.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mangalore Anantha Pai |url=https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/costa-mesa-ca/mangalore-pai-11182929 |website=Dignity Memorial |access-date=30 November 2023}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Pai's early researches were based on power system stability, security and model reduction and his work on ''Model Reduction of Large-Scale Power Systems'' has been reported to be of significance to field of power systems.<ref name="About the author" /> He is known to have introduced [[Lyapunov stability|Lyapunov's method]] in researches on power system stability and energy functions.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> Introduction of computer applications in power systems is another of his contributions and a power system software he has developed is in use with several power distribution networks.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=13 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Later, he worked on [[Smart Grid]], [[Microgrid]] and [[Renewable Energy]] and how they could be integrated into the main [[electrical grid]] of a power system;<ref name="Faculty profile on University of California" /> earlier, at IIT Kanpur, he encouraged research on ''Control and Power''. He has also contributed in the field of industrial consultancy and has served as a member of the editorial boards of Power and Energy series of [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]].<ref name="Faculty profile on University of California" />

In 1963, Pai was selected to join IIT Kanpur as one of the earliest member of the Electrical Engineering faculty. Under the guidance of economist John Kenneth Galbraith, IIT Kanpur became the first institute in India to offer Computer science education. The earliest computer courses were started at IIT Kanpur in August 1963 on an IBM 1620 system, which was flown from Princeton to Kanpur. The initiative for computer education came from the Electrical engineering department. An intense outreach program in Computer Education was established during his time at IIT Kanpur. It was during his years at IIT Kanpur, Pai published his first book, ''Computer Techniques in Power System Analysis''.<ref name="Pai1979">{{cite book|author=M. A. Pai|title=Computer Techniques in Power System Analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tFTgAAAACAAJ|year=1979|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-0-07-096551-5}}</ref> His second book, ''Power System Stability: Analysis by the Direct Method of Lyapunov'', was also published before he moved to US in 1981.<ref name="Pai1981">{{cite book|author=M. A. Pai|title=Power System Stability: Analysis by the Direct Method of Lyapunov|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=llrAQgAACAAJ|date=1 January 1981|publisher=North-Holland Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-444-86310-2}}</ref> This was followed by five more authored books, ''Com Tech In Power Sys Ana'',<ref name="Pai2005">{{cite book|author=Pai|title=Com Tech In Power Sys Ana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKzf_VtJfYcC|date=1 October 2005|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-059363-3}}</ref> ''Power System Dynamics and Stability'',<ref name="SauerPai2006">{{cite book|author1=Peter W. Sauer|author2=M. A. Pai|title=Power System Dynamics and Stability|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWi9PAAACAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Stipes Publishing L.L.C.|isbn=978-1-58874-673-3}}</ref> ''Power Circuits and Electromechanics'',<ref name="Pai2010">{{cite book|author=M. A. Pai|title=Power Circuits and Electromechanics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NA67twAACAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Stipes Pub Llc|isbn=978-1-60904-009-3}}</ref> ''Energy Function Analysis for Power System Stability''<ref name="Pai2012">{{cite book|author=Anantha Pai|title=Energy Function Analysis for Power System Stability|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HDgBwAAQBAJ|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4613-1635-0}}</ref> and ''Small Signal Analysis of Integrated Power Systems'', the last one published in 2016.<ref name="PaiPadiyar2016">{{cite book|author1=M. A. Pai|author2=K. R. Padiyar|title=Small Signal Analysis of Integrated Power Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_ZRvgAACAAJ|date=28 June 2016|publisher=Alpha Science International Limited|isbn=978-1-78332-268-8}}</ref> In between, he co-edited an [[Oxford University Press]] [[festschrift]] on [[Homi J. Bhabha]] titled ''Homi Bhabha and the Computer Revolution'',<ref name="Homi Bhabha and the Computer Revolution">{{Cite book |title=Homi Bhabha and the Computer Revolution |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0198072461 |editor1=R.K. Shyamasundar |editor2=M.A. Pai |date=2011 |page=300}}</ref> which was featured in the Indian edition of [[MIT Technology Review]] in May/June 2011.<ref name="Professor Emeritus Pai edits a book on computer pioneer Homi Bhabha">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ece.illinois.edu/newsroom/article/1298 |title=Professor Emeritus Pai edits a book on computer pioneer Homi Bhabha |date=2016 |publisher=University of Illinois}}</ref> He has also contributed chapters to books published by others<ref name="Chow2013">{{cite book|author=Joe H. Chow|title=Power System Coherency and Model Reduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KAVsXwAACAAJ|date=1 May 2013|publisher=Springer New York|isbn=978-1-4614-1802-3}}</ref><ref name="Savulescu2014">{{cite book|author=Savu Savulescu|title=Real-Time Stability in Power Systems: Techniques for Early Detection of the Risk of Blackout|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IdElBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-06680-6|pages=1–}}</ref><ref name="Datta2012">{{cite book|author=Biswa Nath Datta|title=Applied and Computational Control, Signals, and Circuits: Recent Developments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TV31BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA181|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4615-1471-8|pages=181–}}</ref> and has authored over 125 peer-reviewed articles;<ref name="List of articles">{{Cite web |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?searchWithin=%22Authors%22:.QT.M.%20A.%20Pai.QT.&newsearch=true |title=List of articles |date=2016 |publisher=IEEE Xplore}}</ref><ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anantha_Pai |title=On ResearchGate |date=2016 }}</ref> {{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected articles'' section}} the online article repository of Indian Academy of Sciences has listed 107 of them.<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=https://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Pai=3AMangalore_Anantha=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> He is reported to have helped organize two symposia of [[International Federation of Automatic Control]] in India and has delivered keynote or invited speeches at several science seminars in India and abroad including the Seminar on ''Voltage Instability in Power Network'' organized by the Delhi chapter of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in 1991.<ref name="Voltage Instability in Power Network">{{Cite web |url=https://ewh.ieee.org/r10/delhi/MLIST91.htm |title=Voltage Instability in Power Network |date=2016 |publisher=IEEE Delhi}}</ref> He has also mentored a number of doctoral scholars in their studies.<ref name="Indian fellow" />

=== Books ===
* {{cite book|author=M. A. Pai|title=Computer Techniques in Power System Analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tFTgAAAACAAJ|year=1979|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-0-07-096551-5}}
* {{cite book|author=M. A. Pai|title=Power System Stability: Analysis by the Direct Method of Lyapunov|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=llrAQgAACAAJ|date=1 January 1981|publisher=North-Holland Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-444-86310-2}}
* {{cite book|author=Pai|title=Com Tech In Power Sys Ana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKzf_VtJfYcC|date=1 October 2005|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-059363-3}}
* {{cite book|author1=Peter W. Sauer|author2=M. A. Pai|title=Power System Dynamics and Stability|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWi9PAAACAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Stipes Publishing L.L.C.|isbn=978-1-58874-673-3}}
* {{cite book|author=M. A. Pai|title=Power Circuits and Electromechanics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NA67twAACAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Stipes Pub Llc|isbn=978-1-60904-009-3}}
* {{Cite book |title=Homi Bhabha and the Computer Revolution |editor1=R.K. Shyamasundar |editor2=M.A. Pai |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0198072461 | date=2011 |page=300}}
* {{cite book|author=Anantha Pai|title=Energy Function Analysis for Power System Stability|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HDgBwAAQBAJ|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4613-1635-0}}
* {{cite book|author1=M. A. Pai|author2=K. R. Padiyar|title=Small Signal Analysis of Integrated Power Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_ZRvgAACAAJ|date=28 June 2016|publisher=Alpha Science International Limited|isbn=978-1-78332-268-8}}

=== Chapters ===
* {{cite book|author=Biswa Nath Datta|title=Applied and Computational Control, Signals, and Circuits: Recent Developments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TV31BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA181|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4615-1471-8|pages=181–}}
* {{cite book|author=Joe H. Chow|title=Power System Coherency and Model Reduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KAVsXwAACAAJ|date=1 May 2013|publisher=Springer New York|isbn=978-1-4614-1802-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Savu Savulescu|title=Real-Time Stability in Power Systems: Techniques for Early Detection of the Risk of Blackout|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IdElBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-06680-6|pages=1–}}

=== Selected articles ===
* {{Cite book |author1=Nguyen, T. B. |author2=Pai, M. A. |author3=Hiskens, I. A. |title=2000 Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting (Cat. No.00CH37134) |chapter=Direct computation of critical clearing time using trajectory sensitivities |date=2000 |volume=1 |pages=604–608 |doi=10.1109/PESS.2000.867655|isbn=0-7803-6420-1 |s2cid=110085952 }}
* {{Cite book |author1=Chaniotis, D. |author2=Pai, M. A. |author3=Hiskens, I. |title=ISCAS 2001. The 2001 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (Cat. No.01CH37196) |chapter=Sensitivity analysis of differential-algebraic systems using the GMRES method-application to power systems |date=2001 |volume=2 |issue=117–120 |pages=117–120 |doi=10.1109/ISCAS.2001.921260|isbn=0-7803-6685-9 |s2cid=17064410 }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Nguyen, T. B. |author2=Pai, M. A. |author3=Hiskens, I. A. |title=Sensitivity approaches for direct computation of critical parameters in a power system |journal=International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems |date=2002 |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=337–343 |doi=10.1016/S0142-0615(01)00050-3|bibcode=2002IJEPE..24..337N }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Chaniotis, D. |author2=Pai, M. A. |title=A new preconditioning technique for the GMRES algorithm in power flow and P-V curve calculations |journal=International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems |date=2003 |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=239–245 |doi=10.1016/S0142-0615(02)00034-0|bibcode=2003IJEPE..25..239C }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Soman, S. A. |author2=Nguyen, T. B. |author3=Pai, M. A. |title=Analysis of angle stability problems: a transmission protection systems perspective |journal=IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery |date=2004 |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=1024–1033 |doi=10.1109/TPWRD.2004.824417|s2cid=14210340 |url=http://dspace.library.iitb.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10054/151 |url-access=subscription }}

== Awards and honors ==
The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded Pai the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 1974.<ref name="Engineering Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |title=Engineering Sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211647/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |archivedate=2015-09-23 }}</ref> The Indian Academy of Sciences elected him as a fellow in 1979<ref name="Fellow profile" /> and he became an elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy in 1980.<ref name="The Year Book 2016" /> The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers elected him as a [[IEEE Fellow|fellow]] in 1986; IEEE honored him again in 1996 with life fellowship.<ref name="Faculty profile on University of Illinois" /> He is also an elected fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineers.<ref name="INAE fellows" /> The Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) department of the University of Illinois organized a day-long felicitation event, ''PaiFest'', in his honor on 15 October 2015 at the department.<ref name="Power Engineering Group Celebrates PaiFest">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ece.illinois.edu/newsroom/article/12319 |title=Power Engineering Group Celebrates PaiFest |date=2016 |publisher=University of Illinois}}</ref> The event included a symposium where a number of his students and colleagues such as [[William H. Sanders]], Peter W. Sauer, Ian Hiskens, Bernie Lesieutre, [[Marija D. Ilić]], Kash Khorasani and Vijay Vittal presented papers<ref name="M. A. Pai Symposium">{{Cite web |url=http://energy.ece.illinois.edu/paifest/ |title=M. A. Pai Symposium |date=2016 |publisher=University of Illinois}}</ref> and Pai himself made a presentation titled, ''From Lyapunov to Krylov – My Research Journey''.<ref name="From Lyapunov to Krylov – My Research Journey">{{Cite web |url=http://energy.ece.illinois.edu/files/2015/10/Pai.pdf |title=From Lyapunov to Krylov – My Research Journey |date=2016 |publisher=University of Illinois}}</ref> In 2014, [[IIT Kanpur]] honored him with the Institute Fellow award.

== See also ==
* [[Lyapunov stability]]
* [[Hopf bifurcation]]
{{portal|India|Engineering}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.iitk.ac.in/dofa/INSA.html |title=INSA Fellows of IIT Kanpur |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://wjang777.exposure.co/paifest |title=PAIFEST - In honor of M. A. Pai |date=2016 |publisher=University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://energy.ece.illinois.edu/files/2015/10/HillPaiFest.pdf |title=From MA Pai to Power Network Science - reflections on the stability of power systems |last=David Hill |date=15 October 2015 |publisher=University of Illinois}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://energy.ece.illinois.edu/files/2015/10/SauerPaiFest.pdf |title=Thirty-five years of Pai and Still Hungry for More |last=Pete Sauer |date=15 October 2015 |publisher=University of Illinois}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://energy.ece.illinois.edu/files/2015/10/LaufenbergPaifest.pdf |title=Dynamic Sensitivity Functions and Professor Pai |last=Mark J. Laufenberg |date=15 October 2015 |publisher=University of Illinois}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Karnataka}}

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[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Power engineering]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Indian electrical engineers]]
[[Category:American Hindus]]
[[Category:Fellows of the IEEE]]
[[Category:Engineers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley faculty]]
[[Category:UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Kanpur]]
[[Category:University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty]]
[[Category:Iowa State University faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Memorial University of Newfoundland]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Academy of Engineering]]

Gayatri Reddy

2026-02-07T19:20:28Z

Ieagle123: further updated citations also and updated info

{{short description|Indian anthropologist}}
{{About||the former IPL owner and socialite|Gayatri Reddy (socialite)}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Gayatri Reddy
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|6|23}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| education = [[Delhi University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]]) [[Columbia University]] ([[Master of Arts|M.A.]]) [[Emory University]] ([[Ph.D.]], [[Master of Public Health|MPH]])
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Anthropologist]], [[professor]]
| discipline = Anthropology
| workplaces = [[University of Illinois at Chicago]], [[Kinsey Institute]]
| known_for = Contributions to [[queer]] and [[gender]] studies
}}

'''Gayatri Reddy''' (born 23 June 1982) is an Indian [[anthropologist]] who has also made contributions to [[queer]] and [[gender]] studies.

Reddy received her PhD in Anthropology in 2000 from [[Emory University]] after M.A in Anthropology from [[Columbia University]] and B.A. in Psychology from [[Delhi University]]. She is currently an associate professor in Anthropology and Gender and Women's Studies at the [[University of Illinois at Chicago]]. Reddy has carried out fieldwork on a community of [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] in India. Her current research is on male queer identity among South Asian immigrants to the US.

Reddy is the Association for Feminist Anthropology Program Chair for 2007,<ref name="afa">{{citation|title=Business Meeting Minutes |date=November 16, 2006 |url=http://sscl.berkeley.edu/~afaweb/Business%20Meeting%20Minutes.htm |periodical=Association for Feminist Anthropology |accessdate=2007-10-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609142728/http://sscl.berkeley.edu/~afaweb/Business%20Meeting%20Minutes.htm |archivedate=June 9, 2007 }}</ref> and a member of the steering committee for the University Consortium for Sexuality Research and Training at the [[Kinsey Institute]].<ref name="kinsey">{{citation|url=http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/ucsrt/steering%20committee.htm |title=Steering Committee |periodical=Kinsey Institute |accessdate=2007-10-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019032055/http://kinseyinstitute.org/ucsrt/steering%20committee.htm |archivedate=2007-10-19 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.uic.edu/depts/wsweb/people/faculty/reddy/reddy.html University of Illinois bio page]
* [http://www.uic.edu/depts/wsweb/people/faculty/reddy/reddyCV.pdf Gayatri Reddy Curriculum Vitae]
* Reviews of ''With Respect to Sex: Negotiating Hijra Identity in South India'' in the ''[https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.1086/507813 American Journal of Sociology]'', ''[https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/4622930 Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute]'', ''[https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/30114241 Journal of the History of Sexuality]'', ''[https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/20459144 Feminist Studies]'', ''[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.revproxy.brown.edu/doi/10.1525/ae.2006.33.1.1027/pdf American Ethnologist]''

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Gayatri}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gender studies academics]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Queer theorists]]
[[Category:Emory University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Illinois Chicago faculty]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian anthropologists]]
[[Category:Indian women anthropologists]]

{{Anthropologist-stub}}

Paite people

2026-02-07T16:02:47Z

Ieagle123: typo fix

{{Short description|Ethnic group living in Northeast India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Paite
| population = {{circa|80,000+}}<ref name="CPS 2016">
{{cite web |title=Religion Data of Census 2011: XXXI Mizoram, Manipur and Nagaland |publisher=Centre for Policy Studies|date=18 October 2016 |url=https://blog.cpsindia.org/2016/10/religion-data-of-census-2011-xxxi.html}}
</ref><ref name="language census">
{{cite web |title=Census of India - Language tools |publisher=Census of India |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/partb.htm |archive-date=3 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703120452/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/partb.htm}}
</ref>
| regions = [[Manipur]], [[Chin State]], [[Assam]], [[Mizoram]]
| languages = [[Paite language]]
| religions = [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]{{•}}[[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] [[Islam]]<ref>Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Population Census 2011. Table ST-14: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), Mizoram - 2011</ref>
| related = {{flatlist|1=
* [[Chin people|Chin]]
* [[Hmar people|Hmar]]
* [[Mizo people|Mizo]]
* [[Simte people|Simte]]
* [[Vaiphei people|Vaiphei]]
* [[Thadou people|Thadou]]
[[Ranglong]]
}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = pck
}}
The '''Paite people'''{{efn|Alternative spellings: '''Paitei''',{{sfnp|Guite & Vualzong, Paitei Tribe of Churachandpur|2018|p=334}} '''Paithe''',{{sfnp|Ethnologue, 15th Edition|2005|p=358}}
'''Paihte'''.{{sfnp|Kamkhenthang, The Paite|1988|pp=7–8}} Older spellings: "Pytai".<ref>
{{citation |first=R. |last=Brown |title=Statistical Account of the Native State of Manipur and the Hill Territory under Its Rule |year=1874 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing |location=Calcutta |url=https://archive.org/details/statistical-account-of-manipur |page=56}}
</ref>}}
are an [[ethnic group]] in [[Northeast India]], mainly living in [[Manipur]] and [[Mizoram]]. The Paites are recognized as a [[Schedule Tribe|scheduled tribe]] in these two states.{{sfnp|Guite & Vualzong, Paitei Tribe of Churachandpur|2018|pp=334–335}} They are part of the [[Zo people]],<ref name="Zou">{{harvp|Zou, Patriots and Utilitarians in the Anglo-Kuki War|2021|loc=pp.159–160: "... the backdrop of a triangular contest between three dialectal groups – the Zou (led by Manlun chiefs), the Paite (led by Guite chiefs) and the Thadou (led by Haokip chiefs). In colonial records, all the three groups were known as ‘new Kukis’ because of their linguistic and cultural affinities."}}
</ref>
but prefer to use the [[Zomi people|Zomi]] identity.<ref>
{{citation |title=Women and Conflict in India |first=Sanghamitra |last=Choudhury |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=9781317553625 |pages=38–39 |quote=Local Paitei preferred to be called 'Zomi', whereas the local Thadous preferred to be called 'Kukis'.}}
</ref>{{sfnp|Haokip, The Kuki-Paite Conflict|2007|loc=p. 191: "In 1995, the name of the 'Seven Tribes' in Churachandpur district was changed to “Zomi Re-unification Organization (ZRO)” at the initiative of the Paite."}}<ref name="Pisharoty"/>
"[[Guite people|Guite]]" is a major clan of the Paite people.<ref name="Zou"/>

== Etymology ==
The term ''Paithe'' originated in the [[Lushai Hills]] region. The [[Lushais]] used terms ''Pai'' or ''Poi'' to refer to central and southern Chin tribes, who tie their hair up. ''Paithe'' is said to be the plural of ''Pai''.{{sfnp|Kamkhenthang, The Paite|1988|p=7}} The Paite themselves did not accept the term originally, but in 1948, the Paite National Council was formed to obtain the recognition of Paites as a [[Scheduled Tribe]] in India. Thus the term came to be accepted.{{sfnp|Kamkhenthang, The Paite|1988|p=9}}

''Paite'' has also the meaning of "people on the move".{{sfnp|Kamkhenthang, The Paite|1988|p=7}}

== Identification ==
According to anthropologist H. Kamkhenthang, the term "Paite" was initially used only in the [[Lushai Hills|Lushai]] areas (present-day Mizoram). In the [[Chin Hills]] region, according to him, they were known as [[Tedim Chins]], and they included the [[Kamhau-Suktes]].{{sfnp|Kamkhenthang, The Paite|1988|pp=7–8}}<ref name="The Times of India 25 July 2023">{{cite news |title=Former residents of Paite Veng recount their ‘Kristallnacht’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/former-residents-of-paite-veng-recount-their-kristallnacht/articleshow/102094562.cms |access-date=11 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 July 2023}}</ref> According to scholar N. K. Das, the [[Simte people]] listed in the ''Gazetteer of Manipur'' are the same as Paites.{{sfnp|Das, Politics of 'Belonging' Among Zomi-Chin-Kuki People|2021|pp=225–226}} ''[[Ethnologue]]'' states that the [[Paite language|Paite]], [[Simte language|Simte]] and [[Tedim language|Tedim Zomi]] dialects are almost identical.<ref>
{{citation |title=Ethnologue, 15th Edition |publisher=SIL International |year=2005 |url=https://archive.org/details/ethnologuelangua0000unse_g7e1 |via=archive.org |url-access=registration |at=Entry for "Zome", (p. 467)}}
</ref>
However, the Government of India recognises the Paites and Simtes as separate tribes in the list of [[Scheduled Tribes]].<ref>
{{citation |first=Nehginpao |last=Kipgen |title=Ethnic Conflict in India: A Case Study of the Kukis and the Nagas in Manipur |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |date=October–December 2011 |volume=72 |number=4 |jstor=41856539 |page=1048}}
</ref>
In the 2001 census of India, the Paites numbered 64,100 and the Simtes numbered 10,225 (by language use).<ref name="language census"/>

In the British colonial records, Paites were often identified by the clan name of [[Guite]] (older spelling: "Nwite"), who provided the chiefs for the Paite people. Carey and Tuck state that the Guites used to be originally settled around Tedim, but migrated north to the southern border of Manipur and the northeast corner of Mizoram. The reason was evidently the onslaught of the [[Sukte clan|Sukte]] chieftain Khan Thuam ("Kantum", the father of Kam Hau). Some of the Guites submitted to Khan Thuam and eventually got absorbed into the Suktes, while others migrated north to settle in the present-day [[Tonzang Township]] and the adjoining parts of [[Churachandpur district|Churachandpur]] and [[Chandel district|Chandel]] districts, which were at that time not part of the Manipur kingdom.{{sfnp|Carey & Tuck, The Chin Hills|1896|pp=140–141}}

== Manipur ==
In Manipur, the Paites number about 55,000 as of 2018, forming 1.94 percent of the state's population.<ref name="CPS 2016"/> They are concentrated in the [[Churachandpur district]] and dominate the [[Churachandpur]] Town (locally known as Lamka). The Paite language is considered the ''lingua franca'' of the town.{{sfnp|Guite & Vualzong, Paitei Tribe of Churachandpur|2018|p=334}} The Paites are believed to be the most recent entrants into Manipur from [[Chin Hills]], some stating that they moved after World War II.{{sfnp|Haokip, The Kuki-Paite Conflict|2007|p=188}}

In the Churachandpur area, Paites have local organisations such the Paite Tribe Council, Young Paite Association, Paite Literature Society and ''Siamsinpawlpi'' (SSPP, students' welfare body). They mostly follow the [[Christian]] faith, with the majority belonging to the [[Evangelical Baptist Convention|Evangelical Baptist Convention Church]].{{sfnp|Guite & Vualzong, Paitei Tribe of Churachandpur|2018|pp=334–335}}

Paites were part of the [[Kuki National Assembly]] (KNA) formed in 1946,{{sfnp|Haokip, Genesis of Kuki Autonomy Movement|2012|pp=53-54}} but soon intra-tribal rivalries took over and the majority of the tribes moved out of KNA to form a rival [[Khulmi National Union]] (also called "Khul Union").{{sfnp|Kipgen, Ethnic Conflict in India|2011|p=1049}}{{sfnp|Ranjit Singh & Thomas, Ethnic movements of the small tribes of Manipur|2001|pp=10-11}}<ref>
Lal Dena, Lal Robul Pudaite, [https://www.outlookindia.com/national/colonial-divide-in-manipur-tracing-the-journey-of-state-between-1835-and-1947-news-315632 Colonial Divide In Manipur: Tracing The Journey Of State Between 1835 And 1947], Outlook, 4 September 2023.
</ref>{{efn|"Khulmi" meant the people of the cave origin, referring to the originary myth shared by all Kuki-Chin tribes.}} The essential point of tension was the apprehension that the [[Thadou people|Thadou Kukis]], who are much more numerous than the other tribes in Manipur, would dominate the KNA.{{sfnp|Kipgen, Ethnic Conflict in India|2011|p=1049}} The Khulmi National Union contested the legislative assembly elections in 1948 and won seven seats. It participated in government formation, which was however short-lived due to Manipur's merger with [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]].<ref name="Nabakumar">
W. Nabakumar, Ethnic relationship of different communities in Manipur, Kukiforum blog, 27 August 2007.
</ref>

"Khulmi" was meant to be an alternative identity to rival the Kuki identity, but the Government of India gave recognition to the Kuki identity, by listing "Any Kuki tribe" in the list of [[Scheduled Tribe|Scheduled Tribes]] in 1951.<ref name="Nabakumar"/> Subsequently, many of the [[Old Kuki]] tribes in the Khul Union moved towards the Naga identity, and the seven larger tribes led by Paites stood alone.{{sfnp|Haokip, The Kuki-Paite Conflict|2007|p=190}} In 1995, these seven tribes adopted the [[Zomi people|Zomi]] identity and formed the [[Zomi Re-unification Organisation]] (ZRO) at the instance of the Paites.{{sfnp|Haokip, The Kuki-Paite Conflict|2007|p=191}}

During 1997–1998, there was an [[Kuki–Paite ethnic clash of 1997–1998|ethnic clash]] between the Paites and [[Thadou language|Thadou]]-speaking Kuki tribes in the Churachandpur district, which saw 352 people dead and thousands displaced, but a peace agreement was reached in the end. On this occasion, an underground militant wing of ZRO, called the "Zomi Reunification Army" or "Zomi Revolution Army" (ZRA), was formed.<ref>{{citation |title=Women and Conflict in India |first=Sanghamitra |last=Choudhury |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=9781317553625 |pages=38–39 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=72yFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38}}
</ref><ref name="Rammohan">{{citation |first=E. N. |last=Rammohan |title=Blue Print for Counterinsurgency in Manipur |journal=The Journal of the United Services Institution of India |volume=CXXXII |date=April–June 2002 |url=https://www.usiofindia.org/publication-journal/blue-print-for-counter-insurgency-in-manipur.html }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{efn|There is another organisation named "Zomi Revolutionary Army" in the [[Chin State]] of Myanmar, formed by [[Tedim Chins]].}}
According to security expert E. N. Rammohan, the Paites were not well-armed and took a beating in the clashes. ZRA fled across the border to Myanmar, where it formed an alliance with the Naga militant group [[NSCN-IM]].<ref name="Rammohan"/>

Paites also dominate the underground group United People's Front (UPF), which has been in talks with the central government of India since 2008, demanding "a state within a state" for the tribal communities of Manipur.<ref name="Pisharoty">Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty, [https://thewire.in/politics/manipur-churachandpur-hill-valley-inner-line-permit Fears Over Land, Identity Fuel Manipur's Bonfire of Anxieties], The Wire, 9 September 2016.</ref>

== Mizoram ==
In Mizoram, the Paites numbered about 23,000 as of 2011.<ref name="CPS 2016"/>
They are found living in more than 20 villages spread across 4 districts, namely [[Saitual district]], [[Champhai district]], [[Aizawl district]] and [[Khawzawl district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A-11 Appendix: District wise scheduled tribe population (Appendix) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43014/download/46682/ST-15-PCA-A11-APPENDIX.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

The Paites living in the region "Sialkal Tangdung" are given a special administration in aid to develop and uplift the local areas called the Sialkal Range Development Council (SRDC). [[Mimbung]], [[Teikhang]], [[Hrianghmun|Hiangmun]], [[Kawlbem]], [[Selam, Champhai|Selam]] and [[Vaikhawtlang|Vaikhawtang]] villages are included in it.<ref name="Skl"/>

SRDC was first set up as the Sialkal Tlangdung Development Board by the Government of Mizoram in February 2012. It was changed to a Council in 2013.<ref name="Skl">{{Cite web |title=Brief History of Sialkal Range Development Council |url=https://gad.mizoram.gov.in/page/brief-history-of-sialkal-range-development-council |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=gad.mizoram.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Scheduled Tribes in India]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
; Sources
* {{citation |title=Ethnologue, 15th Edition |publisher=SIL International |year=2005 |url=https://archive.org/details/ethnologuelangua0000unse_g7e1 |via=archive.org |url-access=registration |ref={{sfnref|Ethnologue, 15th Edition|2005}}}}
* {{citation |first1=Bertram S. |last1=Carey |first2=H. N. |last2=Tuck |title=The Chin Hills, Volume I |publisher=Government Printing, Burma |year=1896 |url=https://archive.org/details/chinhillsahisto01tuckgoog |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Carey & Tuck, The Chin Hills|1896}}}}
* {{citation |first=N. K. |last=Das |chapter=Indigeneity, Cultural Memory, and Hybrid Identity: Politics of 'Belonging' Among Zomi–Chin-Kuki People of India–Myanmar Borderlands |editor=A. K. Giri |title=Cross-Fertilizing Roots and Routes |pages=217–242 |publisher=Springer |year=2021 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nava-Das/publication/348710335|doi=10.1007/978-981-15-7118-3_13 |ref={{sfnref|Das, Politics of 'Belonging' Among Zomi-Chin-Kuki People|2021}}}}
* {{citation |first1=M. Pauminsang |last1=Guite |first2=Langthianmung |last2=Vualzong |chapter=Community Resilience Building and the Role of Paitei Tribe of Churachandpur in Manipur |editor1=Amita Singh |editor2=Milap Punia |editor3=Nivedita P. Haran |editor4=Thiyam Bharat Singh |title=Development and Disaster Management: A Study of the Northeastern States of India |publisher=Springer |year=2018 |isbn=9789811084850 |pages=331–348 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ypgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA331|ref={{sfnref|Guite & Vualzong, Paitei Tribe of Churachandpur|2018}}}}
* {{cite book |first=Rebecca C. |last=Haokip |chapter=The Kuki-Paite Conflict in the Churachandpur District of Manipur |editor=Lazar Jeyaseelan |title=Conflict Mapping and Peace Processes in North East India |publisher=North Eastern Social Research Centre |url=http://www.nesrc.org/Monographs/PeaceBook.pdf |year=2007 |pages=185–207 |ref={{sfnref|Haokip, The Kuki-Paite Conflict|2007}} |archive-date=2023-12-18 |access-date=2024-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218054719/https://www.nesrc.org/Monographs/PeaceBook.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{citation |first=Seikhogin |last=Haokip |chapter=Genesis of Kuki Autonomy Movement in Northeast India |editor=Thongkholal Haokip |title=The Kukis of Northeast India: Politics and Culture |publisher=Bookwell |year=2012 |isbn=9789380574448 |pages=53– |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hp4hWrL-JOEC |ref={{sfnref|Haokip, Genesis of Kuki Autonomy Movement|2012}}}}
* {{citation |first=H. |last=Kamkhenthang |title=The Paite, a Transborder Tribe of India and Burma |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1988 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7CdTs3Iq78C&pg=PA8 |isbn=9788170990703 |ref={{sfnref|Kamkhenthang, The Paite|1988}}}}
* {{citation |first=Nehginpao |last=Kipgen |title=Ethnic Conflict in India: A Case Study of the Kukis and the Nagas in Manipur |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |date=October–December 2011 |volume=72 |number=4 |pages=1043–1060 |jstor=41856539 |ref={{sfnref|Kipgen, Ethnic Conflict in India|2011}}}}
* {{citation |first1=R. K. |last1=Ranjit Singh |first2=C. Joshua |last2=Thomas |chapter=Ethnic movements of the small tribes of Manipur |editor1=C. Joshua Thomas |editor2=Ramamoorthy Gopalakrishnan |editor3=R. K. Ranjit Singh |title=Constraints in Development of Manipur |publisher=Regency Publications / Policy Alternatives for the North-East and Conflict Elimination Awareness |year=2001 |isbn=9788187498308 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AFxuAAAAMAAJ |ref={{sfnref|Ranjit Singh & Thomas, Ethnic movements of the small tribes of Manipur|2001}}}}
* {{citation |last=Shakespear |first=J. |title=The Lushei Kuki Clans |publisher=MacMillan and Co |location=London |year=1912 |url=https://archive.org/details/lusheikukiclans00shak |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Shakespear, The Lushei Kuki Clans|1912}}}}
* {{citation |first=David Vumlallian |last=Zou |chapter=Patriots and Utilitarians in the Anglo-Kuki War |editor1=Jangkhomang Guite |editor2=Thongkholal Haokip |title=The Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919: A Frontier Uprising against Imperialism during World War I |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-138-50704-3 |pages=168–197 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALJqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157 |ref={{sfnref|Zou, Patriots and Utilitarians in the Anglo-Kuki War|2021}}}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Kamkhenthang |first1=H |title=Folk Songs of The Paite |date=1989 |publisher=Directorate for Dev. of Tribals and Backward Classes, Manlpur |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.1473/mode/2up}}

{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Manipur]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Manipur]]

Ekka Dokka

2026-02-05T18:17:47Z

Ieagle123: Creating some stub added tags

{{short description|Bengali drama television series}}
{{multiple issues|
{{fan POV|date=January 2023}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ekka Dokka TV Poster.jpg
| image_alt =
| alt_name =
| genre = {{ubl|[[Family drama]]|[[Romance film|Romance]]|[[Medical drama]]}}
| creator = [[Leena Gangopadhyay]]
| based_on =
| developer = [[Magic Moments Motion Pictures]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| director =
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Unbulleted_list||Saptarshi Maulik |Sonamoni Saha [[Pratik Sen]]|[[Chandan Sen]] |[[Aparajita Ghosh Das]] |[[Dulal Lahiri]] |[[Badshah Moitra]]}}
| theme_music_composer =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 430
| executive_producer =
| producer = Saibal Banerjee<ref name=":1"/>
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}
| company = [[Magic Moments Motion Pictures]]
| network = [[Star Jalsha]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|07|18|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|09|24|df=yes}}
| end_theme =
| open_theme =
| related = {{Plainlist|
* Jol Thoi Thoi Bhalobasha
}}
}}

'''''Ekka Dokka''''' ({{Translation|One, Two}}) is a [[medical drama]] television series that premiered on [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[general entertainment]] channel [[Star Jalsha]] from 18 July 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=TV show 'Ekka Dokka' to launch this month - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tv-show-ekka-dokka-to-launch-this-month/articleshow/92611980.cms |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The show is produced by [[Magic Moments Motion Pictures]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-28 |title=দুই হবু ডাক্তারের টক্কর আর প্রেম নিয়ে 'এক্কা দোক্কা', ফিরছেন সপ্তর্ষি-সোনমণি |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sonamoni-saha-saptarshai-moulik-starrer-ekka-dokka-s-promo-out-star-jalsha-to-launch-new-show-31656400584932.html |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Hindustan Times Bangla |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The show has Saptarshi Maulik, Sonamoni Saha, [[Pratik Sen]], [[Aparajita Ghosh Das]], Sudip Mukherjee and many other popular actors.

== Plot ==
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2023}}
Pokhraj Sengupta (Saptarshi Maulik) and Radhika Majumdar (Sonamoni Saha) are medical students at the college & hospital managed by the Sengupta family. Radhika and Pokhraj are childhood friends and classmates who are extremely competitive in studies. They do not miss an opportunity to belittle each other, influenced by the acrimony between their respective families. In reality, Pokhraj and Radhika love each other from childhood but the inharmonious relationship between their respective families makes them wary to admit it as well as creates several misunderstandings between the two.

A conspiracy sets off a chain reaction of events and incidents. Circumstances influence Radhika to intentionally marry Pokhraj that ultimately leads to a divorce. Lack of maturity and communication make way for continued accusations and misunderstandings that influences Radhika's decision to pursue her internship at an alternate hospital under the guidance of Dr Anirban Guha ([[Pratik Sen]]). Dr. Guha is a highly respected doctor, but he is also feared by many for his caustic personality.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Saptarshi Maulik as Dr. Pokhraj Sengupta- Radhika's ex-husband; Ranjabati's husband; Ronodip and Sharmistha's only son <ref>{{Cite web |title='Ekka Dokka' to feature Saptarshi Maulik and Sona Moni Saha as arch-rivals - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/ekka-dokka-to-feature-saptarshi-maulik-and-sona-moni-saha-as-arch-rivals/articleshow/92511597.cms |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> (2022 – 2023)
* [[Sonamoni Saha]] as Dr. Radhika Guha (née Majumder) (formerly Sengupta): Kushal and Sudakshina's younger daughter; Pokhraj’s ex-wife; Anirban's wife<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-29 |title=লড়াই থেকেই ভালোবাসা শুরু? শঙ্খ নন, এবার ডিঙ্কার সঙ্গে প্রেম করবেন মোহর! |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/tv-serial/ekka-dokka-a-new-serial-is-going-to-start-at-star-jalsa-casting-saptarshi-maullick-and-sonamoni-saha-899180 |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=[[ABP Ananda]] |language=bn}}</ref> (2022 – 2023)
* [[Pratik Sen]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=E-times |date=14 February 2023 |title=Pratik Sen to share screen with former co-star Sona Moni Saha in 'Ekka Dokka'; set to recreate 'Mohor' magic |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/pratik-sen-to-share-screen-with-sona-moni-saha-in-ekka-dokka-set-to-recreate-mohor-magic/articleshow/97915295.cms?from=mdr |access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Priyanka |date=9 February 2023 |title=Pratik-Sona Moni: Sonamani-pratik in one frame again! Big surprise in 'Ekka Dokka', what will happen to Pokhraj? |work=The Hindustan Times |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/pratik-sen-to-enter-in-star-jalsha-s-ekka-dokka-fans-are-exited-to-see-sona-moni-and-pratik-together-again-after-mohor-31675788745387.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213123906/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/pratik-sen-to-enter-in-star-jalsha-s-ekka-dokka-fans-are-exited-to-see-sona-moni-and-pratik-together-again-after-mohor-31675788745387.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 February 2023 |access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref> as Dr. Anirban Guha: A well-known neurologist; Jyotirmay and Suchismita's son; Piyali's stepson; Radhika's husband (2023)
* [[Aparajita Ghosh Das]] as Ankita Bose (née Majumder): A law student; Kushal and Sudakshina's elder daughter; Radhika's elder sister; Saumyadeep's wife (2022 – 2023)
* [[Swapnila Chakraborty]] as Ranjabati "Ranja" Pokhraj Sengupta: Pokhraj's wife (2023)

=== Others ===
* Sayanta Modak as Pallav Mukherjee aka Paul-Radhika and Pokhraj's classmate, Radhika's friend who is in love with her (2022)
* Roshni Tanwi Bhattacharya as Kamalini: Anirban's one-sided obsessive lover (2023)
* [[Ashok Bhattacharya (actor)|Ashok Bhattacharya]] as Dr. Kalikrishna Sengupta – Pokhraj's grandfather, patriarch of the Sengupta family (2022 – 2023)
* [[Anashua Majumdar]] as Binodini Sengupta – Pokhraj's grandmother (Antagonist) (2022 – 2023)
* [[Moyna Mukherjee]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Actress Moyna Mukherji bags a new project - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actress-moyna-mukherji-bags-a-new-project/articleshow/92562894.cms |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> as Sharmistha Sengupta - Pokhraj's mother (2022 – 2023)
* [[Bhaskar Banerjee]] as Dr. Ronodip Sengupta – Pokhraj's father, Sharmistha's husband, Pupe's former love interest (2022 – 2023)
* [[Sudip Mukherjee]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Actor Sudip Mukherjee to share the screen with 'Sreemoyee' co-star Saptarshi Maulik in 'Ekka Dokka' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actor-sudip-mukherjee-to-share-the-screen-with-sreemoyee-co-star-saptarshi-maulik-in-ekka-dokka/articleshow/92535008.cms |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> as Dr. Subhadip Sengupta –Pokhraj's uncle (Antagonist) (2022 – 2023)
* [[Anindita Raychaudhury]] as Tamali Sengupta – Pokhraj's paternal aunt (Antagonist) (2022 – 2023)
* Antara Pakira Nandy as Indira Sengupta - Pokhraj's paternal aunt (2022 – 2023)
* [[Diganta Bagchi]] as Biswadip Sengupta – Pokhraj's paternal uncle (Antagonist) (2022 – 2023)
* [[Aishi Bhattacharya]] as Arushi Sengupta - Pokhraj's cousin (Antagonist) (2022)
* [[Priyanka Mitra]] as Srija Sengupta – Pokhraj's cousin (Antagonist) (2022)
* Sujoy Saha as Kohinur Sengupta- Bublu’s husband, Pokhraj's cousin (2022 – 2023)
* Krittika Chakraborty as Ashmi Sengupta - Pokhraj's youngest cousin (2022)
* [[Chandan Sen]] as Kushal Majumder- Radhika's father (2022 – 2023)
* Subhadra Mukherjee / [[Anushree Das]] as Manini Guha- Anirban's aunt (2023)
* [[Tanushree Goswami]] as Nandita Roy (née Sengupta) – Pokhraj's aunt and Shreyan's mother (Antagonist) (2022)
* Aritram Mukherjee as Shreyan Roy – Ankita's former love-interest, Pokhraj's cousin brother (Antagonist) (2022)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.hotstar.com/in/1260107667 ''Ekka Dokka''] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

{{Magic Moments Motion Pictures}}

[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Star Jalsha original programming]]

Jumbo King

2026-02-04T21:03:39Z

Ieagle123: new data

{{short description|Indian fast-food restaurant chain}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Jumboking Foods Pvt. Ltd.
| logo = Jumbo King.svg
| type = Privately held company
| traded_as =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| founder = Dheeraj Gupta
| defunct = 
| fate =
| area_served = [[Mumbai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]], [[Pune]], [[Delhi]] and [[Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh|Lucknow]]
| key_people =
| industry = Fast food
| genre = 
| products = [[Hamburger|Burgers]], [[French fries|fries]], [[thickshake]], and [[softies]]
| production =
| services =
| revenue = {{INRConvert|25|c}} 2013-14<ref name="ecotime">{{cite news|author1=Amit Shanbaug|title=How Dheeraj Gupta launched a successful vada pav chain Jumbo King|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/entrepreneurship/how-dheeraj-gupta-launched-a-successful-vada-pav-chain-jumbo-king/articleshow/36940801.cms|access-date=29 May 2017|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=23 June 2014|location=Mumbai|archive-date=29 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629232714/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/entrepreneurship/how-dheeraj-gupta-launched-a-successful-vada-pav-chain-jumbo-king/articleshow/36940801.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| footnotes =
| caption =
| foundation = [[Malad, Mumbai]], India {{Start date and age|df=yes|2001|8|23}}
| location_city = Mumbai, [[Maharashtra]]
| location_country = India
| locations = 145+ (2023)<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.jumboking.co.in/location.html Jumbo King | Unit Franchisee] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523101804/http://www.jumboking.co.in/location.html |date=23 May 2013 }}</ref><ref name="CocaCola" />
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.jumboking.co.in}}
}}
'''Jumboking''' is an Indian [[Veggie burger|vegetarian burger]] [[Fast-food restaurant|quick service restaurant]] chain. Established on 23 August 2001 by Dheeraj Gupta, Founder and MD of Jumboking and Reeta Gupta, the co-founder, the company got inspired by the fast food business model of [[McDonald's]] and [[Burger King]]. The chain has more than 145 outlets in major Indian cities such as [[Mumbai]], [[Navi Mumbai]], [[Thane]], [[Delhi]], [[Hyderabad]] and [[Pune]]. The company has delivery tie-ups with [[Swiggy]] and [[Zomato]] to service out-of-store orders.

==History==
An earlier franchisee of [[Burger King]], the Guptas, on their visit to London, realised that fast food could also work in India. [[Vada pav]] was their first idea, as the food had to be portable.<ref name=et2004>{{cite news|title=The magic of vada pav|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/874543.cms|access-date=28 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=6 October 2004|archive-date=3 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603192530/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/874543.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2001, the Guptas opened their first restaurant at [[Malad]], with an initial investment of {{INRConvert|2|l|lk=on}}, which they borrowed from his family. The outlet was initially named [[Chaat]] Factory (Snack Factory), and vada pav was sold at {{Indian Rupee|link=Indian rupee}}5, despite street vendors selling the same product for {{Indian Rupee|link=Indian rupee}}2. The name was later changed to Jumbo King. Gupta faced opposition from his family, who thought he was wasting his [[MBA]] by selling vada pavs.<ref name=rediff1>{{cite web|title=Dheeraj Gupta: The vendor of vadas|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2004/oct/30spec2.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=30 October 2004|access-date=28 April 2012|archive-date=10 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510091013/http://www.rediff.com/money/2004/oct/30spec2.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Vada pav]] is a popular vegetarian dish native to the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]], although it has been losing its reputation in past few years. Some places where the food is now cooked and sold are often polluted.<ref name=asiaone>{{cite web|url=http://business.asiaone.com/Business/SME%2BCentral/Brand%2BMe%2521/Story/A1Story20080922-89272.html|title=Mumbai takes on McDonald's with veggie street food|publisher=[[AsiaOne]]|date=22 September 2008|access-date=28 April 2012|author=AFP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925183921/http://business.asiaone.com/Business/SME%2BCentral/Brand%2BMe%2521/Story/A1Story20080922-89272.html|archive-date=25 September 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> The people of Mumbai and [[Thane]] consume about 18–20 lakh (1.8–2 million) units of vada pav, with stiff competition mainly from the [[Street food of Mumbai|street vendors in the city]].

As of 2010, the chain had 30 outlets in Mumbai, selling an average of 40,000 vada pavs every day, priced between {{INR}}10 and {{INR}}80 a piece.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fast food chain Jumbo King plans 500 outlets by March 2010|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-marketing/article1667016.ece?ref=archive|access-date=28 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 August 2007|archive-date=2 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602200259/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-marketing/article1667016.ece?ref=archive|url-status=live}}</ref> As of August 2017, the chain now has above 300 outlets across various parts of India.

It repositioned itself as an Indian [[hamburger|burger]] brand in 2015. Jumbo King launched a range of burgers, such as corn and spinach, crispy veggie and mac and cheese.<ref name=businesstoday>{{cite news |last1=Shashidhar |first1=Ajita |title=Schezwan vada pav to swadeshi burger: How Jumboking reinvented itself |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/schezwan-vada-pav-to-swadeshi-burger-how-jumboking-reinvented-itself/story/432157.html |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=24 February 2021 |access-date=9 March 2021 |archive-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306154942/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/schezwan-vada-pav-to-swadeshi-burger-how-jumboking-reinvented-itself/story/432157.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Timeline===
* 2001: First outlet of the chain at Malad in Mumbai was opened on 23 August 2001.<ref>{{cite web|title=The amazing story of vada pav chain Jumbo King – 2|url=http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/aug/27/slide-show-1-special-the-amazing-story-of-vada-pav-chain-jumbo-king.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=28 April 2012|date=27 August 2010|archive-date=13 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413200852/http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/aug/27/slide-show-1-special-the-amazing-story-of-vada-pav-chain-jumbo-king.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2003: Second outlet in [[Kandivali]], Malad.<ref name="ecotime"/>
* 2005: Expanded to five outlets in Mumbai.
* 2006: First outlet in Surat, Gujarat.
* 2007: Received Award for New Concept Franchising and Award as Innovative Franchisee model.
* Two outlets were opened in [[Ahmedabad]] on 17 August 2007.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jumbo King opens stores in Ahmedabad|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/08/17/jumbo-king-opens-stores-in-ahmedabad-1187364866.html|publisher=[[Oneindia.in]]|access-date=29 April 2012|date=17 August 2007|archive-date=8 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008225306/http://news.oneindia.in/2007/08/17/jumbo-king-opens-stores-in-ahmedabad-1187364866.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2009: Expanded to 38 outlets. 
* 2011: First outlet in [[Bangalore]] at [[Koramangala]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Jumbo King vada pav launches first outlet in Bangalore|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_jumbo-king-vada-pav-launches-first-outlet-in-bangalore_1601697|access-date=28 April 2012|newspaper=[[DNA India]]|date=21 October 2011|archive-date=8 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208113412/http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_jumbo-king-vada-pav-launches-first-outlet-in-bangalore_1601697|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2014: First outlet in [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]] at [[Narayanguda]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/jumboking-opens-restaurant-in-hyderabad/article6617925.ece |title=Jumboking opens restaurant in Hyderabad |date=20 November 2014 |access-date=8 December 2015 |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715055752/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/jumboking-opens-restaurant-in-hyderabad/article64236715.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2021: Expansion in Delhi and Hyderabad

==Menu==
A Jumbo King vada pav consists of a [[batata vada]] (a spicy deep-fried potato [[patty]]) in a pav ([[bread roll]]), similar in size and shape to a [[Quarter Pounder]].<ref name=asiaone/> Jumbo King is considered Mumbai's first branded vada pav, and is the largest selling brand.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhattacharya|first=Chandrima. S|title=Jumbo King tries a McDonald's with vada pav – 10,000 a day & counting|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040711/asp/nation/story_3480991.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120915071800/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040711/asp/nation/story_3480991.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 September 2012|access-date=27 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=11 July 2004}}</ref>
The pav used by Jumbo King was designed by Salim Malik, who dropped out of college to help run his father's bakery. Thanks to work with Jumbo King, their bakery has become the largest dealer of pavs in [[Borivali]].<ref name=midday2004>{{cite news|author=Prachi|title=Bakery makes it big with Jumbo King|url=http://www.mid-day.com/metro/2004/may/84433.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130128154753/http://www.mid-day.com/metro/2004/may/84433.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 January 2013|access-date=28 April 2012|newspaper=[[MiD DAY]]|date=25 May 2004}}</ref> They offer [[Lassi]], a popular and traditional [[yogurt]]-based drink of the [[Indian subcontinent]], as well as [[Coca-Cola]] products.<ref name="CocaCola">{{cite web |title=QSR chain Jumboking to now offer Coca-Cola beverages across its outlets |url=https://restaurant.indianretailer.com/news/qsr-chain-jumboking-to-now-offer-coca-cola-beverages-across-its-outlets.n19009 |website=restaurant.indianretailer.com |publisher=Franchise India Holdings Ltd |access-date=11 April 2023 |date=28 November 2019 |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411135302/https://restaurant.indianretailer.com/news/qsr-chain-jumboking-to-now-offer-coca-cola-beverages-across-its-outlets.n19009 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Jumbo King offers several variations of the vada pav, that include unique [[Szechuan cuisine|schezwan sauce]], as well as different patties such as corn and peas, corn and spinach, crunchy vegetables, salted fries, thick shakes and sundaes.<ref name=businesstoday/><ref>{{cite news |title=A specially priced burger every day at Jumboking |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/life-style/food/a-specially-priced-burger-every-day-at-jumboking-541314 |work=[[The Hans India]] |date=26 June 2019 |access-date=9 March 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128114305/https://www.thehansindia.com/life-style/food/a-specially-priced-burger-every-day-at-jumboking-541314 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Restaurants established in 2001]]
[[Category:Fast-food chains of India]]
[[Category:Fast-food franchises]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Brand name snack foods]]

Raman Singh

2026-01-30T06:47:14Z

Ieagle123: small changes

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1952)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = The former Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh, Dr. Raman Singh.jpg
| name = Raman Singh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|10|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kawardha]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = 6th [[List of speakers of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| termstart = 19 December 2023
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Vishnudeo Sai]]
| predecessor = [[Charan Das Mahant]] [[Ramvichar Netam]] protem
| order3 = 2nd
| office3 = Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh
| governor3 =
{{collapsible list|{{unbulleted list|[[Krishna Mohan Seth|K. M. Seth]]|[[Sushil Kumar Shinde]]|[[Krishna Mohan Seth|K. M. Seth]]|
|[[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
|[[Shekhar Dutt]]
|[[Ram Naresh Yadav]]
|[[Balram Das Tandon]]
|[[Anandiben Patel]]}}}}
| successor3 = [[Bhupesh Baghel]]
| predecessor3 = [[Ajit Jogi]]
| term_start3 = 7 December 2003
| term_end3 = 17 December 2018
| office1 = [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| successor1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Uday Mudliyar]]
| constituency1 = [[Rajnandgaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajnandgaon]]
| term_start1 = 7 December 2008
| term_end1 =
| successor2 = Kheduram Sahu
| predecessor2 = [[Pradeep Gandhi]]
| constituency2 = [[Dongargaon Assembly constituency|Dongargaon]]
| term_start2 = January 2004
| term_end2 = 7 December 2008
| office4 = [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of State for Commerce and Industry]]
| term_start4 = 13 October 1999
| term_end4 = 29 January 2003
| primeminister4 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| minister4 = [[Murasoli Maran]] [[Arun Shourie]]
| office5 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start5 = 1999
| term_end5 = 2003
| predecessor5 = [[Motilal Vora]]
| successor5 = [[Pradeep Gandhi]]
| constituency5 = [[Rajnandgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajnandgaon]]
| office6 = [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency6 = [[Kawardha]]
| successor6 = [[Yogeshwar Raj Singh]]
| predecessor6 = Rani Shashi Prabha Devi
| term_start6 = 1990
| term_end6 = 1998
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Veena Singh
| children = 2; including [[Abhishek Singh (politician)|Abhishek Singh]]
| alma_mater = Government Ayurvedic College, Raipur [[Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery|BAMS]]
|occupation = politician
| caption = Singh in 2019
|signature = Dr. Raman Singh signature.jpg
}}

'''Raman Singh''' (born 15 October 1952) is an Indian politician who is served as the [[List of chief ministers of Chhattisgarh|Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh]] for three consecutive times from 2003 to 2018. Currently, he serving as the sixth speaker of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly. He is also a member of the [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Rajnandgaon Assembly constituency|Rajnandgaon]] since 2008 and from [[Dongargaon Assembly constituency|Dongargaon]] from 2004 to 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/909011/shivraj-singh-chouhan-raman-singh-and-vasundhara-raje-appointed-bjps-national-vice-presidents|title = Shivraj Singh Chouhan, Raman Singh and Vasundhara Raje appointed BJP's national vice presidents| date=10 January 2019 }}</ref>

He is the longest serving Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh, and held the position for 15 years from 2003 to 2018. Previously he also served as the Minister of State for Commerce and Industries in the [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee cabinet from 1999 to 2003]], [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of the Lok Sabha]] from [[Rajnandgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Rajnandgaon]] from 1999 to 2003. Before the state of Chhattisgarh was carved out of Madhya Pradesh, he was a member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kawardha Assembly constituency|Kawardha]] from 1990 to 1998.

He is also the former [[Vice president|National Vice President]] of Bharatiya Janata Party, serving from 2019 to 2023.

== Early life and education ==
Raman Singh was born in [[Kawardha]], in a [[Hindu]] [[Rajput]] family, to Vighnaharan Singh Thakur, an [[advocate]], and Sudha Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/raman-singh-how-bjps-longest-serving-cm-lost-the-plot-in-chhattisgarh/321576|title = How BJP's Longest Serving CM Raman Singh Lost the Plot in Chhattisgarh}}</ref> After completion of schooling, he graduated from Government Science College, Bemetara in 1972. In the year 1975 he also studied [[Ayurvedic Medicine]] at Government Ayurvedic College, [[Raipur]].<ref name="Raman Singh Biography - About family, political life, awards won, history">{{cite web |title=Raman Singh Biography - About family, political life, awards won, history |website=elections.in|date=10 November 2018 |url=http://www.elections.in/political-leaders/raman-singh.html |access-date=17 November 2018}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Singh joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] as a youth member and was the president of youth wing in [[Kawardha]] in 1976-77.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biographical Sketch: Member of Parliament - 13th Lok Sabha |url=https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=450 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |access-date=January 29, 2026 |quote=President, Jan Sangh Youth Wing, Kawardha, 1976-77}}</ref> He progressed to become a councillor of Kawardha municipality in 1983.<ref name="CG_Portal_Bio">{{cite web |title=Former Chief Minister: Dr. Raman Singh |url=https://chhattisgarh.nic.in/en/former-chief-minister/ |publisher=Government of Chhattisgarh |access-date=January 29, 2026 |quote=He was elected as a councillor of Kawardha Municipality in 1983.}}</ref>

He was elected to [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] consecutively in 1990 and 1993 from [[Kawardha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]. In 1998 general election he lost the kawardha seat . After that in 1999 he was elected to the [[13th Lok Sabha]] from the [[Rajnandgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajnandgaon]] constituency in Chhattisgarh. In the government of [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], Singh became the Union Minister of State for Commerce and Industry from 1999 to 2003.<ref name="Tribune1999">{{cite news |title=Vajpayee takes oath as PM along with 70-member team |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99oct14/main1.htm |work=The Tribune |location=Chandigarh |date=14 October 1999 |access-date=January 29, 2026 |quote=Among the Ministers of State inducted into the ministry is Dr. Raman Singh from Madhya Pradesh (now Chhattisgarh).}}</ref><ref name="Rediff1999Cabinet">{{cite news |last=Iyer |first=Swarupa |title=Vajpayee's Council of Ministers |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/oct/13list.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=October 13, 1999 |access-date=January 29, 2026 |quote=Dr. Raman Singh (Minister of State, Commerce and Industry)}}</ref>He was later named as President of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in the new state of Chhattisgarh, and led the party to a victory in the [[State Assembly elections in India, 2003|2003 state Assembly elections]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/12/06/stories/2003120606210100.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040322234735/http://www.hindu.com/2003/12/06/stories/2003120606210100.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=22 March 2004 | title=Governor invites Raman Singh | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=6 December 2003 | access-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> With the other main contender for the Chief Minister's post, [[Dilip Singh Judeo]], caught in the midst of a scam, the BJP leadership named Raman Singh as Chhattisgarh's second Chief Minister, and the first person to be elected to that post.<ref name=Zeenews>{{cite news |url=http://www.zeenews.com/Elections08/chattisgarhstory.aspx?aid=482905 |publisher=Zee News |title=Chhattisgarh: CMs in the wings |first=Devika |last=Chhibber |access-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412064718/http://www.zeenews.com/Elections08/chattisgarhstory.aspx?aid=482905 |archive-date=12 April 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He entered Vidhan Sabha by contesting bypoll in 2004 from [[Dongargaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dongargaon]]. He has won 3 successive Vidhan Sabha elections - in 2008, 2013, and 2018 - from [[Rajnandgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajnandgaon]] seat.

He has received praise for his organisational abilities, as reflected in his state's position with regard to implementation of a programme to improve the conditions of [[Scheduled Tribes]] and [[Scheduled Castes]]. The [[United Nations]] has also recognised the work done in Chhattisgarh under his leadership and the fiscal management of the state is another aspect for which he is known.<ref name=Zeenews />

He banned [[Naxalite]] organisations in Chhattisgarh in 2002 under the "[[Salwa Judum]]" initiative, a move supported by the opposition party as well, led by [[Mahendra Karma]] who was assassinated by Naxalites on 25 May 2013.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-to-train-its-guns-on-raman-singh/article4760430.ece | title=Congress to train its guns on Raman Singh | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date=29 May 2013 | access-date=10 November 2013 | author=Gupta, Smita}}</ref> Singh was sworn in for his second term on 12 December 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mr-clean-raman-singh-helped-bjp-keep-chhattisgarh/80080-30.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211045320/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mr-clean-raman-singh-helped-bjp-keep-chhattisgarh/80080-30.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 December 2008 |title=CHHATTISGARH: Raman's clean image helped BJP |publisher=[[IBN Live]] |access-date= 10 November 2013 }}</ref> On 8 December 2013 he was re-elected as the chief minister (CM) of the state. In August 2017, Chief Minister Raman Singh completed 5000 days as the Chief Minister of the state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Raman Singh: Chhattisgarh CM Raman Singh latest news, Photos and videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Raman-Singh |access-date=18 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |publisher=Times of India |date=10 February 2021}}</ref> By introducing the [[public distribution system|Public Distribution System]] (PDS) and other schemes, Singh earned nationwide popularity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press Trust of India |date=13 December 2016 |title='Gentleman politician' Raman Singh completes 13 years as Chhattisgarh CM |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/gentleman-politician-raman-singh-completes-13-years-as-chhattisgarh-cm-116121300357_1.html |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> As a move to encourage the start-up culture and offering several incentives for start-up entrepreneur he started the "Startup Chhattisgarh" scheme. His other initiatives include promotion of digital technology, interest free agricultural loans in addition to banning the naxal groups, which made him popular in Chhattisgarh. Singh's government had received attention for number of welfare measures like Medical care, food security, the Charan Paduka Yojana that entitles people to free shoes, the Saraswati Cycle Yojana that promises a free bicycle to school-going girls, and Mukhya Mantri Teerth Yatra Yojana that allows the elderly to go on their desired pilgrimage, it had introduced in the course of the 15 odd years it had been in power, despite poverty and [[agrarian distress]] for 18 years.<ref name="Raman Singh Reference2">{{cite news |last1=Adrija |first1=Roychowdhury |title=Raman Singh: His development agenda lost against three terms of voter fatigue |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/raman-singh-profile-5487118/ |access-date=18 February 2021 |work=The Indian Express |publisher=The Indian Express |date=12 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

BJP [[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|won the election in 2013]] for his third tenure as a CM of Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-record-7465-polling-in-chhattisgarh-phaseii/article5367110.ece|title=A record 74.65% polling in Chhattisgarh phase-II|first=Suvojit|last=Bagchi|date=19 November 2013|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> After the loss of his party in the [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018 assembly elections]], he resigned as the CM of Chhattisgarh on 11 December 2018.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/chhattisgarh-cm-raman-singh-resigns-takes-responsibility-1407284-2018-12-11|title=Raman Singh resigns as Chhattisgarh CM, takes moral responsibility for loss|date=December 11, 2018 |magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=2018-12-11}}</ref>

He has been serving as the [[List of speakers of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]] since December 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Drolia |first=Rashmi |date=19 December 2023 |title=Raman Singh unanimously elected speaker of assembly in Chhattisgarh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/raman-singh-unanimously-elected-speaker-of-assembly-in-chhattisgarh/articleshow/106126739.cms |access-date=18 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh (2003-2018) ==
{{Main|Chief ministership of Raman Singh}}
Singh assumed the office of [[Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh]] on 7 December 2003, following the victory of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the first state assembly elections.<ref name="Rediff2003">{{cite news |title=Raman Singh sworn in as Chhattisgarh CM |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/dec/07cg.htm |work=Rediff News |date=7 December 2003 |access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref> During his first term, he focused on building the administrative infrastructure of the newly formed state.<ref name="CG_Gov">{{cite web |title=Former Chief Minister Profile: Dr. Raman Singh |url=https://chhattisgarh.nic.in/en/former-chief-minister/ |publisher=Government of Chhattisgarh |access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref> He gained national prominence for his overhaul of the [[Public Distribution System]] (PDS), which earned him the nickname "Chawal Wale Baba" due to the effective distribution of highly subsidized rice to the poor.<ref name="ExpressPDS">{{cite news |title=How Chhattisgarh’s PDS model works |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/how-chhattisgarhs-pds-model-works/ |work=The Indian Express |date=15 August 2014 |access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref> Under his leadership, Chhattisgarh became the first state in India to enact its own Food Security Act in 2012.<ref name="FSA2012">{{cite web |title=Chhattisgarh Food Security Act, 2012 |url=https://khadya.cg.nic.in/pdsonline/cgfsa2012.html |publisher=Department of Food, Govt of Chhattisgarh |access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref>

Singh led the BJP to a second consecutive victory in 2008 and was sworn in for his second term on 12 December 2008.<ref name="HT2008">{{cite news |title=Raman Singh takes oath for second term |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/raman-singh-takes-oath-as-chhattisgarh-cm/story-u6tHnF0fUoG4f9j4H6I8fO.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 December 2008 |access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref> His administration prioritized industrialization and mineral exploitation, leveraging the state's vast coal and iron ore reserves to turn the region into a power and steel hub.<ref name="MinPolicy">{{cite web |title=Chhattisgarh State Mineral Policy |url=http://www.geology.cg.gov.in/pdf/Mineral%20Policy.pdf |publisher=Directorate of Geology and Mining, CG |access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref> He was elected for a third consecutive term in 2013.<ref name="Hindu2013">{{cite news |title=Raman Singh sworn in as Chhattisgarh CM for third time |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Raman-Singh-sworn-in-as-Chhattisgarh-CM-for-third-time/article11964344.ece |work=The Hindu |date=12 December 2013 |access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref> This period saw the development of [[Nava Raipur]], India's first planned greenfield smart city, as the state's new administrative capital.<ref name="NayaRaipur">{{cite web |title=Naya Raipur: India's first planned smart city |url=https://www.navaraipuratalnagar.com/about-nranvp |publisher=Nava Raipur Atal Nagar Vikas Pradhikaran |access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref>
=== Education and School Initiatives ===
The Raman Singh administration focused heavily on improving infrastructure for government school children, particularly in tribal regions. The government launched the "Prayas" initiative under the Chief Minister’s Mukhymantri Bal Bhavishya Suraksha Yojana to provide specialized coaching to students from Naxal-affected districts, helping them secure admissions in premier institutes like IITs and NITs.<ref name="PrayasNDTV">{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh's 'Prayas' initiative helps tribal students crack IIT-JEE |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/chhattisgarh-prayas-initiative-helps-tribal-students-crack-iit-jee-1865239 |work=NDTV |date=10 June 2018 |access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref> Additionally, the state government focused on reducing the dropout rate by providing free bicycles to girl students under the "Saraswati Cycle Yojana," which significantly improved female enrollment in rural schools.<ref name="CycleScheme">{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh government to distribute 1.5 lakh bicycles to school girls |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/chhattisgarh-govt-to-distribute-1-5-lakh-bicycles-to-school-girls/322847/ |work=Financial Express |date=20 July 2016 |access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref> The establishment of "Education City" in Dantewada became a globally recognized model for providing modern educational facilities in conflict zones.<ref name="DantewadaEdu">{{cite news |title=Dantewada’s Education City: A new chapter in Naxal heartland |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dantewadas-education-city-a-new-chapter-in-naxal-heartland/article4749214.ece |work=The Hindu |date=25 May 2013 |access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="SchoolReform">{{cite web |title=Annual Report on School Education |url=https://education.cg.nic.in/ |publisher=Department of School Education, Chhattisgarh |access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref>

=== Sanchar Kranti Yojana (SKY) ===
To bridge the digital divide, the Singh government launched the "Sanchar Kranti Yojana" (SKY) in 2017–18. The primary objective was to distribute free smartphones to over 4.5 million citizens, including women heads of rural households and college students.<ref name="SKY_Launch">{{cite news |title=President Kovind launches Sanchar Kranti Yojana in Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/prez-kovind-launches-sanchar-kranti-yojana-in-chhattisgarh-118072600650_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=26 July 2018 |access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref> The scheme was aimed at enhancing the reach of e-governance and improving digital literacy across the state's remote areas.<ref name="SKY_Distribution">{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh to distribute 50 lakh smartphones under SKY scheme |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/wS2NID3oR1p89vC8O7A9fL/Chhattisgarh-to-distribute-50-lakh-smartphones-under-SKY-sch.html |work=LiveMint |date=15 May 2018 |access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref> The project also included the installation of over 1,500 new mobile towers to ensure connectivity in "dark zones" where network coverage was previously unavailable.<ref name="SkyTowers">{{cite news |title=SKY scheme: 1,500 towers to be set up for better connectivity |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/1-500-mobile-towers-to-be-set-up-under-sky.html |work=The Pioneer |date=22 May 2018 |access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="CHIPS_SKY">{{cite web |title=Sanchar Kranti Yojana Project Overview |url=http://chips.gov.in/sanchar-kranti-yojana |publisher=Chhattisgarh Infotech Promotion Society (CHIPS) |access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref>

Despite economic progress, his tenure faced significant challenges due to the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]. His government initiated various counter-insurgency measures, including the controversial [[Salwa Judum]] and later shifting focus towards development-led security in Naxal-hit districts like [[Dantewada]].<ref name="NDTVDantewada">{{cite news |title=Dantewada: From Naxal hub to Education City |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dantewada-from-naxal-hub-to-education-city-523178 |work=NDTV |date=25 May 2013 |access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="LoksabhaBio">{{cite web |title=Members Profile - Dr. Raman Singh |url=https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=450 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref> After serving for 15 years, Singh resigned on 11 December 2018 following the BJP's defeat in the 2018 Legislative Assembly elections.<ref name="IT2018">{{cite news |title=Raman Singh resigns as Chhattisgarh CM |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-2018/story/raman-singh-resigns-chhattisgarh-cm-bjp-loss-1407338-2018-12-11 |work=India Today |date=11 December 2018 |access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref> During his three terms, the state recorded significant fiscal growth and improvements in rural infrastructure.<ref name="RBIGrowth">{{cite news |title=Economic Growth of Chhattisgarh: A Study |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=18641 |publisher=Reserve Bank of India Archive |access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="Mint2018">{{cite news |title=Raman Singh: The physician who stayed in power for 15 years |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/eW6M4uYv9XW7l3E6A1H1kM/Raman-Singh-The-physician-who-stayed-in-power-for-15-years.html |work=LiveMint |date=11 December 2018 |access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref>

== Public image ==
Raman Singh is widely known in Chhattisgarh as '''"Chaunr Wale Baba"''' (translated as "Baba with Rice") due to his successful implementation of the Public Distribution System (PDS) and the 2012 Food Security Act, which significantly reduced hunger in the state.<ref name="TOI_PDS">{{cite news |title=World Bank praises Chhattisgarh's PDS model |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/world-bank-praises-chhattisgarhs-pds-model/articleshow/12658824.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2012-04-14 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref> His public persona is often described as that of an educated, soft-spoken, and approachable leader, which helped him maintain a consistent popularity across three terms.<ref name="Hindu_Image">{{cite news |title=The physician who stayed in power for 15 years |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/the-physician-who-stayed-in-power-for-15-years/article25721869.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2018-12-12 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

Beyond his welfare schemes, he is credited with transforming Chhattisgarh from a newly formed backward state into an industrial hub, particularly in the power and steel sectors.<ref name="FE_Bonus">{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh CM Raman Singh announces Rs 300 bonus on paddy |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/chhattisgarh-cm-raman-singh-announces-rs-300-bonus-on-paddy/864380/ |work=The Financial Express |date=2017-09-21 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref> His image among the rural and tribal populace was further bolstered by pro-farmer policies and the distribution of free bicycles to girl students under the Saraswati Cycle Yojana.<ref name="LiveMint_Legacy">{{cite news |title=Raman Singh: The veteran who shaped Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/eW6M4uYv9XW7l3E6A1H1kM/Raman-Singh-The-physician-who-stayed-in-power-for-15-years.html |work=LiveMint |date=2018-12-11 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

On the security front, while his tenure saw a significant crackdown on Naxalism through both security operations and development-led initiatives, his image also faced scrutiny regarding human rights issues in conflict zones.<ref name="NDTV_Conflict">{{cite news |title=Successes and challenges in Raman Singh's 15-year rule |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/raman-singh-resigns-as-chief-minister-of-chhattisgarh-after-15-years-1961019 |work=NDTV |date=2018-12-11 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref> Despite this, he remains a key figure in the state's political history for overseeing its most rapid phase of urban and digital growth through projects like Naya Raipur and the Sanchar Kranti Yojana.<ref name="BS_SKY">{{cite news |title=Prez Kovind launches Sanchar Kranti Yojana in Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/prez-kovind-launches-sanchar-kranti-yojana-in-chhattisgarh-118072600650_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=2018-07-26 |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
* '''Outstanding Parliamentarian Award (2004-05):''' Singh was recognized for his contribution to parliamentary proceedings during his tenure.<ref name="LokSabhaBio">{{cite web |title=Biographical Sketch: Member of Parliament - 13th Lok Sabha |url=https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=450 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |access-date=January 29, 2026}}</ref>
* '''CSO Partners Outstanding Contribution Award (2009):''' He received this award for the successful implementation of the Public Distribution System (PDS) in Chhattisgarh.<ref name="PDS_Award">{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh's PDS model gets national award |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Chhattisgarhs-PDS-model-gets-national-award/article16543956.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2009-01-20 |access-date=January 29, 2026}}</ref>
* '''Indian Express IT Award (2012):''' His government was awarded for excellence in IT for the "CORE PDS" (Centralized Online Real-time Electronic PDS) project.<ref name="IT_Award">{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh bags Express IT Award for PDS reforms |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/how-chhattisgarhs-pds-model-works/ |work=The Indian Express |date=2014-08-15 |access-date=January 29, 2026}}</ref>
* '''E-Governance Awards:''' Under his leadership, Chhattisgarh won several National Awards for E-Governance, including recognition for the "CHIPS" (Chhattisgarh Infotech Promotion Society) initiatives.<ref name="E_Gov">{{cite web |title=National Awards for e-Governance winners |url=https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/National%20Awards%20for%20e-Governance.pdf |publisher=Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances |access-date=January 29, 2026}}</ref>
* '''Agriculture Leadership Award (2015):''' He was honored for the state's performance in agricultural growth and the implementation of pro-farmer schemes.<ref name="AgriAward">{{cite news |title=Raman Singh receives Agriculture Leadership Award |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/raman-singh-honoured-with-agriculture-leadership-award-115091900135_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=2015-09-19 |access-date=January 29, 2026}}</ref>

== Electoral history ==
{{main|Electoral history of Raman Singh}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align: center;"
|+Election results
!Year
!Office
!Constituency
! colspan="1" |Party
!Votes for Singh
!%
!Opponent
! colspan="1" |Party
!Votes
!%
!Margin
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Kawardha Assembly constituency|Kawardha]]
| rowspan="10" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|frameless|30px]]
| —
| —
| —
| rowspan="10" |[[Indian National Congress]] [[File:Hand INC.svg|frameless|30px]]
| —
| —
| —
| {{yes2|Won}}
|<ref name="Bio">{{cite web |title=Dr. Raman Singh Profile |url=http://cgvidhansabha.gov.in/hindi_new/sadasya/6th/15.pdf |publisher=Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| {{yes2|Won}}
|<ref name="Wiki">{{cite web |title=Raman Singh - Bharatpedia |url=https://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Raman_Singh |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| 37,524
| 41.45
| Yogeshwar Raj Singh
| 52,950
| 58.49
| {{no2|15,426}}
| {{no2|Lost}}
|<ref name="KawardhaWiki">{{cite web |title=Kawardha Assembly constituency |url=https://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Kawardha_Assembly_constituency |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| [[Rajnandgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Rajnandgaon]]
| 3,04,611
| 50.46
| [[Motilal Vora]]
| 2,77,896
| 46.04
| {{yes2|26,715}}
| {{yes2|Won}}
|<ref name="ECI1999">{{cite web |title=PC: Rajnandgaon 1999 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/1999/madhya-pradesh-%5B1947---1999%5D/rajnandgaon/6328/4/13 |publisher=IndiaVotes |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>
|-
| 2004^
| rowspan="6" |[[Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
| [[Dongargaon Assembly constituency|Dongargaon]]
| 42,115
| —
| Geeta Devi Singh
| 32,004
| —
| {{yes2|10,111}}
| {{yes2|Won}}
|<ref name="Bio" />
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Rajnandgaon Assembly constituency|Rajnandgaon]]
| 77,230
| 54.49
| Uday Mudliyar
| 44,841
| 31.64
| {{yes2|32,389}}
| {{yes2|Won}}
|<ref name="ECI2008">{{cite web |title=Chhattisgarh Assembly Election Results in 2008 |url=https://www.elections.in/chhattisgarh/assembly-constituencies/2008-election-results.html |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| 86,797
| 56.63
| Alka Mudliyar
| 50,931
| 33.23
| {{yes2|35,866}}
| {{yes2|Won}}
|<ref name="ECI2013">{{cite web |title=Chhattisgarh Assembly Election Results in 2013 |url=https://www.elections.in/chhattisgarh/assembly-constituencies/2013-election-results.html |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| 80,589
| 51.69
| [[Karuna Shukla]]
| 63,656
| 40.83
| {{yes2|16,933}}
| {{yes2|Won}}
|<ref name="ECI2018">{{cite web |title=Rajnandgaon Assembly constituency |url=https://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Rajnandgaon_Assembly_constituency |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| 1,02,499
| 61.21
| Girish Dewangan
| 57,415
| 34.29
| {{yes2|45,084}}
| {{yes2|Won}}
|<ref name="ECI2023">{{cite web |title=Rajnandgaon Election Results 2023 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-election-result-2023/rajnandgaon-constituency-1701 |publisher=India Today |access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>
|}

^ = 2004 by-poll (Dongargaon)

==Positions held==
* 1990 : MLA in Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha, from Kawardha seat<ref name="Outlook">{{cite news |title=How BJP's Longest Serving CM Raman Singh Lost The Plot In Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/raman-singh-how-bjps-longest-serving-cm-lost-the-plot-in-chhattisgarh/321576 |access-date=18 February 2021 |publisher=Outlook |date=11 December 2018}}</ref>
* 1993 : MLA in Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha, from Kawardha seat
* 1998 : Lost Vidhan Sabha election from Kawardha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)
* 1999 : Won Lok Sabha Election, from Rajnandgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)<ref name="Outlook"/>
* 2003 : Became Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh, 2003-2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dr Raman Singh (still) calls the shots |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/dr-raman-singh-still-calls-the-shots-1685164-2020-06-03 |access-date=18 February 2021 |work=India Today |publisher=India Today |date=3 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2004 : MLA in Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha, from Dongargaon seat, via a by-poll
* 2008 : MLA in Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha, from Rajnandgaon and 2nd term Chief Minister in Chhattisgarh
* 2013 : MLA in Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha, from Rajnandgaon and 3rd term Chief Minister in Chhattisgarh<ref name="Raman Singh sworn in as Chhattisgarh CM">{{cite news|title=Raman Singh sworn in as Chhattisgarh CM |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/Raman-Singh-sworn-in-as-Chhattisgarh-CM/article20698412.ece |access-date=18 December 2023 |date=12 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218183000/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/Raman-Singh-sworn-in-as-Chhattisgarh-CM/article20698412.ece |archive-date=18 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2018 : MLA in Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha, from Rajnandgaon.
* 2018 - 18 December 2023: National Vice President of Bhartiya Janta Party.<ref name="Chhattisgarh: Former CM Raman Singh resigns as BJP VP">{{cite news |last1=The Economic Times |title=Chhattisgarh: Former CM Raman Singh resigns as BJP VP |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/chhattisgarh-former-cm-raman-singh-resigns-as-bjp-vp/articleshow/106072281.cms |access-date=18 December 2023 |date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218181821/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/chhattisgarh-former-cm-raman-singh-resigns-as-bjp-vp/articleshow/106072281.cms |archive-date=18 December 2023}}</ref>
* 2023 : MLA in Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha, from Rajnandgaon.
* 2023 : [[List of speakers of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Speaker]] of [[Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha]]<ref name="India Today - 10 December 2023 - Chhattisgarh to get 2 deputy Chief Ministers, Raman Singh to be Speaker">{{cite news |last1=Rajjapan |first1=Sumi |title=Chhattisgarh to get 2 deputy Chief Ministers, Raman Singh to be Speaker |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/arun-sao-vijay-sharma-chhattisgarh-deputy-chief-ministers-raman-singh-speaker-2474257-2023-12-10 |access-date=12 December 2023 |work=[[India Today]] |date=10 December 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.drramansingh.in Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101062624/http://www.drramansingh.in/ |date=1 November 2020 }}
* {{Twitter|drramansingh}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Motilal Vora]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Rajnandgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajnandgaon]] |years=1999 – 2003}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Pradeep Gandhi]]}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ajit Jogi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chief Ministers of Chhattisgarh|Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh]]|years=7 December 2003 – 16 December 2018}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Bhupesh Baghel]]}}
|-
{{s-end}}

{{Bharatiya Janata Party chief ministers |state=collapsed}}
{{Chief Ministers of Chhattisgarh}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Raman}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1990–1992]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1993–1998]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2000–2003]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:People from Kabirdham district]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh members]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:People from Rajnandgaon]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Kawardha]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Finance ministers of Chhattisgarh]]

Karmanasa Canal

2026-01-21T13:51:18Z

Ieagle123: new pg

{{Infobox canal
| name = Karmanasa Canal
| pushpin_map_size =
| image_size =
| alt =
| image_caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_map_alt =
| len_ft =
| len_m =
| pushpin_map_relief =
| location =
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|25.3149875|83.6731165|display=inline,title}}
| length_mi = 36.35
| length_km = 58.5
| lock_length_mi =
| lock_length_km =
| lock_length =
| lock_width_m =
| lock_width_ft =
| lock_length_note =
| image =
| max_boat_length =
| beam_ft =
| beam_m =
| max_boat_beam =
| min_boat_draft =
| min_air_boat_draft =
| locks =
| current_num_locks =
| original_num_locks =
| elev_ft =
| elev_m = 73
| max_elev =
| min_elev_ft =
| min_elev_m =
| min_elev =
| total_rise =
| status =
| navigation_authority =
| original_length_km =
| original_length_mi =
| length_note =
| original_lock_length_km =
| original_lock_length_mi =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| original_lock_width_m =
| min_boat_air_draft =
| original_beam_in =
| lock_width =
| len_in =
| original_boat_length_m =
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| original_boat_length_in =
| len_note =
| beam_in =
| original_beam_m =
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| other_engineer =
| date_approved =
| beam_note =
| lock_note =
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| min_elev_note =
| xfield1 =
| xvalue1 =
| former_names =
| modern_name =
| present_owner =
| original_owner =
| engineer =
| original_lock_width_ft =
| lock_width_note =
| date_act =
| date_began = 1924
| date_use =
| date_completed = 1930
| date_extended =
| date_closed =
| date_restored = 2012
| xvalue2 =
| xfield2 =
| direction =
| begin_coord =
| end_coord =
| branch =
| branch_of =
| connects_to =
| start_point = Rajpur Barrage
| original_start =
| start_note =
| end_point =
| original_end =
| end_note =
| xfield3 =
| xvalue3 =
| module =
}}

'''Karmanasa Canal''' is a [[Canal]] located in [[Kaimur district|Kaimur District]] of [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It arises from [[Kohira River|Kohira]] River in [[Chainpur, Kaimur|Chainpur]] tehsil and ends in Ramgarh Tehsil of Kaimur at [[Durgavati River|Durgawati River]]. The Karmanasa Canal also have so many Minors arising from it. Its average width is 80 ft.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hydrology and Water Resources of India By Sharad K. Jain, Pushpendra K. Agarwal, Vijay P. Singh| isbn=9781402051807 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC&q=Kiul+River&pg=PA357| last1=Jain | first1=Sharad K. | last2=Agarwal | first2=Pushpendra K. | last3=Singh | first3=Vijay P. | date=16 May 2007 | publisher=Springer }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title="Ghazipur"|url=http://ghazipur.nic.in/ghazipurgeographic.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Recent advances in Indo-Pacific prehistory: proceedings of the international .. By Virendra N. Misra, Peter Bellwood| isbn=9004075127 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gMoJj-0Z94UC&q=Karmanasa+River&pg=PA473| last1=Misra | first1=Virendra N. | last2=Bellwood | first2=Peter S. | date=1985 | publisher=BRILL }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Canals in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Irrigation in India]]

{{Kaimur-geo-stub}}

His Storyy

2026-01-12T21:52:39Z

Ieagle123: new new details

{{Short description|Indian web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| network = [[ZEE5]], [[ALTBalaji]]
| caption =
| genre = {{Plain list|
*Drama
*Romantic}}
| runtime = 24 minutes
| director = Prashant Bhagia
| writer = {{Plain list|
*[[Suparn Verma]]
*Ritu Bhatia
}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| location = India
| image = His Story (web series).jpg
| company = Ding Entertainment
| producer = {{Plain list|
*[[Ekta Kapoor]]
*Shobha Kapoor
}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 11
| list_episodes = His Storyy (web series)#Episodes
| released = {{Start date|2021|04|25|df=y}}
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| starring = {{Plain list|
*[[Satyadeep Mishra|Satyadeep Misra]]
*[[Priyamani]]
*[[Mrinal Dutt]]
}}
| cinematography = Srinivas Achary
}}

'''''His Storyy''''' (alternatively titled '''''His Story''''') is an Indian, Hindi-language [[Romance drama|romantic drama]] web series directed by Prashant Bhagia. It is an [[ALTBalaji]] and ZEE5 original, released on 25 April 2021. It stars [[Satyadeep Mishra]], [[Priyamani|Priyamani Raj]], and [[Mrinal Dutt]] in the lead roles. The series was produced by Tanveer Bookwala and Ding Entertainment, and was written by Suparn Verma and Ritu Bhatia.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-26|title=His Story review: Satyadeep Misra, Priyamani Raj's series approaches love and sexuality with sensitivity |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/his-story-review-satyadeep-misra-priyamani-rajs-series-approaches-love-and-sexuality-with-sensitivity-9566301.html|access-date=2021-04-27|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Keshri |first1=Shweta |title=Satyadeep Misra, Mrinal Dutt play gay couple in His Storyy, series premieres on April 25|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/satyadeep-misra-mrinal-dutt-play-gay-couple-in-his-storyy-series-premieres-on-april-25-1788732-2021-04-08|access-date=2021-04-27|website=India Today |date=8 April 2021 }}</ref> The series revolves around the life of Sakshi, Kunal and his lover Preet and the social issue of acceptance of homosexuals by the society and family.

== Plot ==
Sakshi and Kunal are a South-Bombay power couple who are running a business together. Sakshi is the head chef and Kunal takes care of the business end of the restaurant. They have two children, Shlok and Shivaay. Things fall apart for Sakshi when she realizes that her 20 years of familial and marital bliss was nothing but a pack of lies. Kunal has an extra-marital affair with a man called Preet and this destroys Sakshi. The couple decide to separate and end the marriage. Kunal moves in with Preet; but the family, especially his eldest son Shivaay, doesn't take this very well. He is homophobic and abuses his father as well his friend Ved, who is discovering his sexuality in his adolescence. Shlok and Sakshi accept the truth and decide to move on. But due to various events that occur, the story does not have a happy ending.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-27|title=His Storyy Web Review: Honest intentions, sensitive writing drive this story|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/his-storyy-web-review-honest-intentions-sensitive-writing-drive-this-story-23170361|access-date=2021-04-27|website=Mid Day}}</ref>

== Cast ==
The prime cast of the show is:<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-26|title=Priyamani on controversies around His Storyy, The Family Man: Our job as an actor is to bring characters to life|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/priyamani-on-his-storyy-the-family-man-7289893/|access-date=2021-04-27|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=His Story Web Series: Review, Trailer, Star Cast, Songs, Actress Name, Actor Name, Posters, News & Videos|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/his-story/seriesreview/82253028.cms|access-date=2021-04-27}}</ref>
* [[Satyadeep Mishra]] as Kunal
* [[Priyamani]] as Sakshi
* [[Mrinal Dutt]] as Preet
* [[Nitin Bhatia]] as Shivaay, elder son of Kunal and Sakshi
* [[Mikhail Gandhi]] as Shlok, younger son of Kunal and Sakshi
* Charu Shankar as Rafia
* Rheanne Tejani as Jhanvi, daughter of Rafia
* Rajeev Kumar as Nihal
* Parinitaa Seth as Loveleen, Nihal's wife
* Anmol Kajani as Ved, son of Nihal and Loveleen
* [[Shruthy Menon]] as Rati, works with Sakshi
* [[Soundarya Sharma]] as Rashmi
{{clear}}

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |EpisodeNumber = | EpisodeNumber2 = |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR=|country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Marriage is a Racket
|DirectedBy = Prashant Bhagia
|WrittenBy = Suparn Verma, Ritu Bhatia
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Sakshi and Kunal are hosting the launch party of their third hotel "Saffron" and all their friends have gathered for the big day. Preet, a food connoisseur and critic, is the chief guest of the event, who has been invited by Sakshi. The launch night becomes dramatic when Sonakshi questions Sheena about having an affair with her husband Rahul. But Preet's presence is a bigger problem for Kunal.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Yeh Dil, Kyun Na Keh Saka
|DirectedBy = Prashant Bhagia
|WrittenBy = Suparn Verma, Ritu Bhatia
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Jhanvi's sex tape goes viral and her school suspends her, while her mother Rafia supports her. The girl gang is discussing the nuances of marriage at the gym. Sakshi realizes that she needs to bring back the lost spice in her marriage with Kunal. She cancels the work plans and goes home, only to find the home empty. She goes looking for him and comes very close to finding his dark secrets.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Hidden Dreams
|DirectedBy = Prashant Bhagia
|WrittenBy = Suparn Verma, Ritu Bhatia
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Sakshi is embarrassed with her gaff at Preet's house and decides to host a game night for her friends, and also invites Preet. Sakshi and Preet bond over a discussion about their respective partners, unaware of the reality. Rafia sees something that might put Kunal and Sakshi's relationship in jeopardy.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = It All Comes Crumbling Down
|DirectedBy = Prashant Bhagia
|WrittenBy = Suparn Verma, Ritu Bhatia
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Families gather for a pool party and Jhanvi confronts Shivaay on his homophobia. Saskhi calls him out on the same when they are coming back home. It's ladies night at Saffron hotel. Jhanvi organizes open mic where Ved and Jhanvi give stellar performances. Sakshi happens to step out and follow Kunal to find something that would shake her to the core.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = History
|DirectedBy = Prashant Bhagia
|WrittenBy = Suparn Verma, Ritu Bhatia
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Kids have a big blow out at school and the parents are called in as Ved has hit ball on Shivaay's face during cricket practice match. Sakshi is in denial about what she saw the previous night, but still meets Preet for a conversation. Preet realizes that Sakshi knows the hidden secret. The bigger conversation happens when she goes home to confront Kunal and he confesses.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Pretense and Lies
|DirectedBy = Prashant Bhagia
|WrittenBy = Suparn Verma, Ritu Bhatia
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Sakshi starts coming to terms with Kunal's reality. Nihal and Loveleen celebrate their 20th anniversary in grandeur. Kunal and Sakshi raise toasts to their marriage; but Sakshi announces her big decision of separating from Kunal.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = Of Rumors and Endings
|DirectedBy = Prashant Bhagia
|WrittenBy = Suparn Verma, Ritu Bhatia
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Sakshi meets Preet and they have a heated argument which Nihal oversees. Shivay and Ved have another tussle where Shivay abuses and claims Ved to be gay. The school calls in their parents again. Nihal is close to living his nightmares after suspecting his son Ved to be gay. Preet and Kunal take a step forward out of no choice. Nihal assumes and tells everyone about Sakshi's new relationship.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = Out of the Closet
|DirectedBy = Prashant Bhagia
|WrittenBy = Suparn Verma, Ritu Bhatia
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Sakshi confronts Nihal while she is angry. Loveleen apologizes on his behalf. Kunal confronts Nihal on being a bigot and storms off. Nihal finds out the truth about Kunal and Preet as he follows Kunal. Shivay finds the truth before Sakshi could explain both the kids.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|EpisodeNumber2 = 9
|Title = Love is Love
|DirectedBy = Prashant Bhagia
|WrittenBy = Suparn Verma, Ritu Bhatia
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Shivay is frustrated with his father's secret and acts aggressively at a football match for which he is thrown out of the school team. He then runs away from home, while Ved has to deal with his father's pressure of "being a man". Kunal reaches out to his son but nothing works out. It's only when Shlok steps in, entire family and Sakshi are able to reconcile with the fact of Kunal's identity.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|EpisodeNumber2 = 10
|Title = A New Beginning
|DirectedBy = Prashant Bhagia
|WrittenBy = Suparn Verma, Ritu Bhatia
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Finally, free from her marriage Sakshi, has a girl's night to move on and meets a possible date. Rafia organizes a party with their entire circle so Kunal could get a glimpse of his whole family. Kunal and Shivaay bond again in the party and Kunal feels happy about it for getting his son's acceptance. This lovely evening is ruined by people with lathis who came to teach Preet a lesson and injure him badly on the streets.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 11
|EpisodeNumber2 = 11
|Title = Happily Never After
|DirectedBy = Prashant Bhagia
|WrittenBy = Suparn Verma, Ritu Bhatia
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|04|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Kunal is heartbroken at the hospital seeing his love being hated upon. Preet and Sakshi try to hide the identity of the assaulter. Jhanvi teaches Shivay about consequences. Sakshi decides to throw a party to commemorate Kunal and Preet's love. There is no happy ending in this story though.
|LineColor =
}}
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The series has an original soundtrack consisting of 5 songs. In their review of the series, ''[[Amar Ujala]]'' appreciated the work of music directors Kartik Shah, Abhiruchi Chand and Abhishek Arora for their original scores and of playback singer Sukanya Purkayasth for her rendering of song "Naina Kahe Bhar Aaye".<ref name="AU">{{cite web | url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/his-story-review-by-pankaj-shukla-ekta-kapoor-alt-balaji-zee5-priya-mani-satyapdeep-mishra-mrinal?pageId=2 | title=His Story Review: 'अजीब दास्तान्स' सी एक और कहानी, एकता की दुनिया से निकलती तो होती कमाल की सीरीज | work=Amar Ujala |language=Hindi | date=28 April 2021 | accessdate=3 May 2021 | author=Shukl, Pankaj}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Yeh Dil
| extra1 = Savera Mehta
| lyrics1 = Kartik Shah
| music1 = Kartik Shah

| title2 = Naina Kahe Bhar Aaye
| extra2 = Sukanya Purkayasth
| lyrics2 = Abhiruchi Chand
| music2 = Abhishek Arora

| title3 = Axele
| extra3 = Samar Jyoti Boram
| lyrics3 =
| music3 = Samar Jyoti Boram

| title4 = Aasaan Se
| extra4 = Samar Jyoti Boram
| lyrics4 =
| music4 = Samar Jyoti Boram

| title5 = Tu Jaisa Bhi Hai
| extra5 = Samar Jyoti Boram
| lyrics5 =
| music5 = Samar Jyoti Boram
}}

== Release and reception ==
On 9 April 2021, the promo video and poster of the series were released. However, the released poster that showed Mishra and Dutt [[Spoons sex position|spooning]], was criticized for similarities with the poster of 2015 film ''[[Loev]]'' directed by [[Sudhanshu Saria]]. Saria, film director [[Vikramaditya Motwane]] and various others criticized AltBalaji over various social networking platforms. AltBalaji issued an apology on 11 April and pulled down the poster.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/altbalaji-apologises-removes-controversial-his-story-poster-after-vikramaditya-motwanes-scathing-criticism-7268502/ | title=ALTBalaji apologises, removes controversial His Storyy poster after Vikramaditya Motwane's scathing post | work=Indian Express | date=12 April 2021 | accessdate=4 May 2021 | author=Sharma, Priyanaka}}</ref>

The series was released on 25 April 2021 on the digital platforms of ALTBalaji and Zee5. It was reported by ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' that the end of the story, which would have shown the wedding of the lead gay characters, was changed by the creators given the prevailing social discrimination against the [[LGBT rights in India|LGBTQIA+ community in India]]. It also informed that second season of the series may or may not happen depending on the change in prejudiced atmosphere towards the community in the real society.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sex-marriage-called-off-ekta-kapoors-series-storry/ | title=Same-sex marriage called off in Ekta Kapoor's series His Storry | work=Bollywood Hungama | date=30 April 2021 | accessdate=6 May 2021 | author=Jha, Subhash}}</ref> Various intimate scenes shot between Mishra and Dutt were also edited out by creators as self-censorship to avoid getting into troubles, except for few discreet kissing scenes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-ekta-kapoor-voluntarily-edits-intimacy-sex-series-storyy/ | title=Ekta Kapoor voluntarily edits out intimacy in same-sex series His Storyy | work=Bollywood Hungama | date=27 April 2021 | accessdate=6 May 2021 | author=Jha, Subhash}}</ref>

Subhash Jha from ''SpotboyE'' rates this web series at 3/5. In his own words, "No matter how you look at it His Storyy is a game-changer for same-sex celluloid stories in India. It shows its layered characters, played with rock-star assurance by the cast that knows its job, making some tough choices in life and standing by them. For this alone His Storyy must be seen at your earliest."<ref>{{Cite web|title=His Storyy Review: Satyadeep Mishra, Priyamani, Mrinal Dutt's Web Series Is About Three Brilliant Actors And One Broken Marriage |url=https://www.spotboye.com/just-binge/binge-reviews/his-storyy-review-satyadeep-mishra-priyamani-mrinal-dutt-s-web-series-is-about-three-brilliant-actors-and-one-broken-marriage/608565f67ffe97055c2b4d1f |access-date=2021-04-27 |website=www.spotboye.com}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' rates ''His Story'' at 3/5. "‘His Story’ is a decent attempt at starting a dialogue on eradicating homophobia that still—sadly—exists in our country. Honest performances make this LGBTQIA-centric drama a delightful watch."<ref>{{Cite web|title=His Story Season 1 Review: Honest performances make this LGBTQIA-centric drama a delightful watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/his-story/season-1/seasonreview/82253214.cms |work= Times of India |access-date=2021-04-27}}</ref> ''[[Amar Ujala]]'' gives 2/5 and criticizes the series for being a typical [[Ekta Kapoor]] series and is unable to be part of the real world. The setting and the weak dialogues have been criticized which do not enable to the lead actors to perform up to their mark. Roles of supporting actors played by Charu Shankar, Rheanne Tejani and [[Mikhail Gandhi]] have been appreciated.<ref name="AU"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*''[https://www.altbalaji.com/show/his-storyy/361 His Storyy]'' at [https://www.altbalaji.com/ ALTBalaji]
*{{IMDb title|id=tt14368638|title=His Storyy}}
* ''[https://www.zee5.com/zee5originals/details/his-storyy/0-6-3299 His Storyy]'' at [[ZEE5]]

{{ALT Balaji Shows}}

[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related web series]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]

Sanchita Bhattacharyaa

2026-01-12T13:56:26Z

Ieagle123: adding new info v1 - done

{{Short description|Indian dancer}}
[[File:Sanchita bhattacharya.JPG|right|300px|thumb|Guru Sanchita Bhattacharyaa]]
'''Sanchita Bhattacharyaa''' or '''Guru Sanchita Bhattacharyaa''' is an Indian [[Odissi]] dancer.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhattacharyaa|first1=Sanchita|title=Divine Dancer|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/divine-dance/article3283498.ece|work=The Hindu|date=5 April 2012 |accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> She specializes in classical Odissi dance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kolkatatoday.com/guru-sanchita-bhattacharya/|title=Odissi Dancer|last1=Bhattacharyaa|first1=Sanchita|publisher=Kolkata Today|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artindia.net/odissi2.html|title=Odissi Dancer Lists|last1=Dancer|first1=Divine|publisher=Art India|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref>

==Career==
She has performed across India and abroad, including at New York's [[Madison Square Garden]]. She toured the US for charity funds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yespunjab.com/entertainment/bollywood/item/39292-indian-artists-to-tour-us-for-charity-funds|title=Indian Artists to Tour for Charity Funds|accessdate=26 January 2015|archive-date=29 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129083347/http://yespunjab.com/entertainment/bollywood/item/39292-indian-artists-to-tour-us-for-charity-funds|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/inspired-by-mythology/article4340728.ece|title=Dance Inspired by Mythology|work=The Hindu|date=24 January 2013 |accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> She was featured in a movie in the US. Its shooting is in progress.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Bengali-danseuse-feature-in-movie-in-USA/articleshow/20461771.cms|title=Bengali Danseuse Feature in Movie in USA|website=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref>

''The New York Times'' noted "her dance has been described as perfection". Odissi dancing dates back to the first and second century BC, and is one of India's oldest surviving dace forms.<ref name="skidmore.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.skidmore.edu/news/2012/3473.php|title=Classical dance from East India to be performed|website=www.skidmore.edu}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
She married Indian classical musician [[Tarun Bhattacharya]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bhattacharyaa|first1=Tarun|title=Tarun Bhattacharya's Wife|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060114/asp/weekend/story_5699756.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120915050420/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060114/asp/weekend/story_5699756.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 15, 2012|publisher=The Telegraph|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref>

==Performances==
Her performances include:<ref>{{cite web|title=Performances|url=http://eventful.com/ames/events/odissi-dance-performance-ms-sanchita-bhattacharya-/E0-001-015496262-0|accessdate=26 January 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054845/http://eventful.com/ames/events/odissi-dance-performance-ms-sanchita-bhattacharya-/E0-001-015496262-0|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Event List|url=http://www.sanchita.org/events.php|website=www.sanchita.org/|accessdate=26 January 2015|archive-date=11 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811030953/http://www.sanchita.org/events.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In India:{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}
* Sanket Mochan Festival - Varanasi
* Dovar Lane Music Conference
* National Maritime Day Celebration in India, 2008
* Jagannath Temple Puri
* Opening Ceremony of 1st India International Woman Festival
* Indian Spring Fest<ref>{{cite web|last1=Fest|title=Indian Spring|url=http://staging.arcosanti.org/node/9586|accessdate=26 January 2015}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Abroad:{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}
* 25th Anniversary celebration of NABC at Madison Square Garden
* Esplanade Theatre - Singapore
* Grand Finale of India festival at North Carolina
* University of Minnesota - USA
* Hull Truck Theatre by kingston Government - UK

== Recognition ==
{{BLP sources|date=January 2016}}

* Cultural Ambassador of India<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skidmore.edu/news/2012/3473.php|title=Cultural Ambassador of India|last1=Ambassador|first1=Cultural|publisher=Skidmore College|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kolkatatoday.com/guru-sanchita-bhattacharya/|title=Cultural Ambassador of India|last1=Ambassador|first1=Cultural|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref>

* Sangeet Shyamala Award 2011
* Rash Ratna Award 2011 by Hinduthan Art and Music Society
* Dovar Lane Music Conference Award 2008
* Cultural Ambassador of India
* Kolkata Gaurav Samman 2007 by Indian Press

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Sanchita Bhattacharya performing at Bharat Nirman Award.jpg|Bhattacharyaa dancing at Bharat Nirman Award
File:Guru Sanchita Bhattacharya Dancing the role of Draupadi.jpg|On 6 July Odissi dancer is performing Sanchita Bhattacharyaa dancing a Droupodi
File:Guru Sanchita Bhattacharya performing as DURGA.jpg|Bhattcharyaa and her troupe practicing to welcome the upcoming Durga Festival at Heritage house Sovabazar Rajbari in Calcutta on Saturday 17 September 2005.
File:Guru Sanchita Bhattacharya - The Odissi Dancer.jpg|Bhattacharyaa Performing
File:Sanchita Bhattacharya Receiving Mashal Pratibha Samman.jpg|Bhattacharyaa Receiving Mashal Pratibha Samman
File:Guru Sanchita Bhattacharya Odissi Dance.jpg|Bhattacharyaa performing an Odissi Dance
File:Guru Sanchita Bhattacharya Performing as Inlay.jpg|Bhattacharyaa performing as Inlay
File:Guru Sanchita with Bharat Ratna Pandit Ravi Shankarji.jpg|Bhattacharyaa with Bharat Ratna Pandit Ravi Shankarji
File:Guru Sanchita Performing The draupadi phenomenon (Tolly 1).jpg|Bhattacharyaa performing The draupadi phenomenon (Tolly 1)
File:Guru Sanchita receiving Raas Ratna Award.jpg|Bhattacharyaa, the Odissi Dancer receiving Raas Ratna Award from Padma Bhusan Girija Devi
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Tarun Bhattacharya]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sanchita Bhattacharya (dancer)}}
*{{Official|http://www.sanchita.org/sanchita.php}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharyaa, Sanchita}}
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Odissi dancers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Thiruvananthapuram Zoo

2025-12-26T18:07:51Z

Ieagle123: general refined section based on references and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox zoo
|zoo_name = Thiruvananthapuram Zoo
|logo =
|logo_caption =
|image = Thiruvananthapuram Zoo Collage.jpg
|image_caption = A Collage of animals at Thiruvananthapuram zoo. Counter clockwise from top : [[Indian Leopard]], [[Rhesus Monkey]], [[Lesser Adjutant]], [[Lion Tailed Macaque]].
|location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
|date_opened = 1857<ref name="kuchbhi"/>
|date_closed =
|coordinates = {{Coord|8.512|76.955|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|area = {{convert|55|acre|ha}}<ref name="zoo_main"/>
|num_species = 82<ref name="zoo_main"/>
|num_animals =
|largest_tank_vol =
|total_tank_vol =
|annual_visitors =
|members = [[Central Zoo Authority of India|CZA]]<ref name="cza_list"/>
|exhibits =
}}

The '''Thiruvananthapuram Zoo''' is located in the city of [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the capital of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It occupies {{convert|55|acre|ha}} of woodland, lakes, and lawns.

==History==
Thiruvananthapuram Zoo is one of the oldest zoos in India. Similarly the Museum and Botanical Gardens are also one of the oldest of their kind in the country. [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma]] (1816–1846), the ruler of Travancore during 1830–1846, was the visionary behind the establishment of the Thiruvananthapuram Museum and Zoo. He had a broad variety of animals, including elephants in his horse breeding centre. In the Trivandrum, stables he incorporated a menagerie and kept tigers, panthers cheetahs, deer, bears and a lioness there. It was however left to his brother [[Uthram Thirunal]] Marthanda Varma and the then British Resident General Cullen which resulted in the establishment of [[Napier Museum]] and [[Zoo]] in Thiruvananthapuram. A committee was formed in 1855 with the Maharaja of Travancore as Patron, General Cullen as president, The Elaya Raja as vice president and Mr. Allen Brown as Secretary of the Committee and the Director of Museum. The Museum was thrown open to the Public in September 1857. But the Museum by itself could not attract the people much, and therefore a Zoo and a park were started in 1859. The zoo was originally built with the typical iron-barred cages prevalent at the time, and was designed for recreational purposes, but with increased loss of forest and wildlife due to human development, the goal of the Zoo has changed from recreation to conservation.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}
[[File:Asiatic lion in Thiruvananthapuram Zoo.JPG|alt=Asiatic lions in Thiruvananthapuram Zoo|thumb|Asiatic lions in the zoo]]
A modernization project started in 1995, aims to gradually replace the old enclosures with spacious naturalistic enclosures. The state government of Kerala is undertaking this renovation with financial and technical help from the [[Central Zoo Authority]].<ref name="zoo_main"/>
[[File:Black bear in Thiruvananthapuram Zoo.JPG|alt=Black bear in Thiruvananthapuram Zoo|thumb|[[Asian black bear]] in the zoo]]

==Mammals==
The Thiruvananthapuram Zoo is home to 82 species from around the world. Indigenous species at the zoo include [[Spotted deer]], [[Sambar deer]], [[Indian hog deer]], [[Swamp deer]], [[Striped hyena]], [[Nilgai]], [[Smooth coated otter]], [[golden jackal]], [[Sloth bear]], [[lion-tailed macaque]], [[Nilgiri langur]], [[Gaur]], [[Black buck]], [[Indian rhinoceros]], [[Asiatic lion]], [[Bengal tiger|royal Bengal tiger]], [[white tiger]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2014/oct/28/white-tiger-arrives-in-zoo-676111.html | title=White Tiger Arrives in Zoo | date=28 October 2014 | newspaper=The New Indian Express | access-date=23 December 2018 }}</ref> and [[leopard]],<ref name="zoo_main"/> Animals from Africa include [[hippopotamus|hippos]], and [[African buffalo|Cape buffalo]]s.

[[File:Deers in TVM zoo.jpg|thumb|Deer in the zoo]]
[[File:Tiger in Zoo, TVM.jpg|thumb|Tiger in the zoo]]

==Birds==
[[File:Emu in TVM Zoo.jpg|thumb|Emu in the zoo]]
[[File:Peacock in TVM zoo.jpg|thumb|Peacock in the zoo]]
[[File:Green Winged Macaw in Zoo.jpg|thumb|Green Winged Macaw in the zoo]]
* Ostrich
* Scarlet macaw
* Green-winged macaw
* Indian peafowl
* White spoonbill
* Greater flamingo
* Sulfur-crested cockatoo
* Common crane
* White-necked crane
* Black-necked crane
*Grey heron
* White ibis
* Blossom headed parakeet
* Rose-ringed parakeet
* Alexandrine parakeet
* Mustached parakeet
* Gray pelican
* Rosy pelican
* Silver pheasant
* Ring-necked pheasant
* Rock dove
* Adjutant stork
* Painted stork
* White stork
* White necked stork
* Black-necked stork
* Cinereous vulture
* King vulture
* White-backed vulture
* Pariah kite
* Brahminy kite
* Emu

==Reptiles==
The zoo also includes a snake farm called 'The Reptile House', which exhibits both poisonous and non-poisonous snakes. It also houses 7 Anacondas too.<ref name="my_kerala"/>
* Anaconda
* Reticulated Python
* Gharial
* Mugger crocodile
* Spectacled caiman
* Monitor lizard
* Bamboo pit viper
* Indian cobra
* Indian rock python
* Rat snake
* Russell's viper
* Checkered keelback
* King cobra
* Red sandboa
* Green tree snake
* Indian flapshell turtle
* Indian black turtle
* Crowned river turtle
* Travancore tortoise

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Trivandrum Zoo 33.jpg|Thiruvananthapuram Zoo Campus
File:Napier Museum Thiruvananthapuran DSW New.jpg|[[Napier Museum]] [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
File:Zeebra in Trivandrum Zoo.JPG|[[Zebra]] in the zoo (died in 2014)
File:Hippopotamus in Thiruvananthapuram Zoo.JPG|alt=Hippopotamus in Thiruvananthapuram Zoo|Hippopotamus in the zoo
File:Rhinoceros at Trivandrum Zoo DSW.jpg|[[Indian Rhinoceros]] at Thiruvananthapuram Zoo
File:Barking Deer at Trivandrum Zoo DSW.JPG|[[Barking deer]] at Thiruvananthapuram Zoo
File:Leopard inside cage at Trivandrum Zoo DSW.jpg|[[Leopard]] inside cage at Thiruvananthapuram Zoo
File:Brahminy Kite In Zoo.jpg|Brahminy Kite found in the zoo
File:Indian Bison in Zoo, TVM.jpg|Indian Bison ([[Gaur]]) in Thiruvananthapuram zoo
File:Deers in Zoo, TVM.jpg|Deer in the zoo
File:Hippos in Zoo, TVM.jpg|Hippopotamus in the zoo
File:Herd of Indian Bisons.jpg|Herd of Indian Bisons in the zoo
File:Herd of Deer and Sambar.jpg|Herd of Deer including sambar in the zoo
File:Feeding deers in zoo.jpg|Feeding the deer
File:Walking Tiger in Zoo.webm|Walking Tiger in the zoo
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Delhi Zoo]]
* [[Mysore Zoo]]
* [[Thrissur Zoo]]

==References==
<references>
<ref name="zoo_main">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralamuseumandzoo.org |title=Zoo |work=keralamuseumandzoo.org |publisher=Department of Museums and Zoos, Government of Kerala |access-date=1 October 2010}}</ref>
<ref name="cza_list">{{ZooOrg|cza|zoos|access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="kuchbhi">{{Cite web |url = http://www.kuchbhi.com/india/61-articles/258-list-of-zoos-in-india-from-1800-until-now.html |title = List of Zoos in India, from 1800 until now |work = kuchbhi.com |publisher = Kuchbhi |access-date = 4 July 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111021205725/http://kuchbhi.com/india/61-articles/258-list-of-zoos-in-india-from-1800-until-now.html |archive-date = 21 October 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="my_kerala">{{Cite web |url=http://www.my-kerala.com/tour/district/thiruvananthapuram/spots/zoo/index.shtml |title=Thiruvananthapuram Zoo, Kerala |work=my-kerala.com |publisher=My Kerala |access-date=2 October 2010}}</ref>
</references>

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Trivandrum Zoo}}
* [https://www.museumandzoo.kerala.gov.in/ Official Web Site]
* [http://indiatourism.ws/kerala/thiruvananthapuram/zoo/ Thiruvananthapuram Zoo Photographs, 2011]
* [https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/delhi-zoo-return-jaguar-named-salman-kerala-because-it-‘too-fat-breed’-35025 Salman the fat] [[jaguar]]

{{Zoos of India}}
{{Tourism in Kerala|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Zoos in Kerala]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:1857 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Educational organizations established in 1857]]
[[Category:Zoos established in the 19th century]]

33rd Armoured Division (India)

2025-12-23T13:51:44Z

Ieagle123: added the data with sources

{{short description|Part of I Corps "Strike Corp" of Indian Army}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name =33rd Armoured Division
|image=33 Armoured Division.png
|image_size=
|caption=Formation Badge of the 33rd Armoured Division
|start_date=15 November 1982 – present
|country={{flagu|India|size=23px}}
|branch={{army|India|size=23px}}
|allegiance=
|command_structure= [[I Corps (India)|I Corps]]
|type= [[Division (military)#Armoured division|Armoured]]
|role=
|size=[[Division (military)#India|Division]]
|garrison=[[Jaipur]]
|ceremonial_chief =
|nickname=
|motto=
|colors=
|march=
|mascot=

|commander1=
|commander1_label=
|commander2=
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|notable_commanders=

|battles=
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}}
The '''33rd Armoured Division''', based at [[Hisar Military Station]], is part of [[I Corps (India)|I Corps]] "Strike Corps" of [[Indian Army]].<ref name="army division">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120405/jsp/frontpage/story_15337128.jsp#.T5JX8bOgJaU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406223419/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120405/jsp/frontpage/story_15337128.jsp#.T5JX8bOgJaU|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 April 2012|title=Army exercise|newspaper=The Telegraph |access-date=27 May 2012|location=Calcutta, India|date=5 April 2012}}</ref> I Corps is a battle formation under [[South Western Command (India)|South Western Command]] headquartered at [[Jaipur]].

Indian armoured regiment, the 1 Horse ([[Skinner's Horse]]) raised by [[James Skinner (soldier)|James Skinner]] at [[Hansi]] in 1803 is based at Hissar.<ref name="bharat-rakshak">{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/OrBat/Combat/250-Armoured.html |title=Bharat Rakshak :: Land Forces Site - Armoured Formations |publisher=bharat-rakshak.com |access-date=24 August 2014 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929214916/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/OrBat/Combat/250-Armoured.html |archive-date=29 September 2014 }}</ref>

==History==

===Formation===
[[File:Indian Army Structure.png|thumb|Indian Army Structure]]

33rd Armoured Division was raised on 15 November 1982 by Major General L. B. Sondhi.<ref name="bharat-rakshak"/><ref name=rakshak>{{cite web|title=Armoured Formations |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/OrBat/Combat/250-Armoured.html |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=10 July 2012 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929214916/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/OrBat/Combat/250-Armoured.html |archive-date=29 September 2014 }}</ref> It was converted into an Armoured Division in December 1993.<ref name=rakshak/>

===Arjun Tank Trial===
Phase II of [[Arjun (tank)|Arjun]] [[Tank]] was conducted at Hisar, Haryana and check was made for medium fording capability.

==Component units==

===Command: South Western Command (Jaipur)===

The '''33rd Armoured Division''' is part of [[I Corps (India)|I Corps]] under [[South Western Command (India)|South Western Command]] of [[Indian Army]].

* I Corps, headquartered at [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh]], consists of the following 3 army divisions:
**the ''[[4th Infantry Division (India)|4th Infantry Division]]'' ([[Allahabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]) also called ''Red Eagle''
**the ''[[23rd Infantry Division (India)|23rd Infantry Division]]''([[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]]) also called ''Cockerel''
**the ''33rd Armoured Division'' ([[Hisar Military Station]], [[Haryana]])
* the ''[[X Corps (India)|X Corps]] headquartered at [[Bathinda, Punjab]]'' consists of
**the ''[[16th Infantry Division (India)|16th Infantry Division]]'' (Sudarshan) ([[Ganganagar]], [[Rajasthan]])
**the ''[[18th Infantry Division (India)|18th RAPID]]'' ([[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Rajasthan]])
**the ''[[24th Infantry Division (India)|24th RAPID]]'' ([[Bikaner]], [[Rajasthan]]).
**the ''6th Independent Armoured Brigade, SAND VIPER BRIGADE'' ([[Suratgarh]], [[Rajasthan]]).

===Corps: I Corps (Mathura)===

The ''[[I Corps (India)|I Corps]]'' strike corps of the ''[[South Western Command (India)|South Western Command]]'', created in 1965 and headquartered at [[Mathura]], consists of the following 3 army divisions:
*the [[4th Infantry Division (India)|4th Infantry Division]] ([[Allahabad]]), [[Uttar Pradesh]]), also called "Red Eagle"
*the [[23rd Infantry Division (India)|23rd Infantry Division]] ([[Ranchi]]), [[Jharkhand]], also called "Cockerel"
*the 33rd Armoured Division ([[Hisar Military Station]], [[Haryana]])<ref name="tribuneindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001124/haryana.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Haryana|publisher=tribuneindia.com|access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref>

===Division: 33rd Armoured Division (Hisar)===

The 33rd Armoured Division has 5 Brigades (3 Armoured, 1 Artillery & 1 Air Defence brigades).
[[File:Dot on target division war memorial.jpg|thumb|33 Armoured (Dot on target) Division - War Memorial, Hisar Military Station.]]
===Brigade: 5 Brigades of the 33rd Armoured Division===

A ''Regiment'' is a homogenous unit from one of the [[combat arms]], like Armoured (tank), Mechanised (vehicles) or Artillery. A ''Brigade'' is multi-functional unit composed of different types of ''Battalions'' or ''Regiments''.

The '33rd Armoured Division' has total 5 ''Brigades'':<ref name="bharat-rakshak"/>
* the [[39th Armoured Brigade]] (formerly '39th Mechanised Brigade')
* the [[57th Armoured Brigade]] (formerly '57th Mechanised Brigade')
* the [[88th Armoured Brigade]] (formerly '88th Mechanised Brigade')
* the [[627th (Independent) Armoured Air Defence Brigade]] (formerly '627th (Independent) Mechanised Air Defence Brigade')
* the [[33rd Artillery Brigade]]

It initially consisted of the ''88 Mechanised Brigade'' (was already in existence), the ''39 Mechanised Brigade'' and the ''33 Artillery Brigade'' were also raised on 15 November 1982. The ''57 Mechanised Brigade'' was raised on 1 March 1983. The ''627th (Independent) Mechanised Air Defence Brigade'' became part of the Division's Orbat ([[Order of battle]]) on 1 December 1989. Later, all Mechanised Brigades were converted to the Armoured Brigades.

===Battalion===

*Each of the three ''Armoured Brigades'' (39, 57 & 88 ''Armoured Brigades'') in the ''33rd Armoured Division'' comprise
**Two ''Armoured Regiments'' (equipped with [[T-72]] or [[T-90]]). This includes the historical ''1 Horse Armoured Regiment'' ([[Skinner's Horse]]) raised by [[James Skinner (soldier)|James Skinner]] at [[Hansi]] in 1803.<ref name="bharat-rakshak"/>
**2 ''Mechanised Battalions'' (equipped with [[BMP-2]]).
* the ''[[33rd Artillery Brigade]]'' comprises three regiments:
**1 × [[Artillery#Field artillery system|Towed artillery]] Regiment (e.g. [[Howitzer]]),
**1 × [[Self propelled artillery]] Regiment
**1 × LT AD ([[Anti-aircraft artillery|Light Air Defence]]) artillery and was located at [[Faridkot, Punjab|Faridkot]] & [[Ferozpur]].

==Notable Soldiers==
* late Maj. Gen. L.B.S. Sondhi - founder of 33rd Armoured Division<ref name="globalsecurity2">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/33-div.htm|title=33 Armoured Division|author=John Pike|publisher=globalsecurity.org|access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mechanised Infantry Regiment]]
* [[Order of battle]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Orbat.com, [https://web.archive.org/web/20020203224127/http://orbat.com/site/data/vignettes/vignette2.html Indian Armoured Divisions - vignette, archive]

{{Coord|29|6|27|N|75|49|39|E|display=33rd Armoured Division}}
{{Indian Army arms and services}}
{{Indian Army}}
{{Hisar, India topics}}

[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1982]]
[[Category:Divisions of the Indian Army]]
[[Category:Hisar (city)]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in India]]

Life of Buddha in art

2025-12-15T00:54:40Z

Ieagle123: made.

{{Short description|None}}
[[File:Statue of Shakyamuni on the snowy mountain, Tây Phương Pagoda, Hà Tây Province (1794), Vietnam National Museum of Fine Arts, Hanoi, Vietnam - 20131030.JPG|thumb|Buddha in his period of austerities, Vietnam, 1794, [[lacquer]]ed wood]]
Narrative images of episodes from the '''life of Gautama Buddha in art''' have been intermittently an important part of [[Buddhist art]], often grouped into cycles, sometimes rather large ones. However, at many times and places, images of the [[Buddha in art]] have been very largely single devotional images without narrative content from his life on Earth.

The literary accounts of the life of [[Gautama Buddha]] vary considerably in details but are mostly consistent in describing the main events.<ref>Pal, 39</ref> One of the largest surviving bodies of artistic depictions is the rather small stone [[relief]]s of [[Gandharan art]], beginning in the 1st century BC and continuing for several centuries. These reliefs probably reflected subjects in paintings, both murals and illustrating manuscripts, none of which survive.<ref>Pal, 51; It has been suggested that the scrolling circles at the ends of the crossbars of the [[Sanchi]] gateways imitate illustrated manuscripts of a type which has not survived. Leidy, 16</ref> Their range of about 50 subjects is large,<ref>Behrend (2007), 33</ref> and very rarely exceeded in later art, except in the 120 large reliefs at [[Borobudor]] in [[Java, Indonesia]], (but 27 of these are of subjects before his birth); in [[East Asian Buddhism]] some new biographical subjects appeared much later, but otherwise the Gandharan subjects include the great majority of scenes appearing later.<ref>Pal, 51-+52</ref>
[[File:The ploughing ceremony with the baby Bodhisatta mediating Wellcome L0026532.jpg|thumb|The Buddha's first meditation, as his father leads a ploughing ceremony. Buddha sits on a swing at left, shown as very young. Burmese manuscript, 19th century.]]
[[File:Berkeley NSW 2506, Australia - panoramio (4).jpg|thumb|The ''First Seven Steps of the Buddha'', at a temple in Australia]]

The 9th-century Borobudor reliefs illustrate the ''[[Lalitavistara Sūtra]]'',<ref>Krom, 1</ref> a [[Mahayana]] text, originally in [[Sanskrit]], probably from the 3rd century. This only covers the life up to the Buddha's first Sermon. There is also a large body of [[Jataka tales]], relating events from the many previous lives of Gautama Buddha, which were often subjects in Gandhara and early Indian art. By contrast, narrative scenes from the [[history of Buddhism]] after the Buddha's death are very few.<ref>Marshall, 8</ref>
[[File:Le grand départ (cropped).jpg|thumb|''[[The Great Departure]]'', [[Amaravati style]], 2nd century, aniconic with a riderless horse]]

In post-Gupta India a number of the most important scenes were grouped together; again stone reliefs on [[stele]]s have survived, but painted versions only from later periods, and mostly from other countries. The most important grouping was ''[[The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha]]''.<ref>Pal, 47–48</ref> In [[Tibetan Buddhism]] ten or twelve scenes were more common in painted [[thanka]]s, the twelve being the "twelve actions (or deeds) of the Buddha".<ref>Skorupski, 162; Mandala</ref> There are much larger numbers of painted scenes surviving from more recent centuries, especially from [[South-East Asia]]. With the arrival of printing, book illustrations and posters continued the tradition. Some scenes became established subjects in Chinese and Japanese painting, and later prints.

==The Historical Buddha==
[[File:Hochzeit des Prinzuen Siddhartha Museum Rietberg RVI 27.jpg|thumb|The ''Wedding of Siddharta'' (below) on a "false gable" projecting from a small stupa. Gandhara]]
The "Historical Buddha" or [[Gautama Buddha]] was born at [[Lumbini]], in modern terms a little way into [[Nepal]] from the border with India. According to the traditional Buddhist chronology, he was born around 563 BC, and lived eighty years until his death {{Circa|483 BC}}. Modern scholarship prefers later dates, essentially working backwards from his death and not having an alternative age at death, with estimates of the death date mostly around 411 to 400, giving birth dates around 491 to 480 BC.<ref>Brown (2003); see [[Gautama Buddha]] for more detail on the various estimated death dates.</ref>

According to tradition, which is, as reflected in texts and art, effectively the only source for his biography,<ref>Pal, 18</ref> he was born the son of [[Suddhodhana]], who is always treated as a king (''raja'') in later texts and art, but was probably the elected leader of the [[Shakya]] Republic, and grew up at [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]], a "city" for which two nearby claimant sites exist, in India and (more probably) Nepal. He was known as Siddharta Gautama in his pre-religious life, Siddharta meaning “He who achieves His Goal”, with "Gautama" the name of his clan. Later he was called Shakyamuni (“sage of the Shakya clan”).<ref>Brown (2003)</ref> His mother, [[Maya (mother of the Buddha)|Maya]] died within a week of his birth, and he was raised by his aunt [[Mahapajapati Gotami|Pajapati]], who was also a wife of his father. The scale of luxury of this life is no doubt greatly exaggerated in later texts and art, reflecting that of the most important monarchies of the day, but it was presumably a very comfortable life.<ref>Brown (2003); Pal, 40–41</ref>

He was married at 16, to the daughter of a Shakya noble. It was twelve years before a child was born, by which time Siddharta, then aged 29, had decided to renounce the life his father wanted for him, for that of a ''[[Śramaṇa]]'' ascetic. The night his son [[Rahula]] was born he secretly left the palace for good, and started living as a mendicant ascetic. He studied with two teachers of meditation and [[yoga]], and became drawn to extreme asceticism. Eventually he realized that this was not the correct path, and developed the philosophy of the [[Middle Way]]. At the age of 35 he was meditating under a [[Bodhi Tree]] at [[Bodh Gaya]] when he experienced his enlightenment. From now on, he is typically referred to as "the Buddha", rather than Shakyamuni.<ref>Brown (2003); Pal, 41–42</ref>

He remained meditating at Bodh Gaya for six or seven weeks before leaving to spread the new teachings he had developed. His first sermon, known as the [[Sermon in the Deer Park]], was given at [[Sarnath]] to five companions he had known since his ascetic period. He spent the remaining 45 (or so) years of his life travelling around modern [[Bihar]] and eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]] preaching and collecting disciples.<ref>Brown (2003); Pal, 43–44</ref>

The Buddha died in the company of some of his followers, according to tradition at the age of eighty. He was cremated, and his ashes and some of his possessions distributed to centres of his movement. The veneration of his [[Relics associated with Buddha|relics]], called ''[[cetiya]]'', became important in Buddhism.<ref>Brown (2003)</ref>

The earliest biographical texts are all preserved only in manuscripts from much later, often with texts that have been translated into a non-Indian language, for example Chinese or [[Classical Tibetan|Tibetan]]. Modern scholars believe that they probably contain later additions. They differ considerably in details, but generally are consistent with each other and with the earliest art regarding the main outlines of the life, which generally predates the textual versions that have survived. Even those believed to represent the earliest versions have many miraculous or legendary elements, which only increase in later versions.<ref>Pal, 18</ref>

In the texts the life of the Buddha is followed with enormous interest by large numbers of [[Deva (Buddhism)|gods]] and other figures, who sometimes come to earth to intervene or merely witness, as shown in depictions of the [[Great Departure]].<ref>Pons, 31–34, 36–37</ref> The Gandharan reliefs seem to have followed the biographical details in the [[Dharmaguptaka#Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra|''Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra'']], a text that now only survives in Chinese translations.<ref>Behrend (2007), 32</ref>

==Events shown in art: early life==
===Return to Earth===
[[File:Buddha Preaching in Tushita Heaven. Amaravati, Satavahana period, 2d century AD. Indian Museum, Calcutta.jpg|thumb|left|The future Siddharta preaching in [[Tushita]] Heaven. [[Amaravati Stupa|Amaravati]], 2nd century]]
In Buddhism, the story of the Buddha's final incarnation begins before his conception or birth.<ref>Bautze-Picron, 208–209</ref> After great numbers of previous lives, the future Buddha, usually regarded as already a [[bodhisattva]], was in the [[Tushita]] heaven when he decided to live a final life on Earth. After lengthy considerations,<ref>Krom, 3–10; Play, Chapter 3</ref> he made his choice of a family to be born into. In some accounts, [[Maitreya]] was at this point named by the Buddha as the next buddha.<ref>Leidy, 36–37; Krom, 8–9</ref> These scenes are often shown in art; at Borobudor there are 27 panels preceding Buddha's birth.<ref>Soekmono, 21; [https://www.photodharma.net/Indonesia/05-Lalitavistara-Storyboard-2/Lalitavistara-Storyboard-1-Conception.htm Good photos, with explanations of the scenes]</ref>

===Queen Maya's dream===
[[File:Dream of Mayadevi - Schist - ca 2nd Century CE - Mardan - ACCN 3697-A23248 - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2016-03-06 1470 (cropped).JPG|thumb|''[[Queen Maya's Dream]]'', {{Circa|2nd century}}, Gandharan from [[Mardan]]]]
{{Main|Queen Maya's Dream}}
[[Maya (mother of the Buddha)|Queen Maya]], mother of the Buddha, dreamed one night that a white elephant holding a white lotus, and with six tusks, entered her womb through her side. In an earlier life, the Buddha had taken this form. The next day she discovered she was pregnant. She told her husband King [[Suddhodhana]], whose astrologers advised that the child would be either a [[chakravartin]] or a buddha.<ref>Varma, 072, [https://ignca.gov.in/online-digital-resources/jataka-stories/073-maha-mayas-dream/ "Maha Maya's Dream"]; Pal, 40, 77–78</ref>

[[Queen Maya's dream]], which is popular in early periods, always shows Maya lying on a bed, usually with her head on the right, so that her right hand side is uppermost. The elephant, not to scale, hovers above her, in Gandhara usually surrounded by a circular halo. His trunk may reach down to touch her sides. Maids and deities may stand around the bed.<ref>Pal, 77–78</ref>

===Birth of the Buddha===
[[File:Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Queen Maya Birth.jpeg|thumb|''Birth of the Buddha'' from a [[Nalanda]] manuscript, 8th to 12th-century]]
The first of the Four and the Eight Great Events, and one of the most common scenes, although not appearing in the very early Indian stupas.<ref>Bautze-Picron, 208</ref> [[Maya (mother of the Buddha)|Queen Maya]], mother of the Buddha, was returning to her parents' home to give birth. She stopped for a walk in the park or grove at [[Lumbini]], now in [[Nepal]]. Reaching up to hold a bough of a [[sal tree]] (''Shorea robusta''),<ref>In Indian accounts; elsewhere it may be a ''Ficus religiosa'' or ''bodhi'' tree. Behrend (2007), 37</ref> labour began. Maya standing with her right hand over her head, holding a curving bough, is the indispensable part of the iconography; this was a pose familiar in [[Indian art]], often adopted by [[yakshini]] tree-spirits. Maya's feet are usually crossed, giving a graceful [[tribhanga]] pose. The Buddha emerged miraculously from her side, which is usually shown in small depictions with him as though flying. In larger ones two male figures stand to the left, representing the [[Vedas|Vedic]] gods [[Indra]], who reaches out to hold the baby, and [[Brahma]] standing behind him. Maya's sister [[Pajapati]] may support her to the right, and maids may stand on the right, and [[apsara]]s or other spirits hover above.<ref>Craven, 88; [https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/112944 ''Nativity Scene: The Birth of the Buddha''], [[Brooklyn Museum]]; Prematilleke, 164; Pal (1984), 40–41, 53, 55; Behrend (2007), 37–38</ref>

The Buddha was able to stand and take seven steps almost immediately,<ref>Varma, [https://ignca.gov.in/online-digital-resources/jataka-stories/072-birth-story-of-gotama/ 072 – Birth Story of Gotama]</ref> a lotus flower springing up where each step went, and the baby standing on the final lotus may be shown, often in addition to him emerging from his mother's side. He raises his right hand towards heaven and declares "I alone am honoured in heaven and on earth. This triple world is full of sufferings; I will be the saviour from these sufferings".<ref>Pal, 83</ref>

In East Asia this subject became popular by itself, the [[Shaka at Birth (Tōdai-ji)|most famous and one of the earliest]] at the [[Todaiji]] in [[Nara, Japan]].<ref>Shashibala, 54; Pal (1984), 70, 83–86</ref> ''Buddha's first bath'' is also sometimes shown in the same scene; two [[Nagaraja]] ([[Nāga]] kings) perform the bathing, and maids may attend.<ref>Sahni, 188; [https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O93318/buddhas-first-bath-relief-unknown/ ''Buddha's first bath''], V&A Museum; Karetzky, 140–141; Pal (1984), 82</ref> Symbolic re-enactments of this form part of the rituals celebrating [[Buddha's Birthday]] or [[Vesak]] in many countries.<ref>Pal (1984), 19, 82; Pal (1988), 66–67</ref>

<gallery widths="180" heights="150">
File:Four Scenes from the Life of the Buddha - Birth of the Buddha - Kushan dynasty, late 2nd to early 3rd century AD, Gandhara, schist - Freer Gallery of Art - DSC05128.JPG|Kushan dynasty, Gandhara. At right two female [[Nāga]]s stand ready for the bath.
File:Clevelandart 1959.349.jpg|[[Pala Empire]], {{Circa|800}}. [[Indra]] holds the standing baby at left.
File:Swayabhunath Temple-IMG 3406.jpg|''Seven Steps'', [[Kathmandu]], Nepal
File:InfantBuddhaTakingABathGandhara2ndCenturyCE.jpg|Buddha's first bath. Gandhara, 2nd century
</gallery>

===Meeting with Asita===
[[File:Weissagung des Sehers Asita Museum Rietberg RVI 11.jpg|thumb|''The Prophecy of [[Asita]]'', Gandhara, 3rd/4th century]]
[[Asita]] was a wise man who had been the king's guru, but had retired to the forest. In some versions he had been the chief interpreter of Queen Maya's dream. Hearing of the birth, he went to the palace, accompanied by his nephew Nalaka (later a follower of the Buddha), and recognised the [[Physical characteristics of the Buddha#The 32 Signs of a Great Man|"Thirty-two Characteristics of a Great Man"]] (Skt. ''mahāpuruṣa lakṣaṇa'').<ref>Pal, 254</ref> He prophesied that the baby would grow up to be a buddha, then began to weep. Asked why by the king, he said he regretted that he would not live long enough to hear Siddharta's teachings.<ref>Varma, 074 [https://ignca.gov.in/online-digital-resources/jataka-stories/074-sage-asitas-visit/ "Sage Asita's visit]; Pal, 41</ref> In Gandharan depictions and at [[Amaravarti Stupa]], the sage may hold the baby on his knees, while at [[Borobudor]] he sits in his father's lap.<ref>Krom, 36–38</ref> Especially in South East Asia, the baby may place his foot on Asita's head.<ref>As described in some texts: [https://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/ay/asita.htm "Asita"] in www.palikanon.com</ref>

Soon after his birth, the king proposed following custom and visiting the city's temple to present the new-born to the gods. Siddharta, already able to speak, objected but in the end went. When the group arrived at the temple, the statues of the gods stepped down and prostrated themselves before Siddharta.<ref>[https://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/lob/lob07.htm ''The Life of Buddha''], by A. Ferdinand Herold, 22–23, tr. by Paul C Blum [1922], at sacred-texts.com</ref> This episode is depicted at Borobudor.<ref>Krom, 39–41; [[:File:Borobudur - Lalitavistara - 035 S, The Statues worship Siddhartha (11247286294).jpg|Borobudur, Lalitavistara reliefs, 035 S, ''The Statues worship Siddhartha'']] photo</ref>

===Childhood of Siddharta===
[[File:Gandhara, il principe siddhartha va a scuola, 100-300.JPG|thumb|Siddharta driven to school in a cart, Gandharan]]

====Education====
[[File:Prince Siddhartha in Learning, 2nd-3rd Cent. AD.jpg|thumb|Siddharta studying, Gandharan]]
There are rare depictions of Siddharta astounding his teachers as a boy, or winning games or sporting contests with other boys by magical means. He received a princely education, and scenes of him learning martial arts, riding, archery and swimming may be found in extended cycles, as in two early Tibetan thankas.<ref>Pal, 66–69; Krom, 43–45</ref> Some Gandharan reliefs show him being driven to school in a small cart pulled by rams, perhaps reflecting local elite life; this detail is not in surviving early texts.<ref>Pal, 88</ref>

In India, depictions reflect the emphasis in the texts on the high standards in physical princely skills expected by Siddharta's intended father-in-law.<ref>Krom, 49–50; Soekmono, 22–23</ref> An archery contest, naturally won by Siddharta, is sometimes depicted in Gandhara.<ref>Krom, 52–55; "Play", 11–113; [https://mahidol.ac.th/budsir/E_hist7.htm Mahidol University]</ref> East Asian depictions place more emphasis on desk work, no doubt reflecting the local importance of passing the [[Imperial examination]]s of China, which began around the 6th century. In a 9th-century painted banner from the [[Mogao Caves]], Siddharta actually appears to be taking such an examination.<ref>Pal, 88</ref>

===Meditation under the ''jambu'' tree===
While still a boy,<ref>His age varies between different accounts</ref> Siddharta was taken to witness his father leading a [[royal ploughing ceremony]],<ref>Some accounts present this as a casual trip into the fields with friends</ref> a common royal duty in Asia (in Japan the Emperor still plants and later harvests rice on a special plot).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Cf--DAAAQBAJ&dq=Imperial+rice+planting+ceremony&pg=PA213 Japan]</ref> He was struck by the efforts of the men, and birds catching insects in the air. Wandering away from the crowd, he sat under a ''jambu'' tree and began to meditate on this.<ref>Soekmono, 22; [https://www.nortonsimonfoundation.org/collections/browse_title.php?id=F.1975.17.29.S "Siddhartha Meditating Below the Jambu Tree, 3rd century"], [[Norton Simon Foundation]]</ref>

==Married life==
[[File:Borobudur - Lalitavistara - 063 W, Siddhartha is appalled by the attitudes of the Sleeping Women (11246494115).jpg|thumb|[[Borobudor]], ''Lalitavistara'' reliefs (panel 63) ''Siddhartha is appalled by the attitudes of the Sleeping Women'']]
Siddharta married [[Yaśodharā]], when both were 16.<ref>Soekmono, 22</ref> The wedding is sometimes shown in art,<ref>Rowland, 132 (although he identifies the subject differently)</ref> as are contented scenes of the couple together.<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/A_1917-1009-5 relief], [[British Museum]]</ref> After some twelve years they had a son, [[Rāhula]], who was born the day that Siddharta left the palace for good. Siddharta's thoughts had increasingly turned to his spiritual life, especially after he saw the Four Sights (below). His father wished him to take the secular path, from the prophetic options offered before his birth, but a visit by a delegation of gods, urged him to pursue the life of [[dharma]]. This is sometimes shown in art, for example at Borobudor.<ref>Soekmono, 23; Play, Chapter 13</ref>

The biographies record a moment when Siddharta was repulsed by the appearance of his female retinue, one or more of whom were sprawled on the floor asleep, concluding "It is true, I live amid a cemetery".<ref>Play, 152–155, 153 quoted; [https://mahidol.ac.th/budsir/E_hist12.htm Mahidol University]</ref> In Gandhara the scene (sometimes titled "Life in the Palace") is represented by Siddharta rising from a couch on which his wife lies, looking down at a female figure on the floor below.<ref>Pal, 91</ref> At Borobudor there is a much larger group of figures sprawled on the floor, which immediately precedes the ''Great Departure'' scenes.<ref>Krom, 68–74</ref>

===The Four Sights===
[[File:Prince Siddhattha on his way to the park sees the three Wellcome L0022536.jpg|thumb|left|Siddharta sees the first three sights, 19th-century Burmese manuscript]]
{{main|Four sights}}
Living a life of luxury, Siddharta's parents took care to shield him from unpleasant aspects of the world,<ref>Play, Ch 14</ref> but one day, riding through the countryside with his servant [[Channa (Buddhist)|Channa]], he saw the "four sights", firstly of a very old man, a very sick man, and a corpse. On a further trip he saw a mendicant monk or ascetic, whose tranquil bearing impressed him.<ref>Like art, texts vary, describing from one to four outings.</ref> These turned his thoughts to a more spiritual life. They are not very often represented in Indian art, perhaps surprisingly,<ref>Pal, 71, 90</ref> but are covered at Borobudor in four panels,<ref>Krom, 61–65</ref> and in more modern paintings.

==Life after the palace==
===The Great Departure===
{{main|Great Renunciation}}
[[File:Prince Siddhartha Leaves the Palace, Pakistan, Gandhara, schist, San Diego Museum of Art.JPG|thumb|A typical Gandharan scene of ''The Great Departure''. Two gods crouch down to hold [[Kanthaka]]'s hoofs, and others watch on the left. To the right of Siddharta, Channa holds a [[parasol]] over him; to the left, the bowman.]]
The birth of his son, fulfilling his duty to provide an heir for the royal line, was apparently the trigger for Siddharta's abandonment of palace life to become an ascetic. At midnight he told his servant Channa to bring his favourite horse [[Kanthaka]]. There are rare scenes of him saying goodbye to his sleeping wife and child,<ref>[https://mahidol.ac.th/budsir/E_hist13.htm Mahidol University]</ref> but much the most common scene is Siddharta leaving the city on horseback, known as the ''[[Great Renunciation]]'' or ''Great Departure''; after his birth, this is the most common narrative episode in Gandharan art.<ref>Pons, 17</ref>

Siddharta is dressed in his princely finery, for the last time. In most accounts gods (or ''[[gana]]s'') muffled Kanthaka's hoofs,<ref>or [[yaksha]]s, Pal, 92</ref> and this is usually shown, with the gods under the horse, holding his feet in the hands. The other figures often shown at the sides, especially on the left, are gods and other supernatural beings, who had gathered to witness the event. In Gandhara there is often, immediately to Siddharta's left, a rather mysterious figure carrying a bow, often in armour, who may be a guide or protector.<ref>Pal, 92; Pons analyses texts and depictions covering the episode in great detail, especially regarding the bowman.</ref> In some reliefs Siddharta rides straight towards the viewer, the front of his horse projecting out beyond the main plane of the relief.<ref>Pons, 18 (note 1), 41. Examples are in the [[Musée Guimet]] (MA 3397), [[Chandigargh]] Museum (Pons Fig. 8), Lahore Museum (Pons Fig. 15) and the one illustrated, on long term loan to [[BAMPFA]] in California.</ref>

Once well away from the palace, Siddharta sent Channa back to explain to his family, taking the prince's clothes; sometimes this makes a scene. Kanthaka is said to have died of grief soon after. In some accounts, he threw his turban high in the air, where it was caught by heavenly beings and carried up to heaven, where it was worshipped as a relic. This is sometimes shown, especially by the [[Amaravati school]].<ref>Pal, 94</ref>

<gallery widths="180px" heights="170px">
File:008 Leaving the Palace (detail) (9210420415).jpg|Detail of Siddharta looking in at his sleeping wife and child before leaving. Thai mural.
File:Siddharta parting from Kanthaka and Chandaka BM OA1880.65.jpg|Siddharta parting from Kanthaka and Channa
File:Scenes life Buddha Gandhara 2.JPG|Detail; Siddharta rides out of the main plane of the relief, Gandhara
</gallery>

===Cutting off hair===
[[File:La vie de Bouddha (montagne de marbre, Danang) (4414170770).jpg|thumb|Cutting the hair, modern relief at the [[Marble Mountains (Vietnam)|Marble Mountains]] in [[Vietnam]]]]

Siddharta then cut off his hair, which may make a scene.<ref>[http://jameelcentre.ashmolean.org/collection/921/object/11339 "Relief fragment depicting Prince Siddhartha, the future Buddha, cutting his hair in renunciation"], [[Ashmolean Museum]]</ref> This has remained a popular scene in South-East Asian cycles; it reflects directly the experience of modern monks. Like his turban, the hair is taken as a relic to the [[Trayastrimsa Heaven]], and panels at Bharhut and Sanchi show it being worshiped as a relic.<ref>Bautze-Picron, 207; [[:File:Trayastrimsa Heaven.jpg|Sanchi panel photo]]</ref>

<gallery widths="180px" heights="170px">
File:Bharhut_Ajatasattu_Pillar_-_Siddhattha's_Hair.jpg|Worship of the Bodhisattva's hair in the [[Trāyastriṃśa|Trayastrimsa heaven]]. [[Bharhut]], 1st century BC
File:Trayastrimsa_Heaven.jpg|Worship of Siddhartha's hair in the Trayastrimsa heaven. [[Sanchi]], 1st century AD
File:017 Cutting his Hair, Ananda, Bagan.jpg|Siddhartha cutting his hair, Ananda, [[Bagan]]
</gallery>

===Austerities===
[[File:Siddhartha fasting, old reduced-size replica of original in Lahore Museum, Gandhara, 2nd-3rd century AD, slate - Linden-Museum - Stuttgart, Germany - DSC03816.jpg|thumb|The fasting Buddha, receiving the gift of Sujata in the bottom relief, [[Gandhara]], 2nd century]]
Siddharta then embarked on a period as a wandering ascetic, according to many accounts studying under two [[guru]]s before leaving them, firstly [[Āḷāra Kālāma]], then [[Uddaka Rāmaputta]]. He tried living extremely austerely, [[fasting]] with great rigour. Images of the ''Fasting Buddha'', visibly malnourished, appear at various points in Buddhist art, but are absent at other times and places. They are typically single figures, in a meditating posture. There are a number from Gandhara, but few from South Asia thereafter. They then appear in China and more recently South-East Asia.<ref>Pal, 95</ref>

The end of Siddharta's period of extreme austerity is represented by a number of different incidents in the biographies. Various people ask him to stop, with some offering him food, and clothes. The ''[[Lalitavistara Sūtra]]'' recounts visits by both Queen Maya and a delegation of gods, both begging Siddharta to abandon this extreme approach.<ref>Play, 189–200</ref> Each of these receives a panel at Borobudor (two for the visit of the gods), as well as one of Siddharta and the five companions he had acquired. In these Siddharta's body shows much less sign of starvation compared to Gandharan images.<ref>Krom, 85–89</ref>

A number of encounters with ordinary people may also be shown, such as the ''Offering of milk rice by [[Sujata (milkmaid)|Sujata]]'', a village girl he encounters. This is said to be the last sustenance he took before his Enlightenment.<ref>Brown (2003); Pal, 43</ref> This is represented at Cave 11 at [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]], with a small Sujata kneeling on the base of a Buddha statue. It has a panel at Borobudor,<ref>Krom, 91–93; [[:File:Borobudur - Lalitavistara - 084 N, Sujata presents food to the Bodhisattva in her Home Women Cooking on the Right (11249311923).jpg|Panel 84N ''Sujata presents food to the Bodhisattva in her Home; Women Cooking on the Right'']]</ref> and is often shown in modern South-East Asian painted cycles.

The last of these before the Enlightenment was when Siddharta met a grass-cutter and obtained from him long [[kusa grass]] (''desmostachya bipinnata'') to sit on as he meditated (of a type often used by Indian religious for this purpose). This encounter may be shown, with examples from both Gandhara and modern South-East Asia.<ref>Pal, 105; Krom, 96–98</ref>

<gallery widths="180px" heights="170px">

File:Borobudur - Lalitavistara - 079 N, The Gods beg the Bodhisattva to Eat (11249317055).jpg|Borobudur, ''The Gods beg the Bodhisattva to Eat''
File:092 Cave 11, Buddha with Sujata from Side (33438497684).jpg|Buddha with small [[Sujata (milkmaid)|Sujata]], Cave 11 at [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]]
File:Sujata in Sri Dalada Maligawa.jpg|Sujata's offering, [[Sri Lanka]], 2006
File:111 Sotthiya gives Kusa Grass (20449127371).jpg|The gift of kusa grass, Sri Lanka
</gallery>

===Shakyamuni Descending from the Mountain===
[[File:Sword Guard (Tsuba) MET LC-29 100 984-005.jpg|thumb|''[[Shakyamuni Descending from the Mountain]]'' on a Japanese [[tsuba]] (sword guard), [[Edo Period]]]]
{{main|Shussan Shaka}}
This, sometimes known by its Japanese name of [[Shussan Shaka]], is a subject that appears to have arisen in 10th-century China, in [[Chan Buddhism]], the parent of Japanese [[Zen Buddhism]], which began in the 13th century. It is not found in Indian art. Siddharta, or Shakyamuni, is shown as a single figure, in paintings with a landscape background. The subject is not usually part of a series. He is walking down from the mountains where his austerities had been practiced; in East Asian tradition mountains are the usual location for profound meditation. He is dishevelled and often bearded, rather than looking severely malnourished. In Zen monasteries the paintings are displayed around the feast celebrating the Buddha's Enlightenment, and many Zen followers believe that the paintings show a moment after this had occurred.<ref>Pal, 96–100</ref>

==Enlightenment and after==
===Enlightenment of the Buddha===
[[File:Versuchung des Buddha Museum Rietberg RVI 25.jpg|thumb|Temptations of the daughters of [[Mara (demon)|Mara]], Gandhara]]
This took place at [[Bodh Gaya]], under the famous [[Bodhi Tree]], a probable descendent of which survives beside the [[Mahabodhi Temple]]. Buddhist tradition recounts that the enlightenment was preceded by the "assault of [[Mara (demon)|Mara]]", a demon king, who challenged the Buddha's right to acquire the powers that enlightenment brought, and asked him for a witness to attest his right to achieve it. In reply Buddha touched the ground with his right hand outstretched, asking [[Prithvi|Pṛthivi]], the [[devi]] of the earth, to witness his enlightenment, which she did.<ref>Leidy, 2–3; Pal, 43, 102–107; {{cite book|last=Shaw|first=Miranda Eberle|title=Buddhist Goddesses of India|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2006|pages=[https://archive.org/details/buddhistgoddesse00shaw/page/17 17]–27|isbn=978-0-691-12758-3|url=https://archive.org/details/buddhistgoddesse00shaw|url-access=registration}}; Vessantara, ''Meeting the Buddhas: A Guide to Buddhas, Bodhisattvas, and Tantric Deities'', pp. 74-76, 1993, Windhorse Publications, {{ISBN|0904766535}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-O3Khal6UMcC&pg=PA77 google books]</ref>

The foliage of the Bodhi Tree may be shown above Buddha's head. Buddha is always shown seated in the lotus position, reaching the fingers of his right hand down to touch the ground, which is called the ''bhūmisparśa'' or "earth witness" mudra. Underneath him, the long fronds of ''kusa'' grass may be indicated. Larger depictions may show Mara and his army of demons, or his two (or three) beautiful daughters, who attempt to prevent the Buddha's enlightenment by distracting him from meditation with seductive dance movements;<ref>Craven, 88–90, 174; Pal (1986), 36; Krom, 102–107</ref> modern South-East Asian depictions of this can be rather lurid.<ref>For example [[:File:039 Mara's Daughters Tempt the Bodhisatta (9013213047).jpg|this]], from [[Kedah]], [[Malaysia]]</ref>

Pṛthivi cannot usually be seen in Indian depictions, or those of most countries, but a composition often seen in Thai depictions makes her the central figure, standing in a sort of pavilion, with the Buddha above her.<ref>Pal, 71</ref> The account in a biography much used in South-East Asia has Pṛthivi answering Buddha's call by wringing out her hair, which produces a great flood that sweeps Mara's army away, and this may be shown in depictions, especially from Thailand and [[Cambodia]]. There are also many popular statues and figures of her wringing her hair.<ref>Pal, 102–103; [https://mahidol.ac.th/budsir/E_hist26.htm Mahidol University]</ref>

This event in Buddha's life is most commonly the large central scene in groups, as in the Jagdispur stele, where dozens of small demons surround the Buddha.<ref>Pal (1984), 61; [https://meet.ceres.rub.de/items/show/10 “Stone stele of the Eight Great Events of the Buddha’s Life”], The Buddha’s Biography, accessed 26 June 2022</ref>

<gallery widths="180px" heights="160px">
File:MaraAssault.jpg|An [[Aniconism in Buddhism|aniconic]] representation of [[Mara (demon)|Mara]]'s assault on the Buddha, with an [[empty throne]], 2nd century, [[Amaravati style]], India
File:MAK - I 10198.jpg|Assault of [[Mara (demon)|Mara]], Gandhara
File:FireLanceAndGrenade10thCenturyDunhuang.jpg|Detail of painting on silk, [[Mogao Caves]], 10th century<ref>[[:File:Dunhuang Mara Budda.jpg|the whole scene]]</ref>
File:Le Wat Thomit (Vinh Trung, Vietnam) (6600746153).jpg|Modern [[Vietnam]]ese depiction, with Pṛthivi wringing out her hair, to produce a flood that sweeps Mara's army away
</gallery>

===Meditation period===
{{see also|Naga Prok attitude}}
[[File:Buddha seated on Naga, Terrace No. 61, southeastern section of Angkor Thom, Cambodia, Angkor period, 1100s AD, sandstone - Tokyo National Museum - Tokyo, Japan - DSC08779.jpg|thumb|Buddha sheltered by [[Mucalinda]], [[Angkor Thom]], Cambodia, 12th-century]]
After his Enlightenment, the Buddha remained meditating in the forest for seven weeks,<ref>six in some traditions.</ref> with various incidents recorded in the biographies.<ref>Krom, 108–121</ref> In later Buddhist tradition, a set of "Seven Stations" developed, each lasting a week, where the Buddha spent a week meditating in seven different places (the sequence and descriptions vary somewhat). A week each was spent under the Bodhi Tree, looking at the Bodhi Tree, "walking on the jewelled path", "thinking in the jewelled chamber", and "meditating under a [[banyan tree]]". Modern prints from South-East Asia can show these as a group.<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/A_1991-1022-0-69 "Popular print" in the British Museum], from modern Myanmar/Burma.</ref>

Towards the end of the period (week five or six) there was very heavy rain and the giant ''[[nagaraja]]'' or [[cobra]] snake-king, [[Mucalinda]] sheltered the Buddha with the hoods of his several heads. This depiction has long been especially popular in South-East Asia, where Buddha may sit on the coiled body of the snake. [[Jayavarman VII]], ruler of the [[Khmer Empire]] from 1181 to 1218, promoted it as "the major form of the Buddha for worship", for reasons that are now unclear.<ref>Pal, 108, 161–162, 161 quoted</ref>

<gallery widths="180px" heights="160px">
File:Pillar with Naga Muchalinda over the throne of the Buddha. Pauni (Bhandara District). Railing pillar from Jagannath Tekri. 2nd-1st century BCE.jpg|Pillar with Naga Mucalinda protecting the throne of the [[Buddha]]. [[Pauni]], 2nd–1st century BCE. [[National Museum of India]].<ref>"The bas-relief at Pauni or Bharhut in India, which dates back to about the second century B.C., represents a vacant throne protected by a naga with many heads. It also bears an inscription of the Naga Mucalinda (Fig. 3)" {{cite book |title=SPAFA Digest: Journal Of SEAMEO Project in Archaeology and Fine Arts (SPAFA). |date=1987 |publisher=SPAFA Co-ordinating Unit |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s1FuAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>
File:Naga-enthroned Buddha - Beyond Angkor - Cleveland Museum of Art (40887945882).jpg|alt=|12th century Khmer bronze Naga-enthroned Buddha from [[Banteay Chhmar]], Cambodia. [[Cleveland Museum of Art]].
</gallery>

===Buddha's first sermon===
[[File:Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra).jpg|thumb|[[Buddha Preaching his First Sermon (Sarnath)|''Buddha Preaching his First Sermon'']], {{Circa|475}}, with the wheel and disciples on the base]]
This is the third of the [[The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha|Eight Great Events]] and included in all such groupings. It is often known as the "Sermon in the Deer Park", and is recorded in the text called the ''[[Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta]]'' ("The Setting in Motion of the Wheel of the Dharma Sutta"). Among other key Buddhist doctrines it set out the [[Four Noble Truths]] and the [[Middle Way]].<ref>Pal, 43–44; Brown (2003)</ref>

It was delivered at [[Sarnath]], some weeks after his Enlightenment, to five named disciples who had known him as an ascetic, who may be shown if they can be fitted in. Sometimes a sixth figure is shown, muscular and usually naked to the waist. This is [[Vajrapani]], a [[bodhisattva]] who is often shown protecting the Buddha.<ref>Brown (2003); [https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/38118 ''Vajrapani Attends the Buddha at His First Sermon''], Metropolitan Museum</ref> Buddha is seated, normally in the lotus position, and his hands are always shown in the [[Mudra#Dharmachakra Pravartana Mudrā|''Dharmachakra Pravartana Mudrā'']], where his two hands mime his metaphor of "setting in motion the Wheel of the Dharma". This is generally only used in images of the Buddha when representing this moment.<ref>Craven, 90; Pal, 109; Varma, [https://ignca.gov.in/online-digital-resources/jataka-stories/081-dhamma-chakka-pavattana-katha/ "081 – Dhamma-Chakka-Pavattana-Katha"]</ref>

This or the ''Enlightenment'' are usually the main large scene in stele groups. In larger groups a wheel may figure, as in [[Buddha Preaching his First Sermon (Sarnath)|a 5th-century stele at Sarnath]], and sometimes one or two deer, referring to the location. These may be on the front of the base of Buddha's throne, where the disciples may also appear, much smaller than the Buddha.<ref>Sahni, 96–99 describes several variations; Prematilleke, 164.</ref>

<gallery widths="180px" heights="160px">
File:Première prédication (Musée Guimet MNAAG, Paris) (48544015932).jpg|The first sermon. Gandhara.<ref>{{cite web |title=Réunion des Musées Nationaux-Grand Palais |url=https://www.photo.rmn.fr/archive/19-509603-2C6NU0AXSCBQG.html |website=www.photo.rmn.fr}}</ref>
File:Buddha's first sermon at Sarnath. Gandhara.Met.jpg|The Buddha's first sermon at Sarnath. Gandhara
File:Gautama Buddha first sermon in Sarnath.jpg|The Buddha's first sermon at Sarnath. Gandhara
</gallery>

===Conversions, miracles and offerings===
{{see also|Miracles of Gautama Buddha}}
[[File:MET DT8660 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Probably ''The Gift of [[Anathapindada]]'', 2nd–3rd century, Gandhara. This panel retains some of the [[gilding]] that many Gandharan reliefs probably originally had.<ref>Pal, 115; [https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/38207 Metropolitan Museum]</ref>]]
For the remainder of Buddha's life he travelled around a relatively restricted area of the Indo-Gangetic plain, preaching and making converts, organizing his growing ''[[sangha]]'' or body of followers, and sometimes receiving gifts and offerings from various Indians, high and low. A number of incidents recorded in the biographies may be shown in art; not all can easily be identified in the case of small or damaged reliefs;<ref>Pal, 115</ref> this is especially the case in cycles which may mix [[Jataka tales]] and stories from the lives of other Buddhas.<ref>Zin, 265–266</ref> In the heavy rains of the [[monsoon season]] he remained in one place; latterly these stays were mostly in the monastic settlements established by this time, which initially were probably mainly occupied during the rains.<ref>Leidy, 3; [http://www.buddhanet.net/bud_lt17.htm buddhanet], a Theravada chronology of these years, especially the monsoon retreats.</ref>

The Buddha's [[ten principal disciples]], who seem to be historical figures, in some cases very important figures in the early development of Buddhism, are given personalities in the literature, and various anecdotes concerning them are depicted in art, with or without the Buddha being present.<ref>Anand, 31–33</ref>

The large donation by the rich merchant [[Anathapindika]] (birth name Sudatta) founded the important early [[vihara]] (monastery) of [[Jetavana]]; he was supposed to have decided the amount by covering the proposed site with gold coins.<ref>Pal, 115; [https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/38207 Metropolitan Museum]</ref> 

Many stories involve the future rebirths of those whose actions are good. The ''Offering of Dust'' shows a story from the ''[[Divyāvadāna]]'' in which two small boys, Jaya and Vijaya, were playing as the Buddha passed them, begging for alms. Jaya offered a handful of dust, saying it was meal, and expressed a prayer for a ''[[chakravartin]]'' or universal monarch. Buddha predicted that he would in the course of time be reborn as one, referring to the Emperor [[Ashoka]] ({{Circa|304–232 BC}}), a great promoter of Buddhism.<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/A_1922-0211-1 British Museum, Gandharan panel]; Pal, 117</ref>

====Conversions====
[[File:Conversion of the ascetics (visit of the three Kashyapa borthers with their disciples).jpg|thumb|Conversion of the three Kashyapa brothers and their followers, Gandhara. The naked attendant is the Buddha's guardian, [[Vajrapāṇi]].<ref>"On the Buddha's left, Vajrapāṇi, with long, bearded face, modelled planes of musculature, genitals, a long draped overgarment from his left shoulder passing across the legs, holds a faceted vajra with rounded ends in his left hand and raises a fly-whisk like a torch in the right." Panel #1961,0218.1. British Museum.[https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=223922&partId=1]</ref>]]
The first Buddhist converts were those presented at the First Sermon. Other early converts were the three Kasyapa brothers (in some accounts there is just one Kasyapa) and their many followers. They were leading a group of ascetics practicing fire rituals in a form of [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]], with a temple at Uruvilva on the [[Phalgu River]], near where Buddha had been for his most austere period. Buddha asked if he could spend the night in the temple, which was allowed, but he was warned of a terrible [[Nagaraja]] (snake deva). The Buddha eventually subdued the Nagaraja, finally kept it inside his alms-bowl, presenting it to Kasyapa. They were impressed and converted with their followers. In [[Indonesia]], there are early standing Buddha statues with Buddha holding his bowl with the snake in it, and the presentation of the remains is found in Gandharan reliefs.<ref>Pal, 116; [https://mahidol.ac.th/budsir/E_hist39.htm Mahidol University]</ref>

Buddha performed other miracles to convince the Kasyapas, including parting the waters of a river and mind-reading. The former is depicted on the East gate of Stupa 1 at Sanchi.<ref>Leidy, 22–23</ref>

====Return to the family====
[[File:Conversion of Nanda BM OA1900.05-33.1.jpg|thumb|''Conversion of Nanda'', [[Hadda, Afghanistan]], Gandhara. [[Sundari Nanda (half-sister of Buddha)|Sundari Nanda]] sits at her dressing-table at right, as [[Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)|Nanda]] leaves with the bowl. At left he kneels before Buddha.<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/A_1900-0522-1 British Museum entry]</ref>]]
Many of Buddha's relations eventually converted, after Buddha made a visit to his old home at Kapilavastu, perhaps at the request of his father. The moment of return is sometimes shown in art. His son [[Rāhula]], given various ages up to sixteen at this point, agreed to join his father as a novice over the visit. Buddha's, aunt, foster-mother (and stepmother) [[Mahapajapati Gotami]] later became the first ordained Buddhist nun (''[[bhikkhunī]]'') after the death of her husband. Her children [[Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)|Nanda]] and [[Sundari Nanda (half-sister of Buddha)|Sundari Nanda]], half-brother and sister of Buddha, were married to each other, or were just about to be, but were persuaded to join the sangha. Both had difficulties adjusting, because of their love for each other.<ref>Pal, 44</ref>

There are varying versions of the story, which are sometimes shown in art. Usually, Nanda dined with the Buddha, who passed him or left his bowl before leaving. Nanda followed him with the bowl, and the Buddha walked with him until they reached the sangha. But Nanda was some time restless as a monk, until the Buddha took him up to the [[Tavatimsa]] heaven, which motivated him to continue in his new life. The initial conversion, and the two flying up to heaven, or in heaven, are sometimes shown in art, as is Nanda's "ordination" as a monk.<ref>Zin, 266–273</ref>

[[Ananda]], a childhood friend and a cousin, was converted and became a close companion for the rest of his life. Ananda's brother [[Devadatta]] also converted.<ref>Pal, 44</ref>

===Visit of Indra to the Indrasala Cave===
[[File:Indrasala Buddha with Indra, Mathura 50-100 CE.jpg|thumb|Buddha with Indra at the [[Indrasala Cave]], detail from a crossbar, Mathura 50–100 AD. Harpist at left.]]
One rainy season retreat of the Buddha was spent in the [[Indrasala Cave]] near [[Rajgir]], for which various locations have been proposed. While there, Indra (Sakra in Buddhism) paid the Buddha a visit, and posed him 42 questions, which he was able to answer. Indra sent a deva harpist-singer ahead to sing to the Buddha, who may be shown in depictions.<ref>Leidy, 24; [https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/indra-s-visit-to-indrasala-cave/XgGwILIW1stDFA?hl=en Relief in] the [[Indian Museum, Kolkata]]</ref>

These begin at Bharut and [[Mathura]] in the first century, and the illustrated panel from Mathura (50–100 AD) is one of the earliest known depictions of Buddha as a human form.<ref>Leidy, 23</ref>

===The monkey's offering===
[[File:Scenes from the Life of Buddha Shakyamuni, Covers of an Ashtasahasrika Prajnaparamita (The Perfection of Wisdom in 8,000 Verses) LACMA M.77.19.1a-b (6 of 10).jpg|thumb|From a 12th-century book-cover, Nepal. The monkey appears three times, at far right as a [[Deva (Buddhism)|deva]].<ref>Pal (1985), 194</ref>]]
One of the [[The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha|Eight Great Events]], this took place during the Parileyyakka Retreat at [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]], in the tenth year after his Enlightenment. It is also called the ''Monkey's Offering of Honey''. A monkey offers honey to Buddha, who is shown in the lotus position, with his begging bowl in his lap. In some versions the Buddha initially rejected the honey because it had bee larvae, ants or other insects in it, but after the monkey carefully removed these with a twig his gift was accepted.<ref>[https://mahidol.ac.th/budsir/E_hist66.htm Mahidol University]</ref>

It is the most obscure of the eight events, not in the standard early biographical texts,<ref>Pal, 48</ref> and relatively uncommonly depicted before it became one of the ''Eight Great Events'' around the 8th century.<ref>Brown (2009), 43</ref> It is also rather unclear from the texts why it is connected to [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]],<ref>Brown (2009), 47; Pal, 48 talks of "the rather contrived association".</ref> but this was an important city with other connections with the Buddha, who preached his last sermon there. He left his begging bowl in the city when he departed, and this, which became an important [[cetiya]] or relic, is the indispensable identifying element in the most reduced images, when even the monkey is not shown. The monkey may be shown, and also an elephant who also protected Buddha and gave him water. Each of these had divergent and initially unhappy after-stories. The monkey, overcome with excitement when his gift is accepted, fell or jumped down a well in some versions, but was later saved and turned into a [[Deva (Buddhism)|deva]],<ref>Brown (2009), 43–52</ref> or was reborn as a human who joined Buddha's [[sangha]] as a monk.<ref>Frye, Stanley (trans.) ''The Sutra of the Wise and the Foolish'', 215–218, 1981, Library of Tibetan Works & Archives, {{ISBN|9788185102153}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=m44HEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA217 google books]</ref>

<gallery widths="180px" heights="170px">
File:Door casing life of the Buddha Guimet MA18849 n02.jpg|One of the few Gandharan depictions of the monkey offering honey. His gift accepted, the monkey dances excitedly.
File:Indian Museum Sculpture - Buddha with Bowl, 10c, Bihar (9217927185).jpg|Buddha with small monkey at left; both have bowls.
</gallery>

===Taming Nalagiri the elephant===
One of the [[The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha|Eight Great Events]]. The Buddha's cousin and brother-in-law [[Devadatta]] is portrayed in Buddhist tradition as an evil and schismatic figure. He is said to have attempted to kill Buddha by setting the ferocious elephant Nalagiri on Buddha, at [[Rajgir]]. Buddha pacifies the elephant, who kneels before him.<ref>Craven, 78; Varma, [https://ignca.gov.in/online-digital-resources/jataka-stories/079-nalgiri-elephant/ 079 – Nalgiri Elephant]; Prematilleke, 167</ref> Buddha is usually shown standing, with his hand in the ''[[abhayamudra]]'', with his right hand held open and the palm vertical. The elephant is usually much smaller, often at the scale of a small dog compared to Buddha, and shown bowing to Buddha. Sometimes a small figure of [[Ananda]], a close disciple, stands by Buddha, as in some texts of the story he remained with Buddha during the episode.<ref>Sahni, 189–190</ref>

<gallery widths="150px" heights="170px">
File:Indian Museum Sculpture - Subjugation of Nalagiri, 2c, Mathura (9218037271).jpg|Nalagiri subdued, rear of a pillar with the [[Bhuteswar Yakshis]], 2nd century
File:Periodo pre-murya, sculture dallo stupa buddista di amaravati, presso guntur, a. pradesh, addomesticamento dell'elefante nalagiri, 150 dc ca. 01.jpg|[[Amaravarti Stupa|Amaravarti]], c. 150
File:Subjugation of Nalagiri by Buddha - Yu Suf Zai - Gandhara - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2012-11-16 1921.JPG|Subjugation of Nalagiri by the Buddha, Gandhara
File:64. Buddha-10th century CE-Basalt- Bihar-3769-A25153--Sculpture Gallery of Indian Museum-Kolkata-West Bengal.jpg|''Taming Nalagiri the elephant'', who appears at hedgehog size at left, with [[Ananda]] at right
</gallery>

===Descent from Tavatimsa Heaven===
[[File:Buddha's Descent from the Trayastrimsha Heaven, India, 2nd-3rd century AD, schist - Chazen Museum of Art - DSC01618 (cropped).JPG|thumb|''Descent from Tavatimsa Heaven'', escorted by [[Indra]] and [[Brahma]], 2nd–3rd century]]
One of the [[The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha|Eight Great Events]]. Some years after his enlightenment, Buddha visited the [[Tavatimsa]] heaven, where he was joined by his mother (from the [[Tushita]] heaven). For three months he taught her the [[Abhidhamma]] doctrine, before descending again to earth at [[Sankassa]]. Larger depictions show the Buddha descending the central one of three ladders or steps, often attended by Indra and Brahma, lords of the Tavatimsa heaven,<ref>Pal (1984), 112</ref> who may remain at the top of any steps, but in simplified depictions they flank a standing Buddha on either side, at a much smaller scale, sometimes one holding a [[parasol]] over the Buddha. Buddha makes the ''[[varadamudra]]''. A small figure of the nun [[Uppalavanna|Utpalavarana]] may be waiting for the Buddha below.<ref>Craven, 174; Varma, [https://ignca.gov.in/online-digital-resources/jataka-stories/082-the-buddhas-teaching-of-abhidhamma/ 082 – The Buddha’s Teaching of Abhidhamma]; Sahni, 195–196; Prematilleke, 164</ref> The event is still celebrated in Tibet, in a festival called [[Lhabab Duchen]].<ref>[https://royalmt.com.np/blog/lhabab-duchen-festival/ "Lhabab Duchen, Festival of the Buddha’s Descent from Heaven"]</ref>

<gallery widths="180px" heights="170px">
File:Bharhut Ajatasattu Pillar - Descent From Tavatimsa.jpg|Descent from Tavatimsa Heaven, in [[Bharhut]], 2nd–1st century BC ([[Aniconism in Buddhism|aniconic]])
File:Buddha Panel from Afghanistan.jpg|Descent from Tavatimsa Heaven, in the [[Greco-Buddhist art]] of [[Gandhara]]
File:Life Scenes of Buddha - Birth-Enlightenment-Descent from Heaven-First Sermon-Passing Away - Circa 2nd Century CE - Rajghat - ACCN 00-H-1 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-23 5843.JPG|Descent from Tavatimsa Heaven (central scene), 2nd century AD, Mathura
</gallery>

===Miracle at Shravasti===
One of the [[The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha|Eight Great Events]], this is also called [[the Twin Miracle]], and was performed at [[Shravasti]] (Sravasti etc.). In a "miracle contest" with the [[Six Heretical Teachers]], the Buddha performed two miracles. The first and more commonly depicted is known as the "multiplication of Buddhas", where Buddha baffles the others by multiplying his form into several Buddhas, who preach to the assembled crowd. In small pieces, however, only one Buddha figure may be shown.<ref>Sahni, 189, 190, 191–192, 195 describe different depictions; Prematilleke, 167;Pal (1984), 111</ref>

In the other, Buddha makes flames rise up from his upper body, while water flows from the lower parts.<ref>Craven, 174</ref> The depiction indicates both elements by patterns on the relief, with the Buddha standing with his hand in the ''[[abhayamudra]]''. Another miracle, with the miraculous growth of a mango tree,<ref>Pal (1984), 111</ref> is shown in earlier reliefs at Sanchi, but not in depictions of the ''Eight Great Events''.

<gallery widths="180px" heights="170px">
File:Buddha in Multiplied Forms - Miracle of Sravasti - Saranath - Uttar Pradesh - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2012-11-16 1995.JPG|The ''Multiplication of Buddhas'', Sarnath, 5th-century
File:Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Sravasti Miracle.jpeg|The ''Multiplication of Buddhas'', manuscript illustration, [[Nalanda]], after 700
File:Miracle of Sravasti.jpg|The ''miracle of fire and water'', Gandhara, 3rd-century

</gallery>

===Death of Buddha===
[[File:Gandharan - Death of the Buddha - Walters 2556.jpg|thumb|Death, Gandhara]]
This is the last of the [[The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha|Eight Great Events]] and included in all such groupings. It is also called the ''[[Parinirvana]]'' ("entry to [[nirvana]]"). It took place at [[Kushinagar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is normally depicted in stele groups across the centre of the top, above the main figures, with a [[reclining Buddha]] with his head to the left, usually on a raised couch or bed. As many followers as space allow are crowded round the bed, in early versions making extravagant gestures of grief; these return in later Japanese paintings.<ref>Rowland, 134; Pal (1984), 19, 121–122</ref>

A rather small figure is often shown, typically facing out, sitting in front of the bed, usually in rather shallow relief; this is the Buddha's last convert, the ascetic Subhadra (or Sucandra). His water-sack suspended from a tripod or held in a cleft stick is ascetic equipment. He realizes that Buddha has attained final Nirvana, and does not show grief. Another monk at the front, sometimes being helped by a standing figure at the side, is [[Ananda]], Buddha's cousin and closest companion. Sometimes a monk touches Buddha's feet.<ref>Behrend (2007), 41; Leidy, 40–41, she interprets the water-sack as a bag for possessions.</ref>
[[File:Galvihara-sunny.jpg|thumb|Rock-cut Reclining Buddha, [[Gal Vihara]], [[Sri Lanka]], 12th century]]

In [[Sri Lanka]], artists often showed the Buddha alive and awake,<ref>Pal (1984), 19</ref> but elsewhere the moment after death is usually represented. Sometimes the body is already wrapped in a shroud, but usually the face, as if asleep, is turned towards the viewer. Traditionally the death took place between two [[sal tree]]s (the same species under which he was born), which may be shown behind him, as may their tree-spirits in the branches.<ref>Craven, 90; Verma, [https://ignca.gov.in/online-digital-resources/jataka-stories/086-story-of-parinibbana/ 086 – Story of Parinibbana]; Sahni, 185, 190–191; Prematilleke, 164–165</ref> The texts (the Pali ''[[Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta]]'' and Sanskrit-based ''[[Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra]]'' are the earliest) say he lived to be eighty, but he is shown as young, as he is in all depictions of him as an adult.<ref>Pal (1986), 32–33</ref>

In Japan, where extensive narrative cycles barely exist, there are distinctive depictions of the ''Death'' (''Nehan'' in Japanese), with large groups of human witnesses, surrounding a Buddha at a far larger scale, and (usually at the bottom of the picture space) a group of mixed species of animals.<ref>Pal, 122–126, 187–190</ref> These were often displayed in temples when the death was commemorated each year. There is a quasi-parodic sub-genre (''Yasai Nehan'') of [[still-life]]s of fruit and vegetables, representing a Parinnirvana scene.<ref>Pal, 128</ref> A 19th-century painting in the [[British Museum]] from the ''[[shunga]]'' erotic genre represents the persons present as penises and [[vulva]]s; other images show famous actors as the characters.<ref>[[:File:Penis Parinirvana (BM 2011,3012.1 19).jpg|Image]], [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/A_2011-3012-1 British Museum page]</ref>

<gallery widths="180" heights="170">
File:Four Scenes from the Life of the Buddha - Parinirvana - Kushan dynasty, late 2nd to early 3rd century AD, Gandhara, schist - Freer Gallery of Art - DSC04578.jpg|Parinirvana, [[Kushan dynasty]], late 2nd to early 3rd century, Gandhara
File:Arte de Gandhara. Dahlem. 06.TIF|Gandhara. Shrouded Buddha, Subhadra, Ananda and tree-spirits
File:Kizil 38, Parinirvana.jpg|Parinirvana scene, Cave 38 at [[Kizil Caves]], 4th century<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Howard |first1=Angela F. |title=In Support of a New Chronology for the Kizil Mural Paintings |journal=Archives of Asian Art |year=1991 |volume=44 |page=75 |jstor=20111218 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20111218 |issn=0066-6637}}</ref>
File:Hanabusa Itchō - Parinirvana of Sakyamuni, the Historical Buddha - 2013.29.2 - Minneapolis Institute of Art.jpg|Japanese painting, with animals, by [[Hanabusa Itchō]], before 1699<ref>[https://collections.artsmia.org/art/117238/parinirvana-of-sakyamuni-hanabusa-itcho Minneapolis Institute of Art] page</ref>
File:Mourning the Death of a Gourd, parody of the Parivirvana, Shibata Zeshin, 1854 or 1859, print - Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art, University of Oregon - Eugene, Oregon - DSC09343.jpg|''Mourning the Death of a Gourd'', parody of the Parivirvana, [[Shibata Zeshin]], 1854 or 1859
</gallery>

===Cremation and division of the relics===
The Buddha was cremated,<ref>Leidy, 3</ref> which is a relatively uncommon scene in art. According to his instructions his ashes were divided and sent to a number of key sites, where they were interred in [[reliquaries]] under [[stupa]]s. The ''Division of the Relics'', supervised by a [[brahmin]] called Drona, is sometimes shown, as well as many scenes of them being worshipped, especially in Eastern India, where most were located. There was a dispute between the Buddha's Sakya clan, who claimed all the relics, and neighbouring groups, which briefly turned to conflict before a compromise was reached, again using Droma.<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/A_1966-1017-1 "The Distribution of the Relics."], Gandharan panel, [[British Museum]]; [https://mahidol.ac.th/budsir/E_hist79.htm Mahidol University]</ref> A famous scene of the ''Civil War over the Relics'' is on a Sanchi gateway crossbar.<ref>Bautze-Picron, 210</ref>

<gallery widths="180px" heights="170px">
File:Indian Museum Sculpture - Cremation of Buddha (9218060565).jpg|Cremation of Buddha, Gandhara
File:Kizil Caves Parinirvana.jpg|Cremation of the Buddha, Māyā Cave, [[Kizil Caves]], end 6th century
File:EndAscetism.JPG|Division of the relics, supervised by Droma
File:Transporting Buddha's Relics, 2nd-4th Cent. AD (detail).jpg|Transporting Buddha's Relics, 2nd–4th century
</gallery>

==Art history==
===Early aniconic representations===
[[File:Sanchi,stupa 1,torana east, front.JPG|thumb|[[Sanchi]], Stupa 1, east gateway, railings (here undecorated) and stupa behind]]
The earliest representations followed the general [[aniconism in Buddhism|avoidance of depicting the Buddha]]. This was in no way a general [[aniconism]], and many scenes are crowded with other figures, some identifiable and others [[staffage]]. The location of the Buddha can be inferred from a gap, usually in the centre, of these crowded images. A scene of the ''Dream of Queen Maya'' will lack the elephant, and one of ''The Great Departure'' will have a riderless horse, surrounded by the usual crowd of heavenly figures. This phase, seen at the stupas at [[Bharhut]] (now all in museums), [[Sanchi]] (main, "Stupa I"), and early pieces at [[Amaravarti Stupa|Amaravarti]],<ref>Harle, 26, 32–38</ref> as well as some Gandharan pieces, lasted until the first century AD, with some aniconic images later. Apart from the absence of the main figure, many images are very similar in composition to later ones with the figure.<ref>Pal, 131–132; Bautze-Picron, 203–208</ref> Of Bharhut, Claudine Bautze-Picron says "what is depicted here enters the Buddhist [[iconography]] for ever".<ref>Bautze-Picron, 206</ref>

===Grouping, and narrative method===
The numerous images at on the gateways at Sanchi mix up scenes from the last and previous lives of the Buddha, as well as later worship, repeat popular scenes, and are apparently arranged randomly, rather than chronologically or with any particular meaning to the sequence. This is thought to be the result of different scenes being commissioned and therefore chosen by different individuals or groups. At Bharut terse inscriptions identify the scenes, but not at Sanchi. It is likely that monks offered pilgrims guided tours of the scenes.<ref>Leidy, 16–20; Bautze-Picron, 203–208</ref>

Most of the Gandharan scenes were not excavated in a systematic manner, and many pieces had been attacked and damaged, and it is often hard to know what the overall scheme was.<ref>Behrend (2007), 3; Stewart, 6, 9</ref> At Borobudor the full scheme remains in position, and follows a surviving biography closely and in sequence (there are some differences, probably because the exact version of the text used has not survived).<ref>Krom, 1–3</ref>
[[File:Old relics in Lahore Museum.jpg|thumb|The [[Sikri stupa]], Gandharan, largely a reconstruction, apart from the middle section, with 13 scenes from Buddha's life]]
The Gandharan method of telling the story in a number of separate scenes, clearly demarcated by frames or columns, is a "definite borrowing from Roman art"; it is seen in depictions of imperial careers. It is different from the "continuous narration" seen in earlier Indian art, and that from other regions, with figures appearing more than once, and episodes blending into each other.<ref>Rowland, 132</ref> The Gandharan reliefs decorated the sides of stupas, and walls, railings and even the risers of stairs around them. Restricted space reduced the number of figures in many to a few figures, but larger panels may contain many, as do the reliefs from the eastern side of India.<ref>The MAP Academy, "Gandharan Sculpture," in Smarthistory, September 12, 2022, accessed October 18, 2022, [https://smarthistory.org/gandharan-sculpture/ online]</ref>

===Locations of reliefs===
[[File:Saidu Sharif Stupa (1).jpg|thumb|Bases for one large and several small ruined stupas at the [[Saidu Sharif Stupa]], [[Swat District]], Pakistan, formerly Gandhara]]
At Indian stupa sites such as Barhut, Sanchi, and (to a lesser extent) Amaravati the placing of the surviving images around the stupa drum or on the railings and ''[[torana]]'' gateways is relatively clear from the best preserved sections. At Borobudor the whole monument is relatively intact. But very little sculpture survives ''in situ'' from the Gandharan structures and what did has been liable to destructive iconoclasm, earthquakes and reuse up to the present).<ref>"Owing to deficiencies in the recording of nineteenth-century finds, the sometimes delayed or meagre publication of excavations, and above all the endemic private excavation—looting—of sculptures in the region, the great majority of extant Gandhāran sculptures have no provenance (not to mention specific find-
locations)", Stewart, 6; Behrend (2009), 17–35</ref>

The Gandharan sites were rather different from the early Indian ones, and offered many places for sculpture. After an early period following the massive low domes of India, after about 100 AD the main Gandharan stupas usually had a high square base, topped by a round section with a vertical wall, then a dome on top of that. Apart from large outside stupas, there were many smaller stupas either outside or built in a small shrine chamber off a larger room, mostly [[votive offering]]s. These developed a complicated arrangement of bands or zones around the stupa, all decorated differently. There might be a projecting flat "false gable" section at the front. Sculpture could decorate most stupa surfaces, but it is likely that many of the best-preserved small panels come from the drums of smaller stupas in a shrine room. A set of reliefs running round a smallish stupa might require "about eight to twenty life scenes". The choice was made by the commissioner, no doubt often with monastic advice, and many sets chose to illustrate a particular period of the Buddha's life.<ref>Behrend (2007), 32–34</ref>

In the main large stupas there were wide steps rising to the top of the square base, and the vertical "riser" spaces of these were another location for sculpture. In some cases the triangular spaces at the sides created by each step also had carved reliefs, though these mostly did not feature religious scenes, but grotesques, monsters or garlands.<ref>Behrend (2007), 26–29</ref>

Small reliefs, light enough to take on travels, were made as folding [[diptych]]s for monks or well-off lay persons. Two scenes on each wing was one common arrangement, often with the four main events.<ref>Pal, 55–56, 110</ref>

<gallery widths="180px" heights="170px">
File:Afghanistan, scala per piattaf. di stupa, dal sito di hadda, monastero di chakhil-i-ghoundi, II-III sec.JPG|Reconstruction of stupa stairway from [[Hadda, Afghanistan]]
File:Architectural elements featuring centaur-sea serpents 1-200 CE Pakistan Gandhara Schist (1) (361649846).jpg|Side panel from a stairway, with "centaur-sea serpent", Gandhara
File:Guimet Hadda 02.JPG|Small stupa from [[Hadda, Afghanistan]]
File:Pics of nalanda.jpg|Bases of small votive stupas at [[Nalanda]]
</gallery>

===Rises and falls of narrative imagery===
[[File:TenThousandBhuddaHongKong.JPG|thumb|left|A wall of "Ten Thousand Buddha" small statues, [[Ten Thousand Buddhas Monastery]], [[Hong Kong]]]]
At various periods narrative images of Buddha's life decline or disappear from the surviving record over wide areas. For early periods, this is undoubtedly affected by the great majority of survivals being stone sculpture, while manuscripts, mural paintings and wood sculpture have almost all been lost.<ref>Rowland, 243, 370–371, 404</ref> The Indian tradition of Buddhist paintings on cloth (''pata'') has left no survivals, but its descendents can undoubtedly be seen in the [[thanka]]s of Tibetan and [[Himalayan art]], especially earlier ones.<ref>Behrend (2014), 35–36</ref>

In India, large reliefs or free-standing statues of the Buddha appear at the same time, or just a little later, as narrative reliefs, and before long these are often "Buddhist triads" with two smaller figures flanking the main Buddha, representing bodhisattvas or other Buddhas. After a few centuries images of these figures by themselves become popular,<ref>Leidy, 32–39, she believes many depictions usually regarded as of Shakyamuni may represent other bodhisattvas or buddhas; Bautze-Picron, 197</ref> and eventually more common than those of Gautama Buddha in many areas where Mahayana Buddhism dominated, reflecting changes in Buddhist thought and meditational and devotional practice.<ref>Behrend (2014), 8–11, 27; Pal, 18; Harle, 214–215; Rowland, 255, 262, 269</ref>

Another factor behind the replacement of narrative images was that the commissioning of images of Buddha was believed to accrue [[Merit (Buddhism)|merit]], and many Buddhists took the view that commissioning numerous small Buddha images was better for this than fewer large ones. Already in Gandhara, rows of small meditating Buddhas can be seen running around stupas. Later the "Thousand Buddhas" style became very popular, with large grids of small figures. These are very common in surviving Chinese murals, and on a smaller scale in manuscripts. Sometimes the Buddhas are identical, but in other works they vary in their [[mudra]]s and other small details.<ref>Pal, 270–271</ref>
[[File:Chinese birth of Buddha Baocheng.jpg|thumb|''Birth'', from Baocheng's printed book, China, {{Circa|1465–1487}}]]

In [[Theravada Buddhism]] the emphasis on Gautama Buddha remained strong, and narrative images of his life have remained popular where there is a suitable location. Apart from the huge cycle at Borobudor, there is a large cycle of reliefs in niches inside the [[Ananda Temple]] in [[Bagan]], [[Myanmar]] probably from not long after 1105.<ref>Pal, 162; Rowland, 442</ref> Japanese Buddhist art lacks narrative cycles until the last two centuries, and concentrates, mostly in painting or prints, on a small number of incidents, some of which are effectively of Japanese origin. Apart from the pointing baby Buddha, ''Shakyamuni Descending from the Mountain'' and the ''Parinnirvana'', discussed above, there are depictions of Buddha preaching.<ref>Pal, 187–190</ref>

The [[History of printing in East Asia|arrival of printing]] a new medium for illustrations of biographical writings, often for a popular market. Some of the first were for a biography by a monk called Baocheng (寶成, otherwise unknown) in [[Ming dynasty]] China, probably first published between 1422 and 1425. The biography was the first two volumes in a large work of four volumes that went on to give a history of Buddhism, especially in China, which was re-issued in various rather different blockprinted editions until the early 19th century. An edition of {{Circa|1465–1487}} has 100 illustrations in each volume, hand-coloured in the copy in the [[Library of Congress]].<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/item/2012402109/ ''Shi shi yuan liu ying hua shi ji: si juan''], Library of Congress, fully online</ref>

==See also==
*[[Buddhānussati]]
*[[Buddha footprint]]
*[[Eight Great Events]]
*[[Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand]]
*[[Miracles of Gautama Buddha]]
*[[Relics associated with Buddha]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*Anand, Ashok Kumar, ''Buddhism in India: From the Sixth Century B.C. to the Third Century A.D.'', 1996, Gyan Publishing House, ISBN 9788121205061, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Vp5UekjhQxAC&pg=PA31 google books]
*Bautze-Picron, Claudine, "The biography of the Buddha in Indian art: how and when?" in ''Biographie als religiöser und kultureller Text/Biography as a religious and cultural text'', Ed. Schüle, Andreas, 2002, Lit Verlag, pp. 197–239, ([https://www.academia.edu/20282789/The_biography_of_the_Buddha_in_Indian_art_how_and_when online] at Academia.edu)
*Behrend, Kurt A., ''Tibet and India: Buddhist Traditions and Transformations'', 2014, Metropolitan Museum of Art, {{ISBN|9781588395498}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aLVoDwAAQBAJ google books]
*Behrend, Kurt A. (ed), ''The Art of Gandhara in the Metropolitan Museum of Art'', 2007, Metropolitan Museum of Art, {{ISBN|9781588392244}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=MJ3eCZVlT48C online]
*Behrend, Kurt A., ''The Ancient Reuse and Recontextualization of Gandharan Images: Second to Seventh Centuries CE'', 2009, ''South Asian Studies'', ''Ganharan Studies'', vol. 2, [https://www.academia.edu/2972684/The_Ancient_Reuse_and_Recontextualization_of_Gandharan_Images_Second_to_Seventh_Centuries_CE online at www.academia.edu]
*Brown, Kathryn Selig. “Life of the Buddha”, 2003, In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–, [https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/buda/hd_buda.htm online]
*Brown, R. L., "Telling the Story in Art of the Monkey’s Gift of Honey to the Buddha", 2009, ''Bulletin of the Asia Institute'', 23, 43–52, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049422 JSTOR]
*[[Roy C. Craven|Craven, Roy C.]], ''Indian Art: A Concise History'', 1987, Thames & Hudson (Praeger in USA), {{ISBN|0500201463}}
*Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}
*Huntington, Susan L. and John C., ''The Art of Ancient India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain'', 2014, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|9788120836174}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9g_uDwAAQBAJ&q=079+%E2%80%93+Buddha+Nalagiri+Elephant google books]
*Karetzky, Patricia Eichenbaum, ''Early Buddhist Narrative Art: Illustrations of the Life of the Buddha from Central Asia to China, Korea, and Japan'', 2000, University Press of America, {{ISBN|9780761816713}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9LjmXHFXju4C&pg=PA140 google books]
*Krom, N. J., ''The Life Of Buddha On The Stupa Of Barabudur According To The Lalitavistara Text'', 1926, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, [https://indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/life-buddha-stupa-barabudur-according-lalitavistara-text online from the Indian Government]
*Leidy, Denise Patry, ''The Art of Buddhism: An Introduction to Its History and Meaning'', 2009, Shambhala Publications, {{ISBN|9781590306703}}
*"Mandala", "The Twelve deeds of Shakyamuni", ''Mandala'', September–October, 2021, [http://fpmt.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2011/01/Twelve%20Deeds-9-2001.pdf PDF]
*[[John Marshall (archaeologist)|Marshall, John H.]], ''The Buddhist Art of Gandhara: the Story of the Early School, Its Birth, Growth and Decline'', 1960, Cambridge University Press, [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.28863/page/n29/mode/2up Internet Archive]
*[[Pratapaditya Pal|Pal, Pratapaditya]], ''Light of Asia : Buddha Sakyamuni in Asian art'', 1984, [[LACMA]], {{ISBN|087587116X}}, [https://archive.org/details/lightofasiabuddh0000unse/page/6/mode/2up Internet archive]
*"Play": [https://web.archive.org/web/20160924134751/http://resources.84000.co/browser/released/UT22084/046/UT22084-046-001.pdf ''A Play in Full: Lalitavistara'' (2013), translated by the Dharmachakra Translation Committee] (complete translation from Tibetan into English)
*Pons, Jesse, ''The Figure with a Bow in Gandhāran Great Departure Scenes. Some New Readings'', 2014, ''Entangled Religions'', [https://www.academia.edu/38803912/The_Figure_with_a_Bow_in_Gandh%C4%81ran_Great_Departure_Scenes_Some_New_Readings academia.edu]
*Rowland, Benjamin, ''The Art and Architecture of India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain'', 1967 (3rd edn.), Pelican History of Art, Penguin, {{ISBN|0140561021}}
*Sahni, Daya Ram, ''Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology at Sarnath'', 1914, Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, [https://www.indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/catalogue-museum-archaeology-sarnath fully online from the Ministry of Culture, India]
*Skorupski, T., Review of ''Light of Asia: Buddha Sakyamuni in Asian Art'', by P. Pal, 162, ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', University of London, 1988, vol. 51(1), 162–163. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/618713 JSTOR]
*Shashibala, Dr, ''Buddhist Art: In Praise of the Divine'', 2003, Roli Books, {{ISBN|8174362177}}
*Soekmono, Dr, ''Chandi Borobudur: A Monument of Mankind'', 1976, Paris: Unesco Press. {{ISBN|92-3-101292-4}}, [https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000020097 Full PDF]
*Stewart, Peter, "The Provenance of the Gandhāran “Trojan Horse” Relief in the British Museum", ''Arts asiatiques'', 71, 2016. pp. 3–12, doi [https://doi.org/10.3406/arasi.2016.1923], [https://www.persee.fr/doc/arasi_0004-3958_2016_num_71_1_1923 online]
*Varma, C. B., ''The Illustrated Jataka & Other Stories of the Buddha'', [https://ignca.gov.in/online-digital-resources/jataka-stories/079-nalgiri-elephant/ online at the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts], Indian Ministry of Culture, (refs given to page numbers and titles from the menu at left)
*Zin, Monika, "The Story of the Conversion of Nanda in Borobudur", 2006, in: Bruhn, K., Mevissen, G.J.R. (eds.), ''Vanamālā, Festschrift Adalbert Gail''. Berlin: Weidler, pp. 265–275; [https://www.indologie.uni-muenchen.de/personen/2_professoren/zin/publ_zin/zin_2006_conversion.pdf online PDF]

==Further reading==
*Ziegler, Verena, [https://www.asianart.com/articles/ziegler/index.html "A preliminary report on the life of Buddha Śākyamuni in the murals of the circumambulatory of the Prajñāpāramitā chapel in Zha lu] (Tibet), in ''The Arts of Tibetan Painting: Recent Research on Manuscripts, Murals and Thangkas of Tibet, the Himalayas and Mongolia (11th −19th century)'', Proceedings of the Twelfth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Vancouver, 2010, Asian Arts
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y53pT_gGE_0C&pg=PA7 Symbolism in Tibetan Thangkas: The Story of Siddhartha and Other Buddhas Interpreted in Modern Nepalese Painting] By Ben Meulenbeld · 2001

==External links==
*[https://artsandculture.google.com/story/lQXxcg_jrsTeKg?hl=en "The Life of Buddha in Indian Art"] Online feature for an exhibition at the [[Indian Museum, Kolkata]]
*May, San San, [https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/2014/11/burmese-scenes-from-the-life-of-the-buddha.html "Burmese scenes from the Life of the Buddha"], [[British Library]] Asian and African studies blog, 2014

{{Gautama Buddha|state=expanded}}
{{Buddhism topics}}

[[Category:Buddhist art]]
[[Category:Gautama Buddha in art|*]]
[[Category:Buddhist iconography]]

Mangaluru–Coimbatore Intercity Express

2025-12-13T13:05:32Z

Ieagle123: location

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Mangaluru - Coimbatore Intercity Superfast Express
| logo =
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Intercity Superfast Express]]
| status = Running daily
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2011|11|18}}
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| ridership = Daily
| start = {{rws|Mangaluru Central}}
| stops = 12
| end = {{rws|Coimbatore Junction}}
| distance = {{convert|407|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 7 hours
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC Chair car, Second Sitting, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation = Rake Sharing with 16605 / 16606 [[Ernad Express]]
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities =
| stock = Standard [[Indian Railways]] Coaches
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification = Fully Electrified
| trainnumber = 22609 / 22610
| speed = {{convert|60|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| map =
| map_state =
}}

'''The 22609 / 22610 Mangaluru Central - Coimbatore - Mangaluru Central Intercity S.F Express''' is a [[Intercity express|Daily Intercity Superfast Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] [[Southern Railway zone]] that runs between {{rws|Mangaluru Central}} and {{rws|Coimbatore Junction}} in [[India]]. This service was started on 18th Nov 2011 from Palakkad Junction & it got extended to Coimbatore in the year 2012. It is one of the most preferred train by the commuters of this route connecting Mangaluru Central in Karnataka and Coimbatore junction in Tamil Nadu. Mangaluru Central to Coimbatore Junction Intercity Superfast Express is the Fastest train from Mangaluru Central to Coimbatore Junction and vice versa.

It operates as train number 22609 from {{rws|Mangaluru Central}} to {{rws|Coimbatore Junction}} and as train number 22610 in the reverse direction serving the states of [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]] & [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Railways-announces-major-train-regulation-at-Palakkad-Jn-/articleshow/52427834.cms], ''indiatimes.com'', 25 May 2016</ref>

==Coaches==
The 22609 / 22610 Mangalore Central - Coimbatore Junction Intercity Superfast Express has
* 02 AC Chair Car,
* 05 Second Sitting,
* 13 General Unreserved,
* 02 SLR (seating with luggage rake) Fully ICF Coaches.

It does not carry a [[Dining car|Pantry car coach]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Experimental-stoppage-for-Mangalore-trains/articleshow/24669046.cms?], ''indiatimes.com'', 24 October 2013</ref>

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==
The 22609 {{rws|Mangalore Central}} - {{rws|Coimbatore Junction}} Intercity Superfast Express covers the distance of {{convert|407|km|0|abbr=on}} in 7 hours (58 km/h) and in 7 hours as the 22610 {{rws|Coimbatore Junction}} - {{rws|Mangalore Central}} Intercity Superfast Express (58 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is above {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per railway rules, its fare includes a Superfast surcharge.

==Routing==
The 22609 / 10 Mangalore Central - Coimbatore Junction Intercity Express runs from {{rws|Mangaluru Central}} via [[Kasaragod|Kasaragod, Kanhangad, Nileshwar,Payannur]] ,{{rws|Kannur, Thalassery, Vadakara}}, {{rws|Kozhikode}}, {{rws|Parappanangadi}}, {{rws|Tirur}}, {{rws|Shoranur Junction}}, [[Ottapalam]], {{rws|Palakkad Junction}} to {{rws|Coimbatore Junction}}.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Trains-to-be-regulated-detained-to-facilitate-steel-girder-work/articleshow/45652421.cms], ''indiatimes.com'', 26 December 2014</ref>

==Traction==
As the route is fully electrified, an [[Electric Loco 5Shed, Erode|Erode]] based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram|Royapuram]] based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] electric locomotive pulls the train to its destination.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/mangaluru-coimbatore-intercity-sf-express-22609/15666/1470/41 22609 Intercity Express] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/coimbatore-mangaluru-intercity-sf-express-22610/15668/41/1470 22610 Intercity Express] at India Rail Info

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mangalore Central - Coimbatore Intercity Express}}
[[Category:Intercity Express (Indian Railways) trains]]
[[Category:Transport in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Transport in Coimbatore]]

Harinder Singh (general)

2025-12-02T22:42:29Z

Ieagle123: basic fixed intro for consistency also and improved wording

{{Short description|General Officer in the Indian Army}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant General]]
| name = Harinder Singh
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]], [[Sena Medal|SM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]
| native_name =
| image = Lieutenant General Harinder Singh.jpeg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Gen. Harinder Singh as North Kivu brigade commander in 2012
| birth_date = 
| death_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 17 December 1983 – 31 August 2022
| rank = [[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|22px]] Lieutenant General
| servicenumber = IC-41528
| unit = [[Maratha Light Infantry]]
| commands = [[Commandant of the Indian Military Academy|Commandant Indian Military Academy]] [[XIV Corps (India)|XIV Corps]] [[Rashtriya Rifles]]
| battles =
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[File:Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Yudh Seva Medal]] [[File:Sena Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Sena Medal]]
| spouse =
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website =
| other_name =
| memorials =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| module =
}}
[[Lieutenant General]] '''Harinder Singh''' [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]], [[Sena Medal|SM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]], is a retired [[General Officer]] of the [[Indian Army]]. He retired from Indian Army after serving as commandant of [[Indian Military Academy]] in his last appointment. Previously, he was the Commander of [[XIV Corps (India)|XIV Corps]] (also known as [[Fire and Fury Corps]]) from October 2019 to October 2020, succeeding Lt Gen [[Yogesh Kumar Joshi]], PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, VrC, SM, ADC.<ref name=tribune>{{cite news |title=Lt Gen Harinder Singh assumes command of Fire & Fury Corps |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/news-detail-845342 |publisher=[[Tribune India]] |date=10 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Manral |first1=Karan |title=Ladakh Standoff: Meet Lieutenant General Harinder Singh, Who Will Represent India at Today's Talks With China |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/ladakh-standoff-meet-lieutenant-general-harinder-singh-who-will-represent-india-at-todays-military-level-talks-4050088/#:~:text=The%20officer%20is%20an%20alumnus,published%20several%20essays%20and%20papers |publisher=[[India.com]] |date=6 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lt Gen Harinder Singh visits Eastern Ladakh, reviews operational preparedness |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lt-gen-harinder-singh-visits-eastern-ladakh-reviews-operational-preparedness20191018203839/ |publisher=[[ANI News]] |date=1 October 2019}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
General Harinder Singh completed his schooling from Senior Secondary School Sector 10, Bhilai. An alumnus of NDA and IMA, the officer has been an academy blue in hockey and represented his school and services at the national level.

== Career ==
The officer was commissioned into the Maratha Light Infantry Regiment, in Dec 1983.

== Writing ==

== Honours and decorations ==
, Ati Vishisht Seva Medal (AVSM) in 2017, Yudh Seva Medal (YSM) in 2005, Sena Medal (SM-G) for gallantry in 1984 and Vishist Seva Medal (VSM) in 2016.
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|
|[[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|
|-
|[[File:Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:Sena Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND Siachen Glacier Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Operation Vijay medal.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Operation Parakram medal.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND High Altitude Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Videsh Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:UN UNAVEM Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:UN MONUC Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"

|colspan="2"|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|colspan="2"|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|-
|colspan="1"|[[Yudh Seva Medal]]
|colspan="1"|[[Sena Medal]]
|colspan="1"|[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|colspans="1" align="center" |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Special Service Medal]]
|-
|[[Siachen Glacier Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Operation Vijay Medal]]
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sainya Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|High Altitude Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Videsh Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[United Nations Angola Verification Mission III|UNAVEM III Medal]]
|[[United Nations Medal]]
|-
|}

==Dates of rank==
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Second_Lieutenant_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Second Lieutenant]] || [[Indian Army]] || 17 December 1983
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant]] || Indian Army || 17 December 1985
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Captain_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] || Indian Army || 17 December 1988<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1398 |date=16 September 1989 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Major_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major (rank)|Major]] || Indian Army || 17 December 1994<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=569 |date=15 April 1995 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] || Indian Army || 16 December 2004<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1898 |date=15 October 2005 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Colonel]] || Indian Army || 15 March 2006<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=2181 |date=20 December 2008 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Brigadier_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Brigadier]] || Indian Army || 1 April 2011 (substantive, with seniority from 5 September 2009)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=433 |date=22 April 2014 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Major_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major general#India|Major General]] || Indian Army || 1 June 2016 (substantive, with seniority from 13 January 2013)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=351 |date=8 April 2017 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant-General]] || Indian Army || 1 October 2018<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1670 |date=24 October 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of serving generals of the Indian Army ]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{Succession box
| title = General Officer Commanding [[XIV Corps (India)|XIV Corps]]
| years = October 2019 - Incumbent
| before = [[Yogesh Kumar Joshi]]
| after = [[PGK Menon]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Chief of the Army Staff India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Harinder}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sena Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Yudh Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]
[[Category:Commandants of the Indian Military Academy]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]

Sarvesh Murari

2025-11-27T07:01:36Z

Ieagle123: adding first pg from scratch - done

{{short description|Indian cinematographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sarvesh Murari
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Cinematographer]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sarvesh Murari''' is an Indian [[cinematographer]], who has worked in the Telugu and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film industries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bdaa41cd5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205013630/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bdaa41cd5 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 February 2017 |title=Sarvesh Murari |publisher=BFI |date= |accessdate=2017-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/person/sarvesh-murari-movies-list/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718230449/http://spicyonion.com/person/sarvesh-murari-movies-list/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=18 July 2017 |title=Actor Sarvesh Murari Movies List, Sarvesh Murari Filmography, Sarvesh Murari 2 Films |publisher=Spicyonion.com |date=2013-06-21 |accessdate=2017-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nettv4u.com/celebrity/telugu/cinematographer/sarvesh-murari |title=Telugu Cinematographer Sarvesh Murari |publisher=Nettv4u |date= |accessdate=2017-02-16}}</ref>

==Career==
Sarvesh Murari is a cinematographer who has predominantly worked on for Telugu films. He started his career as camera assistant and worked for films including ''[[Family Circus (2001 film)|Family Circus]]'' and ''[[Nuvvu Nenu]]'', under [[Rasool Ellore]], and ''[[Aithe]]'', under [[K.K. Senthil Kumar]]. His first movie as the director of photography was ''[[Anukokunda Oka Roju]]'' (2005) directed by [[Chandra Sekhar Yeleti]], and received a further breakthrough following his work as the cinematographer of [[S. S. Rajamouli]]'s ''[[Vikramarkudu]]'' (2006).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://businessoftollywood.com/sarvesh-murari-cinematographer/ |title=Sarvesh Murari Cinematographer |publisher=Business of Tollywood |date=2013-10-17 |accessdate=2017-02-16}}</ref> Sarvesh Murari also notably worked as a second unit cameraman for ''[[Arundhati (2009 film)|Arundhathi]]'' (2009), before branching into Tamil films in 2017 with two films featuring [[Raghava Lawrence]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/pattas-remake-with-rahgava-lawrence-nikki-galrani-titled-as-motta-siva-ketta-siva-da-tamil-news-146482.html |title=Pattas Remake with Rahgava Lawrence Nikki Galrani titled as Motta Siva Ketta Siva Da - Tamil Movie News |work=Indiaglitz.com |date=2015-11-09 |accessdate=2017-02-16}}</ref>

In January 2016, he announced his intentions of working as a director in the future.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/cinematographer-to-turn-director-telugu-news-151013.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124195602/http://www.indiaglitz.com/cinematographer-to-turn-director-telugu-news-151013.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 January 2016 |title=Cinematographer to turn director - Telugu Movie News |work=Indiaglitz.com |date=2016-01-22 |accessdate=2017-02-16}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As cinematographer===
{| class="wikitable"
! Movie
! Year
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Anukokunda Oka Roju]]''
| Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2006
| ''[[Shock (2006 film)|Shock]]''
| Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Vikramarkudu]]''
| Telugu
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Nava Vasantham]]''
| Telugu
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Ontari (film)|Ontari]]''
| Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009
| ''[[Prayanam (2009 film)|Prayanam]]''
| Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Kurradu]]''
| Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2010
| ''[[Kedi (2010 film)|Kedi]]''
| Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Kalyanram Kathi]]''
| Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Ragada]]''
| Telugu
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Nippu]]''
| Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
| ''[[Action 3D]]''
| Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Doosukeltha]]''
| Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
| ''[[Pataas]]''
| Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Sher (film)|Sher]]''
| Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
| ''[[Motta Shiva Ketta Shiva]]''
| Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Shivalinga (2017 film)|Shivalinga]]''
| Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Ungarala Rambabu]]''
| Telugu
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Gayatri (2018 film)|Gayatri]]''
| Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
| ''[[Pottu (film)|Pottu]]''
| Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Kanchana 3]]''
| Tamil
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Son of India (2022 film)|Son of India]]''
| Telugu
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1997573}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murari, Sarvesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Tamil cinematographers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Ashok Chopra

2025-11-25T05:32:29Z

Ieagle123: added the stub with sources

{{short description|Indian journalist and autobiographer}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Ashok Chopra
| image = File:Ashok Chopra.JPG
| imagesize = 180px
| caption = Ashok Chopra
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1949|02|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Writer, author, [[publisher]], editor
| language = English, [[Hindi languages|Hindi]]
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater = [[Panjab University]] [[Mass communication]]
| genre = [[Journalism]]
| notableworks = A Grain Of Sand In The Hourglass of Time: An Autobiography<ref>A Grain Of Sand In The Hourglass of Time: An Autobiography [http://www.ashokchopra.com/a-grain-of-sand-in-the-hourglass-of-time.html][https://www.amazon.in/Grain-Sand-Hourglass-Time-Autobiography/dp/9381431493][http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/angry-rao-blasted-suggestion-of-making-sonia-cong-chief-arjun/969789/] Publisher: Hay House (5 July 2012)</ref>
| spouse =
| children =
| awards =
| website = [http://www.ashokchopra.com/ Ashok Chopra]
| portaldisp =
}}

'''Ashok Chopra''' (born 26 February 1949) is a publisher, author, editor, and literary columnist.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/ashok-chopras-a-scrapbook-of-memories/article6882844.ece|title=Journey with the written word|last=Salam|first=Ziya Us|date=2015-02-11|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-12-07|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Author of ''Memories of Fire: A Novel,''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://penguin.co.in/book/uncategorized/memories-of-fire/|title=Memories Of Fire - Penguin India|work=Penguin India|access-date=2018-04-05|language=en-US}}</ref> ''A Scrapbook of Memories: My Life with the Rich, the Famous and the Scandalous''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://harpercollins.co.in/book/a-scrapbook-of-memories-2/|title=HarperCollinsPublishers India {{!}} A Scrapbook of Memories|website=harpercollins.co.in|access-date=2017-12-07}}</ref> and ''Of Love and Other Sorrows'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://penguin.co.in/book/non-fiction/love-sorrows-ten-modernists/|title=Of Love and Other Sorrows - Penguin India|work=Penguin India|access-date=2017-12-07|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208003717/https://penguin.co.in/book/non-fiction/love-sorrows-ten-modernists/|url-status=dead}}</ref> he has co-authored ''Agnostic Khushwant: There Is No God''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hayhouse.co.in/books/agnostic-khushwant/|title=Agnostic Khushwant: There is No God! : Hay House Publishers India|website=www.hayhouse.co.in|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-07}}</ref> with the Indian author-columnist [[Khushwant Singh]] and ''A Grain of Sand in the Hourglass of Time''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hayhouse.co.in/books/a-grain-of-sand-in-the-hourglass-of-time/|title=A GRAIN OF SAND IN THE HOURGLASS OF TIME : Hay House Publishers India|website=www.hayhouse.co.in|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-07}}</ref>'' ''with [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]], which he completed after his death on March 4, 2011, in 2012.<ref>[http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/angry-rao-blasted-suggestion-of-making-sonia-cong-chief-arjun/969789/ Angry Rao blasted suggestion of making Sonia Cong chief: Arjun]</ref> He was executive editor with Vikas Publishing House, vice-president [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] India, publishing director [[UBS Publishers]], executive director and publisher of the [[India Today|India Today Book Club]] and Books Today, as well as chief executive and publisher of [[HarperCollins]] Publishers India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://penguin.co.in/author/ashok-chopra/|title=Ashok Chopra - Penguin India|work=Penguin India|access-date=2017-12-14|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214124307/https://penguin.co.in/author/ashok-chopra/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pilf.in/ashok.html|title=PILF :: Speakers|website=pilf.in|language=en|access-date=2017-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214182552/http://pilf.in/ashok.html|archive-date=2017-12-14|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SNseAgAAQBAJ&q=ashok+chopra+vikas+publishing+house&pg=PT18|title=One to One: Glimpses of Indian Publishing Industry|last=Ghai|first=S. K.|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=9788120791985|language=en}}</ref> Presently, he is the chief executive of Hay House Publishers in India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/indians-would-rather-spend-on-shoes-not-books-publisher-ashok-chopra-ians-interview-115032200087_1.html|title=Indians would rather spend on shoes, not books: Publisher Ashok Chopra (IANS Interview)|last=IANS|date=2015-03-22|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2017-12-07}}</ref>

==Early life and journalistic career==
Ashok Chopra was born in [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], the son of an artist, B. R. Chopra.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} He did his schooling from [[St. Edward's School, Shimla]] and went on to do his undergraduate studies from S. D. Bhargava College later. He joined the diploma course in [[Mass Communication]] and Journalism in 1971, of the [[Panjab University]] in [[Chandigarh]], and further worked with theatre historian [[Balwant Gargi]], for a year, at the Department of Indian Theatre in Chandigarh. From here he embarked to his career in [[Journalism]], in 1973, as a sub-editor with [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]]. Besides contributing articles and features regularly he also acted as the paper's film and theatre critic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98sep20/sunday/modern.htm|title=Tribuneindia... Modern Classics|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2017-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98jul19/sunday/modern.htm|title=The Tribune... Modern Classics|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2017-12-11}}</ref>

In June 1975, he joined the [[Indian Express Limited]] as its Himachal Pradesh correspondent based in Shimla.<ref>Memories of Fire: Ashok Chopra tells us a story about childhood friends, and history [https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/books/2018/feb/16/memories-of-fire-ashok-chopra-tells-us-a-story-about-childhood-friends-and-history-6161.html]</ref> He left journalism for book publishing in April 1978.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.instituteofbookpublishing.com/p/Publishing-Today-Jan-2008|title=Publishing Today Jan 2008 - Institute of Book Publishing|website=www.instituteofbookpublishing.com|access-date=2017-12-11}}</ref> Chopra also wrote book reviews, features and opinion pieces regularly for [[India Today]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19990920/books.html|title=Books: Midnight and She|website=www.india-today.com|access-date=2017-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000126020218/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19990920/books.html|archive-date=2000-01-26|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/20000710-book-review-of-kamila-shamsie-salt-and-saffron-779042-2000-07-09|title=Book review: Kamila Shamsies Salt and Saffron|access-date=2017-12-11}}</ref>

Presently he lives in [[Gurgaon]].<ref>[https://kslitfest.com/kslf-2017/our-star-cast-2017/ About Ashok Chopra][https://penguin.co.in/author/ashok-chopra/ Ashok Chopra profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214124307/https://penguin.co.in/author/ashok-chopra/ |date=2017-12-14 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chopra, Ashok}}
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Indian publishers (people)]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]

Saqib Lakhnavi

2025-10-16T17:10:58Z

Ieagle123: adding initial pg nd citations

{{Short description|Urdu poet (1869–1946)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Saqib Lakhnavi
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date = 2 January 1869
| birth_place = [[Agra|Akbarabad]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1946|11|24|1869|1|2|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Sitapur]], [[British India]]
| nationality =
| occupation = poet
| language = Urdu
| genre = [[ghazal]]
| movement = Lucknow school of poetry
| alma_mater = [[St. John's College, Agra]]
| notable_works =
| influences =
| influenced =
| years_active = (until 1946)
| spouse =
| children =
| awards =
}}
'''Mirza Zakir Hussain Qazalbaash''' (2 January 1869{{snd}}24 November 1946), better known by his [[pen name]] as '''Saqib Lakhnavi''', was an Urdu poet active during the [[British Raj|British Indian era]]. Known for his [[concision|succinct style]], his poetry focused on [[human emotion]]s and philosophical insights. He was affiliated with the [[Urdu literature#19th century|Lucknow school of poetry]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Datta |first=Vikas |date=14 May 2023 |title='Saqib': The 'star' Urdu poet and his 'garden of life' |url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1079518 |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Saqib was born in Akbarabad (modern-day [[Agra]]), India, into a family of [[Iranis (India)|Persian descent]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gorakhpūrī |first=Firāq |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Thus_Spoke_Firaq/785jAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=saqib+lakhnavi&dq=saqib+lakhnavi&printsec=frontcover |title=Thus Spoke Firaq--: A Collection of Interviews (1959 to 1976) |last2=Shauq |first2=Sumat Prakash |date=1992 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-7023-348-0 |pages=10 |language=en}}</ref> His ancestors had migrated to India during the [[Mughal period]]. His father Mirza Muhammad Hussain was an employee in the [[British India]]n government. Saqib's mother was proficient Arabic, [[Persian language|Persian]], and Urdu, and she played a central role in his [[early education]]. After he learnt these languages, she decided to send him to Agra for further studies, particularly to obtain proficiency in English.<ref name="r697">{{cite web | last=شاہ | first=سید صداقت علی | last2=وحید | first2=زینب | last3=اعوان | first3=محمد اقبال | title=ہمی سوگئے داستان کہتے کہتے....داستان ثاقب لکھنوی کی | website=Daily Pakistan | date=2 Jan 2023 | url=https://dailypakistan.com.pk/02-Jan-2023/1527744 | language=ur | access-date=28 Nov 2024}}</ref> He subsequently attended [[St. John's College, Agra]].<ref name="s334">{{cite web | title=Lucknow's 'shining star' and model of a shayar | website=Business Standard | date=28 Aug 2016 | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/lucknow-s-shining-star-and-model-of-a-shayar-column-bookends-116082800100_1.html | access-date=28 Nov 2024}}</ref> He later moved to [[Lucknow]] with his father, where he became part of literary and cultural environment. Lucknow, known for [[Urdu literature#19th century|its Urdu poetry]], played a key role in influencing his poetic development.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

Saqib faced [[poverty|significant financial difficulties]] following the death of his father. In an attempt to support himself, he tried various occupations, including a venture in business, which he eventually abandoned after incurring [[business failure|substantial losses]].<ref name="p932">{{cite web | last=Times | first=Navhind | title=‘Saqib’: The ‘star’ Urdu poet and his ‘garden of life’ | website=The Navhind Times | date=20 May 2023 | url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/05/21/magazines/panorama/saqib-the-star-urdu-poet-and-his-garden-of-life/ | access-date=28 Nov 2024}}</ref>

Saqib also spent some time in [[Calcutta]], where he served as the [[personal secretary]] to the Iranian [[consul]] (whose name remains unrecorded), a position that reduced his [[financial crisis|financial difficulties]]. However, dissatisfied with life in Calcutta, he went to Lucknow<ref name="p932"/> in 1908 and accepted a job offer from [[Mohammad Amir Hasan Khan]]<ref name="e010">{{cite web | last=ڈیسک | first=ویب | title=یومِ وفات: ممتاز شاعر ثاقب لکھنوی کے کئی اشعار کو ضربُ المثل کا درجہ حاصل ہے - | website=ARYNews.tv | date=24 Nov 2021 | url=https://urdu.arynews.tv/death-anniversary-saqib-lakhnavi/ | access-date=28 Nov 2024}}</ref> to join his court in [[Sitapur]], where he remained until his death in November 1946.<ref name="p932"/>

== Style ==
Saqib's poetry draws from the classical themes of the Lucknow school while incorporating modern sensibilities. His works often addressed themes such as [[hope]], [[despair]], [[patience]], and [[introspection]]. One of his prominent couplets is:<ref name="p932"/>
{{Verse translation|italicsoff=y|rtl1=y|lang=ur-Aran
|بڑے شوق سے سن رہا تھا زمانہ، ہم ہی سو گئے داستان کہتے کہتے۔
|The world was eagerly listening to the [[dastan|tale]]s I told,
But I fell silent, lost in the tale I was narrating.}}

This couplet gained wider recognition when filmmaker [[S. U. Sunny]] used it as a [[tagline]] in his films such as ''[[Mela (1948 film)|Mela]]'' (1948) and ''[[Kohinoor (1960 film)|Kohinoor]]'' (1960).<ref name="p932"/>

While gardens are typically seen as peaceful, Saqib frequently portrayed them as places of conflict and change, suggesting uncertainties. He described it as:<ref name="p932"/>
{{Verse translation|italicsoff=y|rtl1=y|lang=ur-Aran
|باغبان نے آگ دی جب آشیانے کو میرے،
جن پہ تکیا تھا وہی پتے ہوا دینے لگے
|When the gardener set my home ablaze,
Those very leaves I leaned on began to turn against me.}}

As reported by the Pakistani TV channel ''[[ARY News]]'', several poems by Saqib have attained [[proverbial]] status in [[Urdu literature]]. However, the exact [[couplet]]s that have been adopted as proverbs remain uncertain.<ref name="e010"/>

== Literary works ==

* {{Cite book |last=Lakhnavī |first=S̲āqib |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Intik%CC%B2h%CC%B2%C4%81b_i_g%CC%B2h%CC%B2azaliy%C4%81t_i_S%CC%B2%C4%81q/L-xzAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=saqib+lakhnavi&pg=PP3&printsec=frontcover |title=Intik̲h̲āb-i g̲h̲azaliyāt-i S̲āqib |date=1983 |publisher=Uttar Pradesh Urdū Akādmī |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lakhnavī |first=S̲āqib |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Qa%E1%B9%A3%C4%81%CA%BCid_i_S%CC%B2%C4%81qib_Lakhnav%C4%AB/7KosAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=saqib+lakhnavi&pg=PP3&printsec=frontcover |title=Qaṣāʼid-i S̲āqib Lakhnavī: mausūm bah nag̲ẖmāt-i surūr |date=1988 |publisher=Milne ke pate, Dānish Mahall |language=ur}}

== Death ==
Saqib died in 1946, a year before the [[partition of India]]. Although he did not witness the [[1947 in India|events of 1947]], some of his poetry has been interpreted as [[foreshadowing]] the disturbances and losses of that period.<ref name="p932"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{Cite book |last=Lakhnavī |first=Naẓar al-Ḥasnain K̲h̲ayāl |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/S%CC%B2%C4%81qib_Lakhnav%C4%AB_%E1%B8%A5ay%C4%81t_aur_sh%C4%81%CA%BBir/8T46AAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=saqib%20lakhnavi |title=S̲āqib Lakhnavī, ḥayāt aur shāʻirī |publisher=Urdū Pablishing Hāʼūs |year=1984 |language=ur}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.rekhta.org/poets/saqib-lakhnavi/profile Saqib Lakhnavi] at [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lakhnavi, Saqib}}
[[Category:1869 births]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]
[[Category:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Iranian emigrants to the Mughal Empire]]

Malappandaram tribe

2025-09-15T16:25:23Z

Ieagle123: entry

{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|article|date=July 2025}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=August 2025}}
}}
The '''Malapandaram''', also known as ''Mala Pandaram'' or ''Malai Pandaram'', are an indigenous tribal community primarily inhabiting the eastern hilly regions of [[Kollam district|Kollam]] and [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]] districts in [[Kerala]]. Their presence extends to parts of [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]] and [[Idukki district|Idukki]] districts as well. They are a tribal people who live in the forest areas of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]]. The Malappandaram are recognized as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) in Kerala, highlighting their unique needs and precarious situation.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The role of caste in Karnataka elections: An analysis of the Billava community's political engagement |journal=Asian Journal of Social Research |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=45–60 |date=April 2024 |doi=10.1016/j.aimed.2024.08.014 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212958824000922 |access-date=30 April 2025|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==A Unique Language and Rich Cultural Heritage==
The Malappandaram speak a distinctive language ([[Malapandaram language|Malappandaram language]]), a [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] sub-dialect with influences from both [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]]. This unique language is primarily an oral tradition, passed down through generations, without a written script. This reliance on oral transmission makes the preservation of their linguistic heritage a critical concern. The community is also found in parts of Tamil Nadu and is included in the state's Scheduled Tribes list. Government estimates place their total population at approximately 1,600-1,700 individuals.<ref name="mala1">[https://kerala.gov.in/subsubdetail/MTc3NTU5OTMxLjEy/MTE0NTIwOTAyLjMy Govt. of Kerala Report]</ref>

Anthropologists, including British ethnographer Edgar Thurston (1912) and anthropologist Brian Morris (1980s), have studied the Malapandaram, documenting their social structure, language, and way of life. However, systematic efforts to record and preserve their cultural traditions remain limited.

==Nomadic Lifestyle and Forest Dependence==
Traditionally, the Malappandaram are nomadic forest dwellers, relying heavily on forest resources for their sustenance. Their practice involves temporary settlements, moving from one location to another to collect Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs). Historically, during the Travancore era, the Malappandaram were adept at collecting NTFPs, using them for both subsistence and trade. They engaged in barter with traders, exchanging forest produce for essential goods. Today, their livelihood continues to be primarily dependent on these forest resources.

The community is organized into groups known as ''''Kootam'''', each led by a ''''Muttukani''''. The Muttukani plays a vital role in social and ceremonial matters, resolving disputes and performing rituals. Their social structure emphasizes self-determination and individual freedom rather than a dominant hierarchy. Family and marital relationships are often described as fluid and based on personal choice. Historically, they traded NTFPs such as [[honey]], [[Curry tree|curry nuts]], [[Root|roots]], and [[medicinal plants]] for their basic needs, a practice that continues to some extent today.<ref name="mala1" />

==Spiritual Beliefs and Environmental Knowledge==
The Malappandaram possess their own unique customs and [[worship]] practices. Their deep connection to the forest has endowed them with a vast repository of environmental knowledge. Their primary [[religious belief]] is [[Animistic fallacy|animistic]], involving the worship of [[Forest Spirit|forest spirits]], forest deities, and the [[soul]]s of their [[Ancestors Legacy|ancestors]]. Certain healing practices and rituals may involve trance-like states or ceremonial dances.<ref name="mala2">[https://www.academia.edu/45387086/Full_paper_status_of_malapandara_women_in_kerala_by_Salini_R Academia Papper]</ref>

==Challenges in Education and Development==
The Malappandaram community faces significant challenges in [[education]], with a very low [[literacy rate]]. The lack of dedicated educational facilities within their settlements necessitates external intervention to foster a literate generation. Key challenges include linguistic disadvantages (with Malayalam being their official language for schooling), the absence of transmissible learning methods, inadequate access to ''clean drinking'', ''water and sanitation'', ''genetic diseases'', and ''child malnutrition''. A significant majority of Malappandaram children do not attend school.

Despite forced resettlement in some areas, the community has often lost traditional livelihood opportunities. Deforestation further reduces their access to vital resources. They remain largely excluded from modern development initiatives, and their rich cultural heritage remains largely undocumented.<ref name="mala2" />

==Demographic Overview==
Current data indicates that the Malappandaram community comprises 1,662 individuals across 514 families. The average family size is 3.23, which is considerably lower than the state average. The population consists of 821 males and 841 females, indicating a female-to-male ratio of 1024 females per 1000 males, suggesting a higher female population.

Approximately 97% of Malappandaram families reside in Kollam and Pathanamthitta districts, with the remaining scattered across Kottayam and Idukki. Their population is distributed across 16 Grama Panchayats and one Municipality. Concentrations are notably higher in Piravanthoor and [[Aryankavu|Aryankavu Grama Panchayats]] in [[Kollam district|Kollam]] district, and [[Ranni, Kerala|Ranni]], [[Perunad]], [[Seethathodu]], and [[Aruvappulam]] Grama Panchayats in Pathanamthitta district.

==Current Status==
The Malappandaram community continues to lag in literacy, and existing development projects have not adequately supported the creation of a literate generation. Their heavy reliance on forest resources may become increasingly challenging over time. Targeted, community-centric initiatives are crucial to improve their livelihoods and facilitate social upliftment. Educational advancement and integration with modern societal currents are indispensable for the future well-being of this unique tribal community.

==References==
<references/>

{{Dravidian languages}}

[[Category:Malayalam language]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Kerala]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India| ]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:South Indian communities]]

Jambudweep

2025-09-10T11:31:38Z

Ieagle123: added references

{{Short description|Jain temple in Hastinapur, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{about|Jain temple in Hastinapur|other uses|Jambudvipa (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Jambudweep
| native_name =
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| image = Jambudweep Rachna.jpg
| image_size = 250
| caption = Depiction of Mount Sumeru at Jambudweep
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh
| map_size = 250
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|29|09|56.7|N|78|00|24.4|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| location = [[Hastinapur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| established = 1972
| creator = [[Gyanmati Mataji]]
| website = {{url|https://www.jambudweep.org}}
| deity = [[Tirthankara]]
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Jambudweep''' is a [[Digambara]] [[Jain temple]] in [[Hastinapur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] built by the Jain nun [[Gyanmati]] in 1972.{{sfn|Rai|2020}} Jambudweep is a depiction of Jain cosmology [[Jambudvīpa#In Jainism|Jambudvipa]].

==About==

Jambudweep was founded by Gyanmati in 1972 and the model of [[Jambudvipa]] was completed in 1985.{{sfn|Keul|2015|p=83}} For the [[Tirtha (Jainism)|tirtha]], [[Nalini Balbir]] reported {{quote|The main attraction of this vast campus is the Jambudvipa. By its height, this original construction dominates all other buildings. It is meant both for education of the believers, since it shows them the Jaina representation of the universe, and for their entertainment. One can climb to the top by an inner staircase, or go boating around the Lavanasamudra!{{sfn|Keul|2015|p=83-84}}|[[Nalini Balbir]]}}

The Jambudweep model of [[Jain cosmology]] was designed under the supervision of Gyanmati in 1985.{{sfn|Schwartz|2018|p=130}}{{sfn|Shah|2004|p=45}}{{sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=136}} Circular structures of Jain cosmology 'Jambudweep' has been constructed with white & coloured marble stones in the diameter of {{convert|250|ft}} with {{convert|101|ft}} tall Mount [[Mount Meru|Sumeru]] is built in light pink marble in the center of Jambudweep.{{sfn|Uttar Pradesh Tourism|p=68}}{{sfn|Reddy|2022|p=238}}

The fundamental idea behind this temple is to connect devotional temple visit with religious adventure and educate devotees about the [[Jain cosmology]].{{sfn|Reddy|2022|p=239}} The official name of the [[Tirtha (Jainism)|tirtha]] is the ''Digambar Jain Institute of Cosmographic Research (Digambar Jain Trilok Shodh Sansthan)'' and its main attraction is the building constructed as a model of [[Jambudvipa]].{{sfn|Flügel|2006|p=397}}{{sfn|Wiley|2009|p=32}}

==Story==
In the story about Jambudweep, Gyanmati had a vision in 1965 while meditating. In the vision, she saw the entire structure of universe. Discovering later that what she had seen perfectly matched the cosmographical details described in [[Jain scriptures]], she decided to create a pilgrimage site with the aim of creating a model of [[Jambudvipa]].{{sfn|Keul|2015|p=83}}{{sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=136}} "Jambudweep Trilok Sodh Sansthan" has been established at Jambudweep, Hastinapur to raise awareness regarding the Jain Cosmology and Jain Philosophy.{{sfn|Keul|2015|p=98}} Jambudweep developed a website https://www.jambudweep.org in 2007 to spread the Jain philosophy online, with more than 2000 books uploaded.

== Main temples ==
[[File:Lotus Temple at Jambudweep.JPG|Lotus Temple|thumb|left]]
The premises has various Jain temples which includes Sumeru Parvat, Lotus Temple, Teen Murti Mandir, Meditation Temple, Badi Murti, Teen Lok Rachna and many other tourist attractions. The main temples in the Jambudweep complex includes:

# ''Teen Lok Rachna'' is modeled after [[Trilok (Jainism)|trilok]] in [[Jain cosmology]], the temple has a series of floor representing seven [[Naraka (Jainism)|Adho Loka]] — the realms of the hellish beings, then Madhya Loka – the realms of the humans, animals and plants, then seven Urdhva Loka – the realms of the gods or heavens and [[Siddhashila]] at the top.{{sfn|Schwartz|2018|p=130}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=312}} The temple features a light and sound show similar to ones in [[Akshardham (Delhi)|Akshardham]] and [[ISKCON Temple, Delhi]].{{sfn|Keul|2015|p=108}}
# ''Sahastrakut Jinalya'' is notable for a panel depicting Jain monk in worship room praying to [[tirthankara]]. The panel was discovered buried where Sahastrakut Jinalya constructed.{{sfn|Schnapp|2014|p=431}}
# ''Lotus temple'' a small temple in the courtyard of Jambudweep. It is a Jain House of Worship and also a prominent attraction in Hastinapur. It was completed in 1989.
# ''Mt. Meru'', surrounded by water, is the tallest structure in Jambudweep complex.{{sfn|Keul|2015|pp=105-106}} The mountain has concentric circle with small shrines representing the holy mountain peaks.{{sfn|Reddy|2022|p=239}}
# ''Tera-dvipa'' is modeled after group of thirteen islands of the middle section of the universe in Jain cosmology. The structure features fived Mt. Meru, three islands where human and Jinas are born, the Jambudweep is situated in innermost circle and eight islands depicts nandishvar dweepa. The eight islands of nandishvar dweepa are connected to ''ashtanika'', the eight day festival.{{sfn|Keul|2015|p=108}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Jambudweep - Teen lok Rachna.jpg|Teen lok Rachna
File:Jambudweep - Dhyaan mandir.jpg|Dhyaan Mandir
File:Jambudweep - Tairah dweep jinalya.jpg|Tairah dweep jinalya
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Hastinapur]]
*[[Digamber Jain Mandir Hastinapur|Prachin Bada Mandir]]
*[[Digamber Jain Mandir Hastinapur#Kailash Parvat Rachna|Kailash Parvat Rachna]]
*[[Hastinapur#Shri Shwetambar Jain Ashtapad Teerth|Shree Ashtapad Teerth]]
==References==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{cite book |last=Dundas |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Dundas |title=The Jains |url={{Google books|X8iAAgAAQBAJ|page=312|plainurl=yes}} |edition=Second |date=2002 |orig-year=1992 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-26605-5 |location=London and New York }}
* {{cite book| last=Flügel | first=Peter | author-link=Peter Flügel | title=Studies in Jaina History and Culture: Disputes and Dialogues|url={{Google books|CIgqBgAAQBAJ|pg=PT397|plainurl=yes}} |year=2006|publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-134-23552-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=Keul|first=István|title=Asian Religions, Technology and Science|url={{Google books|9KSsBwAAQBAJ|page=|plainurl=yes}}|volume=15 | series=Routledge studies in Asian religion and philosophy|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=27 March 2015}}
* {{cite book | last=Schnapp | first=Alain | title=World Antiquarianism: Comparative Perspectives | url={{Google books|w0skBAAAQBAJ|page=431|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | series=Issues & Debates | publisher=[[Getty Research Institute]] | location=[[London]] | date=1 February 2014 | isbn=978-1-60606-148-0 }}
* {{cite book | last=Schwartz | first=Wm. Andrew | title=The Metaphysics of Paradox: Jainism, Absolute Relativity, and Religious Pluralism | url={{Google books|pShrDwAAQBAJ|page=130|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | series=Explorations in Indic Traditions: Theological, Ethical, and Philosophical | publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] | location=[[London]] | date=15 September 2018 | isbn=978-1-4985-6393-2 }}
* {{cite book |last=Reddy |first=Pedarapu Chenna | author-link=P. Chenna Reddy |title=SWASTIKA: Epigraphy, Numismatics, Religion and Philosophy |url={{Google books|2XJfEAAAQBAJ|page=238|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=2022|publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |isbn=978-93-93388-82-7 }}
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Natubhai |title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors |url={{Google books|qLNQKGcDIhsC|page=45|plainurl=yes}} |volume=I |date=2004 |orig-year=First published in 1998 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-1938-2 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Titze |first1=Kurt | last2=Bruhn | first2=Klaus |title=Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence |url={{Google books|loQkEIf8z5wC|page=136|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |edition=2 |date=1998 |isbn=978-81-208-1534-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Wiley |first=Kristi L. |title=The A to Z of Jainism |url={{Google books|cIhCCwAAQBAJ|page=32|plainurl=yes}} |year=2009 | volume=38 |publisher=[[The Scarecrow Press|Scarecrow]] | series=The A to Z Guide Series |isbn=978-0-8108-6337-8 }}
* {{cite news | last=Rai | first=Sanjeev | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/hastinapur-finds-mention-in-budget-historians-experts-happy/articleshow/73851515.cms | title=Hastinapur finds mention in Budget, historians, experts happy | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=2 February 2020 | access-date=7 August 2021 }}
* {{cite web | author=Uttar Pradesh Tourism | url=https://www.uptourism.gov.in/pdf/E-Brochure/UP-Book-opt.pdf | title=Uttar Pradesh: A to Z | publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Tourism]] | access-date=24 April 2022 | archive-date=22 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122045228/https://www.uptourism.gov.in/pdf/E-Brochure/UP-Book-opt.pdf | url-status=dead }}

==External links==
* [https://www.jambudweep.org Official Website]
* {{commons category-inline|Jambudweep}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism topics}}

[[Category:Jain temples in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Meerut district]]
[[Category:20th-century Jain temples]]

Simply Kushboo

2025-09-04T20:30:49Z

Ieagle123: adding initial pg initial version

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name = சிம்ப்ளி குஷ்பூ
| image = Simply Kushboo.jpg
| image_size = 260
| genre = Talk show
| presenter = [[Kushboo]]
| language = Tamil
| country = India
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 26
| list_episodes =
| location = [[Chennai]]
| company =
| producer =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 40-45 minutes per episode
| network = [[Zee Tamil]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2015|8|22}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2016|2|20}}
| image_alt =
| creator =
}}

'''Simply Kushboo''' is an Indian Tamil-language talk show that aired on [[Zee Tamizh]]. The show was launched on 22 August 2015 and aired weekly on every Saturday 8:00PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]. The show is hosted by [[Kushboo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/simply-kushboo-on-zee-tamil-tv-035858.html|title=Simply Kushboo on ZEE Tamil TV|date=24 July 2015 |publisher=tamil.filmibeat.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/36437/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Simply-Kushboo-programme-tomorrow-onwards.htm|title=Simply Kushboo programme tomorrow onwards|date=21 August 2015 |publisher=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citytalkies.in/zee-tamil-simply-kushboo-celebrity-show-program-august-22-2015-zee-tamizh-tv-simply-kushboo-program-start-on-august-22-2015/|title=Zee Tamil Simply Kushboo Celebrity show program august 22-2015 |publisher=www.citytalkies.in}}</ref>

The show will take fans up, close and personal to their favourite celebrities as Kushboo chats with them on their journeys via personal quizzes, career maps, their favourites in film industry, some dark secrets, hidden talents and not to forget, impromptu tests of their acting and dancing skills.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvnews4u.com/tvnews-exclusive/zee-tamil-to-launch-a-new-celebrity-show-simply-kushboo-on-a-high-octane-note/|title=zee Tamil to launch a new celebrity show simply Kushboo|publisher=www.tvnews4u.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvnews4u.com/tag/celebrity-chat-show-simply-kushboo/|title=Celebrity Chat show Simply Kushboo|publisher=www.tvnews4u.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://chennaionline.com/movies/TV-Corner/20153605053605/Zee-Tamil-to-launch-Simply-Kushboo-on-a-high-octane-note.col|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808201733/http://chennaionline.com/movies/TV-Corner/20153605053605/Zee-Tamil-to-launch-Simply-Kushboo-on-a-high-octane-note.col|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 August 2015|title=Zee Tamil new Talk Show|publisher=chennaionline.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150801/entertainment-tvmusic/article/stars-will-open-me-easily-kushboo|title=Simply Kushboo new Talk show|date=August 2015 |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

==Guests included==
*Epi 01: [[Jayam Ravi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Jayam-Ravi-first-on-Simply-Kushboo/articleshow/48539176.cms|title=Jayam Ravi first on Simply Kushboo|work=The Times of India|date=19 August 2015 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
*Epi 02: [[Kamal Haasan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citytalkies.in/zee-tamil-kamal-haasan-simply-kushboo-program-august-29-2015-august-29-2015-zee-tamizh-tv-actor-kamal-haasan-simply-kushboo-show/|title=Kamal Haasan on Simply Kushboo|publisher=www.citytalkies.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamilnaducentral.com/2015/09/01/kamal-haasan-gets-candid-in-simply-kushboo/|title=Kamal Haasan gets candid in Simply Kushboo|publisher=tamilnaducentral.com}}</ref>
*Epi 03: [[Karthi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southupdates.in/zee-tamil-simply-kushboo-actor-karthi-on-september-05-2015/|title= Zee Tamil Simply Kushboo Actor Karthi on September 05, 2015|publisher=www.southupdates.in}}</ref>
*Epi 04: [[Arvind Swamy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indreporter.com/tag/zee-tamizh-tv-simply-kushboo-this-week-saturday-episode-with-%E2%80%AAaravind-swamy%E2%80%AC-12092015/|title= Zee Tamizh Tv Simply Kushboo this week saturday episode with Aravind Swamy |publisher=www.indreporter.com}}</ref>
*Epi 05: [[Sivakarthikeyan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southupdates.in/zee-tamil-simply-kushboo-sivakarthikeyan-on-september-19-2015-watch-zee-tamizh-simply-khushbu%E2%80%AC%E2%80%AC-shiva-karthikeyan-episode-online/|title= Zee Tamil Simply Kushboo Sivakarthikeyan on September 19, 2015|publisher=www.southupdates.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citytalkies.in/zee-tamil-sivakarthikeyan-simply-kushboo-program-september-19-2015-september-19-2015-zee-tamizh-tv-actor-sivakarthikeyan-simply-kushboo-show/|title= Zee Tamil Sivakarthikeyan Simply Kushboo|publisher=www.citytalkies.in}}</ref>
*Epi 06: [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
*Epi 07 & 08: [[Silambarasan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citytalkies.in/zee-tamil-simbu-silambarasan-simply-kushboo-program-october-3-2015-october-3-2015-zee-tamizh-tv-actor-simbu-silambarasan-simply-kushboo-show/|title= Silambarasan on Simply Kushboo|publisher=www.citytalkies.in}}</ref>
* Epi 09: [[Andrea Jeremiah]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southupdates.in/zee-tamil-simply-kushboo-andrea-on-october-17-2015/|title= Andrea on Simply Kushboo|publisher=www.southupdates.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamil.filmibeat.com/heroines/andrea-talks-about-a-r-rehman-ajith-simply-kushboo-037271.html|title= Andrea Talks about A.R Rehman, Ajith Simply Kushboo|date= 20 October 2015|publisher=tamil.filmibeat.com}}</ref>
* Epi 10: [[Sathish]]
* Epi 11: [[Vijay Sethupathi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Vijay-Sethupathi-on-this-weeks-Simply-khushbu/articleshow/49551382.cms|title= Vijay Sethupathi on this week's Simply khushbu|work=The Times of India|date= 27 October 2015|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
* Epi 12: [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]]
* Epi 13: [[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
* Epi 14: [[Shruti Haasan]]
* Epi 15: [[R. Parthiepan]]
* Epi 16: [[Vaibhav Reddy]]
*Epi 17: [[S.P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
*Epi 18: [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
*Epi 19: [[Hansika Motwani]]
*Epi 20: [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
*Epi 21: [[Sundar C]]
*Epi 22: [[R. Madhavan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Watch-Maddy-on-Simply-Khushbu-this-week/articleshow/50681368.cms|title= Watch Maddy on Simply Khushbu this week|work=The Times of India|date= 22 January 2016|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
*Epi 23: [[Keerthy Suresh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Its-Keerthy-Suresh-on-Simply-Khushbu/articleshow/50774289.cms|title= It's Keerthy Suresh on Simply Khushbu|work=The Times of India|date= 29 January 2016|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
*Epi 24: [[K.S. Ravikumar]]
*Epi 25: [[Nandita Swetha]]
*Epi 26: [[Prashanth]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Simply-Khushbu-season-finale-with-Prashanth/articleshow/50946404.cms|title= Simply Khushbu season finale with Prashanth|work=The Times of India|date= 11 February 2016|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|10305460}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/global/collections/best-of-simply-khusboo/0-8-6612 ''Simply Kushboo''] on [[ZEE5]]

{{Zee Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language talk shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]

David Arnold (historian)

2025-08-28T09:07:40Z

Ieagle123: General improvements to article content

{{short description|British historian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
'''David Arnold''' (born 1 October 1946) is a British historian and has held the position of Professor of Asian and Global History at [[Warwick University]] since 2006.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/people/staff_index/d_arnold | title = David Arnold | accessdate = 23 February 2011 | author = David Arnold | publisher = [[University of Warwick]]}}</ref> Previously he held the position of professor of [[South Asian History]] at the [[University of London|University of London's]] [[School of Oriental and African Studies]]. He was one of the founding members of the [[subaltern studies]] group in the 1970s, a scholarly collective that was remembered by [[Ranajit Guha]] in 1993 as "an assortment of marginalised academics".<ref>{{Cite book |page=xiv | first=Ranajit |last=Guha |title=Subaltern Studies Reader, 1986-1995 |isbn=0-8166-2759-2|publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=1993}}</ref> Arnold contributed seven articles in total to the publication and co-edited the eighth volume with [[David Hardiman]] in 1994.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/subaltern/ssauth.htm | title = By Authors From the Books of the Subaltern Studies Series | accessdate = 25 February 2011 | author = Philip McEldowney | publisher = [[University of Virginia]] | archive-date = 7 June 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130607081728/http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/subaltern/ssauth.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> He later described this period as consisting of "the most inspiring and supportive atmosphere I have ever been in".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.soas.ac.uk/religions/events/comeandmeet/arnold/ | title = David Arnold | accessdate = 25 February 2011 | author = Prabhjap Singh Jutla | publisher = [[School of Oriental and African Studies]] | archive-date = 28 June 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110628181531/http://www.soas.ac.uk/religions/events/comeandmeet/arnold/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>

He is also an early contributor to the field of colonial medicine, most influentially ''Colonizing the Body''.<ref>{{Cite book | first=David |last=Arnold |title=Colonizing the Body: State Medicine and Epidemic Disease in Nineteenth-Century India | isbn=978-0-520-08295-3|publisher=University of California Press |year=1993}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Science and technology studies in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arnold, David}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Historians of South Asia]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{UK-historian-stub}}

Patamda block

2025-08-14T10:15:30Z

Ieagle123: starting stub

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Patamda
| nickname = 
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
| coordinates = {{coord|22.9152|N|86.3858|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]]
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 267.03
| population_total = 82876
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official language|Official]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 832105
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 0657
| registration_plate = JH 05
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 59.37%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Jugsalai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jugsalai]]
| website = {{URL|jamshedpur.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Patamda block''' is a [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] that forms an [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative division]] in the [[Dhalbhum subdivision]] of [[East Singhbhum district]], in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].

==History==
The laying of the foundation stone of the steel plant by [[Tata Steel]] (then known as Tata Iron and Steel Company) in 1907 at Sakchi Kalimati in Singhbhum district marked the beginning of the industrialisation of the area. The first police station in the area was opened in 1912 at [[Jugsalai]]. The Kalimati Sakchi village was renamed ‘[[Jamshedpur]]’ in 1917. [[Dhalbhum subdivision]] was created in 1920 with Jamshedpur as headquarters. Jamshedpur Notified Area was established in 1924. However until the ''Bihar and West Bengal (Transfer of Territories) Act''<nowiki/>', 1956 the Patamda areas was part of [[Manbhum]] district of Bihar, thereafter it became part of [[Dhalbhum]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BHASA ANDOLON {{!}} Purulia District, Government of West Bengal {{!}} India |url=https://purulia.gov.in/bhasa-andolon/ |access-date=2024-04-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> East Singhbhum district, with Jamshedpur as headquarters, was set up in 1990.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | title = District Police Profile – East Singhbhum | work = Brief Summary of the District | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 10 December 2021 | archive-date = 22 June 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220622213448/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Geography==
Patamda is located at {{coord|22.9152|N|86.3858|E|display=inline}}.

“The district forms a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] and is a hilly upland tract”. The Seraikela Dhalbhumgarh upland and the Dalma range are natural divisions of the district. The main rivers are the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] and the [[Kharkai River|Kharkai]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 7: Natural Divisions |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref>

The district consists of two subdivisions - (1) Dhalbhum subdivision with Patamda, Boram, Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai and Potka CD blocks, and (2) Ghatshila subdivision with Ghatshila, Dhalbhumgarh, Musabani, Dumaria, Gurbandha, Chakulia and Baharagora CD blocks.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jamshedpur.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ | title = East Singhbhum | work = Subdivisions and blocks | publisher = East Singhbhum district administration | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref>

Patamda CD block is bounded by the [[Barabazar (community development block)|Barabazar]] CD block in the Purulia district of the West Bengal state on the north, the [[Manbazar II]] and [[Bandwan (community development block)|Bandwan]] CD blocks in the Purulia district on the east, the [[Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai block|Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai]] CD block on the south, and the [[Boram block|Boram]] CD block on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/purbi-singhbhum.html | title = Purba Singhbhum CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 8 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/puruliya.html | title = Puruliya CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 8 December 2021}}</ref>

Patamda CD block has an area of 267.03 km2.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2012_PART_B_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Pages 26-27: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 8 December 2021}}</ref>[[Patamda#Civic administration|Patamda]] police station serves Patamda CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | title = District Police Profile – East Singhbhum | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 8 December 2021 | archive-date = 22 June 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220622213448/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | url-status = dead }}</ref> The headquarters of Patamda CD block is located at [[Patamda]] village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 75: Map of Patamda CD block |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 8 December 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Patamda CD block had a total population of 82,876, all of which were rural. There were 41,751 (50%) males and 41,125 (50%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 12,245. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 4,847 (5.85%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 33,101 (39.94%).<ref name=census2011/> Note: There seems to be a mismatch between the ST and language figures. The figures quoted here are as officially published on the internet. Percentages have been calculated.

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in Patamda CD block was 41,933 (59.37% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 26,156 (73.72% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 15,777 (44.89% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 28.83%.<ref name=census2011/>

{{As of|2011}} census, literacy in Purbi Singhbhum district was 76.13%. Literacy in Jharkhand was 67.63% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_jharkhand.html | title= Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011: Jharkhand |work= Provisional Population Totals, Literacy Rate in 2011 column |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Government of India| access-date = 9 December 2021}}</ref> Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |title=Ranking of states and union territories by literacy rate: 2011|work= Page 110| publisher=Government of India| access-date = 9 December 2021}}</ref>

See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Purbi Singhbhum district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Patamda CD block (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 79.76 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]]|value2= 19.12 |color2= darkturquoise
|label3 = Others |value3 = 1.12 |color3 = grey
}}

According to the ''Population by Mother Tongue 2011'' data, in the Patamda subdistrict, [[Bengali language|Bengali]] was the mother-tongue of 66,106 persons forming 79.76% of the population, followed by (number of persons and percentage of population in brackets) [[Santali language|Santali]] (15,845/19.12%), [[Hindi]] (513 / 0.62%), and persons with other languages as mother-tongue (412/ 0.05%).<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Note: An attempt has been made to include all language groups each with at least 500 persons as their mother-tongue and only those groups with less than 500 persons as their mother-tongue are included in the “other languages” category. Comparatively smaller language groups with 200+ persons as their mother-tongue are mentioned in the text. Many languages have sub-groups. Those who are interested can see the reference for more details.

[[Hindi]] is the [[official language]] in Jharkhand and [[Urdu]] has been declared as an additional official language.<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |pages= 35 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=8 December 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016}}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Patamda CD block (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|77.19}}
{{bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|21.10}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|1.01}}
{{bar percent|Other or religion not stated|black|0.70}}
}}

According to the ''Population by Religious Communities 2011'' data, in the Patamda subdistrict, [[Hindus]] numbered 63,972 and formed 77.19% of the population, followed by (number of persons and percentage of population in brackets) Other religious communities/[[Sarnaism|Sarna]] (17,488/ 21.10%), [[Muslims]] (838/1.01%), [[Christians]] (149/ 0.18%), and persons who did not state their religion (429/ 0.52%).<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Economy==

===Overview===
[[NITI Aayog]] (National Institution for Transforming India) has released the National Multidimensional Poverty Index (NMPI) baseline report in November 2021. “MPI is calculated using 12 segments - nutrition, child and adolescent mortality, antenatal care, years of schooling, school attendance, cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, electricity, housing, assets and bank account, as compared to the previous approach of just considering the poverty line”. Approximately 25.01% population of the country was multidimensionally poor. State-wise Bihar was the poorest with 51.91% of the population being poor, followed by Jharkhand with 42.16% of the population being poor.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cclg.in/2021/12/04/national-multidimensional-poverty-index/ | title = National Multidimensional Poverty Index | publisher = The Charter | access-date = 10 December 2021 | archive-date = 11 December 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211211233100/https://cclg.in/2021/12/04/national-multidimensional-poverty-index/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://journalsofindia.com/national-multidimensional-poverty-index-by-niti-aayog/?print=pdf | title = National Multidimensional Poverty Index by NITI Aayog | publisher = journalsofindia.com | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref> The silver lining in this scenario is that within Jharkhand, the richest districts are East Singhbhum, Dhanbad, Bokaro, and Ranchi. These districts are having industries and/or mining activity. However, CD blocks still largely dependent on agriculture have remained traditional.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://finance.jharkhand.gov.in/updates/eco-serv2013-14/ExecutiveSummary2013-14.pdf | title = Jharkhand Economic Survey 2013-2014 | publisher = Government of Jharkhand | access-date = 10 December 2021 | archive-date = 11 December 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211211233057/https://finance.jharkhand.gov.in/updates/eco-serv2013-14/ExecutiveSummary2013-14.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Livelihood===

{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Patamda CD block'''
|value1 = 30.66
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 45.62
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 2.62
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 21.11
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Patamda CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 12,882 and formed 30.66%, agricultural labourers numbered 19,169 and formed 45.62%, household industry workers numbered 1,099 and formed 2.62% and other workers numbered 8,868 and formed 21.11%. Total workers numbered 42,018 and formed 50.70% of the total population non-workers numbered 40,858 and formed 49.30% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Tables 30 and 33, Pages 40, 50-51 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 84 inhabited villages in Patamda CD block. In 2011, 72 villages had power supply. 14 villages had tap water, 81 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 84 villages had hand pumps, and all villages have drinking water facility. 14 villages had post offices, 20 villages had sub post offices, 2 villages had telephone (land line), 43 villages had mobile phone coverage. 84 villages had pucca (paved) village roads, 25 villages had bus service (public/ private), 3 villages had [[Auto rickshaw|autos]]/ modified autos, 6 villages had taxi/ vans, 11 villages had tractors. 4 villages had bank branches, 1 village had agricultural credit society, 24 villages had availability of newspapers, 50 villages had [[public distribution system|ration shops]], 41 villages had weekly [[Haat bazaar|haat]], 66 villages had [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] [[Polling place|polling stations]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 777-781, Appendix I Village Directory |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
Patamda CD block had 11 villages with pre-primary schools, 82 villages with primary schools, 30 villages with middle schools, 10 villages with secondary schools, 2 villages with senior secondary schools, 2 villages with no educational facility.<ref name=directory>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 777-778, Appendix I Village Directory |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 10 December 2021}}</ref>
 .*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand

Patamda Degree College was established in 1993 at [[Patamda]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://pdcjpatamda.in | title = Patamda Degree College | publisher = PDC | access-date = 30 December 2021}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Patamda CD block had 11 villages with primary health subcentres, 10 villages with maternity and child welfare centres, 2 villages with allopathic hospitals, 1 village with dispensary, 9 villages with medicine shops.<ref name=directory/>
 .*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Blocks of Purbi Singhbhum district}}
{{Kolhan Division topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in East Singhbhum district]]

Arthur Hobhouse, 1st Baron Hobhouse

2025-08-02T13:11:07Z

Ieagle123: added initial post more to come - done

{{Short description|English lawyer and judge}}
{{about|the English judge|the English politician|Arthur Hobhouse}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2018}}
[[File:Arthur Hobhouse, 1st Baron Hobhouse circa 1880.jpg|thumb|Sir Arthur Hobhouse at 61]]

'''Arthur Hobhouse, 1st Baron Hobhouse''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCSI|CIE|PC|KC|sep=,|size=100}} (10 November 1819{{snd}}6 December 1904) was an English lawyer and judge.

==Background and education==
[[File:Arthur Hobhouse, 1st Baron Hobhouse circa 1854.jpg|thumb|Arthur Hobhouse at 35]]
Born at [[Hadspen House]], [[Somerset]], Hobhouse was the fourth and youngest son of [[Henry Hobhouse (archivist)|Henry Hobhouse]], permanent under-secretary of state in the [[Home Office]], by his wife Harriet, sixth daughter of John Turton of Sugnall Hall, Stafford. [[Edmund Hobhouse]], [[Anglican Diocese of Nelson|Bishop of Nelson]], and [[Reginald Hobhouse]] (1818–95), [[Archdeacon of Bodmin]], were elder brothers. Passing at eleven from a private school to [[Eton College|Eton]], he remained there seven years (1830–7). In 1837 he went to [[Balliol College, Oxford]], graduated [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in 1840 with a first class in classics, and proceeded [[Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)|M.A.]] in 1844. Entering at [[Lincoln's Inn]] on 22 April 1841, he was called to the bar on 6 May 1845, and soon acquired a large [[Court of Chancery|chancery]] and [[conveyancer|conveyancing]] practice.<ref name="dnb">{{cite DNB12 | last =Bedwell | first = C. E. A. | title =Hobhouse, Arthur, first Baron Hobhouse of Hadspen | volume = 2 | pages =272–273 | url =https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofnati22lees/#page/272/mode/2up | accessdate = 2011-03-27}}</ref>

==Early legal career==
In 1862 he became a [[Queen's Counsel]] and a bencher of his inn, serving the office of treasurer in 1880–1 and practised in the Rolls Court (the civil division of the [[Court of Appeal of England and Wales|Court of Appeal]]). A severe illness in 1866 led him to retire from practice and accept the appointment of [[Charity Commission|charity commissioner]]. Hobhouse threw himself into the work with energy. He was not only active in administration but advocated a reform of the law governing charitable endowments. The [[Endowed Schools Act 1869|Endowed Schools Act, 1869]], was a first step in that direction, and under that act [[George Lyttelton, 4th Baron Lyttelton|Lord Lyttelton]], Hobhouse, and Canon H. G. Robinson were appointed commissioners with large powers of reorganising endowed schools. Much was accomplished in regard to endowed schools, but the efforts of Hobhouse and his fellow commissioners received a check in 1871, when the [[House of Lords]] rejected their scheme for remodelling the [[Emanuel School|Emanuel Hospital]], Westminster. There followed a controversy which was distasteful to Hobhouse, and with little regret he retired in 1872 in order to succeed [[James Fitzjames Stephen|Sir James Fitzjames Stephen]] as law member of [[Council of India|the council of the Governor-General of India]]. Hobhouse had meanwhile served on the royal commission on the operation of the Land Transfer Act in 1869.<ref name="dnb"/>

==India==
Hobhouse, "on his departure for India received strong hints that it would be desirable for him to slacken the pace of the legislative machine", which had been quickened by the consolidating and codifying activities of Fitzjames Stephen and of Stephen's immediate predecessor, [[Henry James Sumner Maine|Sir Henry Sumner Maine]]. That suggestion he approved. [[Whitley Stokes (scholar)|Whitley Stokes]], secretary in the legislative department, was mainly responsible for the measures passed during Hobhouse's term of office, with the important exception of the Specific Relief Act, 1877, in which Hobhouse as an equity lawyer took an especial interest, and a revision of the law relating to the transfer of property, which became a statute after he left India. Of strong liberal sentiment, Hobhouse had small sympathy with the general policy of the government of India during the opening of [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|Lord Lytton's]] viceroyalty. The attitude to [[Afghanistan]] was especially repugnant. He served from 1875 to 1877 as Vice-Chancellor of the [[University of Calcutta]]. On the conclusion of his term of office in 1877 he was made a [[Order of the Star of India|K.C.S.I.]], and returning to England soon engaged in party politics as a thoroughgoing opponent of the Afghan policy of the conservative government.

==Parliamentary candidate==
In 1880 he and [[John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn|John Morley]] unsuccessfully contested [[Westminster (UK Parliament constituency)|Westminster]] in the liberal interest against [[Sir Charles Russell, 3rd Baronet|Sir Charles Russell]], and [[William Henry Smith (1825–1891)|W. H. Smith]]. Hobhouse was at the bottom of the poll.<ref name="dnb"/>

==Judicial Committee of the Privy Council==
In 1878 Hobhouse was made arbitrator under the [[Epping Forest Keepers|Epping Forest Act]] and in 1881 he succeeded [[Sir Joseph Napier, 1st Baronet|Sir Joseph Napier]] on the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]]. There without salary he did useful judicial work for twenty years. He delivered the decision of the committee in 200 appeals, of which 120 were from India. Several cases were of grave moment. In Merriman v. Williams (7 Appeal Cases 484), an action between the [[Bishop of Grahamstown|bishop]] and dean of [[Grahamstown]], Hobhouse set forth fully the history of the relationship of the [[Anglican Church of Southern Africa]] with the [[Church of England]], and decided that the South African Church is independent of it. In the consolidated appeals in 1887 by several Canadian banks (12 Appeal Cases, 575) against the decisions of the Court of [[Quebec Court of Appeal|Queen's Bench for Quebec]], which involved the respective limits of the power of the dominion and provincial legislatures to regulate banks, Hobhouse's judgment upheld the right of the province to tax banks and insurance companies constituted by Act of the dominion legislature. In a case from India in 1899 (26 Indian Appeals, Law Reports 113) which necessitated the review of a number of conflicting decisions of the Indian courts, Hobhouse settled a long disputed point in [[Hindu law]] and decided, contrary to much tradition, that when an individual person was adopted as an only son, the also gave the judgment of the Privy Council in {{cite bailii|litigants=Grey v Manitoba Railway Co|year=1897|court=UKPC|num=1897_8|parallelcite=[1897] AC 254}}.

==House of Lords==
[[File:Arthur Hobhouse, 1st Baron Hobhouse circa 1902.jpg|thumb|Lord Hobhouse at 83.]]
In 1885 Hobhouse accepted a [[peerage]] as '''Baron Hobhouse''', of Hadspen in the County of Somerset,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=25486 |date=3 July 1885 |page=3060 }}</ref> with a view to assisting in the judicial work of the House of Lords, but a statutory qualification by which only judges of the [[High Court of Justice|high courts]] of the [[United Kingdom]] could sit to hear appeals had been overlooked. In 1887 the disqualification was removed by [[Act of Parliament]] in regard to members of the Judicial Committee; but Hobhouse did not take up the work of a judge in the House of Lords. He only sat there to try three cases, in two of which, Russell v. Countess of Russell (1897 Appeal Cases 395) and the Kempton Park case (1899 Appeal Cases 143), he was in a dissenting minority. As a judge Hobhouse, who was always careful and painstaking, invariably stated the various arguments fully and fairly, but he was tenacious of his deliberately formed opinion.<ref name="dnb"/>

==London government==
While engaged on the Judicial Committee, Hobhouse devoted much energy to local government of London. From 1877 to 1899 he was a vestryman of [[St George's, Hanover Square]]. In 1880 he assisted to form and long worked for the [[London Municipal Reform League]], which aimed at securing a single government for the metropolis. From 1882 to 1884 he was a member of the [[London School Board]]. Upon the creation of the [[London County Council]] in 1888 Hobhouse was one of the first aldermen.<ref name="dnb"/>

==Personal life==
Lord Hobhouse married, on 10 August 1848, the campaigner [[Mary Hobhouse (activist)|Ellen Maria 'Mary' Farrer]] (died 1905), daughter of Thomas Farrer, solicitor, and sister of [[Thomas Farrer, 1st Baron Farrer]], Sir William James Farrer (died 1911), Frederick Willis (died 1909) and Cecilia Frances (died 1910), wife of [[Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh]]. Advancing years and increasing deafness led him to retire from the Judicial Committee in 1901. He died at his London residence, 15 [[Bruton Street]], [[Mayfair]], on 6 December 1904, and was [[Cremation Act 1902|cremated]] at [[Golders Green Crematorium|Golders Green]]. He left no issue, and the peerage became extinct on his death.<ref name="dnb"/>

He acted as guardian to his nephew [[Henry Hobhouse (East Somerset MP)|Henry Hobhouse]] after the death of Henry's father in 1862.<ref name = "HenryODNB">{{cite ODNB|id=33904|title = Hobhouse, Henry}}</ref> Henry's grandson [[John Hobhouse, Baron Hobhouse of Woodborough]] was a judge and law lord.<ref name = "JohnRichard">{{cite ODNB|id=33905|title=Hobhouse, Sir John Richard}}</ref>

==Appreciation and publications==
To the last an advanced liberal and constructive legal reformer, Hobhouse, all of whose judicial work was done gratuitously, urged many legal changes, which won adoption very slowly. Much influence is assignable to an address by him before the [[Social Science Congress]] at [[Birmingham]] in 1868 on the law relating to the property of married women (1869; new edition 1870), and to ''The Dead Hand'' (1880), a collection of addresses on endowments and settlements of property (reprinted from the ''Transactions of the Social Science Association'').<ref name="dnb"/>

* {{cite book|last=Hobhouse|first=Arthur|authorlink=Arthur Hobhouse, 1st Baron Hobhouse|title=[[s:On the forfeiture of property by married women|On the forfeiture of property by married women]]|year=1870|publisher=A. Ireland & Co.|location=Manchester}}

==Arms==
{{Infobox COA wide
|image = [[File:Coronet of a British Baron.svg|centre|150px]][[File:Hobhouse Escutcheon.png|centre|200px]]
|escutcheon = Per pale Azure and Gules three crescents Argent issuant therefrom as many estoiles irradiated Or.
|crest = Out of a mural crown per pale Azure and Gules an estoile Or.
|supporters = Two horses Sable each charged on the shoulder with an estoile Or.
|motto = Spero Meliora<ref>{{cite book|title=Burke's Peerage |date=704}}</ref>}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
*{{DNB12|wstitle=Hobhouse, Arthur}}

==External links==
{{EB1911 poster|Hobhouse, Arthur Hobhouse, 1st Baron}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Arthur Hobhouse}}
*[[Hobhouse, Leonard Trelawny]]; Hammond, John Lawrence, [https://archive.org/details/lordhobhousememo00hobhiala Lord Hobhouse; a memoir] (1905) from the Internet Archive

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg|uk}}
{{s-new | creation}}
{{s-ttl
| title = Baron Hobhouse
| years = 1885–1904
}}
{{s-non | reason = Extinct }}
{{s-end}}

{{University of Calcutta Vice chancellors}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hobhouse}}
[[Category:1819 births]]
[[Category:1904 deaths]]
[[Category:People from South Somerset (district)]]
[[Category:Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Members of the London School Board]]
[[Category:Members of London County Council]]
[[Category:Hobhouse family|Arthur]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of the Governor General of India]]