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Lucky Man (2022 film)

2026-05-06T17:00:37Z

Ieagle1: creating new page

{{Short description|2022 Kannada language film}}
{{Long plot|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| director = [[Nagendra Prasad]]
| image = Lucky Man 2022 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| writer = [[Ashwath Marimuthu]] Manju Mandavya Sampath Sirimane
| based_on = ''[[Oh My Kadavule]]'' (2020) by Ashwath Marimuthu
| producer = P.R. Meenakshi Sundaram R Sundara Kamaraj
| starring = [[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Darling Krishna]] [[Sangeetha Sringeri]] [[Roshni Prakash]]
| cinematography = [[Jeeva Shankar]]
| editing = J. V. Manikanda Balaji
| music = V2 Vijay Vicky
| studio = Parsa Pictures Pvt. Ltd.
| released = {{film date|2022|9|9|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| gross = 
}}

'''''Lucky Man''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Kannada-language]] [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Nagendra Prasad|S Nagendra Prasad]] in his directorial debut.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Lucky Man Movie Review: Puneeth Rajkumar shines brightly in this entertaining comedy|website=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/lucky-man/movie-review/94089960.cms|access-date=2022-09-16|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173123/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/lucky-man/movie-review/94089960.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucky Man Movie Review: Appu as Paramathma strikes an emotional chord |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2022/sep/10/lucky-man-movie-reviewappu-as-paramathmastrikes-an-emotional-chord-34549.html |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=10 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171041/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2022/sep/10/lucky-man-movie-reviewappu-as-paramathmastrikes-an-emotional-chord-34549.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film stars [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] in an extended cameo, [[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Darling Krishna]], [[Sangeetha Sringeri]], [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Roshni Prakash]], [[Nagabhushana]] and [[Prabhu Deva]]. Produced under the banner of Parsa Pictures, it is a remake of the 2020 Tamil film ''[[Oh My Kadavule]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-09 |title='Lucky Man' review: Treat for 'Power Star' fans |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/lucky-man-review-treat-for-power-star-fans-1143774.html |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=Deccan Herald |archive-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910093316/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/lucky-man-review-treat-for-power-star-fans-1143774.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Puneeth Rajkumar, Prabhudheva to share screen space for Lucky Man |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/sep/14/puneeth-rajkumar-prabhudheva-to-share-screen-space-forlucky-man-2358282.html |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=The New Indian Express |date=14 September 2021 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163721/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/sep/14/puneeth-rajkumar-prabhudheva-to-share-screen-space-forlucky-man-2358282.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Lucky Man'' marks the second last film appearance of Puneeth Rajkumar, in an extended cameo.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-27 |title='Luckyman' teaser: Late actor Puneeth Rajkumar plays God in romance feature |url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/entertainment/late-actor-puneeth-rajkumar-plays-god-in-luckyman/ |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Lifestyle Asia India |language=en-US |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221030313/https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/entertainment/late-actor-puneeth-rajkumar-plays-god-in-luckyman/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It received mixed to positive reviews and became the [[List of Kannada films of 2022#Box office collection|tenth highest grossing Kannada film]] of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/Dec/30/magical-year-for-kannada-cinema-the-rise-and-rise-of-sandalwood--2533142.html |title=Magical year for Kannada cinema: The rise and rise of Sandalwood |website=The New Indian Express|date=6 December 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022
}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Anu, Arjun Nagappa and Shetty are best friends since childhood. During a party to celebrate Arjun clearing his Engineering arrear exams, Anu tells the other two of her father looking for a groom for her. She suddenly asks Arjun if he'd like to marry her, to which he agrees. One year later, Anu and Arjun are seen sitting in family court for the final hearing of their divorce case. A man named Baby sits behind Arjun and predicts that he will not get his divorce on that day as his wife will faint and be rushed to hospital, then he provides him a visiting card and disappears. To Arjun's shock, all the events predicted by the stranger turn out true and the case is postponed to evening. Arjun rushes to the address mentioned on the visiting card. There, he encounters the man, who introduces himself as God. Arjun explains his problems to God.

Arjun, after marriage, continues to treat Anu as a friend and things are smooth until he starts working in Anu's father's toilet manufacturing factory as a quality control checker. Arjun hates this job, but becomes accustomed to it and is unable to see Anu as anything more than a friend and is totally bored by the monotony of his life. One day, he meets Meera, his school senior and childhood crush, who now works as an assistant film director. They strike up a friendship, with Meera encouraging Arjun to explore his passion for acting and requesting him to audition for [[Yogaraj Bhat]]'s upcoming film. The audition goes very well, with Arjun impressing the director with his performance. Later at a pub, Meera tells Arjun about her failed film-making attempts and a past break-up. Arjun consoles Meera and hugs her, but this is noticed by Anu, who is already sad at Arjun not reciprocating her feelings and assumes they are having an extramarital affair. Anu and Arjun have a nasty quarrel, which ends with Arjun asking for divorce.

Back in the present, Arjun blames God for his current situation. So God gives Arjun a second chance to rectify the mistake with a golden ticket with three conditions - The ticket should stay with Arjun always, he should tell nobody about this ticket, and if at all he tells anyone about the ticket, he will die. Accepting the conditions, Arjun grabs the ticket and time travels to the night where he accepted Anu's marriage proposal.

This time, Arjun rejects Anu's proposal. Therefore, Anu decides to marry the groom chosen by her father. Meanwhile, Arjun decides to pursue Meera, feeling that she is the right person for him. They strike a friendship, with Arjun removing all barriers which caused Meera's film-making attempts to fail in the original timeline. Arjun also decides to pursue acting as a career and Anu manages to convince his parents on the same. Meera soon starts to reciprocate Arjun's interest for her. Arjun also has a chance to perform in audition for a film to be directed by Yogaraj Bhat, and is selected for final audition to be held a month later. He goes to tell Anu's father about this news and has a deep conversation with him. Anu's father tells Arjun that he hails from a very backward village in [[Kalaburagi division|Gulbarga]] and his mother had died 50 years ago by snake bite, due to lack of toilets. He then left village as a teenager, with the mission of eradicating open defecation in his area. That led to him creating his latrine company and achieving his goal of bringing toilets to his native village. This revelation makes Arjun realise his mistake of ridiculing their business.

Anu learns that Arjun likes Meera and there is fair chance that Meera might reciprocate his love too. So Anu offers to help Arjun to propose Meera, asking him to make a video for Meera's upcoming birthday with wishes from Meera's family/friends and propose her at the end of the video. As a result, they go on a bike ride to [[Gokarna, Karnataka|Gokarna]], which is Meera's home town. By this time, through various instances, Arjun had started to realise how sweet and loving Anu is, and how supportive Anu's father was. During the trip, Arjun realises that he really loves Anu and that his interest towards Meera is just an infatuation. While on the Gokarna trip, Arjun and Anu come across Meera's ex-boyfriend, who broke up with Meera to focus on his boxing career, however, he has also not gotten over her. Arjun decides to reunite Meera and Krishna instead and modifies the video accordingly. Meera reconciles with Krishna on her birthday after watching the video.

Arjun attends Anu's wedding with a heavy heart. Unable to express his feelings for Anu, Arjun walks out of the church with Shetty. At this juncture, they see Anu running out of the church without getting married. They meet her in their usual hangout pub, where she reveals her love for Arjun and also adds that she knew his feelings for her, hence she cancelled the wedding at the last minute. But Arjun again refuses to marry her as he does not want to hurt her again. When confronted by Anu and Shetty, he blurts out about the second chance and the golden ticket. Immediately the ticket flies away from Arjun and in a bid to catch it, he is fatally struck by a lorry.

Arjun finds himself with God once again and pleads for one final chance; this time God states that no further chances will be given to him and sends him away, asking him to take care of his own problems. Then Arjun realises that he is back in reality; on the day his divorce hearing is taking place. He rushes back to the court, where Anu is ready to give consent to the divorce. This time, Arjun refuses divorce and confesses his love to Anu. Anu accepts Arjun's love and reunites with him. It is revealed that God has given Arjun yet another chance and blesses him to go and live happily with Anu.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] in an extended cameo appearance as God<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-25 |title=Luckyman teaser: Late Kannada superstar Puneeth Rajkumar plays God in romantic drama |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/luckyman-teaser-puneeth-rajkumar-8050559/ |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172308/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/luckyman-teaser-puneeth-rajkumar-8050559/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Darling Krishna]] as Arjun Nagappa<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-09 |title=Lucky Man review: Puneeth Rajkumar's swansong is an endearing fantasy rom-com |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/lucky-man-review-puneeth-rajkumar-s-swansong-endearing-fantasy-rom-com-167703 |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=The News Minute |archive-date=16 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220916080508/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/lucky-man-review-puneeth-rajkumar-s-swansong-endearing-fantasy-rom-com-167703 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Sangeetha Sringeri]] as Anu Anthony Doniyappa
* [[Roshni Prakash]] as Meera
* [[Nagabhushana]] as Shetty
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as Anthony Doniyappa; Anu's father
* [[Sundar Raj]] as Arjun's father
* [[Sudha Belawadi]] as Arjun's mother
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as God's assistant
* [[Yogaraj Bhat]] in a guest appearance as himself
* [[Prabhu Deva]] in a special appearance in "Baaro Raja"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-17 |title=Puneeth Rajkumar & Prabhu Deva to shake leg together in brother Nagendra Prasad's directorial film Lucky Man |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/puneeth-rajkumar-prabhu-deva-shake-leg-together-brother-nagendra-prasads-directorial-film-lucky-man-896339 |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=PINKVILLA |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170519/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/puneeth-rajkumar-prabhu-deva-shake-leg-together-brother-nagendra-prasads-directorial-film-lucky-man-896339 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Lucky Man
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = V2 Vijay Vicky
| cover =
| alt =
| caption =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|9|19||}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=|s=}}
| language = Kannada
| label = MRT Music
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Lucky Man
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Manasella Neene
| single1date = 10 August 2022
| single2 = Baaro Raja
| single2date = 23 August 2022
| single3 = Friendship Song
| single3date = 6 September 2022
}}
}}

{{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|rbjLbfhOCpc|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}

V2 Vijay Vicky composed the soundtrack.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_lyrics = Dhananjay Ranjan
| title1 = Manasella Neene
| extra1 = [[Sanjith Hegde]]
| length1 = 4:32
| title2 = Baaro Raja
| extra2 = [[Benny Dayal]]
| length2 = 4:44
| title3 = Friendship Song
| extra3 = [[M. M. Manasi]], [[Adithya RK]]
| length3 = 3:28
| title4 = Haiyayo
| extra4 = Benny Dayal, V2 Vijay Vicky
| length4 = 2:36
| title5 = Dhoora Dhoora
| extra5 = [[Adithya RK]]
| length5 = 3:01
| title6 = Preethi Kunisidhey
| extra6 = [[Yazin Nizar]]
| length6 = 3:54
| title7 = Eedhentha Life U Yaar
| extra7 = V2 Vijay Vicky
| length7 = 2:52
| title8 = Haiyayo V2
| extra8 = Christopher Stanley
| length8 = 2:36
| title9 = Dhinnapora
| extra9 = V2 Vijay Vicky, M. M. Monissha
| length9 = 2:18
| title10 = Baaro Raja V2
| extra10 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length10 = 4:44
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|15457966}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]

Ishfaq Ahmad Sheikh

2026-05-02T15:01:27Z

Ieagle1: started the details initial version.

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1974)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
'''Ishfaq Ahmad Sheikh''' popularly known as Ishfaq Jabbar (born 1974) is an Indian politician from [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He was an MLA from [[Ganderbal Assembly constituency]] in [[Ganderbal district]]. He won the [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Majid |first=Zulfikar |title=Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Elections 2024: Omar Abdullah faces rising challenges from family bastion Ganderbal |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/jammu-and-kashmir/jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-elections-2024-omar-abdullah-faces-rising-challenges-from-family-bastion-ganderbal-3176534 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> He lost the election in 2024 as an independent candidate.

== Early life and education ==
Sheikh is from Lar Ganderbal, Jammu and Kashmir. He is the son of Abdul Jabbar Sheikh, a former minister who was assassinated by militants.<ref name="oneindia">{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/videos/kashmir-elections-2024-ishfaq-ahmad-sheikh-ganderbal-victory-011-4177392.html|title=Ishfaq Ahmad Sheikh Targets Victory in Ganderbal for Kashmir Elections 2024|website=Oneindia|access-date=2024-09-23|archive-date=12 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912170138/https://www.oneindia.com/videos/kashmir-elections-2024-ishfaq-ahmad-sheikh-ganderbal-victory-011-4177392.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He completed his Class 12 and discontinued his studies while doing his first year B.A. at a college affiliated with [[University of Kashmir]]. In 2008, Ishfaq contested on a Congress ticket but later joined the National Conference (NC) in 2014. He won the election against senior PDP leader Qazi Muhammad Abzal. However, he didn’t left NC but was expelled due to internal conflicts and formed his own political party Jammu and Kashmir United Movement(JKUM).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ishfaq Ahmad Sheikh(Independent(IND)):Constituency- GANDERBAL(GANDERBAL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/JammuKashmir2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=365 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Inspired by his father, Ishfaq joined politics and left his job at a young age .Sheikh won from Ganderbal Assembly constituency representing the [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]] in the 2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election. He polled 19,478 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Qazi Mohammad Afzal of the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]], by a margin of 597 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fayaz |first=Aiman |date=2024-09-11 |title=Kashmir: Ganderbal Constituency Profile |url=https://kashmirlife.net/ganderbal-assembly-constituency-a-profile-366018/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sheikh, Ishfaq Ahmad}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:People from Ganderbal district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Independent politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]

Varun Toorkey

2026-04-22T08:45:45Z

Ieagle1: made the post more to come

{{short description|Indian television actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Varun Toorkey
| image = Varuntoorkey.jpg
| caption = Toorkey in 2016
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|01|08|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/india/love-is-in-the-air-for-varun-and-surbhi/articleshow/56521089.cms|title=Varun: love is in the air for Varun and Surbhi|date=2017-01-14|website=[[Times of India]]|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-27}}</ref><ref name=interview/>
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| occupation = Actor, Model (formerly)
| years_active = 2006–2021
}}

'''Varun Toorkey''' is a former Indian television actor known for portraying Shaad Khan in ''[[Qubool Hai]]'' and Tushar Mallick in ''[[Humko Tumse Ho Gaya Hai Pyaar Kya Karein]].''

==Career==
Toorkey was just 16 years of age when he got his first break into the industry, in a [[compilation album]] called [[Ustad and the Divas|Ustad and the divas]]. In that album, he acted as a computer professional in the song [[Leja Leja Re]] which was sung by [[Shreya Ghoshal]] and [[Ustad Sultan Khan]]. The album released in 2006.<ref name=interview>[https://youtube.com/watch?v=1KVgHSJCAps Varun Toorkey Interview - Bataz Buzz]</ref>

He made his television debut in 2013, playing Sankrant in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Uttaran]]''.

In 2015, he played Shaad Aftaab Khan in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Qubool Hai]]'' opposite [[Surbhi Jyoti]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/qubool-hai-take-20-years-leap-karanvir-bohra-aka-aahil-be-axed-640618|title='Qubool Hai' to Take 20-Year Leap; Karanvir Bohra aka Aahil to be Axed?|website=International Business Times, India Edition|date=27 July 2015 |language=en|access-date=2016-06-17}}</ref>

In 2016, Toorkey played Tushar Malik in ''[[Humko Tumse Ho Gaya Hai Pyaar Kya Karein]]'' opposite Ishani Sharma.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/210816/we-talk-over-the-phone-after-shoots-varun-toorkey.html|title=We talk over the phone after shoots: Varun Toorkey|website=Deccan Chronicle|date=21 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

From 2017 to 2018, he portrayed Anant Singh Baghel in ''[[Saam Daam Dand Bhed (TV series) | Saam Daam Dand Bhed]]''.

In 2019, he played Rishabh in ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' opposite [[Shivangi Joshi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-spoiler-a-new-man-to-enter-naira-s-life-1462500-2019-02-22|title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai spoiler: A new man to enter Naira's life|website=India Today|date=20 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Since July 2021, Toorkey is playing Kunal Malhotra in ''[[Choti Sarrdaarni]]'' opposite Nimrit Kaur Ahluwalia and Mahir Pandhi till October 2021.<ref>{{cite news|title=Varun Toorkey and Apara Mehta to join the cast of Choti Sarrdaarni|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/varun-toorkey-and-apara-mehta-to-join-the-cast-of-choti-sarrdaarni/articleshow/84440096.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India|date=15 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, he quit acting to pursue a career in the [[Culinary arts|Culinary Arts]] industry.<ref>{{cite web |title='Qubool Hai' actor Varun Toorkey quits acting to pursue career in culinary industry |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/qubool-hai-actor-varun-toorkey-quits-acting-to-pursue-career-in-culinary-industry_194766 |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=India Forums |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Ref
|-
| 2013–2015
|''[[Uttaran]]''
| Sankrant Chatterjee
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Qubool Hai]]''
| Shaad Aftab Khan
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/TV-show-Qubool-Hai-to-undergo-a-revamp/articleshow/46309269.cms|title=TV show Qubool Hai to undergo a revamp - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=20 February 2015 |access-date=2016-06-17}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Humko Tumse Ho Gaya Hai Pyaar Kya Karein]]''
| Tushar Mallick
|
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Saam Daam Dand Bhed (TV series) | Saam Daam Dand Bhed]]''
| Anant Singh Baghel
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
| Rishabh
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Choti Sarrdaarni]]''
| Kunal Malhotra
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Choti Sarrdaarni takes a leap: Nimrit Kaur Ahluwalia to be seen in a new avatar, Mahir Pandhi and Varun Toorkey join the cast|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/choti-sarrdaarni-takes-a-leap-nimrit-kaur-ahluwalia-to-be-seen-in-a-new-avatar-mahir-pandhi-and-varun-toorkey-join-the-cast/articleshow/84498126.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India|date=17 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Music video appearances ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Album
! Song
! Reference
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Ustad & the Divas|Ustad and the Divas]]''
| [[Leja Leja Re]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lyricsbogie.com/albums/ustad-the-divas-2006/leja-leja-re.html|title=Leja Leja Re - Latest Hindi Songs Lyrics {{!}} Hindi Movie Song Lyrics {{!}} LyricsBogie|date=2012-10-17|website=Latest Hindi Songs Lyrics {{!}} Hindi Movie Song Lyrics {{!}} LyricsBogie|language=en-US|access-date=2016-06-17|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712223513/https://www.lyricsbogie.com/albums/ustad-the-divas-2006/leja-leja-re.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Toorkey, Varun}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian Zoroastrians]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]
[[Category:Parsi male actors]]

Nellore City Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:32:10Z

Ieagle1: new - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nellore City
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (117-Nellore City highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Nellore City Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Ponguru Narayana]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Nellore district|Nellore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nellore Lok Sabha constituency|Nellore]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Pomguru narayana.JPG
| constituency_no = 117
| electors = 208,469
| established = 2008
| type = SLA
}}

'''Nellore City Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Nellore district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Nellore Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=16, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Ponguru Narayana ]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |archive-date=24 May 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 208,469 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web |title=Electors Summary |url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=24 May 2019 |date=25 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 2008, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (2008)''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sakshi.com/ap-election-2024/andhrapradesh/constituency/nellorecity.html |title=Nellore City Constituency History, Codes, MLA Candidates |date= |author= |access-date= 20 July 2024}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Mungamuru Sridhara Krishna Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan=2| [[Anil Kumar Poluboina]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Ponguru Narayana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nellore City}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Ponguru Narayana]]
|votes = 1,20,551
|percentage = 68.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party= YSR Congress Party
|candidate= Mohammad Khaleel Ahamad
|votes= 48,062
|percentage= 27.51
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Mulam Ramesh
|votes = 2,038
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 967
|percentage = 0.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 72,489
|percentage = 41.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,74,738
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nellore City}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=YSR Congress Party
|candidate= [[Anil Kumar Poluboina]]
|votes=74,040|
percentage=47.38
|change=-5.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Telugu Desam Party
|candidate= [[Ponguru Narayana]]
|votes=71,052
|percentage=46.13
|change=+6.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Janasena Party
|candidate= Kethamreddy Vinod Reddy
|votes=8,300
|percentage=3.47
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,988
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 158,363
|percentage = 61
|change = +6.18
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSRCP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nellore City}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Anil Kumar Poluboina]]
|votes =74,372
|percentage = 53.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Sridhara Krishna Reddy
|votes = 55,285
|percentage = 39.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 19,087
|percentage = 13.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 140,310
|percentage = 57.43
|change = +4.18
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Praja Rajyam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nellore City}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = Mungamuru Sridhara Krishna Reddy
|votes = 36,103
|percentage = 33.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Anil Kumar Poluboina]]
|votes = 36,013
|percentage = 33.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Tallapaka Ramesh Reddy
|votes = 26,173
|percentage = 24.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 90
|percentage = 0.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 106,389
|percentage = 53.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Praja Rajyam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Coord|14.44|79.98|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nellore district]]
[[Category:Nellore]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Bachchu Hansda

2026-04-18T23:01:14Z

Ieagle1: created initial entry v1

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Tapan Assembly constituency|Tapan]]
| term_start = 2011
| term_end = 2021
| profession = Politician, Teacher
| predecessor =
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| office1 = Minister of State for North Bengal Development
| term_end1 = 2021
| term_start1 = 2016
| other_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal|Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|03|1|df=yes}}<ref name="ourneta.com">{{Cite web |title=Bachchu Hansda, AITC MLA from Tapan - Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/bachchu-hansda/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
'''Bachchu Hansda''' (born 1 March 1979)<ref name="ourneta.com">{{Cite web |title=Bachchu Hansda, AITC MLA from Tapan - Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/bachchu-hansda/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Tapan, Dakshin Dinajpur|Tapan]] in West Bengal. He served as the Minister of State for North Bengal Development in the Government of West Bengal from 2016 to 2021. Hansda was elected twice to the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Tapan Assembly constituency|Tapan constituency]], in [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]] and [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-01 |title=Tapan (West Bengal) Assembly Election Results 2021 Live: Winner, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tapan-west-bengal-assembly-election-results-2021-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-7294352/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-23 |title=West Bengal Assembly election 2021, Tapan profile: TMC's Bachchu Hansda retained seat in 2016 election |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-tapan-profile-tmcs-bachchu-hansda-retained-seat-in-2016-election-9297581.html |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

Hansda faced allegations of widespread corruption, including accusations of accepting large sums of money from individuals in exchange for appointments to government teaching positions at various school levels. As a result of these allegations, the [[Trinamool Congress]] denied him a ticket to contest the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], later Hansda joined opposition party [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bangla |first=TV9 |date=2022-03-29 |title=মন্ত্রী হয়েছিলেন একবার, বাচ্চু হাঁসদার বাড়ি দেখলে চমকে যাবেন আপনিও |url=https://tv9bangla.com/west-bengal/dakshin-dinajpur/the-house-worth-crores-of-rupees-is-bachchu-hansdar-535869.html |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=TV9 Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Pal |first=Satyen |date=2021-05-29 |title=তৃণমূলে ফিরতে মরিয়া প্রাক্তন মন্ত্রী বাচ্চু হাঁসদা, বিজেপি বলছে 'সুযোগসন্ধানী' |trans-title=Desperate to Return to TMC, Former Minister Bachchu Hansda, BJP Calls Him 'Opportunistic' |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/districts/bacchu-hansda-wants-to-return-in-tmc-31622277255095.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529133620/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/districts/bacchu-hansda-wants-to-return-in-tmc-31622277255095.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 May 2021 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Hansda was first nominated as a candidate by the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] in the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], where he contested against [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] leader Khara Soren. Hansda won the election with a margin of 18,657 votes, securing a total of 72,643 votes, and Soren received 53,986 votes.<ref name=":0" />

In the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Hansda was again fielded by the [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]]. He contested against [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] leader Urow Raghu and won the election with a reduced margin of 4,401 votes, obtaining 72,511 votes, while Raghu received 68,110 votes. Following this victory, Hansda was appointed the Minister of State for North Bengal Development in the [[Second Banerjee ministry|Mamata Banerjee-led government]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bachchu Hansda(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- TAPAN (ST)(DAKSHIN DINAJPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=382 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

Hansda later faced allegations of widespread corruption, including accusations of accepting large sums of money from individuals in exchange for appointments to government teaching positions. As a consequence of these allegations, the TMC denied him a ticket for the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":1" />

On 10 April 2021, after TMC denied him ticket, Hansda joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal|Bharatiya Janata Party]], the primary opposition party in West Bengal, in the presence of [[Dilip Ghosh (politician)|Dilip Ghosh]] at an event in Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Denied Ticket, Trinamool Minister Bachchu Hansda, MLA Gouri Sankar Dutta Join BJP |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-denied-ticket-trinamool-congress-minister-bachchu-hansda-mla-gouri-sankar-dutta-join-bjp-2387948 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohant |first=Anupratan |date=27 May 2021 |title=হারিয়েছেন তো বাচ্চুই, বলছেন তৃণমূল কর্মীরা |trans-title=TMC Workers Say It Was Bachchu Who Lost |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/north-bengal/tmc-workers-on-ground-dont-want-bacchu-hansda-back/cid/1283437 |access-date=10 December 2024 |work=Anandabazar}}</ref> Seven days later he expressed his desire to rejoin the Trinamool Congress; the party declined his request. Since then, Hansda has not been affiliated with any political party and teaches at schools that he owns.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Apromeya Datta |date=2021-05-26 |title='‌এখন ফিরিয়ে নিলে আরও কাজ করতে পারব'‌, তৃণমূলে ফিরতে চাইছেন বাচ্চু |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/districts/former-minister-bacchu-hansda-want-to-return-tmc-from-bjp-31622008381634.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526060422/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/districts/former-minister-bacchu-hansda-want-to-return-tmc-from-bjp-31622008381634.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 May 2021 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=সাতদিনেই মোহভঙ্গ! বিজেপি ছেড়ে তৃণমূলে ফেরার ইচ্ছাপ্রকাশ বাচ্চু হাঁসদার |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/west-bengal-assembly-polls-2021-former-minister-bachchu-hansda-set-to-return-to-his-old-party-tmc/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=sangbadpratidin |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hansda, Bachchu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:1979 births]]

Biaora Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:54:01Z

Ieagle1: created initial info w/ refs.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Biaora
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 161
| map_image = 161-Biaora.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Rajgarh district|Rajgarh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rajgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajgarh]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Narayan Singh Panwar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Purshottam Dangi]]
}}

'''Biaora Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

It is part of [[Rajgarh district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

=== Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1952 Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Madan Lal
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}

=== Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Laxman Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Ram Karan Ugra
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Jagannath
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Ram Karan Ugra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Dattatray Rav Madhav Rav
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Dattatrai Madhavrav Jagtap
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Vijay Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Dattatray Rav
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|[[Badri Lal Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Balram Singh Gujar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|[[Badri Lal Yadav]]<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3738-madhya-pradesh-2003/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|[[Purshottam Dangi]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="election2013-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|[[Narayan Singh Panwar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
| Govardhan B. Dangi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2020 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections|2020]]^
| [[Purshottam Dangi]]<ref name=byelection2020>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12753-bye-elections-2020-parliamentary-and-assemblies/ |title=Bye Elections 2020 (Parliamentary and Assemblies) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="election2023">{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| [[Narayan Singh Panwar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
^ bypoll

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Biaora<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Narayan Singh Panwar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:117846}}
|percentage = 57.61
|change = +12.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Purshottam Dangi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:81635}}
|percentage = 39.91
|change = -11.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1051}}
|percentage = 0.51
|change = -0.13
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:36211}}
|percentage = 17.7
|change = +11.17
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:204564}}
|percentage = 84.78
|change = +2.60
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 bypoll ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2020 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: Biaora}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Purshottam Dangi]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:95397}}
|percentage = 51.44
|change = +8.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Narayan Singh Panwar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:83295}}
|percentage = 44.91
|change = +2.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Gopal Singh Bhilala
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:2237}}
|percentage = 1.21
|change = -2.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:1179}}
|percentage = 0.64
|change = -0.20
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12102}}
|percentage = 6.53
|change = +6.06
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:185459}}
|percentage = 82.18
|change = +1.41
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Biaora<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-2">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Govardhan B. Dangi]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:75569}}
|percentage = 42.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Narayan Singh Panwar
|votes = {{formatnum:74743}}
|percentage = 42.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Motilal Lodha (Anna Sahab)
|votes = {{formatnum:13238}}
|percentage = 7.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Gopal Singh Bhilala
|votes = {{formatnum:5664}}
|percentage = 3.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1481}}
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:826}}
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:176314}}
|percentage = 80.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Biaora]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|23.92|76.91|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajgarh district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Katoria Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:26:57Z

Ieagle1: started initial article nd citations.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Bihar legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Katoria
|type= SLA
| map_image = 162-Katoria constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|region =
|state =[[Bihar]]
|district = [[Banka district|Banka]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Banka (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|162]]
|established = 1951
|reservation = ST
|abolished = 
|mla = Puran Lal Tudu
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| electors = 270,298
}}
'''Katoria''' is one of 243 constituencies of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly of Bihar]]. It is part of [[Banka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banka]] Lok Sabha constituency along with other assembly constituencies viz. Amarpur, Banka, Belhar and Dhoraiya. The seat is reserved for Scheduled Tribes.<ref name=delimitation2008/>

==Overview==
Katoria comprises CD Blocks Katoria & Bounsi.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name=election1957>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3887-bihar-1957/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1957 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|Piroo Manjhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|Raghvendra Narain Singh
|-
|1961^
|Munsa Murmu
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Kampa Murmu<ref name=election1962>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3888-bihar-1962/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1962 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|K. Sitaram<ref name=election1967>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3889-bihar-1967/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1967 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Jay Prakash Singh<ref name=election1972>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3892-bihar-1972/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1972 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Guneshwar Prasad Singh<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3893-bihar-1977/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1977 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<ref name=election1980>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3894-bihar-1980/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1980 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |Suresh Prasad Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref name=election1985>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3896-bihar-1985/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1985 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<ref name=election1990>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3897-bihar-1990/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1990 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Giridhari Yadav]]<ref name=election1995>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3899-bihar-1995/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1995 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1996^
|Bhola Prasad Yadav
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Giridhari Yadav]]<ref name=election2000>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3900-bihar-2000/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2000 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005 (Feb)]]<ref name=election2005>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3901-bihar-2005/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2005 - Feb and Oct |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Rajkishore Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005 (Oct)]]<ref name=election2005/>
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|Sonelal Hembram<ref name=election2010>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3903-bihar-2010/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2010 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Sweety Sima Hembram]]<ref name=election2015/>
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Nikki Hembrom|Nikki Hembram]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|Puran Lal Tudu
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Katoria<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Katoria">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Katoria |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04162.htm |accessdate=15 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215044033/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04162.htm |archivedate=15 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Puran Lal Tudu]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:94260}}
|percentage = 48.07
|change = +1.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sweety Sima Hembram]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:83274}}
|percentage = 42.46
|change = -0.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rekha Soren
|votes = {{formatnum:3652}}
|percentage = 1.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Salomi Murmu
|votes = {{formatnum:2443}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Shiv Lal Hansda
|votes = {{formatnum:2257}}
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5187}}
|percentage = 2.65
|change = -0.67
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10986}}
|percentage = 5.61
|change = +1.58
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:196105}}
|percentage = 72.55
|change = +11.3
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing = NDA
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Katoria<ref name=election2020>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Nikki Hembram
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:74785}}
|percentage = 47.01
|change = +13.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sweety Sima Hembram]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:68364}}
|percentage = 42.98
|change = +1.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Anjela Hansda
|votes = {{formatnum:5606}}
|percentage = 3.52
|change = -9.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Roj Meri Kisku
|votes = {{formatnum:2941}}
|percentage = 1.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Apna Kisan Party
|candidate = Etwari Tudu
|votes = {{formatnum:2101}}
|percentage = 1.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5279}}
|percentage = 3.32
|change = -0.4
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6421}}
|percentage = 4.03
|change = -3.77
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:159076}}
|percentage = 61.25
|change = +4.4
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = BJP
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2015]]: Katoria<ref name=election2015>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sweety Sima Hembram]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:54760}}
|percentage = 41.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Nikki Hembrom|Nikki Hembram]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:44423}}
|percentage = 33.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Anjala Hansda
|votes = {{formatnum:17481}}
|percentage = 13.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Maikal Hasada
|votes = {{formatnum:2478}}
|percentage = 1.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Umesh Hembram
|votes = {{formatnum:2064}}
|percentage = 1.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Pushpalata Murmu
|votes = {{formatnum:1926}}
|percentage = 1.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rekha Kumari Soren
|votes = {{formatnum:1673}}
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharat Vikas Morcha
|candidate = Rajaram Soren
|votes = {{formatnum:1364}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Garib Janta Dal (Secular)
|candidate = Anil Kumar Marandi
|votes = {{formatnum:1324}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4928}}
|percentage = 3.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10337}}
|percentage = 7.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:132421}}
|percentage = 56.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}

{{Bihar elections}}

[[Category:Politics of Banka district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Ghanada

2026-04-13T09:03:41Z

Ieagle1: Stub

{{Short description|Fictional character}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox character
| name = Ghanada
| series = Ghanada
| image = Ghanada.jpg
| caption = Art by Ajit Gupta
| first = ''[[Mosha (story)|Mosha (The Mosquito)]]'' (1945)
| last = ''Mau-Ka-Sha-Bi-Sh bonam Ghanada'' (1987)
| creator = [[Premendra Mitra]]
| portrayer =

| title =
| family =
| relatives = {{Plainlist|
* Bachanram Das (16th gen.)
* Ghanaram Das (22nd gen.)
}}
| religion = [[Hindu]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| lbl23 = Residence
| data23 = "Mess-''bari''" at 72, Banamali Naskar Lane, [[Behala]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| full_name = Ghanashyam Das
| nicknames = {{Plainlist|
* Ghana
* Ghan''ta''
* Dos
* Das
}}
| lbl21 = Height
| data21 =
| lbl24 = Friends
| data24 = {{plainlist|
*Shibu
*Shishir
*Gaur
*Sudhir
*Bipin
*Bapi Datta
*Ramsharan Babu
*Shibapada Babu
*Harisadhan Babu
*Bhabataran Babu
}}
| lbl22 = Age
| data22 = 35 - 55
| occupation = {{Plainlist|
* [[Storytelling]]
* [[Adventurer]]
}}
}}

'''Ghanashyam Das''' alias '''Ghanada''' ({{langx|bn|'''ঘনাদা'''}}), the [[protagonist]] of the ''Ghanada'' series of [[science fiction]] novels written in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], is a fictional [[Character (arts)|character]] created by [[Premendra Mitra]] in 1945. In the novels, the character fights evil and stands against international terrorism. The far-fetched stories take place in multiple international locations, and across a historical timeline.<ref>{{Cite book|last=JAMUNA|first=K. A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KS0nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT40|title=Children's Literature in Indian Languages|date=2017-06-01|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=978-81-230-2456-1|language=en}}</ref> He is depicted regularly outwitting his fellow boarders of the mess-''bari'' at 72, Banamali Naskar Lane, [[Kolkata]] (Calcutta).<ref name = tfo>{{cite journal | url = https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17449855.2017.1332676 | title= The Insectesimal tall tale: Historical catachresis and ethics in the science fiction of Premendra Mitra|journal= Journal of Postcolonial Writing | first1= Atanu | last1 = Bhattacharya| first2= Preet |last2 = Hiradhar | year= 2018| volume= 54| issue= 2| pages= 174–186|access-date = 14 November 2020 | doi= 10.1080/17449855.2017.1332676| s2cid= 164349172| url-access= subscription}}</ref> Ghanada was a personification of Premendra Mitra's [[anti-fascist]] humanistic ideologies and moral universe. His stories were notably accurate from a historical, geographical and scientific standpoint.<ref name= sfi>{{cite book|first=Debjani|last=Sengupta|editor-first1=Erica|editor-last1=Hoagland|editor-first2=Reema|editor-last2=Sarwal|chapter=Sadhan Babu's friends: Science fictions in Bengali from 1882 to 1974|title=Science fiction, Imperialism and the Third World - Essays on Post Colonial Literature and Film |publisher=McFarland and Company Inc. Publishers|location=North Carolina, USA|year=2010|isbn=978-0-7864-4789-3|pages=115–126}}</ref><ref name= ie>{{cite web|first=Sandip|last=Roy|title=The furure in the past - Can Bengali science fiction grow up?|work=The Indian Express|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/the-future-in-the-past-5013283/|date=7 January 2018|access-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref name= ebl>{{cite book|editor-first=Lal|editor-last=Mohan|chapter=Science fiction (Bengali)|title=Encyclopedia of Bengali Literature|publisher=Sahitya Academy|location=New Delhi|volume=V|year=1992|isbn=81-260-1221-8|page=3889}}</ref><ref name= tapen>{{cite web|first=Tapen|last=Sinha|title=Premendra Mitra’s Ghanada In the Age of Internet - His geography and science are real|url= https://tapen.substack.com/p/premendra-mitras-ghanada-in-the-age|date=25 November 2024|access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref>

==First appearance==
Ghanada's first appearance was in a story titled [[Mosha (novel)|Mosha]] (The Mosquito), published in the Puja annual ''Alpana'' ({{langx|bn|আলপনা}}) in 1945 published by [https://www.devsahityakutir.com/en/ Deb Sahitya Kutir], Kolkata, West Bengal, India.<ref name=abp3>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/patrika/ঘন-দ-1.101446 | first=Biswajit|last=Roy |title= ঘনাদা|publisher=anandabazar.com|access-date = 16 November 2020 | date=16 November 2014}}</ref>

Ghanada was engaged by a company in [[Sakhalin]] to collect amber sometime during 1939, and in due course, he landed up to a scientific laboratory set by Mr Nishimara, an entomologist, in search of a Chinese labourer who went missing. It was later revealed that Mr. Nishamara was genetically converting the mosquitos into deadly agents of biological warfare. When the lone, genetically engineered mosquito landed on the face of Mr. Nishimara and sealed his fate by stinging him, Ghanada slapped Nishmara to kill the mosquito and eliminated a severe threat towards humanity. He declared he never intended to kill another mosquito ever after in his lifetime. {{quote|At the end of the story Ghanada took a deep breath as if he was so tired from killing that mosquito and said, "I never felt like killing a mosquito after that incident."<ref name= abp4>{{cite book|first=Premendra|last=Mitra|editor-first=Surajit|editor-last=Dasgupta|chapter= মশা |title=ঘনাদা সমগ্র - পর্ব ১|publisher=Ananda Publishers|year=2000|isbn=81-7215-395-3|pages=21–29}}</ref> }}

==Characterization==
===Ghanada===
The character of Ghanashyam Das alias Ghanada was outlined as a bachelor, dark-complexioned male with a tall, boney and skeletal structure, aged "anywhere between thirty-five to fifty-five", as described by the author himself in Mosha- the first story of the Ghanada series. He stayed in the third-floor attic of a shared apartment called "Mess-''bari''" ({{langx|bn|মেস-বাড়ি}}) at 72, Banamali Naskar Lane, Calcutta, West Bengal, India, along with other boarders, who called him Ghanada, while Ghana is the shortened form of his name Ghanasyam, and the term "da" is a suffix added to the name of an elder male in Bengal to convey reverence and affection. Though he was rarely found engaged in any activity or work other than telling fantastic tales to the boarders of the apartment, sitting in his armchair and cadging cigarettes from his fellow boarders, his tall tales engaged him with most of the major events that had happened in the world for last two hundred years and there was no place on earth which he didn't visit.<ref name=abp1>{{cite book|first=Premendra|last=Mitra|editor-first=Surajit|editor-last=Dasgupta|title= ঘনাদা সমগ্র - পর্ব ১|publisher=Ananda Publishers|year=2000|isbn=81-7215-395-3}}</ref>

{{quote|গত দুশো বছর ধরে পৃথিবীর হেন জায়গা নেই যেখানে তিনি যাননি, হেন ঘটনা ঘটেনি যার সঙ্গে তাঁর কোনও যোগ নেই<ref name=abp2/>}}

[[Premendra Mitra]], the creator, described Ghanada in an interview by A K Ganguly published in SPAN in 1974, as below: {{quote|Ghana~da is a teller of tall tales, but the tales always have a scientific basis. I try to keep them as factually correct and as authentic as possible.<ref name=span >{{cite journal|first=A K|last=Ganguly|title= Premendra Mitra's science fiction|publisher=SPAN|url=https://ghanada-gallery.com/mishmash/interview-in-span-july-1974/|year=1974}}</ref> }}

===Location/place of story telling===
All the stories were told in a north Calcutta quintessential boarding house (Mess Bari in Bengali) located at 72, Banamali Naskar Lane. It was a time, after the second world war, when single working men flocked together renting boarding houses all across the city, called ''Mess Bari'', which had been part and parcel of nineteenth and twentieth century Calcutta's checkered past. The ground floor was designated for dining and the kitchen, the first floor housed all rooms for the boarders, and a common room. The second floor consisted of the roof terrace and a single small cabin, which in Bengali is known as ''Chile Kotha''. Ghanada stayed in the second floor attic.

===Why did Ghana-da come for?===
After forty years of publication of the first Ghanada story, the author revealed when and how Ghanada appeared for the first time in the story ''Ghanada Elen'' (Ghanada Came) in 1985 upon the requested by the fans of Ghanada.

''"It was the early days of this ''mess-bari'' many years ago, when the four friends just occupied this house and were trying to settle down, a strange person, whose age could be anywhere between thirty-five to fifty-five, with a thin and lanky structure like an axe having a deep baritone voice and carrying a small canvas bag, approached them for help.''

''He needed accommodation to get a confirmed postal address because seven years ago while he was working as an expert in guns, he promised Bob Kenneth, a licensed hunter in Uganda, that if his help was ever needed Bob should put an advertisement in the [[The Times Magazine|Times]] (London) magazine with a symbol of [[Jerboa]].''

''After keeping a keen eye for the last seven years, at last he saw the most awaited advertisement in the Times at the Imperial Library of Calcutta, while spending a few days in the city. He sent a letter to Bob asking for details in reply to the advertisement letting him know about this house in particular at 72 Banamali Naskar Lane as his address for receiving communication. Now he should wait here only for a few days till the reply comes from Bob.''

''He himself had chosen a dilapidated rooftop attic room on the second floor and assured that he could manage with the broken bed which he already cleaned up, just for a few days.''

''The young four friends eagerly agreed to extend all the help to this distressed man, only in lieu of the magical opportunity of listening from him the exceptionally impressive, surprising, and awe-inspiring story involving Jerboa (having no idea what it was), and implored upon him to stay as long as the reply reaches him. The strange man settled in the attic with his canvas bag. The canvas bag had long gone but the reply from Bob Kenneth never reached in all these years. The man in distress, Ghanada, the fantastic teller of incredible tall tales, settled in the mess-bari rent-free for years to come."''<ref name=abp2>{{cite book|first=Prenedra|last=Mitra|editor-first=Surajit|editor-last=Dasgupta|chapter=ঘনাদা এলেন|title= ঘনাদা সমগ্র - পর্ব ২|publisher=Ananda Publishers|year=2001|page=401|isbn=81-7756-101-4}}</ref>

===Other characters===

The stories are broadly classified into two varieties:

;Science-based stories
The science-based stories were generally told in the common room of 72, Banamali Naskar Lane in front of the charmed boarders who consisted of four permanent young men - Shibu, Shishir, Gaur, and Sudhir, with some other members who appeared occasionally.

The character of Ghanada is believed to be based on Sri Bimal Ghosh, an acquaintance of Premendra Mitra whom he used to call "TenDa". He was a co-boarder during Mitra's stay in a boarding house at Gobinda Ghoshal Lane of Bhabanipur in his early years. The other four main characters were also believed to be based on real persons.<ref name=abp1/>
*Shibu was [[Shibram Chakraborty]], the writer
*Shishir was Sisir Mitra, producer and actor in Bengali movies, co-founder of Basumitra Chitra Pratisthan
*Gaur was Gauranga Prasad Basu, co-founder of Basumitra Chitra Pratisthan
*Sudhir was the author of the stories of Ghanada in the first person, and it was the nickname of [[Premendra Mitra]] himself.
*Bipin appeared only in [[Mosha (story)|''Mosha'' (The Mosquito)]].
*Bapi Datta appeared in ''Hnas'' and ''Suto'', and so on.

There were two very important and essential characters without whom the Ghanada stories would have been incomplete. They were Banoary, the cook, and Rambhuj, the attendant. Some other staff of the mess-''bari'' were also mentioned in various stories from time to time, such as Uddab, the water provider, and Lachhmania, the cleaner.

;History based stories
The history-based stories were told in a completely different environment and the audience was also different. Almost every evening five persons, or at least four out of them, used to gather at a seating arrangement around a tree in Rabindra Sarobar by the side of a lake and discuss various matters ranging from health, imperialism, market rate to Vedanta, philosophy, etc. These five men were -
*Ramsharan Babu, whose belly was as big as a round pot ({{langx|bn|রামশরণবাবু, যার উদর কুম্ভের মত স্ফীত}})
*Shibapada Babu, whose head was as smooth as a marble ({{langx|bn|শিবপদবাবু, যার মস্তক মর্মরের মত মসৃণ}})
*Harisadhan Babu, whose hair was as white as Saccharum spontaneum ({{langx|bn|হরিসাধনবাবু, যার শিরশোভা কাশের মত শুভ্র}})
*Bhabataran Babu, who was as obese as an elephant ({{langx|bn|ভবতারনবাবু, মেদভারে যিনি হস্তির মত বিপুল}})
*and Ghanashyam Babu (Ghanada), who was as slender and disproportionate as a camel. ({{langx|bn|ঘনশ্যামবাবু, যিনি উষ্ট্রের মত শীর্ণ ও সামঞ্জস্যহীন}})

==Works==
===Short stories===
{{Category see also |Ghanada short stories}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! width="3%" |Year of publication
! width="5%" |Short story
! width="5%" |Title in English
! width="15%" |Places and time
! width="20%" |Ghanada's engagement at the time of the story
! width="35%" |Scientific base
! width="5%" |Collection
|-
| 1945 || [[Mosha (story)|''Mosha'']] || The Mosquito || Sakhalin Island 5 August 1939 || Collecting Amber || Genetic engineering and biological warfare using mosquito || Ghanadar Galpo
|-
| 1947 || [[Nuri (story)|''Nuri'']] || The Pebble || Mikiu Island, [[New Hebrides]], now Vanautu || Sandalwood business || Volcanic activities in the South Pacific Ocean || Ghanadar Galpo
|-
| 1948 || [[Ghori (story)|''Ghori'']] || The Clock || Apia harbor, Samoa 17 September 1937 || Espionage for the Allies under cover of Import Export business || Ghanada neutralized the time bomb mechanism encased in clocks || Awditiyo Ghanada
|-
| 1948 || [[Poka (story)|''Poka'']] || The Insect || Riga, Latvia 22 December 1931 Alodia by the Al El Arab river, South Sudan|| Doing morning walk in the snow || Genetic engineering and biological warfare using locust|| Ghanadar Galpo
|-
| 1949 || [[Fish (story)|''Machh'']] || The Fish || Belgian Congo, Africa 23 September 1929 || Ghanada was collecting specimen for a French zoo || He predicted earthquake observing the agitation of cat fish || Ghanadar Galpo
|-
| 1949 || ''Chhori''|| The Stick || Antarctica || Ghanada was looking for ambergris in Antarctica || He picked up a diamond from the base of a mountain top lake in Antarctica, and a volcano exploded || Ghanadar Galpo
|-
| 1950 || ''Robinson Crusoe Meye Chhilen''|| Robinson Crusoe was a Woman || - || - || - || Premendra Mitrar Sreshtho Galpo
|-
| 1950 || ''Kaanch''|| Glass || City of Lobito, in the province of Benguela 1 September 1939 || Ghanada was exploring for Uranium || He foiled a Nazi plot to retrieve Uranium from Africa || Ghanadar Galpo
|-
| 1952 || ''Tupi''|| The Cap || Khumbu glacier, Nepal and M. Everest || Ghanadas encounter with a Yeti, the Abominable Snowman near Mt. Everest||He found some fungus, similar to the Caterpillar fungus, scientifically known as Ophiocordyceps sinensis (syn. Cordyceps sinensis), also known as Yarsagumba or Keeda Jadi, which kept him warm and breathing while crossing over Mt. Everest|| Ghanadar Galpo
|-
| 1952 || ''Lattu''|| The Top || Dyke lake, Labrador, Canada January, 1948 || Ghanada collaborated with the British Airforce || Ghanada flew a UFO || Ghanadar Galpo
|-
| 1953 || ''Dada'' || Brother || Berlin; Sometime after 2 September 1945 || Ghanada's search for a supercomputer with AI that was deviced to control the human race|| He destroyed it || Awdwitiyo Ghanada
|-
| 1954 || Phuto || The Hole || Cape Chelyuskin, Russia || Ghanada was vising his friend Dr. Minoski's radio telescope lab || He travelled to Mars and came back using a Wormhole in Space-Time || Awdwitiyo Ghanada
|-
| 1955 || Dnaat || The Tooth || - || - || - || Awdwitiyo Ghanada
|-
| 1957 || Hnash || The Duck || Gurla Mandhata, China 17 July 1935 || Ghanada was exploring the Kailash and Manas Sarovar areas in Himalayas || He retrieved a map showing a lake containing deuterium oxide in high altitude Himalayas|| Awdwitiyo Ghanada
|-
| 1958 || Suto || Thread || - || - || - || Awdwitiyo Ghanada
|-
| 1959 || Shishi || The Phial || - || - || - || Abar Ghanada
|-
| 1960 || Dhil || The Pebble || - || - || - || Abar Ghanada
|-
| 1961 || ''Knecho'' || The Worm || - || - || - || Ghanadake Vote Din
|-
| 1962 || ''Chhata'' || The Umbrella || - || - || - || Ghanada Nityonotun
|-
| 1963 || ''Chhnuch'' || The Needle || - || - || - || Abar Ghanada
|-
| 1963 || ''Machhi'' || The Fly || - || - || - || Ghanadake Vote Din
|-
| 1964 || Ghanadake Vote Din || Vote for Ghanada || - || - || - || Ghanadake Vote Din
|-
| 1964 || Ghanada Kulfi Khan na || Ghanada doesn't eat Ice cream || - || - || - || Ghanada Nityonotun
|-
| 1964 || Jawl || Water || Johannesburg, South Africa || Ghanada posed as a native illiterate laborer || He highlighted the significance of [[Karakul sheep]], commonly known as Swakara sheep || Ghanada Nityonotun
|-
| 1965 || Chowkh || The Eyes || - || - || - || Ghanada Nityonotun
|-
| 1966 || Bhasha || Language || - || - || - || Ghanadar Juri Nei
|-
| 1967 || Tel || Oil || - || - || - || Ghanadar Juri Nei
|-
| 1968 || Mati || Soil || - || - || - || Ghanadar Juri Nei
|-
| 1968 || Dhulo || Dust || Bells Cay, Bahamas || GhanaDa was looking for Strombus gigas|| He neutralized a tornado || Jnar Naam Ghanada
|-
| 1969 || Maap || Measure || - || - || - || Ghanadar Juri Nei
|-
| 1969 || Kada || Mud || - || - || - || Jnar Naam Ghanada
|-
| 1969 || Naach || Dance || Beni river basin, Bolivia || GhanaDa was traveling by train from Santa Cruz de la Sierra to Puerto Suárez || He decoded the round and waggle dance of the honeybees conveying distance and direction relative to the sun || Jnar Naam Ghanada
|-
| 1970 || ''Mulo'' || Radish || Oymyakon, Sakha Republic, Russia || Exploring the habitat of Reindeer in Siberia || Extracted Eleuthero (Siberian ginseng) with the help of Siberian mink || Jnar Naam Ghanada
|-
| 1970 || Tawl || Heavy Water || MacDonnell Ranges, Australia || GhanaDa was earching for mega-heavy water || Tsar Bomba, Soviet thermonuclear bomb that was detonated in a test over Novaya Zemlya island in the Arctic Ocean on 30 October 1961, utilized heavy isotopes of hydrogen (deuterium and tritium) as thermonuclear fuel, which are components of heavy water. || Jnar Naam Ghanada
|-
| 1970 || Ghanadar Dhonurbhango || Ghanada's bow-breaking || - || - || - || Duniyar Ghanada
|-
| 1971 || Knata || The Thorn || - || - || - || Duniyar Ghanada
|-
| 1972 || Bhela || The Raft || - || - || - || Ghanadar Chingri Brittanto
|-
| 1973 || Berajaale Ghanada || Ghanada in kiddle || - || - || - || Ghanadar Phnu
|-
| 1973 || Prithibi Barlona Kyano || Why the Earth didn't Expand || - || - || - || Duniyar Ghanada
|-
| 1974 || Gaan || The Song || - || - || - || Duniyar Ghanada
|-
| 1974 || Shanti Porbe Ghanada || Ghanada in the Peace episode || - || - || - || Ghanadar Hij Bij Bij
|-
| 1975 || Keechak bodhe Ghanada || Ghanada in the killing of Keechak || - || - || - || Duniyar Ghanada
|-
| 1975 || Bharat Judhhe Pnipre || Ants in the Great Indian war || - || - || - || Ghanadar Phnu
|-
| 1975 || Gul-e Ghanada || || - || - || - || Ghanadar Hij Bij Bij
|-
| 1975 || Timi Taran Ghanada / Ghanadar Hij Bij Bij || Whale rescuer Ghanada || - || - || - || Ghanadar Hij Bij Bij
|-
| 1976 || Khandobdaahe Ghanada || Ghanada at Khandob-burning || - || - || - || Ghanadar Phnu
|-
| 1977 || Kurukkhetre Ghanada || Ghanada at Kurukshetra || - || - || - || Ghanadar Phnu
|-
| 1978 || Ghanadar Phnu || Ghanada's Puff || - || - || - || Ghanadar Phnu
|-
| 1980 || Jayadrath bodhe Ghanada || Ghanada at the Killing of Jayadrath || - || - ||- || Ghanadar Chingri Brittanto
|-
| 1982 || Ghanadar Chithipatro o Mau-Ka-Sha-Bi-Sh || Ghanada's letters and Mau-Ka-Sha-Bi-Sh || - || - || - || Ghanada o Mau-Ka-Sha-Bi-Sh
|-
| 1982 || Parashare Ghanaday || Ghanada vs Parashar || - || - || - || Ghanada o Mau-Ka-Sha-Bi-Sh
|-
| 1983 || Mau-Ka-Sha-Bi-Sh o Ghanada || Mau-Ka-Sha-Bi-Sh and Ghanada || - || - || - || Ghanada o Mau-Ka-Sha-Bi-Sh
|-
| 1983 || Mau-Ka-Sha-Bi-Sh theke Rasomalai || Mau-Ka-Sha-Bi-Sh to Rasomalai || - || - || - || Ghanada o Mau-Ka-Sha-Bi-Sh
|-
| 1983 || Ghanadar Shalyo Somachar || Ghanada's Surgery || - || - || - || Ghanada o Mau-Ka-Sha-Bi-Sh
|-
| 1983 || Atharo noy, Unish || It's Nineteen, not Eighteen || - || - || - || Ghanada o Mau-Ka-Sha-Bi-Sh
|-
| 1984 || Mau-Ka-Sha-Bi-Sh - Ekbachon na Bahubachon || Is Mau-Ka-Sha-Bi-Sh - Singular or Plural? || - || - || - || Ghanada o Mau-Ka-Sha-Bi-Sh
|-
| 1984 || Ghanada Phirlen || Ghanada Returns || - || - || - || Ghanada o Mau-Ka-Sha-Bi-Sh
|-
| 1985 || Ghanadar Bagh || Ghanada's Tiger || - || - || - || Awgronthito
|-
| 1985 || Ghanada Elen || Ghanada Arrives || - || - || - || Ghanadar Chingri Brittanto
|-
| 1985 || Kalo phuto Sada phuto || Blackhole white-hole || - || - || - || Awgronthito
|-
| 1986 || Halley-r Bechal || Halley's Wild Behaviour || - || - || - || Ghanadar Chingri Brittanto
|-
| 1986 || Ghanadar Chingri Brittanto || Ghanada's Shrimp Tale || - || - || - || Ghanadar Chingri Brittanto
|-
| 1987 || Mau-Ka-Sha-Bi-Sh bonam Ghanada || Mau-Ka-Sha-Bi-Sh vs. Ghanada || - || - || - || Awgronthito
|}

===Novellas===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Year !! Novella !! Name (in English) !! Collection
|-
| 1966 || Agra Jakhon Talomol || When Agra was unsteady || Agra Jakhon Talomol
|-
| 1967 || Das Holen Ghanada || Thus the Title of 'Das' || Agra Jakhon Talomol
|}

===Novels===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Year !! Novel !! Name (in English)
|-
| 1967 || Shurjyo Knadley Sona || Golden tears of the Sun
|-
| 1972 || Mongolgrohe Ghanada || Ghanada in Mars
|-
| 1978 || Tel Deben Ghanada || Ghanada will pay for the Fuel
|-
| 1986 || Mandhatar tope o Ghanada || The bait of Mandhata and Ghanada
|}

===Others===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Year !! Name !! Type !! Name (in English) !! Published in
|-
| 1956 || Ghanar Bachon / Ultohata Jabe ki? || Poem || Ghana Says || Joyjatra
|-
| 1979 || Tini Nei || Incomplete short story || He is Missing || Pokkhiraj
|-
| 1981 || Prithibi Jodi Barto || Skit || || Ghanada Bichitra
|-
| 1980 || Mahabharote Ghanada || Incomplete novel || Ghanada in the Mahabharata || Jhalmal
|-
| 1987 || Awsawmpurno Ghanada || Incomplete short story || || Sharodiyo Kishore Gyan Bigyan
|}

===Published books and compendiums===
* 1956 - ''Ghanadar Galpo'' by Premendra Mitra, Kolkata: Indian Associated Publishing Co. Private Ltd.
* 1959 - ''Adwityo Ghanada '' by Premendra Mitra, Kolkata: Indian Associated Publishing Co. Private Ltd.
* 1963 - ''Abar Ghanada'' by Premendra Mitra, Kolkata: Indian Associated Publishing Co. Private Ltd.
* 1964 - ''Ghanadake Vote Din'' by Premendra Mitra, Kolkata: Indian Associated Publishing Co. Private Ltd.
* 1966 - ''Ghanada Nityonotun'' by Premendra Mitra, Kolkata: Indian Associated Publishing Co. Private Ltd.
* 1968 - ''Agra Jakhon Talomawl '' by Premendra Mitra, Kolkata: Ananda Publishers Private Limited.
* 1969 - ''Shurjo Knadley Sona'' by Premendra Mitra, Kolkata: Gronthoprokash.
* 1970 - ''Ghanadar Juri Nei'' by Premendra Mitra, Kolkata: Shoibya Prakashan Bibhag.
* 1971 - ''Jnar Naam Ghanada'' by Premendra Mitra, Kolkata: Ananda Publishers Private Limited.
* 1973 - ''Mongolgrohey Ghanada'' by Premendra Mitra, Kolkata: Shoibya Pustakalay.
* 1975 - ''Ghanashyam-da'' ({{langx|hi|घनश्याम-दा}}) by Premendra Mitra, Radhakrishna Prakashan.
* 1976 - ''Duniyar Ghanada'' by Premendra Mitra, Kolkata: Deys Publishing.
* 1976 - ''Aphuronto Ghanada'' by Premendra Mitra, Kolkata: Saksharata Prakashan / Pashchimbanga Niraksharata Doorikaran Samiti.
* 1976 - ''Ghanashyam-da ke aur kisse'' ({{langx|hi|घनश्याम-दा के और किससे}}) by Premendra Mitra, Radhakrishna Prakashan.
* 1978 - ''Ghanadar Phnu'' by Premendra Mitra, Kolkata: Ananda Publishers Private Limited.
* 1979 - ''Tel Deben Ghanada'' by Premendra Mitra, Kolkata: Ananda Publishers Private Limited.
* 1981 - ''Ghanada Bichitra'' by Premendra Mitra, Kolkata: Indian Associated Publishing Company.
* 1982 - ''The Adventures of Ghanada'', ''translated by'' Lila Majumdar, New Delhi: National Book Trust, India.
* 1983 - ''Ghanadar Hij Bij Bij'' by Premendra Mitra, Kolkata: Pakshiraj Prakashani.
* 1985 - ''Ghanada O Mou-Ka-Sha-Bi-Sh'' by Premendra Mitra, Kolkata: Shoibya Prakashan Bibhag.
* 1987 - ''Mandhatar Tope O Ghanada'' by Premendra Mitra, Kolkata: Ananda Publishers Private Limited.
* 1988 - ''Ghanadar Chingri Brittanto'' by Premendra Mitra, Kolkata: Ananda Publishers Private Limited.
* 1989 - ''Ghanada O Dui Doshor Mamababu O Parashar'' by Premendra Mitra, Kolkata: Muktapatra Publications.
* 2004 - ''Mosquito and Other Stories'', ''translated by'' Amlan Das Gupta, Kolkata: Penguin, India.

===Anthology===
* ''Ghanada Samagra 1''
* ''Ghanada Samagra 2''
* ''[[Ghanada Samagra 3]]''

==Ghanada's World Tour==
Ghanada traveled all over the world covering all the continents many times over. There is a [[Google]] Travelogue - "[https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=1qUvp6Rqh5SAKi_A_KQenL2FXB1ked9Gw&ll=-3.81666561775622e-14%2C0&z=1 Ghanada's World Tour]" (Map) showing all the places where Ghanada had traveled along with the routes of such travels, the references of the stories and other relevant information.{{fact|date=September 2025}}

== Legacy ==
During the 1980s Ghanada Club was founded with the participation of [[Premendra Mitra]], [[Leela Majumdar]] and others. The club became defunct after a few years. Later, in August 2019, a club with the same name was formed commemorating Ghanada, which has undertaken the archival works pertaining to Ghana Da stories by Mitra involving translation, compilation, audio stories, publication etc.<ref>{{Cite web|last=দত্ত|first=মধুমিতা|title=ঘনাদা আবার ফিরে আসুন, উদ্যোগী মার্কিন প্রবাসী বাঙালি|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/kolkata/a-bengali-living-in-usa-takes-initiative-to-open-the-ghanada-club-again-1.1033392|access-date=2021-01-27|website=anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Agenda – Ghanada Club|url=https://www.ghanada.com/agenda/|access-date=2021-01-27|website=ghanada.com|date=30 December 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Prohor|title=কলকাতার বুকেই লুকিয়ে 'ঘনাদা ক্লাব', আসতে চলেছে ৭৫ বছরের বিশেষ সংকলনও - Prohor|url=https://prohor.in/index.php/ghanada-club-tributing-ghanada-on-his-75-year|access-date=2021-01-27|website=কলকাতার বুকেই লুকিয়ে 'ঘনাদা ক্লাব', আসতে চলেছে ৭৫ বছরের বিশেষ সংকলনও - Prohor|language=bn}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Premendra Mitra}}
{{Kolkata topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghanada}}
[[Category:Literary characters introduced in 1945]]
[[Category:Characters in written science fiction]]
[[Category:Fictional Indian people in literature]]
[[Category:Fictional Bengali people]]
[[Category:Fictional Hindus]]
[[Category:Book series introduced in 1945]]
[[Category:Short story series]]
[[Category:Short stories set in India]]
[[Category:Science fiction short stories]]
[[Category:Culture of Kolkata]]

Deoghar College, Jharkhand

2026-03-24T22:20:19Z

Ieagle1: Done

{{Short description|Undergraduate and Postgraduate college affiliated to Sido Kanhu Murmu University}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Deoghar College
| image = DGR_College.jpg
| image_size =
| type = Undergraduate & Postgraduate college
| established = {{start date and age|1951}}
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]
| affiliations = [[Sido Kanhu Murmu University]]
| principal = Dr. Akhilesh Kumar
| undergrad = 6,205<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=NIRF Report 2023 – Deoghar College |url=https://deogharcollegedeoghar.com/NIRF/DEOGHAR%20COLLEGE,%20DEOGHAR20230106-%20(1).pdf |website=Deoghar College |publisher=Ministry of Education, Government of India |date=6 January 2023 |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>
| postgrad = 2,855<ref name="auto"/>
| city = [[Deoghar]]
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| country = [[India]] - 814112
| coordinates = {{coord|24.5093|N|86.6963|E|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Urban
| campus_size = {{convert|52|acre}}
| website = {{URL|deogharcollegedeoghar.com}}
| footnotes =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
}}'''Deoghar College''', established in 1951, is a public general degree college situated near [[Deoghar Junction railway station|Deoghar Junction]] in [[Deoghar]], [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constituent Colleges of SKMU |url=https://skmu.ac.in/constituent-colleges |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=skmu.ac.in}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=DEOGHAR COLLEGE DEOGHAR |url=https://www.deogharcollegedeoghar.com/ |access-date=2025-08-30 |publisher=Deoghar College}}</ref> It offers [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] and [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] courses in arts, commerce and science. In addition, it also provides several vocational self-financed programs such as [[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]], [[Bachelor of Computer Application|BCA]] and [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]]. It is affiliated to [[Sido Kanhu Murmu University]], and also officially recognised by [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colleges under section 2 (f)& 12(B) of the UGC Act 1956 |url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/colleges |website=University Grant Commission |access-date=2025-08-30 |archive-date=2025-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725163547/https://www.ugc.gov.in/colleges |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Colleges/Universities |publisher=District Deoghar, Government of Jharkhand, India |url=https://deoghar.nic.in/public-utility-category/colleges/ |access-date=2025-08-30 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-06 |title=Nine colleges to be developed as Institutes of State Eminence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/nine-colleges-to-be-developed-as-institutes-of-state-eminence/articleshow/108249837.cms |access-date=2025-08-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==History==
The College was established on 1 August 1951, through the efforts of prominent educationists and philanthropists, including Pt. Binodanand Jha and Umapati Banerjee. The initiative to found the college began with a meeting held on 26 March 1948, chaired by Sri Krishna Nand Shahay, who also served as the institution's first principal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-02 |title=हर्षोल्लास के साथ मना देवघर कॉलेज का 72वां स्थापना दिवस |trans-title= |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/deogarh/story-72nd-foundation-day-of-deoghar-college-celebrated-with-enthusiasm-8519393.html |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref> During this meeting, a resolution was passed to establish a college in Deoghar, reflecting the group's determination and dedication.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-11 |title=देवघर कॉलेज: 75 वर्षों का रहा है समृद्ध इतिहास, अब हाल-बेहाल, शिक्षक कमें, छात्रों की उपस्थिति घटी |trans-title= |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/deoghar/1053070- |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>

The college's foundation was supported by a voluntary contribution of Rs. 57,750 from the local community. Initial classes commenced in a rented house known as Rani Kothi. Over time, Deoghar College has grown to offer a range of academic programs, including undergraduate courses, postgraduate courses and self-financed programs such as B.B.A, B.C.A and L.L.B.<ref name=":0" />

==Accreditation==
Deoghar College was accredited by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC) with 'B Level' certification. It is also officially recognized by [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grant Commission]] and is registered under 2(f) and 12(b) of the University Grants Commission Act.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of colleges under section 2 (f)& 12(B) of the UGC Act 1956 |url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/colleges/List_of_colleges_as_on_30_09_22.pdf |website=University Grants Commission}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NAAC YEARLY STATUS REPORT 2020-21 |url=https://deogharcollegedeoghar.com/NAAC/AQAR%202021-22.pdf |publisher=Deoghar College |access-date=30 Aug 2025}}</ref>

== Courses ==
The college offers both [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] and [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] courses in science, arts and commerce across various streams. These are: B.Sc and M.Sc in science level, BA and MA in arts level and B.Com and M.Com in commerce level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deoghar College, Deoghar: Courses, Admission 2025, Cutoff, Fees, Placements, Ranking |url=https://www.careers360.com/colleges/colleges/deoghar-college-deoghar |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=@careers360 |language=en}}</ref> Alongside it also offers professional courses like BBA, BCA and LLB.

== See also ==

* [[List of institutions of higher education in Jharkhand]]
* [[Education in Jharkhand]]
* [[Education in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Sido Kanhu Murmu University]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1951]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Deoghar district]]

N. R. Pillai

2026-03-23T15:10:24Z

Ieagle1: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|Indian civil servant (1898–1992)}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = [[Sir]] N. R. Pillai, [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]], [[CBE]]
| image =
| birth_place = [[Travancore]] (now in [[Kerala]], India)
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1898|07|24}}
| death_date = {{death_date and age|df=yes|1992|03|31|1898|07|24}}
| death_place = [[Kensington]], [[London]], [[England]], United Kingdom
| order =
| office = [[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]]
| term_start = 1950
| term_end = 1953
| primeminister = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| predecessor = post established
| successor = [[Y. N. Sukthankar]]
| office2 = [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Secretary General]], [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]
| term2 = 1953 - 1959
| predecessor2 = [[Girija Shankar Bajpai]]
| successor2 = [[R. K. Nehru]]
| office3 = 5th [[List of ambassadors of India to France|Ambassador of India to France]]
| term3 = June 1959 - 1961
| predecessor3 = [[K. M. Panikkar]]
| successor3 = [[Ali Yavar Jung]]
| birth_name = Elenkath Narayanan Raghavan Pillai
| nationality = [[Indian citizenship]]
| alma_mater =
}}

'''Sir Narayanan Raghavan Pillai, of Elenkath,<ref>Dewan Nanoo Pillai by K. R. Elenkath, Trivandrum, 1982 see chapter titles family members</ref>''' [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]], [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] (24 July 1898 – 31 March 1992), popularly known as "'''Rag'''", was an Indian civil servant, bureaucrat and statesman. He served as the first [[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]] in independent India, 1950–1953,<ref name=Kapur>
{{cite book |last=Kapur |first=Harish |title=Foreign Policies of India's Prime Ministers |year=2009 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |location=Delhi |isbn=9780979617485 |pages=444 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nQkH1fIiZI0C&q=N.%20R.%20Pillai%20ambassador%20china&pg=PA32}}
</ref> and as the second [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Secretary General]] in the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]],{{sfnp|Benner, The Indian Foreign Policy Bureaucracy|2019|loc=Sec. 4.2.1: "Bajpai's secretary-general successor was N.R. Pillai, also ICS..."}}<ref>
[https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v08/persons List of Persons], Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955–1957, South Asia, Volume VIII, retrieved 8 February 2022.
</ref> He also served as India's Ambassador to France.

==Early life==

Pillai was born in [[Travancore kingdom]] (present-day [[Kerala]]) on 24 July 1898, in a distinguished [[Nair]] family of Elankath in South Travancore. He was a matrilineal descendant of Dewan [[Nanoo Pillai]]. Elankom Gardens in Diamond Hill, Trivandrum is named after the family's town house.<ref>See K. R. Elenkath, supra</ref> He read English and became a Bachelor of Arts [[first-class honours]] in 1918 from [[Madras University]], subsequently receiving a government scholarship to study at [[Trinity Hall, Cambridge]]. There, he took the [[Tripos]] in Natural Sciences in 1921 and a Tripos in Law in 1922, both times with first-class honours.

== Career ==

=== British India ===

Joining the [[Indian Civil Service]] (ICS) in 1922, Pillai initially served in the [[Central Provinces]] as an assistant commissioner and as an officiating deputy commissioner from March–November 1927.<ref name="record_list">{{cite book |pages=301 |title=The India Office and Burma Office List: 1945 |publisher=Harrison & Sons, Ltd. |year=1945}}</ref> During his career with the ICS, Pillai was appointed to various secretarial positions in the then [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]]. He successively served as an assistant collector of customs in [[Madras]] (now Chennai, 1927–1929) and as deputy director of commercial intelligence at [[Kolkata]] (1929–1932). He was promoted to deputy secretary in March 1932, joining the Commerce Department.<ref name="record_list" /> He was advanced to temporary joint secretary (June 1934) and to joint secretary (officiating) in February 1936, being appointed collector at [[Karachi]] in April 1936.<ref name="record_list" /> From April 1937, he was an officer on special duty with the Commerce Department, and was appointed as a deputy commissioner in July. He was promoted to joint secretary in the Commerce Department in April 1938, to additional secretary in February 1941 and finally to full secretary in October 1942.<ref name="record_list" />

=== Independent India ===

{{Expand section|date=January 2023}}
Pillai served as the Commissioner General for Economic and Commercial Affairs in Europe until 1953, residing in [[Paris]]. He received an honorary doctorate from the [[University of Travancore]] in 1953. He was a founding member of the first Governing Body of NCAER, the National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi, India's first economic policy institute established in 1956.

==Later life==

During the 1960s, he served as managing director of two business firms in New Delhi, after which he emigrated to the United Kingdom in 1968. A trail of correspondence in the columns of the [[London Times]] in the 1970s or thereabouts regarding the return of the [[Elgin Marbles]] to Athens developed to include other treasures acquired by the British from various parts of their Empire and someone suggested that the legendary [[Koh-i-noor diamond]] should be returned to India. The subject was brought to a close by a letter from Pillai in which he said that, although the diamond rightfully belonged to India, he felt that Indians everywhere were happy for it to remain where it was (and still is) among the Crown Jewels.<ref> See Sir Raghavan Pillai; Appreciation in ''The Times'' (London, England). (15 April 1992): News: p15. </ref>

In his last years, he resided at 26 Hans Place in [[Kensington]], Knightsbridge. He died on 31 March 1992, just short of 94.

==Personal life==

In 1928, he married and the couple had two sons. [[Nisha Pillai]], the former BBC presenter, is one of his grandchildren.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pillai |first=Nisha |title=Tandoored Legs |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?224119 |work=Outlook Magazine |access-date=10 October 2012}}</ref>

==Honours==

He was appointed [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) in 1937,<ref>{{cite web |title=Supplement to the London Gazette, 29 January 1937 |url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/34365/supplements/698 |publisher=HMSO |access-date=13 October 2012}}</ref> [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE) in the [[1939 Birthday Honours]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Supplement to the London Gazette, 6 June 1939 |url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/34633/supplements/3856 |publisher=HMSO |access-date=13 October 2012}}</ref> and [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (KCIE) in the [[1946 Birthday Honours]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Supplement to the London Gazette, 4 June 1946 |url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/37598/supplements/2762 |publisher=HMSO |access-date=13 October 2012}}</ref>

Pillai was awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]] by the Government of India in 1960, and was made an honorary Fellow of [[Trinity Hall, Cambridge|Trinity Hall]], his old college, in 1970.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==

* {{cite book |first=Jeffrey |last=Benner |date=2019 |title=The Indian Foreign Policy Bureaucracy |publisher=Routledge |pages=|isbn=978-1-00-030241-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JgaiDwAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Benner, The Indian Foreign Policy Bureaucracy|2019}}}}

==External links==

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100301095859/http://cabsec.nic.in/sec.htm Cabinet Secretariat in India]
*[http://karavallil.net/FAMILY.aspx Reference to the "late N.R.Pillai"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110143317/http://karavallil.net/FAMILY.aspx |date=10 January 2012 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120324110008/http://www.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/ZhouonMcMahon.pdf]
*''Who's Who'' A&C Black Press, 1992

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai, N. R.}}
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in public affairs]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Indian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to England]]
[[Category:Cabinet secretaries of India]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Elgin Marbles]]

Smallpox

2026-03-20T23:33:41Z

Ieagle1: improve structure per standard format for accuracy

{{Short description|Eradicated viral disease}}
{{Redirect|Variola}}
{{pp-move}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox medical condition
| synonyms = variola,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barton |first1=Leslie L. |last2=Friedman |first2=Neil R. |title=The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Syndromes|date=2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-59745-391-2|page=151|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&pg=PA151|language=en}}</ref> variola vera,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schaller |first1=Karl F. |title=Colour Atlas of Tropical Dermatology and Venerology|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-76200-0|page=Chapter 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&pg=PP21|language=en}}</ref> pox,<ref name="Fenner_1988"/> red plague<ref name=Peg2017/>
| image = Child with Smallpox Bangladesh.jpg
| caption = A child with smallpox in [[Bangladesh]] in 1973. The bumps filled with thick fluid and a depression or dimple in the center are characteristic.
| field = [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]
| symptoms = {{plainlist|
* '''Early''': Fever, vomiting, mouth sores<ref name=CDC2016Sym/>
* '''Later''': Fluid filled [[blisters]] which [[Wound healing#Proliferative phase|scab]] over<ref name=CDC2016Sym/>}}
| complications = Scarring of the skin, blindness<ref name=CDC2016What/>
| onset = 1 to 3 weeks following exposure<ref name=CDC2016Sym/>
| duration = About 4 weeks<ref name=CDC2016Sym/>
| causes = variola major virus, [[#Variola minor|variola minor virus]] (spread between people)<ref name=CDC2016What/><ref name=She2004/>
| risks =
| diagnosis = Based on symptoms and confirmed by [[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]<ref name=CDC2017Diag/>
| differential = [[Chickenpox]], [[impetigo]], [[molluscum contagiosum]], [[mpox]]<ref name=CDC2017Diag>{{cite web|title=Diagnosis & Evaluation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/diagnosis-evaluation.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=9 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209185420/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/diagnosis-evaluation.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| prevention = [[Smallpox vaccine]]<ref name=CDC2017Tx/>
| treatment = [[Supportive care]]<ref name=WHO2007Fact/>
| medication = [[Brincidofovir]]
| prognosis = 30% risk of death<ref name=CDC2016Sym/>
| frequency = [[Eradication of infectious diseases|Eradicated]] (last naturally occurring case in 1977)
| deaths =
|name=|alt=}}
'''Smallpox''' was an [[infectious disease]] caused by Variola [[virus]] (often called Smallpox virus), which belongs to the genus ''[[Orthopoxvirus]]''.<ref name=She2004>{{cite book | veditors = Ryan KJ, Ray CG | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th | pages = 525–28 | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 |isbn = 978-0-8385-8529-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi0000unse_q1i3/page/525/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name=Viruses2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Babkin, I, Babkina, I | title = The Origin of the variola Virus | journal = Viruses | pages = 1100–12 | date = March 2015 | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pmid = 25763864 | pmc = 4379562 | doi = 10.3390/v7031100 | doi-access = free |issn = 1999-4915}}</ref> The [[Ali Maow Maalin#Maalin's case|last naturally occurring case]] was diagnosed in October 1977, and the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) certified the [[Eradication of infectious diseases|global eradication]] of the disease in 1980,<ref name=WHO2007Fact>{{cite web | title=Smallpox | work=WHO Factsheet | url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921235036/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/ | archive-date = 21 September 2007 }}</ref> making smallpox the only human disease to have been eradicated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Smallpox – Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/smallpox/symptoms-causes/syc-20353027 |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420010332/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/smallpox/symptoms-causes/syc-20353027 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The initial symptoms of the disease included [[fever]] and vomiting.<ref name=CDC2016Sym/> This was followed by formation of [[Ulcer (dermatology)|ulcers]] in the mouth and a [[skin rash]].<ref name=CDC2016Sym/> Over a number of days, the skin rash turned into the characteristic fluid-filled [[blister]]s with a dent in the center.<ref name=CDC2016Sym/> The bumps then [[Wound healing#Proliferative phase|scabbed]] over and fell off, leaving scars.<ref name=CDC2016Sym>{{cite web|title=Signs and Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607083501/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The disease was transmitted from one person to another primarily through prolonged face-to-face contact with an infected person or rarely via [[Fomite|contaminated objects]].<ref name=CDC2016What>{{cite web|title=What is Smallpox?|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607000819/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Leb2013>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRryAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89|title=Treatment of Skin Disease E-Book: Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies|last1=Lebwohl|first1=Mark G.|last2=Heymann|first2=Warren R.|last3=Berth-Jones|first3=John|last4=Coulson|first4=Ian |date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-7020-5236-1|page=89|language=en}}</ref><ref name="2012Spread"/> Prevention was achieved mainly through the [[smallpox vaccine]].<ref name=CDC2017Tx/> Once the disease had developed, certain [[antiviral medication]]s could have helped, but such medications did not become available until after the disease was eradicated.<ref name=CDC2017Tx>{{cite web|title=Prevention and Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=13 December 2017|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215110657/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The risk of death was about 30%, with higher rates among babies.<ref name=CDC2016What/><ref name=Rie2005>{{cite journal | vauthors = Riedel S | title = Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination | journal = Proceedings | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–25 | date = January 2005 | pmid = 16200144 | pmc = 1200696 | doi = 10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028 }}</ref> Often, those who survived had extensive [[scarring]] of their skin, and some were left blind.<ref name=CDC2016What/>

The earliest evidence of the disease dates to around 1500 BCE in Egyptian [[Mummy|mummies]].<ref name=CDC2017His>{{cite web|title=History of Smallpox|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614213232/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thèves |first1=Catherine |last2=Crubézy |first2=Eric |last3=Biagini |first3=Philippe |date=2016 |title=History of Smallpox and Its Spread in Human Populations |journal=Microbiology Spectrum |volume=4 |issue=4 |article-number=4.4.05 |doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0004-2014 |issn=2165-0497 |pmid=27726788 }}</ref> The disease historically occurred in [[Disease outbreak|outbreaks]].<ref name=WHO2007Fact/> It was one of several diseases introduced by the [[Columbian exchange]] to the [[New World]], resulting in [[Native American disease and epidemics#European contact|large swathes of Native Americans dying]]. In 18th-century Europe, it is estimated that 400,000 people died from the disease per year, and that one-third of all cases of blindness were due to smallpox.<ref name=WHO2007Fact/><ref name=Hays2005>{{cite book| vauthors = Hays JN |title=Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-658-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays/page/151 151]–52|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays|url-access=registration|language=en}}</ref> Smallpox is estimated to have killed up to 300 million people in the 20th century<ref>{{cite book | first1 = Hilary | last1 = Koprowski | first2 = Michael B. A. | last2 = Oldstone |authorlink2=Michael Oldstone |title=Microbe hunters, then and now|publisher=Medi-Ed Press | year= 1996 |isbn=978-0-936741-11-6|page=23}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Henderson DA | title = The eradication of smallpox – an overview of the past, present, and future | journal = Vaccine | volume = 29 | pages = D7–9 | date = December 2011 | issue = Suppl 4 | pmid = 22188929 | doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.080 }}</ref> and around 500 million people in the last 100 years of its existence.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1u7Xw5i7Ky0C&pg=PA12 |title=Smallpox : the death of a disease| vauthors = Henderson D |date=2009 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-61592-230-7 |page=12 }}</ref> Earlier deaths included six European [[monarch]]s, including [[Louis XV]] of France in 1774.<ref name="WHO2007Fact" /><ref name="Hays2005" /> As recently as 1967, 15 million cases occurred a year.<ref name=WHO2007Fact/> The [[1978 smallpox outbreak in the United Kingdom|final known fatal case]] occurred in 1978 in a laboratory in the United Kingdom.

[[Inoculation]] for smallpox appears to have started in China around the 1500s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Needham |first1=Joseph |title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine |date=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-63262-1 |page=134 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC&q=Smallpox&pg=PA134 |access-date=30 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A History of Immunology |first=Arthur M. |last=Silverstein |page=293 |publisher=Academic Press |year=2009 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xNYjigte14C&q=Smallpox&pg=PA293 |isbn=978-0080919461 }}.</ref> Europe adopted this practice from Asia in the first half of the 18th century.<ref name="strathern179">{{cite book | last=Strathern | first=Paul | year=2005 | title=A Brief History of Medicine | publisher=Robinson | location=London | isbn=978-1-84529-155-6 | page=179 }}</ref> In 1796, [[Edward Jenner]] introduced the modern smallpox vaccine.<ref name=Wolfe2002>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wolfe RM, Sharp LK | title = Anti-vaccinationists past and present | journal = BMJ | volume = 325 | issue = 7361 | pages = 430–32 | date = August 2002 | pmid = 12193361 | pmc = 1123944 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.325.7361.430 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Smallpox vaccines |url=https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/vaccines/en/ |website=WHO |access-date=27 March 2020 |archive-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930033132/https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/vaccines/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1967, the WHO intensified efforts to eliminate the disease.<ref name=WHO2007Fact/> Smallpox is one of two infectious diseases to have been eradicated, the other being [[rinderpest]] (a disease of [[even-toed ungulate]]s) in 2011.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Guidotti|first1=Tee L. |title=Health and Sustainability: An Introduction|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932568-9|page=T290|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hPRgBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT290|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Roossinck|first1=Marilyn J. |title=Virus: An Illustrated Guide to 101 Incredible Microbes|date=2016|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-8325-7|page=126|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gTH9CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA126|language=en}}</ref> The term "smallpox" was first used in England in the 16th century to distinguish the disease from [[syphilis]], which was then known as the "great pox".<ref>{{OEtymD|Smallpox}}</ref><ref name=Bar1997>{{cite journal | vauthors = Barquet N, Domingo P | title = Smallpox: the triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 127 | issue = 8 Pt 1 | pages = 635–42 | date = October 1997 | pmid = 9341063 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-127-8_Part_1-199710150-00010 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.695.883 | s2cid = 20357515 }}</ref> Other historical names for the disease include pox, speckled monster, and red plague.<ref name="Fenner_1988">{{cite book |vauthors=Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Ježek Z, Ladnyi ID |chapter=The History of Smallpox and its Spread Around the World |title=Smallpox and its eradication |series=History of International Public Health |volume=6 |date=1988 |publisher=World Health Organization |location=Geneva |isbn=978-92-4-156110-5 |hdl=10665/39485 |pages=209–44 |chapter-url=https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/9241561106_chp5.pdf |access-date=14 December 2017 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212171449/https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/9241561106_chp5.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Peg2017>{{cite book |title=Medicine: The Definitive Illustrated History |date=2016 |publisher=Pengui |isbn=978-1-4654-5893-3 |page=100 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 }}</ref><ref name=Bar1997/>

The United States and Russia retain samples of variola virus in laboratories, which has sparked [[Smallpox virus retention debate|debates over safety]].
{{TOC limit}}

== Classification ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ [[Case fatality rate]] and frequency of smallpox by type and vaccination status according to Rao case study<ref>Fenner, Frank, Henderson, Donald A, Arita, Isao, Jezek, Zdenek, Ladnyi, Ivan Danilovich. et al. (1988). Smallpox and its eradication / F. Fenner ... [et al.]. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/39485 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526044554/https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/39485 |date=26 May 2020 }}</ref>
!rowspan="2"| Type of disease
!colspan="2"| Case fatality rate (%) !!colspan="2"| Frequency (%)
|-
! {{abbr|Unvac.|unvaccinated}} !! {{abbr|Vac.|vaccinated}} !! {{abbr|Unvac.|unvaccinated}} !! {{abbr|Vac.|vaccinated}}
|-
|{{left}} [[#Ordinary|Ordinary discrete]]
| 9.3 || 0.7 || 42.1 || 58.4
|-
|{{left}} [[#Confluent|Ordinary confluent]]
| 62 || 26.3 || 22.8 || 4.6
|-
|{{left}} Ordinary semiconfluent
| 37 || 8.4 || 23.9 || 7
|-
|{{left}} [[#Modified|Modified]]
| 0 || 0 || 2.1 || 25.3
|-
|{{left}} [[#Malignant|Malignant aka Flat]]
| 96.5 || 66.7 || 6.7 || 1.3
|-
|{{left}} [[#Early|Early hemorrhagic]]
| 100 || 100 || 0.7 || 1.4
|-
|{{left}} [[#Late|Late hemorrhagic]]
| 96.8 || 89.8 || 1.7 || 2.0
|}
There are two forms of the smallpox. ''Variola major'' is the severe and more common form, with a more extensive rash and higher fever. [[Alastrim|Variola minor]] is a less common presentation, causing less severe disease, typically discrete smallpox, with historical death rates of 1% or less.<ref name=FactSheet>{{cite web|url=http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/overview/disease-facts.asp |title=CDC Smallpox |access-date=26 December 2007 |work=Smallpox Overview |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402220850/http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/overview/disease-facts.asp |archive-date=2 April 2013 }}</ref> Subclinical ([[asymptomatic]]) infections with variola virus were noted but were not common.<ref name= PinkBook /> In addition, a form called ''variola sine eruptione'' (smallpox without rash) was seen generally in vaccinated persons. This form was marked by a fever that occurred after the usual [[incubation period]] and could be confirmed only by [[antibody]] studies or, rarely, by [[viral culture]].<ref name= PinkBook /> In addition, there were two very rare and fulminating types of smallpox, the malignant (flat) and hemorrhagic forms, which were usually fatal.

== Signs and symptoms ==
[[File:Smallpox - Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine (1).webm|thumb|Smallpox (US Army, 1967)]]
The initial symptoms were similar to other viral diseases that are still extant, such as [[influenza]] and the [[common cold]]: fever of at least {{convert|38.3|°C|°F|0}}, [[myalgia|muscle pain]], [[malaise]], headache and fatigue. As the [[Gastrointestinal tract|digestive tract]] was commonly involved, nausea, vomiting, and backache often occurred. The early [[prodromal]] stage usually lasted 2–4 days. By days 12–15, the first visible lesions – small reddish spots called ''[[enanthem]]'' – appeared on mucous membranes of the mouth, tongue, [[palate]], and throat, and the temperature fell to near-normal. These lesions rapidly enlarged and ruptured, releasing large amounts of virus into the saliva.<ref name="AFIP" />

Variola virus tended to attack skin cells, causing the characteristic pimples, or [[macule]]s, associated with the disease. A rash developed on the skin 24 to 48 hours after lesions on the mucous membranes appeared. Typically the macules first appeared on the forehead, then rapidly spread to the whole face, [[proximal]] portions of extremities, the trunk, and lastly to [[distal]] portions of extremities. The process took no more than 24 to 36 hours, after which no new lesions appeared.<ref name="AFIP" /> At this point, variola major disease could take several very different courses, which resulted in four types of smallpox disease based on the Rao classification:<ref name=":0">{{cite book | vauthors = Rao AR | date = 1972 | title = Smallpox | edition = 1st | location = Bombay | publisher = Kothari Book Depot | oclc = 723806 }}</ref> ordinary, modified, malignant (or flat), and hemorrhagic smallpox. Historically, ordinary smallpox had an overall [[fatality rate]] of about 30%, and the malignant and hemorrhagic forms were usually fatal. The modified form was almost never fatal. In early hemorrhagic cases, hemorrhages occurred before any skin lesions developed.<ref name="eMedicine_Smallpox">{{cite journal | vauthors=Hogan CJ, Harchelroad F | title=CBRNE – Smallpox | journal=EMedicine | url=http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic885.htm | access-date=23 September 2006 | date=2018-08-22 | archive-date=17 October 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017170330/http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic885.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[incubation period]] between contraction and the first obvious symptoms of the disease was 7–14 days.<ref name="pmid25490691">{{cite journal |vauthors=Payne DC, Parashar UD, Lopman BA |title=Developments in understanding acquired immunity and innate susceptibility to norovirus and rotavirus gastroenteritis in children |journal=Current Opinion in Pediatrics |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=105–09 |date=February 2015 |pmid=25490691 |pmc=4618547 |doi=10.1097/MOP.0000000000000166 |url=}}</ref>

=== Ordinary ===
[[File:Smallpox child.jpg|thumb|upright|A child showing rash due to ordinary-type smallpox (variola major)]]
At least 90% of smallpox cases among unvaccinated persons were of the ordinary type.<ref name= PinkBook /> In this form of the disease, by the second day of the rash the macules had become raised ''[[papule]]s''. By the third or fourth day, the papules had filled with an opalescent fluid to become ''[[Vesicle (dermatology)|vesicles]]''. This fluid became [[Opacity (optics)|opaque]] and turbid within 24–48 hours, resulting in [[pustule]]s.

By the sixth or seventh day, all the skin lesions had become pustules. Between seven and ten days the pustules had matured and reached their maximum size. The pustules were sharply raised, typically round, tense, and firm to the touch. The pustules were deeply embedded in the dermis, giving them the feel of a small bead in the skin. Fluid slowly leaked from the pustules, and by the end of the second week, the pustules had deflated and began to dry up, forming crusts or scabs. By day 16–20 scabs had formed over all of the lesions, which had started to flake off, leaving [[depigmentation|depigmented]] scars.<ref name=training1>{{cite web |url=http://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/training/overview/pdf/diseasemgmt.pdf |title=Smallpox Disease and Its Clinical Management |access-date=26 December 2007 |work=From the training course titled "Smallpox: Disease, Prevention, and Intervention" (www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/training/overview) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510161935/http://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/training/overview/pdf/diseasemgmt.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Ordinary smallpox generally produced a discrete rash, in which the pustules stood out on the skin separately. The distribution of the rash was most dense on the face, denser on the extremities than on the trunk, and denser on the distal parts of the extremities than on the proximal. The palms of the hands and soles of the feet were involved in most cases.<ref name="PinkBook" />

====Confluent====
Sometimes, the blisters merged into sheets, forming a confluent rash, which began to detach the outer layers of skin from the underlying flesh. Patients with confluent smallpox often remained ill even after scabs had formed over all the lesions. In one case series, the case-fatality rate in confluent smallpox was 62%.<ref name="PinkBook" />

=== Modified ===
[[File:Modified smallpox2.png|thumb|Modified smallpox in a 4-year-old child in [[Cardiff]], Wales, 1962]]
Referring to the character of the eruption and the rapidity of its development, modified smallpox occurred mostly in previously vaccinated people. It was rare in unvaccinated people, with one case study showing 1–2% of modified cases compared to around 25% in vaccinated people. In this form, the prodromal illness still occurred but may have been less severe than in the ordinary type. There was usually no fever during the evolution of the rash. The skin lesions tended to be fewer and evolved more quickly, were more superficial, and may not have shown the uniform characteristic of more typical smallpox.<ref name=training1 /> Modified smallpox was rarely, if ever, fatal. This form of variola major was more easily confused with [[chickenpox]].<ref name= PinkBook />

=== Malignant ===
[[File:Malignant smallpox (cropped).jpg|thumb|Malignant hemorrhagic smallpox in a baker during an 1896 epidemic in [[Gloucester]], England. Died 8 days after admission.]]
In malignant-type smallpox (also called flat smallpox) the lesions remained almost flush with the skin at the time when raised vesicles would have formed in the ordinary type. It is unknown why some people developed this type. Historically, it accounted for 5–10% of cases, and most (72%) were children.<ref name="Fenner_1988" /> Malignant smallpox was accompanied by a severe [[Prodrome|prodromal]] phase that lasted 3–4 days, prolonged high fever, and severe symptoms of [[viremia]]. The prodromal symptoms continued even after the onset of the rash.<ref name="Fenner_1988" /> The rash on the mucous membranes ([[enanthem]]) was extensive. Skin lesions matured slowly, were typically confluent or semi-confluent, and by the seventh or eighth day, they were flat and appeared to be buried in the skin. Unlike ordinary-type smallpox, the vesicles contained little fluid, were soft and velvety to the touch, and may have contained hemorrhages. Malignant smallpox was nearly always fatal and death usually occurred between the 8th and 12th day of illness. Often, a day or two before death, the lesions turned ashen gray, which, along with abdominal distension, was a bad prognostic sign.<ref name="Fenner_1988" /> This form is thought to be caused by deficient [[cell-mediated immunity]] to smallpox. If the person recovered, the lesions gradually faded and did not form scars or scabs.<ref name="CDC"/>

=== Hemorrhagic ===
[[Viral hemorrhagic fever|Hemorrhagic]] smallpox is a severe form accompanied by extensive bleeding into the skin, mucous membranes, gastrointestinal tract, and [[Organ (anatomy)|viscera]]. This form develops in approximately 2% of infections and occurs mostly in adults.<ref name="PinkBook" /> Pustules do not typically form in hemorrhagic smallpox. Instead, bleeding occurs under the skin, making it look charred and black,<ref name="PinkBook" /> hence this form of the disease is also referred to as variola nigra or "black pox".<ref name="PrestonNY" /> Hemorrhagic smallpox has very rarely been caused by variola minor virus.<ref name="Downie 619–629" /> While bleeding may occur in mild cases and not affect outcomes,<ref name="Dixon_1962" /> hemorrhagic smallpox is typically fatal.<ref name="Lane_2011" /> Vaccination does not appear to provide any immunity to either form of hemorrhagic smallpox and some cases even occurred among people that were revaccinated shortly before. It has two forms.<ref name="Fenner_1988" />

==== Early ====
[[File:Hemorrhagic smallpox 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|An unvaccinated person with probable hemorrhagic smallpox in a 1925 [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]] epidemic. He later died of the disease.]]

The early or [[fulminant]] form of hemorrhagic smallpox (referred to as ''purpura variolosa'') begins with a prodromal phase characterized by a high fever, severe headache, and abdominal pain.<ref name="CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/clinical-disease.html |title=Clinical Disease {{!}} Smallpox |date=2019-02-15 |publisher=CDC |language=en-us |access-date=2020-02-06 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221191749/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/clinical-disease.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The skin becomes dusky and erythematous, and this is rapidly followed by the development of [[petechia]]e and bleeding in the skin, [[Subconjunctival bleeding|conjunctiva]] and mucous membranes. Death often occurs suddenly between the fifth and seventh days of illness, when only a few insignificant skin lesions are present. Some people survive a few days longer, during which time the skin detaches and fluid accumulates under it, rupturing at the slightest injury. People are usually conscious until death or shortly before.<ref name="Lane_2011" /> Autopsy reveals [[petechiae]] and bleeding in the spleen, kidney, [[serous membranes]], skeletal muscles, [[pericardium]], liver, gonads and bladder.<ref name="Downie 619–629" /> Historically, this condition was frequently misdiagnosed, with the correct diagnosis made only at autopsy.<ref name="Downie 619–629">{{cite journal | vauthors = Downie AW, Fedson DS, Saint Vincent L, Rao AR, Kempe CH | title = Haemorrhagic smallpox | journal = The Journal of Hygiene | volume = 67 | issue = 4 | pages = 619–29 | date = December 1969 | pmid = 4311573 | pmc = 2130761 | doi = 10.1017/S0022172400042078 }}</ref> This form is more likely to occur in pregnant women than in the general population (approximately 16% of cases in unvaccinated pregnant women were early hemorrhagic smallpox, versus roughly 1% in nonpregnant women and adult males).<ref name="Lane_2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = [[J. Michael Lane|Lane JM]] | title = Remaining questions about clinical variola major | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 17 | issue = 4 | pages = 676–80 | date = April 2011 | pmid = 21470458 | pmc = 3377426 | doi = 10.3201/eid1704.101960 }}</ref> The case fatality rate of early hemorrhagic smallpox approaches 100%.<ref name="Lane_2011" />

==== Late ====
There is also a later form of hemorrhagic smallpox (referred to late hemorrhagic smallpox, or ''variolosa pustula hemorrhagica''). The prodrome is severe and similar to that observed in early hemorrhagic smallpox, and the fever persists throughout the course of the disease.<ref name="Fenner_1988" /> Bleeding appears in the early eruptive period (but later than that seen in ''purpura variolosa''), and the rash is often flat and does not progress beyond the vesicular stage. Hemorrhages in the mucous membranes appear to occur less often than in the early hemorrhagic form.<ref name="PinkBook" /> Sometimes the rash forms pustules which bleed at the base and then undergo the same process as in ordinary smallpox. This form of the disease is characterized by a decrease in all of the elements of the [[coagulation]] cascade and an increase in circulating [[antithrombin]].<ref name="AFIP" /> This form of smallpox occurs anywhere from 3% to 25% of fatal cases, depending on the virulence of the smallpox strain.<ref name="eMedicine_Smallpox" /> Most people with the late-stage form die within eight to 10 days of illness. Among the few who recover, the hemorrhagic lesions gradually disappear after a long period of convalescence.<ref name="Fenner_1988" /> The case fatality rate for late hemorrhagic smallpox is around 90–95%.<ref name=":0" /> Pregnant women are slightly more likely to experience this form of the disease, though not as much as early hemorrhagic smallpox.<ref name="Fenner_1988" />

== Cause ==
{{Virusbox
| name = Variola virus
| image = Smallpox virus virions TEM PHIL 1849.JPG
| image_alt = This transmission electron micrograph depicts a number of smallpox virions. The "dumbbell-shaped" structure inside the virion is the viral core, which contains the viral DNA; Mag. = ~370,000×
| image_caption = This [[Transmission electron microscopy|transmission electron micrograph]] depicts a number of smallpox [[virion]]s. The "dumbbell-shaped" structure inside the virion is the viral core, which contains the viral DNA; Mag. = ~370,000×
| taxon = Orthopoxvirus variola
| extinct = yes
| synonyms =
| synonyms_ref =
}}

Smallpox is caused by infection with Variola virus, which belongs to the family ''[[Poxviridae]]'', subfamily ''[[Chordopoxvirinae]]'', genus ''[[Orthopoxvirus]]''.

=== Evolution ===
The date of the appearance of smallpox is not settled. It most probably evolved from a terrestrial African rodent virus between 68,000 and 16,000 years ago.<ref name=Esposito2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Esposito JJ, Sammons SA, Frace AM, Osborne JD, Olsen-Rasmussen M, Zhang M, Govil D, Damon IK, Kline R, Laker M, Li Y, Smith GL, Meyer H, Leduc JW, Wohlhueter RM | title = Genome sequence diversity and clues to the evolution of variola (smallpox) virus | journal = Science | volume = 313 | issue = 5788 | pages = 807–12 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16873609 | doi = 10.1126/science.1125134 | type = Submitted manuscript | bibcode = 2006Sci...313..807E | s2cid = 39823899 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1230868 | author-link11 = Geoffrey L. Smith | access-date = 23 August 2020 | archive-date = 8 October 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221008190305/https://zenodo.org/record/1230868 | url-status = live }}</ref> The wide range of dates is due to the different records used to calibrate the [[molecular clock]]. One [[clade]] was the variola major strains (the more clinically severe form of smallpox) which spread from Asia between 400 and 1,600 years ago. A second clade included both alastrim (a phenotypically mild smallpox) described from the American continents and isolates from West Africa which diverged from an ancestral strain between 1,400 and 6,300 years before present. This clade further diverged into two subclades at least 800 years ago.<ref name=Li2007>{{cite journal | vauthors = Li Y, Carroll DS, Gardner SN, Walsh MC, Vitalis EA, Damon IK | title = On the origin of smallpox: correlating variola phylogenics with historical smallpox records | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 104 | issue = 40 | pages = 15787–92 | date = October 2007 | pmid = 17901212 | pmc = 2000395 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0609268104 | bibcode = 2007PNAS..10415787L | doi-access = free }}</ref>

A second estimate has placed the separation of variola virus from [[Taterapox]] (an [[Orthopoxvirus]] of some African rodents including [[Gerbillinae|gerbil]]s) at 3,000 to 4,000 years ago.<ref name=Hughes2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hughes AL, Irausquin S, Friedman R | title = The evolutionary biology of poxviruses | journal = Infection, Genetics and Evolution | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 50–59 | date = January 2010 | pmid = 19833230 | pmc = 2818276 | doi = 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.10.001 | bibcode = 2010InfGE..10...50H }}</ref> This is consistent with archaeological and historical evidence regarding the appearance of smallpox as a human disease which suggests a relatively recent origin. If the mutation rate is assumed to be similar to that of the [[herpesvirus]]es, the divergence date of variola virus from Taterapox has been estimated to be 50,000 years ago.<ref name="Hughes2010" /> While this is consistent with the other published estimates, it suggests that the archaeological and historical evidence is very incomplete. Better estimates of mutation rates in these viruses are needed.

Examination of a strain that dates from {{circa|1650}} found that this strain was [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] to the other presently sequenced strains.<ref name=Duggan2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Duggan AT, Perdomo MF, Piombino-Mascali D, Marciniak S, Poinar D, Emery MV, Buchmann JP, Duchêne S, Jankauskas R, Humphreys M, Golding GB, Southon J, Devault A, Rouillard JM, Sahl JW, Dutour O, Hedman K, Sajantila A, Smith GL, Holmes EC, Poinar HN | title =17th Century variola Virus Reveals the Recent History of Smallpox | journal = Current Biology | volume = 26 | issue = 24 | pages = 3407–12 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 27939314 | pmc = 5196022 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.061 | author-link19 = Geoffrey L. Smith }}</ref> The mutation rate of this virus is well modeled by a molecular clock. Diversification of strains only occurred in the 18th and 19th centuries.

=== Virology ===
Variola virus is large and brick-shaped and is approximately 302 to 350 [[nanometer]]s by 244 to 270 nm,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dubochet J, Adrian M, Richter K, Garces J, Wittek R | title = Structure of intracellular mature vaccinia virus observed by cryoelectron microscopy | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 68 | issue = 3 | pages = 1935–41 | date = March 1994 | pmid = 8107253 | pmc = 236655 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.68.3.1935-1941.1994 }}</ref> with a single linear [[dsDNA|double stranded DNA]] [[genome]] 186 [[kilobase pair]]s (kbp) in size and containing a [[hairpin loop]] at each end.<ref name=Moss>{{cite book | vauthors = Moss B| chapter=Poxviridae: the viruses and their replication | veditors= Fields BN, Knipe DM, Howley PM |display-editors=etal| title=Fields Virology | volume=2 | edition=5th |location=Philadelphia, PA | publisher=Lippincott-Raven | year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7817-6060-7 | pages=2905–46}}</ref><ref name=Damon>{{cite book | vauthors = Damon I| chapter=Poxviruses | veditors= Fields BN, Knipe DM, Howley PM |display-editors=etal | title=Fields Virology | volume=2 | edition=5th |location=Philadelphia, PA | publisher=Lippincott-Raven | year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7817-6060-7 | pages=2947–76}}</ref>

Four orthopoxviruses cause infection in humans: variola, [[vaccinia]], [[cowpox]], and [[monkeypox virus|monkeypox]]. Variola virus infects only humans in nature, although primates and other animals have been infected in an experimental setting. Vaccinia, cowpox, and monkeypox viruses can infect both humans and other animals in nature.<ref name = PinkBook>{{cite book | veditors = Atkinson W, Hamborsky J, McIntyre L, Wolfe S | chapter = Smallpox | title = Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (The Pink Book) | edition = 9th | pages = 281–306 | publisher = Public Health Foundation | location =Washington DC |year = 2005 | chapter-url = https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/smallpox.pdf | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100306053203/http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/smallpox.pdf | archive-date=6 March 2010}}</ref>

The life cycle of poxviruses is complicated by having multiple infectious forms, with differing mechanisms of cell entry. Poxviruses are unique among human DNA viruses in that they replicate in the [[cytoplasm]] of the cell rather than in the [[Cell nucleus|nucleus]]. To replicate, poxviruses produce a variety of specialized proteins not produced by other [[DNA viruses]], the most important of which is a viral-associated [[DNA-dependent RNA polymerase]].

Both [[viral envelope|enveloped]] and unenveloped [[virions]] are infectious. The viral envelope is made of modified [[Golgi apparatus|Golgi]] membranes containing viral-specific polypeptides, including [[hemagglutinin]].<ref name=Moss /> Infection with either variola major virus or variola minor virus confers immunity against the other.<ref name=AFIP>{{cite web |url=http://www.afip.org/Departments/infectious/sp/text/1_1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009141639/http://www.afip.org/Departments/infectious/sp/text/1_1.htm |archive-date=9 October 2007 |title=Smallpox |access-date=28 October 2008 |work=Armed Forces Institute of Pathology: Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases}}</ref>

==== Variola major ====
The more common, infectious form of the disease was caused by the variola major virus strain, known for its significantly higher mortality rate compared to its counterpart, variola minor. Variola major had a fatality rate of around 30%, while variola minor's mortality rate was about 1%. Throughout the 18th century, variola major was responsible for around 400,000 deaths annually in Europe alone. Survivors of the disease often faced lifelong consequences, such as blindness and severe scarring, which were nearly universal among those who recovered.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-21 |title=Smallpox: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/237229-overview?form=fpf|access-date=2024-09-11}}</ref>

In the first half of the 20th century, variola major was the primary cause of smallpox outbreaks across Asia and most of Africa. Meanwhile, variola minor was more commonly found in regions of Europe, North America, South America, and certain parts of Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-19 |title=The Spread and Eradication of Smallpox {{!}} Smallpox {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/smallpox-origin.html |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref>

==== Variola minor ====
Variola minor virus, also called alastrim, was a less common form of the virus, and much less deadly. Although variola minor had the same incubation period and pathogenetic stages as smallpox, it is believed to have had a mortality rate of less than 1%, as compared to variola major's 30%. Like variola major, variola minor was spread through inhalation of the virus in the air, which could occur through face-to-face contact or through fomites. Infection with variola minor virus conferred immunity against the more dangerous variola major virus.

Because variola minor was a less debilitating disease than smallpox, people were more frequently ambulant and thus able to infect others more rapidly. As such, variola minor swept through the United States, Great Britain, and South Africa in the early 20th century, becoming the dominant form of the disease in those areas and thus rapidly decreasing mortality rates. Along with variola major, the minor form has now been totally eradicated from the globe. The last case of indigenous variola minor was reported in a Somali cook, [[Ali Maow Maalin]], in October 1977, and smallpox was officially declared eradicated worldwide in May 1980.<ref name=CDC2017His/> Variola minor was also called white pox, kaffir pox, Cuban itch, West Indian pox, milk pox, and pseudovariola.

==== Genome composition ====
The [[genome]] of variola major virus is about 186,000 base pairs in length.<ref>{{cite web |date=2020-12-20 |title=Variola virus, complete genome |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_001611.1 |language=en-US |access-date=11 May 2022 |archive-date=11 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511074355/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_001611.1 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is made from linear double stranded [[DNA]] and contains the [[Coding region|coding sequence]] for about 200 [[gene]]s.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Thèves |first1=C. |last2=Biagini |first2=P. |last3=Crubézy |first3=E. |date=2014-03-01 |title=The rediscovery of smallpox |journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection |language=en |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=210–218 |doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12536 |pmid=24438205 |issn=1198-743X |doi-access=free }}</ref> The genes are usually not overlapping and typically occur in blocks that point towards the closer terminal region of the genome.<ref name=":2">{{cite book |title=Fields virology |date=2013 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |last1=Fields |first1=Bernard N. |editor-last1=Knipe |editor-first1=David M. |editor-last2=Howley |editor-first2=Peter M. |isbn=978-1-4511-0563-6 |edition=6th |location=Philadelphia |oclc=825740706}}</ref> The coding sequence of the central region of the genome is highly consistent across [[orthopoxvirus]]es, and the arrangement of genes is consistent across chordopoxviruses.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

The center of the variola virus genome contains the majority of the essential viral genes, including the genes for structural [[protein]]s, [[DNA replication]], [[Transcription (biology)|transcription]], and [[Messenger RNA|mRNA]] synthesis.<ref name=":1" /> The ends of the genome vary more across strains and species of [[orthopoxvirus]]es.<ref name=":1" /> These regions contain proteins that [[Immunomodulation|modulate]] the hosts' immune systems, and are primarily responsible for the variability in [[virulence]] across the [[orthopoxvirus]] family.<ref name=":1" /> These terminal regions in poxviruses are [[Inverted repeat|inverted terminal repetitions]] (ITR) sequences.<ref name=":2" /> These sequences are identical but oppositely oriented on either end of the genome, leading to the genome being a continuous loop of DNA.<ref name=":2" /> Components of the ITR sequences include an incompletely base paired A/T rich [[Stem-loop|hairpin loop]], a region of roughly 100 base pairs necessary for resolving [[Concatemer|concatomeric]] DNA (a stretch of DNA containing multiple copies of the same sequence), a few [[open reading frame]]s, and [[Microsatellite|short tandemly repeating sequences]] of varying number and length.<ref name=":2" /> The ITRs of [[poxviridae]] vary in length across strains and species.<ref name=":2" /> The coding sequence for most of the viral proteins in variola major virus have at least 90% similarity with the genome of [[vaccinia]], a related virus used for [[vaccination]] against smallpox.<ref name=":2" />

==== Gene expression ====
[[Gene expression]] of variola virus occurs entirely within the [[cytoplasm]] of the host [[Cell (biology)|cell]], and follows a distinct progression during infection.<ref name=":2" /> After entry of an infectious [[Virus|virion]] into a host cell, synthesis of viral [[Messenger RNA|mRNA]] can be detected within 20 minutes.<ref name=":2" /> About half of the viral genome is [[Transcription (biology)|transcribed]] prior to the [[DNA replication|replication]] of viral DNA.<ref name=":2" /> The first set of expressed genes are transcribed by pre-existing viral machinery packaged within the infecting virion.<ref name=":2" /> These genes encode the factors necessary for viral DNA synthesis and for transcription of the next set of expressed genes.<ref name=":2" /> Unlike most DNA viruses, [[DNA replication]] in variola virus and other poxviruses takes place within the cytoplasm of the infected cell.<ref name=":2" /> The exact timing of DNA replication after infection of a host cell varies across the [[poxviridae]].<ref name=":2" /> [[Recombinant DNA|Recombination]] of the genome occurs within actively infected cells.<ref name=":2" /> Following the onset of viral DNA replication, an intermediate set of genes codes for [[transcription factor]]s of late gene expression.<ref name=":2" /> The [[Gene product|products]] of the later genes include transcription factors necessary for transcribing the early genes for new virions, as well as viral [[RNA polymerase]] and other essential enzymes for new viral particles.<ref name=":2" /> These proteins are then packaged into new infectious virions capable of infecting other cells.<ref name=":2" />

=== Research ===
Two live samples of variola major virus remain, one in the United States at the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] in Atlanta, and one at the [[State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR|Vector Institute]] in Koltsovo, Russia.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last=Vogel |first=Gretchen |date=2004-11-19 |title=WHO Gives a Cautious Green Light to Smallpox Experiments |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.306.5700.1270a |journal=Science |language=en |volume=306 |issue=5700 |pages=1270–71 |doi=10.1126/science.306.5700.1270a |pmid=15550627 |s2cid=28863021 |issn=0036-8075 |access-date=11 May 2022 |archive-date=11 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511074356/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.306.5700.1270a |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Research with the remaining virus samples is tightly controlled, and each research proposal must be approved by the [[World Health Organization|WHO]] and the [[World Health Assembly]] (WHA).<ref name=":3" /> Most research on poxviruses is performed using the closely related [[Vaccinia|Vaccinia virus]] as a model organism.<ref name=":2" /> Vaccinia virus, which is used to vaccinate for smallpox, is also under research as a [[Viral vector vaccine|viral vector]] for [[vaccine]]s for unrelated diseases.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaynarcalidan |first1=Onur |last2=Moreno Mascaraque |first2=Sara |last3=Drexler |first3=Ingo |date=26 November 2021 |title=Vaccinia Virus: From Crude Smallpox Vaccines to Elaborate Viral Vector Vaccine Design |journal=Biomedicines |language=en |volume=9 |issue=12 |page=1780 |doi=10.3390/biomedicines9121780 |pmid=34944596 |pmc=8698642 |issn=2227-9059|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The genome of variola major virus was first [[DNA sequencing|sequenced]] in its entirety in the 1990s.<ref name=":1" /> The complete coding sequence is publicly available online. The current [[Reference genome|reference sequence]] for variola major virus was sequenced from a strain that circulated in India in 1967. In addition, there are sequences for samples of other strains that were collected during the WHO eradication campaign.<ref name=":1" /> A [[genome browser]] for a complete database of annotated sequences of variola virus and other poxviruses is publicly available through the [[Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Home |url=https://4virology.net/ |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=Viral Bioinformatics Research Centre |language=en-US |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324214038/https://4virology.net/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Genetic engineering ====
The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] currently bans [[genetic engineering]] of the variola virus.<ref name=":4">{{cite journal |last=Check |first=Erika |date=2004-11-01 |title=Unanimous vote approves tweak to smallpox genome |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=432 |issue=7015 |page=263 |doi=10.1038/432263a |pmid=15549065 |bibcode=2004Natur.432..263C |s2cid=70459338 |issn=1476-4687 |doi-access=free }}</ref> However, in 2004, a committee advisory to the WHO voted in favor of allowing editing of the genome of the two remaining samples of variola major virus to add a [[marker gene]].<ref name=":4" /> This gene, called [[Green fluorescent protein|GFP]], or green fluorescent protein, would cause live samples of the virus to glow green under fluorescent light.<ref name=":5">{{cite news |last=Altman |first=Lawrence K. |date=2004-11-11 |title=W.H.O. Panel Backs Gene Manipulation in Smallpox Virus |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/11/health/who-panel-backs-gene-manipulation-in-smallpox-virus.html |access-date=2022-05-11 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=11 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511075252/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/11/health/who-panel-backs-gene-manipulation-in-smallpox-virus.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The insertion of this gene, which would not influence the [[virulence]] of the virus, would be the only allowed modification of the genome.<ref name=":5" /> The committee stated the proposed modification would aid in research of treatments by making it easier to assess whether a potential treatment was effective in killing viral samples.<ref name=":5" /> The recommendation could only take effect if approved by the [[World Health Assembly|WHA]].<ref name=":5" /> When the WHA discussed the proposal in 2005, it refrained from taking a formal vote on the proposal, stating that it would review individual research proposals one at a time.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 1, 2005 |title=WHO smallpox vaccine reserve gains support |url=https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2005/06/who-smallpox-vaccine-reserve-gains-support |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=CIDRAP |language=en |archive-date=11 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511074406/https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2005/06/who-smallpox-vaccine-reserve-gains-support |url-status=live }}</ref> Addition of the GFP gene to the [[Vaccinia]] genome is routinely performed during research on the closely related [[Vaccinia|''vaccinia'' virus]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Daian e Silva |first1=D. S. O. |last2=Pinho |first2=T. M. G. |last3=Rachid |first3=M. A. |last4=Barbosa-Stancioli |first4=D. F. |last5=Da Fonseca |first5=F. G. |date=2019-03-15 |title=The Perennial Use of the Green Fluorescent Protein Marker in a Live Vaccinia Virus Ankara Recombinant Platform Shows No Acute Adverse Effects in Mice |journal=Brazilian Journal of Microbiology |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=347–55 |doi=10.1007/s42770-019-00067-5 |issn=1517-8382 |pmc=6863200 |pmid=30877662}}</ref>

==== Controversies ====
The public availability of the variola virus complete sequence has raised concerns about the possibility of illicit synthesis of infectious virus.<ref name=":6">{{cite web |title=A paper showing how to make a smallpox cousin just got published. Critics wonder why |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/paper-showing-how-make-smallpox-cousin-just-got-published-critics-wonder-why |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=www.science.org |language=en |archive-date=11 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511074405/https://www.science.org/content/article/paper-showing-how-make-smallpox-cousin-just-got-published-critics-wonder-why |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Vaccinia]], a cousin of the variola virus, was artificially synthesized in 2002 by [[National Institutes of Health|NIH]] scientists.<ref name=":7">{{cite journal |last1=Domi |first1=Arban |last2=Moss |first2=Bernard |date=2002-09-17 |title=Cloning the vaccinia virus genome as a bacterial artificial chromosome in Escherichia coli and recovery of infectious virus in mammalian cells |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=99 |issue=19 |pages=12415–20 |doi=10.1073/pnas.192420599 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=129459 |pmid=12196634|bibcode=2002PNAS...9912415D |doi-access=free }}</ref> They used a previously established method that involved using a [[Recombinant DNA|recombinant]] viral genome to create a self-replicating bacterial [[plasmid]] that produced viral particles.<ref name=":7" />

In 2016, another group synthesized the [[horsepox]] virus using publicly available sequence data for horsepox.<ref name=":8">{{cite web |title=How Canadian researchers reconstituted an extinct poxvirus for $100,000 using mail-order DNA |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/how-canadian-researchers-reconstituted-extinct-poxvirus-100000-using-mail-order-dna |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=www.science.org |language=en |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516140933/https://www.science.org/content/article/how-canadian-researchers-reconstituted-extinct-poxvirus-100000-using-mail-order-dna |url-status=live }}</ref> The researchers argued that their work would be beneficial to creating a safer and more effective [[vaccine]] for smallpox, although an effective vaccine is already available.<ref name=":8" /> The horsepox virus had previously seemed to have gone extinct, raising concern about potential revival of variola major and causing other scientists to question their motives.<ref name=":6" /> Critics found it especially concerning that the group was able to recreate viable virus in a short time frame with relatively little cost or effort.<ref name=":8" /> Although the WHO bans individual laboratories from [[Artificial gene synthesis|synthesizing]] more than 20% of the genome at a time, and purchases of smallpox genome fragments are monitored and regulated, a group with [[Bioterrorism|malicious intentions]] could compile, from multiple sources, the full synthetic genome necessary to produce viable virus.<ref name=":8" />

=== Transmission ===
Smallpox was highly contagious, but generally spread more slowly and less widely than some other viral diseases, perhaps because transmission required close contact and occurred after the onset of the rash. The overall rate of infection was also affected by the short duration of the infectious stage. In [[temperate]] areas, the number of smallpox infections was highest during the winter and spring. In tropical areas, seasonal variation was less evident and the disease was present throughout the year.<ref name= PinkBook /> Age distribution of smallpox infections depended on [[acquired immunity]]. [[Vaccination]] [[immunity (medical)|immunity]] declined over time and was probably lost within thirty years.<ref name=AFIP /> Smallpox was not known to be transmitted by insects or animals and there was no [[asymptomatic carrier]] state.<ref name= PinkBook />

Transmission occurred through inhalation of [[Airborne disease|airborne]] variola virus, usually droplets expressed from the oral, nasal, or [[pharynx|pharyngeal]] [[mucosa]] of an infected person. It was transmitted from one person to another primarily through prolonged face-to-face contact with an infected person.<ref name="2012Spread">{{cite journal |author-first1=Donald K. |author-last1=Milton |title=What was the primary mode of smallpox transmission? Implications for biodefense |journal=Front Cell Infect Microbiol |date=November 29, 2012 |volume=2 |issue=150 |page=150 |doi=10.3389/fcimb.2012.00150 |pmid=23226686 |pmc=3509329 |quote=the rarity of smallpox transmission via fomites suggests that mucosal exposure was not the primary means of transmission and is consistent with a preference for infection via the lower respiratory tract. The rarity of transmission on crowded buses and trains could be evidence that airborne transmission was not important. However, Fenner et al. (1988) state that transmission on public transport was rare because patients seldom traveled after becoming ill.|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Some infections of laundry workers with smallpox after handling contaminated bedding suggested that smallpox could be spread through direct contact with contaminated objects ([[fomite]]s), but this was found to be rare.<ref name="2012Spread"/><ref name=":0"/> Also rarely, smallpox was spread by virus carried in the air in enclosed settings such as buildings, buses, and trains.<ref name= FactSheet /> The virus can cross the [[placenta]], but the incidence of [[congenital]] smallpox was relatively low.<ref name=AFIP /> Smallpox was not notably infectious in the [[prodrome|prodromal]] period and viral shedding was usually delayed until the appearance of the rash, which was often accompanied by [[lesion]]s in the mouth and pharynx. The virus can be transmitted throughout the course of the illness, but this happened most frequently during the first week of the rash when most of the skin lesions were intact.<ref name= PinkBook /> Infectivity waned in 7 to 10 days when scabs formed over the lesions, but the infected person was contagious until the last smallpox scab fell off.<ref name="pmid10367824">{{cite journal | vauthors = Henderson DA, Inglesby TV, Bartlett JG, Ascher MS, Eitzen E, Jahrling PB, Hauer J, Layton M, McDade J, Osterholm MT, O'Toole T, Parker G, Perl T, Russell PK, Tonat K | title = Smallpox as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense | journal = JAMA | volume = 281 | issue = 22 | pages = 2127–37 | date = June 1999 | pmid = 10367824 | doi = 10.1001/jama.281.22.2127 }}</ref>

Concern about possible use of smallpox for biological warfare led in 2002 to Donald K. Milton's detailed review of existing research on its transmission and of then-current recommendations for controlling its spread. He agreed, citing Rao, [[Frank Fenner|Fenner]] and others, that "careful epidemiologic investigation rarely implicated fomites as a source of infection"; noted that "Current recommendations for control of secondary smallpox infections emphasize transmission 'by expelled droplets to close contacts (those within 6–7 feet)'"; but warned that the "emphasis on spread via large droplets may reduce the vigilance with which more difficult airborne precautions [i.e. against finer droplets capable of traveling longer distances and penetrating deeply into the lower respiratory tract] are maintained".<ref>Donald K. Milton, ibid.</ref>

== Mechanism ==
Once inhaled, the variola virus invaded the mucous membranes of the mouth, throat, and respiratory tract. From there, it migrated to regional [[lymph nodes]] and began to multiply. In the initial growth phase, the virus seemed to move from cell to cell, but by around the 12th day, widespread [[lysis]] of infected cells occurred and the virus could be found in the bloodstream in large numbers, a condition known as [[viremia]]. This resulted in the second wave of multiplication in the [[spleen]], [[bone marrow]], and lymph nodes.

== Diagnosis ==
The clinical definition of ordinary smallpox is an illness with acute onset of fever equal to or greater than {{convert|38.3|°C|°F|0}} followed by a rash characterized by firm, deep-seated vesicles or pustules in the same stage of development without other apparent cause.<ref name= PinkBook />Before the availability of laboratory testing, doctors could diagnose smallpox by touch alone, due to the distinctively hard pustules<ref>{{cite book |last1=Henderson |first1=Donald A. |last2=Preston |first2=Richard |title=Smallpox: the death of a disease: the inside story of eradicating a worldwide killer |date=2009 |publisher=Prometheus Books |location=Amherst, N.Y |isbn=978-1591027225 |chapter=Foreward}}</ref>. With greater testing availability, clinically diagnosed cases of smallpox were confirmed using laboratory tests.

[[Microscope|Microscopically]], poxviruses produce characteristic [[cytoplasmic]] [[inclusion bodies]], the most important of which are known as [[Guarnieri bodies]], and are the sites of [[viral replication]]. Guarnieri bodies are readily identified in skin biopsies stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and appear as pink blobs. They are found in virtually all poxvirus infections but the absence of Guarnieri bodies could not be used to rule out smallpox.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Riedel S | title = Smallpox and biological warfare: a disease revisited | journal = Proceedings | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 13–20 | date = January 2005 | pmid = 16200143 | pmc = 1200695 | doi = 10.1080/08998280.2005.11928026 }}</ref> The diagnosis of an orthopoxvirus infection can also be made rapidly by [[electron microscopy|electron microscopic]] examination of pustular fluid or scabs. All orthopoxviruses exhibit identical brick-shaped [[virions]] by electron microscopy.<ref name=AFIP /> If particles with the characteristic morphology of [[herpesvirus]]es are seen this will eliminate smallpox and other orthopoxvirus infections.

Definitive laboratory identification of variola virus involved growing the virus on [[chorioallantoic membrane]] (part of a chicken [[embryo]]) and examining the resulting pock lesions under defined temperature conditions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/bt/smallpox/biofacts/smllpx-summary.html#_Criteria_for_Determining |title=Smallpox: Current, comprehensive information on pathogenesis, microbiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis |access-date=27 December 2007 |work=[[Center for Infectious Disease Research & Policy]] |archive-date=4 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080104115535/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/bt/smallpox/biofacts/smllpx-summary.html#_Criteria_for_Determining |url-status=live }}</ref> Strains were characterized by [[polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR) and [[restriction fragment length polymorphism]] (RFLP) analysis. [[Serologic]] tests and [[enzyme linked immunosorbent assay]]s (ELISA), which measured variola virus-specific immunoglobulin and antigen were also developed to assist in the diagnosis of infection.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = LeDuc JW, Jahrling PB | title = Strengthening national preparedness for smallpox: an update | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 155–57 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11266310 | pmc = 2631676 | doi = 10.3201/eid0701.010125 }}</ref>

[[Chickenpox]] was commonly confused with smallpox in the immediate post-eradication era. Chickenpox and smallpox could be distinguished by several methods. Unlike smallpox, chickenpox does not usually affect the palms and soles. Additionally, chickenpox pustules are of varying size due to variations in the timing of pustule eruption: smallpox pustules are all very nearly the same size since the viral effect progresses more uniformly. A variety of laboratory methods were available for detecting chickenpox in the evaluation of suspected smallpox cases.<ref name= PinkBook />

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Smallpox CAM.png|Smallpox virus lesions on the [[chorioallantoic membrane]] of a developing chick
File:Smallpox versus chickenpox english plain.svg|In contrast to the rash in smallpox, the rash in [[chickenpox]] occurs mostly on the torso, spreading less to the limbs.
File:Female smallpox patient -- late-stage confluent maculopapular scarring.jpg|An Italian female smallpox patient whose skin displayed the characteristics of late-stage confluent maculopapular scarring, 1965
</gallery>

== Prevention ==
{{Main|Smallpox vaccine}}
[[File:Smallpox vaccine (cropped).jpg|thumb|Components of a modern smallpox [[vaccination]] kit including the [[diluent]], a vial of Dryvax vaccinia vaccine, and a [[bifurcated needle]]]]
The earliest procedure used to prevent smallpox was [[inoculation]] with [[variola minor]] virus (a method later known as ''[[variolation]]'' after the introduction of [[smallpox vaccine]] to avoid possible confusion), which likely occurred in India, Africa, and China well before the practice arrived in Europe.<ref name=Rie2005/> The idea that inoculation originated in India has been challenged, as few of the ancient [[Sanskrit]] medical texts described the process of inoculation.<ref>{{cite book | last = Wujastyk | first = Dominik | date= 1995 | chapter = Medicine in India | title = Oriental Medicine: An Illustrated Guide to the Asian Arts of Healing | pages = 19–38 [29] | location = London | publisher = Serindia Publications | isbn = 0-906026-36-9}}</ref> Accounts of inoculation against smallpox in China can be found as early as the late 10th century, and the procedure was widely practiced by the 16th century, during the [[Ming dynasty]].<ref name= Temple>{{cite book | last = Temple | first = Robert | date = 1986 | title = The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery, and Invention | quote = With a foreword by Joseph Needham | location = New York | publisher = Simon and Schuster, Inc. | isbn = 0-671-62028-2 | pages = 135–37 }}</ref> If successful, inoculation produced lasting [[immunity (medical)|immunity]] to smallpox. Because the person was infected with variola virus, a severe infection could result, and the person could transmit smallpox to others. Variolation had a 0.5–2 percent mortality rate, considerably less than the 20–30 percent mortality rate of smallpox.<ref name= PinkBook /> Two reports on the Chinese practice of [[inoculation]] were received by the [[Royal Society]] in London in 1700; one by Dr. [[Martin Lister]] who received a report by an employee of the [[East India Company]] stationed in China and another by [[Clopton Havers]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Immunology|first=Arthur M. |last=Silverstein |page=293|publisher=Academic Press|year=2009|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xNYjigte14C|isbn=978-0-08-091946-1 }}</ref>

[[Lady Mary Wortley Montagu]] observed smallpox inoculation during her stay in the [[Ottoman Empire]], writing detailed accounts of the practice in her letters, and enthusiastically promoted the procedure in England upon her return in 1718.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/montagu-smallpox.html |title=Modern History Sourcebook: Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689–1762): Smallpox Vaccination in Turkey |publisher=Fordham.edu |access-date=15 October 2010 |archive-date=4 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204010824/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/montagu-smallpox.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to [[Voltaire]] (1742), the Turks derived their use of inoculation from neighbouring [[Circassia]]. Voltaire does not speculate on where the Circassians derived their technique from, though he reports that the Chinese have practiced it "these hundred years".<ref name="Voltaire 1742">{{cite book|author=Voltaire|year=1742|title=Letters on the English|chapter=Letter XI|chapter-url=http://www.bartleby.com/34/2/11.html|access-date=6 July 2017|archive-date=16 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016221306/https://www.bartleby.com/34/2/11.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1721, [[Cotton Mather#Advocacy for smallpox inoculation|Cotton Mather]] and colleagues provoked controversy in Boston by inoculating hundreds. After publishing ''The present method of inoculating for the small-pox'' in 1767, [[Thomas Dimsdale#Careers|Dr Thomas Dimsdale]] was invited to Russia to variolate the Empress [[Catherine the Great]] of Russia and her son, [[Paul I of Russia|Grand Duke Paul]], which he successfully did in 1768. In 1796, [[Edward Jenner]], a doctor in [[Berkeley, Gloucestershire]], rural England, discovered that immunity to smallpox could be produced by inoculating a person with material from a cowpox lesion. Cowpox is a poxvirus in the same family as variola. Jenner called the material used for inoculation vaccine from the [[Root (linguistics)|root word]] ''vacca'', which is Latin for cow. The procedure was much safer than variolation and did not involve a risk of smallpox transmission. Vaccination to prevent smallpox was soon practiced all over the world. During the 19th century, the cowpox virus used for smallpox vaccination was replaced by the vaccinia virus. Vaccinia is in the same family as cowpox and variola virus but is genetically distinct from both. The origin of the vaccinia virus and how it came to be in the vaccine are not known.<ref name= PinkBook />

[[File:The cow pock.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|left|An 1802 cartoon by [[James Gillray]] of the early hysteria surrounding [[Edward Jenner]]'s vaccination procedure, showing his cowpox-derived [[smallpox vaccine]] causing cattle to emerge from patients]]
The current formulation of the smallpox vaccine is a live virus preparation of the infectious vaccinia virus.

The vaccine is given using a [[Bifurcated needle|bifurcated (two-pronged) needle]] that is dipped into the vaccine solution. The needle is used to prick the skin (usually the upper arm) several times in a few seconds, a process that is painless and comfortable for even children. The bifurcated needle was invented by Dr. [[Benjamin Rubin]], but it was repurposed specifically for smallpox vaccination by [[D.A. Henderson]] in 1967, after far less successful administration techniques were attempted<ref>{{cite book |last1=Henderson |first1=D. A. |title=Smallpox: The Inside Story of Eradicating a Worldwide Killer |date=2009 |publisher=Prometheus |location=Amherst |isbn=978-1591027225 |chapter=Chapter 3: Creating a Global Program}}</ref>.

If successful vaccination via the bifurcated needle occurs, a red and itchy bump develops at the vaccine site in three or four days. In the first week, the bump becomes a large blister (called a "Jennerian vesicle") which fills with pus and begins to drain. During the second week, the blister begins to dry up, and a scab forms. The scab falls off in the third week, leaving a small scar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/vaccination/faq.asp |title=Frequently Asked Questions About Smallpox Vaccine |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |date=7 February 2007 |access-date=28 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116152008/http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/vaccination/faq.asp |archive-date=16 November 2015 }}</ref>

The [[antibodies]] induced by the vaccinia vaccine are cross-protective for other orthopoxviruses, such as monkeypox, cowpox, and variola (smallpox) viruses. Neutralizing antibodies are detectable 10 days after first-time vaccination and seven days after revaccination. Historically, the vaccine has been effective in preventing smallpox infection in 95 percent of those vaccinated.<ref name= CDCvac /> Smallpox vaccination provides a high level of immunity for three to five years and decreasing immunity thereafter. If a person is vaccinated again later, the immunity lasts even longer. Studies of smallpox cases in Europe in the 1950s and 1960s demonstrated that the fatality rate among persons vaccinated less than 10 years before exposure was 1.3 percent; it was 7 percent among those vaccinated 11 to 20 years prior, and 11 percent among those vaccinated 20 or more years before infection. By contrast, 52 percent of unvaccinated persons died.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mack TM | title = Smallpox in Europe, 1950–1971 | journal = The Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 125 | issue = 2 | pages = 161–69 | date = February 1972 | pmid = 5007552 | doi = 10.1093/infdis/125.2.161 }}</ref>

[[File:Smallpox vaccine injection.jpg|thumb|A demonstration by medical personnel on use of a bifurcated needle to deliver the smallpox vaccine, 2002]]
There are side effects and risks associated with the smallpox vaccine. In the past, about 1 out of 1,000 people vaccinated for the first time experienced serious, but non-life-threatening, reactions, including toxic or [[allergic reaction]] at the site of the vaccination ([[erythema multiforme]]), spread of the vaccinia virus to other parts of the body, and spread to other individuals. Potentially life-threatening reactions occurred in 14 to 500 people out of every 1 million people vaccinated for the first time. Based on past experience, it is estimated that 1 or 2 people in 1 million (0.000198 percent) who receive the vaccine may die as a result, most often the result of postvaccinial [[encephalitis]] or severe [[necrosis]] in the area of vaccination (called [[progressive vaccinia]]).<ref name= CDCvac />

Given these risks, as smallpox became effectively eradicated and the number of naturally occurring cases fell below the number of vaccine-induced illnesses and deaths, routine childhood vaccination was discontinued in the United States in 1972 and was abandoned in most European countries in the early 1970s.<ref name=WHO2007Fact /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pütz MM, Alberini I, Midgley CM, Manini I, Montomoli E, Smith GL | title = Prevalence of antibodies to Vaccinia virus after smallpox vaccination in Italy | journal = The Journal of General Virology | volume = 86 | issue = Pt 11 | pages = 2955–60 | date = November 2005 | pmid = 16227216 | doi = 10.1099/vir.0.81265-0 | author-link6 = Geoffrey L. Smith | doi-access = free }}</ref> Routine vaccination of health care workers was discontinued in the U.S. in 1976, and among military recruits in 1990 (although military personnel deploying to the Middle East and Korea still receive the vaccination<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.smallpox.mil/resource/qaAll.asp?cID=364 | title = Questions and Answers | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080916201159/http://smallpox.mil/resource/qaAll.asp?cID=364 |archive-date=16 September 2008 | work = DoD Smallpox Vaccination Program (SVP) }}</ref>). By 1986, routine vaccination had ceased in all countries.<ref name=WHO2007Fact /> It is now primarily recommended for laboratory workers at risk for occupational exposure.<ref name= PinkBook /> However, the possibility of variola virus being used as a biological weapon has rekindled interest in the development of newer vaccines.<ref name = "Metzger_2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Metzger W, Mordmueller BG | title = Vaccines for preventing smallpox | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 3 | article-number = CD004913 | date = July 2007 | volume = 2007 | pmid = 17636779 | pmc = 6532594 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004913.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group }}</ref> The smallpox vaccine is also effective in, and therefore administered for, the prevention of [[mpox]].<ref name="pmid36179973">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aljabali AA, Obeid MA, Nusair MB, Hmedat A, Tambuwala MM |title=Monkeypox virus: An emerging epidemic |journal=Microbial Pathogenesis |volume= 173|issue= Pt A|article-number=105794 |date=September 2022 |pmid=36179973 |doi=10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105794 |pmc=9534103 |s2cid=252612981 |url=}}</ref>

[[ACAM2000]] is a [[smallpox vaccine]] developed by Acambis, approved for use in the United States by the [[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|U.S. FDA]] on August 31, 2007. It contains live [[vaccinia]] virus, cloned from the same strain used in an earlier [[vaccine]], [[Dryvax]]. While the Dryvax virus was cultured in the skin of calves and freeze-dried, ACAM2000s virus is cultured in kidney epithelial cells ([[Vero cell]]s) from an [[African green monkey]]. Efficacy and adverse reaction incidence are similar to Dryvax.<ref name = "Metzger_2007" /> The vaccine is not routinely available to the US public; it is, however, used in the military and maintained in the [[Strategic National Stockpile]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Smallpox Preparedness and Response Updates from FDA | url = https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/mcm-issues/smallpox-preparedness-and-response | work = U.S. Food and Drug Administration | date = 4 June 2021 | access-date = 12 April 2020 | archive-date = 30 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200730163515/https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/mcm-issues/smallpox-preparedness-and-response-updates-fda | url-status = live }}</ref>

== Treatment ==
Smallpox vaccination within three days of exposure will prevent or significantly lessen the severity of smallpox symptoms in the vast majority of people. Vaccination four to seven days after exposure can offer some protection from disease or may modify the severity of the disease.<ref name=CDCvac>{{cite web|url=http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/vaccination/pdf/vaccine-overview.pdf |title=Vaccine Overview |access-date=2 January 2008 |work=Smallpox Fact Sheet |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102234114/http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/vaccination/pdf/vaccine-overview.pdf |archive-date=2 January 2008 }}</ref> Other than vaccination, treatment of smallpox is primarily supportive, such as wound care and infection control, fluid therapy, and possible [[ventilator]] assistance. Flat and hemorrhagic types of smallpox are treated with the same therapies used to treat [[Shock (circulatory)|shock]], such as [[Fluid replacement|fluid resuscitation]]. People with semi-confluent and confluent types of smallpox may have therapeutic issues similar to patients with extensive skin [[burn]]s.<ref name= Fenner4 />

[[antiviral drug|Antiviral]] treatments have improved since the last large smallpox epidemics, and as of 2004, studies suggested that the antiviral drug [[cidofovir]] might be useful as a therapeutic agent. The drug must be administered [[intravenously]], and may cause serious [[renal|kidney]] toxicity.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bray M, Roy CJ | title = Antiviral prophylaxis of smallpox | journal = The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy | volume = 54 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–5 | date = July 2004 | pmid = 15163655 | doi = 10.1093/jac/dkh286 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In July 2018, the [[Food and Drug Administration]] approved [[tecovirimat]], the first drug approved for treatment of smallpox.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm613496.htm|title=Press Announcements – FDA approves the first drug with an indication for treatment of smallpox|author=Office of the Commissioner|website=www.fda.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-07-28|archive-date=23 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423072008/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm613496.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, during treatment viral mutations causing resistance have been known to occur, especially since its use in the [[2022–2023 mpox outbreak]] which jeopardize its effectiveness for smallpox biothreat preparedness.<ref name="cdc">{{Cite journal |last=Gigante |first=Crystal M. |date=2024 |title=Notes from the Field: Mpox Cluster Caused by Tecovirimat-Resistant Monkeypox Virus — Five States, October 2023–February 2024 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/wr/mm7340a3.htm?s_cid=mm7340a3_w |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |language=en-us |volume=73 |issue=40 |pages=903–905 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm7340a3 |pmid=39388389 |issn=0149-2195|pmc=11466377 }}</ref>

In June 2021, [[Brincidofovir]] was approved for medical use in the United States for the treatment of human smallpox disease caused by variola virus.<ref name="FDA Tembexa">{{cite web | title=FDA approves drug to treat smallpox | publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration|U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)]] | date=4 June 2021 | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-approves-drug-treat-smallpox | access-date=7 June 2021 | archive-date=8 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608011633/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-approves-drug-treat-smallpox | url-status=dead }} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="FDA appeoval letter">{{cite web|title=NDA Approval – Animal Efficacy|publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration|U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)]]|date=4 June 2021|access-date=7 June 2021|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/appletter/2021/214460Origs000,214461Orig1s000ltr.pdf|archive-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608005721/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/appletter/2021/214460Origs000,214461Orig1s000ltr.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Prognosis ==
[[File:Man with facial scarring and blindness due to smallpox, 1972 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Smallpox survivor with facial scarring, blindness and white [[Corneal opacity|corneal scar]] in his left eye, 1972]]

The mortality rate from variola minor is approximately 1%, while the mortality rate from variola major is approximately 30%.<ref name=WHOSmallpox>{{cite web|title=Smallpox|work=Biologicals:Vaccines and Immunization|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|location=Geneva, Switzerland|date=January 13, 2014|url=https://www.who.int/biologicals/vaccines/smallpox/en/#:~:text=Two%20forms%20of%20the%20disease,most%20prominent%20on%20the%20face.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325084234/http://www.who.int/biologicals/vaccines/smallpox/en/#:~:text=Two%20forms%20of%20the%20disease,most%20prominent%20on%20the%20face.|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 March 2013|access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref>

Ordinary type-confluent is fatal about 50–75% of the time, ordinary-type semi-confluent about 25–50% of the time, in cases where the rash is discrete the case-fatality rate is less than 10%. The overall fatality rate for children younger than 1 year of age is 40–50%. Hemorrhagic and flat types have the highest fatality rates. The fatality rate for flat or late hemorrhagic type smallpox is 90% or greater and nearly 100% is observed in cases of early hemorrhagic smallpox.<ref name="Lane_2011" /> The case-fatality rate for variola minor is 1% or less.<ref name="training1" /> There is no evidence of chronic or recurrent infection with variola virus.<ref name="training1" /> In cases of flat smallpox in vaccinated people, the condition was extremely rare but less lethal, with one case series showing a 67% death rate.<ref name="Fenner_1988" />

In fatal cases of ordinary smallpox, death usually occurs between days 10–16 of the illness. The cause of death from smallpox is not clear, but the infection is now known to involve multiple organs. Circulating [[immune complex]]es, overwhelming viremia, or an uncontrolled [[immune response]] may be contributing factors.<ref name=PinkBook /> In early hemorrhagic smallpox, death occurs suddenly about six days after the fever develops. The cause of death in early hemorrhagic cases is commonly due to heart failure and [[pulmonary edema]]. In late hemorrhagic cases, high and sustained viremia, severe [[Thrombocytopenia|platelet loss]] and poor immune response were often cited as causes of death.<ref name= "Fenner_1988" /> In flat smallpox modes of death are similar to those in burns, with [[Hypovolemic shock|loss of fluid]], protein and [[electrolyte]]s, and fulminating [[sepsis]].<ref name=Fenner4>{{cite book |vauthors=Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Ježek Z, Ladnyi ID |chapter=Chapter 9: Development of the Global Smallpox Eradication Programme, 1958–1966 |title=Smallpox and Its Eradication |series=History of International Public Health |volume=6 |publisher=World Health Organization |location=Geneva |year=1988 |chapter-url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/smallpox/9241561106_chp9.pdf |pages=31, 125 |isbn=978-92-4-156110-5 |df=dmy-all |access-date=2 January 2008 |archive-date=15 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115065733/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/smallpox/9241561106_chp9.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Complications ===
Complications of smallpox arise most commonly in the respiratory system and range from simple [[bronchitis]] to fatal [[pneumonia]]. Respiratory complications tend to develop on about the eighth day of the illness and can be either viral or bacterial in origin. Secondary bacterial infection of the skin is a relatively uncommon complication of smallpox. When this occurs, the fever usually remains elevated.<ref name=PinkBook />

Other complications include [[encephalitis]] (1 in 500 patients), which is more common in adults and may cause temporary disability; permanent pitted scars, most notably on the face; and complications involving the eyes (2% of all cases). Pustules can form on the eyelid, [[conjunctiva]], and [[cornea]], leading to complications such as [[conjunctivitis]], [[keratitis]], [[corneal ulcer]], [[iritis]], [[iridocyclitis]], and atrophy of the optic nerve. Blindness results in approximately 35–40% of eyes affected with keratitis and corneal ulcer. Hemorrhagic smallpox can cause subconjunctival and [[retina]]l hemorrhages. In 2–5% of young children with smallpox, virions reach the joints and bone, causing ''[[osteomyelitis]] variolosa''. Bony lesions are symmetrical, most common in the elbows, legs, and characteristically cause separation of the [[epiphysis]] and marked [[periosteum|periosteal]] reactions. Swollen joints limit movement, and arthritis may lead to limb deformities, [[ankylosis]], malformed bones, flail joints, and stubby fingers.<ref name=AFIP />

Between 65 and 80% of survivors are marked with deep pitted scars (pockmarks), most prominent on the face.

== History ==
{{Main|History of smallpox}}

=== Disease emergence ===
{{See also|Native American disease and epidemics|History of smallpox in Mexico|List of epidemics and pandemics}}
[[File:Sopona.jpg|thumb|upright|Statue of [[Sopona]], the [[Yoruba religion|Yoruba]] god thought to cause the disease]]
The earliest credible clinical evidence of smallpox is found in the descriptions of smallpox-like disease in medical writings from ancient India (as early as 1500 BCE),<ref name=Shchelkunov2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shchelkunov SN | title = Emergence and reemergence of smallpox: the need for development of a new generation smallpox vaccine | journal = Vaccine | volume = 29 | pages = D49–53 | date = December 2011 | issue = Suppl 4 | pmid = 22185833 | doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.037 }}</ref><ref name="Serum Evils p. 5">''Vaccine and Serum Evils'', by Herbert M. Shelton, p. 5</ref> and China (1122 BCE),<ref name=Hopkins_2002>{{cite book | vauthors = Hopkins DR | title = The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in history | publisher = University of Chicago Press | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-226-35168-1 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/greatestkillersm0000hopk }} Originally published as {{cite book | title = Princes and Peasants: Smallpox in History | date = 1983 | isbn = 0-226-35177-7 | last1 = Hopkins | first1 = Donald R. | publisher = University of Chicago Press }}</ref> as well as a study of the [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] [[mummy]] of [[Ramses V]] (died 1145 BCE).<ref name="Serum Evils p. 5"/><ref name=Ramses>{{cite web|last=Hopkins |first=Donald |title=Ramses V: Earliest known victim?|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/smallpox/WH_5_1980_p22.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070919181605/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/smallpox/WH_5_1980_p22.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 September 2007|publisher=WHO|access-date=6 July 2010}}</ref> It has been speculated that Egyptian traders brought smallpox to India during the 1st millennium BCE, where it remained as an [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] human disease for at least 2000 years. Smallpox was probably introduced into China during the 1st century CE from the southwest, and in the 6th century was carried from China to Japan.<ref name= "Fenner_1988" /> In Japan, the [[735–737 Japanese smallpox epidemic|epidemic of 735–737]] is believed to have killed as much as one-third of the population.<ref name=Hays2005/><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Thieme HR | date = 2003 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cHcjnkrMweYC | title = Mathematics in population biology | publisher = Princeton University Press | page = 285 | isbn = 0-691-09291-5 }}</ref> At least seven religious deities have been specifically dedicated to smallpox, such as the god [[Sopona]] in the [[Yoruba religion]] in West Africa. In India, the Hindu goddess of smallpox, [[Shitala]], was worshipped in temples throughout the country.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Henderson DA, Preston R | author-link = Donald Henderson | author2-link = Richard Preston | title = Smallpox- the Death of a Disease: The Inside Story of Eradicating a Worldwide Killer | publisher = Prometheus Books | year = 2009 | edition = 1st | page = 334 | url = https://www.amazon.com/o/ASIN/1591027225/sciencefriday/#reader_1591027225 | isbn = 978-1-59102-722-5 | access-date = 12 September 2017 | archive-date = 21 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200721010501/https://www.amazon.com/o/ASIN/1591027225/sciencefriday/#reader_1591027225 | url-status = live }}</ref>

A different viewpoint is that smallpox emerged 1588 CE and the earlier reported cases were incorrectly identified as smallpox.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/12/mummies-smallpox-virus-dna-lithuania-health-science |title=Child Mummy Found With Oldest Known Smallpox Virus |last=McKenna |first=Maryn |date=8 December 2016 |website=National Geographic |publisher=National Geographic Society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107014904/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/12/mummies-smallpox-virus-dna-lithuania-health-science/ |archive-date=7 November 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Duggan2016" />

The timing of the arrival of smallpox in Europe and south-western Asia is less clear. Smallpox is not clearly described in either the [[Old Testament|Old]] or [[New Testament]]s of the Bible or in the literature of the Greeks or Romans. While some have identified the [[Plague of Athens]] – which was said to have originated in "[[Aethiopia (Classical Greek term)|Ethiopia]]" and Egypt – or the plague that lifted Carthage's 396 BCE [[Siege of Syracuse (397 BC)|siege of Syracuse]] – with smallpox,<ref name="Fenner_1988" /> many scholars agree it is very unlikely such a serious disease as variola major would have escaped being described by [[Hippocrates]] if it had existed in the Mediterranean region during his lifetime.<ref name = "Dixon_1962">{{cite book | vauthors = Dixon CW |title=Smallpox |location=London |publisher=Churchill |year=1962 }}</ref>

While the [[Antonine Plague]] that swept through the [[Roman Empire]] in 165{{ndash}}180 CE may have been caused by smallpox,<ref>{{cite web | first = Verity | last = Murphy | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4381924.stm | title = Past pandemics that ravaged Europe | work = BBC News | date = 7 November 2005 | access-date = 22 February 2009 | archive-date = 7 October 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171007210210/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4381924.stm | url-status = live }}</ref> Saint [[Nicasius of Rheims]] became the patron saint of smallpox victims for having supposedly survived a bout in 450,<ref name="Fenner_1988"/> and Saint [[Gregory of Tours]] recorded a similar outbreak in France and Italy in 580, the first use of the term ''variola''.<ref name="Fenner_1988" /> Other historians speculate that [[Arab]] armies first carried smallpox from Africa into Southwestern Europe during the 7th and 8th centuries.<ref name= "Fenner_1988" /> In the 9th century the [[Islamic medicine|Persian physician]], [[Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi|Rhazes]], provided one of the most definitive descriptions of smallpox and was the first to differentiate smallpox from [[measles]] and [[chickenpox]] in his ''Kitab fi al-jadari wa-al-hasbah'' (''The Book of Smallpox and Measles'').<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Otri AM, Singh AD, Dua HS | title = Abu Bakr Razi | journal = British Journal of Ophthalmology | date = October 2008 | volume = 92 | issue = 10 | page = 1324 }}</ref> During the [[Middle Ages]] several smallpox outbreaks occurred in Europe. However, smallpox had not become established there until the population growth and mobility marked by the [[Crusades]] allowed it to do so. By the 16th century, smallpox had become entrenched across most of Europe,<ref name= "Fenner_1988" /> where it had a mortality rate as high as 30 percent. This endemic occurrence of smallpox in Europe is of particular historical importance, as successive exploration and colonization by Europeans tended to spread the disease to other nations. By the 16th century, smallpox had become a predominant cause of morbidity and mortality throughout much of the world.<ref name= "Fenner_1988" />

[[File:FlorentineCodex BK12 F54 smallpox.jpg|thumb|left|Drawing accompanying text in Book XII of the 16th-century ''[[Florentine Codex]]'' (compiled 1555–1576), showing [[Nahua peoples|Nahuas]] of conquest-era central Mexico with smallpox]]

There were no credible descriptions of smallpox-like disease in the [[Americas]] before the westward exploration by Europeans in the 15th century CE.<ref name=Li2007 /> Smallpox was introduced into the Caribbean island of [[Hispaniola]] in 1507, and into the mainland in 1520, when Spanish settlers from Hispaniola arrived in Mexico, inadvertently carrying smallpox with them. Because the native [[Amerindian]] population had no acquired immunity to this new disease, their peoples were decimated by epidemics. Such disruption and population losses were an important factor in the Spanish achieving conquest of the [[Aztec]]s and the [[Inca]]s.<ref name= "Fenner_1988" /> Similarly, English settlement of the east coast of North America in 1633 in [[Plymouth, Massachusetts]] was accompanied by devastating outbreaks of smallpox among Native American populations,<ref>{{cite book | url = | title = Encyclopedia of North American Indians | first = Frederick E. | last = Hoxie | date = 1996 | page = 164 | publisher = Houghton Mifflin | isbn = 0-395-66921-9 }}</ref> and subsequently among the native-born colonists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/9968/9968.ch01.html |first=David A. |last=Koplow |title=Smallpox The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge |publisher=University of California Press |year=2003 |access-date=22 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907093641/http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/9968/9968.ch01.html |archive-date=7 September 2008 }}</ref> Case fatality rates during outbreaks in Native American populations were as high as 90%.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qubTdDk1H3IC&pg=PA205 | title = The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Paleopathology | first1 = Arthur C. | last1 = Aufderheide | first2 = Conrado | last2 = Rodríguez-Martín | first3 = Odin | last3 = Langsjoen | date = 1998 | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | page = 205 | isbn = 0-521-55203-6 }}</ref> Smallpox was introduced into [[Australia]] in 1789 and again in 1829,<ref name= "Fenner_1988" /> though colonial surgeons, who by 1829 were attempting to distinguish between smallpox and [[chickenpox]] (which could be almost equally fatal to Aboriginal Australians), were divided as to whether the 1829–1830 epidemic was chickenpox or smallpox.<ref>Peter J Dowling, [https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/7529/1/02Whole_Dowling.pdf ''"A Great Deal of Sickness": Introduced diseases among the Aboriginal People of colonial Southeast Australia 1788–1900''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610090118/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/7529/1/02Whole_Dowling.pdf |date=10 June 2020 }}, 1997 ANU PhD thesis. pp. 60–62, 89.</ref> Although smallpox was never endemic on the continent,<ref name= "Fenner_1988" /> it has been described as the principal cause of death in [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal]] populations between 1780 and 1870.<ref name = "Glynn_2004">{{cite book | last1 = Glynn | first1 = Ian | last2 = Glynn | first2 = Jenifer | title = The life and death of smallpox | url = https://archive.org/details/lifedeathofsmall00glyn | url-access = registration | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2004 | page = [https://archive.org/details/lifedeathofsmall00glyn/page/n160 145] | isbn = 978-0-521-84542-7 }}</ref>

[[File:Global number of reported smallpox cases (1920-2016).svg|thumb|right|Global number of reported smallpox cases from 1920 to 2016]]
[[File:Friedhof Rastede - Kindergrab von 1711.jpg|thumb|left|Gravestone from 1711 for 4 children who died of smallpox (Rastede, Germany)]]
By the mid-18th century, smallpox was a major [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic disease]] everywhere in the world except in Australia and small islands untouched by outside exploration. In 18th century Europe, smallpox was a leading cause of death, killing an estimated 400,000 Europeans each year.<ref>{{cite web | first1 = Stanley A | last1 = Plotkin | first2 = Walter A | last2 = Orenstein | first3 = Donald A. | last3 = Henderson | first4 = Bernard | last4 = Moss |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=vacc.chapter.3 |title=Smallpox and Vaccinia |access-date=15 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601172056/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=vacc.chapter.3 |archive-date=1 June 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Up to 10 percent of [[Sweden|Swedish]] infants died of smallpox each year,<ref name=Hays2005/> and the death rate of infants in [[Russia]] might have been even higher.<ref name=Hopkins_2002 /> The widespread use of [[variolation]] in a few countries, notably Great Britain, its North American colonies, and China, somewhat reduced the impact of smallpox among the wealthy classes during the latter part of the 18th century, but a real reduction in its incidence did not occur until vaccination became a common practice toward the end of the 19th century. Improved vaccines and the practice of re-vaccination led to a substantial reduction in cases in Europe and North America, but smallpox remained almost unchecked everywhere else in the world. By the mid-20th century, variola minor occurred along with variola major, in varying proportions, in many parts of Africa. Patients with variola minor experience only a mild systemic illness, are often [[walk|ambulant]] throughout the course of the disease, and are therefore able to more easily spread disease. Infection with variola minor virus induces immunity against the more deadly variola major form. Thus, as variola minor spread all over the US, into Canada, the South American countries, and Great Britain, it became the dominant form of smallpox, further reducing mortality rates.<ref name= "Fenner_1988" />

=== Eradication ===
{{Anchor|Eradiction}}
{{See also|Smallpox vaccine|Inoculation}}{{owidslider
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The first clear reference to smallpox inoculation was made by the Chinese author [[Wan Quan]] (1499–1582) in his {{lang|zh-Latn|Dòuzhěn xīnfǎ}} ({{Lang-zh|c=痘疹心法|l=Pox Rash Teachings}}) published in 1549,<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Needham J | year=1999 | title=Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology | chapter= Part 6, Medicine | location=Cambridge|publisher= Cambridge University Press | page=134}}</ref> with earliest hints of the practice in China during the 10th century.<ref name="needham volume 6 part 6 154">{{cite book |last1=Needham |first1=Joseph |title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine |date=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521632621 |page=154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC |language=en}}</ref> In China, powdered smallpox scabs were blown up the noses of the healthy. People would then develop a mild case of the disease and from then on were immune to it. The technique did have a 0.5–2.0% mortality rate, but that was considerably less than the 20–30% mortality rate of the disease itself. Two reports on the Chinese practice of [[inoculation]] were received by the [[Royal Society]] in London in 1700: one by Dr. [[Martin Lister]] who received a report by an employee of the [[East India Company]] stationed in China and another by [[Clopton Havers]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Immunology|first=Arthur M. |last=Silverstein |page=293|publisher=Academic Press|year=2009|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xNYjigte14C|isbn=978-0080919461 }}.</ref> [[Voltaire]] (1742) reports that the Chinese had practiced smallpox inoculation "these hundred years".<ref name="Voltaire 1742"/> [[Variolation]] had also been witnessed in [[Ottoman Empire|Turkey]] by [[Lady Mary Wortley Montagu]], who later introduced it in the UK.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Montagu MW | author-link1 = Lady Mary Wortley Montagu | veditors = Grundy I | title = Selected Letters | publisher = Penguin Books | date = 1997 | isbn = 978-0-14-043490-3 }}</ref>

[[File:Decade-in-which-smallpox-ceased-to-be-endemic-by-country.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|left|Decade in which smallpox ceased to be [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] by country]]

An early mention of the possibility of smallpox's eradication was made in reference to the work of [[Johnnie Notions]], a self-taught inoculator from [[Shetland]], Scotland. Notions found success in treating people from at least the late 1780s through a method devised by himself despite having no formal medical background.<ref name="Smith1998">{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith B | title = Camphor, cabbage leaves and vaccination: the career of Johnie "Notions" Williamson, of Hamnavoe, Eshaness, Shetland | journal = Proceedings of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 395–406 | date = July 1998 | pmid = 11620446 | url = https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/vol28_3.1_10.pdf | access-date = 2019-10-12 | publisher = Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh | doi = 10.1177/147827159802800312 | s2cid = 734446 | archive-date = 31 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200731014908/https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/sites/default/files/vol28_3.1_10.pdf | url-status = live }}{{rp|400}}</ref><ref name="Conacher2001">{{cite journal | vauthors = Conacher ID | title = The enigma of Johnnie "Notions" Williamson | journal = Journal of Medical Biography | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 208–12 | date = November 2001 | pmid = 11595947 | doi = 10.1177/096777200100900403 | s2cid = 41392514 }}</ref> His method involved exposing smallpox pus to [[peat]] smoke, burying it in the ground with [[camphor]] for up to 8 years, and then inserting the matter into a person's skin using a knife, and covering the incision with a cabbage leaf.<ref name="Dishington1999">{{cite journal|last=Dishington|first=Andrew|date=1999|orig-year=1792|editor-last=Sinclair|editor-first=Sir John|title=United Parishes of Mid and South Yell|url=https://stataccscot.edina.ac.uk/link/osa-vol2-p569-parish-shetland-yellmid_and_south|journal=The Statistical Account of Scotland Drawn up from the Communications of the Ministers of the Different Parishes|location=University of Edinburgh, University of Glasgow|publisher=Edinburgh: William Creech|volume=2|issue=50|pages=569–71|oclc=1045293275|access-date=2019-10-10|via=The Statistical Accounts of Scotland online service|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829062124/https://stataccscot.edina.ac.uk/static/statacc/dist/viewer/osa-vol2-Parish_record_for_Yellmid_and_South_in_the_county_of_Shetland_in_volume_2_of_account_1/osa-vol2-p569-parish-shetland-yellmid_and_south|url-status=live}}</ref> He was reputed not to have lost a single patient.<ref name="Dishington1999" /> [[Arthur Edmondston]], in writings on Notions' technique that were published in 1809, stated, "Had every practitioner been as uniformly successful in the disease as he was, the small-pox might have been banished from the face of the earth, without injuring the system, or leaving any doubt as to the fact."<ref name="Edmondston1809">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/aviewancientand01edmogoog/page/n98 |title=A view of the ancient and present state of the Zetland islands |last=Edmondston |first=Arthur |publisher=John Ballantyne and Co.|year=1809|volume=II|location=Edinburgh|pages=83–91|language=en|oclc=213599237|ol=23529045M|author-link=Arthur Edmondston|via=archive.org}}</ref>

[[File:Fighting smallpox in Niger, 1969.jpg|thumb|Vaccination during the Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control Program in [[Niger]], 1969]]
The English physician [[Edward Jenner]] demonstrated the effectiveness of cowpox to protect humans from smallpox in 1796, after which various attempts were made to eliminate smallpox on a regional scale. In Russia in 1796, the first child to receive this treatment was bestowed the name "Vaktsinov" by [[Catherine the Great]], and was educated at the expense of the nation.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=Ben-Menahem A | title=Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences | publisher=Springer | issue=v. 1 | year=2009 | isbn=978-3-540-68831-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9tUrarQYhKMC&pg=PA1497 | access-date=31 January 2017 | page=1497 | bibcode=2009henm.book.....B | archive-date=14 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114064348/https://books.google.com/books?id=9tUrarQYhKMC&pg=PA1497 | url-status=live }}</ref>

The introduction of the vaccine to the New World took place in [[Trinity, Newfoundland and Labrador|Trinity, Newfoundland]] in 1800 by [[John Clinch|Dr. John Clinch]], boyhood friend and medical colleague of Jenner.<ref>{{cite book |last=Handcock |first=Gordon |title=The Story of Trinity |location=Trinity |publisher=The Trinity Historical Society |page=1 |isbn=978-0-9810017-0-8}}</ref> As early as 1803, the Spanish Crown organized the [[Balmis expedition]] to transport the vaccine to the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colonies]] in the Americas and the Philippines, and establish mass vaccination programs there.<ref>{{cite web | first = Willie T. | last = Ong |url= http://www.doh.gov.ph/sphh/balmis.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20041223112019/http://www.doh.gov.ph/sphh/balmis.htm |archive-date=23 December 2004 |title=Dr. Francisco de Balmis and his Mission of Mercy |publisher=Society of Philippine Health History |access-date=14 July 2015 }}</ref> The [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] passed the [[Vaccine Act of 1813]] to ensure that safe smallpox vaccine would be available to the American public. By about 1817, a robust state vaccination program existed in the [[Dutch East Indies]].<ref>{{cite journal | first = Penelope | last = Shino |url=http://www.iias.nl/sites/default/files/IIAS_NL48_39.pdf|title=Against all odds: vanquishing smallpox in far-flung Japan | journal = IIAS News Letter | publisher = The International Institute for Asian Studies (IIAS) | volume = 48 |access-date=14 July 2015 |date=2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034438/http://www.iias.nl/sites/default/files/IIAS_NL48_39.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On March 26, 1806, the [[Cantons of Switzerland|Swiss canton]] [[Thurgau]] became the first state in the world to introduce compulsory smallpox vaccinations, by order of the cantonal councillor ''Jakob Christoph Scherb''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Habicht |first1=M.E. |last2=Varotto |first2=E. |last3=Galassi |first3=F.M. |title=The Swiss Canton of Thurgau – not the Kingdom of Bavaria—was the first state to introduce compulsory vaccination against smallpox |journal=Public Health |date=April 2022 |volume=205 |pages=e16–e17 |doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2022.01.028 |pmid=35305819 |pmc=9768693 |hdl=10447/621085 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://archives-quickaccess.ch/statg/rechtserlasse/ref/3'69,+0.0/5,+21 |title=Verordnung des Sanitätsrates vom 26.03.1806 wegen jährlicher Impfung der Schutzblattern |access-date=11 January 2025 |website=Thurgauer Rechtserlasse ab 1803 |publisher=Staatsarchiv Thurgau |language=German |via=archives-quickaccesses.ch}}</ref> Half a year later, [[Elisa Bonaparte]] issued a corresponding order for her [[Principality of Lucca and Piombino]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pavli |first1=Androula |last2=Maltezou |first2=Helena C. |title=Travel vaccines throughout history |journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=March 2022 |volume=46 |article-number=102278 |doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102278 |pmid=35167951 |pmc=8837496 }}</ref> [[Grand Duchy of Baden|Baden]] followed in 1809, [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] in 1815, [[Kingdom of Württemberg|Württemberg]] in 1818, [[Union between Sweden and Norway|Sweden]] in 1816 and the [[German Empire]] in 1874 through the Reichs Vaccination Act.<ref name="MeyerReiter">{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=C. |last2=Reiter |first2=S. |title=Impfgegner und Impfskeptiker: Geschichte, Hintergründe, Thesen, Umgang |trans-title=Vaccine opponents and sceptics. History, background, arguments, interaction |language=de |journal=Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz |date=December 2004 |volume=47 |issue=12 |pages=1182–1188 |doi=10.1007/s00103-004-0953-x |pmid=15583889 |url=http://edoc.rki.de/docviews/abstract.php?id=1761 }}</ref><ref name=Klein>{{citation|author-first1=Silvia |author-last1=Klein|author-first2= Irene |author-last2=Schöneberg|author-first3= Gérard |author-last3=Krause|periodical=Bundesgesundheitsblatt|title=Vom Zwang zur Pockenschutzimpfung zum Nationalen Impfplan|volume=55|at=pp. 1512–23|date=2012-10-21|language=German|doi=10.25646/1620
}}</ref> In Lutheran Sweden, the Protestant clergy played a pioneering role in voluntary smallpox vaccination as early as 1800.<ref>Anders Jarlert: ''Sveriges Kyrkohistoria.'' Band 6. Stockholm 2001, S. 33–54.</ref> The first vaccination was carried out in Liechtenstein in 1801, and from 1812 it was mandatory to vaccinate.<ref>Rudolf Rheinberger: [http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/viewer/image/000000453_76/333/ ''Zum 200. Geburtstag von Landesphysikus Gebhard Schaedler.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027101204/https://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/viewer/image/000000453_76/333/ |date=27 October 2021 }} In: ''Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein.'' Band 76. 1976, S. 337–43.</ref>

In [[British India]] a program was launched to propagate smallpox vaccination, through Indian vaccinators, under the supervision of European officials.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.york.ac.uk/history/research/majorprojects/smallpox-eradication/other-south-asia/ |title=The control and eradication of smallpox in South Asia |publisher=University of York |date=2015 |access-date=14 July 2015 |archive-date=14 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714135334/http://www.york.ac.uk/history/research/majorprojects/smallpox-eradication/other-south-asia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nevertheless, British vaccination efforts in India, and in [[British rule in Burma|Burma]] in particular, were hampered by indigenous preference for inoculation and distrust of vaccination, despite tough legislation, improvements in the local efficacy of the vaccine and vaccine preservative, and education efforts.<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url=http://indianmedicine.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/root/N2/284n/ | first = Atsuko | last = Naono | chapter = State of Vaccination: The Fight Against Smallpox in Colonial Burma | title = ABIM – An Annotated Bibliography of Indian Medicine |publisher= Orient BlackSwan | location = Hyderabad |access-date=15 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724165444/http://indianmedicine.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/root/N2/284n/ |archive-date=24 July 2011 }}</ref> By 1832, the federal government of the United States established a smallpox vaccination program for [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]].<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url = http://www.ihs.gov/ihm/index.cfm?module=dsp_ihm_pc_p1c3 | chapter = Chapter 3 – Indian Health Program | title = Indian Health Manual | location = Rockville, MD | publisher = Indian Health Service | access-date = 8 February 2012 | date = 1976 | archive-date = 14 July 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150714131027/http://www.ihs.gov/ihm/index.cfm?module=dsp_ihm_pc_p1c3 | url-status = dead }}</ref> In 1842, the United Kingdom banned inoculation (variolation), later progressing to [[Vaccination Act|mandatory vaccination]]. The British government introduced compulsory smallpox vaccination by an Act of Parliament in 1853.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bodily Matters: The Anti-Vaccination Movement in England, 1853–1907 |isbn=978-0-8223-3423-1|last1= Durbach|first1= Nadja|year= 2005|publisher=Duke University Press }}</ref> An epidemic in Sheffield in 1887/88 demonstrated that, in addition to the vaccine, several other factors such as extensive isolation measures contributed to the control of the disease.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Metzger |first=Wolfram Gottfried |date=2025-07-20 |others=Universitaet Tuebingen |title=Smallpox in the 19th century – lessons learned from a historical manuscript |url=https://publikationen.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/handle/10900/168852 |language=en |doi=10.15496/PUBLIKATION-110179}}</ref>

In the United States, from 1843 to 1855, first [[Massachusetts]] and then other states required smallpox vaccination. Although some disliked these measures,<ref name=Hopkins_2002 /> coordinated efforts against smallpox went on, and the disease continued to diminish in the wealthy countries. In Northern Europe a number of countries had eliminated smallpox by 1900, and by 1914, the incidence in most industrialized countries had decreased to comparatively low levels.

Vaccination continued in industrialized countries as protection against reintroduction until the mid to late 1970s. [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] are two notable exceptions; neither experienced endemic smallpox and never vaccinated widely, relying instead on protection by distance and strict quarantines.<ref name=Plotkin_1999>{{cite book |last1=Orenstein |first1=Walter A. |last2=Plotkin |first2=Stanley A. |title=Vaccines |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7293/ |publisher=W.B. Saunders Co |location=Philadelphia |year=1999 |format=e–book |isbn=978-0-7216-7443-8 |access-date=12 September 2017 |archive-date=12 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212062827/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?highlight=smallpox&rid=vacc.section.45#47 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Smallpox keep out of this house..JPG|thumb|left|Smallpox quarantine order, California, {{circa|1910}}]]

The first [[Western Hemisphere|hemisphere]]-wide effort to eradicate smallpox was made in 1950 by the [[Pan American Health Organization]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rodrigues BA | title = Smallpox eradication in the Americas | journal = Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 53–68 | year = 1975 | pmid = 167890 }}</ref> The campaign was successful in eliminating smallpox from all countries of the Americas except Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador.<ref name=Plotkin_1999 /> In 1958 Professor [[Viktor Zhdanov]], Deputy Minister of Health for the [[Soviet Union|USSR]], called on the [[World Health Assembly]] to undertake a global initiative to [[Eradication of infectious diseases|eradicate]] smallpox.<ref name= Fenner2 /> It was the Soviet Union's first appearance at the Assembly after a nine-year absence from the United Nations, and delegates wished to be responsive to Soviet proposals; thus, the proposal (Resolution WHA11.54) was accepted in 1959. However, from 1959 to 1966, only modest funding was provided of approximately $100,000 per year<ref name=" Fenner2">{{cite book |vauthors=Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Ježek Z, Ladnyi ID |chapter=Chapter 9: Development of the Global Smallpox Eradication Programme, 1958–1966 |title=Smallpox and Its Eradication |series=History of International Public Health |volume=6 |publisher=World Health Organization |location=Geneva |year=1988 |chapter-url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/smallpox/9241561106.pdf |pages=366–418 |isbn=978-92-4-156110-5 |access-date=7 September 2007 |archive-date=19 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219005302/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/smallpox/9241561106.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>. At this point, 2 million people were dying from smallpox every year. Progress towards eradication during this time was disappointing, especially in Africa and in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The Soviet Union continued to advocate for greater support of the smallpox eradication effort<ref>{{cite book |last1=Henderson |first1=D. A. |title=Smallpox: The Inside Story of Eradicating a Worldwide Killer |date=2009 |publisher=Prometheus |location=Amherst |isbn=978-1591027225 |chapter=Chapter 2:The World Decides to Eradicate Smallpox}}</ref>.

In 1966 an international team, the Smallpox Eradication Unit, was formed under the leadership of an American physician, [[Donald Henderson]].<ref name=" Fenner2" />
This would ultimately become the much larger team that successfully eradicated smallpox. When the formal eradication effort began in 1967, the World Health Assembly set a goal of ten years for the elimination of smallpox, which was referred to as Target Zero. This goal was missed by only nine months.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Henderson |first1=Donald A. |title=Smallpox: the death of a disease: the inside story of eradicating a worldwide killer |date=2009 |publisher=Prometheus Books |location=Amherst, N.Y |isbn=978-1591027225}}</ref>

In 1967, the World Health Organization intensified the global smallpox eradication by contributing $2.4 million annually to the effort, and adopted the new [[disease surveillance]] method promoted by Czech epidemiologist [[Karel Raška]].<ref name="pmid20586232">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zikmund V | title = Karel Raška: An active participant in the eradication program of smallpox | journal = Central European Journal of Public Health | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 55–56 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 20586232 | url = http://apps.szu.cz/svi/cejph/archiv/2010-1-10-full.pdf | access-date = 15 July 2015 | archive-date = 15 July 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150715210036/http://apps.szu.cz/svi/cejph/archiv/2010-1-10-full.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>

[[File:Rahima Banu.jpg|thumb|upright|Three-year-old [[Rahima Banu]] of Bangladesh ''(pictured)'' was the last person infected with naturally occurring variola major, in 1975.]]
In the early 1950s, an estimated 50 million cases of smallpox occurred in the world each year.<ref name=WHO2007Fact /> To eradicate smallpox, each outbreak had to be stopped from spreading, by isolation of cases and vaccination of everyone who lived close by.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Metzger|first1=Wolfram G|last2=Köhler|first2=Carsten|last3=Mordmüller|first3=Benjamin|date=December 2015|title=Lessons from a modern review of the smallpox eradication files|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|language=en|volume=108|issue=12|pages=473–77|doi=10.1177/0141076815605211|pmid=26432815|pmc=4698834|issn=0141-0768|doi-access=free}}</ref> This process is known as "ring vaccination". The key to this strategy was the monitoring of cases in a community (known as surveillance) and containment.

The initial problem the WHO team faced was inadequate reporting of smallpox cases, as many cases did not come to the attention of the authorities. The fact that humans are the only reservoir for smallpox infection (the virus only infected humans and not other animals) and that [[asymptomatic carrier|carriers]] did not exist played a significant role in the eradication of smallpox. The WHO established a network of consultants who assisted countries in setting up surveillance and containment activities. Early on, donations of vaccine were provided primarily by the Soviet Union and the United States, but by 1973, more than 80 percent of all vaccines were produced in developing countries.<ref name=Plotkin_1999 /> The Soviet Union provided one and a half billion doses between 1958 and 1979, as well as the medical staff.<ref>{{cite journal|language=ru|first=Viktor|last=Zhdanov|author-link=Viktor Zhdanov|title=Человек и вирусы (Man and viruses)|journal=Наука И Человечество (Science and Mankind), 1984|location=Moscow|publisher=Знание (издательство, Москва) (Knowledge)|pages=44–55}}</ref>

The last major European outbreak of smallpox was in [[1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak|1972 in Yugoslavia]], after a pilgrim from [[Kosovo]] returned from the Middle East, where he had contracted the virus. The epidemic infected 175 people, causing 35 deaths. Authorities declared [[martial law]], enforced quarantine, and undertook widespread re-vaccination of the population, enlisting the help of the WHO. In two months, the outbreak was over.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Colette |last=Flight |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/smallpox_01.shtml |title=Smallpox: Eradicating the Scourge |journal=[[BBC History]] |date=17 February 2011 |access-date=28 July 2015 |archive-date=14 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214152400/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/smallpox_03.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to this, there had been a smallpox outbreak in May–July 1963 in [[Stockholm]], Sweden, brought from the [[Far East]] by a Swedish sailor; this had been dealt with by quarantine measures and vaccination of the local population.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Smallpox – Stockholm, Sweden, 1963 | journal = MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | volume = 45 | issue = 25 | pages = 538–45 | date = June 1996 | pmid = 9132571 | url = https://www.cdc.gov/MMWR/preview/mmwrhtml/00042757.htm | author1 = Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) | access-date = 12 September 2017 | archive-date = 21 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200721010602/https://www.cdc.gov/MMWR/preview/mmwrhtml/00042757.htm | url-status = live }}</ref>
[[File:Bifurcated vaccinating needle for smallpox.jpg|left|thumb|384x384px|Bifurcated needle used in the WHO's smallpox eradication program<ref>{{Cite web |title=1613.001 {{!}} Collections Online |url=https://collections.thackraymuseum.co.uk/object-1613-001 |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=collections.thackraymuseum.co.uk}}</ref>]]
By the end of 1975, smallpox persisted only in the [[Horn of Africa]]. Conditions were very difficult in [[Derg|Ethiopia]] and [[Somali Democratic Republic|Somalia]], where there were few roads. Civil war, famine, and refugees made the task even more difficult. An intensive surveillance, containment, and vaccination program was undertaken in these countries in early and mid-1977, under the direction of Australian microbiologist [[Frank Fenner]]. As the campaign neared its goal, Fenner and his team played an important role in verifying eradication.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/26/world/26fenner.html|title=Frank Fenner Dies at 95|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=27 November 2010|first=William|last=Grimes|date=25 November 2010|archive-date=9 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309041303/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/26/world/26fenner.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The last naturally occurring case of indigenous smallpox (''Variola minor'') was diagnosed in [[Ali Maow Maalin]], a hospital cook in Merca, [[Somalia]], on 26 October 1977.<ref name= PinkBook /> The last naturally occurring case of the more deadly ''Variola major'' had been detected in October 1975 in a three-year-old [[Bangladesh]]i girl, [[Rahima Banu]].<ref name=PrestonNY>{{cite news |first=Richard |last=Preston |author-link=Richard Preston |title=A reporter at large: Demon in the Freezer |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1999/07/12/the-demon-in-the-freezer |magazine=The New Yorker |date=12 July 1999 |access-date=3 January 2008 |archive-date=7 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907095018/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1999/07/12/the-demon-in-the-freezer |url-status=live }}</ref>

The global eradication of smallpox was certified, based on intense verification activities, by a commission of eminent scientists on 9 December 1979 and subsequently endorsed by the World Health Assembly on 8 May 1980.<ref name=WHO2007Fact /><ref name="Fenner 2006">{{cite book | last = Fenner | first = Frank | title = Nature, Nurture and Chance: The Lives of Frank and Charles Fenner | publisher = Australian National University Press | year= 2006|location = Canberra, ACT |isbn = 978-1-920942-62-5 }}</ref> The first two sentences of the resolution read:

{{blockquote|Having considered the development and results of the global program on smallpox eradication initiated by WHO in 1958 and intensified since 1967 ... Declares solemnly that the world and its peoples have won freedom from smallpox, which was a most devastating disease sweeping in epidemic form through many countries since earliest time, leaving death, blindness and disfigurement in its wake and which only a decade ago was rampant in Africa, Asia and South America.<ref name= Pennington>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pennington H | title = Smallpox and bioterrorism | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 81 | issue = 10 | pages = 762–67 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14758439 | pmc = 2572332 | url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/81/10/PHR1003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323184833/https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/81/10/PHR1003.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}The World Health Organization records of the smallpox eradication programme, from 1948 to 1987, were added to the UNESCO Memory of the World register in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Records of the Smallpox Eradication Programme of the World Health Organization |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/records-smallpox-eradication-programme-world-health-organization |access-date=10 Sep 2025 |website=UNESCO Memory of the World register}}</ref>

==== Costs and benefits ====

The WHO smallpox eradication program ultimately involved hundreds of thousands of people, from senior WHO leadership to local village health workers. The cost of the eradication effort, from 1967 to 1979, was roughly US$300 million. Roughly a third came from the developed world, which had largely eradicated smallpox decades earlier. The United States, the largest contributor to the program, has reportedly recouped that investment every 26 days since in money not spent on vaccinations and the costs of incidence.<ref>{{cite Q|Q99372019}}.</ref>

The eradication of smallpox has been called "one of the noblest and best things that we have ever done, as a species"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Henderson |first1=Donald A. |last2=Preston |first2=Richard |title=Smallpox: the death of a disease: the inside story of eradicating a worldwide killer |date=2009 |publisher=Prometheus Books |location=Amherst, N.Y |isbn=978-1591027225 |chapter=Foreward |quote=I will call it the Eradication. It was one of the noblest and best things that we have ever done, as a species.}}</ref>. In the last 100 years of its existence, smallpox was thought to have killed at least 500 million people; by comparison, all wars on the planet during that time killed an estimated 150 million<ref>{{cite book |last1=Henderson |first1=Donald A. |last2=Preston |first2=Richard |title=Smallpox: the death of a disease: the inside story of eradicating a worldwide killer |date=2009 |publisher=Prometheus Books |location=Amherst, N.Y |isbn=978-1591027225 |chapter=Foreward}}</ref>.

=== Since eradication ===
{{Further|Smallpox virus retention debate}}
[[File:Directors of Global Smallpox Eradication Program.jpg|thumb|Three former directors of the Global Smallpox Eradication Program read the news that smallpox had been globally eradicated, 1980.]]
The last case of smallpox in the world occurred in [[1978 smallpox outbreak in the United Kingdom|an outbreak in the United Kingdom in 1978]].<ref name= Pallen>{{cite book|last1=Pallen|first1=Mark|title=The Last Days of Smallpox: Tragedy in Birmingham|date=2018|publisher=Amazon KDP|location=UK|isbn=978-1-9804-5522-6}}</ref> A medical photographer, Janet Parker, contracted the disease at the [[University of Birmingham Medical School]] and died on 11 September 1978. Although it has remained unclear how Parker became infected, the source of the infection was established to be the variola virus grown for research purposes at the Medical School laboratory.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rimmer |first1=Monica |title=How smallpox claimed its final victim |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-45101091 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=8 December 2019 |date=10 August 2018 |archive-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220041146/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-45101091 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Behbehani AM | title = The smallpox story: life and death of an old disease | journal = Microbiological Reviews | volume = 47 | issue = 4 | pages = 455–509 | date = December 1983 | pmid = 6319980 | pmc = 281588 | doi = 10.1128/mmbr.47.4.455-509.1983 }}</ref> All known stocks of smallpox worldwide were subsequently destroyed or transferred to two WHO-designated reference laboratories with [[BSL-4]] facilities – the United States' [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) and the Soviet Union's (now Russia's) [[State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Connor|first=Steve|title=How terrorism prevented smallpox being wiped off the face of the planet for ever|newspaper=The Independent|date=3 January 2002|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-terrorism-prevented-smallpox-being-wiped-off-the-face-of-the-planet-for-ever-672121.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028234537/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-terrorism-prevented-smallpox-being-wiped-off-the-face-of-the-planet-for-ever-672121.html |archive-date=28 October 2011 |access-date=18 May 2016 |url-status=dead| location=London}}</ref>

WHO first recommended destruction of the virus in 1986 and later set the date of destruction to be 30 December 1993. This was postponed to 30 June 1999.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9800EED61639F936A15752C0A960958260&sec=&spon=|date=25 January 1996|title=Final Stock of the Smallpox Virus Now Nearer to Extinction in Labs|first=Lawrence|last= Altman|newspaper=New York Times|access-date=23 November 2007}}</ref> Due to resistance from the U.S. and Russia, in 2002 the World Health Assembly agreed to permit the temporary retention of the virus stocks for specific research purposes.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg17323271.300-stay-of-execution.html|title=Stay of execution|date=26 January 2002|magazine=New Scientist|access-date=23 November 2007|first=Debora|last=MacKenzie|archive-date=24 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724142103/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg17323271.300-stay-of-execution.html|url-status=dead }}</ref> Destroying existing stocks would reduce the risk involved with ongoing smallpox research; the stocks are not needed to respond to a smallpox outbreak.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hammond E | title = Should the US and Russia destroy their stocks of smallpox virus? | journal = BMJ | volume = 334 | issue = 7597 | page = 774 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17431261 | pmc = 1851992 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.39155.695255.94 }}</ref> Some scientists have argued that the stocks may be useful in developing new vaccines, antiviral drugs, and diagnostic tests;<ref name="pmid17431262">{{cite journal | vauthors = Agwunobi JO | title = Should the US and Russia destroy their stocks of smallpox virus? | journal = BMJ | volume = 334 | issue = 7597 | page = 775 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17431262 | pmc = 1851995 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.39156.490799.BE }}</ref> a 2010 review by a team of public health experts appointed by WHO concluded that no essential public health purpose is served by the U.S. and Russia continuing to retain virus stocks.<ref name=AGIES>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121010215054/http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/WHO_HSE_GAR_BDP_2010_4/en/index.html Comments on the Scientific Review of Variola Virus Research, 1999–2010.] Advisory Group of Independent Experts to review the smallpox research program (AGIES) WHO document WHO/HSE/GAR/BDP/2010.4</ref> The latter view is frequently supported in the scientific community, particularly among veterans of the WHO Smallpox Eradication Program.<ref name=eradedit>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lane JM, Poland GA | title = Why not destroy the remaining smallpox virus stocks? | journal = Vaccine | volume = 29 | issue = 16 | pages = 2823–24 | date = April 2011 | pmid = 21376120 | doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.02.081 }}</ref>

On March 31, 2003, smallpox [[Coagulation|scabs]] were found inside an envelope in an 1888 book on [[American Civil War|Civil War]] medicine in [[Santa Fe, New Mexico]].<ref name="USA_Today_20031226">{{cite news |date=26 December 2003 |title=Century-old smallpox scabs in N.M. envelope |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2003-12-26-smallpox-in-envelope_x.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503195140/http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2003-12-26-smallpox-in-envelope_x.htm |archive-date=3 May 2008 |access-date=23 September 2006 |work=USA Today: Health and Behavior}}</ref> The envelope was labeled as containing scabs from a vaccination and gave scientists at the CDC an opportunity to study the history of smallpox vaccination in the United States.

On July 1, 2014, six sealed glass vials of smallpox dated 1954, along with sample vials of other pathogens, were discovered in a cold storage room in an FDA laboratory at the [[National Institutes of Health]] location in [[Bethesda, Maryland]]. The smallpox vials were subsequently transferred to the custody of the CDC in Atlanta, where virus taken from at least two vials proved viable in culture.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/jul/08/smallpox-vials-found-cardboard-box-maryland-laboratory|title=Forgotten smallpox vials found in cardboard box at Maryland laboratory|newspaper=The Guardian|date=8 July 2014|access-date=16 July 2015|archive-date=6 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806173856/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/jul/08/smallpox-vials-found-cardboard-box-maryland-laboratory|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/fda-found-more-than-smallpox-vials-in-storage-room/2014/07/16/850d4b12-0d22-11e4-8341-b8072b1e7348_story.html|title=FDA found more than smallpox vials in storage room|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=16 July 2014|access-date=24 February 2017|archive-date=21 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521235018/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/fda-found-more-than-smallpox-vials-in-storage-room/2014/07/16/850d4b12-0d22-11e4-8341-b8072b1e7348_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After studies were conducted, the CDC destroyed the virus under WHO observation on February 24, 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://osp.od.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/Final_Report_of_the_Variola_BRP.pdf | title=Report of the Blue Ribbon Panel to Review the 2014 Smallpox (variola) Virus Incident on the NIH Campus | publisher=National Institutes of Health | access-date=24 February 2018 | archive-date=3 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203230205/https://osp.od.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/Final_Report_of_the_Variola_BRP.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2017, scientists at the [[University of Alberta]] recreated an extinct [[horse pox]] virus to demonstrate that the variola virus can be recreated in a small lab at a cost of about $100,000, by a team of scientists without specialist knowledge.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Noyce RS, Lederman S, Evans DH | title = Construction of an infectious horsepox virus vaccine from chemically synthesized DNA fragments | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | article-number = e0188453 | date = January 19, 2018 | pmid = 29351298 | pmc = 5774680 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0188453 | bibcode = 2018PLoSO..1388453N | doi-access = free }}</ref> Although the scientists performed the research to help development of new vaccines as well as trace smallpox's history, the possibility of the techniques being used for nefarious purposes was immediately recognized, raising questions on [[Dual-use technology#Biological|dual use research]] and regulations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/07/how-canadian-researchers-built-poxvirus-100000-using-mail-order-dna|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709074157/http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/07/how-canadian-researchers-built-poxvirus-100000-using-mail-order-dna |first=Kai |last=Kupferschmidt|title=How Canadian researchers reconstituted an extinct poxvirus for $100,000 using mail-order DNA|work=[[Science (journal)|Science Magazine]]|date=6 July 2017|archive-date=9 July 2017|access-date=11 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Noyce RS, Evans DH | title = Synthetic horsepox viruses and the continuing debate about dual use research | journal = PLOS Pathogens | volume = 14 | issue = 10 | article-number = e1007025 | date = October 2018 | pmid = 30286190 | pmc = 6171955 | doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007025 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

In September 2019, the Russian lab housing smallpox samples experienced a gas explosion that injured one worker. It did not occur near the virus storage area, and no samples were compromised, but the incident prompted a review of risks to containment.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2019/09/19/762013515/russian-lab-explosion-raises-question-should-smallpox-virus-be-kept-or-destroyed|title=Russian Lab Explosion Raises Question: Should Smallpox Virus Be Kept Or Destroyed?|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=19 September 2019|last1=Kritz|first1=Fran|access-date=11 August 2023|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723010532/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2019/09/19/762013515/russian-lab-explosion-raises-question-should-smallpox-virus-be-kept-or-destroyed|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Society and culture ==
=== Biological warfare ===

In 1763, [[Pontiac's War]] broke out as a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] confederacy led by [[Pontiac (Ottawa leader)|Pontiac]] attempted to counter British control over the [[Great Lakes]] region.<ref name = "Jennings_1988" /><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Peckham HH | title = Pontiac and the Indian Uprising | year=1947 | page = 226 | publisher = Princeton University Press | edition = 1st }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first = John | last = Grenier | title = The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607–1814 | edition = 1st | publisher = Cambridge University Press | date = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-521-73263-5 | page = 144 }}</ref> A group of Native American warriors [[Siege of Fort Pitt|laid siege]] to British-held [[Fort Pitt (Pennsylvania)|Fort Pitt]] on June 22.<ref>{{cite book | first = William R. | last = Nester | title = Haughty Conquerors: Amherst and the Great Indian Uprising of 1763 | pages = 114–15 | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | date = 2000 }}</ref> In response, [[Henry Bouquet]], the commander of the fort, ordered his subordinate Simeon Ecuyer to give smallpox-infested blankets from the infirmary to a [[Lenape|Delaware]] delegation outside the fort. Bouquet had discussed this with his superior, [[Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst|Sir Jeffrey Amherst]], who wrote to Bouquet stating: "Could it not be contrived to send the small pox among the disaffected tribes of Indians? We must on this occasion use every stratagem in our power to reduce them." Bouquet agreed with the proposal, writing back that "I will try to inocculate {{sic}} the Indians by means of Blankets that may fall in their hands".<ref name="Dixon">{{cite book | last = Dixon | first = David | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UeaN0-Ra64oC | title = Never Come to Peace Again: Pontiac's Uprising and the Fate of the British Empire in North America | pages = 152–55 | publisher = University of Oklahoma Press | date = 2005 | isbn = 0-8061-3656-1 }}</ref> On 24 June 1763, William Trent, a local trader and commander of the Fort Pitt militia, wrote, "Out of our regard for them, we gave them two Blankets and an Handkerchief out of the Small Pox Hospital. I hope it will have the desired effect."<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gill Jr HB | title = Colonial germ warfare | journal = Journal of Colonial Williamsburg | date = April 2004 | url = http://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/Spring04/warfare.cfm | access-date = 15 April 2010 | archive-date = 1 August 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150801092104/http://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/Spring04/warfare.cfm | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name = "Jennings_1988">{{cite book | first = Francis | last = Jennings | chapter = Crucible of War | title = Empire of fortune : crowns, colonies, and tribes in the Seven Years War in America | pages = 541–42 | date = 1988 | publisher = Replica Books | isbn = 978-0-7351-0021-3 }}</ref> The effectiveness of this effort to broadcast the disease is unknown. There are also accounts that smallpox was used as a weapon during the [[American Revolutionary War]] (1775–1783).<ref name="BBC pox_weapon_01">{{cite journal |first=Colette |last=Flight |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/coldwar/pox_weapon_01.shtml |title=Silent Weapon: Smallpox and Biological Warfare |date=17 February 2011 |access-date=28 July 2015 |journal=[[BBC History]] |archive-date=11 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811000507/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/coldwar/pox_weapon_01.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fenn EA | title = Biological warfare in eighteenth-century North America: beyond Jeffery Amherst. | journal = The Journal of American History | date = March 2000 | volume = 86 | issue = 4 | pages = 1552–80 | doi = 10.2307/2567577 | jstor = 2567577 | pmid = 18271127 }}</ref>

According to a theory put forward in ''Journal of Australian Studies'' (''JAS'') by independent researcher Christopher Warren, [[Royal Marines]] used smallpox in 1789 against indigenous tribes in [[New South Wales]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Warren |first= Christopher |title=Smallpox at Sydney Cove – who, when, why? |journal = Journal of Australian Studies |volume=38 |year=2013 |pages=68–86 |doi= 10.1080/14443058.2013.849750|s2cid= 143644513 }}</ref> This theory was also considered earlier in ''Bulletin of the History of Medicine''<ref name="Bennett_2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bennett MJ | title = Smallpox and cowpox under the Southern Cross: the smallpox epidemic of 1789 and the advent of vaccination in colonial Australia | journal = Bulletin of the History of Medicine | volume = 83 | issue = 1 | pages = 37–62 | date = 2009 | doi = 10.1353/bhm.0.0167 |id={{Project MUSE|261665}} | pmid = 19329841 }}</ref> and by David Day.<ref>{{cite book | first = David | last = Day | title = Claiming a Continent: A New History of Australia | location = Sydney | publisher = Harper Collins Publishers PTY Limited | year=2001 | page = 42 | isbn = 978-0-7322-6976-0 }}</ref> However it is disputed by some medical academics, including Professor Jack Carmody, who in 2010 claimed that the rapid spread of the outbreak in question was more likely indicative of [[chickenpox]]{{snd}}a more infectious disease which, at the time, was often confused, even by surgeons, with smallpox, and may have been comparably deadly to Aboriginals and other peoples without natural immunity to it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/ockhamsrazor/chicken-pox-or-smallpox-in-the-colony-at-sydney/2972652#transcript|title=Chicken pox or smallpox in the colony at Sydney Cove in April, 1789|work=Radio National|date=2010-09-17|access-date=7 July 2014|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925213836/http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/ockhamsrazor/chicken-pox-or-smallpox-in-the-colony-at-sydney/2972652#transcript|url-status=live}}].</ref> Carmody noted that in the 8-month voyage of the [[First Fleet]] and the following 14 months there were no reports of smallpox amongst the colonists and that, since smallpox has an incubation period of 10–12 days, it is unlikely it was present in the First Fleet; however, Warren argued in the ''JAS'' article that the likely source was bottles of variola virus possessed by [[First Fleet#Smallpox|First Fleet surgeons]]. Ian and Jennifer Glynn, in ''The life and death of smallpox'', confirm that bottles of "variolous matter" were carried to Australia for use as a vaccine, but think it unlikely the virus could have survived till 1789.<ref name = "Glynn_2004" /> In 2007, Christopher Warren offered evidence that the British smallpox may have been still viable.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Warren C | title = Could First Fleet smallpox infect Aborigines? – A note | url = https://www.scribd.com/doc/49665744/Warren-AbHist31-2007 | journal = Aboriginal History | volume = 31 | pages = 152–64 | access-date = 31 March 2019 | archive-date = 5 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305174741/https://www.scribd.com/doc/49665744/Warren-AbHist31-2007 | url-status = dead }}</ref> However, the only non-Aboriginal reported to have died in this outbreak was a seaman called Joseph Jeffries, who was recorded as being of "American Indian" origin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Friends of the First Government House Site Inc – Smallpox Epidemic |url=http://www.ffghs.org.au/page8.php |website=www.ffghs.org.au |access-date=29 March 2019 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807054007/http://www.ffghs.org.au/page8.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

W. S. Carus, an expert in biological weapons, has written that there is circumstantial evidence that smallpox was deliberately introduced to the Aboriginal population.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Carus WS | title = The History of Biological Weapons Use: What We Know and What We Don't | journal = Health Security | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 219–55 | date = 2015 | pmid = 26221997 | doi = 10.1089/hs.2014.0092 }}</ref> However Carmody and the Australian National University's Boyd Hunter continue to support the chickenpox hypothesis.<ref>See a fuller discussion of their views and those of Dr. G. E. Ford in [[Australian history wars|"The History Wars: Smallpox Debates"]].</ref> In a 2013 lecture at the Australian National University,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://caepr.cass.anu.edu.au/events/myth-smallpox-sydney-cove-april-1789 |title=''The 'myth' of smallpox at Sydney Cove in April 1789'' |work=Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research |date=3 August 2013 |access-date=28 June 2020 |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629052308/https://caepr.cass.anu.edu.au/events/myth-smallpox-sydney-cove-april-1789 |url-status=live | vauthors = Director C }}</ref> Carmody pointed out that chickenpox, unlike smallpox, was known to be present in the Sydney Cove colony. He also suggested that all {{circa|18th century}} (and earlier) identifications of smallpox outbreaks were dubious because: "surgeons ... would have been unaware of the distinction between smallpox and chickenpox – the latter having traditionally been considered a milder form of smallpox."<ref>See also [https://www.watoday.com.au/national/act/chickenpox-blamed-for-aboriginal-deaths-20130807-2rh3m.html Chickenpox blamed for Aboriginal deaths] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630081058/https://www.watoday.com.au/national/act/chickenpox-blamed-for-aboriginal-deaths-20130807-2rh3m.html |date=30 June 2020 }}, by Tom McIlroy, ''WA Today'', 8 August 2013.</ref>
{{Further|Smallpox in Australia}}

During [[World War II]], scientists from the United Kingdom, United States, and Japan ([[Unit 731]] of the [[Imperial Japanese Army]]) were involved in research into producing a biological weapon from smallpox.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dhhr.wv.gov/oeps/disease/documents/usamriid_bluebook.pdf |title=USAMRIID's Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook |access-date=18 July 2015 |archive-date=12 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812210729/http://www.dhhr.wv.gov/oeps/disease/Documents/USAMRIID_BlueBook.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Plans of large scale production were never carried through as they considered that the weapon would not be very effective due to the wide-scale availability of a [[vaccine]].<ref name="BBC pox_weapon_01" />

In 1947, the [[Soviet Union]] established a smallpox weapons factory in the [[Scientific Research Institute of Medicine of the Ministry of Defense in Sergiyev Posad]] in [[Zagorsk]], 75 km to the northeast of Moscow.<ref name="Alibek">{{cite book |title=Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World – Told from Inside by the Man Who Ran It |publisher=Delta |location=New York |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-385-33496-9 | vauthors = Alibek K, Handelman S |author-link1=Kenneth Alibek |url=https://archive.org/details/biohazardchillin00alib_0 }}</ref> An [[Aral smallpox incident|outbreak of weaponized smallpox]] occurred during testing at a facility on an island in the [[Aral Sea]] in 1971. General Prof. Peter Burgasov, former Chief Sanitary Physician of the [[Soviet Army]] and a senior researcher within the [[Soviet program of biological weapons]], described the incident:

{{blockquote|On [[Vozrozhdeniya Island]] in the [[Aral Sea]], the strongest recipes of smallpox were tested. Suddenly I was informed that there were mysterious cases of mortalities in [[Aral, Kazakhstan|Aralsk]]. A research ship of the Aral fleet came to within 15 km of the island (it was forbidden to come any closer than 40 km). The lab technician of this ship took samples of plankton twice a day from the top deck. The smallpox formulation – 400 gr. of which was exploded on the island – "got her" and she became infected. After returning home to Aralsk, she infected several people including children. All of them died. I suspected the reason for this and called the Chief of General Staff of the Ministry of Defense and requested to forbid the stop of the [[Alma-Ata]]–Moscow train in Aralsk. As a result, the epidemic around the country was prevented. I called [[Yuri Andropov|Andropov]], who at that time was Chief of KGB, and informed him of the exclusive recipe of smallpox obtained on Vozrazhdenie Island.<ref name="Shoham">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shoham D, Wolfson Z | title = The Russian biological weapons program: vanished or disappeared? | journal = Critical Reviews in Microbiology | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 241–61 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15646399 | doi = 10.1080/10408410490468812 | s2cid = 30487628 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Smallpox – not a bad weapon |work=Interview with General Burgasov |publisher=[[Moscow News]] |language=ru |url=http://mn.ru/issue.php?2001-46-48 |access-date=18 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014200222/http://mn.ru/issue.php?2001-46-48 |archive-date=14 October 2007 }}</ref>}}

Others contend that the first patient may have contracted the disease while visiting Uyaly or [[Komsomolsk-on-Ustyurt]], two cities where the boat docked.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Enserink M | title = Biowarfare. Did bioweapons test cause a deadly smallpox outbreak? | journal = Science | volume = 296 | issue = 5576 | pages = 2116–17 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12077372 | doi = 10.1126/science.296.5576.2116 | s2cid = 27029430 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bellomo|first1=Michael|last2=Zelicoff|first2=Alan P.|title=Microbe: are we ready for the next plague?|year=2005|publisher=American Management Association|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8144-0865-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/microbeareweread00alan/page/101 101]|url=https://archive.org/details/microbeareweread00alan/page/101}}</ref>

Responding to international pressures, in 1991 the Soviet government allowed a joint U.S.–British inspection team to tour four of its main weapons facilities at [[Biopreparat]]. The inspectors were met with evasion and denials from the Soviet scientists and were eventually ordered out of the facility.<ref name= Preston /> In 1992, Soviet defector [[Ken Alibek]] alleged that the Soviet bioweapons program at Zagorsk had produced a large stockpile – as much as twenty tons – of weaponized smallpox (possibly engineered to resist vaccines, Alibek further alleged), along with refrigerated [[warhead]]s to deliver it. Alibek's stories about the former Soviet program's smallpox activities have never been independently verified.

In 1997, the Russian government announced that all of its remaining smallpox samples would be moved to the [[State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR|Vector Institute]] in [[Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Oblast|Koltsovo]].<ref name= Preston>{{cite book | last1 = Preston | first1 = Richard | title = The Demon in the Freezer | publisher = Fawcett | isbn = 978-0-345-46663-1 | pages = 105–15 | year = 2003 }}</ref> With the breakup of the Soviet Union and unemployment of many of the weapons program's scientists, U.S. government officials have expressed concern that smallpox and the expertise to weaponize it may have become available to other governments or terrorist groups who might wish to use virus as means of biological warfare.<ref name=CDCcourse>{{cite web | series = Smallpox: Disease, Prevention, and Intervention | quote = Slide 16–17 | publisher = CDC and the [[World Health Organization]] | url = http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/training/overview/pdf/eradicationhistory.pdf | title = History and Epidemiology of Global Smallpox Eradication | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070715234749/http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/training/overview/pdf/eradicationhistory.pdf | archive-date=15 July 2007 }}</ref> Specific allegations made against Iraq in this respect proved to be false.<ref name= USfalseallegation>{{cite web | last = Burkeman | first = Oliver | date = 19 September 2003 | url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/sep/20/iraq.oliverburkeman | title = No evidence of smallpox | work = [[The Guardian]] | access-date = 10 May 2012 | archive-date = 27 August 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130827133911/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/sep/20/iraq.oliverburkeman | url-status = live }}</ref>

=== Notable cases ===
[[File:Martini bologna mozart 1777.jpg|thumb|In 1767, the 11-year-old composer [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] survived a smallpox outbreak in [[Austria]] that killed Holy Roman Empress [[Maria Josepha of Bavaria|Maria Josepha]], who became the second consecutive wife of [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II]] to die of the disease, as well as [[Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria|Archduchess Maria Josepha]]. (See [[Mozart and smallpox]].)]]

Famous historical figures who contracted smallpox include Lakota Chief [[Sitting Bull]], [[Ramses V]],<ref name="Koplow 2003">{{cite book|last=Koplow|first=David|title=Smallpox: The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge|publisher=University of California Press|year=2003|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles|isbn=978-0-520-23732-2|url=https://archive.org/details/smallpoxfighttoe00kopl}}</ref> the [[Kangxi Emperor]] (survived), [[Shunzhi Emperor]] and [[Tongzhi Emperor]] of China, [[Emperor Komei]] of Japan (died of smallpox in 1867), and [[Date Masamune]] of Japan (who lost an eye to the disease). [[Cuitláhuac]], the 10th [[tlatoani]] (ruler) of the [[Aztec]] city of [[Tenochtitlan]], died of smallpox in 1520, shortly after its introduction to the [[Americas]], and the Incan emperor [[Huayna Capac]] died of it in 1527 (causing a civil war of succession in the Inca empire and the eventual conquest by the Spaniards). More recent public figures include [[Guru Har Krishan]], 8th Guru of the Sikhs, in 1664, [[Louis I of Spain]] in 1724 (died), [[Peter II of Russia]] in 1730 (died),<ref name="doctorzebra.com">{{cite web|title=President Abraham Lincoln: Health & Medical History|url=http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/g16.htm#25|date=24 March 2007|access-date=18 June 2007|archive-date=10 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710025155/http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/g16.htm#25|url-status=live}}</ref> [[George Washington]] (survived), [[Louis XV]] of France in 1774 (died), and [[Maximilian III Joseph of Bavaria]] in 1777 (died).

Prominent families throughout the world often had several people infected by and/or perish from the disease. For example, several relatives of [[Henry VIII]] of England survived the disease but were scarred by it. These include his sister [[Margaret Tudor|Margaret]], his wife [[Anne of Cleves]], and his two daughters: [[Mary I of England|Mary I]] in 1527 and [[Elizabeth I]] in 1562. Elizabeth tried to disguise the pockmarks with heavy makeup. [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], contracted the disease as a child but had no visible scarring.

In Europe, deaths from smallpox often changed dynastic succession. [[Louis XV]] of France succeeded his great-grandfather [[Louis XIV]] through a series of deaths of smallpox or measles among those higher in the succession line. He himself died of the disease in 1774. [[Peter II of Russia]] died of the disease at 14 years of age. Also, before becoming emperor, [[Peter III of Russia]] caught the virus and suffered greatly from it.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} He was left scarred and disfigured. His wife, [[Catherine the Great]], was spared but fear of the virus clearly had its effects on her. She feared for the safety of her son, [[Paul I of Russia|Paul]], so much that she made sure that large crowds were kept at bay and sought to isolate him. Eventually, she decided to have herself inoculated by a British doctor, [[Thomas Dimsdale]]. While this was considered a controversial method at the time, she succeeded. Paul was later inoculated as well. Catherine then sought to have inoculations throughout her empire stating: "My objective was, through my example, to save from death the multitude of my subjects who, not knowing the value of this technique, and frightened of it, were left in danger." By 1800, approximately two million inoculations had been administered in the Russian Empire.<ref>{{cite book | last = Massie | first = Robert K. | date = 2011 | title = Catherine the Great: Portrait of as Woman | pages = 387–88 | publisher = Random House | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-679-45672-8}}</ref>

In China, the [[Qing dynasty]] had extensive protocols to protect [[Manchu]]s from [[Peking]]'s endemic smallpox.

U.S. Presidents [[George Washington]], [[Andrew Jackson]], and [[Abraham Lincoln]] all contracted and recovered from the disease. Washington became infected with smallpox on a visit to [[Barbados]] in 1751.<ref name="Michael B. A. Oldstone">{{cite book|title=Viruses, Plagues, and History|last=Oldstone|first=Michael|year=2010|pages=65–71|publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-532731-1}}</ref> Jackson developed the illness after being taken prisoner by the British during the American Revolution, and though he recovered, his brother Robert did not.<ref name="Michael B. A. Oldstone" /> Lincoln contracted the disease during his presidency, possibly from his son Tad, and was quarantined shortly after giving the Gettysburg address in 1863.<ref name="Michael B. A. Oldstone" />

The famous theologian [[Jonathan Edwards (theologian)|Jonathan Edwards]] died of smallpox in 1758 following an inoculation.<ref name="Edwards bio">{{cite web|url=http://edwards.yale.edu/research/about-edwards/biography|title=Biography at the Edwards Center at Yale University|publisher=Yale University|access-date=13 September 2009|archive-date=12 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012130037/http://edwards.yale.edu/research/about-edwards/biography|url-status=live}}</ref>

Soviet leader [[Joseph Stalin]] fell ill with smallpox at the age of seven. His face was badly scarred by the disease. He later had photographs retouched to make his pockmarks less apparent.<ref>{{cite book | title = Young Stalin | year=2008 | first = Simon Sebag | last = Montefiore | page = 61 | publisher = Phoenix | isbn = 978-1-4072-2145-8 }}</ref>

Hungarian poet [[Ferenc Kölcsey]], who wrote the Hungarian national anthem, lost his right eye to smallpox.<ref>{{cite book | last = Szinnyei | first = József | url = http://mek.niif.hu/03600/03630/html/k/k12495.htm | title = Magyar írók élete és munkái | publisher = Arcanum | location = Budapest | date = 2000 | isbn = 963-86029-9-6 | access-date = 19 January 2010 | archive-date = 6 September 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140906191638/http://mek.niif.hu/03600/03630/html/k/k12495.htm | url-status = live }}</ref>

=== Tradition and religion ===
[[File:Kalighat Shitala.jpg|thumb|The Hindu goddess [[Shitala]] was worshipped to prevent or cure smallpox.]]

In the face of the devastation of smallpox, various smallpox gods and goddesses have been worshipped throughout parts of the [[Old World]], for example in China and India. In China, the smallpox goddess was referred to as T'ou-Shen Niang-Niang ({{lang-zh|c=痘疹娘娘}}).<ref name="HopkinsDonald">{{cite book | last = Hopkins | first = Donald R. | title = Princes and Peasants: Smallpox in History | location = Chicago| publisher = University of Chicago Press | date = 1983 }}</ref> Chinese believers actively worked to appease the goddess and pray for her mercy, by such measures as referring to smallpox pustules as "beautiful flowers" as a [[euphemism]] intended to avert offending the goddess, for example (the Chinese word for smallpox is {{linktext|lang=zh|天花}}, literally "heaven flower").<ref name="GiblinJames">{{cite book | last = Giblin | first = James C. | title = When Plague Strikes: The Black Death, Smallpox, AIDS| location = United States | publisher = HarperCollins Publishers | date = 1995 }}</ref> In a related New Year's Eve custom it was prescribed that the children of the house wear ugly masks while sleeping, so as to conceal any beauty and thereby avoid attracting the goddess, who would be passing through sometime that night.<ref name="GiblinJames" /> If a case of smallpox did occur, shrines would be set up in the homes of the victims, to be worshipped and offered to as the disease ran its course. If the victim recovered, the shrines were removed and carried away in a special paper chair or boat for burning. If the patient did not recover, the shrine was destroyed and cursed, to expel the goddess from the house.<ref name="HopkinsDonald" />

In the [[Yoruba language]] smallpox is known as ṣọpọná, but it was also written as shakpanna, shopona, ṣhapana, and ṣọpọnọ. The word is a combination of 3 words, the verb ṣán, meaning to cover or plaster (referring to the pustules characteristic of smallpox), kpa or pa, meaning to kill, and enia, meaning human. Roughly translated, it means One who kills a person by covering them with pustules.<ref>{{cite book | last = Keane | first = Augustus H. | title = Man, past and present| location = Cambridge | publisher = University Press | date = 1920}}</ref> Among the [[Yoruba people|Yorùbá people]] of West Africa, and also in [[Dahomean religion]], Trinidad, and [[Candomblé|in Brazil]], The deity [[Sopona]], also known as [[Babalú-Ayé|Obaluaye]], is the deity of smallpox and other deadly diseases (like leprosy, HIV/AIDS, and fevers). One of the most feared deities of the [[orisha]] pantheon, smallpox was seen as a form of punishment from Shopona.<ref name="cdc.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/museum/history/shapona.html|title=Shapona, the Yoruba god of smallpox | David J. Sencer CDC Museum|date=30 April 2021|access-date=11 July 2020|archive-date=21 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721183322/https://www.cdc.gov/museum/history/shapona.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Worship of Shopona was highly controlled by his priests, and it was believed that priests could also spread smallpox when angered.<ref name="cdc.gov"/> However, Shopona was also seen as a healer who could cure the diseases he inflicted, and he was often called upon by his victims to heal them.<ref name="africanart.nl">{{cite web|url=http://www.africanart.nl/en/pokken-in-afrika-amerika-en-terug-in-afrika/|title=Smallpox controlfrom Africa to America and back again | African Art|date=3 July 2017|access-date=11 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807080630/http://www.africanart.nl/en/pokken-in-afrika-amerika-en-terug-in-afrika/|url-status=live}}</ref> The British government banned the worship of the god because it was believed his priests were purposely spreading smallpox to their opponents.<ref name="africanart.nl"/><ref name="cdc.gov"/>

India's first records of smallpox can be found in a medical book that dates back to before 400 CE. This book describes a disease that sounds exceptionally like smallpox.{{sfn|Hopkins|2002|pp=16–17}} India, like China and the Yorùbá, created a goddess in response to its exposure to smallpox. The Hindu goddess [[Shitala]] was both worshipped and feared during her reign. It was believed that this goddess was both evil and kind and had the ability to inflict victims when angered, as well as calm the fevers of the already affected.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Wiley AS, Allen JS | title = Medical Anthropology: A Biocultural Approach | location = New York | publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Hopkins_2002" /> Portraits of the goddess show her holding a broom in her right hand to continue to move the disease and a pot of cool water in the other hand in an attempt to soothe patients.<ref name="GiblinJames" /> Shrines were created where many Indian natives, both healthy and not, went to worship and attempt to protect themselves from this disease. Some Indian women, in an attempt to ward off Shitala, placed plates of cooling foods and pots of water on the roofs of their homes.<ref>{{cite book | last = Tucker | first = Jonathan B. | title = Scourge: The Once and Future Threat of Smallpox | location = New York | publisher = Atlantic Monthly Press | date = 2001 }}</ref>

In cultures that did not recognise a smallpox deity, there was often nonetheless a belief in [[smallpox demon]]s, who were accordingly blamed for the disease. Such beliefs were prominent in Japan, Europe, Africa, and other parts of the world. Nearly all cultures who believed in the demon also believed that it was afraid of the colour red. This led to the invention of the so-called red treatment, where patients and their rooms would be decorated in red. The practise spread to Europe in the 12th century and was practised by (among others) [[Charles V of France]] and [[Elizabeth I]] of England.<ref name="Fenner_1988" /> Afforded scientific credibility through the studies by [[Niels Ryberg Finsen]] showing that red light reduced scarring,<ref name="Fenner_1988" /> this belief persisted even until the 1930s.

== See also ==
* [[List of epidemics]]
* {{slink|List of epidemics and pandemics#Chronology}}
* {{slink|Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas#Depopulation by Old World diseases}}
* [[1971 Aral smallpox incident]]
* ''[[Jacobson v. Massachusetts]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|60em}}
* Fenn, Elizabeth A. ''Pox Americana: the great smallpox epidemic of 1775–82'' (Macmillan, 2001) [https://books.google.com/books?id=eSFfxz6mJhQC&dq=fenn++pox&pg=PR7 online].
* {{cite book |last=Fenner |first=Frank |title=Smallpox and Its Eradication (History of International Public Health, No. 6) |url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/smallpox/9241561106.pdf |publisher=World Health Organization |location=Geneva |year=1988 |isbn=978-92-4-156110-5 |access-date=7 September 2007 |archive-date=19 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219005302/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/smallpox/9241561106.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* Henderson, Donald Ainslie. ''Smallpox: the death of a disease: the inside story of eradicating a worldwide killer''. (Prometheus Books, 2009).
* Hopkins, Donald R. ''The greatest killer: smallpox in history'' (U of Chicago press, 2002) [https://books.google.com/books?id=z2zMKsc1Sn0C&dq=Hopkins++smallpox&pg=PR11 online], a major scholarly history
* Koplow, David A. ''Smallpox: The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge'' (U of California Press, 2003)
* Kotar, S.L. and J.E. Gessler. ''Smallpox: A History'' (McFarland, 2013) [https://archive.org/details/smallpoxhistory0000kota online] anecdotal accounts from letters and editorials in local newspapers.
* {{cite book|last1=Pallen|first1=Mark|title=The Last Days of Smallpox: Tragedy in Birmingham|date=2018|publisher=Amazon KDP|location=UK|isbn=978-1-9804-5522-6}}
* {{cite book | last = Reinhardt | first = Bob H. | title = The End of a Global Pox: America and the Eradication of Smallpox in the Cold War Era | publisher = University of North Carolina Press | date = 2015 | pages = xviii, 268 }}
* {{cite book |last=Tucker |first=Jonathan B. |title=Scourge: The Once and Future Threat of Smallpox |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8021-3939-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/scourgeoncefutur00tuck |url-access=registration }}
* {{cite book|editor-first1 = Lord | editor-last1 = Wharncliffe | editor-first2 = W. Moy | editor-last2 = Thomas |title=The Letters and Works of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu | volume = 1 |location=London |publisher=Henry G. Bohn |date=1861}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|auto=1|collapsible=yes|wikt=y| s=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Smallpox}}
* [http://www.smallpoxbiosafety.org/ Smallpox Biosafety: A Website About Destruction of Smallpox Virus Stocks]
* [http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/bt/smallpox/biofacts/index.html Detailed CIDRAP Smallpox overview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506170240/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/bt/smallpox/biofacts/index.html |date=6 May 2013 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100628224033/http://www.upmc-biosecurity.org/website/focus/agents_diseases/fact_sheets/smallpox.html Agent Fact Sheet: Smallpox], Center for Biosecurity
* [http://www.logicalimages.com/resourcesBTAgentsSmallpox.htm Smallpox Images and Diagnosis Synopsis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080729020333/http://www.logicalimages.com/resourcesBTAgentsSmallpox.htm |date=29 July 2008 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190514033103/https://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.spg?decorator=pox Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Poxviridae]
* [https://www.pbs.org/video/vaccines-huvzkv/ Episode 1 (of 4): Vaccines] of the [[BBC Four]] and [[PBS]] show: [https://www.pbs.org/show/extra-life-short-history-living-longer/ Extra Life: A Short History of Living Longer] (2021)

{{Medical resources
| ICD11 = {{ICD11|1E70}}
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|03| |b|00}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|050}}
| DiseasesDB = 12219
| MedlinePlus = 001356
| eMedicineSubj = emerg
| eMedicineTopic = 885
| MeshName = Smallpox
| MeshNumber = D012899
| Scholia = Q12214
}}
{{Portal bar|Medicine|Viruses}}
{{Viral cutaneous conditions}}
{{Eradication of infectious disease}}
{{History of infectious disease}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q11877169}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Smallpox| ]]
[[Category:Chordopoxvirinae]]
[[Category:Eradicated diseases]]
[[Category:Biosafety level 4 pathogens]]
[[Category:Vaccine-preventable diseases]]
[[Category:Virus-related cutaneous conditions]]
[[Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate]]
[[Category:Memory of the World Register]]

Police Police (TV series)

2026-03-20T01:58:32Z

Ieagle1: stub - done

{{Short description|Indian TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Police Police (TV series).jpg
| caption = Poster
| genre = {{ubl| [[Police procedural]]|[[Comedy drama]]}}
| executive_producer = Radhamurugan RJ Shyam Sundar
| writer = Koan Eraa. Kalai Kadodi
| director = Koan Chidambaram Manivannan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Mirchi Senthil]]|Jaiseelan Sivaram|Sathya SK|[[Shabana Shajahan]]}}
| theme_music_composer = Arun Raj
| composer = James Victor Saran Raghavan
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 100
| list_episodes =
| producer = Malarvizhi Thaiselvam
| location = [[Madurai]] [[Visakhapatnam]]
| cinematography = Coolie Soundherrajan
| editor = P. M. Achuthan G. P. Karthik
| runtime = approx.25–35 minutes per episode
| company = Thai Creations
| network = [[JioHotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2025|09|19}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2026|03|06}}
}}

'''''Police Police''''' (also marketed as '''''Police Police: Murattu Rajavum Thiruttu Muraliyum''''') is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[police procedural]] [[comedy drama]] television series starring [[Mirchi Senthil]] and Jaiseelan Sivaram. This series is written and directed by Koan, Eraa. Kalai Kadodi and Chidambaram Manivannan for [[JioHotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 July 2025|title=Police Police OTT release: JioHotstar announces new long-format Tamil show; first look out|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/police-police-ott-release-jiohotstar-announces-new-long-format-tamil-show-first-look-out/a5ae4fc3ad493|website=[[OTTplay]]}}</ref> The plot revolves around [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Raja and Murali, a thief who works at the same police station after being dragged there by lawyer Lalithambika, leading to a humorous and intriguing situation.

The principal characters of the series include Parvathy Venkitaramanan, [[Shabana Shajahan]], [[Sujitha]], Sathya SK, Vincent Roy and [[Vadivukkarasi]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 September 2025|title=Hotstar's Police Police to stream on JioHotstar from this date|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/06/hotstars-police-police-to-stream-on-jiohotstar-from-this-date|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> It premiered on [[JioHotstar]] on 19 September 2025 and ended on 6 March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 August 2025|title=JioHotstar's upcoming series Police Police is a drama thriller|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/04/jiohotstars-upcoming-series-police-police-is-a-drama-thriller|website=Cinema Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=31 August 2025|title=செந்தில் நடிக்கும் புதிய வெப் சீரிஸ் போலீஸ் போலீஸ்; ஜியோ ஹாட்ஸ்டாரில் வெளியீடு|url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/mirchi-senthil-police-police-ott-release-at-jiohotstar-starts-from-september-19-607685|website=[[Zee Tamil News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=6 August 2025|title=Police Police teaser: Senthil and Jayaseelan play good cop-bad cop|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/06/police-police-teaser-senthil-and-jayaseelan-play-good-cop-bad-cop|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The series follows the story of an [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Raja and a [[thief]] named Murali, and how they clash and unite for a common purpose later. Giving up his past, Murali seeks redemption by helping Raja solve a crime. After Raja’s aggressive actions in a few cases, his manipulative colleague Vaavar rises to prominence. Meanwhile, Raja tries to reestablish his position by making an offer to Murali to turn a cop.

== Cast ==
* [[Senthil Kumar]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Raja<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 July 2025|title=Mirchi Senthil and Jayaseelan starrer 'Police Police' set for its OTT premiere soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/mirchi-senthil-and-jayaseelan-starrer-police-police-set-for-its-ott-premiere-soon/articleshow/122920204.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Parvathy Venkitaramanan as Neelasundaravalli "Neela", Raja's wife
* Jaiseelan Sivaram as Fake Constable Murali, Lalithambika's love interest
* [[Shabana Shajahan]] as Lalithambika, a lawyer and Murali's love interest<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 August 2025|title=POLICE POLICE TO STREAM ON JIO HOTSTAR!|url=https://pentaganpr.com/2025/08/police-police-to-stream-on-jio-hotstar/|website=Pentaganpr}}</ref>
* Sathya SK as [[Station house officer|SHO]] Vaavar, ex-[[Sub-inspector|SI]], Raja's friend turned to arch-rival turned to friend<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 September 2025|title=Bigg Boss Tamil fame Sathya joins the cast of web series Police Police|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-fame-sathya-joins-the-cast-of-web-series-police-police/articleshow/123896423.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Sujitha]] as [[Inspector]] Arthana, Raja's sister<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 September 2025|title=Cooku With Comali fame Sujitha Dhanush joins the cast of web series 'Police Police'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cooku-with-comali-fame-sujitha-dhanush-joins-the-cast-of-web-series-police-police/articleshow/123937143.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
*Janani Ashok Kumar as [[Doctor (title)|Dr]]. Swetha [[Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]], Raja's friend
* Vincent Roy as Muniyandi, a ex-writer
* [[Vadivukkarasi]] as Sivagami, Murali's grandmother
* Swathika S as [[Constable]] Swency, Jeeva's love interest
* Sebastin Antony as [[Constable]] Jeeva, Swency's love interest
* Reka Raj as [[Constable]] Iniya
* Indran as Iniya's husband
* [[Deepa Shankar]] as Muniyandi's wife
* [[Myna Nandhini]] as Murali's mother and Sivagami's daughter (Dead)
* Yogeswaran as Murali's father and Sivagami's son-in-law (Dead)
* [[Abhishek Shankar]] as [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner]] Muthupandi, Lalithambika's father (Antagonist)
* Sakthi Kumar as [[Minister (government)|Minister]] Samuthayam, Ashwin's father
* Madhan as Gowtham, a lawyer and Lalithambika's friend
* Sri Varshini as Sathya, Raja and Neela's daughter
* Yuvashree as Vaavar and Lameez's mother
* Hema Chinraj as Lameez, Vaavar's sister
* KPY Dhanasekar as Ilango
* Praveen Shankar as [[Constable]] Kavignan
* Rajesh Gadde as [[Constable]] Nithin
* [[Deepak Dinkar]] as Ayiravathan (Main Antagonist)

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The series was developed as part of the [[Hotstar Specials]] lineup for [[JioHotstar]] as a long-form Tamil web series combining crime, comedy, and procedural elements. The first look poster, unveiled on 26 July 2025 with the tagline ''Murattu Rajavum Thiruttu Muraliyum'', emphasized the thematic conflict between police authority and lawlessness.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 July 2025|title=JioHotstar's Police Police First Look – A Bold New Tamil Cop Series|url=https://www.studioflicks.com/news/jiohotstars-police-police-first-look-a-bold-new-tamil-cop-series/|website=Studioflicks}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=26 July 2025|title=Police Police Web Series: Mirchi Senthil Power-Packed Comeback Filled with Comedy and Action|url=https://english.dailynews24.in/entertainment/police-police-web-series-mirchi-senthil-power-packed-comeback-filled-with-comedy-and-action-177953.html|website=Dailynews24}}</ref>

=== Release ===
The first trailer was released on 4 August 2025, featuring [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Raja interrogating suspects through physical means at the police station, while Murali, a thief, offers valuable clues, highlighting the series' blend of action and investigative drama.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 August 2025|title=Mirchi Senthil's Police Police Web Series Promo: Promises To Be An Amusing Comedy Caper!|url=https://www.kollywoodzone.com/boxoffice/mirchi-senthils-police-police-web-series-promo-promises-to-be-an-amusing-comedy-caper/|website=Kollywood Zone}}</ref>

It was announced that the series would be released in Tamil and other Indian languages and made its streaming debut on 19 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 September 2025|title=செப். 19-ல் வெளியாகும் 'போலீஸ் போலீஸ்'|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/ott-platform/ott-news/1375861-police-police-web-series.html|website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|37803840}}

{{Disney+ Hotstar Tamil original programming}}
[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language police television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language legal television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2026 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Sanofi

2026-03-18T16:18:16Z

Ieagle1: slightly enhance section per sources and added references per sources

{{confuse|Avensis}}
{{Short description|French multinational pharmaceutical and healthcare company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Sanofi S.A.
| logo = Sanofi-2022.svg
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{EuronextParis|SAN|FR0000120578}}|{{NASDAQ|SNY}}|[[CAC 40]] component}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|FR0000120578}}
| former_name = {{Plainlist|
* Sanofi-Synthélabo (1999–2004)
* Sanofi-Aventis (2004–2011)
}}
| key_people = {{ubl|[[Frédéric Oudéa]] ([[chairman]])|Olivier Charmeil ([[Chief executive officer|Interim CEO]])}}
| industry = {{Unbulleted list|[[Pharmaceutical industry|Pharmaceuticals]]|[[Biotechnology]]|[[Healthcare industry|Healthcare]]
}}
| products = [[Medication]]s, [[generic drug]]s, [[over-the-counter drug]]s, [[vaccine]]s, [[Medical diagnosis|diagnostics]], [[contact lens]]es, [[Veterinary medicine|animal health]] ([[#Products|list...]])
| revenue = {{increase}} {{€|41.08 billion|link=yes}}
| revenue_year = 2024
| operating_income = {{increase}} €7.252 billion
| income_year = 2024
| net_income = {{increase}} €5.618 billion
| net_income_year = 2024
| assets = {{increase}} €132.8 billion
| assets_year = 2024
| equity = {{increase}} €77.86 billion
| equity_year = 2024
| num_employees = 82,878
| num_employees_year = 2024
| subsid = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sanofi Pasteur]]
* [[Genzyme]]
* [[Shantha Biotechnics]]
* [[Chattem]]
* [[Ablynx]]
* [[Bioverativ]]
* [[Opella]]
}}
| homepage = {{URL|sanofi.com}}
| intl =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1973|2|15|df=yes}}
| hq_location = [[Paris]], France
| area_served = Worldwide
| footnotes = <ref name="FY">{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2024 (Form 20-F) |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1121404/000112140425000010/sny-20241231.htm |date=2025-02-13 |publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]]}}</ref>
}}

'''Sanofi S.A.''' is a French [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[pharmaceutical industry|pharmaceutical]] and healthcare company headquartered in [[Paris]]. The corporation was established in 1973 and merged with Synthélabo in 1999 to form '''Sanofi-Synthélabo'''. In 2004, Sanofi-Synthélabo merged with Aventis and renamed to '''Sanofi-Aventis''', which were each the product of several previous mergers. It changed its name back to Sanofi in May 2011. The company trades as "SAN" on [[Euronext Paris]] and "SNY" on [[Nasdaq]] in the United States, and is a component of the [[Euro Stoxx 50]] [[stock market index]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Börse Frankfurt (Frankfurt Stock Exchange): Stock market quotes, charts and news |url=http://www.boerse-frankfurt.de/en/equities/indices/euro+stoxx+50+EU0009658145/constituents |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208093448/http://www.boerse-frankfurt.de/en/equities/indices/euro%20stoxx%2050%20EU0009658145/constituents |archive-date=8 February 2019 |access-date=23 May 2017 |website=boerse-frankfurt.de}}</ref> In 2023, the company’s seat in the [[Forbes Global 2000|''Forbes'' Global 2000]] was 89.<ref>{{Cite web|lang=en|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/?sh=51d599675ac0|title=The Global 2000 2023|website=Forbes|access-date=2024-02-07|archive-date=2024-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129031905/https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/?sh=4f5ab07e5ac0}}</ref>
[[File:A_Sanofi_pharmaceutical_plant_in_Chattanooga,_Tennessee_04.jpg|thumb|A Sanofi plant in [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]]]]
Sanofi engages in the [[research and development]], manufacturing, and marketing of pharmacological products, principally in the prescription market, but the firm also develops [[Over-the-counter drug|over-the-counter medications]]. The corporation covers seven major therapeutic areas: [[Circulatory system|cardiovascular]], [[central nervous system]], [[diabetes]], [[internal medicine]], [[oncology]], [[thrombosis]], and [[vaccine]]s. It is the world's largest producer of vaccines through its subsidiary [[Sanofi Pasteur]].<ref>{{cite news |date=23 November 2007 |title=Sanofi-Aventis to sign deal to build flu vaccine plant in China – source |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2007/11/23/afx4368351.html |access-date=2009-04-19}}{{dead link|date=January 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==History==
===Sanofi-Synthélabo===
Sanofi was founded on February 15, 1973<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-28 |title=Le fondateur de Sanofi est mort |url=http://lexpansion.lexpress.fr/entreprises/le-fondateur-de-sanofi-est-mort_1366122.html |access-date=4 June 2015 |website=lexpress.fr}}</ref> as a subsidiary of [[Elf Aquitaine]] (a French oil company subsequently acquired by [[TotalEnergies|Total]]), when Elf Aquitaine took control of the Labaz group, a pharmaceutical company formed in 1947 by Sociéte Belge de l'Azote et des Produits Chimiques du Marly.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Ar0AAAAMAAJ |title=CPE. Chemical & Process Engineering |date=1964 |publisher=L. Hill |pages=83}}</ref> Labaz had developed [[benziodarone]] in 1957.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sneader |first=Walter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ev1sAAAAMAAJ |title=Drug discovery: the evolution of modern medicines |date=1985-09-13 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=9780471904717}}</ref>{{Rp|146}}

In 1993, Sanofi made a move into the Eastern Europe market by acquiring a controlling interest in Chinoin, a Hungarian drug company whose 1992, sales totaled about US$104 million.<ref name="PL1993">Staff, The Pharma Letter. Sept 20, 1993 [http://www.thepharmaletter.com/article/sanofi-extends-holding-in-chinoin Sanofi Extends Holding in Chinoin]</ref><ref>[http://www.securities.com/php/company-profile/HU/Chinoin_Zrt_en_1441051.html Chinoin listing in at securities.com] Page accessed 5 February 2016</ref> In the same year, Sanofi made its first significant venture into the US, and strengthened its presence in Eastern Europe, by first partnering with [[Sterling Drug|Sterling Winthrop]] and then acquiring the prescription pharmaceuticals business in 1994.<ref name=PL1993/><ref name="SterlingHist">{{Cite journal |last1=Collins |first1=Joseph C. |last2=Gwilt |first2=John R. |year=2000 |title=The Life Cycle of Sterling Drug, Inc. |url=http://www.scs.illinois.edu/~mainzv/HIST/bulletin_open_access/v25-1/v25-1%20p22-27.pdf |journal=[[Bull. Hist. Chem.]] |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=22–27|doi=10.70359/bhc2000v025p022 }}</ref> Sanofi was incorporated under the laws of France in 1994, as a ''société anonyme'', a form of limited [[Liability (financial accounting)|liability]] company.<ref name="20F-2002">Sanofi-Synthélabo [https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1121404/000095010903003612/d20f.htm#tx363_10 Form 20F for the Fiscal Year ended 31 December 2002]</ref>{{rp|18}}

Synthélabo was founded in 1970, through the merger of two French pharmaceutical laboratories, Laboratoires Dausse (founded in 1834) and Laboratoires Robert & Carrière (founded in 1899). In 1973, the French cosmetics group [[L'Oréal]] acquired the majority of its share capital.<ref name=20F-2002/>{{rp|19}} In 1991, Synthelabo acquired Laboratories Delalande<ref>Denis Cosnard for Les Echos. 11 December 1991. [http://www.lesechos.fr/11/12/1991/LesEchos/16033-043-ECH_synthelabo-s-offre-delalande.htm#rdL6MOWh8K053a95.99 Synthélabo s'offre Delalande]</ref> and Laboratoires Delagrange and, as a result of that deal, picked up the product [[metoclopramide]].<ref>Denis Conard for Les Echos. 17 October 1991 [http://www.lesechos.fr/17/10/1991/LesEchos/15996-035-ECH_synthelabo-rachete-les-laboratoires-delagrange.htm Synthélabo rachète les laboratoires Delagrange]</ref><ref>Bibliothèque nationale de France [http://data.bnf.fr/12198004/laboratoires_delagrange/ Laboratoires Delagrange] Page accessed 24 August 2016</ref>

[[File:Sanofi Synthelabo Logo.svg|thumb|left|200px|Logo for Sanofi-Synthélabo (1999—2004)]]

Sanofi-Synthélabo was formed in 1999 when Sanofi merged with Synthélabo. At the time of the merger, Sanofi was the second largest pharmaceutical group in France in terms of sales and Synthélabo was the third largest. The merged company was based in Paris, France.<ref name=20F-2002/>{{rp|18–19}}<ref>Tom Meek for PMLiVE 24 May 2013 [http://www.pmlive.com/pharma_news/a_look_back_at_sanofis_merger_with_synthelabo_477146 A look back at Sanofi's merger with Synthélabo]</ref>

The merged companies focused on pharmaceuticals, divesting several businesses soon after the merger, including beauty, diagnostics, animal health and nutrition, custom chemicals, and two medical equipment businesses.<ref name=20F-2002/>{{rp|19}}

===Aventis===
Aventis was formed in 1999, when the French company [[Rhône-Poulenc]] S.A. merged with the German corporation [[Hoechst Marion Roussel]], which itself was formed from the 1995 merger of [[Hoechst AG]] with [[Cassella]], [[Roussel Uclaf]], and [[Marion Merrell Dow]]. [[Hoechst AG]], the majority partner at the time in [[Hoechst Marion Roussel]], was itself a merger of two of the three [[IG Farben#Seizure by the Allies|forcibly separated]] subsidiaries of [[IG Farben]], exploiter of [[Auschwitz]] slave labor and supplier of [[Zyklon B]] during [[The Holocaust]].<ref>Joseph Borkin: The Crime and Punishment of I.G. Farben (New York: The Free Press, 1990), p. 163.</ref> The merged company was based in [[Schiltigheim]], near [[Strasbourg]], France.<ref name="Aventis-Form20F2002">Aventis [https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/807198/000104746903008314/a2103938z20-f.htm Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended 31 December 2002]</ref>{{rp|13}}<ref name="Bris">Arturo Bris and Christos Cabolis, [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.365.5937&rep=rep1&type=pdf Corporate Governance Convergence Through Cross-Border Mergers The Case of Aventis], Chapter 4 in [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corporate_Governance_and_Regulatory_Impa.html?id=Cfc22UYifJQC Corporate Governance and Regulatory Impact on Mergers and Acquisitions: Research and Analysis on Activity Worldwide Since 1990]. Eds Greg N. Gregoriou, Luc Renneboog. Academic Press, 26 July 2007</ref>{{rp|9–11}}<ref name="Burns">Lawton Robert Burns [https://books.google.com/books?id=JPEgAwAAQBAJ&dq The Business of Healthcare Innovation] Cambridge University Press, 26 July 2012</ref>{{rp|40–41}}

At the time of the merger, Rhône-Poulenc's business included the pharmaceutical businesses Rorer, Centeon (blood products), and [[Sanofi Pasteur|Pasteur Merieux]] (vaccines), the plant and animal health businesses Rhône-Poulenc Agro, Rhône-Poulenc Animal Nutrition, and [[Merial]], and a 67 percent share in [[Rhodia (company)|Rhodia]], a specialty chemicals company.<ref name=Bris/>{{rp|10}} Hoechst, one of the companies that resulted from the post-WWII split of [[IG Farben]], had seven primary businesses: Hoechst Marion Roussel (pharmaceuticals), [[AgrEvo]] (a joint venture with [[Schering AG|Schering]] in crop protection agents and pest control products), HR Vet (veterinary products), [[Dade Behring]] (diagnostics), Centeon, [[Celanese]] (chemicals), and Messer (chemicals).<ref name=Bris/>{{rp|9}} [[Institut Mérieux|Merieux]] has been in the business of selling blood products, and in the 1980s, during the [[History of HIV/AIDS#1981–1982: From GRID to AIDS|AIDS epidemic]], Merieux and other companies were involved in scandals related to HIV-[[contaminated haemophilia blood products]] that were sold to developing nations.<ref name="NYTimes1996">{{cite news |last=Meier |first=Barry |date=1996-06-11 |title=Blood, Money and AIDS: Haemophiliacs Are Split; Liability Cases Bogged Down in Disputes |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/11/business/blood-money-aids-hemophiliacs-are-split-liability-cases-bogged-down-disputes.html}}</ref>

In 2000, Aventis and [[Millennium Pharmaceuticals]], a US biotechnology company formed to discover new drugs based on the then-new science of [[genomics]], announced that Aventis would make a $250M investment in Millennium and would pay $200M to Millennium in research fees over five years, one of the largest such deals between a big pharmaceutical company and a biotech company at the time.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pollack |first=Andrew |date=24 June 2000 |title=Aventis Unit Sets Big Investment in Biotechnology Start-Up |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/24/business/international-business-aventis-unit-sets-big-investment-biotechnology-start-up.html |access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref>

In late 2000, in the midst of the [[StarLink corn recall|recall of Starlink]], its [[genetically modified maize]] product, Aventis announced that it had determined to sell off Aventis Cropscience, the seed and pesticide business unit it had created from the agriculture businesses of its predecessors.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 November 2000 |title=Aventis to Sell Agriculture Unit |work=[[The New York Times]] |agency=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/16/business/aventis-to-sell-agriculture-unit.html |access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref> In October 2001, [[Bayer]] and Aventis announced that Bayer would acquire the unit for about $6.6 billion; the unit became [[Bayer CropScience]], making Bayer the world's second-largest agrochemical company behind [[Syngenta]].<ref>CNN Money. 2 October 2001 [http://cnnfn.cnn.com/2001/10/02/europe/bayer/ Bayer buys CropScience]</ref>

In 2003, Aventis entered into a collaboration with [[Regeneron Pharmaceuticals]], a New York biotechnology company, to develop Regeneron's [[VEGF]]-inhibiting drug, [[aflibercept]], which was then in [[Phases of clinical research|Phase I]] clinical trials. Aventis invested $45 million in Regeneron and made an upfront payment of $80 million in cash.<ref>Candace Hoffmann for First Word Pharma. 8 September 2003 [http://www.firstwordpharma.com/node/215613#axzz2yoOgZJHQ Aventis inks deal with Regeneron for collaboration on cancer therapy]</ref> Regeneron partnered the use of the drug with [[Bayer Healthcare]] in the field of proliferative eye diseases, and under the name Eylea it was approved by the US [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) in 2011;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gever |first=John |date=19 November 2011 |title=FDA Approves Eylea for Macular Degeneration |url=http://www.medpagetoday.com/Ophthalmology/GeneralOphthalmology/29811 |access-date=2013-10-16 |publisher=MedpageToday.com}}</ref> after several setbacks in clinical trials,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ciombor KK |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=Aflibercept |journal=Clin Cancer Res |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=1920–1925 |doi=10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-2911 |pmc=3710732 |pmid=23444216}}</ref> Regeneron and Sanofi got the drug approved for metastatic colorectal cancer in combination with other agents, under the brand name Zaltrap in 2012.<ref name="ZaltrapFDA">{{Cite web |date=13 February 2018 |title=2012 Notifications |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/2012-notifications |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226010037/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/2012-notifications |archive-date=26 December 2019 |access-date=25 December 2019 |website=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref>

====Sanofi-Aventis merger====
Sanofi-Aventis was formed in 2004, when Sanofi-Synthélabo acquired Aventis. In early 2004, Sanofi-Synthélabo made a [[Takeover|hostile takeover]] bid for Aventis worth €47.8 billion. Initially, Aventis rejected the bid because it felt that the bid offered inferior value based on the company's share value, and the board of Aventis went so far as to enact [[Shareholder rights plan|poison pill]] provisions and to invite [[Novartis]] to enter merger negotiations.<ref>{{cite news |last=Timmons |first=Heather |date=3 April 2004 |title=Aventis Invites Novartis To Counter Sanofi's Bid |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/03/business/international-business-aventis-invites-novartis-to-counter-sanofi-s-bid.html |access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref> The three-month takeover battle concluded when Sanofi-Synthélabo launched a friendly bid of €54.5 billion in place of the previously rejected hostile bid. The French government played a strong role, desiring what it called a "local solution", by putting heavy pressure on Sanofi-Synthélabo to raise its bid for Aventis and for Aventis to accept the offer<ref>{{cite news |last=Timmons |first=Heather |date=27 April 2004 |title=France Helped Broker the Aventis-Sanofi Deal |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/27/business/france-helped-broker-the-aventis-sanofi-deal.html |access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref> and by rejecting Aventis's poison pill proposal.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 April 2004 |title=Aventis Plan Is Rejected |work=[[The New York Times]] |agency=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/24/business/aventis-plan-is-rejected.html |access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref> One of the largest risks in the deal for both sides was the fate of the patents protecting [[Clopidogrel]] (Plavix), which was one of the top-selling drugs in the world at the time and the major source of Sanofi's revenue.<ref>Kimberly S Cleaves and Ann M Thayer [http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/archive/mdd/v07/i08/pdf/804business2.pdf Warning, merge with care: Sanofi-Aventis] Modern Drug Discovery, August 2004:21-26</ref>

===Post-merger activities===
In 2006, Iraqis infected with HIV sued Sanofi and Baxter over HIV-[[contaminated haemophilia blood products]] sold by Merieux in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite news |last=Zielbauer |first=Paul von |date=4 September 2006 |title=Iraqis Infected by H.I.V.-Tainted Blood Try New Tool: A Lawsuit |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/04/world/middleeast/04aids.html |access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref> In 2006, the US patents on [[clopidogrel]] (Plavix) were challenged when a Canadian generics company, [[Apotex]], filed an [[Abbreviated New Drug Application]] under the [[Hatch-Waxman Act]], received FDA approval, and started marketing a generic formulation of clopidogrel. While Sanofi-Aventis and its partner in the drug, [[Bristol Myers Squibb]] (BMS), were able to get an injunction to stop Apotex from selling it,<ref>BMS Press Release. 8 December 2006 [http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/preliminary-injunction-against-apotex-upheld-on-appeal-56053592.html Preliminary Injunction Against Apotex Upheld on Appeal]</ref> the case became complicated when settlement negotiations fell apart twice – the second time because of an [[oral agreement]] made by BMS CEO Peter Dolan that BMS failed to disclose to the [[Federal Trade Commission]] during the review of the settlement agreement to ensure that it did not violate [[antitrust]] law. When Apotex disclosed the oral agreement to the FTC, the FTC launched an investigation that led to Dolan's dismissal by BMS.<ref>Aaron Smith for CNNMoney.com 26 October 2006 [https://money.cnn.com/2006/09/12/news/companies/bristol/index.htm?postversion=2006091217 Bristol CEO Dolan gets fired: Company says it heeded request of a federal monitor]</ref> Apotex finally lost on the patent litigation issues after its third appeal was decided in favor of BMS/Sanofi in November 2011; Apotex had to pay ~$442 million in damages and ~$108 million in interest for infringing the patent,<ref>Donald Zuhn for Patent Docs. 9 November 2011 [http://www.patentdocs.org/2011/11/sanofi-aventis-v-apotex-inc-fed-cir-2011.html Sanofi-Aventis v. Apotex Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2011)]</ref> which it paid in full by February 2012.<ref>Linda a. Johnson for Associated Press 8 February 2012 [https://finance.yahoo.com/news/Apotex-pays-Bristol-Sanofi-apf-2142059502.html Apotex pays Bristol, Sanofi damages over Plavix] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305060611/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/Apotex-pays-Bristol-Sanofi-apf-2142059502.html |date=5 March 2016 }}</ref> Apotex also sued BMS and Sanofi for $3.4 billion for allegedly breaching the settlement agreement; Apotex lost a jury trial in March 2013.<ref>Carolina Bolado for Law360 14 March 2013. [http://www.law360.com/articles/423792/bristol-myers-escapes-3-4b-apotex-suit-over-plavix-deal Bristol-Myers Escapes $3.4B Apotex Suit Over Plavix Deal]</ref>

In 2007, Sanofi-Aventis expanded on Aventis's prior relationship with [[Regeneron Pharmaceuticals]]; in the new deal Sanofi-Aventis agreed to pay Regeneron $100 million per year for five years, under which Regeneron would use its [[monoclonal antibody]] [[drug discovery|discovery]] platform to create new [[biopharmaceuticals]], to which Sanofi-Aventis gained the exclusive right to co-develop.<ref name="RegenExpand">{{cite news |last=Winslow |first=Ron |date=10 November 2009 |title=Sanofi Expands Regeneron Deal |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703808904574528224003357650 |access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref> In 2009, the companies expanded the deal to $160 million per year and extended it to 2017.<ref name=RegenExpand/><ref name="GEN2009">Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News. 11 November 2009 [http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/sanofi-aventis-commits-over-2-8b-to-regeneron-in-mab-discovery-alliance/68174500/ Sanofi-Aventis Commits Over $2.8B to Regeneron in mAb Discovery Alliance]</ref> {{As of|2009}}, the collaboration had four antibodies in clinical development and had filed an IND for a fifth. Two were against undisclosed targets, one targeted the [[interleukin-6]] [[Cell surface receptor|receptor]] as a treatment for [[rheumatoid arthritis]], another targeted [[nerve growth factor]] for the treatment of pain, and another targeted [[DLL4|delta-like ligand 4]] as a cancer treatment.<ref name=GEN2009/>

Between 2008, when [[Chris Viehbacher]] was hired as CEO, and 2010, the company spent more than $17 billion in mergers and acquisitions to strengthen its consumer healthcare and generics platforms, especially in emerging markets, in the face of looming [[patent cliff]]s and the growth of the consumer healthcare segment.<ref>FierceBiotech. [http://www.fiercebiotech.com/special-reports/sanofi-aventis-timeline-biopharma-deals Sanofi-Aventis: A timeline of biopharma deals]</ref><ref>Andy Tisman for IMS Health 2010 [http://www.imshealth.com/deployedfiles/ims/Global/Content/Solutions/Healthcare%20Measurement/Consumer%20Health%20Insights/The_Rising_Tide_Of_OTC_Europe.pdf The Rising Tide of OTC in Europe]</ref><ref name=Chattem/> In September, [[Zentiva]] was acquired for €1.8 billion, expanding the group's presence in eastern European markets.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 September 2008 |title=Sanofi-Aventis to buy Czech generic drug maker |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/22/business/worldbusiness/22iht-drug.4.16376740.html |access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref>

In 2009, Medley Farma, the third largest pharmaceutical company in Brazil and a leading generics company there, was acquired for about $635 million.<ref name="Law360Medley">Leigh Kamping-Carder for Law360. 20 May 2010 [http://www.law360.com/articles/169962/brazil-clears-sanofi-s-635m-medley-pharma-buy Brazil Clears Sanofi's $635M Medley Pharma Buy]</ref> Sanofi outbid [[Teva Pharmaceuticals]].<ref>Gareth Macdonald for PharmaTechnologist, 15 April 2009 [http://www.in-pharmatechnologist.com/Regulatory-Safety/Sanofi-beats-Teva-in-Medley-melee Sanofi beats Teva in Medley melee]</ref> The deal was approved by Brazil's antitrust authorities in May 2010.<ref name=Law360Medley/> Later that year, Indian vaccine manufacturer [[Shantha Biotechnics]] was acquired for $784 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanofi snaps up India's Shantha for $784M |url=http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/sanofi-snaps-indias-shantha-784m/2009-07-27 |website=FierceBiotech|date=27 July 2009 }}</ref> In October Sanofi-Aventis announced that it would lay off about 1700 US employees (about 25% of its US workforce) because of restructuring triggered by growing generic competition and other factors, and that the company would focus its US operations on diabetes, atrial fibrillation, and oncology.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gryta |first1=Thomas |last2=Spencer |first2=Mimosa |date=9 October 2010 |title=Sanofi Cuts Jobs, Counters Genzyme |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704657304575540024140661094 |access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref>

In 2010, US consumer healthcare company [[Chattem|Chattem, Inc.]] was acquired for around $1.9 billion.<ref name="Chattem">{{cite news |date=21 December 2009 |title=Drug Maker Sanofi-Aventis Buys Chattem for $1.9 Billion |work=[[The New York Times]] |agency=Reuters|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/22/business/global/22drug.html |access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref> In the same year, Nepentes Pharma was acquired for $130 million and BMP Sunstone Corporation for $520.6 million.<ref>Phil Serafino for Bloomberg News. 28 October 2010 [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-10-28/sanofi-aventis-to-buy-bmp-sunstone-for-520-6-million.html Sanofi-Aventis to Buy BMP Sunstone to Expand in China]</ref>

===Name change, acquisitions and investments===
The company dropped the -Aventis suffix of its name on May 6, 2011, after receiving approval at its [[annual general meeting]]. The reason given by the company for the change was to make its name easier to pronounce in countries such as China.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mennella |first=Noelle |date=6 May 2011 |title=Sanofi changes name, pace of acquisitions to slow |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/sanofi-idUSLDE74521Z20110506 |access-date=7 May 2011}}</ref>

In 2011, [[Genzyme Corporation]] was acquired for around $20.1 billion. This biotechnology company, headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, specializes in the treatment of [[orphan diseases]], renal diseases, endocrinology, oncology, and biosurgery.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nicholson |first=Chris V. |date=16 February 2011 |title=Sanofi Agrees to Buy Genzyme for $20.1 Billion |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/02/16/sanofi-agrees-to-buy-genzyme-for-at-least-20-1-billion/ |access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref>

In January 2012, Sanofi co-invested in the $125 million [[Series A round|Series A financing]] of Warp Drive Bio. Sanofi sought support for its internal cancer research program and also took on an obligation to acquire Warp Drive if certain milestones were met.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Weintraub |first=Arlene |date=10 January 2012 |title=Warp Drive Bio Launches With $125M from Third Rock, Greylock, Sanofi |url=http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2012/01/10/warp-drive-bio-launches-with-125m-from-third-rock-greylock-sanofi/?single_page=true |work=Xconomy |access-date=6 April 2014 |archive-date=7 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407111220/http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2012/01/10/warp-drive-bio-launches-with-125m-from-third-rock-greylock-sanofi/?single_page=true |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In January 2014, Genzyme and [[Alnylam Pharmaceuticals]], a US biotechnology company developing [[RNAi]] therapeutics, announced that Genyzme would invest $700 million in Alnylam. Under the deal, Genzyme obtained further rights to patisiran, an RNAi treatment for [[transthyretin]]-mediated [[amyloidosis]] – a condition that can result in [[familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy]] and familial amyloidotic cardiomyopathy<ref>{{Cite web |title=TTR Amyloidosis (FAP) |url=http://www.alnylam.com/product-pipeline/ttr-amyloidosis-fap/ |publisher=Alnylam Pharmaceuticals |access-date=13 April 2014 |archive-date=14 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414172941/http://www.alnylam.com/product-pipeline/ttr-amyloidosis-fap/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and obtained rights to other compounds in Alnylam's pipeline.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bray |first=Chad |date=13 January 2014 |title=Sanofi Unit to Buy $700 Million Stake in Rare Disease Company |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/01/13/sanofi-unit-to-buy-700-million-stake-in-rare-disease-company/ |access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref>

In March 2014, Sanofi joined the bidding for Merck & Co.'s over-the-counter health-products unit, the maker of [[Coppertone (sunscreen)|Coppertone]] sunblock and the antihistamine [[Pseudoephedrine/loratadine|Claritin]]; bids were expected to range between $10 billion and $12 billion.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Baigorri |first1=Manuel |last2=Torsoli |first2=Albertina |last3=Welch |first3=David |date=25 March 2014 |title=Sanofi Said to Join Bidders for Merck's Consumer-Health Unit |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-03-24/sanofi-said-to-join-bidders-for-merck-s-consumer-health-business.html |work=Bloomberg News |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2014, Sanofi's directors fired US-resident chief executive [[Chris Viehbacher]], blaming his alleged lack of communication with the board and poor execution of his strategy.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Huet |first1=Natalie |last2=Mennella |first2=Noëlle |date=29 October 2014 |title=French drugmaker Sanofi sacks CEO, shares drop |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sanofi-sa-management-idUSKBN0II0BH20141029 |access-date=6 July 2015 |work=Reuters }}</ref> Board chairperson Serge Weinberg took over as interim CEO until 2 April 2015 when [[Bayer|Bayer Healthcare]] board chairman [[Olivier Brandicourt]] (appointed by Sanofi on 19 February 2015<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Sanofi Appoints Olivier Brandicourt as Chief Executive Officer |date=February 19, 2015 |publisher=Sanofi |url=http://en.sanofi.com/NasdaQ_OMX/LOCAL/press_releases/sanofi___sanofi_appoints_olivi_1896027_19-02-2015!22_45_00.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425041931/http://en.sanofi.com/NasdaQ_OMX/LOCAL/press_releases/sanofi___sanofi_appoints_olivi_1896027_19-02-2015!22_45_00.aspx |archive-date=2015-04-25}}</ref>) took over. Before Brandicourt even started his new job, French government ministers [[Stéphane Le Foll]] and [[Ségolène Royal]] attacked the $4.5 million [[golden handshake]] he was getting from Sanofi – and his pay of about $4.7 million a year.<ref>{{cite news |last=Silverman |first=Ed |date=24 February 2015 |title=French Government Slams Sanofi Over Brandicourt Pay Package |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/pharmalot/2015/02/24/french-government-slams-sanofi-over-brandicourt-pay-package/ |access-date=6 July 2015}}</ref> Furthermore, in 2014, the business took a 66% stake in Globalpharma, a Dubai-based generics manufacturer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eric Palmer |date=2014-06-26 |title=Sanofi buys Dubai's Globalpharma to produce generics in the Middle East |url=http://www.fiercepharma.com/supply-chain/sanofi-buys-dubai-s-globalpharma-to-produce-generics-middle-east |access-date=2017-02-24 |publisher=[[Questex]]}}</ref>

In July 2015, [[Genzyme]] announced that it would acquire the cancer drug Caprelsa ([[vandetanib]]) from [[AstraZeneca]] for up to $300 million.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-27 |title=Genzyme to Buy Caprelsa from AstraZeneca for Up to $300M - GEN News Highlights - GEN |url=http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/genzyme-to-buy-caprelsa-from-astrazeneca-for-up-to-300m/81251554/ |website=Genengnews.com}}</ref> In the same month, the company announced a new global collaboration with [[Regeneron Pharmaceuticals]] to discover, develop, and commercialize new immuno-oncology drugs, which could generate more than $2 billion for Regeneron,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-28 |title=Regeneron, Sanofi Launch $2B+ Immuno-Oncology Collaboration - GEN News Highlights - GEN |url=http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/regeneron-sanofi-launch-2b-immuno-oncology-collaboration/81251558/ |website=Genengnews.com}}</ref> with $640 million upfront, $750 million for proof of concept data, and $650 million from the development of [[REGN2810]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=UPDATED: Struggling Sanofi paying $1.8B to partner with Regeneron on immuno-oncology |url=http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/struggling-sanofi-paying-18b-partner-regeneron-immuno-oncology/2015-07-28 |website=FierceBiotech.com|date=28 July 2015 }}</ref>

In June 2016, the company announced that it had struck an asset-swap deal with [[Boehringer Ingelheim]]. Sanofi would sell its [[Merial]] animal health division (valuing it at €11.4 billion), while acquiring Boehringer's consumer health division (valuing it at €6.7 billion) and €4.7 billion in cash. The deal meant that Sanofi was now one of the global consumer healthcare leaders by market share.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aiming for top dog status, Sanofi and Boehringer swap animal and consumer health units |url=http://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/aiming-for-top-dog-status-sanofi-and-boehringer-swap-animal-and-consumer-health-units |website=FiercePharma.com|date=27 June 2016 }}</ref>

In July 2017, the company announced its intention to acquire Protein Sciences, a privately held Connecticut-based vaccines biotechnology company, for $650 million and with up to $100 million in milestone achievements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanofi – Sanofi to acquire Protein Sciences – Sanofi |url=http://mediaroom.sanofi.com/sanofi-to-acquire-protein-sciences/ |website=mediaroom.sanofi.com |access-date=12 July 2017 |archive-date=15 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715092729/http://mediaroom.sanofi.com/sanofi-to-acquire-protein-sciences/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In January 2018, Sanofi announced that it would acquire [[Bioverativ]] for $11.6 billion<ref>{{cite news |last=Hirschler |first=Ben |date=2018-01-22 |title=Biotech M&A takes off as Sanofi and Celgene spend $20 billion |work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-biotech-m-a/biotech-ma-takes-off-as-sanofi-and-celgene-spend-20-billion-idUSKBN1FB20V}}</ref> and days later announced that it would acquire [[Ablynx]] for €3.9 billion ($4.8 billion).<ref>{{cite news |last=Blamont |first=Matthias |date=2018-01-30 |title=Sanofi beats Novo to buy Ablynx for $4.8 billion in biotech M&A boom |work=Reuters|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-ablynx-m-a-sanofi/sanofi-beats-novo-to-buy-ablynx-for-3-9-billion-euros-in-biotech-ma-boom-idUKKBN1FI0PJ|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130091338/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-ablynx-m-a-sanofi/sanofi-beats-novo-to-buy-ablynx-for-3-9-billion-euros-in-biotech-ma-boom-idUKKBN1FI0PJ|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 January 2018}}</ref>

In December 2019, the company announced that it would acquire Synthorx for $2.5 billion ($68 per share), adding the lead product candidate THOR-707 (SAR444245), a form of [[interleukin-2]] (IL-2) being developed for use against multiple solid tumors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanofi: Press Releases, Monday, December 9, 2019 |url=https://www.sanofi.com/media-room/press-releases/2019/2019-12-09%2007-00-00%201957603 |access-date=11 December 2020 |website=sanofi.com/en |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203235720/https://www.sanofi.com/media-room/press-releases/2019/2019-12-09%2007-00-00%201957603 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanofi Pushes Further into Immuno-Oncology with $2.5 Billion Synthorx Takeover |url=https://www.biospace.com/article/sanofi-to-buy-synthorx-for-2-5-billion/ |access-date=11 December 2020 |website=BioSpace|date=9 December 2019 }}</ref> In October 2022, Sanofi announced that it had stopped Phase 2 studies of THOR-707 (SAR444245) because the drug's efficacy “was lower than projected”.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Nick Paul |date=2022-10-28 |title=In wake of bempeg blowup, Sanofi rethinks $2.5B bet on IL-2 after midphase efficacy falls short |url=https://www.fiercebiotech.com/biotech/wake-bempeg-blowup-sanofi-rethinks-25b-bet-il-2-after-midphase-efficacy-falls-short |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=Fierce Biotech |language=en}}</ref> Sanofi would take a roughly $1.6 billion impairment charge because of delays to the program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanofi reveals setback for cancer drug acquired in Synthorx buyout |url=https://www.biopharmadive.com/news/sanofi-synthorx-il2-cancer-drug-delay/635206/ |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=BioPharma Dive |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Phase 1/2 Non-randomized, Open-label, Multi-cohort, Multi-center Study Assessing the Clinical Benefit of SAR444245 (THOR- 707) Combined With Cemiplimab for the Treatment of Participants With Advanced Unresectable or Metastatic Skin Cancers |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04913220 |publisher=Sanofi |date=2024-12-19 |id=NCT04913220}}</ref>

In May 2020, [[Regeneron]] announced that it would repurchase around $5 billion of its shares held directly by Sanofi. Before the transaction, Sanofi had held 23.2 million Regeneron shares.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 May 2020 |title=U.S.' Regeneron to buy back $5 billion stake held by Sanofi |work=Reuters|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-sanofi-regeneron-idUKKBN2311TC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527014812/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-sanofi-regeneron-idUKKBN2311TC |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 May 2020 |access-date=11 December 2020}}</ref> In June, the company announced that it had agreed a potential $2 billion deal with Translate Bio, expanding an already existing collaboration for COVID-19 treatments.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kar-Gupta |first1=Sudip |last2=Mishra |first2=Manas |date=23 June 2020 |title=Sanofi clinches $2 billion vaccines deal with Translate Bio |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-sanofi-translate-bio-idUKKBN23U0LF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624190925/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-sanofi-translate-bio-idUKKBN23U0LF |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 June 2020 |publisher=Reuters |access-date=11 December 2020}}</ref> The company agreed to produce 60 million doses of a coronavirus vaccine for the United Kingdom government in July 2020. It used recombinant protein-based technology for Sanofi's flu vaccine along with [[GlaxoSmithKline|GSK]]'s pandemic technology and was seeking regulatory approval by the first half of 2021.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 July 2020 |title=Coronavirus vaccine: UK signs deal with GSK and Sanofi |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-53577637 |access-date=11 December 2020 }}</ref> Sanofi also agreed to a $2.1 billion deal with the United States for 100 million doses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. agrees to pay Sanofi and GSK $2.1 billion for 100 million doses of coronavirus vaccine |date=31 July 2020 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/31/us-agrees-to-pay-sanofi-and-gsk-2point1-billion-for-100-million-doses-of-coronavirus-vaccine.html |publisher=CNBC}}</ref> In August, Sanofi announced that it would acquire Principia Biopharma for $3.7 billion, acquiring its [[BTK inhibitor]] program.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanofi Acquires Principia Biopharma in $3.6 Billion Deal |url=https://www.biospace.com/article/sanofi-snaps-up-principa-biopharma-and-its-btk-program-for-100-per-share/ |access-date=11 December 2020 |website=BioSpace|date=17 August 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanofi to acquire Principia Biopharma |url=https://www.biospace.com/article/sanofi-to-acquire-principia-biopharma/ |access-date=11 December 2020 |website=BioSpace}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kar-Gupta |first=Sudip |date=17 August 2020 |title=Sanofi in hunt for specialty drugs with $3.7 billion deal for U.S.-based Principia |work=Reuters|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-principia-m-a-sanofi-idUKKCN25D0DV |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817141118/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-principia-m-a-sanofi-idUKKCN25D0DV |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 August 2020 |access-date=11 December 2020 |via=uk.reuters.com}}</ref> The acquisition was completed in September 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-29 |title=Sanofi concludes acquisition of Principia Biopharma |url=https://www.expresspharma.in/latest-updates/sanofi-concludes-acquisition-of-principia-biopharma/ |access-date=2020-09-29 |website=Express Pharma |language=en-US}}</ref> In November, Sanofi announced that it would acquire Kiadis Pharma for €308 million (around $359 million, or €5.45 per share), expanding its immuno-oncology pipeline with the acquisition of Kiadis's three clinical compounds: K-NK002 in Phase II trials for [[hematopoietic stem cell]] transplants in blood cancer, K-NK003 for relapsed or refractory [[acute myeloid leukemia]], and K-NK-ID101 for [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanofi Picks Up Kiadis and Its Immuno-Oncology Assets for $359 Million |url=https://www.biospace.com/article/sanofi-offers-to-acquire-kiadis-for-359-million/ |access-date=11 December 2020 |website=BioSpace|date=2 November 2020 }}</ref>
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In January 2021, Sanofi announced that it would buy the British biotech Kymab Ltd and its potential first-in-class drug candidate – KY1005 –- for $1.45 billion.<ref>{{cite news|last=White|first=Sarah|date=2021-01-11|title=Sanofi buys Kymab for up to $1.5 billion to expand in immunotherapy|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sanofi-immunotherapy-idUSKBN29G0RT|access-date=2021-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release|url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/01/11/2155914/0/en/Sanofi-to-acquire-Kymab-adding-KY1005-to-its-pipeline-a-human-monoclonal-antibody-targeting-key-immune-system-regulator-OX40L.html|title = Sanofi to acquire Kymab, adding KY1005 to its pipeline, a human monoclonal antibody targeting key immune system regulator OX40L|date = 11 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biospace.com/article/sanofi-boosts-immunology-pipeline-with-1-4-billion-acquisition-of-kymab/?s=79|title = Sanofi Ups Immunology Game with $1.4 Billion Acquisition of Kymab| date=11 January 2021 }}</ref> In April, the business announced that it would acquire Tidal Therapeutics for up to $470m.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biospace.com/article/sanofi-snatches-up-tidal-therapeutics-in-470-deal/?s=79|title = Sanofi Snatches up Tidal Therapeutics in $470 Million Deal| date=9 April 2021 }}</ref> in August the company announced that it would acquire Translate Bio and its mRNA vaccine technology for $3.2 billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-sanofi-translate-b/sanofi-bets-on-mrna-vaccines-beyond-covid-in-3-2-billion-translate-bio-deal-idUSKBN2F328C|title=EXCLUSIVE Sanofi offers to buy U.S. Biotech, mRNA partner Translate Bio -sources|work=Reuters|date=3 August 2021|last1=Blamont|first1=Matthias}}</ref> On 8 September 2021, Sanofi announced that it would acquire US biotech company [[Kadmon Corporation]] for $1.9 billion<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/frances-sanofi-buy-us-biopharma-firm-kadmon-19-bln-deal-2021-09-08/ |title=France's Sanofi to buy U.S. biopharma firm Kadmon in $1.9 bln deal|work=Reuters|date=2021-09-08|access-date=2021-09-08}}</ref> On 18 November 2021, it was reported that Sanofi would be investing $180 million in French startup [[Owkin]], whose predictive algorithms aim to improve the research and development of new cures against cancer.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rosemain|first=Mathieu|title=Drugmaker Sanofi invests $180 million in French AI startup Owkin - Metro US|url=https://www.metro.us/drugmaker-sanofi-invests-180/|access-date=2021-11-18|website=metro.us|date=18 November 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> In December, the company announced that it would acquire Origimm Biotechnology GmbH and its acne vaccine candidate (ORI-001),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biospace.com/article/sanofi-to-acquire-origimm-biotechnology-in-first-move-to-treat-acne-with-vaccine-based-immunotherapy-/|title=Sanofi to acquire Origimm Biotechnology in first move to treat acne with vaccine-based immunotherapy|website=BioSpace}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/healthcare-group-sanofi-buy-origimm-biotechnology-boost-vaccines-business-2021-12-01/|title=Sanofi to buy Origimm Biotechnology for acne vaccine candidate|date=1 December 2021|work=Reuters}}</ref> as well as Amunix Pharmaceuticals, for an initial $1 billion plus potentially $200 million in additional milestones.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/sanofi-1-bln-deal-buy-us-based-amunix-pharma-2021-12-21/| title = Sanofi in $1 bln deal to buy U.S.-based Amunix Pharma| website = [[Reuters]]| date = 21 December 2021}}</ref>

In April 2022, Sanofi broke ground on its biggest industrial investment, a $638m vaccine and enzymes production facility in [[Tuas]], [[Singapore]], targeted for completion in 2025.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/pharma-giant-sanofi-breaks-ground-on-638m-vaccine-facility-in-singapore| title = Sanofi in $1 bln deal to buy U.S.-based Amunix Pharma |first=Joyce |last=Teo|work=The Straits Times|date=2022-04-20|access-date=2022-04-30}}</ref>

In June 2022, Sanofi opened a 900,000 square foot campus at [[North Point (Cambridge, Massachusetts)|Cambridge Crossing]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]. The campus consists of two buildings at 350 and 450 Water Street.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sanofi unveils new 900,000-square-foot campus at Cambridge Crossing |url=https://www.news.sanofi.us/2022-06-07-Sanofi-unveils-new-900,000-square-foot-campus-at-Cambridge-Crossing |access-date=15 August 2025 |agency=PRNewswire |publisher=Sanofi |date=7 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126161032/https://www.news.sanofi.us/2022-06-07-Sanofi-unveils-new-900,000-square-foot-campus-at-Cambridge-Crossing |archive-date=26 January 2025 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}</ref>

In March 2023, the company announced it would acquire Provention Bio and its type 1 diabetes therapy pipeline.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/frances-sanofi-acquire-us-based-provention-bio-29-bln-2023-03-13/ | title=Sanofi hones in on type 1 diabetes in $2.9 BLN Provention Bio deal | newspaper=Reuters | date=13 March 2023 | last1=Burger | first1=Ludwig | last2=Kartit | first2=Dina }}</ref>

In the fall of 2023, Sanofi announced plans to separate the OTC and focus on its key prescription production, increasing investment and reducing costs. The most likely way to separate a non-prescription division (about 11,000 employees, 2023 revenue — over $4 billion) is to create a public company headquartered in France. The division is planned for the fourth quarter of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|lang=en|url=https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/sanofis-planned-consumer-health-spinout-picks-interest-top-firms-bloomberg|title=Sanofi's planned consumer health spinoff picks up interest from multiple firms: Bloomberg|website=Fierce Pharma|date=21 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-27|archive-date=2024-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221163740/https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/sanofis-planned-consumer-health-spinout-picks-interest-top-firms-bloomberg}}</ref>

In December 2023, the company has signed a 140 million dollars partnership with Aqemia, a company that solves a mathematical equation that eliminates the need for heavy computing facilities with large computing power.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mollaret |first1=Guillaume |title=Aqemia, cette pépite de l'intelligence artificielle qui a séduit Sanofi |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/secteur/high-tech/aqemia-cette-pepite-de-l-intelligence-artificielle-qui-a-seduit-sanofi-20231205 |access-date=6 December 2023 |agency=Le Figaro |publisher=Le Figaro}}</ref>

In January 2024, Sanofi announced that it had agreed to buy a U.S. biotech firm Inhibrx for up to $2.2 billion, with a focus on obtaining Inhibrx's INBRX-101, an experimental treatment for [[Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency|Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency]] (AATD), an inherited rare disease that causes progressive deterioration of the lung tissue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanofi Buys Inhibrx for Up to $2.2B to Bolster Inflammation Drug Pipeline |url=https://www.biospace.com/article/sanofi-buys-inhibrx-for-up-to-2-2b-to-bolster-inflammation-drug-pipeline/ |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=BioSpace |date=23 January 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> The post-acquisition company now employs more than 90,000 employees in 90 countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Sanofi Optimized Lab Supply Procurement Using the ZAGENO Marketplace |url=https://go.zageno.com/blog/sanofi-optimized-lab-supply-procurement-zageno |website=ZAGENO |date=2024-07-10 |access-date=2025-03-17|language=en-US}}</ref>

In October 2024, Sanofi and CD&R entered exclusive negotiations to transfer a 50% controlling stake in [[Opella]] with Sanofi to remain a significant shareholder.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanofi in 'exclusive negotiations' to sell 50% stake in €16B consumer health unit Opella |url=https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/sanofi-exclusive-negotiations-sell-50-stake-eu16b-consumer-health-unit-opella |website=Fiercepharma|date=21 October 2024 }}</ref>

In May 2025, Sanofi announced the buyout of Vigil Neuroscience for $470 million.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Nick Paul |date=2025-05-22 |title=Sanofi inks $470M Vigil buyout to snag Alzheimer's prospect |url=https://www.fiercebiotech.com/biotech/sanofi-inks-470m-vigil-buyout-brushing-rivals-failures-join-novartis-alzheimers-race |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=www.fiercebiotech.com |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2025, it was announced that Sanofi had agreed to acquire the [[Emeryville, California]]-based company, Dynavax Technologies in an all-cash transaction valued at approximately US$2.2 billion.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sanofi pushes ahead on adult vaccines with $2.2 billion Dynavax deal |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/sanofi-acquire-us-biotech-dynavax-22-billion-2025-12-24/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251225193424/https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/sanofi-acquire-us-biotech-dynavax-22-billion-2025-12-24/ |archive-date=2025-12-25 |access-date=2026-03-18 |work=Reuters |language=en-US}}</ref> The acquisition, which is expected to close in the first quarter of 2026 subject to regulatory approvals, adds Dynavax’s approved and development-stage vaccine assets to Sanofi’s vaccines portfolio.<ref>{{Cite web |last=U |first=Ananthu C. |date=2025-12-24 |title=Sanofi to acquire Dynavax for $2.2B, sending shares higher by 37% |url=https://invezz.com/news/2025/12/24/sanofi-to-acquire-dynavax-for-2-2b-sending-shares-higher-by-37/ |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=Invezz |language=en}}</ref>

===Company financials===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Historical financial data (in billions of [[euro]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-03-31 |title=Annual Report 2005 on SEC Filing Form 20-F |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1121404/000119312506069546/d20f.htm |access-date=2017-02-22 |publisher=Sanofi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-01 |title=Annual Report 2010 on SEC Filing Form 20-F |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1121404/000119312511050947/d20f.htm |access-date=2017-02-22 |publisher=Sanofi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-04 |title=Annual Report 2015 on SEC Filing Form 20-F |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1121404/000119312516493072/d246196d20f.htm |access-date=2017-02-22 |publisher=Sanofi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-08 |title=Form 20-F 2016 |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1121404/000119312517069257/d245496d20f.htm |access-date=27 November 2019 |publisher=[[EDGAR]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2018 |title=Form 20-F 2017 |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1121404/000119312518073307/d466787d20f.htm |access-date=27 November 2019 |publisher=[[EDGAR]]}}</ref><ref name="Form 20-F 2018">{{Cite web |date=2019-03-08 |title=Form 20-F 2018 |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1121404/000119312519068926/d614161d20f.htm |access-date=27 November 2019 |publisher=[[EDGAR]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inline XBRL Viewer |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1121404/000112140420000006/sanofi20-f2019.htm |access-date=2020-06-03 |website=sec.gov}}</ref>
! Year !! 2001 !! 2002 !! 2003 !! 2004 !! 2005 !! 2006 !! 2007 !! 2008 !! 2009 !! 2010 !! 2011 !! 2012 !! 2013 !! 2014 !! 2015 !! 2016
!2017
!2018
!2019
!2023
|-
| Revenue || 6.069 || 7.448 || 8.048 || 14.87 || 27.31 || 28.37 || 28.05 || 27.57 || 29.31 || 30.38 || 33.39 || 34.95 || 30.97 || 31.69 || 34.54 || 33.82
|35.07
|34.46
|36.13
|43.07
|-
| Net Income || 1.098 || 1.640 || 1.865 || -3.665 || 2.202 || 4.006 || 5.263 || 3.851 || 5.265 || 5.467 || 5.646 || 4.888 || 3.716 || 4.390 || 4.287 || 4.800
|8.42
|4.31
|2.81
|5.43
|-
| Assets || 18.23 || 17.36 || 17.42 || 82.85 || 86.24 || 77.76 || 71.91 || 71.99 || 80.25 || 85.26 || 100.7 || 100.4 || 96.06 || 97.39 || 102.3 || 104.7
|99.81
|111.41
|112.74
|126.4
|-
| Equity || 12.75 || 12.60 || 12.74 || 41.63 || 46.40 || 45.60 || 44.54 || 44.87 || 48.32 || 53.10 || 56.19 || 57.35 || 56.9 || 56.12 || 58.05 || 57.72
|58.07
|58.88
|58.93
|74.35
|}
Note. In 2001–2004: Sanofi-Synthélabo; in 2004–2011: Sanofi-Aventis.

===Acquisition history===
{{hidden begin|border=1px #aaa solid|title=Sanofi Acquisitions|ta1=center}}
{{Tree list}}
*'''Sanofi'''
**Sanofi–Aventis
***[[Aventis]] (Merged 2004)
****[[Rhône-Poulenc]] (Merged 1999)
*****[[A. Nattermann]] (Acq 1986)
*****[[William H. Rorer, Inc.]] (Merged 1990)
*****Centeon
*****Pasteur Merieux
*****Rhône-Poulenc Agro
*****Rhône-Poulenc Animal Nutrition
*****Merial (Sold to [[Boehringer Ingelheim]] 2016)
*****[[Rhodia (company)|Rhodia]]
****[[Hoechst Marion Roussel]] (Merged 1999)
*****[[AgrEvo]]
*****HR Vet
*****[[Dade Behring]]
*****Centeon
*****[[Celanese]]
*****Messer
*****[[Roussel Uclaf]] (Acq 1997)
***[[Sanofi-Synthélabo]] (Merged 2004)
****Sanofi (Est 1973 as subsidiary of [[Elf Aquitaine]])
*****Midy
*****[[Sterling Winthrop]] (Acq 1994)
****[[Synthélabo]]
*****Laboratoires Dausse (Founded 1834, merged 1970)
*****Robert & Carrière (Founded 1899, merged 1970)
***[[Zentiva]] (Acq 2008)
****Leciva Slovakofarma (Acq 2003)
****Sicomed SA Bucharest (Acq 2005)
***Medley Farma (Acq 2009)
***Shantha Biotechnics (Acq 2009)
***Chattem (Acq 2010)
***Nepentes Pharma (Acq 2010)
***BMP Sunstone Corporation (Acq 2010)
**[[Genzyme Corporation]] (Acq 2011)
***Whatman Biochemicals Ltd (Acq 1981)
***Koch-Light Laboratories (Acq 1982)
***Integrated Genetics (Acq 1989, spun off 1991)
***Genecore International (Diagnostic enzyme div, acq 1991)
***Medix Biotech, Inc. (Acq 1992)
***Enzymatix Ltd (Acq 1992)
***Vivigen (Acq 1992)
***Virotech (Acq 1993)
***Omni Res srl (Acq 1993)
***Sygena Ltd (Acq 1994)
***BioSurface Technology Inc. (Acq 1994)
***TSI Inc. (Acq 1994)
***PharmaGenics, Inc. (Acq 1997)
***Biomatrix (Acq 2000)
***SangStat Medical Corp. (Acq 2003)
***Ilex Oncology Inc. (Acq 2004)
***Bone Care International Inc. (Acq 2005)
***AnorMED Inc. (Acq 2006)
***Bioenvision (Acq 2007)
**Protein Sciences (Acq 2017)
**[[Bioverativ]] (Acq 2018)
***True North Therapeutics (Acq 2017)
**[[Ablynx]] (Acq 2018)
**Synthorx (Acq 2019)
**Principia Biopharma (Acq 2020)
**Kiadis Pharma (Acq 2020)
**Kymab Ltd (Acq 2021)
**Tidal Therapeutics (Acq 2021)
**Translate Bio (Acq 2021)
**[[Kadmon Corporation]] (Acq 2021)
**Origimm Biotechnology GmbH (Acq 2021)
**Amunix Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2021)
**Provention Bio (Acq 2023)
**Inhibrx (Acq 2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanofi Buys Inhibrx for Up to $2.2B to Bolster Inflammation Drug Pipeline |url=https://www.biospace.com/article/sanofi-buys-inhibrx-for-up-to-2-2b-to-bolster-inflammation-drug-pipeline/ |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=BioSpace |date=23 January 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>
**Vigil Neuroscience (Acq 2025)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Nick Paul |date=2025-05-22 |title=Sanofi inks $470M Vigil buyout to snag Alzheimer's prospect |url=https://www.fiercebiotech.com/biotech/sanofi-inks-470m-vigil-buyout-brushing-rivals-failures-join-novartis-alzheimers-race |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=www.fiercebiotech.com |language=en}}</ref>
{{Tree list/end}}
{{Hidden end}}

==Products==
The following products are listed on the Sanofi Genzyme website. [[Generic drug]] names are given in parentheses following the brand name.

– [[Autoimmune]]
{{colbegin}}
* [[Aubagio]] ([[Teriflunomide]]), small molecule for [[multiple sclerosis]]. Approved by the FDA in September 2012.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=FDA approves new multiple sclerosis treatment Aubagio |date=12 September 2012 |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm319277.htm |access-date=2012-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913084145/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm319277.htm |archive-date=13 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Auvi-Q]] ([[Epinephrine autoinjector]]), licensed from Intelliject<ref>{{Cite web |title=kaléo |url=http://www.kaleopharma.com/intelliject-inc-receives-fda-approval-for-auvi-qtm-epinephrine-injection-usp/ |website=kaléo}}</ref> and approved by the FDA in 2012, for emergency treatment of life-threatening [[allergic reactions]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Thomas |first=Katie |date=1 February 2013 |title=Brothers Develop New Device to Halt Allergy Attacks |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/02/business/auvi-q-challenges-epipen-with-a-new-shape-and-size.html |access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref>
{{colend}}
'''Product recall and effects''': The epinephrine (adrenaline) auto-injection devices made by Sanofi SA currently on the market in the US and Canada were voluntarily recalled on 28 October 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Allerject epinephrine auto-injectors recalled |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/allerject-epinephrine-auto-injectors-recalled-by-drugmaker-sanofi-1.3293765 |website=Cbc.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanofi Canada Issues Voluntary Nationwide Recall of Allerject Due to Potential Inaccurate Dosage Delivery |url=http://www.allerject.ca/Common/docs/en/Sanofi-Canada-Issues-Voluntary-Recall-of-Allerject.pdf |access-date=22 September 2018 |website=Allerject.ca}}</ref> The reason given by Sanofi was that the products had been found to potentially have inaccurate dosage delivery systems, which might include failure to deliver the drugs.<ref name="auvi-q.com">{{Cite web |title=Auvi-Q® (epinephrine injection, USP) |url=https://www.auvi-q.com/ |website=Auvi-q.com}}</ref><ref name="fda.gov">{{Cite web |date=30 October 2015 |title=UPDATED: Sanofi US Issues Voluntary Nationwide Recall of All Auvi-Q Due to Potential Inaccurate Dosage Delivery |url=https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm469980.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203141137/https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm469980.htm |archive-date=3 February 2017 |access-date=23 May 2017 |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref>

Sanofi US also added the following warning: If a patient experiencing a serious allergic reaction (i.e., anaphylaxis) did not receive the intended dose, there could be significant health consequences, including death, because anaphylaxis is a potentially life‑threatening condition.<ref name="auvi-q.com" />

In its news release on 28 October 2015, Sanofi Canada stated that it was "actively working with suppliers of alternative epinephrine auto-injectors to have a full stock available in Canada as soon as possible. Canadian customers were asked to immediately return the Allerject product to their local pharmacy to obtain an alternate epinephrine auto-injector."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanofi Canada Issues Voluntary Nationwide Recall of Allerject® Due to Potential Inaccurate Dosage |url=http://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/sanofi-canada-issues-voluntary-nationwide-recall-of-allerject-due-to-potential-inaccurate-dosage-delivery-538090301.html |website=Newswire.ca}}</ref>

The US [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) also filed a news release,<ref name="fda.gov" /> confirming that the recall involved all Auvi-Q currently on the market in the United States. The FDA release went on to provide information for consumers re: exchanging the device for another brand of product, also provided on the Auvi-Q web site. Sanofi US would provide reimbursement for out of pocket costs incurred for the purchase of new, alternate epinephrine auto-injectors with proof of purchase.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-29 |title=Sanofi US Issues Voluntary Nationwide Recall of ALL Auvi‑Q Epi Pens - Children's Medical Center |url=https://cmcpediatrics.com/2015/10/sanofi-us-issues-voluntary-nationwide-recall-of-all-auvi%e2%80%91q-epi-pens/ |access-date=2024-08-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The alternate products expected to most commonly replace the recalled Sanofi devices were the EpiPens made by [[Mylan]] in the US and by Pfizer—under license from Mylan—in Canada. Mylan already had an 85% market share of the auto-injectors in the USA<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reprints |first=Cynthia Koons CynthiaLKoons Robert Langreth RobertLangreth |title=How Marketing Turned the EpiPen into a Billion-Dollar Business |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-23/how-marketing-turned-the-epipen-into-a-billion-dollar-business |website=Bloomberg.com|date=23 September 2015 }}</ref> in the first half of 2015. Maylan was expected to benefit from the recall by its competitor Sanofi, according to a report published in the Fierce Pharma newsletter of 2 November 2015. As Bernstein analyst Ronny Gal wrote in a note to clients,"....it is very hard to see Auvi-Q returning to the market, as it will need to be redesigned and face uphill battle to recapture patient trust after the recall."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanofi's Auvi-Q recall puts Mylan's rival EpiPen in full control of blockbuster market – FiercePharma |url=http://www.fiercepharmamarketing.com/story/sanofis-auvi-q-recall-puts-mylans-rival-epipen-full-control-blockbuster-mar/2015-11-02 |website=Fiercepharmamarketing.com}}</ref> Gal also believed that the company would eventually have 95% of the epinephrine auto-injector market, according to another Fierce Pharma report on 3 November 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's open season for Mylan's EpiPen as Sanofi, Teva stumble – FiercePharma |url=http://www.fiercepharma.com/story/its-open-season-mylans-epipen-sanofi-teva-stumble/2015-11-02 |website=Fiercepharma.com|date=2 November 2015 }}</ref>

– [[Cardiovascular]]
{{colbegin}}
* [[Adenoscan]] ([[Adenosine]]), for arrhythmias, marketed by Astellas.
* [[Altace]] ([[Ramipril]]), for [[hypertension]], marketed by Pfizer.
* [[Arixtra]] ([[Fondaparinux]]), for thrombosis, marketed by GlaxoSmithKline and now owned by Mylan.
* [[Avalide]] ([[Irbesartan]]), for [[hypertension]], marketed by Bristol-Myers Squibb.
* [[Avapro]] ([[Irbesartan]]), for [[hypertension]], marketed by Bristol-Myers Squibb.
* [[Cardizem]] ([[Diltiazem]]), for [[hypertension]], Now owned by Bausch Health.
* [[Cholestagel]] ([[Colesevelam]]), for low-calorie diet and exercise.
* [[Cordarone]] ([[Amiodarone]]), for heart rhythm problems.
* Iprivask ([[Desirudin]]), for atherothrombosis, Now owned by Bausch Health.
* [[Kynamro]] ([[Mipomersen]]), an [[antisense drug]] invented by [[Isis Pharmaceuticals]] and acquired by Genzyme in 2008, (pre-Sanofi)<ref>Lisa M. Jarvis for Chemical and Engineering News. 14 January 2008 [http://cen.acs.org/articles/86/i2/Isis-Genzyme-Heart-Drug-Deal.html Isis, Genzyme In Heart Drug Deal]</ref> and approved by the FDA in 2013, for the [[orphan disease]] [[Familial hypercholesterolemia|homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia]].<ref>{{cite news |date=29 January 2013 |title=F.D.A. Approves Genetic Drug to Treat Rare Disease |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/30/business/fda-approves-genetic-drug-to-treat-rare-disease.html |access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref>
* [[Lasix]] ([[Furosemide]]), for edema.
* [[Lovenox]] ([[Enoxaparin]]), for thrombosis, (its biggest seller in 2008).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Review 2008 |url=http://en.sanofi-aventis.com/binaries/Sanofi_RA_EN_tcm28-24842.pdf |access-date=2009-04-19 |publisher=Sanofi-Aventis}}</ref>
* [[Multaq]] ([[Dronedarone]]), for cardiac arrhythmias.
* [[Nitrolingual]] ([[Nitroglycerin]]), for chest pain and angina, marketed by G. Pohl-Boskamp GmbH & Co.
* [[Plavix]] ([[Clopidogrel]]), for atherothrombosis, marketed by Bristol-Myers Squibb.
* [[Praluent]] ([[Alirocumab]]), for heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, marketed by Regeneron.
* [[Ranexa]] ([[Ranolazine]]), for stable angina, marketed by Gilead Sciences.
{{colend}}

– [[Dermatology]]
{{colbegin}}
* [[Dupixent]] ([[Dupilumab]]), for eczema, marketed by Regeneron.
* [[Dynabac]] ([[Dirithromycin]]), for acute bacteria exacerbations.
* Sklice ([[Ivermectin]]), for head lice, now owned by Arbor Pharmaceuticals.
{{colend}}

– [[Diabetes]]
{{colbegin}}
* Adlyxin ([[Lixisenatide]]), for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
* Admelog (insulin lispro), for type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
* [[Afrezza]] ([[Inhalable insulin]]), for type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
* [[Amaryl]] ([[Glimepiride]]), for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
* [[Apidra]] (insulin glulisine), for type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
* [[Diabeta]] ([[Glyburide]]), for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
* [[Glucophage]] ([[Metformin]]), for type 2 diabetes mellitus, marketed by EMD Serono.
* Insuman ([[insulin|Human insulin]]), for type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
* [[Lantus]] (insulin glargine), for type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
* Soliqua (insulin glargine/lixisenatide), for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
* [[Toujeo]] (insulin glargine), for [[Diabetes mellitus#Type 1 diabetes|type 1]] and [[Diabetes mellitus#Type 2 diabetes|type 2]] [[diabetes mellitus]].
{{colend}}

– [[Endocrinology]]
{{colbegin}}
* Adlyxin ([[Lixisenatide]]), for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
* Admelog (insulin lispro), for type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
* [[Afrezza]] ([[Inhalable insulin]]), for type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
* [[Amaryl]] ([[Glimepiride]]), for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
* [[Apidra]] (insulin glulisine), for type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
* [[Cholestagel]] ([[Colesevelam]]), for low-calorie diet and exercise.
* [[Diabeta]] ([[Glyburide]]), for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
* [[Glucophage]] ([[Metformin]]), for type 2 diabetes mellitus, marketed by EMD Serono.
* [[Hectorol]] ([[Doxercalciferol]]), for parathyroid hormone.
* Insuman ([[insulin|Human insulin]]), for type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
* [[Lantus]] (insulin glargine), for type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
* [[Skelid]] ([[Tiludronic acid]]), for [[Paget's disease of bone]].
* Soliqua (insulin glargine/lixisenatide), for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
* [[Toujeo]] (insulin glargine), for [[Diabetes mellitus#Type 1 diabetes|type 1]] and [[Diabetes mellitus#Type 2 diabetes|type 2]] [[diabetes mellitus]].
{{colend}}

– [[Gastroenterology]]
{{colbegin}}
* [[Dupixent]] ([[Dupilumab]]), for eosinophilic esophagitis, marketed by Regeneron.
* [[Lanzor]] ([[Lansoprazole]]), for acid reflux disease.
* Seprafilm ([[Adhesion barrier]]), for internal adhesions.
* [[Zaltrap]] ([[Aflibercept]]), [[Recombinant DNA|recombinant]] [[fusion protein]], approved in metastatic colorectal cancer in combination with other agents in 2012, marketed by Regeneron.<ref name=ZaltrapFDA/>
{{colend}}

– [[Hematology]]

{{colbegin}}
* [[Alprolix]] ([[Factor IX]]), for hemophilia B.
* [[Arixtra]] ([[Fondaparinux]]), for thrombosis, marketed by GlaxoSmithKline and now owned by Mylan.
* [[Cablivi]] ([[Caplacizumab]]), for thrombosis.
* [[Campath]] ([[Alemtuzumab]]), for [[multiple sclerosis]].
* [[Clolar]] ([[Clofarabine]]), for leukemia.
* Eloctate ([[Factor VIII]]), for hemophilia A.
* [[Ferrlecit]] ([[Sodium ferric gluconate complex]]), for [[iron deficiency anemia]].
* [[Fludara]] ([[Fludarabine]]), for leukemia.
* [[Mozobil]] ([[Plerixafor]]), for [[macrocycle]], approved by the [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] for peripheral blood stem cell mobilizer for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma in December 2008.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Mozobil approved for non-hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma |date=18 December 2008 |publisher=Monthly Prescribing Reference |url=http://www.prescribingreference.com/news/showNews/which/MozobilApprovedForNonHodgkinsLymphomaAndMultipleMyeloma121801 |access-date=3 January 2009}}</ref>
* Oforta ([[Fludarabine]]), for leukemia.
* [[Thymoglobulin]], for hemophilia A.
* [[Zemaira]] ([[Alpha-1 antitrypsin]]), for chronic augmentation, Now owned by [[CSL Behring]].
{{colend}}

– Infectious diseases
{{colbegin}}
* Antibiotics:
* Amoklavin ([[Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid]])
* [[Claforan]] ([[Cefotaxime]])
* [[Priftin]] ([[Rifapentine]])
* [[Suprax]] ([[Cefixime]])
* [[Tavanic]] ([[Levofloxacin]])
* Vaccines:
**Bacterial diseases:
* [[ActHIB]] ([[Hib vaccine]])
* [[Adacel (vaccine)|Adacel]] ([[DPT vaccine]])
* [[Daptacel]] ([[DPT vaccine]])
* [[Dengvaxia]] ([[Dengue vaccine]])
* [[Menactra]] ([[Meningococcal vaccine|Meningococcal infections]])
* Mycobax ([[Tuberculosis vaccine]])
* [[Pentacel]] ([[DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine]])
* Pneumo 23 ([[Pneumococcal vaccine|Pneumococcal infections]])
* [[Quadracel]] ([[DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine]])
* [[Shanchol]] ([[Cholera vaccine]])
* [[Synercid]] ([[Quinupristin/dalfopristin]]), marketed by Pfizer.
* Tenivac ([[Tetanus vaccine]])
* [[Tripedia]] ([[DPT vaccine]]), discontinued in 2012.
* Tubersol ([[Tuberculosis vaccine]])
* [[Typhim Vi]] ([[Typhoid fever]])
* Vaccin Tetanique Pasteur ([[Tetanus vaccine]])
**Viral diseases:
* ACAM 2000 ([[Smallpox vaccine]]), eradicated in 1980 (vaccine produced as a measure in response to the threat of bioterrorism).
* Avaxim ([[Hepatitis A vaccine]])
* [[Flublok]] ([[Influenza vaccine]])
* [[Fluzone]] ([[Influenza vaccine]])
* Hbvaxpro ([[Hepatitis B vaccine]])
* Imovax Polio ([[Polio vaccine]])
* Imovax Rabies ([[Rabies vaccine]])
* [[Ipol]] ([[Polio vaccine]])
* Ixiaro ([[Japanese encephalitis]])
* M-M-RVaxPro ([[MMR vaccine]])
* Rouvax ([[Measles vaccine]])
* Rudivax ([[Rubella vaccine]])
* Stamaril ([[Yellow fever vaccine]])
* [[Vaxigrip]] ([[Influenza vaccine]])
* YF-VAX ([[Yellow fever vaccine]])
{{colend}}

– [[Metabolic]]
{{colbegin}}
* [[Actonel]] ([[Risedronic acid]]), for [[osteoporosis]] and [[Paget's disease of bone|Paget's disease]], now owned by Allergan.
* [[Renagel]] ([[Sevelamer]]) hydrochloride, for [[Chronic kidney disease|end stage renal disease]].
* [[Renvela]] ([[Sevelamer]]) hydrochloride, for [[Chronic kidney disease|end stage renal disease]].
{{colend}}

– [[Neurology]]
{{colbegin}}
* [[Ambien]] ([[Zolpidem]]), for [[insomnia]].
* [[Ambien CR]] ([[Zolpidem]]), for [[insomnia]].
* [[Aubagio]] ([[Teriflunomide]]), for [[multiple sclerosis]].
* [[Depakine]] ([[Valproic acid]]), for [[epilepsy]], now owned by AbbVie.
* [[Depakote]] ([[Valproate semisodium]]), for [[epilepsy]], now owned by AbbVie.
* [[Hyalgan]] ([[Sodium hyaluronate]]), for [[blood tests]].
* [[Lemtrada]] ([[Alemtuzumab]]), for [[multiple sclerosis]].
* [[Pediapred]] ([[Prednisolone]]), for [[multiple sclerosis]].
* [[Rilutek]] ([[Riluzole]]), for ALS.
* [[Sabril]] ([[Vigabatrin]]), for [[epilepsy]], marketed by Lundbeck.
{{colend}}

– [[Oncology]]

{{colbegin}}
* [[Anzemet]] ([[Dolasetron]]), for nausea and vomiting.
* [[Campath]] ([[Alemtuzumab]]), for [[multiple sclerosis]].
* [[Caprelsa]] ([[Vandetanib]]), for breast, colorectal cancer and female infertility.
* [[Clolar]] ([[Clofarabine]]), for leukemia.
* [[Clomid]] ([[Clomifene]]), for [[female infertility]].
* [[Dupixent]] ([[Dupilumab]]), for eczema, marketed by Regeneron.
* [[Eligard]] ([[Leuprorelin]]), for prostate cancer, marketed by Astellas.
* [[Elitek]] ([[Rasburicase]]), for the treatment to help stop uric acid.
* [[Eloxatin]] ([[Oxaliplatin]]), for [[colorectal cancer]].
* [[Fludara]] ([[Fludarabine]]), for leukemia.
* [[Gliadel Wafer]] ([[Carmustine]]), for cancer, now owned by Arbor Pharmaceuticals.
* [[Jevtana]] ([[Cabazitaxel]]), for prostate cancer.
* [[Kevzara]] ([[Sarilumab]]), for blood tests, [[lung cancer|lung]] and [[prostate cancer]], marketed by Regeneron.
* [[Libtayo]] ([[Cemiplimab]]), for squamous cell skin cancer, marketed by Regeneron.
* [[Mozobil]] ([[Plerixafor]]), [[macrocycle]], approved by the [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] for peripheral blood stem cell mobilizer for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma in December 2008.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Mozobil approved for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma |date=18 December 2008 |publisher=Monthly Prescribing Reference |url=http://www.prescribingreference.com/news/showNews/which/MozobilApprovedForNonHodgkinsLymphomaAndMultipleMyeloma121801 |access-date=3 January 2009}}</ref>
* Oforta ([[Fludarabine]]), for leukemia.
* [[Taxotere]] ([[Docetaxel]]), for [[breast cancer|breast]], [[lung cancer|lung]] and [[prostate cancer]].
* [[Uroxatral]] ([[Alfuzosin]]), for [[benign prostatic hyperplasia]].
* [[Zaltrap]] ([[Aflibercept]]), [[Recombinant DNA|recombinant]] [[fusion protein]], approved in metastatic colorectal cancer in combination with other agents in 2012, marketed by Regeneron.<ref name=ZaltrapFDA/>
{{colend}}

– Other
{{colbegin}}
* [[Aldurazyme]] ([[Laronidase]]), for hurler syndrome.
* [[Aplenzin]] ([[Bupropion]]), for depression and quit smoking.
* Captique ([[Dermal filler]]), for facial wrinkles.
* Carticel ([[Knee cartilage replacement therapy]]), for knee pain.
* [[Cerdelga]] ([[Eliglustat]]), for type 1 gaucher disease.
* [[Ceredase]] ([[Alglucerase]]), for [[Gaucher's disease]].
* [[Cerezyme]] ([[Imiglucerase]]), for [[Gaucher's disease]].
* [[Elaprase]] ([[Idursulfase]]), marketed by Shire.
* Epicel (cultured epidermal autografts), for thickness burns.
* [[Fabrazyme]] ([[Agalsidase]]), for Fabry disease.
* [[Flagyl]] ([[Metronidazole]]), for vaginal infections, marketed by Pfizer.
* Hylaform Plus ([[Injectable filler]]), for facial wrinkles.
* [[Lumizyme]] ([[Alglucosidase alfa]]), for Pompe disease.
* [[Myozyme]] ([[Alglucosidase alfa]]), for Pompe disease.
* [[Sculptra]] ([[Polylactic acid]]), for facial fat loss.
* [[Thyrogen]] ([[Thyroid-stimulating hormone]]), for thyroid cancer.
{{colend}}

– [[Over the counter]]
{{colbegin}}
* Allegra ([[Fexofenadine]]), for [[allergic rhinitis]].
* [[Buscopan]] ([[Hyoscine butylbromide]]), for abdominal pain.
* [[Maalox]] ([[Calcium carbonate#Health and dietary applications|Calcium carbonate]]), an [[antacid]].
* [[Nasacort]] ([[Triamcinolone]]), for [[allergic rhinitis]].
* Novaldol ([[Paracetamol]]), for pain and fever.
* [[Unisom]] ([[Doxylamine]]), for night-time allergy and cold relief.
* [[Xyzal]] ([[Levocetirizine]]), for [[allergic rhinitis]], marketed by UCB.
* [[Telfast]] for Seasonal [[Allergy]] Relief<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telfast-arabia.com/|title=Recommended Allergy Medicine in the UAE | Telfast|website=Recommended Allergy Medicine in the UAE | Telfast}}</ref>
* Enterogermina Medicine for [[Diarrhea]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.enterogermina.ae/|title=Enterogermina – Probiotic Medicine for Diarrhea in UAE|website=Enterogermina Oral Suspension - Medicine For Diarrhea in the UAE}}</ref>

{{colend}}

– [[Pain]]
{{colbegin}}
* Bi-profined ([[Ketoprofen]]), for pain.
* [[Solpadol]] ([[Codeine]]), for [[chronic pain]].
{{colend}}

– [[Respiratory]] and inflammatory diseases
{{colbegin}}
* [[Atrovent]] ([[Ipratropium bromide]]), for asthma, marketed by Boehringer Ingelheim.
* [[Azmacort]] ([[Triamcinolone]]), for asthma.
* [[Dupixent]] ([[Dupilumab]]), for eosinophilic asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis, marketed by Regeneron.
* [[Dynabac]] ([[Dirithromycin]]), for acute bacterial exacerbations.
* [[Ketek]] ([[Telithromycin]]), for [[community acquired pneumonia]].
* [[Priftin]] ([[Rifapentine]]), for tuberculosis.
* [[Rifadin]] ([[Rifampin]]), for tuberculosis.
* [[Rifamate]] ([[Isoniazid/rifampicin]]), for tuberculosis.
* [[Rifater]] ([[Rifampicin/isoniazid/pyrazinamide]]), for tuberculosis.
* [[Tilade]] ([[Nedocromil]]), for asthma.
* Zagam ([[Sparfloxacin]]), for chronic bronchitis.
* [[Zemaira]] ([[Alpha-1 antitrypsin]]), for chronic augmentation, now owned by CSL Behring.
* Mucosolvan Medicine for [[Cough]]
* [[Rhinathiol]] ([[Carbocisteine)]], for cough and mucus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mucosolvan-arabia.com/|title=Cough Medicine UAE - Eliminate Excess Mucus & Phlegm | Mucosolvan|website=Cough And Cold Medicine To Eliminate Mucus | Mucosolvan®}}</ref>
{{colend}}

– [[Rheumatology]]
{{colbegin}}
* Arava ([[Leflunomide]]), for [[rheumatoid arthritis|rheumatoid]] and [[psoriatic arthritis]].
* [[Kevzara]] ([[Sarilumab]]), for blood tests, [[lung cancer|lung]] and [[prostate cancer]], marketed by Regeneron.
* [[Primaquine]] ([[Primaquine]]), for malaria.
* [[Synvisc]] ([[Hyaluronic acid]]), for knee pain.
{{colend}}

– [[Urology]]
{{colbegin}}
* [[Ditropan XL]] ([[Oxybutynin chloride]]), for bladder relief, marketed by Janssen.
* [[Eligard]] ([[Leuprorelin]]), for prostate cancer, marketed by Astellas.
* [[Flomax]] ([[Tamsulosin]]), for bladder relief, marketed by Astellas.
{{colend}}

The company also produces a broad range of over-the-counter products, among them [[Fexofenadine|Allegra]], [[IcyHot]] for muscle pain, [[Gold Bond medicated powder|Gold Bond]] for skin irritation, and [[Selsun Blue]] dandruff shampoo. These brands were acquired in 2010, when Sanofi-Aventis purchased [[Chattem]].

===Pipeline===
{{As of|2013}}, Sanofi was in a race with [[Amgen]] and [[Pfizer]] to win approval for a [[PCSK9 inhibitor|drug that inhibits PCSK9]], a protein that slows the clearance of [[low-density lipoprotein]] (LDL) cholesterol – the form of cholesterol that leads to heart attacks.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kolata |first=Gina |date=9 July 2013 |title=Rare Mutation Ignites Race for Cholesterol Drug |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/10/health/rare-mutation-prompts-race-for-cholesterol-drug.html |access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref> Sanofi's drug, a [[monoclonal antibody]], was discovered by [[Regeneron Pharmaceuticals]] and is called [[alirocumab]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alirocumab on Regeneron's website |url=http://www.regeneron.com/regn727 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416102019/http://www.regeneron.com/regn727 |archive-date=16 April 2012 |access-date=11 December 2020}}</ref> An FDA warning in March 2014, about possible cognitive adverse effects of PCSK9 inhibition threw the competition into disarray, as the FDA asked companies to include neurocognitive testing into their [[Phase III clinical trials]].<ref>John Carroll for FierceBiotech 7 March 2014 [http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/regeneron-sanofi-and-amgen-shares-suffer-fdas-frets-about-pcsk9-drug/2014-03-07 UPDATED: Regeneron, Sanofi and Amgen shares suffer on FDA's frets about PCSK9 class]</ref>

In 2013, Sanofi announced that another candidate from its collaboration with Regeneron, a monoclonal antibody against the interleukin 6 receptor, [[sarilumab]], had better efficacy than placebo in its first Phase III trial in rheumatoid arthritis.<ref>John Carroll for FierceBiotech 22 November 2013 [http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/regeneron-sanofi-hit-trio-goals-first-phiii-test-rheumatoid-arthritis-drug/2013-11-22#ixzz2yojrEVlP Regeneron, Sanofi hit a trio of goals in first PhIII test of rheumatoid arthritis drug]</ref>

===Management===

* [[Frédéric Oudéa]], [[chairman of the board|chairman]] (April 2023 - )<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Board of Directors {{!}} Sanofi |url=https://www.sanofi.com/en/our-company/governance/board-of-directors |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=www.sanofi.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Olivier Charmeil, interim CEO<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Press Release: Belén Garijo to become Chief Executive Officer of Sanofi |url=https://www.sanofi.com/en/media-room/press-releases/2026/2026-02-12-06-30-00-3236866 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=www.sanofi.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Belén Garijo]], incoming CEO; planned start date of April 29, 2026<ref name=":0" />
* Jean-François Dehecq was the [[general manager]] of Sanofi from its creation in 1973 until 2007.
* François-Xavier Roger, [[Chief financial officer|CFO]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= 2 February 2024|title=Sanofi recruits François-Xavier Roger |url=https://www.daf-mag.fr/Thematique/fonction-finance-1242/mouvements-2126/Breves/Fran-ois-Xavier-Roger-devient-directeur-financier-de-Sanofi-400274.htm}}</ref>

===Stockholders===
As of 31 December 2013:<ref name="AR2013">{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2013 |url=http://en.sanofi.com/Images/35795_20-F_2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326200214/http://en.sanofi.com/Images/35795_20-F_2013.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2014 |access-date=13 April 2014 |publisher=Sanofi-Aventis}}</ref>{{rp|185}}

* Breakdown of share ownership: 8.93% by [[L'Oréal]], 0.27% [[treasury shares]] and 1.31% [[stock option|employees]]. The remaining 89.49% were [[publicly traded]].{{efn-ua|name=Total|[[TotalEnergies|Total]] reduced its stake to less than 5% in 2011.<ref>MarketWatch 29 April 2011 [http://www.marketwatch.com/story/total-cfo-says-firm-cut-sanofi-stake-to-under-5-2011-04-29 Total CFO says firm cut Sanofi stake to under 5%]</ref>}}

==Head office==
[[File:Sanofi HQ.jpg|thumb|Former head office 174 avenue de France, Paris 13th arrondissement]]
[[File:Rue de la Boétie, 54-56.jpg|thumb|upright|Head office 54 rue de la Boétie, Paris 8th arrondissement]]

In January 2012, Sanofi moved its head office location to 54, [[Rue La Boétie]] in the [[8th arrondissement of Paris]]. This former mansion designed by architect René-Patouillard had previously been the head office of Alcatel-Lucent.

Sanofi's previous head office was located in the [[13th arrondissement of Paris]], at 174 Avenue de France. The architecture of the head office is of the predominant style of the area surrounding the [[François Mitterrand Library]]. After Sanofi and Aventis merged, the employees at the former Aventis head office in [[Schiltigheim]], [[Alsace]], moved to Paris.<ref>"[http://www.journaldunet.com/economie/reportage/les-sieges-sociaux-des-entreprises-du-cac-40/sanofi-aventis-regroupement-a-paris.shtml Sanofi-Aventis : regroupement à Paris]." ''Le Journal du Net''. Retrieved on 28 September 2010.</ref>

In November 2022, Sanofi moved into its new global headquarters in the 17th arrondissement of Paris, at 46-48 Avenue de la Grande Armée.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kansteiner |first=Fraiser |date=2022-11-28 |title=Sanofi moves into swanky new Paris HQ designed around hybrid work and sustainability |url=https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/sanofi-moves-swanky-new-paris-hq-built-around-hybrid-work-and-sustainability |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=Fierce Pharma |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Release: Sanofi moves into its new Paris global headquarters - Sanofi |url=https://www.sanofi.com/en/media-room/press-releases/2022/2022-11-28-09-00-00-2562820 |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=www.sanofi.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Collaborative research==
In addition to internal research and development activities, Sanofi is also involved in publicly funded collaborative research projects, with other industrial and academic partners. One example in the area of [[Pre-clinical development|non-clinical]] safety assessment is the [[Innovative Medicines Initiative|InnoMed PredTox project]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mattes |first=William B. |title=Essential Concepts in Toxicogenomics |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-58829-638-2 |editor-last=Mendrick |editor-first=Donna L. |series=[[Methods in Molecular Biology]] |volume=460 |pages=221–238 |chapter=Public Consortium Efforts in Toxicogenomics |doi=10.1007/978-1-60327-048-9_11 |pmid=18449490 |editor-last2=Mattes |editor-first2=William B.}}</ref><ref name="InnoMed PredTox official project website">{{Cite web |title=InnoMed PredTox Member Organizations |url=http://www.innomed-predtox.com/consortium/members/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926214522/http://www.innomed-predtox.com/consortium/members/ |archive-date=26 September 2008 |access-date=2008-08-25}}</ref> The company is expanding its activities in joint research projects within the framework of the [[Innovative Medicines Initiative]] of [[EFPIA]] and the [[European Commission]].<ref name="IMI Call Topics 2008">{{Cite web |last=Innovative Medicines Initiative |title=IMI Call Topics 2008 |url=http://imi.europa.eu/docs/calls01_en.zip |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015122459/http://imi.europa.eu/docs/calls01_en.zip |archive-date=2009-10-15 |access-date=2008-08-25 |website=IMI-GB-018v2-24042008-CallTopics.pdf |publisher=European Commission}}</ref>

In June 2010, Sanofi and the [[Charité|Charité University of Berlin]] signed a cooperation agreement for the research and development of medicines and therapies.<ref>[http://www.infogrok.com/index.php/pharma-companies/sanofi-aventis-charite-sign-research-cooperation-agreement.html Sanofi-aventis, Charite University Sign Cooperation Agreement] News article from InfoGrok.</ref>

On 25 October 2012, Sanofi said its earnings for the third quarter slumped, as generic competitors ate into profits from its [[Eloxatin]] [[cancer]] treatment.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 October 2012 |title=Sanofi Earns Slump in Q3 as Competition Heats Up |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2012/10/25/world/europe/ap-eu-france-earns-sanofi.html}} {{dead link|date=November 2019}}</ref>

In January 2026, Sanofi announced a strategic investment of up to $25 million in Adagene to collaborate on masked antibody therapies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adagene Form 6-K Report of Foreign Private Issuer (Jan 23, 2026) |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1818838/000110465926006028/tm263903d1_6k.htm |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=www.sec.gov}}</ref>

==Sanofi Pasteur==
{{main|Sanofi Pasteur}}

In 2005, Sanofi Pasteur, the vaccines division of Sanofi Group, was awarded a $97 Million [[United States Department of Health and Human Services]] (HHS) contract.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2005 |title=Sanofi pasteur Awarded $97 Million HHS Contract to Accelerate Cell-Culture Pandemic Influenza Vaccine Development |url=http://www.presseportal.de/story.htx?nr=664301&ressort=7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050425220406/http://www.presseportal.de/story.htx?nr=664301&ressort=7 |archive-date=25 April 2005 |access-date=12 June 2013}}</ref>

===BCG supply shortage 2012–2014===
In 2011, a Sanofi Pasteur plant flooded, causing it problems with mold.<ref name="FDA_2012">{{Citation |title=April 2012 Inspectional Observations (form 483) |date=12 April 2012 |url=https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/CellularGeneTherapyProducts/ApprovedProducts/ucm310376.htm |work=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) |series=Vaccines, Blood & Biologics |access-date=29 January 2016}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The facility, located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, produced [[BCG vaccine]] products, made with the Glaxo 1077 strain,<ref name="WHO_2004">{{Cite book |last=Fine, P.E.M |url=https://www.who.int/vaccines-documents/DocsPDF99/www9943.pdf |title=Issues relating to the use of BCG in immunization programmes: A discussion document, WHO/V&B/99.23 |publisher=[[World Health Organization|WHO]] |year=2004 |location=Geneva |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021215237/http://www.who.int/vaccines-documents/DocsPDF99/www9943.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> such as a tuberculosis vaccine ImmuCYST, a BCG Immunotherapeutic, a bladder cancer drug. By April 2012, the FDA had found dozens of documented problems with sterility at the plant, including mold, nesting birds, and rusted electrical conduits.<ref name="FDA_2012" /> The plant was closed for over two years, resulting in shortages of bladder cancer and tuberculosis vaccines.<ref name="Sanofi_2014_BCG_vaccine">{{Citation |last=Palmer |first=Eric |title=Merck again shipping BCG cancer treatment but Sanofi still is not: Shortages of bladder cancer and tuberculosis treatment have persisted for two years |date=10 September 2014 |work=FiercePharma}}</ref> On 29 October 2014 [[Health Canada]] gave Sanofi permission to resume production of BCG.<ref name="FiercePharma_mar_2015">{{Citation |last=Palmer |first=Eric |title=Sanofi Canada vax plant again producing ImmuCyst bladder cancer drug |date=31 March 2015 |url=http://www.fiercepharmamanufacturing.com/story/sanofi-vaccine-plant-canada-again-producing-immucyst-bladder-drug/2015-03-31 |work=FiercePharma |access-date=29 January 2016}}</ref>

===COVID-19 vaccine===
{{main article|Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine|Sanofi–Translate Bio COVID-19 vaccine}}

In 2020, Sanofi, together with [[GlaxoSmithKline|GSK]], signed a deal with the US government's Operation Warp Speed to provide 100 million doses of COVID-19 vaccine for up to US$2.1 billion, if the vaccine was approved.<ref>{{Citation |title=Sanofi and GSK selected for Operation Warp Speed to supply United States Government with 100 million doses of COVID-19 vaccine |date=31 July 2020 |url=https://www.gsk.com/en-gb/media/press-releases/sanofi-and-gsk-selected-for-operation-warp-speed-to-supply-united-states-government-with-100-million-doses-of-covid-19-vaccine/ |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>

As of August 2020, COVID-19 vaccine development in Sanofi underscored its fundamental competitiveness weakness, with which management has been struggling and failed to deal with for many years, beyond cutting more costs. Unfortunately, even though the approach of Sanofi-GSK is based on pre-existing, approved platforms and technology (as with Flublok flu), without reinventing the wheel of the necessary infrastructure,<ref>{{Citation |title=Sanofi and GSK land $2.1 billion deal with U.S. for Covid-19 vaccine development and 100 million doses |date=31 July 2020 |url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/31/operation-warp-speed-sanofi-gsk-covid19-vaccine/ |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> the company lagged behind many other rivals in delivering a working vaccine. Sanofi planned to start Phase 1 clinical testing only in September and expected emergency use approval in the first half of 2021.<ref>{{Citation |title=Sanofi accelerates coronavirus vaccine plans |date=24 June 2020 |url=http://www.pmlive.com/pharma_news/sanofi_accelerates_coronavirus_vaccine_plans_1342841 |access-date=7 August 2020 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227070318/http://www.pmlive.com/pharma_news/sanofi_accelerates_coronavirus_vaccine_plans_1342841 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Competitors such as Novavax had already completed Phase 1 studies, with promising results,<ref>{{Citation |title=Novavax Announces Positive Phase 1 Data for its COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate |date=4 August 2020 |url=https://ir.novavax.com/news-releases/news-release-details/novavax-announces-positive-phase-1-data-its-covid-19-vaccine |access-date=7 August 2020 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613192737/http://ir.novavax.com/news-releases/news-release-details/novavax-announces-positive-phase-1-data-its-covid-19-vaccine |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Moderna-NIH had already initiated its Phase 3 trial.<ref>{{Citation |title=Phase 3 clinical trial of investigational vaccine for COVID-19 begins |date=27 July 2020 |url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/phase-3-clinical-trial-investigational-vaccine-covid-19-begins |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> According to CNBC reports,<ref>{{Citation |title=U.S. agrees to pay Sanofi and GSK $2.1 billion for 100 million doses of coronavirus vaccine |date=31 July 2020 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/31/us-agrees-to-pay-sanofi-and-gsk-2point1-billion-for-100-million-doses-of-coronavirus-vaccine.html |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> as part of the $2.1 billion US government deal, more than 750 million went to supporting Sanofi-GSK in vaccine development and clinical trials. Sanofi turn-outs "accelerate" the development via a smaller biotech firm, Translate Bio, with a $425M partnership.<ref>{{Citation |title=Sanofi, a straggler in the Covid-19 vaccine race, accelerates its plans |date=23 June 2020 |url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/06/23/sanofi-a-straggler-in-the-covid-19-vaccine-race-accelerates-its-plans/ |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>

At the end of September 2021, Sanofi announced that it would stop developing its mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Despite promising results, the drug would not continue to Phase 3 trials, and the company stated that it would be 'too late to reach the market.'<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-28|title=France's Sanofi halts work on mRNA Covid vaccine amid success of Pfizer, Moderna|url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210928-france-s-sanofi-halts-work-on-mrna-covid-vaccine-amid-rivals-success|access-date=2021-09-29|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-28|title=French drugmaker Sanofi halts development of its mRNA COVID vaccine|url=https://www.euronews.com/2021/09/28/covid-vaccine-french-drugmaker-sanofi-halts-development-of-its-mrna-jab|access-date=2021-09-29|website=euronews|language=en}}</ref>

==Opella==
[[Opella]] is the former Consumer Healthcare (CHC) division of Sanofi, established as an independent company headquartered in France on April 30, 2025.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sanofi.com/en/media-room/press-releases/2025/2025-04-30-11-00-00-3071167 | title=Press Release: Sanofi and CD&R close Opella transaction, create global consumer healthcare leader }}</ref> Its formation followed the sale of a 50.0% controlling stake by Sanofi to the private equity firm [[Clayton, Dubilier & Rice]] (CD&R). Sanofi retained a significant 48.2% minority shareholding, while the French public investment bank [[Bpifrance]] acquired a 1.8% stake.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sanofi.com/en/media-room/press-releases/2025/2025-04-30-11-00-00-3071167 | title=Press Release: Sanofi and CD&R close Opella transaction, create global consumer healthcare leader }}</ref> The transaction provided Sanofi with approximately €10 billion in net cash proceeds.<ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/04/30/3071167/0/en/Press-Release-Sanofi-and-CD-R-close-Opella-transaction-create-global-consumer-healthcare-leader.html | title=Press Release: Sanofi and CD&R close Opella transaction, create global consumer healthcare leader | date=30 April 2025 }}</ref>

==Associations==
Sanofi is a full member of the [[European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations]] (EFPIA),<ref>{{cite news |title=The Pharmaceutical Industry in Figures – 2008 Edition |page=49 |publisher=European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA) |url=http://www.efpia.eu/content/default.asp?PageID=559&DocID=4883 |url-status=dead |access-date=2008-08-25 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080916100937/http://www.efpia.eu/content/default.asp?PageID=559&DocID=4883 |archive-date=16 September 2008}}</ref> the [[Biotechnology Industry Organization]] (BIO),<ref>{{Cite web |title=BIO Member Directory – BIO |url=http://www.bio.org/articles/bio-members-web-site-links |access-date=22 September 2018 |website=BIO}}</ref> and the [[Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America]] (PhRMA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members – PhRMA |url=http://www.phrma.org/about/member-companies |access-date=22 September 2018 |website=Phrma.org}}</ref>

Sanofi's vaccine subsidiary, [[Sanofi Pasteur]], is a member of [[EuropaBio]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members | Europabio |url=http://www.europabio.org/members |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427151456/http://www.europabio.org/members |archive-date=27 April 2014 |access-date=19 April 2014}}</ref>

In June 2021, Sanofi partnered with [[Capgemini]], [[Orange S.A.|Orange]] & [[Generali Italia|Generali]] to launch Future4care, an all-European start-up accelerator centered on digital health.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tazrout|first=Zacharie|title=Orange, Generali, Sanofi and Capgemini launch Future4care, a start-up accelerator|url=https://www.actuia.com/english/orange-generali-sanofi-and-capgemini-launch-future4care-a-start-up-accelerator/|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Actu IA|date=11 June 2021 |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Schenker|first=Jennifer L.|date=2021-06-11|title=Future4Care: Four Corporates Team To Make Europe A Global Leader in E-Health|url=https://theinnovator.news/future4care-four-corporates-team-to-make-europe-a-global-leader-in-e-health/|access-date=2021-07-07|website=The Innovator|language=en}}</ref>

==Aventis Foundation==
The Aventis Foundation, a [[Germany|German]] charitable trust, was established in 1996, as the Hoechst Foundation, with an [[Financial endowment|endowment]] of €50 million. In 2000, the foundation was renamed the Aventis Foundation. The foundation promotes cultural and scientific projects, specifically focused on the Frankfurt Rhine-Main area.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Englisch {{!}} Aventis Foundation|url=https://www.aventis-foundation.org/englisch/|access-date=2021-09-14|language=de-DE|archive-date=14 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914144124/https://www.aventis-foundation.org/englisch/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Amgen Inc v. Sanofi]]'', a United States Supreme Court case on patent enablement
* [[Sanofi Biogenius Canada]]
{{Portal bar|France|Companies}}

==Notes==
{{notelist-ua}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sanofi}}
* {{Official website|https://www.sanofi.com/}}
* {{OpenSecrets}}
* [https://substack.com/home/post/p-185541478 Adagene & Sanofi Collaboration: Deal Structure & Clinical Strategy Analysis] (January 2026) – Deep dive into the $25M investment terms and masking technology.

{{Sanofi}}
{{Euro Stoxx 50 Companies}}
{{CAC 40 companies}}
{{Authority control|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Sanofi| ]]
[[Category:Biotechnology companies of France]]
[[Category:CAC 40]]
[[Category:Companies in the Euro Stoxx 50]]
[[Category:Companies in the Dow Jones Global Titans 50]]
[[Category:Companies listed on Euronext Paris]]
[[Category: Companies listed on the Nasdaq]]
[[Category: Companies formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Category: 1980s initial public offerings]]
[[Category:French brands]]
[[Category:French companies established in 1973]]
[[Category:Health care companies of France]]
[[Category:Health care companies established in 1973]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in France]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies established in 1973]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies of France]]

Chittaranjan Park

2026-03-13T19:39:24Z

Ieagle1:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chittaranjan Park
| native_name ={{native_name|bn|Chittorônjon Park}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[neighbourhoods of Delhi|Neighborhood of Delhi]]
| image_skyline = Crpark5.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Chittaranjan Park Kali Mandir, with shrines devoted to [[Shiva]], [[Kali]] and [[Radhakrishna]], built in 1984
| pushpin_map = India New Delhi
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.539592|77.247699|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[South East Delhi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = [http://www.citypincode.in/PinCodeOf.jsp?area=Chittranjan%20Park%20&district=South%20Delhi 110 019]
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi|MCD]]
}}

'''Chittaranjan Park''' (also known as C.R. Park and Mini Kolkata of Delhi ) is an neighborhood in [[South East Delhi]] and home to a large [[Bengali people|Bengali]] community. It was established on a rocky terrain in the early 1960s under the name '''EPDP Colony''' (East Pakistan Displaced Persons Colony) and later renamed after the ''deshbandhu'' (patriot) [[Chittaranjan Das]] in the 1980s.<ref name=trav/> Nowadays it is considered among the posh localities in South Delhi due to a rise in the market price of its plots. Despite its growing cosmopolitan nature, it remains home to a large Bengali community and is home to [[Kolkata]]-style street-food stalls, [[Bengali cuisine]], fish markets, temples, and cultural centers.<ref name=trav/> It hosts many festivities and cultural events. In Delhi, the festival of Durga Puja is the most celebrated here which boasts of many magnificent marquee.

==Demographics==
The colony was founded with plots going exclusively to migrants from East Bengal, but over time, the demographics have become a little more pan-Indian, though it continues to attract other Bengalis (West Bengal roots) in general. It has emerged as the most important outpost of Bengali culture in the capital. There is an explosive growth of [[South Delhi]] property prices and many famous builders step into this area for the development of infrastructure and it is also an upmarket and affluent neighbourhood.

===Centre of Bengali Culture in Delhi===
The first wave of Bengali settlers came to Delhi in the late 1700s and early 1800s. Another essential requirement was that of a Kali Bari. The first Kali Bari of Delhi is the one at [[Tis Hazari]], which still exists (as of October 2024). The idol and Kali Bari were first established in 1826 but the temple was destroyed during the 1857 revolt. The idol was later salvaged and a temple built in [[Roshan Pura]]. Space started to fall short to accommodate the devotees, the land was bought and the present temple built at Tis Hazari in 1917. There are more than 25 Kali bari temple and few Durga bari. Moreover, few other temples of Bengali faith are also built in different parts of New Delhi and NCR. The first private Durga Puja in Delhi was celebrated in 1842 by one Majumdar of Rajshahi, followed by some other Puja celebrations that continued for a few years. The first baroyari (community-based) Puja is that of [[Kashmiri Gate, Delhi|Kashmiri Gate]], first started in 1910 and still celebrated with the same fervour and traditions. Kali Bari in Mandir Marg temple built-in 1930. The Big wave of Bengali settled when Calcutta and Delhi were first connected by train in 1864, thereafter with the shifting of capital to New Delhi in 1911, the shifting to government employees' followed logically. The Next big wave settled in 1947 and 1971. Initially employees from central government departments like Post and Telegraph, Government of India Press, Accountant General of Central Revenues (AGCR) and Railways were settled in [[Timarpur]]; thereafter in 1924, another phase of government housing came up near [[Gole Market]], for employees of the [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Secretariat]]. Over time, many employees, after retirement, settled in [[Karol Bagh]] and WEA, and later in [[South Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=From Bengal, but staunchly Delhiites |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/coverage/Delhi100/From-Bengal-but-staunchly-Delhiites/newdelhi/SP-Article10-717796.aspx |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=6 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204104740/http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/coverage/Delhi100/From-Bengal-but-staunchly-Delhiites/newdelhi/SP-Article10-717796.aspx |archive-date=2011-12-04 }}</ref>

Chittaranjan Park however remains a major centre of Bengali cultural life in New Delhi, the best part is its evening life in the markets and on the streets people doing ''[[Adda (South Asian)|Adda]]'' - a favourite Bengali [[bhadralok]] pastime. The [[Durga Puja]] celebrations are renowned for their elaborate [[pandals]] and cultural functions. The major Durga Puja celebrations are B-Block, Kali Mandir, Co-operative Ground, Mela Ground, and Navapalli (Pocket 40). Auditoriums at Chittaranjan Bhawan and Bipin Pal Bhawan regularly host performances of [[Bengali theatre]] and music, which are also occasionally held in the Shiv/Kali Mandir. The week of Durga Puja sees performances by well-known artists and troupes from West Bengal and Bangladesh as well as performances from a group of local people residing at C.R. Park.
[[File:PA060139 cooperative.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Durga]] idol at Cooperative Park Puja, [[Durga Puja 2008]] ]]

Chittaranjan Park is also home to one of the city's main markets for freshwater fish, an integral part of Bengali cuisine, a large Kali temple, several cultural centres, four big markets specialising in Bengali sweets and numerous stalls selling Calcutta-style street food - chops, cutlets, [[kathi roll]]s, phuchka, real estate sector and jhaalmuri etc. The best of which can be found around the 4 major markets in the area. The markets are known as Market-1, Market-2, Market-3 and Market-4.

Raisana Bengali School is situated beside the Chittaranjan Park Kali Bari . Almost 75% of students in this school are Bengali.

==History==

In 1954, an association was formed for the inhabitants from [[East Bengal]] who were displaced from their homes in [[East Pakistan]] during the [[Partition of India]] and the associated. A large group of government officers hailing from the erstwhile East Bengal migrated to [[Delhi]] and lobbied for a residential neighbourhood. Leading roles were taken by Chandra Kumar Mukherjee,<ref name=trav/> Subodh Gopal Basumallik, Ashutosh Dutta, Bimal Bhusan Chakraborty, and the [[Chief Election Commissioner of India|Chief Election Commissioner]], [[S. P. Sen Verma|Shyamaprasanna Senverma]].<ref name=epdp>{{Cite web |url=http://epdpassociationcrpark.blogspot.com/2009/02/established-in-1954-and-registered.html |title=Purbachol |access-date=4 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120135127/http://epdpassociationcrpark.blogspot.com/2009/02/established-in-1954-and-registered.html |archive-date=20 November 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the 1960s, land was assigned in a barren rocky area in the then-distant Southern areas. Members were required to provide some documentation of their residential status, and were required to be "already residing in Delhi and gainfully employed in the capital"; based on this, 2147 people were given plots of land, initially on lease for 99 years, but subsequently converted into freehold ownership. The role of Delhi Development Authority i.e. DDA also needs some mention here. Many people who could not afford to build a house in their plot of land got DDA to build houses for them and they gradually paid off the cost of construction as instalments every year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citypincode.in/PinCodeOf.jsp?area=Chittranjan%20Park%20&district=South%20Delhi |title=Pin Code of Chittaranjan Park Delhi |publisher=citypincode.in |access-date=2014-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513090322/http://www.citypincode.in/PinCodeOf.jsp?area=Chittranjan%20Park%20&district=South%20Delhi |archive-date=13 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The original layout had the two-thousand odd plots, divided into eleven blocks A-K, along with a number of markets and cultural spaces. However, in the 1990s, 714 displaced families were accommodated among those who had not been able to meet the earlier deadline. This resulted in new blocks, called M, N, O, P, K-1, K-2, Pocket 40 (referred to as Navapalli), Pocket 52 (referred to as Dakhinpalli ) and Pocket-K. The main thoroughfare of the colony is Bipin Chandra Pal Marg. Institutions of note are a branch of the [[Raisina Bengali Senior Secondary School|Raisina Bengali School]], [[Chittaranjan Park Kali Mandir|Kali Mandir]] (also called the Shiv Mandir), Bangiya Samaj and Chittaranjan Bhawan.<ref name=trav>{{cite book |title=Travel Delhi|chapter= Chittaranjan Park |publisher=Mobile Reference |year=2007|isbn=978-1-60501-051-9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MsYj4ysWQ6sC&q=Chittaranjan+Park&pg=PT229 |ref= Tra}}</ref>
[[File:Kali-CR-Park.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Kali]] idol at [[Chittaranjan Park Kali Mandir]], CR Park.]]

Chittaranjan Park is bordered by [[Kalkaji]], [[Greater Kailash]] I and II, Alaknanda and [[Govindpuri]]. It is adjacent to the business centre at [[Nehru Place]].
The present Chittaranjan Park area was initially known as EPDP (East Pakistan Displaced Persons) Colony and subsequently, it was changed and named PURBACHAL and finally called CHITTARANJAN PARK.

==Notable residents==
Most of the residents are eminent ex-government servants, scholars, professors, teachers and other professionals.
The most eminent residents of the neighbourhood include:

* [[Pratip Chaudhuri]], former SBI Bank Chairman
* [[Shantanu Moitra]], Score composer, Musician and Pianist
* [[Dwaipayan Bhattacharyya]], JNU Professor
* [[Debu Chaudhuri]], Famous Sitarist
* [[Prateek Chaudhuri]], DU Professor

==Access==
The [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] is 17 km (Terminal 1) and 23 km (Terminal 3) from Chittaranjan Park. The [[New Delhi railway station]] is 16 km, and the [[Hazrat Nizamuddin Railway Station]] 9 km away.

The [[Nehru Enclave metro station|Nehru Enclave]] and [[Greater Kailash metro station]]s on [[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]] are within 1 km from Pocket 40/B /A Block of Chittaranjan Park. The [[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Violet Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]] also has a stop at the [[Nehru Place (Delhi Metro)|Nehru Place station]] within 1 km from B-block in Chittaranjan Park. GK-II is almost an extension of Chittaranjan Park while GK-I is about 2 km away from Chittaranjan Park.

==See also==
* [[Areas And Zones of New Delhi]]

== References ==

<references />
* {{cite news |title=The bong connect |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/548793.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204104743/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/548793.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 December 2011 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date= 26 May 2010 }}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161020095917/http://crpark.communitysamvada.com/ CR Park website] (archived)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNJvqOF0i5Q Chittaranjan Park Markets] at [[YouTube]]
{{Neighborhoods of Delhi}}
* [https://www.chittaranjanpark.com Cultural website on CR Park & Bengalis]

[[Category:Cities and towns in South Delhi district]]

Bachelor Party (2024 film)

2026-03-07T04:25:18Z

Ieagle1: created first post w/ refs.

{{Short description|2024 Kannada-language comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bachelor Party
| image = Bachelor Party.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Abhijit Mahesh
| producer = G. S. Gupta [[Rakshit Shetty]],

Rajesh S Konanur, Sourabh A K (Executive Producers)
| writer = Abhijit Mahesh
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Abhijit Mahesh Veeresh Shivamurthy Ganesh Vasishta
}}
| starring = [[Diganth Manchale]] [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] [[Achyuth Kumar]] [[Siri Ravikumar]] Achara Kirk
| cinematography = [[Arvind S Kashyap|Arvind S. Kashyap]]
| editing = Abhishek M.
| music = Arjun Ramu
| studio = [[Paramvah Studios]]
| distributor =
| runtime = 145 minutes
| released = {{Film date|2024|01|26|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross = ₹1.58 crores <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/box-office/kannada/yuva-box-office-collection-yuva-rajkumars-debut-venture-yuva-crosses-the-10-crore-mark-at-the-boxoffice-article-109265540/amp |title=Yuva Box Office Collection: Yuva Rajkumar's Debut Venture Yuva Crosses the 10 Crore Mark at the BoxOffice |date=13 April 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''''Bachelor Party''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[comedy film]] written and directed by Abhijit Mahesh and produced by [[Rakshit Shetty]] under [[Paramvah Studios]]. It stars [[Diganth Manchale]], [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] and [[Achyuth Kumar]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2023/dec/14/bachelor-party-to-delveinto-life-after-college-50355.html |title=Bachelor Party to delve into life after college |date=14 December 2024 |newspaper=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=26 December 2023 |archive-date=26 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226024835/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2023/dec/14/bachelor-party-to-delveinto-life-after-college-50355.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The music was composed by Arjun Ramu, while the cinematography and editing were handled by [[Arvind S Kashyap]] and Abhishek M.<ref>{{cite news |title=ಕಿರಿಕ್ ಪಾರ್ಟಿ ಆಯ್ತು, ಈಗ ಬ್ಯಾಚುಲರ್ ಪಾರ್ಟಿ: 7 ವರ್ಷಗಳ ಬಳಿಕ ರಕ್ಷಿತ್ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ ಟೀಂನಿಂದ ಬರುತ್ತಿದೆ ಹೊಸ ಸಿನಿಮಾ! |url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/news/2023/dec/14/bachelor-party-to-delve-into-life-after-college-508217.html |date=14 December 2023 |newspaper=[[Kannada Prabha]] |archive-date=26 December 2023 |access-date=26 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226023819/https://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/news/2023/dec/14/bachelor-party-to-delve-into-life-after-college-508217.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

''Bachelor Party'' was theatrically released on 26 January 2024, coinciding with [[Republic Day]] to mixed reviews from critics.

== Plot ==
Santosh, a software engineer, lives an unhappy life without any promotion from his office due to his female colleague and constant nagging from his obnoxious wife Sandhya. Santhosh secretly attends his friend Ashok's [[bachelor party]], where he meets his trouble-making childhood friend Madhav alias "Maddy" and his [[Physical education|PT]] teacher Ashwath Narayan. The party begins and all of them ends up drunk.

The next morning, Santhosh, along with Maddy and Ashwath, finds himself in [[Bangkok]] and soon learns that he is the one who took Maddy and Ashwath to Bangkok in a drunken state. The trio roam around Bangkok and have a happy trip, but Santhosh is in for a shock as he learns that Sandhya is having an affair with another person and she has arrived in Bangkok for a trip. The trio sets out to embark on a journey to find Sandhya.

However, they are unknowingly captured by Prakash Anna as he assumed the trio are [[Indian Police Service|Indian police officers]] because of Maddy (Maddy introduced himself, Santhosh and Ashwath as police officers to find Sandhya at the hotel), but Prakash lets them go and secretly sends stickers, which actually contains "Blue Sky", a costly drug in Bangkok, to deliver it to his brother-in-law Mahabala. A misadventure ensues for the trio and Maddy meets and falls for Achara, a single mother, and also meets her son Navin.

The trio gives the bag to Mahabala's assistant and leaves. However, Mahabala finds jackfruits instead of stickers missing as Maddy gave the stickers to Navin in order to make him happy. Mahabala captures Prakash and the trio, when they try to meet Sandhya at her friend's wedding, and demands to find Navin and retrieve the stickers.

Various comedic events ensue in which Mahabala begins a shootout to finish his rival Marchello at the wedding. Maddy earns Achara's trust by saving Navin from the shootout. Mahabala finishes Marchello with unexpected help from Ashwath. Santhosh scolds Sandhya and breaks up with her. In the aftermath, Maddy marries Achara, Santhosh falls in love with Asha (who is revealed to be Santhosh's childhood crush) and Ashwath talks to his son after a long time.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Diganth Manchale]] as Santhosh
* [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]] as Madhav aka "Maddy"
* [[Achyuth Kumar]] as [[Physical education|P.T.]] Master Ashwath Narayan
* [[Siri Ravikumar]] as Sandhya
* Balaji Manohar as Mahabala
* Achara Kirk as Achara
* [[Prakash Thuminad]] as Prakash Anna
* [[Pawan Kumar (director)|Pawan Kumar]] as Lobo Griffin
* Sowmya Jaganmurthy as Lobo's wife
* [[Shobaraj]] as Inspector KD Shobaraj
* Shwetha Srinivas as housekeeper Nagamma
* [[Sudha Belawadi]] as Ashwath Narayan's wife
* Jayalakshmi Patil as Sandhya's mother
* Gaana Bhat as Pratibha, Maddy's ex
* Nitin Krishnamurthy as Ashwath Narayan's son (special appearance)
* [[Jaby Koay]] as himself (special appearance)
* [[Guruprasad]] as [[TV]] [[Guru]] (special appearance)
* Abhijit Mahesh as Sandhya's boyfriend
* [[Aindrita Rai]] in special appearance
* [[Shine Shetty]] as Ashok (cameo appearance)
}}

==Production==
Initially [[Diganth]], [[Achyuth Kumar]] and [[Rishab Shetty]] were roped in to play the leading roles, but Rishab was replaced with [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh]], due to the latter's commitments for ''[[Kantara: Chapter 1]]''.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/dec/20/rishab-shetty-to-be-replaced-in-bachelor-party-2529775.html |title=Rishab Shetty to be replaced in 'Bachelor Party' |date=20 December 2022 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/rishab-shetty-replaced-in-bachelor-party-as-he-is-busy-with-kantara-2-diganth-101669468227244.html |title=Rishab Shetty to be replaced in Bachelor Party as he is busy with Kantara 2, says Diganth: 'He is nowhere to be found' |date=26 November 2022 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=27 December 2023 |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227134138/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/rishab-shetty-replaced-in-bachelor-party-as-he-is-busy-with-kantara-2-diganth-101669468227244.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/actor-yogesh-replaces-rishab-shetty-in-bachelor-party/articleshow/96362997.cms |title=Actor Yogesh replaces Rishab Shetty in 'Bachelor Party' |date=20 December 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=21 April 2024 |archive-date=6 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906201759/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/actor-yogesh-replaces-rishab-shetty-in-bachelor-party/articleshow/96362997.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bachelor Party
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Arjun Ramu
| alt =
| released = 2024
| recorded = 2023
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 15:24
| label = Paramvah Music
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Bachelor Party
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Warning Song
| single1date = 31 December 2023
}}
}}

Arjun Ramu composed the soundtrack and background score.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=1 January 2024 |title=The 'Warning Song' from the Bachelor Party is aimed at married men |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Jan/01/the-warning-song-from-the-bachelor-party-is-aimed-at-married-men-2646577.html |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125120042/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Jan/01/the-warning-song-from-the-bachelor-party-is-aimed-at-married-men-2646577.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = track listing
| total_length = 15:24
| title1 = Warning Song
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]], Abhishek M R, Madhwesh Bharadwaj, Darshan Narayan, Narahari Achar
| title2 = The Uncle Song
| length2 = 03:28
| lyrics2 = Nagarjun Sharma
| extra2 = Praveen Biligiri, Abhishek M R, Madhwesh Bharadwaj, Vishak Nagalapura, Gagan Puranik
| title3 = Nenapirali
| length3 = 04:18
| lyrics3 = Chandrajith Beliyappa
| extra3 = Akshath Acharya, Abhishek M R, Madhwesh Bharadwaj, Darshan Narayan, Narahari Achar
| title4 = Paapa Santhosha
| length4 = 03:17
| lyrics4 = Veeresh Shivamurthy
| extra4 = [[Vijay Prakash]], Abhishek M R, Madhwesh Bharadwaj, Darshan Narayan, Narahari Achar
| length1 = 04:21
| lyrics1 = Abhijit Mahesh, Veeresh Shivamurthy
}}

==Release==

=== Theatrical ===
The film was released theatrically across Karnataka on 26 January 2024 coinciding [[Republic Day (India)|India's Republic day]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 December 2023 |title=Rakshit Shetty's upcoming venture 'Bachelor Party' to be released in January 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rakshit-shettys-upcoming-venture-bachelor-party-to-be-released-in-january-2024/articleshow/106331959.cms |access-date=12 May 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film's digital rights were picked up by [[Amazon Prime Video]] and was available for digital streaming from 4 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bachelor Party OTT release date – Diganth and Loose Mada Yogi led comedy will stream on THIS platform |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bachelor-party-ott-release-date-diganth-and-loose-mada-yogi-led-comedy-will-stream-on-this-platform/07edd86dfa680 |access-date=12 May 2024 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512101842/https://www.ottplay.com/news/bachelor-party-ott-release-date-diganth-and-loose-mada-yogi-led-comedy-will-stream-on-this-platform/07edd86dfa680 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Controversies==
A [[Plagiarism|plagiarism controversy]] started when MRT Music, a music label, accused [[Rakshit Shetty]] and [[Paramvah Studios]] of using 2 songs "[[Nyaya Ellide]]" and "Omme Ninannu Kantumbha" from ''[[Nyaya Ellide]]'' (1982) and ''[[Gaali Maathu|Gaalimaathu]]'' (1981) films respectively in this movie without permission. Naveen Kumar, partner of MRT Music, filed a complaint, highlighting that the music was used without proper licence, leading to a [[Copyright infringement|copyright infringement case]] against Rakshit Shetty.

As per a report by ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' the [[Delhi High Court]] took note of the situation and issued a notice to Rakshit Shetty and Paramvah Studios after they failed to appear in court. The court also ordered the immediate removal of the social media post in which the production house had defended its actions. The court's ruling on 12 August 2024, was clear: Rakshit Shetty and Paramvah Studios must pay Rs 20 lakh as compensation to MRT Music for the unauthorized use of their songs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/delhi-high-court-orders-rakshit-shetty-and-his-paramvah-studios-to-pay-rs-20-lakh-in-copyright-dispute-1340309 |title=Delhi High Court orders Rakshit Shetty and his Paramvah Studios to pay Rs 20 lakh in copyright dispute |date=18 August 2024 |publisher=Pinkvilla |access-date=18 August 2024 |archive-date=18 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818133623/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/delhi-high-court-orders-rakshit-shetty-and-his-paramvah-studios-to-pay-rs-20-lakh-in-copyright-dispute-1340309 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt27424501}}

{{Paramvah Studios}}
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thailand]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2024 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:Films subject to a lawsuit]]
[[Category:2024 controversies]]
[[Category:Workplace comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about class reunions]]
[[Category:Films about bachelor parties]]
[[Category:Films about vacationing]]
[[Category:Films set in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Indian buddy films]]
[[Category:Indian road movies]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films about the illegal drug trade]]
[[Category:Films about alcoholism]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]
[[Category:Indian buddy comedy-drama films]]

Rajaraja Cholan

2026-03-04T04:52:49Z

Ieagle1: added - done

{{Short description|1973 film directed by A. P. Nagarajan}}
{{About|the film|the emperor|Rajaraja I}}
{{long plot|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rajaraja Cholan
| image = Rajaraja Cholan.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. P. Nagarajan]]
| screenplay = A. P. Nagarajan Aru. Ramanathan
| based_on = {{based on|''Rajaraja Cholan''|Aru. Ramanathan}}
| producer = G. Umapathy
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[C. R. Vijayakumari|Vijayakumari]]
| cinematography = W. R. Subba Rao<ref name="nadigarthilagam" />
| editing = T. Vijayarangam<ref name="nadigarthilagam" />
| music = [[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]
| studio = Anand Movies<ref name="nadigarthilagam" />
| released = {{film date|1973|3|31|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Rajaraja Cholan''''' is a 1973 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Historical drama|historical]] [[biographical film]] directed by [[A. P. Nagarajan]] and written by Aru Ramanathan. Based on Ramanathan's play of the same name about the life of the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] king [[Rajaraja I]], the film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]] in the title role and was the first Tamil [[CinemaScope]] film. It was released on 31 March 1973, and ran for over 100 days in theatres.

== Plot ==
{{Overly detailed|date=March 2022}}

During the construction of the [[Brihadisvara Temple|Brihadeswara Temple]] in Thanjavur, Emperor [[Rajaraja I|Rajaraja Cholan]] visits and is greeted by everyone except one sculptor who is deeply engrossed in his work. The emperor and empress then meet Karuvur Devar and are introduced to Tamizharasi, a poet and playwright. Rajaraja reveals that his son Rajendra, along with the Chola army, is helping the [[Eastern Chalukyas|Eastern Chalukya]] king of [[Vengi|Vengai]] Sakthivarman and his brother Vimalathithan reclaim their kingdom from [[Satyashraya|Satyasiriyan]].

As the army enters Satyasiriyan's palace, they find Bala Devar tied up, who claims he tried to stop the king from fighting but was ignored. Rajaraja, disguised as a soldier, identifies himself and appoints Bala Devar as his minister despite suspicions from others. He then announces to his noblemen that Bala Devar should be treated with the same respect as himself. Meanwhile, Bala Devar meets Poongodi from his village and shares his desire to overthrow Rajaraja. They plan together, and Bala Devar asks her to stay in the Chola capital. Rajaraja's daughter Kundavai is told by Rajendra that Vimalathithan has brought her a special gift.

Later, Rajaraja, along with his sister and Nambiyandar Nambi, goes to retrieve ancient scriptures from a temple in [[Chidambaram]], which are believed to be the works of saints [[Sambandar]], [[Appar]], and [[Sundarar]]. Despite initial skepticism, they find the scriptures in a hidden chamber with the help of golden statues of the saint-poets. Rajaraja emphasizes the eternal nature of the saint's works and their significance. Bala Devar allows Satyasiriyan into his house in the Chola capital through a secret passage where he is questioned about the Chola emperor and his son's potential marriage to Kundavai. Rajaraja scolds Vimalathithan for failing to pay his respects, defended by Vimalathithan. After a heated argument, Vimalathithan warns the emperor not to manipulate his daughter's love. Kundavai vows not to marry anyone who disrespects her father. Vimalathithan encounters Rajendran and warns him of Bala Devar's schemes. The emperor excludes Vengi and Vimalathithan from Kundavai's temple event, leading to tension and confrontation. Vimalathithan attends the event as a commoner and criticizes Kundavai's dance, angering Rajaraja. Vimalathithan warns the emperor against Bala Devar's influence and Rajaraja plans to attack Vengi. Rajendra refuses, leading to conflict within the royal family. The Chola army attacks Vengi, with Rajendran accepting the fight despite Vimalathithan's reluctance. Rajaraja intervenes as a sage, suggesting a duel between Rajendran and Vimalathithan, resulting in Rajendran's victory. Vimalathithan is imprisoned for speaking out against Bala Devar, inciting public unrest. Eventually, Kundavai convinces Rajaraja to release Vimalathithan, but only if Vengi makes unacceptable concessions. The story unfolds with betrayal, power struggles, and personal sacrifices within the Chola empire.

Satyasiriyan sends his guard Ottran to meet Bala Devar on Pournami day. However, Ottran is captured by Rajaraja, who assumes Ottran's identity. Bala Devar informs Rajaraja of a plan to poison him during a feast, with Poongodi aiding them. The plan is foiled when Rajaraja only drinks milk and fruits. Poongodi mixes poison in the milk, but Rajaraja reveals he knew of their plan and informs Bala Devar. Bala Devar pretends to be angry at Poongodi, who is later released along with other prisoners the next day. Rajaraja is praised by all the kings, and Vimalathithan is released. He asks for the emperor's daughter in marriage, leading to suspicion from Bala Devar. Rajaraja reveals Poongodi is a spy working for him, aware of Bala Devar's schemes. Tamizharasi finishes her notes and the two couples marry, with Rajaraja's cleverness and foresight ensuring the safety of the empire and his family.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as [[Rajaraja I|Rajaraja Cholan]]
* [[C. R. Vijayakumari|Vijayakumari]] as Cholama Devi
* [[R. Muthuraman]] as Prince Vimalathithan of (later king) Vengai Nattu Thalaivan
* [[Sivakumar]] as [[Rajendra Chola I]] Crown Prince
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Kundhvai Rajaraja's daughter
* [[Kumari Padmini]] as Vanama Devi
* [[M. N. Nambiar]] as Bala Devar
* [[R. S. Manohar]] as [[Satyashraya|Sathyasiriyan]]
* [[Pushpalatha]] as Sathyasiriyan wife
* [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] as Karuvur Devar
* [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]] as [[Nambiyandar Nambi]]
* [[S. Varalakshmi]] as [[Kundavai Pirāttiyār]]
* [[Suruli Rajan]] as Palace Servant
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Poonkodi
* [[C. I. D. Sakunthala]] as Dancer
* [[K. D. Santhanam]] as Sirpy
* MLA Thangaraj
* [[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]]
* [[Gandhimathi]]
* [[S. N. Parvathy]]
* [[Master Sekhar]] as Ponna
*[[Rangammal]] - uncredited role
}}

== Production ==
''Rajaraja Cholan'', based on the life of the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] king [[Rajaraja I]] was a play written by Aru. Ramanthan, and staged by the TKS Brothers in 1955. In 1973, it was adapted into a film by the same name,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bhatt |first=Karthik |date=16–30 April 2020 |title=Rajaraja Cholan, Prior to Sivaji Ganesan |url=http://www.madrasmusings.com/vol-30-no-1/rajaraja-cholan-prior-to-sivaji-ganesan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813170551/http://www.madrasmusings.com/vol-30-no-1/rajaraja-cholan-prior-to-sivaji-ganesan/ |archive-date=13 August 2020 |access-date=3 April 2021 |magazine=[[Madras Musings]]}}</ref> directed by [[A. P. Nagarajan]] and produced by G. Umapathy;{{sfn |Ganesan |Narayana Swamy |2007 |p=178}} [[Sivaji Ganesan]], a self-described Chola, was cast in the title role.{{sfn |Ganesan |Narayana Swamy |2007 |p=178}} Umapathy wanted to film in [[Brihadisvara Temple]], but as he was denied permission, an identical set was constructed in Vasu Studios.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2020 |title=மறக்க முடியுமா? – ராஜ ராஜ சோழன் |trans-title=Forgettable? – Raja Raja Chozhan |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/marakka-mudiyuma/87781/old-movies/Marakka-Mudiyuma---Raja-Raja-Chozhan-film.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514205417/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/marakka-mudiyuma/87781/old-movies/Marakka-Mudiyuma---Raja-Raja-Chozhan-film.htm |archive-date=14 May 2020 |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=29 July 1979 |title=சிவகுமார் 101 {{!}} 31–40 |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1979-07-29/page/44/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230318040054/https://archive.org/details/kalki1979-07-29/page/44/mode/2up |archive-date=18 March 2023 |access-date=17 March 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=44–45 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''Rajaraja Cholan'' was the first [[CinemaScope]] film to be released in Tamil.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanan |first=V.V. |date=26 September 2008 |title=Cine Quiz |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/09/26/stories/2008092650150400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120909192659/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/09/26/stories/2008092650150400.htm |archive-date=9 September 2012 |access-date=9 July 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{Sfn |Baskaran |1996 |p=223}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack album was composed by [[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]. The lyrics were written by [[Tirunavukkarasar]], [[Kannadasan]], [[K. D. Santhanam]], Poovai Senguttuvan and 'Ulunthurpettai' Shanmugham.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Raja Cholan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/raja-raja-cholan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1437398877 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617065419/https://music.apple.com/in/album/raja-raja-cholan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1437398877 |archive-date=17 June 2022 |access-date=17 June 2022 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja raja Chozhan Tamil Film EP Vinyl record by Kunnakudi Vaidhyanathan |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/raja-raja-chozhan-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-kunnakudi-vaidhyanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617065503/https://macsendisk.com/product/raja-raja-chozhan-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-kunnakudi-vaidhyanathan/ |archive-date=17 June 2022 |access-date=17 June 2022 |website=Macsendisk}}</ref>

{{track listing
| all_writing =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Thendraloodu
| note1 =
| writer1 =
| lyrics1 = [[Kannadasan]]
| extra1 = [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] with [[Sivaji Ganesan]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Thanjai Periya
| note2 =
| writer2 =
| lyrics2 = Kannadasan
| extra2 = T. R. Mahalingam, [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], [[S. Varalakshmi]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Mayakkum Mannan
| note3 =
| writer3 =
| lyrics3 = [[K. D. Santhanam]]
| extra3 = [[L. R. Eswari]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Nadanai Kandeanadi
| note4 =
| writer4 =
| lyrics4 = [[Thirunavukarasar]]
| extra4 = [[P. Susheela]], B. Radha
| length4 =
| title5 = Mathennai Padaithaan
| note5 =
| writer5 =
| lyrics5 = Thirunavukarasar
| extra5 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], M. R. Vijaya, L. R. Eswari
| length5 =
| title6 = Yedu Thanthaanadi
| note6 =
| writer6 =
| lyrics6 = Kannadasan
| extra6 = Sirkazhi Govindarajan, S. Varalakshmi
| length6 =
| title7 = Kaththu Thirakadal
| note7 =
| writer7 =
| lyrics7 = Poovai Senguttuvan
| extra7 = [[R. Muthuraman]]
| length7 =
| title8 = Unkaiyil En Pillai
| note8 =
| writer8 =
| lyrics8 = Ulundurpettai Shanmugam
| extra8 = Sirkazhi Govindarajan
}}

== Release ==
''Rajaraja Cholan'' was released on 31 March 1973.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-01 |title=தென்னிந்தியாவில் தயாரான முதல் சினிமாஸ்கோப் திரைப்படம் ராஜராஜ சோழன் |url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-50-years-of-sivaji-ganesan-rajaraja-chozhan-first-cinemascope-film-in-south-india-jbr-scs-724741.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221011112643/https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-50-years-of-sivaji-ganesan-rajaraja-chozhan-first-cinemascope-film-in-south-india-jbr-scs-724741.html |archive-date=2022-10-11 |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film's prints were taken to theatres atop an elephant. In [[Tiruchirappalli]], fans hired a helicopter and showered flower petals on the print''.''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=12 August 2014 |title=Bidding adieu to celluloid |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/bidding-adieu-to-celluloid/article6308471.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111235548/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/bidding-adieu-to-celluloid/article6308471.ece |archive-date=11 November 2020 |access-date=4 October 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> According to Ganesan, the film did not succeed commercially because "it was not filmed well enough to bring out the ambience or the magnificence of the emperor's personality", and was filmed on the lines of a "family drama".{{sfn |Ganesan |Narayana Swamy |2007 |p=179}} Nonetheless, the film ran for over 100 days in theatres.{{sfn |Ganesan |Narayana Swamy |2007 |p=242}}

== Critical reception ==


''[[The Hindu]]'' said, "A great deal of thought and effort has gone into Anand Movies' ''Raja Raja Chozhan'' in CinemaScope produced by G. Umapathy and directed by A. P. Nagarajan. The grandeur, majesty and the culture and prosperity of the golden era of Raja Raja Chozhan have been captured faithfully including the building of the Thanjavur temple". ''[[The Indian Express]]'' said, "The film is lavishly mounted. Muthuraman and Lakshmi impress and Kumari Padmini has given a good account of herself". ''[[The Mail (Madras)|The Mail]]'' said, "As befitting the distinction, it is lavishly mounted, carefully produced and studded with stars. Producer G. Umapathy merits a pat on the back for steering so huge a project safely home".<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=13 May 1973 |title=மக்களிடம் செல்வாக்கு பெற்ற பத்திரிக்கைகளின் பாராட்டு |url=https://ibb.co/NmJR27W |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322050008/https://ibb.co/NmJR27W |archive-date=22 March 2023 |access-date=22 March 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=56–57 |language=ta}}</ref>

Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' called it a respite for audiences tired of watching repeated, identical films.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=15 April 1973 |title=ராஜராஜ சோழன் |url=https://ibb.co/48Yktjr |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008110843/https://ibb.co/48Yktjr |archive-date=8 October 2022 |access-date=11 October 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''Navamani'' praised acting, dialogues and direction but criticised the humour and for portraying horse army of Cholan in poor light and concluded saying the film was not as expected and the same time it was neither disappointing.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 April 1973 |title=ராஜராஜ சோழன் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_1_31/4.jp2/full/1000,1457/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251014122751/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_1_31/4.jp2/full/1000,1457/0/default.jpg |archive-date=14 October 2025 |access-date=14 October 2025 |work=Navamani |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="nadigarthilagam">{{Cite web |title=161–170 |url=http://www.nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp17.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728054126/http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp17.htm |archive-date=28 July 2019 |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=Nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |title=The Eye of the Serpent: An Introduction to Tamil Cinema |publisher=East West Books |year=1996 |location=Chennai |oclc=243920437}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Ganesan |first1=Sivaji |author-link=Sivaji Ganesan |title=Autobiography of an Actor: Sivaji Ganesan, October 1928 – July 2001 |title-link=Autobiography of an Actor |last2=Narayana Swamy |first2=T. S. |publisher=Sivaji Prabhu Charities Trust |year=2007 |location=Chennai |oclc=297212002 |orig-date=2002}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{A. P. Nagarajan}}

[[Category:1970s biographical films]]
[[Category:1970s historical films]]
[[Category:1973 Indian films]]
[[Category:1973 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. P. Nagarajan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]
[[Category:Films set in the Chola Empire]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by A. P. Nagarajan]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Indian CinemaScope films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Indian historical films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language biographical films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language historical films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Guri (2004 film)

2026-03-03T21:57:10Z

Ieagle1: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Guri (2004 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| native_name = 
| director = Bharat
| writer = Bharat
| screenplay =
| story = Bharati Babu
| based_on = 
| producer = Talamanchi Narasa Reddy Yogananda Sharma '''(presenter)'''
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Srihari (actor)|Srihari]]
*[[Vadde Naveen]]
*[[Sanghavi]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Thota M. Naidu
| editing =
| music = Suresh
| studio = Sri Dakshayani Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|3|5}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Guri''''' ({{Translation|Target}}) is 2004 Indian Telugu-language [[action film|action]] [[drama film]] directed by Bharat and starring [[Srihari (actor)|Srihari]], [[Vadde Naveen]] and [[Sanghavi]].

The film was released to negative reviews and was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-slokam.html|title=Audio release - Slokam|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=30 January 2005|access-date=30 December 2023|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216004625/https://idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-slokam.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Srihari (actor)|Srihari]] as Subhash Chandra Bose
*[[Vadde Naveen]] as Ashoka Chakravarthy
*[[Sanghavi]] as Saira Bhanu
*[[Puneet Issar]] as Minister
*[[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Home Minister of Andhra Pradesh
*[[Subbaraya Sharma]] as Subash Chandra Bose's father
*[[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Seed supplier

== Production ==
The film began shooting in November of 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news242.html|title=Srihari's Guri in progress|date=11 November 2003|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=30 December 2023|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226080400/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news242.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by Suresh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guri Songs, Download Guri Movie Songs For Free Online at Saavn.com |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/guri/3y7AHQgQS1Q_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=30 December 2023 |date=1 April 2000 |archive-date=30 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230095229/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/guri/3y7AHQgQS1Q_ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nelamma Nelamma
| length1 = 6:54
| all_lyrics = Bharathi Babu
| extra1 = Srikanth
| title2 = Chituku Chituku
| length2 = 6:02
| extra2 = Srikanth
| title3 = Guri
| length3 = 7:05
| extra3 = Srikanth, Lalitha Sagari
| title4 = Cheli Sakhi
| length4 = 6:22
| extra4 = Srikanth, Nitya Santhoshini
| title5 = Kaala Nethralatho
| length5 = 2:13
| extra5 = Srikanth
| title6 = Vanchana Chesi
| length6 = 2:03
| extra6 = Srikanth
| title7 = Prajalandariki
| length7 = 2:02
| extra7 = Srikanth
| title8 = Unnanu Neeku Thodaga
| length8 = 3:49
| extra8 = Srihari, Gayathri
| total_length = 36:30
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film 1 {{Fraction|1|2}} out of 5 and wrote that "The positive points of the film are Srihari's performance and the main flashback episode. The narration of this film is very contrived. This film suffers from bad direction and screenplay".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-guri.html|title=Movie review - Guri|last=Jeevi|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=5 March 2004|access-date=30 December 2023|archive-date=8 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708091104/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-guri.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "Srihari is back after a long break in this age-old revenge saga which is an action packed drama. This rehashed story has no sense or logic and has no twists in the climax".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=13424883&ctid=5&cid=2430|title=Review: Guri|work=[[Sify]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050119000744/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=13424883&ctid=5&cid=2430|archive-date=19 January 2005|last=Moviebuzz}}</ref> A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote that "''Guri'' is completely a one-man show. That doesn't mean that there was only a single person in the entire theater. It means that it's Srihari all the way. He's given a good performance".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/guri/telugu/guri-movie-reviews-1865-2.html|title=Guri Review|first=Mithun|last=Verma|work=Full Hyderabad|access-date=2023-12-30|archive-date=2023-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707163015/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/guri/telugu/guri-movie-reviews-1865-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|3428462}}

[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:2004 Telugu-language films]]

Azhimukham

2026-03-03T20:54:47Z

Ieagle1: small cleanup structure as per guidelines additionally and fixed typos per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Azhimukham
| image =Azhimukham film poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[P. Vijayan]]
| producer =
| writer = P. K. Mathew [[Jesey]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = [[Jesey]]
| starring = [[Jayabharathi]] [[Cochin Haneefa]] [[Bahadoor]] [[K. P. Ummer]]
| music = [[M. S. Baburaj]]
| cinematography = U. Rajagopal
| editing = K. Sankunni
| studio = Creature Arts
| distributor = Creature Arts
| released = {{Film date|1972|09|22|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Azhimukham''''' ({{Translation|[[Estuary]]}}) is a 1972 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by [[P. Vijayan]]. The film stars [[Jayabharathi]], [[Cochin Haneefa]], [[Bahadoor]] and [[K. P. Ummer]] in the lead roles. The film had musical score by [[M. S. Baburaj]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=423|title=Azhimukham|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2997 |title=Azhimukham |accessdate=2014-10-15 |publisher=malayalasangeetham.info |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924072303/http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2997 |archivedate=24 September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/azhimukham-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044226/http://spicyonion.com/title/azhimukham-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Azhimukham|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Jayabharathi]]
*[[Cochin Haneefa]]
*[[Bahadoor]]
*[[K. P. Ummer]]
*[[Nellikode Bhaskaran]]
*[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]]
*[[T. K. Balachandran]]

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Baburaj]] and the lyrics were written by [[Mankombu Gopalakrishnan]] and Poochakkal Shahul Hameed.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Arikil Amrithakumbham" || [[L. R. Eeswari]] || [[Mankombu Gopalakrishnan]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Azhimukham Kanikaanum" || [[M. S. Baburaj]] || Poochakkal Shahul Hameed ||
|-
| 3 || "Kaliyodu Kalikonda" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Mankombu Gopalakrishnan ||
|-
| 4 || "Karukavarambathu" || [[S. Janaki]] || Poochakkal Shahul Hameed ||
|-
| 5 || "Orila Eerila" || S. Janaki || Mankombu Gopalakrishnan ||
|-
| 6 || "Pandupandoru" || [[C. O. Anto]] || Poochakkal Shahul Hameed ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0271978|Azhimukham}}

[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:1972 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1972 Indian films]]
{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Routine Love Story

2026-03-03T17:53:53Z

Ieagle1: stub

{{short description|2012 film by Praveen Sattaru}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Routine Love Story
| image = Routine Love Story poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director =[[Praveen Sattaru]]
| producer = Chanakya Booneti
| writer = Praveen Sattaru
| starring = [[Sundeep Kishan]] [[Regina Cassandra]]
| music = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| cinematography = Suresh Bhargav
| editing = Dharmendra Kakarala
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|11|23}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INRConvert|2.5|c}}
| gross = {{INRConvert|12.5|c}}
}}

'''''Routine Love Story''''' is a 2012 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film starring [[Sundeep Kishan]] and [[Regina Cassandra]]. The movie is directed by [[Praveen Sattaru]], who earlier made ''LBW'' (Life Before Wedding) and produced by Chanakya Booneti.<ref>{{cite web|title=Routine Love Story to release on November 23|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Routine-Love-Story-to-release-on-Nov-23/articleshow/17140303.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103082453/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-08/news-interviews/34993435_1_director-praveen-sattaru-routine-love-story-mickey-j-meyer|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 November 2012}}</ref> Soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Mickey J Meyer]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Routine Love Story – Quirky humour|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/routine-love-story-quirky-humour/article2684431.ece|work=The Hindu|date=3 December 2011|accessdate=9 November 2012|archive-date=8 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108030528/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/routine-love-story-quirky-humour/article2684431.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was Released on 23 November 2012 along with Nagarjuna's [[Dhamarukam]] and both the films got a good start at the box office in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and other parts of the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2012/damarukam-routine-love-story-opening-response-boxoffice-101412.html|title=Nagarjuna's Damarukam, RLS get grand opening at Box Office|publisher=Oneindia Entertainment|access-date=23 November 2012}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Sundeep Kishan]] as Sanju
* [[Regina Cassandra]] as Tanvi
* [[MS Narayana]]
* [[Vennela Kishore]]
* [[Hema (actress)|Hema]]
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]]
* Sanjay Reddy as Husband and Lord Krishna
* Kavitha
* Master Nikhil
* Jhansi Laxmi
* [[Thagubothu Ramesh]] as Ramesh
*Narasimha
* RJ Hemanth
* RJ Bharat
* [[Snigdha (actress)|Snigdha]] as Neetu
* Naveen Neni as Tulasi
* Swapnika
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Routine Love Story
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mickey J Meyer]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 15–20 October 2012
| recorded = 2012
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 24:28
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Mickey J Meyer]]
| prev_title = [[Life Is Beautiful (2012 film)|Life Is Beautiful]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu (soundtrack)|Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]
| next_year = 2012
}}

The audio of the film was launched in a very different way. On 15 October 2012 the song 1 was released in Radio Mirchi with Mickey J Meyer between 6:00pm and 7:00pm. On 16 October 2012 the song 2 was released in TV9 during evening news bulletin with Laxmi Manchu between 6:00pm and 7:00pm. On 17 October 2012 the song 3 was released in MAA Music "something special" Show with Manoj Manchu between 8:30am and 10:00am. On 18 October 2012 the song 4 was released in idlebrain.com. On 20 October 2012 the song 5 was released with conventional audio launch function whose live coverage was done by TV9 and MAA TV.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greatandhra.com/viewnews.php?id=41298&cat=1&scat=17|title=Unique Audio Launch by Routine Love Story|publisher=greatandhra.com|accessdate=13 October 2012|archive-date=17 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017031030/http://greatandhra.com/viewnews.php?id=41298&cat=1&scat=17|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:28
| title1 = Naa Manasupai
| lyrics1 = [[Ananta Sriram]]
| extra1 = [[Mynampati Sreeram Chandra|Sreeramachandra]]
| length1 = 4:16
| title2 = Neethone Unna
| lyrics2 = [[Vanamali]]
| extra2 = [[Mickey J Meyer]]
| length2 = 4:41
| title3 = Vela Talukutaarale
| lyrics3 = Chinni Krishna
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length3 = 4:43
| title4 = Yeppatikaina
| lyrics4 =Ananta Sriram
| extra4 = [[Naresh Iyer]]
| length4 = 4:42
| title5 = Nee Varasa Neede
| lyrics5 = Ananta Sriram
| extra5 = Karthik
| length5 = 4:38
| title6 = Routine Love Story Theme
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 = Deepu
| length6 = 1:28
}}

==Reception==
The movie received positive reviews. 123telugu.com gave a review stating "Routine Love Story is a film which has its share of highs and lows. Fresh feel, good chemistry between the lead pair and some nice conversations are plus points. On the flip side, unnecessary and bad comedy tracks and irrelevant characters spoil the experience. Overall, RLS is a decent entertainer that will appeal to youngsters as a one time watch."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/review-routine-love-story-youthful-romance.html|title=Review : Routine Love Story- Youthful Romance|date=23 November 2012|publisher=123telugu.com|accessdate=23 November 2012|archive-date=27 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127172520/http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/review-routine-love-story-youthful-romance.html|url-status=live}}</ref> idlebrain.com gave a review stating "Routine Love Story departs from the routine love stories of Telugu cinema and tries to be different. The urbane youth humor makes sure that a subject of this nature is received with open arms. Praveen Sattaru who has shown sparks with his directorial debut LBW upped the ante now to reach for more audiences with a subject that appeals to both youth and urban families. You may watch Routine Love Story for humor and for an insight into relationships in changing times."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-routinelovestory.html|title=Telugu Movie review - Routine Love Story|publisher=idlebrain.com|accessdate=23 November 2012|archive-date=28 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128035806/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-routinelovestory.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Oneindia Entertainment gave a review stating "Although, it is titled Routine Love Story, it has a fresh and brand new story, which has some realistic moments, which young audience can relate to their life. It is a must watch for youth."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/reviews/2012/routine-love-story-movie-review-101403.html|title=Routine Love Story - Movie Review: A real love story|publisher=Oneindia Entertainment|access-date=23 November 2012|archive-date=6 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206181811/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/reviews/2012/routine-love-story-movie-review-101403.html|url-status=live}}</ref> apherald.com gave a review stating "A routine love story is presented in a youthful entertaining way , worth watching this weekend."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apherald.com/Movies/Reviews/8726/Routine-Love-Story-(telugu)-Movie-Review,-Rating-|title=Routine Love Story (telugu) Movie Review, Rating|publisher=apherald.com|accessdate=24 November 2012 |archive-date=20 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120223958/http://www.apherald.com/Movies/Reviews/8726/Routine-Love-Story-(telugu)-Movie-Review,-Rating-|url-status=live}}</ref> IndiaGlitz gave a review stating "All in all, RLS makes a beautiful movie watching experience for laic as well as discerning audiences."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/review/14087.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823102140/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/review/14087.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 August 2012|title=Routine Love Story - A rom-com for both laic & discerning|website=IndiaGlitz|accessdate=23 November 2012}}</ref> Rediff.com gave a review stating "The film scores on account of the realism and logic despite being a commercial entertainer. The arguments and patch-ups are like everyday life but don't bore the audience. The bonding, separation, attitudes and differences between the couple are hugely believable and relatable in today's age. In that sense, the film moves in a lifelike way and not in a dream world. RLS may find favour with the urban audience, especially the youth, who may connect to it instantly."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-routine-love-story/20121126.htm|title=Review: Nothing Routine about this Love Story|work=Rediff.com|accessdate=26 November 2012|archive-date=29 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129030150/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-routine-love-story/20121126.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|2605686}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2012 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mickey J Meyer]]
[[Category:Films directed by Praveen Sattaru]]

Mukhya Gamanika

2026-03-03T09:12:56Z

Ieagle1: creating a info

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mukhya Gamanika.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Venu Muralidhar Vadnala
| writer = Venu Muralidhar Vadnala
| producer = Rajashekar Lokam Saikrishna Lokam
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Viran Muttamsetty
* Lavannya Sahukara
}}
| cinematography = Venu Muralidhar Vadnala
| editing = Shiva Sarvani
| music = Kiran Venna
| studio = Shivin Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|02|23}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Mukhya Gamanika''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Crime fiction|crime thriller]] film written and directed by Venu Muralidhar Vadnala. The film features Viran Muttamsetty and Lavannya Sahukara in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web | title=Vishwak Sen wishes Mukhya Gamanika team a great success | website=NTV ENGLISH | date=20 February 2024 | url=https://www.ntvenglish.com/movie-news/vishwak-sen-wishes-mukhya-gamanika-team-a-great-success.html}}</ref> It was released in theatres on 23 February 2024.<ref>{{cite web | last=Kumar | first=Nelki Naresh | title=Mukhya Gamanika Movie:హీరోగా మారిన అల్లు అర్జున్ క‌జిన్ | website=Hindustantimes Telugu | date=21 February 2024 | url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/allu-arjun-cousin-viran-muttamsetty-mukhya-gamanika-movie-arriving-theaters-on-february-23rd-121708494225725.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221195525/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/allu-arjun-cousin-viran-muttamsetty-mukhya-gamanika-movie-arriving-theaters-on-february-23rd-121708494225725.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=21 February 2024 | language=te}}</ref>

==Cast==
* Viran Muttamsetty
* Lavannya Sahukara
* Aryan Ippili

==Production==
The film was announced in January 2024.<ref>{{cite web | title=In Mukhya Gamanika Teaser, Allu Arjun's Cousin Viran Muttamsetty's Impressive Debut | website=News18 | date=9 January 2024 | url=https://www.news18.com/movies/in-mukhya-gamanika-teaser-allu-arjuns-cousin-viran-muttamsettys-impressive-debut-8733739.html}}</ref> The post-production of the film was completed in January 2024.<ref>{{cite web | last=Sistu | first=Suhas | title=Allu Arjun cousin's debut film 'Mukhya Gamanika' reaches post-production stage | website=Andhra Pradesh Breaking News, Telangana News, Hyderabad News Updates, National News, Breaking News | date=24 January 2024 | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/allu-arjun-cousins-debut-film-mukhya-gamanika-reaches-post-production-stage-853631 | access-date=29 September 2024 | archive-date=25 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125031338/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/allu-arjun-cousins-debut-film-mukhya-gamanika-reaches-post-production-stage-853631 | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mukhya Gamanika
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Kiran Venna
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|12|26}}<ref>{{cite web | title=Single by Nakash Aziz, Revati Srita & Kiran Venna on Apple Music | website=Apple Music - Web Player | date=26 December 2023 | url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/aa-kannula-chupullonaa-from-mukhya-gamanika-single/1723201654}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=4|s=42}}
| label = [[Madhura Audio]]
| language = Telugu
| producer =
| misc =
}}

{{Track listing
| headline= Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = {{Duration|m=4|s=42}}
| title1 = Aa Kannula Chupullonaa
| extra1 = [[Nakash Aziz]], Revati Srita
| length1 = 4:42
}}

==Reception==
A critic of ''[[Network18 Group|News18]]''<ref>{{cite web | title=Mukhya Gamanika Review: Viran Muttamsetty-starrer An Engaging Crime Thriller | website=News18 | date=24 February 2024 | url=https://www.news18.com/movies/mukhya-gamanika-review-viran-muttamsetty-starrer-an-engaging-crime-thriller-8791394.html | access-date=29 September 2024 | archive-date=12 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312014128/https://www.news18.com/movies/mukhya-gamanika-review-viran-muttamsetty-starrer-an-engaging-crime-thriller-8791394.html | url-status=live }}</ref> and Suhas Sistu of ''[[The Hans India]]'' reviewed the film.<ref>{{cite web | last=Sistu | first=Suhas | title='Mukhya Gamanika' review: Shows the power of cinema to address societal issues | website=Andhra Pradesh Breaking News, Telangana News, Hyderabad News Updates, National News, Breaking News | date=23 February 2024 | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/mukhya-gamanika-review-shows-the-power-of-cinema-to-address-societal-issues-860572}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|31051322}}

{{Portal bar|India|Films}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 crime thriller films]]

Pondatti Pondattithan

2026-03-03T05:00:25Z

Ieagle1: done - done

{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pondatti Pondattithan
| director = Maniyan Sivabalan
| screenplay = Maniyan Sivabalan
| story = Venkat
| producer = Viji Radha Jai
| starring = {{ubl|[[S. Ve. Shekher]]|Kadambari}}
| cinematography = R. C. M. Kasthuri
| editing = S. Vijayakumar
| music = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| studio = VRJ Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1991|07|11}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Pondatti Pondattithan''''' ({{translation|Wife is wife only}}) is a 1991 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by Maniyan Sivabalan. The film stars [[S. Ve. Shekher]] and newcomer Kadambari, with [[Janagaraj]], [[Senthil]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]], [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]], [[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]], [[Disco Shanti]] and [[Kovai Sarala]] playing supporting roles. It was released on 11 July 1991.<ref>{{Cite web |title=pondati pondattidhan ( 1991 ) |url=http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=pondati%20pondattidhan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029131550/http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=pondati%20pondattidhan |archive-date=2006-10-29 |access-date=2017-01-24 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> The film was a remake of Telugu film ''[[Chalaki Mogudu Chadastapu Pellam]]''.{{cn|date=February 2024}}

== Plot ==

Rajagopal is a bachelor office clerk who lives with his clumsy and annoying grandmother in [[Vellore]]. Rajagopal wants to get married as soon as possible with a well-educated woman. So his grandmother suggests him to marry his uneducated cousin Lakshmi, but he refuses. After seeing her, he falls under the spell of the beautiful Lakshmi and he finally marries her. Unfortunately, due to various reasons, his [[consummation|first night]] gets delayed.

A few weeks later, Rajagopal's boss Krishnan promotes Rajagopal as his assistant manager in [[Chennai]], so Rajagopal has to leave his home for the job. There, Rajagopal lives with Jai, an old friend from his college, in a small apartment. One night, Rajagopal helps a prostitute Padma who was chased by goons and the two take refuge in a hotel. At that time, the police raid the hotel and arrest the prostitutes and their clients, the police inspector Rajendran is none other than Krishnan's friend and he immediately informs Krishnan about the matter. When Krishnan comes to the hotel, the prostitute is mistaken by Krishnan to be Rajagopal's wife and Rajendran release them. Krishnan then accommodates Rajagopal and the prostitute in his guest house. Feared of being fired from his new job, Rajagopal pays Padma for acting like his wife in front of Krishnan. What transpires next forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[S. Ve. Shekher]] as Rajagopal
*Kadambari as Lakshmi
*[[Janagaraj]] as Kathiresan
*[[Senthil]] as Sabapathy
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Rajagopal's grandmother
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Inspector Rajendran
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Krishnan
*[[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]] as Ramajayam
*[[Disco Shanti]] as Padma
*[[Kovai Sarala]] as Janaki
*[[Y. Vijaya]] as Padma's sister
*[[Kumarimuthu]] as Pichaimuthu
*[[Loose Mohan]] as Kabali
*Manager Cheena as Manager
*Usilaimani as Iyer
*Seenu
*Venkatraman
*Kumaresan
*Poornima
*Sumathi
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Gangai Amaran]], who also wrote the lyrics.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Length
|-
| "Pondatti Pondattithan" || [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] || 2:54
|-
| "Unnai Vida Oorile" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || 3:50
|-
| "Poothade Poottu" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 4:23
|-
| "Adikkira Kai" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 3:48
|-
| "Maane Mayile" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || 4:11
|}

==Reception==
C. R. K. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' said that in a comedy film, one should not look out for logic.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சி. ஆர். கே. |date=28 July 1991 |title=பொண்டாட்டி பொண்டாட்டிதான் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1991-07-28/page/n19/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230317092616/https://archive.org/details/kalki1991-07-28/page/n19/mode/2up |archive-date=17 March 2023 |access-date=17 March 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=18 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1991 Indian films]]
[[Category:1991 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1991 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gangai Amaran]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Teen Patti (film)

2026-03-02T09:57:10Z

Ieagle1: basic cleanup structure as per guidelines and cleaned formatting after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Teen Patti
| image = Teen Patti Movie Poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Leena Yadav]]
| producer = Ambika A. Hinduja
| screenplay = [[Leena Yadav]] [[Shiv Kumar Subramaniam]]
| story = Prasenjit Maita [[Leena Yadav]] Shiv Kumar Subramaniam
| starring = [[Amitabh Bachchan]] [[Ben Kingsley]] [[R. Madhavan]] [[Shraddha Kapoor]] [[Raima Sen]] [[Tinnu Anand]] [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
| music = [[Salim–Sulaiman]]
| cinematography = Aseem Bajaj
| editing = [[Hughes Winborne]] Kaushik Das
| studio = Hinduja Ventures Serendipity Films
| distributor = Serendipity Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|2|26|}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi English
| budget = {{INR}}18 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=101|title=Teen Patti – Movie|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}7.63 crore<ref name="auto"/>
}}
'''''Teen Patti''''' ({{translation|Three cards}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Action film|action thriller film]] directed by [[Leena Yadav]]. It stars [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Ben Kingsley]], [[R. Madhavan]], [[Raima Sen]] and [[Shraddha Kapoor]], who made her acting debut. The film is produced by Ambika Hinduja under the banners of Hinduja Ventures and Serendipity Films. The film follows a mathematics professor, played by Bachchan, who is trying to write a thesis on [[probability]] and relates it to the Indian card game [[Teen Patti]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/teen-patti-film-review-29360/ | title=Teen Patti — Film Review | website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=14 October 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/feb/26/review-teen-patti.htm | title=Review: Teen Patti is just one big bluff }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/teen-patti/critic-review/teen-patti-movie-review/ | title=Teen Patti Review 2.5/5 {{pipe}} Teen Patti Movie Review {{pipe}} Teen Patti 2010 Public Review {{pipe}} Film Review | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/teen-patti/movie-review/5616030.cms | title=Teen Patti Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Teen Patti by Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

==Plot==
Venkat Subramaniam ([[Amitabh Bachchan]]), an Indian professor of [[mathematics]], [[software engineering]] and a genius, is teaching mathematics in his village to kids when a postman comes with a letter. The letter is from British mathematician Perci Trachtenberg ([[Ben Kingsley]]), widely regarded as the world's greatest living mathematician, who invites Venkat to a high rolling casino in [[London]]. Venkat tells Perci about an equation that could not only change the dialogue on mathematics forever, but one that has already left an indelible impression of guilt — for many painful reasons — on Venkat's life. It is shown in the past that the reclusive genius Venkat has cracked a theory that could redefine the principles of [[probability]] and [[randomness]]. Venkat tries to use this experiment in a game called [[Teen Patti]] (a [[Poker|poker game]]), which he plays on the Internet. According to this experiment if a person playing Teen Patti knows the three cards with one of the players (except him) he/she can guess the other cards with the rest of the players and therefore can guess who is going to win with the theory of probability.

Venkat succeeds in his theory and submits his report to the institute where he teaches, but they reject his report. Venkat is sure about his theory and wants to try it out in reality with live players. So he talks with younger professor Shantanu Biswas ([[R. Madhavan]]) about his theory and tells him to get three students to try out this experiment. Shantanu arranges three students — Sid (Siddharth Kher), the college rockstar; Aparna or Apu ([[Shraddha Kapoor]]), the studious geek, who has a crush on Sid, and Vikram or Vikku (Dhruv Ganesh), the boy next door. They come together and start playing the game. Venkat's theory, like the last time, proves to be successful. Venkat says that after a few more games he'll be sure to crack his [[equation]] and even be able to study it better. Shantanu tells him that he should try using his theory in the real world, where there are people who actually gamble and play Teen Patti, i.e. in underground dens or "addas".

Although Venkat has no interest in the money that could come from practicing his equation to crack Teen Patti, he eventually succumbs to Shantanu's charismatic persuasion. Soon, with the help of his new students, they explore the addas of wild [[Mumbai]]. Later, another student from the institute, Abbas ([[Vaibhav Talwar]]), the rich, spoiled brat, joins the gang and arranges for them parties in [[casino]]s, private clubs, etc. But what starts out as an experiment between a charismatic young professor and an eccentric older one soon descends into a game neither of them can control. The money they earn gets stolen; someone is blackmailing them; they get greedy about money, and, over time, they change into different people and even start betraying each other.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Prof. Venkat Subramaniam
* [[Ben Kingsley]] as Perci Trachtenberg (voice dubbed by [[Boman Irani]])
* [[R. Madhavan]] as Prof. Shantanu Biswas
* Dhruv Ganesh as Vikram Ashwin Dhar
* [[Ashu Sharma]] as Rammi
* [[Shraddha Kapoor]] as Aparna Khanna (Apu)
* Siddharth Kher as Siddharth Bajaj (Sid)
* [[Vaibhav Talwar]] as Abbas Sheikh
* [[Saira Mohan]] as K.
* [[Raima Sen]] as Shivani Mukherjee
* [[Ajay Devgn]] as Sunny (Cameo appearance)
* [[Jackie Shroff]] as Tony Milano (Special Appearance)
* [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] as Dagdu Seth
* [[Ranjeet]]
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Prem London (Cameo appearance)
* [[Tinnu Anand]] as Billu
* Radhika Shah as Card Dealer
* Ganesh Yadav as Police Inspector
* Maria Gomez as [[item number]] "Neeyat"
* Cristobal Briceño as surprised student at the end scene}}

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Teen Patti
| type = [[Album]]
| artist = [[Salim–Sulaiman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2010
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Pyaar Impossible]]
| prev_year = 2010
| next_title = [[Aashayein]]
| next_year = 2010
}}
Music of the film is composed by [[Salim–Sulaiman]] and the lyrics are penned by Ajinkya Iyer and Irfan Siddiqui. Most of the tracks have a western feel associated with them. The songs are remixed by Abhijit Vaghani. [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]'s rendition of the song ''Neeyat Kharab Hai'' was widely acclaimed.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Life Is A Game" (Hindi Version)
| [[Anushka Manchanda]] & Sonia Saigal
|-
| 2
| "Summertime And The Living"
| Joe Alvares
|-
| 3
| "Teen Patti Ke Gulaam"
| [[Salim–Sulaiman|Salim Merchant]]
|-
| 4
| "Neeyat Kharab Hai"
| [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
| 5
| "Intezar Me Chupa Kahi"
| Naresh Kamat
|-
| 6
| "Life Is A Game" (English Version)
| [[Anushka Manchanda]] & Sonia Saigal
|-
| 7
| "Neeyat Kharab Hai" (Remix)
| Sunidhi Chauhan & Abhijit Vaghani
|-
| 8
| "Teen Patti Ke Gulaam" (Remix)
| Salim Merchant
|}

==Production==
The film was shot in India and [[England]]. Production designer Ayesha Punvani created gambling dens in places like abandoned train yards, dockyards, abandoned factories, mills that have been shut down and an ice factory.<ref>{{cite web |title=Abandoned dockyards, mills became gambling dens: "Teen Patti" designer |url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/News/Abandoned-dockyards-mills-became-gambling-dens-Teen-Patti-designer/articleshow/5554818.cms |date=10 Feb 2010 |publisher=[[Indiatimes.com|Indiatimes.com Movies]] |access-date=14 February 2010 |archive-date=16 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216021317/http://movies.indiatimes.com/News/Abandoned-dockyards-mills-became-gambling-dens-Teen-Patti-designer/articleshow/5554818.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Reception==
Film critic and author Anupama Chopra called it "a train wreck of a movie".<ref>{{cite web |title=Movie Review |url=https://teenpattimasterjackpot.in/ |publisher=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Influences==
''Teen Patti'' is inspired by the English film ''[[21 (2008 film)|21]]'' (without any mention). The end of the film when [[Amitabh Bachchan]] refuses to accept the Isaac Newton Award for Applied Mathematics is inspired by the refusal of the [[Fields Medal]] by the Russian mathematician [[Grigori Perelman]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1183917|Teen Patti}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Teen Patti}}
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian films about gambling]]
[[Category:2010 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about mathematics]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Leena Yadav]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2010 drama films]]

Commando 3 (film)

2026-03-02T06:17:42Z

Ieagle1: slightly update information to improve readability and fixed typos

{{short description|2019 film directed by Aditya Datt}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Commando 3
| image = Commando 3 official poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Aditya Datt]]
| producer = [[Vipul Amrutlal Shah|Vipul Shah]] [[Anil Ambani]] Motion Picture Capital
| based_on =
| writer = Darius Yarmil [[Junaid Wasi]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Mannan Shaah]] Vikram Montrose '''Score''': Saurabh Bhalerao
| cinematography = Mark Hamilton
| editing = Sandeep Kurup
| starring = [[Gulshan Devaiah]] [[Vidyut Jammwal]] [[Adah Sharma]] [[Angira Dhar]]
| studio = Sunshine Pictures [[Reliance Entertainment]] Motion Picture Capital
| distributor = [[Reliance Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|11|29}}
| runtime = 134 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/commando-3-2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219035304/https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/commando-3-2019 |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 December 2019 |title=Commando 3 (2019) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |accessdate=29 November 2019}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = {{INR}}30 crore
| gross = ₹40.15 crore<ref name="bo">{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/commando-3/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |title=Commando 3 Box Office |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=29 November 2019 |accessdate=20 December 2019}}</ref>
}}

'''''Commando 3''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action thriller film]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/260219/much-more-action-in-commando-3.html |title=Much more action in Commando 3 |website=Asian Age |date=26 February 2019}}</ref> directed by [[Aditya Datt]] and produced by [[Vipul Amrutlal Shah]] and [[Reliance Entertainment]]. The film is the third film of [[Commando (film series)|''Commando'' franchise]] following ''[[Commando: A One Man Army|Commando]]'' (2013) and ''[[Commando 2: The Black Money Trail|Commando 2]]'' (2017). It stars [[Vidyut Jammwal]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-vidyut-jammwal-promises-thrice-the-action-drama-and-thrill-in-commando-3-watch-teaser-here-507369 |title=Vidyut Jammwal promises thrice the action, drama and thrill in Commando 3, watch teaser here |website=India TV News |date=4 March 2019}}</ref> with [[Gulshan Devaiah]] as the antagonist, alongside [[Adah Sharma]] and [[Angira Dhar]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vidyut-jammwals-commando-3-to-release-on-20-september/articleshow/68252679.cms |title=Vidyut Jammwal's 'Commando 3' to release on 20 September |website=Times of India}}</ref> In the film, Karan goes undercover with Bhavana Reddy for an anti-terrorist mission in [[London]].

Filming commenced in September 2018 in Bradford and York City in [[England]]. The film was earlier planned to release in September 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/commando-3-featuring-vidyut-jammwal-adah-sharma-gulshan-devaiah-to-release-on-20-september-6190341.html/amp |title=Commando 3, featuring Vidyut Jammwal, Adah Sharma, Gulshan Devaiah, to release on 20 September |website=First Post|date=4 March 2019 }}</ref><ref name="reld:pv">{{cite web |title=Vidyut Jammwal starrer Commando 3 release shifted to September 6, 2019 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vidyut-jammwal-starrer-commando-3-release-shifted-september-6-2019/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=3 June 2019}}</ref> It was finally released in cinemas on 29 November 2019.<ref name="reldate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/commando-3-first-look-poster-reveals-vidyut-jammwals-action-entertainer-to-now-release-on-29-november-7431381.html |title=Commando 3 first look poster reveals Vidyut Jammwal's action entertainer to now release on 29 November |date=1 October 2019 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> The film is the highest grossing film in the ''[[Commando (film series)|Commando film series]]'', but was not much commercially successful due to its budget.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/commando-3-box-office-collection-day-5-vidyut-jammwal-movie-earns-rs-27-crore-top-grosser-among-other-franchise-films/story/391537.html |title=Commando 3 box office collection Day 6: Vidyut Jammwal's movie earns Rs 27 crore; top grosser among other franchise films |website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|date=5 December 2019 }}</ref>

==Plot==
The [[Mumbai Police|Mumbai Police force]] arrest three young terrorist suspects and interrogates them, but doesn't receive any information. [[Commando (film series)|Karanveer "Karan" Singh Dogra]] is called to help the cops, but one of the suspects kills himself. Upon further investigation, Karan learns the suspects received money and [[Video Home System|VHS tapes]] containing a terrorist's message. Also, one of the suspects talks repeatedly about 9/11, which is decoded as an attack on India on the day of [[Deepavali]]. Karan also learns that the recordings were actually shot by a camera in London, and decides to go undercover along with Bhavana Reddy, who assisted him on his [[Commando 2|previous mission]]. Posing as a married couple, they arrive in [[London]] where Mallika Sood, an [[MI6]] officer, takes them to their work station where another agent named Armaan Akhtar assists them.

On the other hand, the British terrorist Buraq Ansari forces his son Abeer to watch him kill a man. Abeer's mother and Buraq's ex-wife Zahira wants to contact the cops, but is threatened by Buraq. After learning that two Indian agents have arrived in London to capture him, Buraq enlists his agents's help to track them while Karan and his team go through the same process to follow Buraq's agents. While pursuing a suspect, Karan meets Zahira and Abeer and soon gets involved in a bike chase with the suspect, resulting in the latter's accidental death. Karan retrieves his phone and answers Buraq's call, further telling him he would soon visit the dead suspect's house. Karan and the team arrive at the home, but outside is stopped by Buraq's goons. A fight breaks out, resulting in Karan getting thrown out of the house by an explosion. The video goes viral, and so does Bhavana's tweet supporting Karan.

It is revealed to be a part of Karan's plan when he releases a video challenging Buraq without disclosing his identity. When Buraq's [[Deoxyribonucleic acid|DNA]] matches a murder suspect, Karan and his team rush to Buraq's restaurant but learns that he already left.

Realizing that he would have gone to pick up Abeer from school, Karan arrives and challenges him before the latter disappears. Back in [[Mumbai]], the two suspects are reformed by an [[Imam]]. Buraq is unwilling to leave Abeer and soon finds himself exposed when Karan holds a [[press conference]] with Abeer and Zahira. When Abeer and Zahira are being escorted safely to the airport, Buraq's henchmen attack the vehicles, where Bhavana is knocked out in the crash while Karan and Mallika fights off the henchmen. However, Zahira and Abeer are kidnapped, and Mallika is informed about Buraq's surrender.

Karan tries to interrogate him but ends up using brute force, due to which he and Bhavana are ordered to leave London within 24 hours or face [[deportation]] Buraq is freed due to making a deal with the MI6 and provides the evidence of the previous attack in exchange for his freedom. On his way to a safe house, Buraq asks the officers to stop at a [[masjid|mosque]], where he switches places with one of his henchmen and kills Zahira. Realizing the attack would be not on Deepavali but on [[Navaratri|Dussehra]], Karan decides to continue alone, but is joined by his team. Through Abeer's tablet, the safe house is located and attacked by Bhavana and Mallika while Karan leaves to capture Buraq. Following the fight that leaves all the henchmen dead, Karan injects Buraq and takes him away.

Bhavana and Mallika rescue Abeer, while Karan is safely picked up by his agency's helicopter and escorted to India's [[cargo ship]]. With minimal time remaining for the attacks, Karan and the cops try to find the targeted cities. Decoding spoken repeatedly by Buraq, Karan finds the targeted towns and releases a video requesting India's Muslims to understand the value of religious unity.

The Muslims gear up to face the terrorists where they are joined by the cops and the terrorists are arrested. Enraged, Karan kills Buraq and hands over Abeer to the dead suspect's father.
Karan to Indian Army National, the same people who have by citizens a reality Karan and mother.

== Cast==
* [[Vidyut Jammwal]] as [[Commando]] Karanveer 'Karan' Singh Dogra
* [[Adah Sharma]] as [[Senior Inspector]] Bhavana Reddy, [[Anti-Terrorism Squad]]
* [[Angira Dhar]] as [[British Intelligence]] Agent Mallika Sood
* [[Gulshan Devaiah]] as Buraq Ansari, Zahira's ex-husband and Abeer's father
* Sumeet Thakur as [[British Intelligence]] Agent Armaan Akhtar
* [[Rajesh Tailang]] as Roy, Karan's boss
* [[Virendra Saxena]] as Ahmed
* Saahil Krishnani as Saahil
* [[Vibhawari Deshpande]] as Rajani
* [[Feryna Wazheir]] as Zahira, Buraq's ex-wife and Abeer's mother
* [[Abrar Zahoor]] as Tabish, Buraq's henchman
* Suresh Vishwakarma as [[Inspector]] Tukaram Tambe
* Abhilash Chaudhary as Taimur Khan
* Manuj Sharma as Subhan
* Raghav Dheer as Umar/Rakesh
* Prashant Jha as Usman/Amit
* Mark Bennington as Alvin, Mallika's boss
* Atharva Vishwakarma as Abeer, Buraq and Zahira's son
* R.Bhakti Klein as [[British Intelligence]] Agent
* [[Gracy Goswami]] as School student<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|title=Commando 3 Cast List {{!}} Commando 3 Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=29 November 2019 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/commando-3/cast/|access-date=2021-01-31|language=en}}</ref>

==Production==
=== Development ===
The success of first two ''Commando'' series made the producer [[Vipul Amrutlal Shah]] to go for third franchise. On 6 September 2018 it was announced to start ''Commando 3'' with [[Vidyut Jammwal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/bollywood-sequels-to-look-forward-to/commando-3-vidyut-jammwal-preps-up-for-the-upcoming-sequel/photostory/65698839.cms |title=Commando 3': Vidyut Jammwal preps up for the upcoming sequel |website=Times of India |date=6 September 2018|access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Later in September filming began in London, England.<ref name=":b">{{cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/commando-3-bts-vidyut-jammwal-films-romantic-sequence-with-adah-sharma/1363169 |title=Commando 3 BTS! Vidyut Jammwal films romantic sequence with Adah Sharma |website=Free Press Journal |date=26 September 2018|access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref> The filming wrapped up in mid June 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vidyut Jammwal wraps the shooting of Commando 3 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/vidyut-jammwal-wraps-shooting-commando-3/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=19 June 2019}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Commando 3
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mannan Shaah]] and Vikram Montrose
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 5 November 2019<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/commando-3/zj425FkV,8w_ |title=Commando 3 – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |date=5 November 2019 |publisher=Jio Saavn}}</ref>
| recorded = 2018–19
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 15:28
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|YPDzhoijKkM|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}}}

This music of the film is composed by [[Mannan Shaah]] and Vikram Montrose with lyrics written by Sahil Sultanpuri, Abhendra Kumar Upadhyay, Azeem Shirazi, Farhad Bhiwandiwala and Vikram Montrose. The track "Iraade Kar Buland" is believed to be inspired from "''[[Believer (Imagine Dragons song)|Believer]]''" by [[Imagine Dragons]]

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 15:28
| extra_column=Singer(s)
| title1 = Tera Baap Aaya
| extra1 = Farhad Bhiwandiwala
| music1 = Vikram Montrose
| lyrics1 = Farhad Bhiwandiwala, Vikram Montrose
| length1 = 2:44
| title2 = Akhiyaan Milavanga
| extra2 = [[Arijit Singh]], [[Sruthy Sasidharan]]
| music2 = [[Mannan Shaah]]
| lyrics2 = Sahil Sultanpuri
| length2 = 5:02
| title3 = Iraade Kar Buland
| extra3 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], Vikram Montrose
| music3 = Vikram Montrose
| lyrics3 = Vikram Montrose, Azeem Shirazi
| length3 = 3:48
| title4 = Main Woh Raat Hoon
| extra4 = [[Ankit Tiwari]]
| music4 = Mannan Shaah
| lyrics4 = Abhendra Kumar Upadhyay
| length4 = 3:54
}}

==Release==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was released on 29 November 2019.<ref name="reldate" />

=== Home media ===
It was made available on [[ZEE5]] starting on 20 February 2020.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

==Box office==

''Commando 3''{{'}}s opening day domestic collection was {{INR}}4.74 crore. On the second day, the film collected ₹5.64 crore. On the third day, the film collected ₹7.95 crore, taking the total opening weekend collection to ₹18.33 crore.<ref name="bollywoodhungama.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/commando-3/box-office/|title = Commando 3 Box Office Collection | India | Day Wise | Box Office - Bollywood Hungama| website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=29 November 2019 }}</ref>

The film has a gross collection of {{INR}}38.65 crore in India and {{INR}}1.50 crore overseas, making a worldwide gross collection of {{INR}}40.15 crores.<ref name="bollywoodhungama.com"/>

===Awards and nominations===
The Andy Long stunt team, Amin, and Varma were nominated for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Action]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/technical-nominations-for-the-65th-filmfare-awards-2020_-38868.html |title=Technical Nominations for the 65th Amazon Filmfare Awards 2020 |website=filmfare.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb title|8983168}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|commando-3}}

{{Commando (film series)}}

[[Category:2019 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Reliance Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mannan Shaah]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vikram Montrose]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bradford]]
[[Category:Films shot in York]]
[[Category:Films shot in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Films shot in North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Films shot in Yorkshire]]

Stanford University Press

2026-02-21T02:40:37Z

Ieagle1:

{{Short description|American university press}}
{{use mdy dates|cs1-dates=ly|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox publisher|image=Stanford University Press logo.svg|caption=Stanford University Press|founded=1892|country=United States|headquarters=[[Redwood City, California]]|distribution=[[Ingram Academic]] (US) Combined Academic Publishers (UK)<ref>{{Cite web| title = Marston Book Services| access-date = 2017-12-04| url = http://www.marston.co.uk/marston-client-list/}}</ref>|publications=[[Book]]s|imprints=Redwood Press
Stanford Briefs
Stanford Business Books|website= {{URL|https://www.sup.org}}}}
'''Stanford University Press''' ('''SUP''') is the [[publishing house]] of [[Stanford University]]. It is one of the oldest [[university press|academic presses]] in the United States and the first university press to be established on the West Coast. It is currently a member of the [[Association of University Presses]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aaupnet.org/about-aaup/aaup-history/687-founding-of-aaup|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115204121/http://www.aaupnet.org/about-aaup/aaup-history/687-founding-of-aaup|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-11-15|title=Founding of AAUP|date=2012-11-15|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Our Members |url=https://aupresses.org/membership/membership-list/ |access-date=January 30, 2023 |publisher=[[Association of University Presses]]}}</ref> The press publishes 130 books per year across the humanities, social sciences, and business and has more than 3,500 titles in print.

== History ==
[[David Starr Jordan]], the first president of Stanford University, posited four propositions to [[Leland Stanford|Leland]] and [[Jane Stanford]] when accepting the post, the last of which stipulated, "That provision be made for the publication of the results of any important research on the part of professors, or advanced students. Such papers may be issued from time to time as 'Memoirs of the Leland Stanford Junior University.'" In 1892, the first work of scholarship to be published under the Stanford name, ''The Tariff Controversy in the United States, 1789-1833'', by Orrin Leslie Elliott, appeared with the designation "No. 1" in the "Leland Stanford Junior University Monographs Series." That same year, student Julius Andrew Quelle established a printing company on campus, publishing the student-run newspaper, the ''Daily Palo Alto'' (now the ''[[The Stanford Daily|Stanford Daily]]'') and Stanford faculty articles and books. The first use of the imprint "Stanford University Press" was in 1895, with ''The Story of the Innumerable Company'', by President Jordan. In 1915, Quelle hired bookbinder John Borsdamm, who would later draw fellow craftspeople to the press, including master printer and eventual manager Will A. Friend.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://stanfordpress.typepad.com/blog/2017/10/accent-on-quality.html|title=Accent on Quality|website=Stanford University Press Blog|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref> In 1917, the university bought the printing works, making it a division of Stanford.
[[File:SUP colophon.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The original Stanford University Press colophon|alt=The words "Stanford University Press" superimposed on a line drawing of one of the gates to the main quad]]

[[File:The Press Gang.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|A 1929 photo of the Stanford University Press staff|alt=A group of people in front of a building]]
In 1925, SUP hired William Hawley Davis, Professor of English, to be the inaugural general editor at the press. In the following year, SUP issued its first catalog, listing seventy-five published books.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sup.org/about/|title=About the Press|website=www.sup.org|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.stanford.edu/2017/11/09/press-celebrates-125th-anniversary/|title=Stanford University Press celebrates 125th anniversary|date=2017-11-09|website=Stanford News |access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref> University President [[Ray Lyman Wilbur]] established a Special Committee in 1927 comprising the editor, the press manager, the sales manager, and the comptroller in service of the press, whose "principal object is to serve in the publication of University publications of all sorts and to promote human welfare generally."<ref name=":0" />

The first press director, Donald P. Bean, was appointed in 1945. By the 1950s, the printing plant ranked seventh nationally among university presses with respect to title output. The head book designer in the late 1950s and 1960s was printer and typographer [[Jack Stauffacher]], later an [[American Institute of Graphic Arts|AIGA]] medalist.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aiga.org/medalist-jackstauffacher|title=2004 AIGA Medalist: Jack Stauffacher|website=AIGA {{!}} the professional association for design|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref>

In 1999, the press became a division of the [[Stanford University Libraries]]. It moved from its previous location adjacent to the Stanford campus to its current location, in Redwood City, in 2012–13.<ref>{{cite web|author=Mimi Calter |date=2014-01-07 |title=Redwood City moves complete |url=http://library.stanford.edu/news/2014/01/redwood-city-moves-complete |publisher=Stanford University Libraries |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624205539/http://library.stanford.edu/news/2014/01/redwood-city-moves-complete}}</ref>

Stanford Business Books, an imprint for professional titles in business, launched in 2000, with two publications about [[Silicon Valley]]. The press launched the Briefs imprint in 2012, featuring short-form publications across its entire list.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sup.org/books/imprints/?imprint=Stanford%20Briefs|title=Stanford Briefs Thumbnails|website=www.sup.org|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://stanfordpress.typepad.com/blog/2015/02/on-the-merits-of-brevity.html|title=On the Merits of Brevity|website=Stanford University Press Blog|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref> With funding from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, SUP debuted a publishing program for [[Digital scholarship|born-digital interactive scholarly works]] in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://stanfordpress.typepad.com/blog/2015/01/taking-digital-scholarship-to-the-presses.html|title=Taking Digital Scholarship to the Presses|website=Stanford University Press Blog|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sup.org/digital/|title=Stanford Digital Projects|website=www.sup.org|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref> That same year, it launched its trade imprint, Redwood Press, with a novel by [[Bahiyyih Nakhjavani|Bahiyyah Nakhjavani]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/newsbrief/index.html?record=39|title=Stanford University Press Launches Trade Imprint |website=PublishersWeekly.com|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref>

In April 2019, the provost of Stanford University announced plans to cease providing funds for the press, drawing widespread criticism.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 26, 2019 |title=Proposed Cut of Stanford U. Press's Subsidy Sparks Outrage |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/Proposed-Cut-of-Stanford-U/246200 |last=Kafka |first=Alexander C. |website=[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]] |access-date=April 27, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2019/04/29/stanford-moves-stop-providing-funds-its-university-press |title=Stanford Moves to Stop Supporting Its University Press |last=Jaschik |first=Scott |date=April 29, 2019 |website=[[Inside Higher Ed]] |access-date=April 27, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Miller|first=Elise |date=2019-04-29 |url=https://www.stanforddaily.com/2019/04/29/stanford-community-outraged-at-su-press-defunding-over-1000-sign-petitions/ |title=Stanford community outraged at SU Press defunding, over 1,000 sign petitions |website=The Stanford Daily|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref> Following protests from Stanford faculty and students, as well as the wider academic and publishing community,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aupresses.org/news-a-publications/news/1770-association-stands-in-support-of-stanford-university-press|title=Association Stands in Support of Stanford University Press |website=www.aupresses.org|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref> the subsidy for the 2019–20 academic year was reinstated, with additional options for future fundraising on the press's part to be discussed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/Facing-Blowback-Stanford/246211|title=Facing Blowback, Stanford Partly Reverses Course and Pledges Press Subsidy for One More Year |last=Kafka|first=Alexander C.|date=2019-04-30|work=The Chronicle of Higher Education|access-date=2019-05-07|issn=0009-5982}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.stanforddaily.com/2019/05/01/provost-compromise-a-step-in-the-right-direction-on-su-press-defunding-but-not-enough-say-faculty/|title=Provost compromise a 'step in the right direction' on SU Press defunding, but not enough, say faculty |last=Miller |first=Elise|date=2019-05-01|website=The Stanford Daily |access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2019/05/01/stanford-backs-down-year-ending-support-university-press|title=Stanford backs down -- for a year -- on ending support for university press|website=Inside Higher Ed |access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stanforddaily.com/2019/05/02/op-ed-graduate-students-on-sups-future/ |title=Op-Ed: Graduate students on SUP's future|date=2019-05-02|website=The Stanford Daily|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref>

== Imprints ==

=== Redwood Press ===
Redwood Press publishes books written for a trade audience, spanning a variety of topics, by both academics and non-academic writers.

=== Stanford Briefs ===
Stanford Briefs are essay-length works published across SUP's various disciplines.

=== Stanford Business Books ===
The Stanford Business Books imprint is home to academic trade books, professional titles, texts for course use, and monographs that explore the social science side of business.

== Digital publishing ==
SUP's digital projects initiative, funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, advances a formal channel for peer review and publication of born-digital scholarly works in the fields of digital humanities and computational social sciences.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sup.org/digital/|title=Stanford Digital Projects|website=www.sup.org|access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref>

== Notable series ==

*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=Asian%20America Asian America]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=Cold%20War%20International%20History%20Project Cold War International History Project]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=The%20Collected%20Poetry%20of%20Robinson%20Jeffers The Collected Poetry of Robinson Jeffers]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=The%20Complete%20Works%20of%20Friedrich%20Nietzsche The Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=The%20Cultural%20Lives%20of%20Law Cultural Lives of the Law]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=Cultural%20Memory%20in%20the%20Present Cultural Memory in the Present]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=Innovation%20and%20Technology%20in%20the%20World%20Economy Innovation and Technology in the World Economy]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=Meridian:%20Crossing%20Aesthetics Meridian: Crossing Aesthetics], founded by [[Werner Hamacher]]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=Post*45 Post*45]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=South%20Asia%20in%20Motion South Asia in Motion]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=Square%20One:%20First-Order%20Questions%20in%20the%20Humanities Square One: First-Order Questions in the Humanities]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=Stanford%20Studies%20in%20Comparative%20Race%20and%20Ethnicity Stanford Studies in Comparative Race and Ethnicity]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=Stanford%20Studies%20in%20Human%20Rights Stanford Studies in Human Rights]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=Stanford%20Studies%20in%20Jewish%20History%20and%20Culture Stanford Studies in Jewish History and Culture]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=Stanford%20Studies%20in%20Middle%20Eastern%20and%20Islamic%20Societies%20and%20Cultures Stanford Studies in Middle Eastern and Islamic Societies and Cultures]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=Studies%20in%20Asian%20Security Studies in Asian Security]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=Studies%20in%20Social%20Inequality Studies in Social Inequality]
*[https://www.sup.org/books/series/?series=Studies%20of%20the%20Walter%20H.%20Shorenstein%20Asia-Pacific%20Research%20Center Studies of the Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center]

==Notable publications==

*''The Tariff Controversy in the United States, 1789–1833'', by Orrin Leslie Elliott
**The first book published in the Leland Stanford Junior University Monographs series
*''The Story of the Innumerable Company'', by David Starr Jordan
**The first book published with the Stanford University Press imprint
*''Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States'', by [[LeRoy Abrams]]
*''[[Between Pacific Tides]]''[[Between Pacific Tides|, by]] [[Ed Ricketts]] and Jack Calvin (1939)
**The 1948 edition would feature a foreword by [[John Steinbeck]]
*''[[De arte venandi cum avibus|The Art of Falconry]]'', by Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, translated and edited by [[Casey Albert Wood|Casey A. Wood]] and F. Marjorie Fyfe
*''The Ancient Maya'', by [[Sylvanus Morley|Sylvanus Griswold Morley]] (1946)
*''Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist'', by William Walter Greulich and S. Idell Pyle
*''[[Essays (Montaigne)|The Complete Essays of Montaigne]]'', translated by Donald M. Frame
*''Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision'', by [[Roberta Wohlstetter]] (1962)
*''[[Origins of the Chinese Revolution, 1915–1949]]'', by [[Lucien Bianco]]
*''The Many-Splendored Fishes of Hawaii'', by Gar Goodson
*''The Sexual Contract'', by [[Carole Pateman]] (1988)
*''The Collected Poetry of Robinson Jeffers'', 5 vols., edited by Tim Hunt (1988–2002)
**Stanford University Press would also publish ''The Collected Letters of Robinson Jeffers'', 3 vols., edited by James Karman (2009–15)
*''[[Epic of Gilgamesh|The Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', translated with an introduction and notes by Maureen Gallery Kovacs (1989)
*''Fiction in the Archives: Pardon Tales and their Tellers in Sixteenth Century France'', by [[Natalie Zemon Davis]] (1990)
*''A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War'', by Melvyn P. Leffler (1992)
*''[[Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life]]'', by [[Giorgio Agamben]] (1998)
*''The Life and Times of Pancho Villa'', by Friedrich Katz (1998)
*''The Silicon Valley Edge: A Habitat for Innovation and Entrepreneurship'', edited by [[Chong Moon Lee|Chong-Moon Lee]], [[William F. Miller]], Marguerite Gong Hancock, and Henry S. Rowan (2000)
**The inaugural title in the Stanford Business Books imprint
*[[Dialectic of Enlightenment|''Dialectic of Enlightenment'', by Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno]] (2002)
*''[[Zohar|The Zohar]]'', 12 vols., translated with commentary by Daniel Matt (2003–17)
*''The Physics of Business Growth'', edited by Edward Hess and Jeanne Liedtka (2012)
**The inaugural title in the Stanford Briefs imprint
*''[[Common Knowledge? An Ethnography of Wikipedia]]'', by [[Dariusz Jemielniak]] (2014)
*''The Woman Who Read Too Much'', by Bahiyyah Nakhjavani (2015)
**The inaugural title in the Redwood Press imprint
*''[[The Burnout Society]]'', by [[Byung-Chul Han]] (Briefs, 2015)
*''Enchanting the Desert'', by Nicholas Bauch (2016)
**The inaugural digital project published by supDigital
*''Crook County: Racism and Injustice in America's Largest Criminal Court'', by Nicole Gonzalez Van Cleve (2016)
*''The Omnibus'' Homo Sacer, by Giorgio Agamben (2017)
*''[[Enemies and Friends]] 1967''

== Major awards ==
Major award won by the press and its publications are as follows:<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.sup.org/books/awards/ |title = Stanford University Press Awards |website = www.sup.org |language = en-US |access-date = 2019-05-15 }}</ref>
*[[Bancroft Prize]] (1962): ''Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision''
*Bancroft Prize (1993): ''A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War''
*René Welleck Prize, American Comparative Literature Association (1996): ''The Problem of a Chinese Aesthetic''
*Bryce Wood Book Award, [[Latin American Studies Association]] (2000); Albert J. Beveridge Award, [[American Historical Association]] (1999): ''The Life and Times of Pancho Villa''
*Aldo and Jeanne Scaglione Prize for Comparative Literary Studies, [[Modern Language Association]] (2003): ''The Rhetoric of Romantic Prophecy''
*Gold Medal, [[California Book Awards]], Commonwealth Club of California (2009): ''Asian American Art: A History, 1850–1970''
*[[Nautilus Book Award]] (2010): ''Companies on a Mission''
*National Jewish Book Award, [[Jewish Book Council]] (2010): ''From Continuity to Contiguity: Toward a New Jewish Literary Thinking''
*National Jewish Book Award in Women's Studies, Jewish Book Council (2010): ''Memoirs of a Grandmother: Scenes from the Cultural History of the Jews of Russia in the Nineteenth Century'', Volume 1
*Yonatan Shapiro Book Prize, Association of Israel Studies (2011); National Jewish Book Award in Sephardic Culture, Jewish Book Council (2011): ''Ottoman Brothers: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Early Twentieth-Century Palestine''
*National Jewish Book Award in Sephardic Culture, Jewish Book Council (2014): ''Sephardi Lives: A Documentary History, 1700–1950''
*National Jewish Book Award in Women's Studies, Jewish Book Council (2014); Fenia and Yaakov Leviant Memorial Prize, Modern Language Association (2015): ''A Question of Tradition: Women Poets in Yiddish, 1586–1987''
*[[PROSE Awards|Prose Award]] for Excellence in Social Sciences (2017); [[American Sociological Association]] Distinguished Scholarly Book Award: ''Crook County: Racism and Injustice in America's Largest Criminal Court''
*[[Independent Publisher Book Awards|Independent Publisher Book Award]] (2018): ''Witnesses of the Unseen: Seven Years in Guantanamo''
*Hayek Book Prize, [[Manhattan Institute for Policy Research]] (2018): ''The High Cost of Good Intentions:'' ''A History of U.S. Federal Entitlement Programs''
*Palestine Book Award, [[Middle East Monitor]] (2018): ''Brothers Apart: Palestinian Citizens of Israel and the Arab World''
*Gold in Success/Motivation/Coaching, Axiom Business Book Award (2019): ''Life Is a Startup: What What Founders Can Teach Us about Making Choices and Managing Change''
*Gold in Autobiography/Memoir III (Personal Struggle/Health Issues), Independent Publisher Book Award: ''Nisei Naysayer: The Memoir of Militant Japanese American Journalist Jimmie Omura''
*Joseph Levenson Pre-1900 Book Prize, [[Association for Asian Studies]] (2019): ''A World Trimmed with Fur: Wild Things, Pristine Places, and the Natural Fringes of Qing Rule''

== 1933 murder case ==
In 1933, David Lamson, a sales manager at SUP, was accused of murdering his wife, Allene, at their home on the Stanford campus.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://stanfordmag.org/contents/was-it-murder |title=Was It Murder?|website=stanfordmag.org |date=January 2000 |access-date=2019-05-07 }}</ref> The novelist and poet [[Janet Lewis]], campaigning for Lamson's acquittal, wrote a pamphlet emphasizing the dangers of using circumstantial evidence. Lamson was ultimately released after being tried four times.

==See also==
{{Portal|Literature|California}}
* [[List of English-language book publishing companies]]
* [[List of university presses]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official}} of the Stanford University Press

{{Stanford University}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Stanford University|Press]]
[[Category:Stanford University Press books| ]]
[[Category:University presses of the United States]]
[[Category:Book publishing companies based in California]]
[[Category:Companies based in Palo Alto, California]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1892]]
[[Category:1892 establishments in California]]

Jami Masjid, Bharuch

2026-02-15T00:31:30Z

Ieagle1: started a pg v1

{{Short description|Mosque in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{for|similarly named mosques|List of grand mosques}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Jami Masjid
| image = Jami Masjid Bharuch.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| caption = The mosque in 2013, with worshippers
| location = [[Bharuch]], [[Gujarat]]
| country = India
| geo = {{Coord|21|41|31|N|72|58|55|E|type:landmark_region:IN-GJ|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = Gujarat
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Gujarat]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| status = [[Mosque]]
| functional_status = Active
| website=
| architect=
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style= [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = 14th century
| construction_cost=
| capacity=
| length = {{convert|126.5|ft|m|order=flip}}
| width = {{convert|52|ft|m|order=flip}}
| dome_quantity = 13
| dome_height_outer=
| dome_dia_outer=
| minaret_quantity=
| minaret_height=
| materials= Stone, bricks, mortar
| module = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| designation1 = MANI | designation1_offname = Jami Masjid | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = N-GJ-76 | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = }}
}}
The '''Jami Masjid''' is a [[congregational mosque|Friday mosque]] located at the top of the hill at Bharuch Fort in [[Bharuch]], in the state of [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. Built in the 14th century, it has three large domes, ten smaller domes and 48 pillars. The mosque was built in early 14th century; using the remains of a former [[Jain temple]];<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Y. D. |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/archaeological-remains-monuments-and-museums-part-ii |title=Archaeological Remains, Monuments & Museums |date= |publisher=Organizing Committee, XXVI International Congress of Orientalists, [[Archaeological Survey of India]] |year=1964 |volume=Part II |location=New Delhi |pages=273 |language=en |chapter=VIII. Islamic monuments}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Jama Masjid |work=District Bharuch, Government Of Gujarat |url=https://bharuch.nic.in/tourist-place/jama-masjid/ |access-date=2020-07-30 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Wright |first=Colin |title=Portion of the façade of the Jami Masjid, Bharuch 1834 |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/p/019pho001000s17u01834000.html |access-date=2020-07-30 |website=[[British Library]] }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Burgess |first=James |url=http://archive.org/details/onmuhammadanarc00burggoog |title=On the Muhammadan architecture of Bharoch, Cambay, Dholka, Champanir, and Mahmudabad in Gujarat |date=1896 |publisher=London, W. Griggs & Sons, Limited; [[Harvard University]] |pages=19-23}}</ref> and is a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monument of National Importance]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-gujarat/ |title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Gujarat |work=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |date= |access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The mosque has an open courtyard with gateways and a prayer-chamber at its western side. The prayer-chamber is open pillared [[verandah]] which is divided into three compartments. Each compartment is formed by pillars supporting a large dome forming a ''[[mandapa]]''. The mosque thus has three large domes, ten smaller domes and 48 pillars in total. There is no [[façade]] of arches there.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

On the western wall, the ''[[qibla]]'' features pointed arches and Islamic motifs but are designed on patterns of niches in Hindu temples.<ref name=":0" />

The mosque is built chiefly from the materials of Hindu and Jain temples, including the reuse of brackets, domes, and slabs. The marble door at the entrance to the mosque courtyard was taken from a Jain temple, and a Jina figure is still observable.<ref name=":3" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Bharuch Interior of the Jami Masjid.jpg|Interior
File:Bharuch Jami Masjid from the North west.jpg|Mosque from the northwest
File:Jami Masjid Bharuch-3.jpg|Detail of carvings on the pillar
File:Jami Masjid Bharuch-2.jpg|Pillars
File:Plan of Jami Masjid Bharuch.jpg|Floor plan
File:Jain door Juma Mosque Bharuch.jpg|Marble door to the courtyard, originally from a Jain temple with a Jina image still visible in the upper frame.
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Gujarat]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat-inline}}

{{Mosques in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharuch, Jami Masjid}}
[[Category:14th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Bharuch|Jami Masjid]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1320s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Mosques converted from Jain temples]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Gujarat]]

Bhangra (music)

2026-02-14T17:37:36Z

Ieagle1: minor cleanup

{{short description|Type of popular music associated with Punjabi culture}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox music genre
| name = Bhangra
| image = Red Baraat 02.jpg
| native_name =
| etymology =
| other_names =
| caption =
| stylistic_origins = {{hlist|[[Folk music of Punjab|Punjabi traditional folk]]|[[pop music|pop]]}}
| cultural_origins = 1960s, [[Punjab]]
| instruments =
| derivatives = Bhangragga
| subgenres =
| fusiongenres =
| regional_scenes =
| local_scenes =
| other_topics =
}}
{{Punjabiterm
|sha=بَھن٘گڑا
|gur=ਭੰਗੜਾ
|tr=bhaṅgṛā
|IPA={{IPA|pa|ˈpə̀ŋɡ(ə)ɽaː|}}
}}{{Punjabis}}
'''Bhangra''' ({{IPA|pa|ˈpə̀ŋɡ(ə)ɽaː|Punjabi pron|Bhangra_pronunciation.ogg}}) is a type of music of the [[Punjab]] region. It is a prominent form of entertainment and a means of expressing joy, particularly during festive and celebratory occasions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the difference between bhangra and bollywood dance? |url=https://www.urbanpro.com/bollywood-dance-classes/what-is-the-difference-between-bhangra-and#:~:text=Bhangra%20is%20a%20folk%20music,patterns%20and%20western%20choreographic%20trends. |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=Urbanpro.com}}</ref> The dhol, a double-sided drum played with two sticks, is the best-known instrument in Bhangra, traditionally accompanied by instruments like the tumbi, sarangi, dholak, and various modern additions such as the synthesizer and guitar.<ref name=":0" />

Over the years, bhangra has evolved and gained popularity not only in South Asia but also around the world. It has become a significant part of the cultural identity of the Punjabi diaspora in countries like [[Australia]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Canada]], and the [[United States]]. Prior to this musical fusion, bhangra existed only as a [[Bhangra (dance)|dance form]] in the native Punjab. This Punjabi music was unique in that it was neither traditional nor did it seek any authenticity. While the traditional folk music of Punjab has a set of melodies that are used by various singers, bhangra was a form of strict "band culture" in that new melodies were composed for each song. Therefore, the musicians were as important as the singers.

==Origins==
The roots of modern bhangra music date back to the Sikh Punjabi community in Punjab during the 1960s. An early pop music and modern recording group of this type of music in the United Kingdom was the [[Bhujhangy Group]], founded by Tarlochan Singh Bilga, Balbir Singh Khanpur, Gurpal, Rajinder Dhona and Dalvir Kahanpuri in Birmingham in 1971.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Folkard, Claire|title=Guinness World Records 2005|year=2004|publisher=Guinness World Records|location=Enfield|isbn=0851121926|page=199}}</ref> The Bhujhangy Group's first major hit was "Bhabiye Akh Larr Gayee". It was written by Tarlochan Singh Bilga in the early 1970s and was released on Birmingham's [[Oriental Star Agencies]] label. This was the first bhangra song to combine traditional Asian music with modern Western instruments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.osa.co.uk/feature_content.asp?feature_id=1|title=Osa History|access-date=2013-09-09|publisher=Oriental Star Agencies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323032510/http://www.osa.co.uk/feature_content.asp?feature_id=1|archive-date=2014-03-23|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Differences from folk music===
Although bhangra music used many of the elements of [[Folk music of Punjab|Punjabi folk music]] (e.g., "Bakkrey Bulaaney" – the goat herding vocalizations), it was also radically different in its embrace of modernity. The song structure of a typical bhangra song featured four verses, a chorus, along with two alternating instrumental bridge sections (e.g., CVB1CVB2CVB1CVB2C). Hence it featured more musicianship than its folk predecessor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The elements of music heard in Bhangra music – Punjabi Bhangra music – OCR – GCSE Music Revision – OCR |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zkjw7p3/revision/2 |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=BBC Bitesize |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==United Kingdom==
A modern and commercial form of bhangra music rose in Britain in the 1970s by Punjabi immigrants who took their native folk music and began experimenting by altering it using instruments from their host country, particularly in cities such as [[Birmingham]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3M2dVsSLfsPSb4NX0HxMwsG/how-birmingham-became-the-bhangra-capital-of-the-world|title=How Birmingham became the Bhangra capital of the world|work=[[BBC]]|author=Dipps Bhamrah}}</ref> [[Bradford]], and [[Leicester]]. The new genre quickly became popular in Britain replacing Punjabi folk singers due to it being heavily influenced in Britain by the infusion of rock music and a need to move away from the simple and repetitive Punjabi folk music. It indicated the development of a self-conscious and distinctively rebellious [[British Asian]] [[youth culture]] centred on an experiential sense of self, e.g., language, [[gesture]], bodily signification, desires, etc., in a situation in which tensions with British culture and [[racism|racist]] elements in British society had resulted in [[Social alienation|alienation]] in many [[Minority group|minority ethnic groups]], fostered a sense of need for an affirmation of a positive identity and culture, and provided a platform for British Punjabi males to assert their masculinity.<ref name = "htyxku">Sharma, Sanjay. "Noisy Asians or 'Asian Noise'?" In ''Disorienting Rhythms: The Politics of the New Asian Dance Music''</ref><ref>[http://www.sehyon.com/bhangra.htm Sehyon.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202956/http://www.sehyon.com/bhangra.htm |date=2016-03-03 }}, a composer of bhangra music</ref><ref name="xucwva">{{cite web|url=https://moodle.brandeis.edu/file.php/3404/pdfs/sharma_noisy-asians.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408203954/https://moodle.brandeis.edu/file.php/3404/pdfs/sharma_noisy-asians.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-04-08|title=Moodle.brandeis.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2006-04-21 |title=What's right with Asian boys |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/9f2bb9fc-d03b-11da-b160-0000779e2340 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211/https://www.ft.com/content/9f2bb9fc-d03b-11da-b160-0000779e2340 |archive-date=2022-12-10 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=2022-04-07}}</ref>

In the 1980s, distributed by record labels such as Oriental Star Agencies and [[Multitone Records]], bhangra artists were selling over 50,000 cassettes a week in the UK, but no artists reached the Top 40 UK chart despite these artists outselling popular British ones; most of the bhangra cassette sales were sold through local shops and not the larger record stores, and bypassed official sales and charts.<ref>{{cite web|url=
https://www.desiblitz.com/content/uk-bhangra-bands-1980s|title=10 Popular UK Bhangra Bands from the 1980s|author=Jas Sembhi|work=Desi Blitz}}</ref>

The group [[Alaap (band)|Alaap]] was formed in 1977 and co-founded by [[Channi Singh]] and Harjeet Gandhi, both whom hailed from [[Southall]], a Punjabi area in London. Their album ''Teri Chunni De Sitaray'' was released in 1982 by Multitone. Alaap was considered the first and original superstar bhangra band formed in the United Kingdom. Channi Singh has been awarded the OBE by the Queen for his services to bhangra music and services/charity for the British Asian community. Co-founder Harjeet Gandhi died in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hindunet.org/onps/default.php?dtstr=20031026&Formsearchresults_Page=9|title=Todays News|website=hindunet.org|access-date=2016-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513202212/http://hindunet.org/onps/default.php?dtstr=20031026&Formsearchresults_Page=9|archive-date=2016-05-13|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1983, the band [[DCS (band)|DCS]] formed, founded by Shin and Danny Choranji. DCS are recognised as an influential band from their 1980s releases on Multitone include ''123 Go'' and ''O.U.1''.

Danny Choranji was instrumental in bringing wider visibility of bhangra to the UK through [[BBC Radio]]. On 30 October 1989, Asian Network (later [[BBC Asian Network]]) was launched, and Choranji's show ''Eastern Beat'' would showcase bhangra from the likes of Golden Star, [[Achanak (band)|Achanak]] and [[Tarsame Singh Saini|Johnny Zee]]. The launch of the commercial station [[Sunrise Radio]] also in 1989 was an important moment.

The scene was particularly centred around daytime [[raves]], with young revellers "bunking off school to attend".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leeds-47526815|title=In pictures: Bradford's Bhangra daytimers|work=[[BBC]]|date=13 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thefader.com/2017/01/10/british-asian-daytimers-history-riz-ahmed|title=Why Daytime Raves Were So Important For Asian Club Culture|date=10 January 2017|work=[[The Fader]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife-news/inside-secret-world-daytime-raves-28332358|title=Inside the secret world of daytime raves in Birmingham|date=30 December 2023|work=Birmingham Mail}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.azeemamag.com/stories/daytimers|title=Remembering Daytimers – the secret South Asian day raves of the ‘80s and ‘90s|date=4 June 2021|work=Azeema Mag}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mixmag.net/feature/daytimers-daytime-raves-uk-south-asian-series-80s-90s|title=How daytime raves introduced clubbing to a generation of young British South Asians|work=[[MixMag]]|date=10 September 2021|author=Safi Bugel}}</ref>

One of the biggest bhangra stars of the last several decades is [[Malkit Singh]] and his band Golden Star. Singh also worked with Tarlochan Singh Bilga (TSB Golden Star). Singh and his band has toured 27 countries, and has been awarded an MBE for his services to bhangra music.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-17678773|title=Bhangra singer Malkit Singh on Birmingham Walk of Stars|date=11 April 2012|work=[[BBC]]}}</ref>

Bhangra boy band, the [[Sahotas]], were composed of five brothers from [[Wolverhampton]]. Their music is a fusion of bhangra, rock and dance.

[[Heera Group UK|Heera]], formed by Bhupinder Bhindi and fronted by Kumar and Dhami, was one of the most popular bands of the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tM7vvmV1SWcC&q=Heera%2C+formed+by+Bhupinder+Bhindi+and+fronted+by+Kumar+and+Dhami%2C+was+one+of+the+most+popular+bands+of+the+1980s&pg=PA40|title=Folk Dances of Punjab|last=Walia|first=Aarohi|date=2008|publisher=Unistar Books|isbn=9788171426027}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/oct/14/urban|title=Bhangra music goes global|last=Steward|first=Sue|date=2007-10-14|work=The Guardian|access-date=2018-12-05|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Bands like [[Alaap (band)|Alaap]] and [[Heera Group UK|Heera]] incorporated rock-influenced beats into bhangra, because it enabled "Asian youth to affirm their identities positively" within the broader environment of alternative rock as an alternative way of expression. However, some believe that the progression of bhangra music created an "intermezzo culture" post-India's partition, within the unitary definitions of Southeast Asians within the diaspora, thus "establishing a brand new community in their home away from home".<ref name="bdnvra">Sharma, Sanjay. "Noisy Asians or 'Asian Noise'?" In ''Disorienting Rhythms: The Politics of the New Asian Dance Music'', ed. Sanjay Sharma, John Hutnyk, and Ashwani Sharma, 32-57. London: Zed Books, 1996.[https://archive.today/20120730100146/http://www.focusanthro.org/essays0405/nalikagajaweera0405.htm The Discontents of the Hyphenated Identity: Second Generation British Asian Youth Culture and Fusion Music]</ref>

Several other influential groups appeared around the same time, including The Saathies, [[Premi (band)|Premi]], Bhujungy Group, and [[Apna Sangeet]]. Apna Sangeet, best known for their hit "Mera Yaar Vajavey Dhol", re-formed for charity in May 2009 after a break-up.<ref>[http://www.sonaweb.co.uk/blog/47-blog/71-blogbhangraapnasangeeet Sonaweb.co.uk] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719001225/http://www.sonaweb.co.uk/blog/47-blog/71-blogbhangraapnasangeeet |date=July 19, 2009 }}</ref>

In the early-mid 1990s, influenced by [[house music]], and [[hip hop]], bhangra increasingly fused traditional instruments and vocals with [[sampling (music)|sampling]], [[synthesisers]], and [[remixing]]. Artists such as [[Johnny Zee]], [[Bally Sagoo]], and [[Talvin Singh]]. The Birmingham-based record label [[Nachural Records]] was heavily responsible for putting out UK bhangra throughout the 90s and particularly remixes of Achanak and TSB Golden Star.

[[File:Apache Indian performing.jpg|thumb|left|[[Apache Indian (musician)|Apache Indian]] performing in 2009]]
The fusion of bhangra with [[dancehall]] [[reggae]] resulted in the derivative of ''bhangragga'' or ''bhangramuffin'', and is most connected with [[Handsworth, West Midlands|Handsworth]] born [[Apache Indian (musician)|Apache Indian]].<ref name="tms2014">{{cite book|last=Sfetcu|first=Nicolae|title=The Music Sound|year=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXyFAwAAQBAJ|access-date=June 23, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Zachariah">{{cite journal |last1=Zachariah |first1=Preeti |title=Make way for this Indian |journal=The Hindu |date=28 November 2017 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/apacheindianintown/article21037254.ece |access-date=1 February 2023 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |quote=the genre of music he pioneered, bhangramuffin – ragamuffin dancehall with Indian influences – is an expression of the ethnic mosaic and diversity he grew up in.}}</ref> Indian, and his producers, combined elements of [[percussion instrument|percussion]]-heavy – a distinct holdover from bhangra – with a propulsive beat clearly designed for dancing. The dancehall influence can be felt through the use of pre-programmed music, similar to Dancehall "[[riddim]]s". Lyrically, the style features a combination of [[Indian English|Sub-Continental-accented]] (usually Indian) vocals delivered in the clipped style associated with dancehall – and sometimes including [[Jamaican Patois|the Patois]] of the latter style.<ref name="tms2014"/>

Bally Sagoo is a Punjabi-Sikh, Anglo-Indian raised in [[Birmingham]], England. Sagoo has described his music as "a bit of tablas, a bit of the Indian sound. But bring on the bass lines, bring on the funky-drummer beat, bring on the [[James Brown]] samples", to ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine in 1997. He was signed by [[Sony Music|Sony]]. [[Daler Mehndi]], a Punjabi singer from India has a type of music known as "folk pop". Mehndi has released tracks such as "Bolo Ta Ra Ra" and "Ho Jayegee Balle Balle". His song "[[Tunak Tunak Tun]]" was released in 1998.

Into the noughties, the fusing of genres has continued with [[Panjabi MC]] and [[H Dhami]].
[[File:H-Dhami.JPG|thumb|right|[[H Dhami]] performing in 2013]]

By the end of the 1990s, bhangra music had largely declined and been replaced with Punjabi folk singers. The same folk singers which bhangra bands had replaced a decade earlier were being utilized by DJs to make relatively inexpensive live music on laptops. This "[[folkhop]]" genre was short lived as records could not be officially released due to nonclearance copyrights on samples used to create the "beat". This continued until the end of the century. Folk-hop record labels such as Hi-Tech were investigated by BPI (British Phonographic Industry) for copyright infringement by way of uncleared samples on releases by folk DJs such as DJ Sanj.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/bpi-acts-after-sampling-complaints/027974|title=BPI acts after sampling complaints – News – Music Week|website=www.musicweek.com}}</ref>

A [[BBC Four]] [[documentary]] ''Pump Up The Bhangra'' was broadcast in August 2018. Presented by [[Bobby Friction]], it documented the cultural history and impact of bhangra in Britain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0bgfnxv|title=Pump Up the Bhangra: The Sound of Asian Britain|work=[[BBC Four]]}}</ref>

==Canada and the United States==
[[File:MissPooja2.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Miss Pooja]], famous for her numerous album releases ]]

Punjabi immigrants have encouraged the growth of Punjabi folk music in the Western hemisphere rather than bhangra music. The bhangra industry has grown in North America much less than in the United Kingdom.

North American (non bhangra) folk artists such as [[Manmohan Waris]], [[Jazzy B]], [[Kamal Heer]], Harbhajan Mann, Sarabjit Cheema, and Debi Makhsoospuri have emerged and the [[remix]] market has grown.<ref>iLounge.com (2006) [http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/news/comments/8209/ ''Study: Digital music market sees 'remarkable growth''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006053845/http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/news/comments/8209/ |date=2008-10-06 }}</ref><ref>Katz, Michael (2008) [http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=michael_katz ''Recycling Copyright: Survival & Growth in the Remix Age''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629215553/http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=michael_katz |date=2011-06-29 }} (pdf-format)</ref>

In 2001, Punjabi folk, and its hip-hop form, [[folkhop]], began to exert an influence over US [[contemporary R&B|R&B]] music, when [[Missy Elliott]] released the folkhop-influenced song "[[Get Ur Freak On]]". In 2003, a version of [[Panjabi MC]]'s "[[Mundian To Bach Ke]]" ("Beware of the Boys") featured U.S. rapper [[Jay-Z]].<ref>[http://www.americanbhangra.com/americanbhangrahistory.php American Bhangra – History of American Bhangra] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404164147/http://www.americanbhangra.com/americanbhangrahistory.php |date=April 4, 2007 }}</ref> Additionally, American rapper [[Pras]] of [[The Fugees]] recorded tracks with British alternative bhangra band [[Swami (band)|Swami]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Walia|first=Aarohi|title=Folk Dances of Punjab|year=2008|page=43|publisher=Unistar Books|isbn=9788171426027|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tM7vvmV1SWcC|access-date=June 23, 2024}}</ref> American singer and actress [[Selena Gomez]] released her bhangra-influenced single "[[Come & Get It (Selena Gomez song)|Come & Get It]]" from her first solo album ''[[Stars Dance]]'' in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.selenagomez.com/music/stars-dance|title=Stars Dance|date=2016-04-28|website=Selena Gomez|language=en|access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref>

==Lyrics==
[[File:Walpaper.jpg|thumb|Bhangra lyrics, which generally cover social issues or love, are sung in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].]]
Bhangra lyrics, which generally cover social issues or love, are sung in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. Bhangra lyrics were generally kept deliberately simple by the creators of the genre because the youth did not understand complex lyrics. Traditional Punjabi folk lyrics are generally more complex and often tell the tales of Punjabi history. There are many bhangra songs devoted to Punjabi pride themes and Punjabi heroes. The lyrics are tributes to the cultural traditions of Punjab. In particular, many bhangra tracks have been written about [[Udham Singh]] and [[Bhagat Singh]]. Less serious topics include beautiful women with their colourful [[Dupatta|duppattas]]. Lyrics can also be about crops and the coming of a new season. Bhangra is sung fiercely with strong lyrics often yelling: "balle balle" or "chakde phate", which refer to celebration and/or pride.

Notable bhangra or Punjabi lyricists include [[Harbans Jandu]] who wrote "Giddhian Di Rani".

==Instruments==
Punjabi instruments contribute to bhangra. Originally this was primarily the [[dhol]]. The 20th century has brought changes to the instruments that define bhangra, to include the [[tumbi]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8O9tua3CjhMC&q=tumbi&pg=PA115|title=Bhangra Moves: From Ludhiana to London and Beyond|last=Roy|first=Anjali Gera|date=2010-01-01|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=9780754658238}}</ref> [[sarangi]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8O9tua3CjhMC&q=sarangi&pg=PA58|title=Bhangra Moves: From Ludhiana to London and Beyond|last=Roy|first=Anjali Gera|date=2010-01-01|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=9780754658238}}</ref> [[dholak]] (smaller than the dhol), [[flute]], [[zither]], [[fiddle]], [[Pump organ|harmonium]], [[tabla]], [[guitar]], [[mandolin]], saxophone, synthesizer, drum set, and other Western instruments.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/bhangra|title=bhangra {{!}} dance|newspaper=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2017-01-16}}</ref> Perhaps the most famous bhangra instrument is the dhol. It is a double-sided barrel drum that creates the beat to which bhangra is danced. The person who plays the instrument, the dholi, plays various beats to create the different bhangra segments, such as Dhamaal, Jhummar, One side of the dhol has thicker skin, which creates a deeper sound, and the other side has a thinner skin, resulting in a higher-pitched sound. Two sticks are used to play the dhol instrument. The thicker stick, called the dagga, is used to play the bass side. The thinner tilli is used to play the treble side. Both sticks are usually made of wood or bamboo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://learnbhangra.com/history|title = History}}</ref>

The string instruments include the [[guitar]] (both electrical), [[Bass guitar|bass]], [[sitar]], [[tumbi]], [[veena]], [[violin]] and [[sarangi]]. The [[Snare drum|snare]], [[Tom-tom drum|toms]], [[dhadd]], dafli, [[dholki]], and [[damru]] are the other drums. The tumbi was originally played by folk artists such as [[Lal Chand Yamla Jatt|Lalchand Yamla Jatt]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://folkpunjab.org/yamla-jatt/|title=Yamla Jatt|website=Folk Punjab|access-date=2017-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029051751/http://folkpunjab.org/yamla-jatt/|archive-date=2016-10-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Kuldeep Manak|Kuldip Manak]], which appeared in true folk recordings {{mdash}} notably used by [[Chamkila]], a Punjabi folk (not bhangra) singer {{mdash}} is a high-tone, single-string instrument and Chimta by (Late) Alam Lohar.

==Cultural impact and resurgence of Punjabi folk music in the West==
The third and fourth generation are generally unable to speak Punjabi if their parents could hardly speak it. There is a move towards [[Folk music of Punjab|Punjabi folk music]] which is the purest form of Punjabi music.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ritu |url=https://www.redbullmusicacademy.com/lectures/ritu-bhangra-in-beds/ |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=www.redbullmusicacademy.com |language=en}}</ref> Much of the youth struggle to understand the lyrics, although, there are some children and young adults who have maintained their folk roots. Another reason why some fans express an anti-folk sentiment is that many folk songs were written for the dominant [[Jat people|Jatts]] clan whereas Sikhs do not believe in castes, so they disapproved of [[Folk music of Punjab|Punjabi folk music]]. However, today with artists like [[Jazzy B]], PMC, [[Sukhshinder Shinda]] and [[Diljit Dosanjh]], Punjabi folk has increased in popularity although it is fused in some cases{{vague|date=November 2016}}. iTunes has catalogs of many Punjabi folk singers available.

Another cause of the resurgence of Punjabi folk music is due to the increased popularity of bhangra in areas like the UK, Canada and U.S. Bhangra has become more accessible through social media platforms such as [[YouTube]] and [[Instagram]], for the younger generation. In addition, multiple universities, across the UK, US and Canada have teams as well as academies being set up by senior dancers separate from universities. This resurgence has led to a desire for more traditional folk songs and beats, but also a learning opportunity for children of their cultures.

==See also==
*[[List of bhangra artists]]
*[[Music of Punjab]]
*[[Punjabi culture]]
*[[Asian Underground]]
*[[Multitone records]]
*[[Dhol]]
*[[Punjab region]]
*[[Music of the United Kingdom]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bhangra}}
*[http://www.gabroo.tv Where Bhangra Lives]
*[http://www.simplybhangra.com Bhangra News, Music Videos & Interviews]
*[http://www.bhangra.org www.Bhangra.org]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090913221449/http://houseofbhangra.co.uk/ House Of Bhangra]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140703023931/http://www.indiamusic.com/ India Music – The first ever Indian Music domain and web site registered.]
{{Punjab, India}}
{{Dance}}
{{Pop music}}

[[Category:Bhangra (music)| ]]
[[Category:Punjabi music]]
[[Category:Indian styles of music]]
[[Category:Pakistani styles of music]]
[[Category:Punjabi words and phrases]]
[[Category:Culture of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Pakistani diaspora in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Dance music genres]]
[[Category:Punjabi diaspora]]
[[Category:Pop music genres]]
[[Category:20th-century music genres]]
[[Category:21st-century music genres]]

Tambaram–Nagercoil Antyodaya Express

2026-02-10T16:53:09Z

Ieagle1: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|Train service in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{italic title}}{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 800000
| name = Tambaram – Nagercoil Junction ''Antyodaya Express''
| image = ED-WDM-3D Antyodaya Express.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| caption = 11121 ED/WDM-3D Antyodaya Express is at Madurai Junction Waiting for Green Signal
| locale = [[Tamilnadu]]
| type = [[Antyodaya Express]]
| status = Active
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2018|06|09}}
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| ridership = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] [[Antyodaya Express]]
| 2nd ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Tambaram}} (TBM)
| stops = 14
| end = {{stnlnk|Nagercoil}} (NCJ)
| distance = {{convert|764|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 13 hrs 50 min
| frequency = Daily
| class = General/Unreserved
| access = {{Access icon|20px}}
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation = CCTV Camera in all coaches
| entertainment = no
| baggage = yes
| otherfacilities = [[Bottled water#Purified water vending machines|Water vending machines]], [[smoke alarms]], [[CCTV]], and [[mobile phone]] charging ports
| stock = [[WAP-7]] Loco from [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el = [[25 kV AC]], [[Utility frequency|50 Hz]] (Over Head Traction)
| trainnumber = 20691 / 20692 (16191/16192 = Old Numbers)
| speed = {{convert|67|km/h}}
| map = [[File: Tambaram - Nagercoil Antyodaya Superfast Express Route Map.jpg|300px|thumb|center]]
| map_state =
}}

'''The 20691 / 20692 Tambaram–Nagercoil Antyodaya SF Express''' (via Chengalpattu Jn, Kumbakonam, Thanjavur Jn, Tiruchchirappalli Jn, Madurai Jn, Tirunelveli Jn) is an [[Antyodaya Express|Daily Unreserved Superfast express]] train of the Indian Railways connecting [[Chennai]] {{stnlnk|Tambaram}} and {{stnlnk|Nagercoil Junction}} in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is operated daily from Chennai Tambaram to Nagercoil Junction as train number 20691, and from Nagercoil Junction to Chennai Tambaram as train number 20692.It is the only daily running unreserved train in India.<ref name=newtrains>{{cite web| url = http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in//view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=5782&did=150945197719308D5BD5D7B0ADF48205B5D2748B71EA6.web91|title = SALIENT FEATURES OF SOUTHERN ZONE RAILWAY TIME TABLE – November 2017 TRAINS PERTAINING TO SOUTHERN RAILWAY|access-date = November 2, 2017}}</ref><ref name=ir1>{{cite web| url = http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2017-18/21.pdf|title = Trains at a Glance (November 2017 - June 2018)|access-date = November 2, 2017}}</ref><ref name=ir2>{{cite web| url = http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2017-18/21A.pdf|title = Trains at a Glance (November 2017 - June 2018)|access-date = November 2, 2017}}</ref><ref name=inaugural>{{cite web| url = http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in//view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=6486&did=1524563976451085C5D84E9904BEF1B0CE5DCD9309F47.web107|title = INTRODUCTION OF ANTYODAYA (DAILY) EXPRESS TRAINS BETWEEN TAMBARAM – TIRUNELVELI
|access-date = April 24, 2018}}</ref>

Announced in 2017, the train started its operations on 9 June 2018 from Tirunelveli Junction and on 10 June 2018 from Tambaram.<ref>{{cite news |title=One more train service to Chennai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/tirunelveli-to-get-one-more-train-to-chennai-from-saturday/article24108736.ece |accessdate=8 June 2018 |work=The Hindu |date=8 June 2018 }}</ref>

This train was previously running only up to {{stnlnk|Tirunelveli Junction}} but recently this train has been extended up to {{stnlnk|Nagercoil Junction}} by Indian Railways.

==Coach composition ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:green;"| Locomotive
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:brown;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:cyan;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:cyan;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:cyan;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:cyan;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:cyan;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:cyan;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:cyan;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:cyan;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:cyan;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:cyan;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:cyan;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:cyan;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:cyan;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:cyan;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:cyan;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:cyan;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:cyan;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:cyan;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:brown;"| 20

|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] || EOG || GEN/UR || GEN/UR || GEN/UR || GEN/UR || GEN/UR || GEN/UR || GEN/UR || GEN/UR || GEN/UR || GEN/UR || GEN/UR || GEN/UR || GEN/UR || GEN/UR || GEN/UR || GEN/UR || GEN/UR || GEN/UR || EOG
|}

== Schedule ==

{| class="wikitable" width="65%" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#28457D;" |20691 - Tambaram - Nagercoil Antyodaya SF Express.
|
|-
!Station Name
!Station Code
!Arrival
!Departure
!Day
|-
|Tambaram
|TBM
| -
|22:40
| rowspan="2" |1
|-
|Chengalpattu Junction
|CGL
|23:08
|23:10
|-
|Viluppuram Junction
|VM
|00:40
|00:45
| rowspan="14" |2
|-
|Thirupadiripuliyur
|TDPR
|01:18
|01:20
|-
|Chidambaram
|CDM
|02:28
|02:30
|-
|Mayiladuthurai Junction
|MV
|03:26
|03:28
|-
|Kumbakonam
|KMU
|03:53
|03:55
|-
|Thanjavur Junction
|TJ
|04:38
|04:40
|-
|Tiruchirappalli Junction
|TPJ
|06:05
|06:10
|-
|Dindigul Junction
|DG
|07:18
|07:20
|-
|Madurai Junction
|MDU
|08:25
|08:30
|-
|Virudhunagar Junction
|VPT
|09:03
|09:05
|-
|Satur
|SRT
|09:23
|09:25
|-
|Kovilpatti
|CVP
|09:43
|09:45
|-
|Tirunelveli Junction
|TEN
|10:55
|11:00
|-
|Valliyur
|VLY
|11:32
|11:34
|-
|Nagercoil Junction
|NCJ
|12:35
| -
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#ffba01;" |20692 ~ Nagercoil → Tambaram Antyodaya SF Express
|
|-
!Station Name
!Station Code
!Arrival
!Departure
!Day
|-
|Nagercoil
|NCJ
| -
|15:50
| rowspan="11" |1
|-
|Valliyur
|VLY
|16:22
|16:24
|-
|Tirunelveli Junction
|TEN
|17:05
|17:10
|-
|Kovilpatti
|CVP
|17:58
|18:00
|-
|Satur
|SRT
|18:13
|18:15
|-
|Virudhunagar Junction
|VPT
|18:43
|18:45
|-
|Madurai Junction
|MDU
|19:40
|19:45
|-
|Dindigul Junction
|DG
|21:02
|21:05
|-
|Tiruchchrappalli Junction
|TPJ
|22:20
|22:25
|-
|Thanjavur Junction
|TJ
|23:18
|23:20
|-
|Kumbakonam
|KMU
|23:52
|23:54
|-
|Mayiladuturai Junction
|MV
|00:33
|00:35
| rowspan="6" |2
|-
|Chidambaram
|CDM
|01:13
|01:15
|-
|Tiruppadiripuliyur
|TDPR
|01:59
|02:00
|-
|Villupuram Junction
|VM
|03:10
|03:15
|-
|Chengalpattu Junction
|CGL
|04:38
|04:40
|-
|Tambaram
|TBM
|05:50
|-
|}

==Service==

*20691/Tambaram–Nagercoil Antyodaya Express has an average speed of 55 km/h and covers 764 km in 13 hrs 55 mins.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/tambaram-nagercoil-jn-antyodaya-express-via-mayiladuturai-jn-20691/70222/780/801| title=20691/Tambaram–Nagercoil Antyodaya Superfast Express| website=India Rail Info}}</ref>
*20692/Nagercoil–Tambaram Antyodaya Express has an average speed of 55 km/h and covers 764 km in 14 hrs 00 mins.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/nagercoil-jn-tambaram-antyodaya-express-via-mayiladuturai-jn-20692/70223/801/780| title=20692/Nagercoil–Tambaram Antyodaya Express| website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Kanniyakumari Superfast Express]]
* [[Cheran Superfast Express]]
* [[Pothigai Superfast Express]]
* [[Pallavan Superfast Express]]
* {{stnlnk|Tiruchchirappalli Junction}}
* [[Tiruchirappalli–Thiruvananthapuram Intercity Express]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Antyodaya Express}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tambaram-Nagercoil Antyodaya Express}}
[[Category:Antyodaya Express trains]]
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Transport in Nagercoil]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2018]]
[[Category:Tambaram]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Javed Agrewala

2026-02-07T23:03:04Z

Ieagle1: started first info w/ refs.

{{Short description|Indian immunologist (born 1961)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Javed Agrewala
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1961|5|14}}
| birth_place = [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Immunology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist |[[Indian Institute of Technology Ropar]] | [[Institute of Microbial Technology]] | [[Royal Postgraduate Medical School]] | [[Trudeau Institute]] }}
| education = [[Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University]],
[[Sarojini Naidu Medical College]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[Tuberculosis]]
| awards = {{ublist| 2005 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 2006 [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-Bios Prize]] | New Idea Research Talent Award}}
}}

'''Javed Naim Agrewala''' (born 14 May 1961) is an Indian [[immunologist]], the prof. at [[Indian Institute of Technology Ropar]] and the chief scientist and professor at the [[Institute of Microbial Technology]], [[Chandigarh]]. Known for his research on [[Tuberculosis]], Agrewala is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies viz. [[National Academy of Sciences, India]], [[Indian National Science Academy]] and [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Medical Sciences in 2005.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link – please select award year to see details}} He is also a recipient of the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]] of the [[Department of Biotechnology]].

== Biography ==
Javed N. Agrewala, born on 14 May 1961 in [[Agra]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], graduated in science from [[Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University]] in 1980 and earned a master's degree from the same institution in 1982 after which he did his doctoral studies at [[Sarojini Naidu Medical College]] to secure a PhD in 1986.<ref name="215. Javed N Agrewala">{{Cite web |url=http://indianmuslimlegends.blogspot.ae/2011/08/215-javed-n-agrewala.html |title=215. Javed N Agrewala |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Muslim Legends}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
A Biotechnology Overseas Associate of the Department of Biotechnology and a member of the [[American Association of Immunologists]],<ref name="Faculty profile">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Faculty profile |url=http://www.imtech.res.in/index.php?option=com_chronocontact&chronoformname=scientists&task=detail&cf_id=29&filter=2 |publisher=Institute of Microbial Technology}}</ref> Agrewala was elected as a fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] in 2004.<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2015 }}</ref> The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded him Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, one of the highest Indian science awards in 2005.<ref name="Medical Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224074105/http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 February 2013 |title=Medical Sciences |date=2017 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research }}</ref> and he received the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]] of the Department of Biotechnology in 2006.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development">{{cite web | url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf | title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development | publisher=Department of Biotechnology | date=2017 | access-date=29 March 2017 | archive-date=4 March 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> He became an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] in 2010<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=29 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001952/http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] in 2015.<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Agrewala,_Dr_Javed_Naim |title=Fellow profile |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> He also is a recipient of the New Idea Research Talent Award of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.<ref name="National Bioscienceawards for Career Development 2006">{{Cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=25775 |title=National Bioscienceawards for Career Development 2006 |date=2006 |publisher=Public Information Bureau}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite book|author=Manzoor Ahmad Mir|title=Developing Costimulatory Molecules for Immunotherapy of Diseases|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeGoBAAAQBAJ&pg=PR19|date=25 May 2015|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-12-802675-5|pages=19–}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oCANRScxp4M |title=Eureka with Javed Naim Agrewala |date=18 March 2016 |publisher=Rajya Sabha TV |work=[[YouTube]] video}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lsm/research/divisions/diiid/newsevents/eventrecords/2014/sep/DIIID-Seminar-Dr-Javed-N-Agrewala.aspx |title=Induction of the activation of innate and adaptive immunity by lipidated peptide vaccine: robust and enduring protective memory Th17 cells against Mycobacterium tuberculosis |date=30 September 2014 |publisher=King's College, London}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://vidwan.inflibnet.ac.in/profile/910 |title=Dr. Javed Naim Agrewala |date=2017 |publisher=Vidwan |page=Profile}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Medical Science}}
{{N-BIOS Laureates 1999–2009}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agrewala, Javed}}
[[Category:Scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:People from Agra]]
[[Category:Indian immunologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Medical Science]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Sarojini Naidu Medical College alumni]]
[[Category:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University alumni]]

Deepak Kumar (physicist)

2026-02-07T18:37:37Z

Ieagle1: general adjust content for consistency and added references as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian physicist (1946–2016)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Deepak Kumar
|image = Deepak_Kumar_2007.jpg
|image_size = 245px
|caption = Deepak Kumar at J.N.U in 2007
| alt =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1946|4|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2016|1|26|1946|4|1|df=y}}
| death_place = New Delhi, India
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Condensed matter physics]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[IIT Roorkee]] | [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] | [[University of Delhi]] | [[University of Pennsylvania]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist | A. B. Harris }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on theory of disordered magnetic systems
| awards = {{ublist| 1988 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | }}
}}
'''Deepak Kumar''' (1 April 1946 – 26 January 2016) was an Indian [[condensed matter physicist]] and a professor at the School of Physical Sciences of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]. Known for his research on [[quantum mechanics]] and other areas of condensed matter physics, Kumar was an elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to physical sciences in 1988.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link – please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
[[File:Main(Administrative)Building IIT-Roorkee.JPG|thumb|235px|right|IIT Roorkee]]
Born to [[Punjabi Hindu]] parents on 1 April 1946 in New Delhi, Kumar completed his early schooling at local schools in 1962 before joining [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] from where he graduated in science with honors in 1965.<ref name="Deepak Kumar (1946–2016)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/110/06/1112.pdf |title=Deepak Kumar (1946–2016) |date=March 2016 |publisher=Current Science Volume 110 Issue 6}}</ref> He continued his studies at the [[University of Delhi]] and after earning a master's degree in physics in 1967, he moved to the US to pursue his doctoral studies under the supervision of A. B. Harris at [[University of Pennsylvania]] to secure a PhD in 1972.<ref name="Faculty Profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.jnu.ac.in/Faculty/dkumar/ |title=Faculty Profile |date=2017 |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University}}</ref> Subsequently, Kumar returned to India to start his career as a member of faculty of the physics department at [[University of Roorkee]] (present-day [[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee]]). He served the institution for 16 years and when [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] established a School of Physical Sciences, Kumar returned to his native place to take up the position of a professor at the school in 1988.<ref name="A Physicist and a Gentleman">{{Cite web |url=https://ramramaswamy.wordpress.com/2016/01/27/a-physicist-and-a-gentleman/ |title=A Physicist and a Gentleman |date=2017 |publisher=Ramaswamy.com}}</ref> In between, he had a short spell in Germany as an [[Alexander von Humboldt Fellow]] during 1978–79.<ref name="Deepak Kumar (1946–2016)" />

Kumar maintained his association with JNU for the rest of his life and it was during his return from the university on 25 January 2016, he fell ill. He died the next day at a local hospital, at the age of 69, survived by son, Sharad, and daughter Jyoti.<ref name="Deepak Kumar (1946–2016)" />

== Legacy ==
The main focus of Kumar's research in condensed matter physics was the theory related to [[Order and disorder|disordered]] magnetic systems.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=160 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> At IIT Roorkee, he collaborated with a number of scientists such as [[Mustansir Barma]] and S. Shenoy and studied [[superparamagnetic]] particles, [[magnetic anisotropy]] and disordered ultrametric models.<ref name="Deepak Kumar (1946–2016)" /> Kumar's work on the percolation threshold of anisotropic magnets widened the understanding of the fractal nature of spin clusters and was one of the first Indian scientists to estimate the consequences of the clusters near the [[percolation threshold]].<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=12 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> [[Binary liquid]]s, [[statistical mechanics]], phase separation, [[Stern–Gerlach experiment|Stern–Gerlach measurement]] and [[Bell's inequality]] were some of the other areas of his study for which he collaborated with many physicists including Subir Kumar Sarkar, Sanjay Puri, Rupamanjari Ghosh, [[Ramamurti Rajaraman]] and A. K. Rastogi. Kumar's studies have been documented by way of a number of articles<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Deepak_Kumar22 |title=On ResearchGate |date=2017 }}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and the online article repository of Indian Academy of Sciences has listed 98 of them.<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Deepak_Kumar=3ADr=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> Besides, he co-edited two books viz. ''Proceedings Of The Discussion Meeting On Physics Of Defects'' with [[C. N. R. Rao]],<ref name="Proceedings Of The Discussion Meeting On Physics Of Defects">{{Cite book |url=https://core.ac.uk/display/11638490 |title=Proceedings Of The Discussion Meeting On Physics Of Defects |last=C. N. R. Rao, Deepak Kumar |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |year=1988}}</ref> and ''Proceedings of the Conference on Quantum Many-Body Physics: From cosmology to superconductivity'' with S. Puri.<ref name="Proceedings of the Conference on Quantum Many-Body Physics: From cosmology to superconductivity">{{Cite book |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278600804 |title=Proceedings of the Conference on Quantum Many-Body Physics: From cosmology to superconductivity |last=Deepak Kumar, S. Puri |publisher=International Journal of Modern Physics B |year=2000}}</ref> Kumar also wrote about the sociological aspects of education and research,<ref name="University science set to decline: a new caste system">{{Cite journal |last=Deepak Kumar |title=University science set to decline: a new caste system |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/101/02/0149.pdf |journal=Current Science |date=July 2011 |volume=101 |issue=2 |page=149}}</ref> contributed chapters to books published by others<ref name="Rao2002">{{cite book|author=Sumathi Rao|title=Field Theories in Condensed Matter Physics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wuqmQJDeEa0C&pg=PA119|date=30 May 2002|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-7503-0876-2|pages=119–}}</ref><ref name="Shukla1982">{{cite book|author=Prabodh Shukla|title=Physics of Disordered Solids|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pghcE6FTwxUC&pg=PA57|year=1982|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=57–|id=GGKEY:55XP02JETHQ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Proceedings of the Nuclear Physics and Solid State Physics Symposium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqsZAAAAIAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India.}}</ref><ref name="PrakashPathak1990">{{cite book|author1=S. Prakash|author2=K. N. Pathak|title=Advances in statistical physics of solids and liquids|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJzvAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-470-21710-8}}</ref> and his work has drawn citations from others.<ref name="Physics2004">{{cite book|author=Institute of Pure and Applied Physics|title=Japanese Journal of Applied Physics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hwEqAAAAYAAJ|year=2004|publisher=The Institute of Pure and Applied Physics}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Japanese Journal of Applied Physics: Regular papers & short notes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYo7AQAAIAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Publication Board, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Silver Jubilee Physics Symposium: 25th Year of the Nuclear Physics and Solid State Physics Symposium, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay, December 28, 1981 – January 1, 1982|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=inkfAQAAMAAJ|year=1981|publisher=publisher not identified}}</ref><ref name="Ramachandran1985">{{cite book|author=R. Ramachandran|title=Recent advances in theoretical physics: proceedings of the Silver Jubilee Workshop held at IIT, Kanpur, December 1984|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2NPuAAAAIAAJ|date=October 1985|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-9971-5-0014-6}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Kumar, an [[Alexander von Humboldt Fellow]], was selected as a senior associate of [[Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics]] in 1986 and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] elected him as a fellow in 1987.<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Deepak_Kumar,_Dr_ |title=Fellow profile |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 1988.<ref name="CSIR list of Awardees">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/careeraward/prize-winner-indexdiscipline-wise |title=CSIR list of Awardees |date=2017 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research}}</ref> Kumar was also associated with Indian Physics Association and Material Research Society of India as a member.<ref name="Deepak Kumar (1946–2016)" />

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{cite book|author=Prabodh Shukla|title=Physics of Disordered Solids|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pghcE6FTwxUC&pg=PA57|year=1982|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=57–|id=GGKEY:55XP02JETHQ}}
* {{cite book|author1=S. Prakash|author2=K. N. Pathak|title=Advances in statistical physics of solids and liquids|year=1990|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-470-21710-8}}
* {{cite book|author=Sumathi Rao|title=Field Theories in Condensed Matter Physics|date=30 May 2002|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-7503-0876-2|pages=119–}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Deepak Kumar, Vikram Soni |title=Single particle Schrödinger equation with gravitational self-interaction |journal=Physics Letters A |date=2000 |volume=271 |issue=3 |pages=157–166 |doi=10.1016/S0375-9601(00)00361-3 |bibcode=2000PhLA..271..157K }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Vikas Malik, Deepak Kumar |title=Correlated hopping in Coulomb glass |journal=Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter |date=2003 |volume=15 |issue=32 |pages=5451–5460 |doi=10.1088/0953-8984/15/32/306|bibcode=2003JPCM...15.5451M |s2cid=250780703 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Sanjay Puri, Deepak KUmar |title=Aging and equilibrium fluctuations for domain growth in ternary mixtures |journal=Physical Review Letters |date=2004 |volume=93 |issue=2 |article-number=025701 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.025701|pmid=15323929 |bibcode=2004PhRvL..93b5701P }}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Order and disorder]]
* [[Superparamagnetism]]
* [[Bell's theorem]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Physics}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal |last=Deepak Kumar |title=University science set to decline: a new caste system (full text) |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/101/02/0149.pdf |journal=Current Science |date=July 2011 |volume=101 |issue=2 |page=149}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Physical Science}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Deepak}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Physical Science]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Delhi]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:People from New Delhi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Indian condensed matter physicists]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Roorkee]]

Sanjay Gadhvi

2026-02-04T21:26:16Z

Ieagle1: enhance references for consistency and added references for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian writer and film director (1965–2023)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sanjay Gadhvi
| image = Sanjay Gandhvi.jpg
| caption = Gadhvi in 2011
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1965|11|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2023|11|19|1965|11|22|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| known_for = ''[[Dhoom]]'', ''[[Dhoom 2]]''
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|writer}}
| years_active = 2000–2020
| spouse = Gina
| children = 2
}}

'''Sanjay Gadhvi''' (22 November 1966 – 19 November 2023) was an Indian film director and writer, who was known for the first two instalments of the ''[[Dhoom series]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Sur |first1=Prateek |date=19 November 2023 |title=Sanjay Gadhvi Dies At 56: 'Dhoom', 'Dhoom: 2' Director Passes Away After Suffering A Massive Heart Attack |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/sanjay-gadhvi-dies-at-56-dhoom-dhoom-2-director-passes-away-after-suffering-a-massive-heart-attack-news-331565 |magazine=Outlook |access-date=20 November 2023 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119165846/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/sanjay-gadhvi-dies-at-56-dhoom-dhoom-2-director-passes-away-after-suffering-a-massive-heart-attack-news-331565 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life==
Sanjay Gadhvi was born to Manubhai Gadhvi, a well-known figure in [[Gujarati literature|Gujarati folk literature]].<ref name=TOI>{{cite news|author=Priya Gupta|title=Aditya Chopra is near-perfect: Sanjay Gadhvi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Aditya-Chopra-is-near-perfect-Sanjay-Gadhvi/articleshow/16939964.cms|date=25 October 2012|access-date=2 February 2017|archive-date=9 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209182342/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Aditya-Chopra-is-near-perfect-Sanjay-Gadhvi/articleshow/16939964.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> His father moved into Mumbai's first 14-floor skyscraper on [[Peddar Road]] before he was born. As a child he studied at [[Campion School, Mumbai|Campion School]] and was friends with industrialist [[Kumar Mangalam Birla]].<ref name=TOI />

==Career==
Gadhvi's career began by assisting [[Anant Balani]] with ''Tu Hi Bataa,'' starring [[Arjun Rampal]] and [[Raveena Tandon]]. The film was never released.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash |date=25 September 2008 |title=Imran Khan is a bonus for Kidnap: Sanjay Gadhvi |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/archives/imran-khan-is-a-bonus-for-kidnap-sanjay-gadhvi/article1-340354.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104135017/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/archives/imran-khan-is-a-bonus-for-kidnap-sanjay-gadhvi/article1-340354.aspx |archive-date=4 January 2015 |access-date=19 November 2023 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> He made his directorial debut with ''[[Tere Liye (film)|Tere Liye]]'' (2000), which performed poorly.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Wanted to do films beyond 'Dhoom': Sanjay Gadhvi |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/wanted-do-films-beyond-dhoom-2368802 |work=Deccan Herald |date=26 October 2012 |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119104208/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/wanted-do-films-beyond-dhoom-2368802 |url-status=live }}</ref> His first film with [[Yash Raj Films]] was ''[[Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai]]'' (2002), which enjoyed moderate success. He first gained attention directing the action thriller ''[[Dhoom]]'' in 2004, followed by its sequel ''[[Dhoom 2]]''.<ref name="p17">{{cite web |url=http://www.animationxpress.com/anex/y2k7/headlines/anex1680.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930012557/http://www.animationxpress.com/anex/y2k7/headlines/anex1680.htm |archive-date=30 September 2011 |title=Interview with Film Director Sanjay Gadhvi |publisher=Animation Express |date=5 March 2007 |access-date=26 August 2009 |last=Jain |first=Divya}}</ref> The films starred [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Uday Chopra]], and [[Rimi Sen]], with [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Aishwarya Rai]], and [[Bipasha Basu]] joining the cast for the sequel.<ref>{{cite web |title=No dream machines in Dhoom 2? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/no-dream-machines-in-dhoom-2-news-bollywood-kkfv0zbaach.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310044619/http://www.sify.com/movies/no-dream-machines-in-dhoom-2-news-bollywood-kkfv0zbaach.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 March 2014 |date=6 September 2005 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=6 January 2012}}</ref>

==Death==
Gadhvi died from a heart attack in Mumbai, on 19 November 2023, at the age of 57.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sanjay Gadhvi, director of Dhoom franchise, dies of heart attack at 57 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sanjay-gadhvi-director-of-dhoom-franchise-dies-at-57-9033051/ |access-date=20 November 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119170649/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sanjay-gadhvi-director-of-dhoom-franchise-dies-at-57-9033051/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Joshi |first1=Tushar |date=19 November 2023 |title='Dhoom' director Sanjay Gadhvi, 57, dies due to heart attack |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/dhoom-director-sanjay-gadhvi-dies-due-to-heart-attack-2464802-2023-11-19 |magazine=India Today |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119065127/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/dhoom-director-sanjay-gadhvi-dies-due-to-heart-attack-2464802-2023-11-19 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards==
Gadhvi won the 2007 [[Stardust Awards]] in ''"Hottest Young Film Maker title"'' category for ''[[Dhoom 2]]'' (2006).<ref>{{cite web |date=19 February 2007 |title=Max Stardust Awards |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2007/stardustawards190207.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103115358/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/news/2007/stardustawards190207.html |archive-date=3 January 2014 |access-date=18 June 2012 |website=Max Stardust Awards |url-status=live |publisher=Oneindia}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Director
!Writer
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2001
|[[Tere Liye (film)|''Tere Liye'']]
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
|2002
|''[[Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Dhoom]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
|2006
|''[[Dhoom 2]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Kidnap (2008 film)|Kidnap]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Ajab Gazabb Love]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Operation Parindey]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last=Menon|first=Aditya|date=18 March 2020|title=How Hindi Crime Web Series Have An Upper Caste, Anti-Minority Bias|work=The Quint|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/operation-parindey-bhaukaal-zee5-mxplayer-muslims-sikhs-hindutva|access-date=26 March 2020|archive-date=26 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326165824/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/operation-parindey-bhaukaal-zee5-mxplayer-muslims-sikhs-hindutva|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=1189376|name=Sanjay Gadhvi}}
*{{Twitter|SanjayGadhvi4}}

{{India-film-director-stub}}
{{Dhoom series}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gadhvi, Sanjay}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Gadhavi (surname)]]

Brahmacharya

2026-02-02T13:23:09Z

Ieagle1: content fix

{{Short description|Motivated abstinence from worldly pleasures}}
{{other uses|Brahmachari (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Hinduism small}}
{{Jainism}}
{{Buddhism}}
'''''Brahmacharya''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|b|r|ɑː|m|ə|ˈ|tʃ|ɑr|j|ə}}; [[Sanskrit]]: {{IAST|brahmacarya}} [[Devanagari]]: [[wikt:ब्रह्मचर्य|ब्रह्मचर्य]]) is the concept within [[Indian religions]] that literally means "conduct consistent with [[Brahman]]" or "on the path of [[Brahman]]".<ref name="James Lochtefeld pp. 120" /> Brahmacharya, a discipline of controlling the senses, is seen as a way to liberation. Though sexual restraint is a part of brahmacharya, brahmacharya encompasses all striving toward a passionless state.<ref name=":2" />

In one context, ''brahmacharya'' is the first of four ''[[ashrama (stage)|ashrama]]'' (age-based stages) of a human life. The ''brahmacharya'' (bachelor student) stage of life – from childhood up to twenty-five years of age – was focused on education and included the practice of [[celibacy]].<ref name="rks" /> In this context, it connotes [[chastity]] during the student stage of life for the purposes of learning from a ''[[guru]]'' (teacher), and during later stages of life for the purposes of attaining spiritual liberation or [[Moksha|moksha]].<ref>[[Georg Feuerstein]], ''The Encyclopedia of Yoga and Tantra'', Shambhala Publications, {{ISBN|978-1590308790}}, 2011, pg 76, Quote – "Brahmacharya essentially stands for the ideal of chastity"</ref><ref>W.J. Johnson (2009), "The chaste and celibate state of a student of the ''Veda''", Oxford Dictionary of Hinduism, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-2713223273}}, pg 62</ref>

In the Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist monastic traditions, ''brahmacharya'' implies, among other things, the mandatory renunciation of sex and marriage.<ref>Carl Olson (2007), Celibacy and Religious Traditions, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195306323}}, page 227-233</ref> It is considered necessary for a monk's spiritual practice.<ref>DR Pattanaik (1998), The Holy Refusal, MELUS, Vol. 23, No. 2, 113–127</ref>

== Etymology ==
The word {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}} stems from two Sanskrit roots:
#{{transliteration|sa|[[Brahman]]}} (Devanagari: {{lang|sa|ब्रह्म}}) meaning one's own Self in non-dual schools or a distinct entity in dualistic schools, ultimate unchanging reality, absolute consciousness, much discussed in the [[Upanishads]].<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite book|first1=Helen K. |last1=Bond |first2=Seth D.|last2= Kunin|first3=Francesca|last3= Murphy |title=Religious Studies and Theology: An Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HokZ5UW5fZsC&pg=PA231 |year=2003|publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-0-8147-9914-7 |pages=231 }}
|2={{cite book|first=William |last=Sweet |title=Approaches to Metaphysics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cyCme74cZ1IC |year=2006|publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-2182-4|pages=145–147 }}
|3={{cite book|first=H. James |last=Birx |title=Encyclopedia of Anthropology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8m_vBQAAQBAJ |year=2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-6536-0 |page=1279}}
}}</ref>
#{{transliteration|sa|carya}} ({{lang|sa|चर्य}}), which means activity, behaviour, conduct.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF&dir=au|title=चर्य|website=LearnSanskrit.cc Dictionary}}</ref>

Hence, {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}} roughly means "to stay true to one's Self or one own {{transliteration|sa|Atma}}" or "on the path of {{transliteration|sa|Brahma}}''n''".<ref name="James Lochtefeld pp. 120" />

In ancient and medieval era Indian texts, the term {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}} is a concept with a more complex meaning, indicating a lifestyle conducive to the pursuit of sacred knowledge and spiritual liberation.<ref name=mkha>{{cite book |first=M.|last=Khandelwal| chapter=Sexual Fluids, Emotions, Morality – Notes on the Gendering of Brahmacharya| editor-last1=Sobo | editor-first1=Elisa Janine | editor-last2=Bell | editor-first2=Sandra | title=Celibacy, Culture, and Society: The Anthropology of Sexual Abstinence | date=2001 | isbn=978-0-299-17164-3 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press| pages=157–174}}</ref> {{transliteration|sa|Brahmacharya}} is a means, not an end. It usually includes cleanliness, {{transliteration|sa|[[ahimsa]]}}, simple living, studies, meditation, and voluntary restraints on certain foods (eating only [[Sattvic diet|Sattvic food]]), intoxicants, and on sexual behavior (both sex and masturbation, in some schools of thought).<ref name=mkha />

One who practices ''brahmacarya'' is known as a ''brahmacārī'' or ''brahmacārinī.'' Various {{transliteration|sa|ashrams}} ({{lang|sa|आश्रम}}, {{Translation|hermitage}}) and {{transliteration|sa|mathas}} ({{lang|sa|मठ}}, {{Translation|college of ascetics}}) of Hinduism also call their initiates by these terms.<ref name=":0">{{multiref2|{{cite book | last=Chryssides | first=George D. |author-link=George Chryssides| title=The A to Z of New Religious Movements | publisher=Scarecrow Press | date=2006 | isbn=978-0-8108-5588-5 | page=56}}|{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/79 79]|editor-first=K.S.|editor-last=Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}
}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Pechilis |first=Karen |title=The Graceful Guru: Hindu Female Gurus in India and the United States |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514537-3 |pages=74–101}}</ref>

== In Hinduism ==
Brahmacharya represents the highest level of self-control, an intense mental and spiritual discipline of controlling the senses to attain liberation. It encompasses renouncing desires for temporary worldly pleasures to focus one's self toward religious goals.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Howard |first=Veena R. |title=Gandhi's Ascetic Activism: Renunciation and Social Action |date=2013 |publisher=State University of New York Press |pages=88–94}}</ref> Brahmacharya is the oldest form of institutionalized asceticism in India, but less institutionalized than renunciatory asceticism.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Denton |first=Lynn Teskey |title=Female ascetics in Hinduism |last2=Collins |first2=Steven |date=2004 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8462-3 |series=SUNY series inn Hindu studies |location=Albany |pages=95}}</ref> There is no single ritual of initiation into brahmacharya.

=== In the Vedas ===
The Vedas discuss {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}}, both in the context of lifestyle and as a stage of one's life. ''[[Rigveda|Rig Veda]]'', for example, in Mandala 10, Sukta 136, mentions knowledge seekers as those {{transliteration|sa|kesin}} (long-haired) and with soil-colored clothes (yellow, orange, saffron) engaged in the affairs of {{transliteration|sa|mananat}} (mind, meditation).<ref>{{multiref2|{{cite journal|first=G.S.|last=Ghurye|year=1952|title=Ascetic Origins|journal=Sociological Bulletin|volume=1|number=2|pages=162–184|doi=10.1177/0038022919520206 |s2cid=220049343 }}|For original: ''[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6.%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%AC Rig Veda]'' Wikisource
}}</ref> ''Rig Veda'', however, refers to these people as {{transliteration|sa|Muni}} and {{transliteration|sa|Vati}}. The ''[[Atharva Veda]]'', completed by about {{BCE|1000}}, has more explicit discussion of {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}}, in Book XI, Chapter 5.<ref name="atharvaveda">{{multiref2|For source in Sanskrit: {{cite web|url=https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7|title=Atharva Veda|website=Wikisource|at=Hymns 11.5[7].1 – 11.5[7].26|quote='''ब्रह्मचारी'''ष्णंश् चरति रोदसी उभे तस्मिन् देवाः संमनसो भवन्ति / स दाधार पृथिवीं दिवं च स आचार्यं तपसा पिपर्ति // '''ब्रह्मचारिणं''' पितरो देवजनाः पृथग् देवा अनुसंयन्ति सर्वे / गन्धर्वा एनम् अन्व् आयन् त्रयस्त्रिंशत् त्रिशताः षट्सहस्राः सर्वान्त् स देवांस् तपसा पिपर्ति // आचार्य उपनयमानो '''ब्रह्मचारिणं''' कृणुते गर्भम् अन्तः / तं रात्रीस् तिस्र उदरे बिभर्ति तं जातं द्रष्टुम् अभिसंयन्ति देवाः }}|For English translation: {{cite book|translator-first=Stephen N.|translator-last=Hay|translator-first2=William Theodore|translator-last2=De Bary|year=1988|title=Sources of Indian Tradition|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-8120804678|pages=18–19}}
}}</ref> This chapter of ''Atharva Veda'' describes {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}} as that which leads to one's second birth (mind, Self-awareness), with Hymn 11.5.3 painting a symbolic picture that when a teacher accepts a {{transliteration|sa|brahmacārī}}, the student becomes his embryo.<ref name="atharvaveda" />

The concept and practice of {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}} is found extensively among the older strata of the [[Mukhya Upanishads]] in Hinduism. The {{BCE|8th-century}} text [[Chandogya Upanishad]] describes, in Book 8, activities and lifestyle that is {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}}:<ref name="sscu">{{multiref2|Translation: {{cite book|translator-first=S.|translator-last=Swahananda|year=2010|title=Chandogya Upanishad|publisher=Vedanta Press|isbn=978-8171203307|at=Book VIII, Chapter 5, verse 1–4}}|Original: अथ यद्यज्ञ इत्याचक्षते '''ब्रह्मचर्य'''मेव तद्ब्रह्मचर्येण {{pipe}} ह्येव यो ज्ञाता तं विन्दतेऽथ यदिष्टमित्याचक्षते {{pipe}} '''ब्रह्मचर्य'''मेव तद्ब्रह्मचर्येण ह्येवेष्ट्वात्मानमनुविन्दते ॥ १ ॥ अथ यत्सत्त्रायणमित्याचक्षते '''ब्रह्मचर्य'''मेव तद्ब्रह्मचर्येण {{pipe}} ह्येव सत आत्मनस्त्राणं विन्दतेऽथ यन्मौनमित्याचक्षते {{pipe}} '''ब्रह्मचर्य'''मेव तब्ब्रह्मचर्येण ह्येवात्मानमनुविद्य मनुते ' ॥ २ ॥ अथ यदनाशकायनमित्याचक्षते '''ब्रह्मचर्य'''मेव तदेष {{pipe}} ह्यात्मा न नश्यति यं '''ब्रह्मचर्ये'''णानुविन्दतेऽथ {{pipe}} यदरण्यायनमित्याचक्षते '''ब्रह्मचर्य'''मेव तदरश्च ह वै {{pipe}} ण्यश्चार्णवौ ब्रह्मलोके तृतीयस्यामितो दिवि तदैरं {{pipe}} मदीयँ सरस्तदश्वत्थः सोमसवनस्तदपराजिता {{pipe}} पूर्ब्रह्मणः प्रभुविमितँ हिरण्मयम् ॥ ३ ॥ तद्य एवैतवरं च ण्यं चार्णवौ ब्रह्मलोके {{pipe}} '''ब्रह्मचर्ये'''णानुविन्दन्ति तेषामेवैष ब्रह्मलोकस्तेषाँ {{pipe}} सर्वेषु लोकेषु कामचारो भवति ॥ ४ ॥
}}</ref>

{{quote|Now what people call {{transliteration|sa|[[Yajna|yajña]]}} (sacrifice) is really {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}}, for only by means of {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}} does the knower attain that world (of Brahman). And what people call {{transliteration|sa|Ishta}} (worship) is really {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}}, for only worshipping by means of {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}} does one attain the Atman (the liberated Self). Now, what people call the {{transliteration|sa|Sattrayana}} (sacrificial session) is really {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}}, for only by means of {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}} does one obtain one's salvation from {{transliteration|sa|Sat}} (Being). And what people call the {{transliteration|sa|Mauna}} (vow of silence) is really {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}} for only through {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}} does one understand the Atman and then meditate. Now, what people call a {{transliteration|sa|Anasakayana}} (vow of fasting) is really {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}}, for this Atman never perishes which one attains by means of {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}}. And what people call the {{transliteration|sa|Aranyayana}} (life of a hermit) is really {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}}, for the world of [[Brahman]] belongs to those who by means of {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}} attain the seas Ara and Nya in the world of Brahman. For them there is freedom in all the worlds.|Chandogya Upanishad|VIII.5.1 – VIII.5.4<ref name=sscu /><ref>G. Jha (1942), The Chāndogyopaniṣad: A Treatise on Vedānta Philosophy, Oriental Book Agency, University of California Archives, {{oclc|7733219}}</ref>}}

A hymn in another early Upanishad, the [[Mundaka Upanishad]] in Book 3, Chapter 1, similarly states,

{{quote|
{{lang|sa|सत्येन लभ्यस्तपसा ह्येष आत्मा सम्यग्ज्ञानेन ब्रह्मचर्येण नित्यम् ।}}

Through continuous pursuit of {{transliteration|sa|[[satya]]}} (truthfulness), {{transliteration|sa|[[Tapas (Sanskrit)|tapas]]}} (perseverance, austerity), {{transliteration|sa|samyagjñāna}} (correct knowledge), and {{transliteration|sa|brahmacarya}}, one attains {{transliteration|sa|[[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]]}} (the Self).|Mundaka Upanishad|III.1.5<ref>{{cite book | last=Pandit | first=Madhav Pundalik | title=Gleanings from the Upanishads | chapter=Mundaka Upanishad 3.1.5|publisher=Dipti Publications | publication-place=Pondicherry | year=1969 | oclc=81579 | pages=11–12}}</ref>}}

The Vedas and early Upanishadic texts of Hinduism in their discussion of {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}}, make no mention of the age of the student at the start of {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}},<ref>Some recent [[Upanishad|Upanishads]] do see for example Naradaparivrajaka Upanishad mentioned below</ref> nor any restraint on sexual activity. However, there is a clear general consensus in both specific and various Upanishads (such as the Shandilya Upanishad) as well as Hindu {{transliteration|sa|smritis}} (such as the Manusmriti) that the male "student", referred to as the "{{transliteration|sa|Brahmachari[n]}}" should abstain from the "release of semen." This rule may or may not apply to the guru. The verses 11.5.4.16 and 11.5.4.17 of the [[Shatapatha Brahmana|Satpatha Brahamana]] present two different viewpoints on the sexual activity, of the guru during the {{transliteration|sa|Brahmacharya ashrama}}, i.e., the teacher of the "student {{transliteration|sa|Brahmachari[n]}}", one against and one as a choice.<ref name="julius">{{cite book |title=The Satapatha Brahmana, Part V |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1900 |editor-last=Muller |editor-first=F. Max |series=The Sacred Books of the East |volume=44 |location=Oxford |page=[https://archive.org/details/satapathabrhman01eggegoog/page/90/mode/1up?view=theater 90] |translator-last=Eggeling |translator-first=Julius}}</ref> Similarly, in verse 11.5.4.18, the Satapatha Brahmana presents contrasting viewpoints on an eating restraint (regarding honey) for the {{transliteration|sa|brahmacārī}} student.<ref name="julius" />

=== As a virtue ===
{{transliteration|sa|Brahmacharya}} is traditionally regarded as one of the five {{transliteration|sa|[[yamas]]}} in [[Yoga]], as declared in verse 2.30 of Patanjali's [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Yoga Sutras]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Āgāśe|first1=K. S.|title=Pātañjalayogasūtrāṇi|date=1904|publisher=Ānandāśrama|location=Puṇe|page=[https://archive.org/details/patanjaliyoga/page/n111/mode/1up?view=theater 102]|quote=अहिंसासत्यास्तेय ब्रह्मचर्यापरिग्रहाः यमाः}}</ref> It is a form of self-restraint regarded as a virtue, and an observance recommended in a manner that depends on an individual's context. For a married practitioner, it means marital fidelity (not cheating on one's spouse); for a single person, it means celibacy.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite web|url=http://ebooks.gutenberg.us/himalayanacademy/sacredhinduliterature/lws/lws_ch-10.html|url-status=dead|title=Brahmacharyam Pativratyam cha – Celibacy and Fidelity|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630071725/http://ebooks.gutenberg.us/himalayanacademy/sacredhinduliterature/lws/lws_ch-10.html |archive-date=30 June 2013|website=Himalayan Academy}}
|2={{cite book | last=Taylor | first=Louise | title=The Woman's Book of Yoga | publisher=Tuttle Publishing | date=2001 | isbn=978-0-8048-1829-2 | page=3}}
|3={{cite book | last=Long | first=Jeffery D. | title=Jainism: An Introduction | publisher=I. B. Tauris | date=2009 | isbn=978-1-84511-626-2 | page=109|quote=The fourth vow – brahmacharya – means for laypersons, marital fidelity, and pre-marital celibacy; for ascetics, it means absolute celibacy}}; John Cort explains, "Brahmacharya involves having sex only with one's spouse, as well as the avoidance of ardent gazing or lewd gestures..." — Quoted by Long, ''ibid'', page 101
}}</ref> Patanjali in verse 2.38<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2013 |title=Yoga Sutra, verse 2.35–2.39 |url=https://vedanta-yoga.de/yoga-sutra/analyse/yamas-umgang-mit-anderen/ |lang=de |quote=ब्रह्मचर्य प्रतिष्ठायां वीर्यलाभः}}</ref> states that the virtue of brahmacharya leads to the profit of {{transliteration|sa|virya}} ({{lang|sa|वीर्य}}).<ref name="svb">{{cite book |title=Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: With the Exposition of Vyasa, Motilal Banarsidas |year=2001 |isbn=978-8120818255 |pages=536–539 |translator-last=Bharti |translator-first=S.V. |chapter=Appendix I}}</ref> This Sanskrit word, {{transliteration|sa|virya}}, has been variously translated as virility and, by [[Vyasa]], as strength and capacity. Vyasa explains that this virtue promotes other good qualities.<ref name="svb" />

The Shandilya [[Upanishad]] includes {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}} as one of ten {{transliteration|sa|[[yamas]]}} in Chapter 1, defining it as "refraining from sexual intercourse in all places and in all states in mind, speech, or body"<ref>{{cite book|translator-first=K. Narayanasvami|translator-last=Aiyar|page=[https://archive.org/stream/thirtyminorupani00xxxxuoft#page/n189/mode/2up 173]|chapter=Sandilya-Upanishad|title=Thirty Minor Upanishads|year=1914|location=Madras|publisher=V̇asanṭā Press}}</ref> while [[Linga Purana]] in chapter 1.8 states that in case of householders, indulgence in sexual intercourse with their own wives and abstention from it with other women mentally, physically and verbally should be understood as brahmacharya as well.<ref>{{Cite book |last=J.L.Shastri |url=http://archive.org/details/LingaPuranaJ.L.ShastriPart1 |title=Linga Purana - English Translation - Part 1 of 2 |date=1951 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |pages=28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2023-05-25 |title=Yogic zones (aṣṭāṅgayoga-nirūpaṇa) [Chapter 8] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-linga-purana/d/doc1195221.html |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

Other ancient and medieval era texts of Hinduism describe the fruits of this virtue differently. For example, Pada Chandrika, Raja Marttanda, Sutrartha Bodhini, Mani Prabha, and Yoga Sudhakara each state that {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}} must be understood as the voluntary restraint of power.<ref name=svb /> [[Chandogya Upanishad]] in verses of chapter 8.5 extols {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}} as a sacrament and sacrifice which, once perfected, leads to realization of the Self ([[Ātman (Hinduism)|{{transliteration|sa|Atman}}]]), and thereafter becomes the habit of experiencing the Self in others and everything.<ref name=svb /><ref>{{cite book|title=The Chandogyopanishad|chapter=Investigation into the Nature of Brahman|translator-last=Jha|translator-first=Ganganatha|location=Poona|publisher=Oriental Book Agency|year=1942|pages=[https://archive.org/stream/Shankara.Bhashya-Chandogya.Upanishad-Ganganath.Jha.1942.English#page/n449/mode/2up 434]–440}}</ref> Tattva Vaisharadi and Yoga Sarasangraha assert that {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}} leads to an increase in {{transliteration|sa|jñana-shakti}} (power of knowledge) and {{transliteration|sa|kriya-shakti}} (power of action).<ref name=svb />

The great epic [[Mahabharata]] describes the objective of {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}} as knowledge of [[Brahman]] (Book Five, [[Udyoga Parva]], the Book of Effort).<ref name=kmg /> {{transliteration|sa|Brahmacharya}} leads one to union with the Supreme Self (Chapter 43). By subduing desire, the practice of self-restraint enables the student to learn, pay attention in [[Manasa, vacha, karmana|thought, word, and deed]] to the {{transliteration|sa|guru}} (teacher), and discover the truth embodied in the Vedas and Upanishads. According to the epic, the practice of studying and learning requires the "aid of time," as well as personal effort, ability, discussion, and practice, all of which are helped by virtue of {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}}.<ref name=kmg /> A {{transliteration|sa|brahmachāri}} should do useful work, and the earnings he obtains should be given away as {{transliteration|sa|dakshina}} ("fee," "gift of thanks") to the guru. The epic declares that {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}} is one of twelve virtues, an essential part of {{transliteration|sa|angas}} in [[yoga]] and the path of perfecting perseverance and the pursuit of knowledge.<ref name=kmg>{{cite book|translator-first=Kisari Mohan|translator-last=Ganguli|year=1886|publisher=Bharata Press|title=The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa|chapter=Udyoga Parva|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OrpZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA150 150]–153}}</ref>

== In Jainism ==
[[File:In-jain.png|alt=Jain Flag Photo|thumb|Green colour in the [[Jain flag]] stands for {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}}{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=iv}}]]
{{transliteration|sa|Brahmacharya}} is one of the [[five vows]] prescribed for the {{transliteration|sa|[[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|śrāvakā]]}} (layman) and for ascetics in [[Jainism]]. For those Jains who adopt the path of monks, celibacy in action, words, and thoughts is expected. For lay Jains who are married, the virtue of {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}} requires remaining sexually faithful to one's chosen partner.<ref name=pshah /> For lay Jains who are unmarried, chaste living requires Jains to avoid sex before marriage.<ref>{{citation |title=Brahmacharya |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/jainism/living/brahmacarya.shtml |website=BBC Religion|date=2009-09-11|publisher=[[BBC]] }}</ref> {{transliteration|sa|Uttam brahmacharya}} (Supreme Celibacy) is one of the ten excellencies of a [[Jain monk]].{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1926|p=64}} {{transliteration|sa|Brahmacharya}} is mentioned as one of the {{transliteration|sa|das [[Dharma (Jainism)|dharma]]}} (ten virtues) in ancient Jain texts like ''[[Tattvartha Sutra]]'', ''[[Sarvārthasiddhi]]'' and ''[[Puruşārthasiddhyupāya]]''.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|pp=145–147}}

== Among Sramanic traditions ==
Among the [[Śramaṇa|Sramanic]] traditions ([[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Ājīvika]], and [[Charvaka]] schools{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}), {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}} is the term used for a self-imposed practice of celibacy that is generally considered a prerequisite for [[sadhana|spiritual practice]]. The fourth of the five great vows of [[Jain monk]]s, for example, is the vow of celibacy, which in this case means total abstinence from the sensual pleasure of all five senses, including the avoidance of sexual thoughts and desires.<ref name=pshah>{{cite web |first=Pravin K. |last=Shah |url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/jainedu/5greatvows.htm |url-status=dead |title=Five Great Vows (Maha-vratas) of Jainism|website=Jainism Literature Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602171646/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/jainedu/5greatvows.htm |archive-date=2011-06-02 |year=2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Kolb |editor-first=Robert W. |title=Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society |publisher=SAGE |date=2008 |isbn=978-1-4129-1652-3 |pages=1207–1208}}{{Verify source|date=July 2023}}</ref> The [[yogin]] who is firmly grounded in the virtue of {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}} is said to gain great vitality.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Shambhala Encyclopedia of Yoga |page=61 |first=Georg |last=Feuerstein |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-57062-555-8 |publisher=Shambhala |url=https://archive.org/details/shambhalaencyclo0000feue}}</ref>

== As Asrama stage of life ==
{{Main|Āśrama (stage)}}

{{transliteration|sa|Brahmacharya}} in Hinduism literally means "conduct consistent with [[Brahman]]" or "on the path of Brahman".<ref name="James Lochtefeld pp. 120" />

Historically {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}} referred to a stage of life ({{transliteration|sa|asrama}}) within the [[Vedic ashram system]]. Ancient [[Hindu culture]] divided the human lifespan into four stages: {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}}, {{transliteration|sa|[[grihastha]]}}, {{transliteration|sa|[[vanaprastha]]}}, and {{transliteration|sa|[[sannyasa]]}}. {{transliteration|sa|Brahamacarya asrama}} occupies the first 20–25 years of life, roughly corresponding to adolescence.<ref>Manusmriti suggests the {{transliteration|sa|Brahmacarya ashrama}} be about 25 years, one-fourth of the normal life of a human being he estimates to be 100 years. See: {{cite book | last=Sharma |first=Rajendra K. |title=Indian Society, Institutions and Change | publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |date=2004 |isbn=978-81-7156-665-5 |page=28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Veylanswami | first=Bodhinatha | title=What Is Hinduism? |publisher=Himalayan Academy Publications | date=2007 | isbn=978-1-934145-00-5 | page=372}}</ref> Upon the child's {{transliteration|sa|[[upanayanam]]}},<ref>{{cite book | last=Vivekjivandas | first=Sadhu | title=Hinduism: An Introduction | date=2011 | isbn=978-81-7526-434-2 |publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|location=Ahmedabad| page=113}}</ref> the young person would begin a life of study in the [[Gurukula]] (the household of the [[Guru]]) dedicated to learning all aspects of {{transliteration|sa|dharma}} that is the "principles of righteous living". {{transliteration|sa|Dharma}} comprised personal responsibilities towards himself, family, society, humanity, and God which included the environment, earth, and nature. This educational period started when the child was five to eight years old and lasted until the age of 14 to 20 years.<ref>{{cite book | first=Ludo|last=Rocher|chapter=The Dharmaśāstas| editor-last=Flood | editor-first=Gavin | title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Oxford| year=2003 | isbn=0-631-21535-2 | page=103}}</ref> During this stage of life, the traditional [[Vedanga|vedic sciences]] and various {{transliteration|sa|sastras}}<ref>{{cite journal |first=Stella |last=Kramrisch |title=Traditions of the Indian Craftsman|journal=The Journal of American Folklore—Traditional India: Structure and Change|volume=71|number=281|date=July–September 1958|pages=224–230}}</ref> are studied along with the religious texts contained within the [[Vedas]] and [[Upanishads]].<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite journal |first=Samuel |last=Parker |year=1987|title=Artistic practice and education in India: A historical overview |journal=Journal of Aesthetic Education|volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=123–141|doi=10.2307/3332836 |jstor=3332836}}
|2={{cite journal |last=Misra |first=R.N.|year=2011|title=Silpis in Ancient India: Beyond their Ascribed Locus in Ancient Society |journal=Social Scientist |volume=39 |number=7/8 |pages=43–54}}
}}</ref> This stage of life was characterized by the practice of [[celibacy]]. The purpose of ''brahmacharya'' in this stage is to get rid of passions, which interfere with learning.<ref name=":2" />

During this stage of life, the chastity is for the purposes of learning from a guru (teacher), and during later stages of life, it is for the purposes of attaining spiritual liberation. (Sanskrit: {{transliteration|sa|[[moksha]]}}).<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite book |author-link=Georg Feuerstein |first=Georg |last=Feuerstein|title=The Encyclopedia of Yoga and Tantra|publisher=Shambhala Publications |isbn=978-1590308790|year=2011|page=76|quote=Brahmacharya essentially stands for the ideal of chastity}}
|2={{cite book |last=Johnson |first=W. J. |title=A Dictionary of Hinduism |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=12 February 2009 |isbn=978-0-19-861025-0 |chapter=brahmacarya |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhind0000john/page/62/mode/1up 62]}}
}}</ref>

;Brahmacharya for girls
The Vedas and Upanishads do not restrict the student stage of life to males.<ref name=sjain>{{cite book | chapter=The Right to Family Planning|first=S.|last=Jain|editor-last=Maguire | editor-first=Daniel C. | title=Sacred Rights: The Case for Contraception and Abortion in World Religions | publisher=Oxford University Press on Demand | date=2003 | isbn=978-0-19-516001-7 | page=134|quote=The Atharva Veda confirms... a brahmacārinī has better prospects of marriage than a girl who is uneducated" "The Vedic period.... girls, like boys, are also expected to go through the brahmacharya...}}</ref> ''Atharva Veda'', for example, states<ref name=sjain /><ref name=atharvaveda2 />

{{quote|
{{lang|sa|ब्रह्मचर्येण कन्या युवानं विन्दते पतिम्}}

A youthful {{transliteration|sa|Kanya}} ({{lang|sa|कन्या}}, girl) who graduates from {{transliteration|sa|brahmacarya}}, obtains a suitable husband.|[[Atharva Veda]]|11.5.18<ref name=atharvaveda2>{{multiref2
|1=For source in Sanskrit: ''[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AD Atharva Veda]'' Wikisource, Hymns 11.5[7].1 – 11.5[7].26
|2=For English translation: {{cite book | last1=Hay | first1=Stephen N. | last2=De Bary| first2=Theodore | title=Sources of Indian Tradition | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass | year=1988 | isbn=978-81-208-0467-8 | pages=18–19}}
}}</ref> }}

;No age restrictions
Gonda<ref name=jangonda>{{cite book | last=Gonda | first=Jan | author-link=Jan Gonda | title=Change and continuity in Indian religion | publisher=Mouton | publication-place=The Hague | year=1965 | oclc=817902 | pages=284–285}}</ref> states that there were no age restrictions for the start of {{transliteration|sa|brahmacharya}} in ancient India. Not only young men, but older people resorted to the student stage of life, and sought teachers who were authoritative in certain subjects.<ref name=jangonda /> The ''Chandogya Upanishad'', in Section 5.11, describes "wealthy and learned householders" becoming {{transliteration|sa|brahmacārīs}} (students) with Rishi Kaikeya, to gain knowledge about Atman ([[Ātman (Hinduism)|inner Self]]) and Brahman (Ultimate Reality).<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite book | translator-last=Olivelle | translator-first=Patrick | translator-link=Patrick Olivelle|title=The Early Upanishads | publisher=Oxford University Press | date=1996 | isbn=978-0-19-512435-4 | pages=143–144}}
|2={{cite book|translator-last=Eggeling|translator-first=Julius|volume=IV|title=The Satapatha-Brahmana|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1897|chapter=Tenth Kanda|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ0ZAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA393 393]–394}}
}}</ref>

== See also ==

* {{annotated link|[[Asceticism]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Atma Shatkam]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Fi sabilillah]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Kiddush Hashem]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Monk]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Yamas]]}}
* {{annotated link|[[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali]]}}


== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="James Lochtefeld pp. 120">{{cite book|editor-first=James|editor-last=Lochtefeld|chapter=Brahmacharya|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism|date=13 August 2023 |volume=1: A–M|page=[https://archive.org/details/TheIllustratedEncyclopediaOfHinduism.../page/n151/mode/1up 120]|publisher=Rosen Publishing|isbn=9780823931798}}</ref>

<ref name="rks">{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Rajendra K. |title=Indian Society, Institutions and Change |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |date=2004 |isbn=978-81-7156-665-5 |page=28}}</ref>

}}

== Sources ==
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Champat Rai |author-link=Champat Rai Jain |title=Sannyasa Dharma |url =https://archive.org/details/SannyasaDharma |date=1926 |quote={{PD-notice}} |ref={{sfnref|Champat Rai Jain|1926}} }}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Vijay K. |title=Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya: Realization of the Pure Self, With Hindi and English Translation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4iyUu4Fc2-YC |date=2012 |publisher=Vikalp Printers |isbn=978-81-903639-4-5 |quote={{PD-notice}} |ref={{sfnref|Vijay K. Jain|2012}} }}
* {{citation |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |author-link=Vilas Adinath Sangave |title=Jain Community: A Social Survey |url={{Google books|FWdWrRGV_t8C|plainurl=yes}} |date=1980 |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |location=Bombay |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-317-12346-3 }}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | last=Haich | first=Elisabeth | author-link=Elisabeth Haich|title=Sexual Energy and Yoga | date=1982 | publisher=Aurora Press|isbn=978-0-943358-03-1}}
* {{cite book|first=Swami|last=Narayananda|author-link=Swami Narayanananda|title=The Way to Peace, Power and Long Life|publisher=N.U. Yoga Trust|location=Denmark|year=2001|orig-year=1945}}
* {{cite book|first=Swami|last=Narayananda|author-link=Swami Narayanananda|title=Brahmacharya, Its Necessity and Practice for Boys and Girls|publisher=N.U. Yoga Trust|location=Denmark|year=2001|orig-year=1960}}
* {{cite book | last=Olson | first=Carl | title=Celibacy and Religious Traditions | publisher=OUP USA | date=2008 | isbn=978-0-19-530632-3}}
* {{cite book|first=Stuart|last= Sovatsky|title=Eros, Consciousness and Kundalini: Tantric Celibacy and the Mysteries of Eros|publisher=Inner Traditions|location=Rochester, Ver.|year=1999}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.yugpradhan.com/en/book/brahmacharya Brahmacharya (online book on Brahmacharya by Panyas Shri Chandrashekhar Vijayji)]
*[https://brahmacharya.app/ Brahmacharya 90 Days Challenge App]
*[https://archive.org/details/BrahmacharyaKiMahima Brahmacharya Ki Mahima PDF (Hindi)]
*[https://archive.org/details/BrahmacharyaKiShaktiBySwamiRamaTirtha Brahmacharya Ki Shakti By Swami Rama Tirtha PDF (Hindi)]
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3704634 Nakedness, Nonviolence, and Brahmacharya: Gandhi's Experiments in Celibate Sexuality] Vinay Lal (2000), Journal of the History of Sexuality, Vol. 9, No. 1/2, pp. 105–136
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/649567 Seminal Truth: A Modern Science of Male Celibacy in North India] Joseph S. Alter, Medical Anthropology Quarterly, New Series, Vol. 11, No. 3 (Sep., 1997), pp. 275–298
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270127 Ritual, knowledge, and being: initiation and Veda study in ancient India], Brian Smith (1986), Numen, 33(1): 65–89.
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2801900 Renunciation in the Religious Traditions of South Asia] Richard Burghart (1983), Man, 18(4): 635–653.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130630071725/http://ebooks.gutenberg.us/himalayanacademy/sacredhinduliterature/lws/lws_ch-10.html Brahmacharya – Celibacy and Fidelity] Himalayan Academy, Gutenberg Archives
*[http://www.sivanandadlshq.org/download/celibacy.htm The Role of Celibacy in the Spiritual Life] An interview with Swami Chidananda
*[http://dlshq.org/download/practice-of-brahmacharya Practice of Brahmacharya] by [[Swami Sivananda]]
*[[s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda|The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda]] Chapters 5, 6 and 7 discuss Vivekananda's views on Brahmacharya

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Virtues}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Asceticism]]
[[Category:Ashramas]]
[[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Celibacy]]
[[Category:Hindu ethics]]
[[Category:Hindu monasticism]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Jain ethics]]
[[Category:Jain philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Relational ethics]]

Kaliabor Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-01T20:50:47Z

Ieagle1: started new bio nd citations.

{{short description|Former Lok Sabha constituency in Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Kaliabor
| map_image = [[File:Kaliabor Lok Sabha 2008.svg|300px]]
| map_caption = Kaliabor within the state of Assam
|established = 1967
|abolished = 2023
|reservation = None
|party = [[Indian National Congress]]
|state = [[Assam]]
|mp = [[Gaurav Gogoi]]
| latest_election_year = [[2019 Indian general elections|2019]]
|assembly_cons = [[Dhing (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhing]] [[Batadroba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Batadroba]] [[Rupohihat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rupohihat]] [[Samaguri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Samaguri]] [[Kaliabor (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kaliabor]] 
[[Bokakhat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bokakhat]] [[Sarupathar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sarupathar]] [[Golaghat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Golaghat]] [[Khumtai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khumtai]] [[Dergaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dergaon]]
|electors = 1,457,219
}}

'''Kaliabor''' was one of the 14 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Assam]] state in north-eastern [[India]]. After the delimitation, the constituency's the name was changed to [[Kaziranga Lok Sabha constituency|Kaziranga]]. And area also changed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Kaziranga Lok Sabha Election 2024: 6 Facts You Need to Know About Assam's Newly Formed Constituency |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/kaziranga-lok-sabha-election-2024-6-facts-you-need-to-know-about-assams-newly-formed-constituency-8845355.html |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Kaliabor Lok Sabha constituency was composed of the following [[Assam Legislative Assembly|assembly segments]]:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf
|title=List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies
|access-date=2008-10-06
|work=Assam
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504181808/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date=2006-05-04
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!style="font-size:75%"|Constituency number
! Name
!style="font-size:75%"|Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/None)
!District
! MLA
!colspan=2| Party
|-
|83
|[[Dhing (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhing]]
|None
|[[Nagaon district|Nagaon]]
|[[Aminul Islam (Indian politician, born 1972)|Aminul Islam]]
|{{Party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}
|-
|84
|[[Batadroba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Batadroba]]
|None
|[[Nagaon district|Nagaon]]
|Shibamani Bora
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|85
|[[Rupohihat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rupohihat]]
|None
|[[Nagaon district|Nagaon]]
|Nurul Huda (INC politician)|Nurul Huda
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|88
|[[Samaguri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Samaguri]]
|None
|[[Nagaon district|Nagaon]]
|Rockybul Hussain
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|89
|[[Kaliabor (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kaliabor]]
|None
|[[Nagaon district|Nagaon]]
|[[Keshab Mahanta]]
|{{Party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
|93
|[[Bokakhat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bokakhat]]
|None
|[[Golaghat district|Golaghat]]
|[[Atul Bora]]
|{{Party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
|94
|[[Sarupathar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sarupathar]]
|None
|[[Golaghat district|Golaghat]]
|Biswajit Phukhan
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|95
|[[Golaghat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Golaghat]]
|None
|[[Golaghat district|Golaghat]]
|[[Ajanta Neog]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|96
|[[Khumtai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khumtai]]
|None
|[[Golaghat district|Golaghat]]
|[[Mrinal Saikia]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|97
|[[Dergaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dergaon]]
|SC
|[[Golaghat district|Golaghat]]
|[[Bhabendra Nath Bharali]]
|{{Party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Bedabrata Barua]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Bishnu Prasad]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Bhadreswar Tanti]]
|{{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Tarun Gogoi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Keshab Mahanta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tarun Gogoi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|2002^
| rowspan="3" |[[Dip Gogoi]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Gourav Gogoi]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|}
^ by poll

==Election results==
===General elections 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Kaliabor]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Gourav Gogoi]]
|votes = 7,86,092
|percentage = 55.18
|change = +17.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Moni Madhab Mahanta
|votes = 5,76,098
|percentage = 40.44
|change = +33.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Jiten Gogoi
|votes = 18,344
|percentage = 1.29
|change = +0.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 15,913
|percentage = 1.12
|change = +0.06
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,09,994
|percentage = 14.74
|change = +6.69
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 14,24,795
|percentage = 82.12
|change = +2.01
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Kaliabor]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Gourav Gogoi]]
|votes = 4,43,315
|percentage = 37.97
|change = -7.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mrinal Kumar Saikia
|votes = 3,49,441
|percentage = 29.93
|change = +29.93
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Bijoy Kumar Tiru
|votes = 2,31,295
|percentage = 19.81
|change = -0.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Dr. Arun Kumar Sarma
|votes = 78,132
|percentage = 6.69
|change = -22.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Binod Gogoi
|votes = 9,583
|percentage = 0.82
|change = -0.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Montu Saikia
|votes = 9,133
|percentage = 0.78
|change = +0.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Jiten Gogoi
|votes = 8,271
|percentage = 0.71
|change = +0.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Samsul Alam
|votes = 6,538
|percentage = 0.56
|change = +0.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Arup Kumar Mahanta
|votes = 5,433
|percentage = 0.47
|change = +0.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Rahmat Ullah
|votes = 4,985
|percentage = 0.43
|change = +0.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Mithual Kumar
|votes = 2,966
|percentage = 0.25
|change = +0.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Jinti Gogoi
|votes = 2,584
|percentage = 0.22
|change = +0.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Sahaba Ahmed
|votes = 2,411
|percentage = 0.21
|change = +0.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 12,403
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 93,874
|percentage = 8.05
|change = -7.77
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,67,391
|percentage = 80.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Kaliabor]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Dip Gogoi]]
|votes = 4,34,676
|percentage = 45.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Gunin Hazarika
|votes = 2,82,687
|percentage =29.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Assam United Democratic Front
|candidate = Siraj Uddin Ajmal
|votes = 1,98,983
|percentage =20.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =1,51,989
|percentage=15.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,60,563
|percentage = 71.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kaziranga Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Nagaon district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/assam/kaliabor/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Kaliabor lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Assam}}
{{Nagaon district}}

{{coord|26.53|93.09|display=title}}

[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Nagaon district]]

Dehradun Cantonment

2026-01-31T13:22:56Z

Ieagle1: quick update

#REDIRECT [[Dehradun]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Tu Majha Saangaati

2026-01-27T10:31:56Z

Ieagle1: made a info initial version

{{Short description|2014 Marathi language historical series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| opentheme =
| theme_music_composer = [[Devaki Pandit]] [[Suresh Wadkar]]
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| writer = Shirish Latkar
| director = Raghunandan Barve Sachin Gokhale
| producer = Sangeet Kulkarni
| num_seasons = 2
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| country = India
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| language = Marathi
| network = [[Colors Marathi]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2014|07|11|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2018|08|11|df=y}}
| image = Tu Majha Saangaati.jpg
| image_size =
| num_episodes = 1299
| genre = [[Historical drama]]
}}

'''''Tu Majha Saangaati''''' ({{translation|You are my Companion}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] TV series which aired on [[Colors Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘तू माझा सांगती’ मालिकेत तुकोबांना विठ्ठलाच्या दर्शनाची आस|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/tu-majha-sangati-marathi-serial-tukaram-eagerly-waiting-for-vithhal-1701670/|access-date=2024-01-12|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref> It premiered from 11 July 2014 and ended on 11 August 2018 completing 1299 episodes. It starred [[Chinmay Mandlekar]] in the lead role of Saint Tukaram.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ई टीव्हीवर ११ जुलैपासून 'तू माझा सांगाती', चिन्मय मांडलेकर संत तुकारामांच्या भूमिकेत|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-new-marathi-serial-tu-maza-sangati-4669954-NOR.html|access-date=2024-01-12|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story is entirely based on the life of saint [[Tukaram]] and his wife Aavli. The first wife of Tukaram dies in child-birth. A heart-broken Tukaram is busy taking care of his children. Tukaram’s parents constantly ask him to get married a second time, but he refuses. Aavli is a vivacious small girl with full of life and joy. However, tradition forces her into a limited domestic life at her parents' house. The series tracks her transition from a young girl quick to anger to a mature and tolerant responsible woman. When Tukaram finally agrees to a second marriage, Aavli is the bride of choice. The series is an intriguing account of these two people coming together.

== Cast ==
* [[Chinmay Mandlekar]] as Saint Tukaram
* Mrunmayee Supal as child Aavli
** Rujuta Deshmukh as young Aavli<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘तू माझा सांगाती’मध्ये आवलीच्या भूमिकेत ऋजुता देशमुख|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/tu-majha-saangaati-serial-rujuta-deshmukh-comeback-on-television-after-3-years-1438404/|access-date=2024-01-12|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
*** Pramiti Narke as elder Aavli
* Shreevallabh Bhatt as Vaman
* Mangesh Desai as Goroba
* [[Apurva Nemlekar]] as Soyra
* Saurabh Gokhale as Saint Dnyaneshwar<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saurabh Gokhale to play Sant Dnyaneshwar again - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/saurabh-gokhale-to-play-sant-dnyaneshwar-again/articleshow/61848579.cms|access-date=2024-01-12|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Shekhar Phadke as Vitthalpant<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘तू माझा सांगाती’मध्ये शेखर फडके वेगळ्या भूमिकेत|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/colors-marathi-serial-tu-majha-sangati-shekhar-phadke-1631174/|access-date=2024-01-12|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Rutuja Bagwe]] as Rakhma

== Reception ==
=== Ratings ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! colspan="2" | [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] Viewership
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! [[Target Rating Point|TRP]]
! Rank
|-
|Week 22
|2016
|1.4
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=या आठवड्यातील टॉप-५ मालिका|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/photos/top-5-marathi-tv-serials-wk-22-234677|access-date=2022-04-10|website=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Week 23
|2016
|1.6
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=या आठवड्यातील टॉप ५ मराठी मालिका|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/uncategorized/top-5-marathi-tv-serials-wk-23-238411|access-date=2022-04-10|website=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Week 24
|2016
|1.8
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=या आठवड्यातील टॉप-५ मालिका|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/photos/top-5-marathi-tv-serials-wk-24-241724|access-date=2022-04-10|website=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Week 34
|2016
|2.2
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=या आठवड्यातील टॉप ५ मराठी मालिका|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/photos/top-5-marathi-tv-serials-wk-34-278499|access-date=2022-04-10|website=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Week 35
|2016
|2.0
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=या आठवड्यातील टॉप ५ टीव्ही मालिका|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/photos/top-5-marathi-tv-serials-of-week-35-281393|access-date=2022-04-10|website=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt8854752}}
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/tu-maza-sangaati/3499944 ''Tu Majha Saangaati''] at [[JioCinema]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Colors Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]]

Navlakha

2026-01-22T23:20:39Z

Ieagle1:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}{{more citations needed|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Navlakha
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Suburb
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.6943506|N|75.8742188|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malwa]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Indore district]]
| subdivision_type4 = Ward
| subdivision_name4 = Chitawad(no.64)
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–Council]]
| governing_body = [[Indore Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Malini Laxmansingh Gaur
| leader_title3 = Ward Corporator (Parshad)
| leader_name3 = Shrimati Seema Virang (no.64)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 165000
| population_as_of = 2010
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 452001
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0731
| registration_plate = 09
| website = {{URL|www.imcindore.org}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Navlakha''' is a residential locality within the city of [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. The area is named after the famous Navlakha Temple in Indore. Its [[Postal Code|postal code]] is 452012.

==Overview==

Navlakha is known for the Navlakh Temple and the [[Navlakha Bus Stand]] which is the origin point for many distant bus services from Indore to Jaipur, Ahmedabad, Nagpur, Pune, Shirdi, Jhansi, Gwalior, Bhopal, Jabalpur, Sagar, and Khurai among others. Navlakha is currently experiencing an increase in the rate of construction for new housing developments and multi-story buildings. Also Navlakha name is given due to presence of Nine (Nav in hindi)- Lakh(Lakha in hindi) mango trees in this area.

==Market==

Every Thursday, a weekly vegetable, fruits, and fish market is organized. It is locally known as Guruvaariya Haat (Hindi: गुरुवारिया हाट), meaning Thursday Market.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://peoplessamachar.co.in/?ui=mobile/index.php/ind/120301-2016-04-04-18-21-23|title = पीपुल्स समाचार - भोपाल, इंदौर, जबलपुर एवं ग्वालियर से प्रकाशित}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=इंदौर के नवलखा क्षेत्र में गुरुवारिया हाट स्थानांतरण: कारण, इतिहास और वर्तमान स्थिति |url=https://pravahtimes.com/states/madhyapradesh/indore-news/indore-nawlakhha-guruvaar-haat-shift-report/ |access-date=9 December 2025 |website=Pravah Times}}</ref> Navalakha also contains a saree shop and a number of general goods stores.

==Transportation==

===Roads===
Bhanwarkuan is located on the arterial [[National Highway 3 (India, old numbering)|A.B. Road (NH-3)]]. [[Autorickshaw]]s, Metro Taxi, City Van, Tata Magic and various private taxis such as Uber, [[Meru Cabs]], [[TaxiForSure]] and [[OlaCabs]] are widely available. Several [[Indore City Bus|City Bus]] routes serve the area, with fares generally ranging from ₹ 5.00 to ₹15.00. The bus routes passing through and connecting Navlakha are:
{|class="sortable plainrowheaders wikitable"
|-
!scope="col"|S.no.
!scope="col"|Route no.
!scope="col"|Start<ref>{{cite web|title=Routes of City Bus|url=http://citybusindore.com/Index.php?page=bus-routes|accessdate=10 April 2016|format=|publisher=Indore City Bus|archive-date=24 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324210038/http://www.citybusindore.com/index.php?page=bus-routes|url-status=dead}}</ref>
!scope="col"|End Place
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:center| 1
|align=center | 11 (XI)
|align=right | Tejaji Nagar
|align=center| Gommatgiri
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:center| 2
|align=center | 17 (XVII)
|align=right | [[Palda]] Naka
|align=center| MR10
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:center| 3
|align=center |25 (XXV)
|align=right | [[Indore Junction railway station|Railway Station]]
|align=center| IndoRama
|-
!scope="row" style=text-align:center| 4
|align=center | 26 (XXVI)
|align=right | Indore
|align=center| Eicher Square ([[Pithampur]])
|-
|}

===Inter-State Bus Terminus===
Navlakha has a bus-stand with routes connecting Indore to southern, south-eastern and south-western Madhya Pradesh using the roadways given below:

*[[National Highway 3 (India, old numbering)|A.B. Road (NH-3)]] Mumbai, Pune.
* SH-27 Khandwa, Burhanpur, Nagpur
* NH59 [[Hoshangabad]], [[Kampel, Indore|Kampel]] and [[Harda]]

{{Neighbourhoods of Indore}}

===References===
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Indore]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Indore]]

Sultanganj Buddha

2026-01-20T03:51:16Z

Ieagle1: made basic stub first draft

{{Short description|Copper Buddha figure from India}}
{{Infobox artwork
| image = File:The Sultanganj Buddha.jpg
| title = Sultanganj Buddha
| movement = [[Gupta art|Gupta]]–Pala transitional period
| year = 500–700 AD
| material = [[Copper]]
| city = [[Birmingham]]
| museum = [[Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery]]
| height_metric = 2.3
| width_metric = 1
| metric_unit = m
| italic title = no
}}

The '''Sultanganj Buddha''' is a [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]]–[[Pala Empire|Pala]] transitional period sculpture, the largest substantially complete copper Buddha figure known from the time. The statue is dated to between 500 and 700 AD (but see below). It is 2.3 m high and 1 m wide, with a weight over 500 kg. It was found in the [[East India]]n town of [[Sultanganj]], [[Bhagalpur district]], [[Bihar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/birmingham/content/articles/2006/05/10/sultanganj_buddha_feature.shtml|title=BBC – Birmingham – Faith – The Sultanganj Buddha|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> in 1861 during the construction of the [[East Indian Railway]].<ref name="Wingfield">{{cite book|last=Wingfield|first= Christopher |year=2010|title= Touching the Buddha: Encounters with a charismatic object. In Museum Materialities: Objects, Engagements, Interpretations, ed. Sandra H. Dudley, Routledge: London & New York|pages=53–70|url= http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415492188/}}</ref> It is now in the [[Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery]], [[Birmingham]], England.

Over life-size, this is "the only remaining metal statue of any size" from [[Gupta art]], out of what was at the time probably approximately as numerous a type as stone or [[stucco]] statues.<ref name="auto1">Rowland, 237</ref> The metal [[Brahma from Mirpur-Khas]] is older, but about half the size. The [[Jain]] [[Akota bronzes]] and some other finds are much smaller still, probably figures for shrines in well-off homes.<ref>Rowland, 237–239</ref>

In [[Lalitpur, Nepal]] the Guita Bahī monastery has a copper Buddha about 1.8 metres tall, of Nepali make and style, of about the 9th or 10th century. This remains in place, and in worship, against a wall at the end of a shrine or prayer-hall, and the Sultanganj Buddha was probably originally placed in a similar location.<ref name="Graldi">Graldi</ref>

The style of the Sultanganj figure is comparable to slightly earlier stone Buddha figures from [[Sarnath]] in "the smoothly rounded attenuation of body and limbs" and the very thin, clinging body garment, indicated in the lightest of ways. The figure has "a feeling of animation imparted by the unbalanced stance and the movement suggested by the sweeping silhouette of the enveloping robe".<ref name="auto1"/>

==Description==
The Sultanganj Buddha was cast in pure, unrefined copper by the ''cire perdue'', or [[lost-wax casting|lost wax]], technique. Inside there is a clay body, mixed with rice husks that allowed [[radiocarbon dating]].<ref name="auto">Harle, 212</ref> The figure stands in the "Fearless Posture", with his right hand raised in ''[[abhayamudra]]'' (a gesture of reassurance or protection), and his left hand is held downwards with palm outwards, said to indicate granting a favour. The end of the monastic robe is held between the thumb and forefinger of this hand in the manner that is still practised by [[Theravada|Theravadin]] monks.

The surface of the metal is now dark, and "displays over much of its surface a black encrustation of fine clay minerals, which are the result of the long period exposure to atmospheric agents and the burial", except where museum visitors had touched the fingers of the [[proper left]] hand, wearing away this coating and leaving at least their tips brightly polished and light and gold-like in colour. It is probable that this was the original appearance of the whole surface except the hair, achieved by intensive polishing after casting, reflecting references in early [[Buddhist scriptures]] to the radiance and colour of the Buddha's body. Other Buddha images were [[gilding|gilded]].<ref name="Graldi"/>

The sheer size of the statue meant that "the workshop which was in charge of casting the ‘Sultanganj Buddha’ worked at the limit of its technical capabilities", and various stages of repairs and a "secondary casting" (at a rather lower level of skill) were carried out to complete and perhaps maintain the statue.<ref name="Graldi"/>

==Date==
The sculpture was originally dated to the Gupta period, [[Vincent Arthur Smith]] specifying around 400 in a book of 1911.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Vincent Arthur |title=A history of fine art in India and Ceylon, from the earliest times to the present day |date=1911 |publisher=Oxford: Clarendon Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyoffineart00smit/page/171 171] |url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffineart00smit}}</ref> Then dates as late as 800 came to be preferred. The results of the radiocarbon dating suggest 600–650,<ref name="auto"/> though the museum still prefers "500–700".<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bmagic.org.uk/objects/1885A1116|title=Buddha – The Sultanganj Buddha – Birmingham Museums & Art Gallery Information Centre|website=www.bmagic.org.uk}}</ref>

==Discovery and later history==
[[File:Sultanganj Buddha found.jpg|thumb|E. B. Harris with the Sultanganj Buddha. 1861/1862]]
[[File:Sultanganj Buddha.JPG|thumb|Stone statue of Buddha from Sultanganj in the [[British Museum]], at left in the photo above. [[Ye Dharma Hetu]] inscribed on the lotus base (magnify to see).]]

E. B. Harris, the railway engineer who discovered the Buddha during excavations that he carried out on ancient remains near the Sultanganj station that he was constructing, published a detailed account of his work, complete with a site plan and photographs. He describes finding the right foot of the Buddha ten feet under the surface, beneath a floor he considered to have been used to conceal the statue after it had been toppled from its former place.<ref>Harris, E. B. (1864) Description of Buddhist Remains Discovered at Sooltangunge, London: privately published.</ref> Harris sent the statue to Birmingham, the cost of its transport to England being paid by Samuel Thornton, a Birmingham manufacturer of ironmongery. Thornton, himself a former mayor of Birmingham, offered it to the [[Birmingham City Council|Borough Council]] for their proposed Art Museum in 1864. In Birmingham, a town that boasted a thousand trades, the Art Museum was intended to be an exemplar and inspiration for local metalworkers and other artisans.

Over the years, it has been shown in a number of prominent locations throughout [[Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery]] (BMAG) and remains an indispensable display item. It was the foundation donation to the collections and is BMAG's most treasured possession.<ref name="auto2"/> Harris's report shows him with the Buddha and a number of smaller finds. They included two much smaller standing Buddhas in stone: one is now in the [[British Museum]] and the other in the [[Asian Art Museum of San Francisco]]. A stone Buddha head, also from Sultanganj, is now in the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], London.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/A_1982-0331-1|title=figure | British Museum|website=The British Museum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://searchcollection.asianart.org/view/objects/asitem/id/19594|title=Asian Art Museum Online Collection|website=searchcollection.asianart.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O64237|title=Head of the Buddha (Figure) | V&A Search the Collections|date=May 16, 2020|website=V and A Collections}}</ref>

From 1998 to 2015, the Buddha was the centrepiece of a gallery at Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery dedicated to displaying a number of Buddhas and related artefacts, and Birmingham Museum held an annual 'Buddha Day', when West Midlands-based Buddhist groups from a range of traditions would bless the statue.

During 2015, Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery worked with representatives of a number of faith groups from the city on the creation of a new 'Faith Gallery', and the Sultanganj Buddha was moved from its previous location. It is now displayed in a new gallery that tells the story of the range of faiths that are practiced in Birmingham.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
Image:Sultanganj_budda1.jpg|Sultanganj Buddha
File:Indian Museum Sculpture - Buddha, Fearless Posture, 5c, Sarnath (9217994429).jpg|[[Indian Museum, Kolkata]], 5th century, from [[Sarnath]]
File:Indian Museum Sculpture - Buddha, Fearless Posture, 5c, Sarnath (9220763324).jpg|[[Indian Museum, Kolkata]], 5th century, from [[Sarnath]]
File:Standing Buddha Set-up by Buddist Monk Yasadinna - 434 CE - Govind Nagar - ACCN 76-25 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-23 5548 (retouched).jpg|Buddha from [[Mathura]], dated 434
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*Graldi, Aurora, "With a face of ‘red copper’: new insights on the over life-size Buddha of Guita Bahī, Lalitpur, and the alteration of the face through technical enhancement" ([https://www.academia.edu/43702963/With_a_face_of_red_copper_new_insights_on_the_over_life_size_Buddha_of_Guita_Bah%C4%AB_Lalitpur_and_the_alteration_of_the_face_through_technical_enhancement Draft version on academia.edu]), 2018
*Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}
*Rowland, Benjamin, ''The Art and Architecture of India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain'', 1967 (3rd edn.), Pelican History of Art, Penguin, {{ISBN|0140561021}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:6th-century sculptures]]
[[Category:7th-century sculptures]]
[[Category:1861 archaeological discoveries]]
[[Category:Archaeological discoveries in India]]
[[Category:Buddha statues]]
[[Category:Copper sculptures in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Gupta art]]
[[Category:Bhagalpur district]]
[[Category:Collection of Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery]]
[[Category:Statues in Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist sculpture]]
[[Category:Sculptures from Bihar]]
[[Category:Statues in England]]
[[Category:Sculptures in Birmingham, West Midlands]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian sculptures]]
[[Category:Indian artefacts held abroad]]

{{coord missing|West Midlands}}

D. J. Saikia

2026-01-12T06:47:40Z

Ieagle1: Made

{{Short description|Indian astrophysicist and radio astronomer}}
{{Like resume|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Dhruba J. Saikia
| image = Sykes picture.jpg
| caption = Dhruba J. Saikia
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|1|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Jorhat]], [[Assam]]
| field = [[Astronomy]], [[Astrophysics]], [[Radio astronomy]], Education
| work_institution =[[National Centre for Radio Astrophysics]], TIFR; [[Jodrell Bank Observatory]], [[University of Manchester]]; [[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]], Kingston, Canada; [[University of Western Australia]]; [[Australia Telescope National Facility]], CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science; [[Cotton University]]; [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics]]
| alma_mater = St. Edmund's School, Shillong; Hindu College, Delhi University; Gwyer Hall, Delhi University; [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], Mumbai
| thesis_title = Jets and compact features in extragalactic radio sources
| thesis_url = https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985PhDT.......259S/abstract PhD Thesis
| thesis_year = 1985
| doctoral_advisor = [[Vijay Kumar Kapahi|Vijay Kapahi]], [[Govind Swarup]]
| known_for = Active galaxies, Radio galaxies and Quasars, Radio astronomy, Education
| doctoral_students =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = Geeta Udgaonkar Award of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research for the best Ph.D. thesis (1985-86); Young Scientist of the Year Award by the Indian National Science Academy (1985); Prof. M.K. Vainu Bappu Gold Medal of the Astronomical Society of India (1990)
| religion =
| signature =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dhruba J. Saikia''' FNAsc is an Indian astrophysicist and radio astronomer, with a keen interest in education, especially higher education. He was a professor at the [[National Centre for Radio Astrophysics]] (NCRA),<ref>{{Cite web |title=D. J. Saikia |url=http://www.ncra.tifr.res.in/ncra/people/people-finder/people-finder/FinderEmpPage?oid=265 |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=[[National Centre for Radio Astrophysics]] |language=en-us}}</ref> part of the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research|Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR)]] where he worked for over 40 years and is now at the [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics|IUCAA]] where he heads the Teaching Learning Centre and the National Resource Centre, which constitute the Astronomy Centre for Educators (ACE). Besides TIFR and IUCAA, he has been engaged in research and/or teaching at the Jodrell Bank Observatory of the University of Manchester, National Radio Astronomy Observatory USA, Queen's University at Kingston, Canada, Australia Telescope National Facility, CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science division, Australia, the University of Western Australia, [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]] and Cotton University, India.

Saikia's research interests are in the fields of extragalactic astronomy, radio astronomy, and education. Along with Vijay Kapahi, he contributed to the early development of the unification scheme for AGN,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trimble |first=Virginia |date= 1989|title=Pointing towards the source? |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=337 |issue=6204 |pages=212 |doi=10.1038/337212a0 |issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free |bibcode=1989Natur.337..212T }}</ref> and has been invited to review areas where he has made significant contributions. These include reviews titled Polarization properties of extragalactic radio sources with C. J. Salter,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Saikia |first1=D. J. |last2=Salter |first2=C. J. |date= 1988|title=Polarization Properties of Extragalactic Radio Sources |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.aa.26.090188.000521 |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=93–144 |doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.26.090188.000521 |bibcode=1988ARA&A..26...93S |issn=0066-4146|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Compact steep-spectrum and peaked-spectrum radio sources with Christopher P. O'Dea,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O’Dea |first1=Christopher P. |last2=Saikia |first2=D. J. |date=2021-03-30 |title=Compact steep-spectrum and peaked-spectrum radio sources |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00159-021-00131-w |journal=The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review |language=en |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=3 |doi=10.1007/s00159-021-00131-w |issn=1432-0754|arxiv=2009.02750 |bibcode=2021A&ARv..29....3O |s2cid=253679259 }}</ref> Jets in radio galaxies and quasars: an observational perspective,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saikia |first=D. J. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Jets in radio galaxies and quasars: an observational perspective |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12036-022-09863-2 |journal=Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy |language=en |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=97 |doi=10.1007/s12036-022-09863-2 |issn=0973-7758|arxiv=2206.05803 |bibcode=2022JApA...43...97S |s2cid=249626019 }}</ref> and Decoding the giant extragalactic radio sources with Pratik Dabhade and Mousumi Mahato.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dabhade |first1=Pratik |last2=Saikia |first2=D. J. |last3=Mahato |first3=Mousumi |date=2023-02-16 |title=Decoding the giant extragalactic radio sources |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12036-022-09898-5 |journal=Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy |language=en |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=13 |doi=10.1007/s12036-022-09898-5 |issn=0973-7758|arxiv=2208.02130 |bibcode=2023JApA...44...13D |s2cid=251280030 }}</ref> He contributed a Chapter to the Indian Higher Education Report 2023 titled Institutional Research in Higher Education: Learning from an Experiment at Cotton University.<ref>Saikia, D. J., 2023. In Indian Higher Education Report 2023, eds. Misra, P. K., Pachauri, A., Centre for Policy Research in Higher Education, National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration, India, Routledge, in press</ref>

Dhruba J. Saikia was the founding Vice-Chancellor of [[Cotton University]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-06-02 |title=Guwahati: Cotton university gets new vice-chancellor |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/guwahati-cotton-university-gets-new-vice-chancellor/articleshow/13720010.cms |access-date=2023-10-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> in [[Guwahati]] when the historic Cotton College, founded in 1901, was converted to a university in 2012. He was the Dean of the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics Faculty from 2007–2009 and a member of the statutory bodies of a number of institutions. He was a member of the Senate of Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Academic Council of [[Tezpur University]], Management Board for Centre of Plasma Physics - Institute for Plasma Research, Governing Board of Omeo Kumar Das Institute of Social Change and Development, Governing Board of IIIT Guwahati, Governing Board and Academic Council of Assam Don Bosco University and Academic Council, TIFR Deemed University. He was the Executive President of the Physics Academy of North East (PANE) from 2017 to 2019 and is a founding Fellow of PANE (FPANE).<ref name="Fellows of PANE">{{cite web |title=Fellows of PANE |url=https://www.paneindia.org/pane-fellows |access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref>

Saikia is also a wildlife enthusiast, especially of birds,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gala |first=Mittal |date=2019-08-19 |title=Birder Profile: Dhruba J Saikia |url=https://birdcount.in/birder-profile-dhruba-j-saikia/ |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=Bird Count India |language=en-US}}</ref> and contributes regularly to The [[Cornell Lab of Ornithology]] portal <code>ebird.org</code>. He was awarded the {{Proper name|Adventurous eBirder of the Year}} in 2019 by [https://birdcount.in Bird Count India].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-12-29 |title=2023 India eBird Yearlong Challenge |url=https://birdcount.in/2023-india-ebird-yearlong-challenge/ |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=Bird Count India |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Dhruba Saikia was born on 21 January 1956 in Jorhat, Assam, the home of both of his parents. He spent his early childhood and school years in the town Shillong, Meghalaya. Both his parents were teachers. His mother, Devika Saikia, taught Assamese literature at Sankardev College, Shillong, while his father, Debendra Nath Saikia, taught Commercial geography at St. Anthony's College, Shillong. Dhruba Saikia studied in St. Edmund's School from 1961 to 1971, passing the Indian School Certificate Examination conducted by the [[University of Cambridge]] Local Examinations Syndicate in 1971.

After completing his school education in Shillong, Saikia, a National Science Talent Scholarship recipient, joined [[Hindu College, Delhi]] in 1972. He received his B.Sc. with Physics honors from [[Delhi University]] in 1975, and joined Gwyer Hall for his postgraduate studies. He received his M.Sc. in physics from Delhi University in 1977, and soon took a regular position in the Radio Astronomy Group of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, and joined at Ooty on 16 August 1977. It was an exciting time for the group. The Ooty Radio Telescope, built indigenously by a very young group led by Govind Swarup, produced many interesting results and provided additional evidence in support of the Big Bang model of the Universe just a couple of years earlier.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Swarup |first1=G. |last2=Sarma |first2=N. V. G. |last3=Joshi |first3=M. N. |last4=Kapahi |first4=V. K. |last5=Bagri |first5=D. S. |last6=Damle |first6=S. H. |last7=Ananthakrishnan |first7=S. |last8=Balasubramanian |first8=V. |last9=Bhave |first9=S. S. |last10=Sinha |first10=R. P. |date= 1971|title=Large Steerable Radio Telescope at Ootacamund, India |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/physci230185a0 |journal=Nature Physical Science |language=en |volume=230 |issue=17 |pages=185–188 |doi=10.1038/physci230185a0 |bibcode=1971NPhS..230..185S |issn=2058-1106|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Angular Size–Flux Density Relation for Extragalactic Radio Sources |url=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/172/3/501/971341 |access-date=2023-12-08 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|date=1975 |doi=10.1093/mnras/172.3.501 |doi-access=free |last1=Swarup |first1=G. |volume=172 |issue=3 |pages=501–512 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Cosmology from Angular Size Counts of Extragalactic Radio Sources |url=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/172/3/513/971347 |access-date=2023-12-08 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|date=1975 |doi=10.1093/mnras/172.3.513 |doi-access=free |last1=Kapahi |first1=V. K. |volume=172 |issue=3 |pages=513–533 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

After spending two years at Ooty, he shifted to the TIFR Centre in the campus of the [[Indian Institute of Science]], Bengaluru, where he did most of his Ph.D. work, completing his thesis in 1985 under the guidance of [[Vijay Kumar Kapahi|Vijay Kapahi]] and [[Govind Swarup]]. The degree was awarded by the University of Bombay. It was an exciting period in radio astronomy when the Very Large Array in New Mexico came into operation producing high-quality radio images using techniques of self-calibration.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kellermann |first1=Kenneth I. |last2=Bouton |first2=Ellen N. |last3=Brandt |first3=Sierra S. |date=2020 |title=Open Skies |journal=Historical & Cultural Astronomy |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-32345-5 |issn=2509-310X|doi-access=free |isbn=978-3-030-32344-8 }}</ref> These observations demonstrated the ubiquitousness of radio jets in radio-loud active galactic nuclei. Saikia's thesis on jets and compact features in extragalactic radio sources was based extensively on observations made with the Very Large Array where he spent several months during the summer of 1982.

Saikia took up a postdoctoral position at the Jodrell Bank Observatory of the University of Manchester in 1986. After spending a few enriching and fruitful years at the Jodrell Bank Observatory, he returned to Pune, India in 1989. The Radio Astronomy Group of TIFR was in the process of setting up the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics at Pune, and building the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope about 80 km north of Pune,<ref>Swarup, G., 1991. Current Science, 60, 95</ref> which continues to be one of the most powerful radio telescopes operating at low radio frequencies.

== Career and research ==
After joining the Radio Astronomy Group of TIFR on 16 August 1977, Saikia continued to be a part of the group which later became the [[National Centre for Radio Astrophysics]], until his superannuation on 31 January 2018. During this period he also worked at other institutions besides TIFR and [[Jodrell Bank Observatory]]. Saikia was a Visiting Professor and International visiting scholar at [[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]] at Kingston, Canada, during 2000–2001, working with Judith Irwin on nearby galaxies. He was a distinguished visitor at the [[Australia Telescope National Facility]], CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science division, Sydney in 2009, and visiting professor at the [[International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research]], University of Western Australia during 2009–2010. Saikia was a visiting scientist at the [[National Radio Astronomy Observatory]] in Socorro, New Mexico, USA in 2011, as part of the Resident Shared Risk Observing (RSRO) program, making the initial observations and testing data reduction procedures with Judith Irwin for the CHANG-ES (Continuum Halos in Nearby Galaxies—an EVLA Survey) project<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Irwin |first1=Judith |last2=Beck |first2=Rainer |last3=Benjamin |first3=R. A. |last4=Dettmar |first4=Ralf-Jürgen |date= 2012|title=Continuum Halos in Nearby Galaxies: An Evla Survey (Chang-Es). I. Introduction to the Survey |journal=The Astronomical Journal |language=en |volume=144 |issue=2 |pages=43 |doi=10.1088/0004-6256/144/2/43 |issn=1538-3881|doi-access=free |arxiv=1205.5694 |bibcode=2012AJ....144...43I }}</ref> with the then-newly Expanded Very Large Array and now known as the [[Very Large Array|Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array]].

In addition to his early interests and contributions to jets in active galactic nuclei (AGN) and unification schemes,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trimble |first=Virginia |date= 1989|title=Pointing towards the source? |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=337 |issue=6204 |pages=212 |doi=10.1038/337212a0 |issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free |bibcode=1989Natur.337..212T }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saikia |first=D. J. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Jets in radio galaxies and quasars: an observational perspective |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12036-022-09863-2 |journal=Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy |language=en |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=97 |doi=10.1007/s12036-022-09863-2 |issn=0973-7758|arxiv=2206.05803 |bibcode=2022JApA...43...97S |s2cid=249626019 }}</ref> his research interests cover a wide spectrum. These include the evolution of radio galaxies from their sub-galactic dimensions to the largest single objects in the universe spanning about 15 million light years,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O’Dea |first1=Christopher P. |last2=Saikia |first2=D. J. |date=2021-03-30 |title=Compact steep-spectrum and peaked-spectrum radio sources |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00159-021-00131-w |journal=The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review |language=en |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=3 |doi=10.1007/s00159-021-00131-w |issn=1432-0754|arxiv=2009.02750 |bibcode=2021A&ARv..29....3O |s2cid=253679259 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dabhade |first1=Pratik |last2=Saikia |first2=D. J. |last3=Mahato |first3=Mousumi |date=2023-02-16 |title=Decoding the giant extragalactic radio sources |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12036-022-09898-5 |journal=Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy |language=en |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=13 |doi=10.1007/s12036-022-09898-5 |issn=0973-7758|arxiv=2208.02130 |bibcode=2023JApA...44...13D |s2cid=251280030 }}</ref> episodic or recurrent jet active activity in AGN,<ref>{{Cite journal |title=2009BASI...37...63S Page 63 |url=https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2009BASI...37...63S |access-date=2023-12-08 |journal=Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India|bibcode=2009BASI...37...63S |last1=Saikia |first1=D. J. |last2=Jamrozy |first2=M. |date=2009 |volume=37 |page=63 |arxiv=1002.1841 }}</ref> radio continuum surveys, neutral atomic hydrogen in galaxies, clusters of galaxies, high energy emission from radio-loud AGN, starburst galaxies, outflows in nearby galaxies, star formation, and AGN activity in nearby galaxies. He has been a part of major international collaborations such as the CHANG-ES project led by Judith Irwin,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Irwin |first1=Judith |last2=Beck |first2=Rainer |last3=Benjamin |first3=R. A. |last4=Dettmar |first4=Ralf-Jürgen |last5=English |first5=Jayanne|author5-link=Jayanne English |last6=Heald |first6=George |last7=Henriksen |first7=Richard N. |last8=Johnson |first8=Megan |last9=Krause |first9=Marita |last10=Li |first10=Jiang-Tao |last11=Miskolczi |first11=Arpad |last12=Mora |first12=Silvia Carolina |date=2012-07-06 |title=Continuum Halos in Nearby Galaxies: An Evla Survey (Chang-Es). I. Introduction to the Survey |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=144 |issue=2 |pages=43 |doi=10.1088/0004-6256/144/2/43 |issn=0004-6256|doi-access=free |arxiv=1205.5694 |bibcode=2012AJ....144...43I }}</ref> LeMMINGs (Legacy e-MERLIN Multi-band Imaging of Nearby Galaxy Sample) survey<ref>{{Cite journal |title=LeMMINGs – I. The eMERLIN legacy survey of nearby galaxies. 1.5-GHz parsec-scale radio structures and cores |url=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/476/3/3478/4848304 |access-date=2023-12-08 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|date=2018 |doi=10.1093/mnras/sty342 |doi-access=free |last1=Baldi |first1=R. D. |last2=Williams |first2=D R A. |last3=McHardy |first3=I. M. |last4=Beswick |first4=R. J. |last5=Argo |first5=M. K. |last6=Dullo |first6=B. T. |last7=Knapen |first7=J. H. |last8=Brinks |first8=E. |last9=Muxlow |first9=T W B. |last10=Aalto |first10=S. |last11=Alberdi |first11=A. |last12=Bendo |first12=G. J. |last13=Corbel |first13=S. |last14=Evans |first14=R. |last15=Fenech |first15=D. M. |last16=Green |first16=D. A. |last17=Klöckner |first17=H-R |last18=Körding |first18=E. |last19=Kharb |first19=P. |last20=MacCarone |first20=T. J. |last21=Martí-Vidal |first21=I. |last22=Mundell |first22=C. G. |last23=Panessa |first23=F. |last24=Peck |first24=A. B. |last25=Pérez-Torres |first25=M. A. |last26=Saikia |first26=D. J. |last27=Saikia |first27=P. |last28=Shankar |first28=F. |last29=Spencer |first29=R. E. |last30=Stevens |first30=I. R. |volume=476 |issue=3 |pages=3478–3522 |display-authors=1 |arxiv=1802.02162 }}</ref> led primarily by Rob Beswick, Ranieri Baldi, and Bil Dullo, and SAGAN ([https://sites.google.com/site/anantasakyatta/sagan Search and Analysis of GRGs with Associated Nuclei]),<ref>Dabhade, P., et al. 2020. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 642A, 153. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2020/10/aa38344-20.pdf</ref> a systematic study of giant radio galaxies (GRGs) led by [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ubq74nIAAAAJ&hl=en Pratik Dabhade].

In 2012, Saikia took the position as the first vice-chancellor of Cotton University<ref>"Guwahati: Cotton university gets new vice-chancellor". The Times of India. 2012-06-02. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2023-10-13</ref> (then known as Cotton College State University), Assam, India, which was established in 2012 on the foundations of the historic Cotton College established in 1901.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cotton University |url=https://cottonuniversity.ac.in/ |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=cottonuniversity.ac.in}}</ref> He continued as the vice-chancellor util 27 July 2017, seeing through the amalgamation of the college and the university into one unitary structure on 1 June 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Varsity status for 3 colleges |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/varsity-status-for-3-colleges/cid/1433086 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> After his superannuation from TIFR on 31 January 2018, Saikia joined IUCAA in February 2018 and headed the Astronomy Centre for Educators (ACE) at IUCAA, which consists of the Teaching Learning Centre and the National Resource Centre. At IUCAA he devoted his time to carrying out a wide range of programmes and creating resources for improving pedagogic processes in astronomy and astrophysics in institutions of higher education in India.

In recent years,{{when?|date=February 2024}} Saikia's research interests have covered aspects of higher education in India. During 2012–2017, while setting up Cotton University, Saikia had been looking into some of the problems confronting higher education in India, and also underlining the importance of maintaining institutional-level data. Such data besides being important for research is also crucial for formulating policies and monitoring their outcomes. Some of the topics explored include areas of silence in debates on higher education outlined in an occasional paper published by the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library;<ref>Saikia, D.J., Robinson, R., 2014. Nehru Memorial Museum and Library Occasional Paper. https://www.academia.edu/8460948/Debating_Higher_Education_in_India_Areas_of_Silence</ref> issues affecting research outcomes in our universities;<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Saikia |first1=Dhruba J. |last2=Robinson |first2=Rowena |date= 2014|title=India: Overhaul university teaching |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=509 |issue=7499 |pages=164 |doi=10.1038/509164c |issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free |pmid=24805336 |bibcode=2014Natur.509..164S }}</ref><ref>aikia, D.J., Robinson, R., 2019. In The University Unthought: Notes for a Future, ed. Bhattacharya, D., p. 105, Routledge.</ref> and results of an experiment in Cotton University to engage with questions, such as the fairness and effectiveness of examination and evaluation systems, and the correlation of a student's academic performance with prior education and social background.<ref>Robinson, R., Raja, W., Choudhury, H., Saikia, D.J., 2016. Economic and Political Weekly, 51, 67. https://www.epw.in/journal/2016/9/special-articles/sociology-education-and-indian-higher-education-systems.html</ref> Saikia advocates institutional research in higher educational institutions in India.<ref>Saikia, D. J., 2023. In Indian Higher Education Report 2023, eds. Misra, P. K., Pachauri, A., Centre for Policy Research in Higher Education, National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration, India, Routledge, in press</ref>

== Editorial work ==
Saikia was the Editor of the [https://www.astron-soc.in/bulletin/ Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India (BASI)] from 2010 to 2015,<ref>{{Cite web |title=BASI :: Editorial Board : 2012-2015 |url=https://www.astron-soc.in/bulletin/editors.php |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=www.astron-soc.in}}</ref> a quarterly journal published in English by the [https://www.astron-soc.in/ Astronomical Society of India (ASI)], and the Series Editor of the Astronomical Society of India Conference Series. BASI merged with the Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy in 2017 December.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BASI :: Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India |url=https://www.astron-soc.in/bulletin/ |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=www.astron-soc.in}}</ref> Saikia was a member of the editorial board of Resonance, Journal of Science Education, published by the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] and Springer from 2015 to 2020. He co-edited two volumes: Low-Frequency Radio Universe along with D. A. Green, Yashwant Gupta and T. Venturi, published by the Astronomical Society of the Pacific in 2009,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vol. 407 – The Low-Frequency Radio Universe |url=https://myasp.astrosociety.org/product/CS407/vol-407-the-low-frequency-radio-universe |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=Astronomical Society of the Pacific |language=en-US}}</ref> and Fluid Flows to Black Holes, A tribute to [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar|S Chandrasekhar]] on His Birth Centenary, along with Virginia Trimble and published by World Scientific in 2013.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/8327#t=aboutBook | doi=10.1142/8327 | title=Fluid Flows to Black Holes | date=2011 | last1=Saikia | first1=D. J. | last2=Trimble | first2=Virginia | isbn=978-981-4374-76-7 }}</ref> He is presently an associate editor of Astrophysics and Space Science, published by Springer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Astrophysics and Space Science |url=https://link.springer.com/journal/10509/updates/25516030 |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=SpringerLink |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{google scholar id|eljlQmgAAAAJ}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saikia, D. J.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian astronomers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian astronomers]]
[[Category:Hindu College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Radio astronomers]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:1956 births]]

Kenilworth Fort

2026-01-04T08:49:19Z

Ieagle1: started first data basic info.

{{Short description|Fort in Hosur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
[[File:Mr. Brett's house at Hosur, Tamil Nadu from the Archaeological Survey of India Collections - India Office Series (volume 21, 'a' numbers) taken by Henry Dixon in the early 1860s.jpg|thumb|Kenilworth Fort in the early 1860s]]

'''Kenilworth Fort''' or '''Kenilworth Castle'''<ref name="tribune">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060430/spectrum/main3.htm |title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date= |accessdate=2012-07-05}}</ref> is situated in [[Hosur]] in the present day [[Krishnagiri district]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[India]]. Its architecture is based on that of [[Kenilworth Castle]] in [[England]], making it probably the only fort in India built to resemble an English castle.<ref name="tribune"/> Mr. Brett, the collector of Salem between 1859 and 1862, built this at his wife's request to be their residence, hence it is also sometimes called Brett's Fort. It was purchased by the government in 1875.<ref name=Harshitha>{{cite web|last1=Harshitha|first1=Samyuktha|title=The Taj of the South-Brett's folly|url=http://samharshbangalore.blogspot.com.au/2013/04/the-taj-of-south-bretts-folly.html|website=Samyuktha Harshitha|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref>

== History ==
Kenilworth Fort, also known locally as Brett's Castle, was constructed between 1857 and 1861 in [[Hosur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], by William Brett. He is a British Indian Civil Service officer and then Collector of [[Salem district]]. The construction was inspired by a personal promise made to his fiancee, who insisted that he build a residence modelled after [[Kenilworth Castle]] in [[Warwickshire]], [[England]], before she joined him in India.<ref name="Swamy">{{Cite web |last=Swamy |first=K.R.N. |title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060430/spectrum/main3.htm |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> To realize this ambition, Brett had the architectural plans drawn in England and oversaw construction on the existing ramparts of the Hosur fort. A [[tehsildar]] was appointed to supervise the project but eventually gave up keeping financial records due to the scale of expenses. New hamlets were also developed to house chunam (lime) suppliers, masons, and laborers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alexander |first=A. X. |date=2025-07-04 |title=A castle, built in Hosur by a British Collector, is now a heap of rubble |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/a-castle-built-in-hosur-by-a-british-collector-is-now-a-heap-of-rubble/article69767799.ece |access-date=2025-07-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The castle was completed in 1864, but before Brett and his wife could occupy it, the Salem district headquarters was shifted from Hosur to Salem.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=Vittal |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Forts_in_Tamil_Nadu_India/ADdRDwAAQBAJ |title=Forts in Tamil Nadu India |date=2018-01-01 |publisher=Pustaka Digital Media |isbn=978-93-5285-967-2 |language=en}}</ref>

As a result, the couple never resided in the building, and Brett's wife died later in Salem. She was buried at St. John’s Cemetery in [[Bengaluru]]. Nicknamed "Brett's Folly" by other British officials, the castle briefly served as the residence and office of the Sub-Collector of Hosur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajannan |first=Busnagi |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Salem_Cyclopedia/Ez9uAAAAMAAJ |title=Salem Cyclopedia: A Cultural and Historical Dictionary of Salem District, Tamil Nadu |date=1992 |publisher=Institute of Kongu Studies |isbn=978-81-900288-0-6 |page=34 |language=en}}</ref> In 1875, the Sub-Collector's office was moved to a new administrative building, and the castle fell into disuse. Over time, the structure deteriorated and was reduced to ruins, now barely visible as a mound of rubble hidden beneath thorny undergrowth.<ref name="Swamy"/>

== Architecture ==
Kenilworth Fort was designed in the [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival style]], directly inspired by Kenilworth Castle in Warwickshire, England. Constructed using locally quarried stone and brick bound with chunam (lime) mortar, the building rose to three storeys and featured architectural elements uncommon in southern India. Its outer form included crenellated parapets, steep spires, and square corner towers that gave the structure a medieval European appearance. The central entrance was marked by a [[porte-cochère]], with arched doorways that opened onto colonnaded verandas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harshitha |first=Samyuktha |date=2013-04-14 |title=Samyuktha Harshitha: The Taj of the South-Brett's folly |url=https://samharshbangalore.blogspot.com/2013/04/the-taj-of-south-bretts-folly.html |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=Samyuktha Harshitha}}</ref>

On the lower levels, narrow slit-like windows reinforced its fortress-like character, while the upper floors featured larger mullioned windows and dormered openings, blending defense-inspired design with colonial-era residential comforts. Internally, the structure was said to include carved wooden doors, marble flooring, and imported wrought-iron balustrades. Though most of these features have not survived, photographs of the original interiors and exterior facades are reportedly preserved at the Sub-Collector's office in Hosur.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Brett castle", Hosur (Tamil Nadu) built by Dist. Collector for his Scottish wife!! |url=http://www.navrangindia.in/2018/03/brett-castle-hosur-tamil-nadu-built-by.html |access-date=2025-07-09}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File: Front view of Mr Brett's house at Hosur, near Bangalore.jpg
File: Rear view of Mr Brett's house at Hosor, near Bangalore.jpg
File: House at Oosor Hosur , Salem District.jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Forts in Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|12.733442|77.8213996|region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Forts in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Krishnagiri district]]

A. Pangjung Jamir

2025-12-21T08:36:39Z

Ieagle1: created first entry more to come.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''A. Pangjung Jamir''' (born 23 November 1966) is an Indian politician from [[Nagaland]].<ref name=":1" /> He is a member of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly from [[Tuli Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]], in [[Mokokchung district|Mokokchung District]]. He was elected in the [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bhartiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A. Pangjung Jamir in Nagaland Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/nagaland/a-pangjung-jamir-tuli-candidate-s17a021c002/ |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Assembly Elections: BJP’s A Pangjung Jamir wins Tuli Constituency with 3029 Votes |url=https://en.mynewsne.com/nagaland-assembly-elections-bjps-a-pangjung-jamir-wins-tuli-constituency-with-3029-vot/ |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=MyNewsNE English |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Tuli, Arkakong, Impur, Angetyongpang, Mongoya: Check Result of Nagaland Assembly Election 2023 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/live-counting-updates-tuli-arkakong-impur-angetyongpang-mongoya-result-2023-counting-of-votes-winners-list-article-98329581 |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_date = 23 November 1966
| constituency =
| office = [[Fifth Rio ministry|Advisor]], [[Government of Nagaland]]
| term_start = March 2023
| predecessor =
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Neiphiu Rio]]
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata = Fishery & Aquatic Resources
| constituency1 = [[Tuli Assembly constituency]]
| office1 = [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Member of Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor1 = [[Amenba Yaden]]
| governor = [[La. Ganesan]]
| birth_place = [[Tuensang]], [[Tuensang district]], [[Nagaland]]
}}

== Early life and education ==
Jamir was born on 23 November 1966 at [[Tuensang]] to Aleinba and Alemla Jamir of Asangma village in [[Mokokchung district]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-11 |title=Facts & Figures {{!}} A. Pangjung Jamir |url=https://nokinketer.in/2025/12/11/a-pangjung-jamir/ |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=The Nokinketer |language=en}}</ref> He completed his B.Sc. in agriculture in 1987 at the School of Agriculture Sciences and Rural Development, [[Medziphema]], Nagaland which was then affiliated to [[North-Eastern Hill University|North Eastern Hill University]], Shillong. He took voluntary retirement in 2023 as Director of Land Resources Department [[Government of Nagaland]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Resources department bids farewell to director |url=https://ipr.nagaland.gov.in/land-resources-department-bids-farewell-director |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=ipr.nagaland.gov.in}}</ref>

== Career ==
Jamir won from Tuli Assembly constituency representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2023 Nagaland assembly election. He polled 10,319 votes and defeated his nearest rival and sitting MLA, Amenba Yaden of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]], by 3,029 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Elections: BJP's A Pangjung Jamir wins Tuli Constituency with 3029 votes |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/elections/nagaland-assembly-elections-2023/story/nagaland-elections-bjps-a-pangjung-jamir-wins-tuli-constituency-with-3029-votes-520979-2023-03-02 |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Elections Result 2023 Winners List Live: Check The Full List Of Winners |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/nagaland-election-results-2023-winners-live-updates-nagaland-results-complete-winners-name-list-bjp-npf-jd-npp-ndpp-1585557 |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> He was one of the three first-timers who won on the BJP ticket in the Nagaland assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TCPD |date=2023-03-16 |title=Assessing the Performance of First Time Contestants in the Northeast Assembly Elections |url=https://tcpd.ashoka.edu.in/assessing-the-performance-of-first-time-contestants-in-the-northeast-assembly-elections/ |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=Trivedi Centre for Political Data, Ashoka University |language=en-US}}</ref>

He was sworn in as the advisor to the chief minister for the Fishery and Aquatic Resources department.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Advisors to Chief Minister |url=https://www.nagaland.gov.in/advisors |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250805075146/https://www.nagaland.gov.in/advisors |archive-date=2025-08-05 |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=Nagaland State Portal |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Jamir's wife is in government service in the education department of Nagaland.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nagaland 2023 {{!}} A. Pangjung Jamir (Criminal & Asset Declaration) |url=https://www.myneta.info/Nagaland2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6812 |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He has three sons.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jamir, A. Pangjung}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:People from Mokokchung district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Nagaland]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2023–2028]]

Miss India Worldwide 2015

2025-11-24T04:33:42Z

Ieagle1: creating new details - done

{{Beauty pageant
| photo =
| caption = Miss India Worldwide 2015
| date = September 05, 2015
| presenters =[[Karan Tacker]]
| venue = Lalit Hotel, [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| broadcaster = Emirates Vision
| winner = '''Stephanie Lohale''' '''{{flag|Oman}}'''
| congeniality = Soesoe Mustafa {{flag|Netherlands}}
| photogenic = Priyanka Sebastian {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
| entrants = 32
| before = [[Miss India Worldwide 2014|2014]]
| next = [[Miss India Worldwide 2016|2016]]
}}
'''Miss India Worldwide 2015''' was the 24th edition of the [[Miss India Worldwide]] pageant, held on 5 September 2015. The event was held at Lalit Hotel in [[Mumbai]], [[India]].

[[Monica Gill]] of the [[United States]] crowned her successor Stephanie Lohale of [[Oman]] at the end of the event.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Miss India Worldwide 2015|url=https://www.worldwidepageants.com/miss-india-worldwide/glimpses-of-past-pageants_ww/miss-india-worldwide-2015/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=worldwidepageants|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Results==
{| class="wikitable"
! Final result
! Contestant
|-
| '''Miss India Worldwide 2015'''
|
*'''{{flag|Oman}}''' – '''Stephanie Lohale'''
|-
| '''1st Runner-up'''
|
*'''{{flag|India}}''' – Apeksha Porwell
|-
| '''2nd Runner-up'''
|
*'''{{flag|South Africa}}''' – Shivani Govender
|-
| '''Top 5'''
|
*'''{{Flag|Qatar}}''' – Jyotsna Arora
*'''{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}''' – [[Nivetha Pethuraj]]
|-
|}

=== Special awards ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Award
! Name
! Country
|-
! Miss Congeniality
| Soesoe Mustafa
| {{flag|Netherlands}}
|-
! Miss Talented
| Jyotsna Arora
| {{flag|Qatar}}
|-
! Miss Photogenic
| Priyanka Sebastian
| {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
|-
! Miss Social Media
| Dipti Bhudrani
| {{flag|Sint Maarten}}
|-
! Miss Beautiful Smile
| Nandini Kochar
| {{flag|Botswana}}
|-
! Miss Beautiful Skin
| Lieve Blanckaert
| {{flag|Guyana}}
|-
! Miss Catwalk
| Apeksha Porwal
| {{flag|India}}
|-
! Miss Beautiful Eyes
| Kareen Seepersaud
| {{flag|French Guiana}}
|-
!Miss Chairman's Professional
|Veena Gurbani
| {{flag|Jamaica}}
|-
! Miss Bollywood Diva
| Grace Walia
| {{flag|Indonesia}}
|}

== Contestants ==
32 contestants competed for the title of Miss India Worldwide 2015.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! Country/Territory
! Candidate
! Age
! Hometown
|-
|'''{{Flag|Australia}}''' || Nibedita Pal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theindiansun.com.au/miss-india-australia-2015-nibedita-pal-ready-to-take-on-world/|title=Miss India Australia 2015 Nibedita Pal ready to take on world|publisher=The Indian Sun|date=September 14, 2015|accessdate=December 31, 2017}}</ref> || 22 || [[Brisbane]]
|-
|'''{{Flag|Bahrain}}''' || Ritu Pamnani || 24 || [[Dubai]]
|-
|'''{{Flag|Botswana}}''' || Nandini Kochar || 17 || [[Gaborone]]
|-
|'''{{Flag|Canada}}''' || Samantha Rodrigues<ref name="Rodrigues">{{cite web|last1=Panday|first1=Arti|url=http://www.indocaribbeanworld.com/archives/2015/may_20_2015/may_20_2015.htm|title=Guyanese-born to vie for Miss India Worldwide crown|publisher=Indocaribbeanworld.com|date=May 20, 2015|accessdate=December 31, 2017}}</ref> || 20 || [[Toronto]]
|-
|'''{{Flag|Fiji}}''' || Monisha Gounder<ref name="Aucklandgirls">{{cite web|last1=Raman|first1=Venkat|url=http://www.indiannewslink.co.nz/two-auckland-women-did-us-proud-in-mumbai/|title=Two Auckland women did us proud in Mumbai|publisher=Indiannewslink|date=November 16, 2015|accessdate=December 30, 2015}}</ref> || 17 || [[Auckland]]
|-
|'''{{Flag|France}}''' || Chanda Rughoo || ||
|-
|'''{{Flag|French Guiana}}''' || Kareen Seepersaud<ref>{{cite web|language=fr|last1=Lama|first1=Catherine|url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/guyane/2015/03/29/miss-india-guyane-2015-est-kareen-seepersaud-242845.html|title=Miss India Guyane 2015 est Kareen Seepersaud|publisher=Guyane la1re|date=March 29, 2015|accessdate=December 31, 2017}}</ref> || 18 || [[Cayenne]]
|-
|'''{{Flag|Guadeloupe}}''' || Trycia Ramaye<ref>{{cite web|language=fr|last1=Mathey|first1=Déborah|url=http://www.guadeloupe.franceantilles.mobi/actualite/culture/trycia-ramaye-miss-india-guadeloupe-2014-2015-ce-titre-me-permet-de-promouvoir-la-culture-indienne-282849.php|title=Trycia Ramaye, miss India Guadeloupe 2014-2015 « Ce titre me permet de promouvoir la culture indienne »|publisher=|date=August 21, 2014|accessdate=January 1, 2018}}</ref> || || [[Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe|Grande-Terre]]
|-
|'''{{Flag|Guyana}}''' || Lieve Blanckaert<ref>{{cite web|last1=Johnson|first1=Dreylan|url=https://www.stabroeknews.com/2015/the-scene/10/03/lieve-blanckaert-embodies-beauty-and-compassion/|title=Lieve Blanckaert embodies beauty and compassion|publisher=Stabroeknews.com|date=October 3, 2015|accessdate=January 1, 2018}}</ref> || 17 || [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]]
|-
|'''{{Flag|India}}''' || Apeksha Porwal<ref name="porwal">{{cite web|last1=Maniar|first1=Nitin|url=http://pnrnews.blogspot.be/2015/09/apeksha-from-mulund-is-now-miss-india.html|title=Apeksha from Mulund is now Miss India World Wide 2015 - 1st runner up|publisher=Pnrnews|date=September 9, 2015|accessdate=January 1, 2018}}</ref> || 18 || [[Mulund]]
|-
|'''{{Flag|Indonesia}}''' || Grace Walia<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tampubolon|first1=Hans David|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/04/23/grace-walia-set-take-big-goals.html|title=Grace Walia: set to take on big goals|publisher=The Jakarta Post|date=April 23, 2015|accessdate=January 1, 2018}}</ref> || 17 || [[Jakarta]]
|-
|'''{{Flag|Italy}}''' || Natasha Jabul<ref name="jabul">{{cite web|last1=Romano|first1=Stefano|url=http://frontierenews.it/2015/04/la-diaspora-indiana-incorona-la-sua-miss-nonostante-i-maro/|title=La diaspora indiana incorona la sua miss. Nonostante i marò|publisher=Frontierenews|date=April 21, 2015|accessdate=December 31, 2017}}</ref> || 20 || [[Bari]]
|-
|'''{{Flag|Jamaica}}''' || Veena Gurbani || 26 || [[Michigan]]
|-
|'''{{Flag|Kenya}}''' || Aliza Rajan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://goplacesbooking.com/aliza-rajans-journey-to-miss-india-worldwide-finals-representing-kenya/|title=Aliza Rajan's Journey to Miss India Worldwide Finals Representing Kenya|publisher=Goplacesbooking.com|date=June 16, 2015|accessdate=December 31, 2017}}</ref> || 24 || [[Nairobi]]
|-
|'''{{Flag|Kuwait}}''' || Sharola Prasad || 22 || [[Dubai]]
|-
|'''{{Flag|Malaysia}}''' || Mogansundari Mahalingam || ||
|-
|'''{{Flag|Martinique}}''' || Nirmala Marimoutou<ref>{{cite web|language=fr|url=http://www.people-bokay.com/miss-india-martinique-2015-nirmala-marimoutou-sempare-de-la-couronne/|title=Miss India Martinique 2015 : Nirmala Marimoutou s'empare de la couronne|publisher=People Bò Kay|date=November 1, 2014|accessdate=December 30, 2017}}</ref> || 17 || [[Fort-de-France]]
|-
|'''{{Flag|Mauritius}}''' || Lovna Peeharry<ref>{{cite web|language=fr|url=http://www.lemauricien.com/article/miss-india-mauritius-pageant-2015-lovna-peeharry-du-sourire-aux-larmes/|title=Miss India Mauritius Pageant 2015 : Lovna Peeharry, du sourire aux larmes|publisher=Lemauricien.com|date=June 28, 2015|accessdate=December 31, 2017}}</ref> || 23 || [[Rose-Belle]]
|-
|'''{{Flag|Netherlands}}''' || Soesoe Mustafa<ref>{{cite web|language=nl|url=https://www.delftopzondag.nl/nieuws/kijk-op-de-wijk/81843/-miss-soesoe-heeft-een-bijzonder-jaar-achter-de-rug|title='Miss' Soesoe heeft een bijzonder jaar achter de rug|publisher=Delft op Eondag|date=July 23, 2016|accessdate=December 30, 2017}}</ref> || 26 || [[Delft]]
|-
|'''{{Flag|New Zealand}}''' || Advaita Shetty<ref name="Aucklandgirls"/> || 20 || [[Auckland]]
|-
|'''{{Flag|Oman}}''' || Stephanie Lohale<ref>{{cite web|last1=Borges|first1=Jane|url=http://www.muscatdaily.com/Archive/Features/19-year-old-brings-Miss-India-Worldwide-crown-to-Oman-4bgz|title=19 year old brings Miss India Worldwide crown to Oman|publisher=Muscat Daily|date=September 23, 2015|accessdate=December 31, 2017}}</ref> || 19 || [[Muscat]]
|-
|'''{{Flag|Qatar}}''' || Jyotsna Arora<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nricafe.com/the-all-round-girl-engineer-dancer-model-and-now-miss-india-qatar/|title=The All-round Girl : Engineer, Dancer, Model and now Miss India Qatar|publisher=Nricafe.com|date=May 5, 2016|accessdate=December 31, 2017}}</ref> || 23 || [[Dubai]]
|-
|'''{{Flag|Russia}}''' || Ashita Munjely || || [[Moscow]]
|-
|'''{{Flag|Singapore}}''' || Durga Naidu || || [[Singapore]]
|-
|'''{{Flag|Sint Maarten}}''' || Dipti Budhrani<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thedailyherald.info/index.php?option=com_content&id=56479%3Ahotseat-dipti-deepak-budhrani&Itemid=73|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505224616/http://thedailyherald.info/index.php?option=com_content&id=56479%3Ahotseat-dipti-deepak-budhrani&Itemid=73|url-status=usurped|archive-date=May 5, 2016|title=Hotseat-Dipti Deepak Budhrani|publisher=The Daily Herald|date=June 25, 2015|accessdate=December 31, 2017}}</ref> || 17 || Cay Hill
|-
|'''{{Flag|South Africa}}''' || Shivani Govender<ref>{{cite news|date=August 5, 2015|title=Miss India SA completed in world pageant |url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-star-early-edition/20150805/282136405127231 |access-date=December 30, 2017 |language=English |newspaper=The Star Early Edition}}</ref> || 22 || [[Johannesburg]]
|-
|'''{{Flag|Sri Lanka}}''' || Priyanka Sebastian || ||
|-
|'''{{Flag|Sweden}}''' || Sanaya Singh<ref>{{cite web|last1=Öhrbom|first1=Douglas|url=http://www.hig.se/Ext/En/University-of-Gavle/Arkiv/Externa-nyheter/2015-11-08-Sanaya-Singh---Miss-India-Sweden-2015.html|title=Sanaya Singh - Miss India Sweden 2015|publisher=Hig|date=November 8, 2015|accessdate=December 31, 2017}}</ref> || 24 || [[Gävle]]
|-
|'''{{Flag|Switzerland}}''' || Kanika Jain || || [[Zürich]]
|-
|'''{{Flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}''' || Melissa Hanoman || ||
|-
|'''{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}''' || [[Nivetha Pethuraj]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bull|first1=Alexandra|url=http://emirateswoman.com/dubais-miss-india-uae-nivetha-pethuraj-represent-uae-miss-india-worldwide/|title=Dubai's Nivetha Pethuraj to Represent UAE in Miss India Worldwide|publisher=Emirates Woman|date=April 14, 2015|accessdate=December 31, 2017}}</ref> || 23 || [[Dubai]]
|-
|'''{{Flag|United Kingdom}}''' || Nandini Patel<ref>{{cite web|last1=Radhakrishnan|first1=Manjusha|url=http://gulfnews.com/life-style/glamour/beauty/dubai-s-nivetha-wins-miss-india-uae-crown-1.1490350|title=Dubai's Nivetha wins Miss India UAE crown|publisher=GulfNews.com|date=April 12, 2015|accessdate=December 31, 2017}}</ref> || || [[London]]
|-
|'''{{Flag|USA}}''' || Pranathy Gangaraju<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2014/12/19/pranathy-gangaraju-georgia-crowned-miss-india-usa/|title=Pranathy Gangaraju of Georgia crowned Miss India USA|publisher=The American Bazaar|date=December 19, 2014|accessdate=December 31, 2017}}</ref> || 19 || [[Duluth, Georgia|Duluth]]
|}

==Judges==
The Miss India Worldwide 2015 final judges were:

*[[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]]
*[[Hrishitaa Bhatt]]
*[[Niharika Raizada]]
*[[Nikkitasha Marwah]]
*[[Sandeep Soparkar]]
*[[Raj Suri]]
*[[Alesia Raut]]

== Contestant notes ==
*Natasha Jabul, has Mauritian origins on her parents' side.<ref name="jabul"/>
*Samantha Rodrigues, is born in [[Guyana]].<ref name="Rodrigues"/>

== Crossovers ==
Contestants who previously competed at other national and international beauty pageants:

*'''{{Flag|Bahrain}}''' – Ritu Pamnani placed top 5 at Miss India United Arab Emirates 2015.
*'''{{Flag|India}}''' – Apeksha Porwal represented India at Miss Teen International 2009 in [[Chicago]].<ref>{{cite news|date=August 9, 2009|title=Mumbai teenager Apeksha Porwal, recently crowned Teen Diva India International 2009 |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIM/2009/08/09&ID=Pc02706 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101175548/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIM/2009/08/09&ID=Pc02706 |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 1, 2018 |access-date=January 1, 2017 |language=English |location=[[Mumbai]] |newspaper=The Times Of India Mumbai |page=27}}</ref> She was [[Femina Miss India Delhi|Femina Miss India Delhi 2015]] but she unplaced at [[Femina Miss India 2015]].<ref name="porwal"/> She has finished 2st runner-up at [[Miss Diva - 2017|Miss Diva 2017]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/miss-diva-miss-universe-india-2017-shraddha-shashidhar-will-represent-india-at-miss-universe-us-4887276/ |title=Chennai-based Miss Diva 2017 Shraddha Shashidhar to represent India at Miss Universe pageant|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=October 12, 2017|accessdate=January 1, 2018}}</ref>
*'''{{Flag|Jamaica}}''' – Veena Gurbani was Miss South Asia USA 2014 and Miss India Global 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asian-voice.com/News/International/USA/India-LaRoda-being-crowned-Miss-India-America|title=India LaRoda being crowned Miss India America|publisher=Asian Voice|date=August 22, 2017|accessdate=December 31, 2015}}</ref>
*'''{{Flag|New Zealand}}''' – Advaita Shetty had competed at Miss Teen International New Zealand 2014 and placed 3rd runner-up. She has finished 1st runner-up at Miss India Worldwide New Zealand 2014.
*'''{{Flag|Russia}}'''- Dr. Ashita Munjely was Miss Himachal Face of The Year 2015. She was also crowned as Miss Himachal Runner up and Miss Himachal- Miss Style Diva 2015. She had also won Miss Tiara. She also won Miss SGMU 2018.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Miss India Worldwide}}

[[Category:2015 beauty pageants in India]]

Tanuj Solanki

2025-11-18T23:09:37Z

Ieagle1: made first info initial version

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
'''Tanuj Solanki''' is an Indian writer who is the founder of ''Bombay Literary Magazine'' and author of ''[[Diwali in Muzaffarnagar]]'', ''[[Neon Noon]]'', ''[[The Machine Is Learning]]'' and ''[[Manjhi's Mayhem]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agrawal |first=Aarushi |date=2019-08-08 |title=Sahitya Akademi awardee Tanuj Solanki on freedom, Article 370, and the irrelevance of the 'apolitical artist' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/sahitya-akademi-awardee-tanuj-solanki-on-freedom-article-370-and-the-irrelevance-of-the-apolitical-artist-7126951.html |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Debnath |first=Sayari |title='Read with an intent to learn writing. Write fast. Find three honest readers': Author Tanuj Solanki |url=https://scroll.in/article/1040485/read-with-an-intent-to-learn-writing-write-fast-find-three-honest-readers-author-tanuj-solanki |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |date=25 December 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Published works ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Works
!No.
!Name
!Publisher
!Publishing Date
!Ref
|-
|1.
|''[[Neon Noon]]''
|[[HarperCollins]]
|July 10, 2016
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Solanki |first=Tanuj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXBLDQAAQBAJ |title=Neon Noon |date=2016-07-10 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-93-5029-695-0 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2.
|''[[Diwali in Muzaffarnagar]]''
|[[HarperCollins]]
|January 25, 2018
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Solanki |first=Tanuj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vq5IDwAAQBAJ |title=Diwali in Muzaffarnagar: Stories |date=2018-01-25 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-93-5277-594-1 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|3.
|''[[The Machine Is Learning]]''
|[[Pan Macmillan]]
|April 2, 2020
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Solanki |first=Tanuj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aWHQDwAAQBAJ |title=The Machine is Learning |date=2020-04-02 |publisher=Pan Macmillan |isbn=978-93-89109-47-4 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|4.
|''[[Manjhi's Mayhem]]''
|[[Penguin India]]
|November 21, 2022
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Solanki |first=Tanuj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p1WbEAAAQBAJ |title=Manjhi's Mayhem |date=2022-11-21 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5492-816-1 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and honors ==

* Longlisted for Tata Literature Live! First Book Award in Fiction category for ''[[Neon Noon]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Literature Festival Releases Longlists for Five Book Awards |url=https://thewire.in/books/mumbai-literature-festival-announces-longlists-for-five-book-awards |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=[[The Indian Wire]]}}</ref>
* [[Yuva Puraskar in English|Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar in English]] for ''[[Diwali in Muzaffarnagar]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar 2019 |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_YP-2019.pdf |website=[[Sahitya Akademi]]}}</ref>
* Longlisted for [[JCB Prize]] for ''[[The Machine Is Learning]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-02 |title=Women writers dominate JCB Prize for Literature longlist |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/women-writers-dominate-jcb-prize-for-literature-longlist/article61710458.ece |access-date=2023-02-05 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Machine is Learning - Tanuj Solanki |url=https://www.thejcbprize.org/longlist2020/index/8011f54b-38fe-4ce7-839e-cc896ca78b52 |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=[[JCB Prize]] |archive-date=2023-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205075844/https://www.thejcbprize.org/longlist2020/index/8011f54b-38fe-4ce7-839e-cc896ca78b52 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-01 |title=The 2020 JCB Prize for literature longlist is here with an unputdownable list of must-reads |url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/jcb-prize-for-literature-longlist-2020 |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=[[Vogue India]] |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Patni |first=Suhasini |title=A reader's guide to the ten books on the Rs 25-lakh JCB Prize for Literature 2020 longlist |url=https://scroll.in/article/971879/a-readers-guide-to-the-ten-books-on-the-rs-25-lakh-jcb-prize-for-literature-2020-longlist |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |date=September 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''[[The Machine Is Learning]]'' was listed in "Top 10 fiction books of 2020" by ''[[The Hindu]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-26 |title='The Hindu's choice of top 10 fiction books of 2020 |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/top-10-fiction-books-of-2020/article33411101.ece |access-date=2023-02-05 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*''[[Manjhi's Mayhem]]'' was listed as an interesting book by ''[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=On the shelf: Here are some of the e-books that you may find interesting |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/on-the-shelf-here-are-some-of-the-e-books-that-you-may-find-interesting/2758568/ |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=30 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Solanki, Tanuj}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]

Sarada Prasad Kisku

2025-10-19T20:25:34Z

Ieagle1: made first post w/ refs

{{Short description|Santhali writer}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Sarada Prasad Kisku
| image = Sarada_Prasad_Kisku.jpg
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{birth year|1929}}
| birth_place = Darikadoba Village, [[Manbazar]], [[Purulia district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| occupation = Writer
| nationality = Indian
| notableworks =
| subject = Santhali Poems and Short Stories
}}
'''Sarada Prasad Kisku''' (1929-) was a [[Santali language|Santhali]] writer and educator.<ref name=purg>{{cite web |title=Sarada Prasad Kisku|url=http://purulia.gov.in/distAdmin/departments/dico/per11.html|access-date=27 August 2021}}</ref><ref name=anand>{{cite web |title=Sarada Prasad Kisku , A Prominent Santali Writer|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/editorial/sarada-prasad-kisku-a-prominent-name-in-santali-literature-1.943886|access-date=27 August 2021}}</ref> He was an eminent poet of the Santali literature. He is also well-known for his contribution to Santhali short stories. He is regarded as one of the pioneers in this field. He is very popular in the Santali tribal society for his literary contributions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chaora Bhaora|url=https://sanglap-journal.in/index.php/sanglap/article/view/188/297|access-date=27 August 2021}}</ref>

He was also a social reformer in the Santhali tribal society. He fought against witchcraft in the Santali society throughout his life. He is regarded as one of the pioneers of the anti-witchcraft movement in the Santhali society.<ref>{{cite web |title=Witchcraft in Tribal Society|url=https://www.thecho.in/files/21.-Bishnupada-Malik.pdf|access-date=27 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Witchcraft in Purulia|url=https://khatraadibasiculture.weebly.com/|access-date=27 August 2021}}</ref><ref name=purg/>

==Life==
Sarada Prasad Kisku was born in 1929 in Darikadoba village of [[Purulia district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. He is the son of Charan Kisku (Father) and Dhanmuni (Mother). He passed his matriculation in 1948 from the Khatra High School. Later he took the admission for the ISC course in the [[Ramananda College]] but was not able to complete his course because of financial problems.<ref name=anand/>

==List of works==

===Poetry and songs===
*Bhurka Ipil
*Kuhubaw
*Gam Gandar
*Lahag Harre
*Bidak Bera
*Sangitika (song)

===Short stories===
*Salam Latam
*Morekoturuiko
*Chaora Bhaora
*Kokormet’te

==Awards==
He was the recipient of many awards for his literary contributions to the Santhali literature.
*Ideal Teacher Award from the President of India (1973)
*Man Sakam by Bharatiya Sahitya Baisi (1973)
*Kavi Ratna from Bikramshila Hindi Vidyapith (1982)
*Jana Jatiya Puraskar by Bihar State Government Rajbhasa Bhibhag (1986 -87)
*Gunijan by West Bengal State Government (1989)
*Award of Honour by All India Santhali Writers' Association (1989)
*Hipri-Pipri’ award from Santragachhi Writers’ Association
*Guru Gomke by Santhali Sahitya Parishad Dumka (1998)

==See also==
* [[Majhi Ramdas Tudu]]
* [[Turia Chand Baskey]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Adivasi writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Santali people]]
[[Category:Santali writers]]
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]
{{India-writer-stub}}

Tarbha Wale Baba

2025-09-26T00:32:00Z

Ieagle1: made a post w/ sources

{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=March 2017}}
{{notability|date=March 2017}}
{{primary sources|date=March 2017}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=May 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix = [[Hazrat]]
| name = Tarbha Vale Baba
| birth_name = Syed Abdul Shakur Khan
| image = Tarbha Waale Baba.jpg
| caption =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sufi]]
| lineage = [[Abdul Qadir Gilani]]
| alias =
| location = [[Tarbha]]
| title =
| period = 20th century
| spouse =
| children =
| post = [[Wali|Sufi saint]]
| relatives =
| previous_post =
| present_post =
| disciple_of =
| disciples =
| birth_date = 20 June 1831
| birth_place = [[Kandhar]], [[India]]
| death_date = 16 March 1984{{cn|date=September 2025}}
| death_place = [[Tarbha]], [[Odisha]]
| resting_place =
| module2 = {{Infobox Arabic name|embed=yes
| ism = ʿAbd al-Shakūr عبد الشكور
| laqab =
| nasab = Ibn al-Sayyid Muḥammad Siddīq Khān إبن السيد محمد صديق خان
| nisba = al-Kandārī الكنداري al-Tarbāwī الترباوي}}
}}

'''Sayyed Abdul Sakur''' Baba of Tarbha is one of the extremely popular personalities of Sufi Order. Tarbha Waale Baba also known as Sayyed Abdul Sakur Baba also at times referred as Aulade Ghause Azam Abdul Shukur Khan Baba. His most common name is Tarba Wale baba from Tarbha Sharif.

== Early life and background ==
Sayyed Abdul Sakur Baba was born on 20 June 1831 in [[Kandhar]], [[India]]. He was allegedly 154 years at the time of his death in 1984 on March 16 at 10:05 PM.{{cn|date=September 2025}} His father's name was Sayyed Mohammed Siddiq. Tarbha waale Baba worked as a muzavar for [[Abdul-Qadir Gilani|Sayyedana Gouse E Azam]] for 30 years in [[Baghdad]].

Then later he migrated to [[Tarbha]] in Orissa in 1931 CE, at that time his age was about 100 years. He permanently migrated to Tarbha on the direct orders of [[Abdul-Qadir Gilani|Sayyedana Gouse e Azam]]. In the Sufi order he is so well known that during his reign even other Awliya (Saints) used to visit him. He lived in a thatched house (hut) and he prayed Namaj five times. Later he built a grand mosque at Tarbha.

== Shrine ==
His shrine or Dargah is located in Tarbha under Sonepur District, Orissa. Tarbha Sharif is located 23 km from Balangir, Orissa. And direct Trains are available to Balangir Station.

Every year Urs ceremony is organized by Urs Committee of Tarbha, where many people from different religions (Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs) come and receive the blessings of Tarba Waale Baba. Devotees from Hong Kong, Sri Lanka, Dubai, Nepal, Bangladesh and Afghanistan also come to receive the blessing of Tarbha Baba. The shrine of Sayyed Abdul Sakur Baba is a symbol of communal harmony among the different communities, particularly the people of western Orissa.

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Tarbha-Waale-Baba-entrance.jpg|Entrance
File:Tarba Sharif font View.jpg|Front view
File:Tarbha Shareef Entrace.jpg|Entrance
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Common}}
* {{Cite book|title=Impact of Islam on Orissan Culture|last=Yamin|first=Mohammed|publisher=ReadWorthy Publications (P) Ltd.|year=2009|isbn=9788189973964|location=|pages=readworthypub.com}}

[[Category:Indian Sufis]]
[[Category:People from Nanded district]]
[[Category:1831 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]

Isaiah Rajendra Sanam

2025-03-16T17:09:52Z

Ieagle1: added references

{{Short description|Indian archer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{MedalTableTop}}
{{MedalSport|Men's [[compound archery]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Archery Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2009 Asian Archery Championships|2009 Denpasar]]|Individual}}
{{MedalGold|2009 Denpasar|Team}}
{{MedalBottom}}
'''Isaiah Rajendra Sanam''' (born 1977) is an [[Indian Archer|Indian archer]] from [[Hyderabad]]. He became the first Indian to win an Asian Championship gold medal in men's category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compound archers, shinning spot of Indian archery in 2009 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-compound-archers-shinning-spot-of-indian-archery-in-2009-1325280 |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> He won the gold at the 16th [[Asian Archery Championships]] in compound bow section at [[Bali]], [[Indonesia]]. He beat local archer Nyoman Puruhito.<ref>{{Cite web |title=My next target is 2010 CWG archery gold: Sanam |url=https://zeenews.india.com/sports/others/my-next-target-is-2010-cwg-archery-gold-sanam_581620.html |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-11-21 |title=Sanam bags gold medal |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/Sanam-bags-gold-medal/article16893457.ece |access-date=2023-09-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He started shooting with a bow for fun but later joined and took up archery as a sport at the Andhra Sports School in Hyderabad.

== Career ==
In 2009, he won the gold at the Asian Championship in men's Compound bow category and was also part of the Indian team that won the men's Compound team event.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-11-23 |title=My next target is 2010 CWG gold: Sanam |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/my-next-target-is-2010-cwg-gold-sanam/articleshow/5261886.cms |access-date=2023-09-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Later, he missed the Indian team for the [[Commonwealth Games]] as the Federation opted for youth.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-07-01 |title=Big names fail as AAI picks 24 probables for CWG |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/big-names-fail-as-aai-picks-24-probables-for-cwg/articleshow/6115317.cms |access-date=2023-09-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==

<references />

== External links ==
* {{World Archery|6162}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanam, Isaiah Rajendra}}
[[Category:Indian male archers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Archers from Andhra Pradesh]]

R. Eswaran

2024-12-10T02:18:58Z

Ieagle1: added content also and fixed typos per sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = R. Eswaran
| native_name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Vasudevanallur (State Assembly Constituency)|Vasudevanallur]]
| term_start = 1984
| term_end = 2006
| predecessor = R. Krishnan
| successor = [[T. Sadhan Tirumalaikumar|Dr.T. Sadhan Tirumalaikumar]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (1984-1996), [[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]] (1996-2006)
| occupation = Politician
| residence =
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| children =
| father =
}}

'''R. Eswaran''' is an Indian politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] from [[Vasudevanallur (State Assembly Constituency)|Vasudevanallur constituency]], in the [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1984]],<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf 1984 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref> [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1989]],<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf 1989 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref> and [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1991 elections]]<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf 1991 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref> as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate. He then won the same seat in [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1996]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=10 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 |accessdate=2017-05-06}}</ref> and [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2001]] as a [[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]] candidate.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf 2001 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref> Before becoming an MLA he took charge as the President of Ramanathapuram Panchayat in Tirunelveli District.

==Personal life==
He has five daughters and a son.

==Electoral career==
===Tamilnadu Legislative Assembly Elections===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Elections
!Constituency
!Party
!Result
!Vote percentage
!Opposition Candidate
!Opposition Party
!Opposition vote percentage
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Vasudevanallur Assembly constituency|Vasudevanallur]]||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||{{Lost}}||45.65||R. Krishnan||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]||50.51
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Vasudevanallur Assembly constituency|Vasudevanallur]]||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||{{Won}}||62.34||M. S. Periasamy||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]||34.55
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Vasudevanallur Assembly constituency|Vasudevanallur]]||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||{{Won}}||32.15||R. Krishnan||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]||31.72
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Vasudevanallur Assembly constituency|Vasudevanallur]]||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||{{Won}}||58.28||S. Madasamy||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]||36.63
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Vasudevanallur Assembly constituency|Vasudevanallur]]||[[Tamil Maanila Congress|TMC(M)]]||{{Won}}||32.50||P. Suresh Babu||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||31.89
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Vasudevanallur Assembly constituency|Vasudevanallur]]||[[Tamil Maanila Congress|TMC(M)]]||{{Won}}||47.05||P. Suresh Babu||[[Puthiya Tamilagam|PT]]||35.73
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eswaran, R.}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil Maanila Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1991–1996]]

{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}

Natasha Sharma

2024-10-16T16:07:32Z

Ieagle1: creating biography - done

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Natasha Sharma
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| years_active = 2009–2015
| occupation = Actress
| known for = ''[[Na Aana Is Des Laado]]'' ''[[Yahan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli]]''
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Aditya Redij]]|2014}}
}}

'''Natasha Sharma Redij''' is an Indian actress who mainly work in [[Television in India|Hindi]] television. She made her acting debut in 2009 and is best known for her portrayal of Sia Sangwan in ''[[Na Aana Is Des Laado]]''. She also participate in ''[[Comedy Circus|Comedy Circus Ke SuperStars]]'' in 2010 and portrayed Vasundhara in ''[[Yahan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli]]''.<ref>{{cite news|author=SOUMITRA DAS, TNN|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/I-am-getting-offers-from-South-Natasha/articleshow/5778749.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130828110113/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-10/tv/28115696_1_serials-girl-udaan|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-08-28|title=I am getting offers from South: Natasha|date=2010-04-10|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2013-08-28}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Sharma got engaged to her boyfriend actor [[Aditya Redij]] on 29 April 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Natasha Sharma and Aditya Redij's engagement in Delhi!|work=The Times of India|date=30 April 2012 |access-date=1 May 2012|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/natasha-sharma-and-aditya-redijs-engagement-in-delhi/articleshow/12933823.cms}}</ref> They got married in 2014. The duo welcomed their first child, a son in October 2022. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Aditya Redij: Married life with Natasha Sharma has been fantastic|publisher=NDTV|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/aditya-redij-married-life-with-natasha-sharma-has-been-fantastic-661010/amp/1|access-date=8 September 2014}}</ref>

==Career==
Sharma made her acting debut with ''[[Na Aana Is Des Laado]]'' portraying Sia Sangwan opposite [[Aditya Redij]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Na Aana Iss Des Ladoo couple Natasha Sharma and Aditya Redij to become parents|work=The Times of India|date=April 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/na-aana-iss-des-ladoo-couple-natasha-sharma-and-aditya-redij-to-become-parents/articleshow/90582782.cms|access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref> from 2009 to 2010. It proved as a major turning point in her career.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sia's battle with Ammaji in 'Na Aana Is Des Laado'!|work=The Times of India|date=2 July 2010 |access-date=2 June 2011|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sias-battle-with-ammaji/articleshow/6114806.cms#_ga=2.57973738.1956998245.1659099076-165862910.1659099076}}</ref> She received [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role]] nomination for her performance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voot.com/shows/na-aana-iss-des-laado/100006|title=WATCH! All Episodes of Colors's Na Aana Is Des Laado on Voot|work=Voot|access-date=15 May 2017}}</ref>

She appeared as a Contestant on ''[[Comedy Circus|Comedy Circus Ke SuperStars]]'' with [[Kapil Sharma]] and also appeared in an episode of ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]'', both in 2010. In 2011, she made her [[Bollywood|Hindi]] film debut with ''[[Luv Ka The End]]'' portraying BBC Website.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |title=Review: Luv Ka The End |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Review.aspx?id=618&pfrom=home-Movies |accessdate=8 May 2011 |publisher=NDTV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509031630/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Review.aspx?id=618&pfrom=home-Movies|archive-date=9 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sharma portrayed Vasundhara in ''[[Yahan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli]]'' in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeetv.com/shows/yahan-main-ghar-ghar-kheli/ |title=Yahaaan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli: ZEE TV Show | Watch Yahaaan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli TV Serial Episodes and Videos Online at |publisher=Zeetv.com |access-date=2014-05-23}}</ref> The same year, she appeared in an episode of ''[[Lakhon Mein Ek (TV series)|Lakhon Mein Ek]]'' as Shilpa.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Lakhon-Mein-Ek-follows-social-theme-set-by-Satyamev-Jayate/articleshow/15338027.cms | title='Lakhon Mein Ek' follows social theme set by 'Satyamev Jayate' | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date=3 August 2012 | access-date=19 August 2012}}</ref> She also hosted ''[[BIG Memsaab]]'' with [[Manish Goel]] in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Manish-Goel-to-co-host-Big-Memsaab-with-Natasha-Sharma/articleshow/14300790.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103094915/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-20/tv/32334699_1_showcase-talent-natasha-sharma-housewives|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-01-03|title=Manish Goel to co-host Big Memsaab with Natasha Sharma|work=The Times of India|access-date=21 June 2012}}</ref>

In 2015, she portrayed a News Reporter in her [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi]] film debut ''[[Sardaar Ji]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jun/29/sardarji-review-diljit-dosanjh-ghost-hunter|title=Sardarji review – Diljit Dosanjh hunts for a funny joke in ghastly ghost story|first=Mike|last=McCahill|date=29 June 2015|work=The Guardian}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|2011
|''[[Luv Ka The End]]''
|BBC Website
|[[Hindi]]
|rowspan="2"|Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{cite news |title=MOVIE REVIEW: Love Ka The End |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/luv-ka-the-end/movie-review/8167892.cms |access-date=8 May 2011 |newspaper=The Times of India |author=Nikhat Kazmi |date=6 May 2011}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''[[Sardaar Ji]]''
|News Reporter
|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|<ref>[http://www.timescolonist.com/entertainment/big-picture-craigdarroch-castle-turns-into-little-india-1.1489979 Big Picture: Craigdarroch Castle turns into little India]. ''Times Colonist'' (31 October 2014). Retrieved on 2015-05-11.</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|2009-2010
|''[[Na Aana Is Des Laado]]''
| Sia Sangwan
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Natasha Sharma on Na Aana Is Des Laado: Heart-warming experience|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/heart-warming-experience-104257|access-date=25 July 2020|work=Tribune India}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2010
|''[[Comedy Circus|Comedy Circus Ke SuperStars]]''
|Contestant
|
|
|-
|''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]''
|{{unknown}}
|Season 4
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2012
|''[[Yahan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli]]''
|Vasundhara
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Natasha Sharma's spooky new role in Yahan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli|work=The Times of India|date=2 August 2011 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/natasha-sharmas-spooky-new-role/articleshow/9454746.cms|access-date=2 August 2012}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Lakhon Mein Ek (TV series)|Lakhon Mein Ek]]''
|Shilpa
|Episodic role
|
|-
|''[[BIG Memsaab]]''
|Host
|Season 5
|
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|2010
|[[Indian Telly Awards]]
|[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Best Actress in a Lead Role]]
|''[[Na Aana Is Des Laado]]''
|{{nom}}
|{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Hindi television actresses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{imdb name|3744934}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|Television}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Natasha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]

Rafiqul Islam (Bangladeshi politician)

2024-10-09T09:29:44Z

Ieagle1: slightly enhanced citations based on references additionally and improved wording for accuracy

#REDIRECT [[Rafiqul Islam (officer)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Prayar Prabhakaran

2024-10-06T10:15:25Z

Ieagle1:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Short description|Indian academic and literary critic}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Prayar Prabhakaran
| native_name = പ്രയാർ പ്രഭാകരൻ
| image = PRAYAR PRABHAKARAN.JPG
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Prabhakaran
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1930|08|14}}
| birth_place = Prayar, [[Travancore]], [[British India]]
| death_place =
| death_date = 06.10.2024
| alma_mater =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| citizenship = India
| occupation = writer
| genre = literary criticism
| movement =
| notableworks =
| parents = Swami Brahmavrathanan, Lakshmikkutty Amma
| spouse = L. Vasundhathi
| children = 4
| awards = [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]]
| influences =
| signature =
}}
'''Prayar Prabhakaran''' is a literary critic, academic and orator from [[Kerala]], India. He won several noted awards including [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]] and the Thayatt Award for Literary Criticism.

==Biography==
Prabhakaran was born on 14 August 1930, at Prayar near Oachira in present-day [[Kollam district]], to Lakshmikutty Amma and Swami Brahmavrathanan an orator, scholar and writer.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |title=നവതിയുടെ നിറവിൽ പ്രൊഫ. പ്രയാർ പ്രഭാകരൻ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/alappuzha/news/14aug2020-1.4976828 |work=Mathrubhumi |language=ml |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126074509/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/alappuzha/news/14aug2020-1.4976828 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After passing B.Ed. from the Training College, Thiruvananthapuram,<ref name="Deshabhimani">{{cite news |title=നവ സാഹിതീചിന്തകളുടെ 90 'പ്രഭാവർഷങ്ങൾ' |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-alappuzhakerala-14-08-2020/888928 |work=Deshabhimani |language=ml}}</ref> from 1950 to 1963 he worked as Malayalam teacher at Sooranad Government High School, and later joined the [[University College Thiruvananthapuram]] for his MA.<ref name="Keralaliterature"/> Soon after completing MA in 1964, he became a lecturer at S. N. Women's College, Kollam,<ref name="Keralaliterature"/> and became a teacher in various colleges under the SN Trust.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> He retired from S. N. College, Kollam on 31 March 1986, and after retirement he became a teacher at Alappuzha B.Ed. Center.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>

He had a penchant for communist ideology from a young age.<ref name="Keralaliterature">{{cite web |title=പ്രഭാകരന്‍ പ്രയാര്‍ (പ്രയാര്‍ പ്രഭാകരന്‍) |url=http://keralaliterature.com/malayalam-writers-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0/ |website=Keralaliterature.com |date=5 October 2020}}</ref> With A. G. P. Namboothiri and Devikulangara A. Bharathan, he formed the Puthuppally Prayar Party Cell.<ref name="Keralaliterature"/> While a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]] Chunakkara local committee, he took part in an agitation and was imprisoned for four days.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>

Prayar has done many studies in Indian literature.<ref name="Keralaliterature"/> His first work ''Bharatheeya Saahithya Saastra Padanangal'' is a study of Indian literature.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> He entered the field of critical writing by writing a critical study of [[Joseph Mundassery]]'s book ''Natakantham Kavitvam''.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> Communist leader and first chief minister of Kerala, [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] notes that Prayar's works should be read by both those who agree and those who oppose the [[Marxist philosophy|Marxian]] literary approach.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>

Prabhakaran held several positions including member of the Board of Studies M.A. (Malayalam) of the University of Kerala, member of the Board of Examinations, member of the Faculty of Oriental Studies, member of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi, member of the Kerala Lalithakala Akademi, member of the Senate of the University of Cochin and member of the Thunchan Memorial Governing Council.<ref name="Keralaliterature"/> He was a member of the State Committee of the [[Purogamana Kala Sahitya Sangham]].<ref name="Keralaliterature"/>

===Personal life===
His wife L. Vasundhathi is retired headmistress of Mavelikkara Govt Girls High School and former Chunakkara panchayat president.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> Vasundhati is the daughter of K. K. Panicker, his teacher in his Sahithya visharad studies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=മാർക്‌സിയൻ സാഹിത്യ സമീപനത്തെ അംഗീകരിക്കുന്നവരും എതിർക്കുന്നവരും ഒരുപോലെ വായിക്കേണ്ട ക...|url=https://www.marunadanmalayalee.com/news/keralam/prof-prayar-prabhakaran-200127|access-date=2022-01-27|website=www.marunadanmalayalee.com}}</ref> Couple have 3 children.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> They lives in their house at [[Chunakkara]], [[Alappuzha district]].<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/> The family settled in Chunakkara after his wife was transferred to Chunakkara Government High School.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>

==Selected works==
*''Kavi Bharatheeya Sahithya Charitrathil''<ref name="Keralaliterature"/>
*''Asan Kavithayude hrudaya thalam'', study on works of [[Kumaran Asan]]<ref name="Keralaliterature"/>
*''Anubhoothiyude Anupallavi''<ref name="Keralaliterature"/>
*''Narayana Guru Abheda Darsanathinte Deeptha Saundaryam'', study on works of [[Narayana Guru]]<ref name="Keralaliterature"/>
*''Bharatheeya Saahithya Saastra Padanangal''<ref name="Keralaliterature"/>
*''Prathibhayude Prakasa Gopurangal''<ref name="Keralaliterature"/>
*''Vedangal Athmavidyayude Adimarekha'', study on [[Vedas]]<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>
*''Bharatha Muniyute Natya Sastratthiloode'', study on [[Bharata Muni]]'s ''Natyasastra''<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>
*''Saundaryabodhathil Oru Kannikkoythu''<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>

==Awards and honors==
*Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>
*Thayatt Award (1998)<ref>{{cite web |title=തായാട്ട് അവാര്‍ഡ് |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/malayalam/thayaattu-award/493 |website=www.keralaculture.org |language=ml}}</ref>
*K Prasannan Sahithya puraskaram<ref name="Keralaliterature"/>
*Abudhabi Sakthi Award<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>
*Veenapoovu Satabdi Samman<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>
*Thiruvananthapuram Gurudevan Book Trust Award<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>
*Dr. Sukumar Azhikkodu Vicharavedi Award<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhakaran, Prayar}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kollam district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]

Rama Nand

2024-09-04T23:20:22Z

Ieagle1: stub

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Refimprove|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Rama Nand
|birth_date =
|death_date =
|office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
|constituency = [[Alwar Urban (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Alwar]]
|term_start = 1962
|predecessor = Chhotu Singh
|term_end = 1977
|successor = Jeet Mal Jain
|party = [[Communist Party of India]]
}}

'''Rama Nand''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] politician and leader of [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI). He represented [[Alwar Urban (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Alwar]] constituency from 1962 to 1977.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/alwar-urban.html|title=Alwar Urban Elections Results 2018, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Alwar Urban, Rajasthan|website=Elections in India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3380-rajasthan-1962/ |title=Rajasthan 1962 - Rajasthan - Election Commission of India |access-date=6 March 2022 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816054817/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3380-rajasthan-1962/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3382-rajasthan-1967/ |title=Rajasthan 1967 - Rajasthan - Election Commission of India |access-date=6 March 2022 |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328104048/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3382-rajasthan-1967/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3382-rajasthan-1972/] {{dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category: Rajasthan MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category: Rajasthan MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category: Rajasthan MLAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:Date of death unknown]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

{{CPIndia-politician-stub}}
{{Rajasthan-politician-stub}}

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2024-07-16T13:25:40Z

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